TR-131
TECHNICAL REPORT
ASWEPS REPORT NO. 6
OCEAN CURRENTS OVER PLANTAGENET BANK, BERMUDA
ROBERT A. PEDRICK
Formulation Branch Oceanographic Prediction Division
JUNE 1962
/) We) oan U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE .7R-(3| WASHINGTON, D. C. Price 95 cents
ABSTRACT
This report contains the results of a study of the ocean currents over Plantagenet Bank, Bermuda from 1 to 15 August 1961. These current data, presented as central vector plots, hodo- graphic plots, and progressive vector diagrams, reveal influ- ences due to winds, thermal stratification, and bottom friction superimposed upon a net south-southeasterly flow. The cur- rent in the southern region of the Bank was clearly rotary and displayed somewhat irregular characteristics which were ap- parently associated with eddy turbulence. Obvious tidal influences were not revealed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Advice and assistance of Mr. H. A. O'Neal, Director of Engineering Applica- tions, Office of Naval Research, and Cdr. R. E. Tyler, .U.S.N., Office of Naval Research, Project Officer Bermuda, is especially appreciated. Appreciation is also expressed for assistance provided by the following Oceanographic
FOREWORD
More detailed studies of the marine environment than have been routinely conducted in the past are a necessary aspect of the devel- opment of accurate oceanographic prediction techniques. Fixed tower structures provide the stable platforms required for such studies. The necessity of locating these structures in relatively shallow water raises the question of how representative measurements at these locations will be of adjacent open ocean processes.
The unique location of the U. S. Navy's ARGUS ISLAND tower on a seamount southwest of Bermuda presents an outstanding opportunity to conduct such detailed studies. Effective utilization of this facility in support of the Antisubmarine Warfare Environmental Prediction System (ASWEPS) requires a knowledge of the oceanographic environment in the immediate vicinity of ARGUS ISLAND and the extent to which waters over Plantagenet Bank are representative of the surface layer of sur- rounding deep ocean waters.
This report deals only with current observations obtained during this survey and represents a significant contribution to the understand- ing of circulation phenomena over Plantagenet Bank.
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SURVEY DESIGN
Station Locations Instrumentation . Observational Technique .
Supplementary Observations
DATA ANALYSIS
Magnetic Corrections o e « Central Vector Diagrams .« . Progressive Vector Diagrams
Hodographs
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS « e o THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS «
CONCLUSIONS . REFERENCES e o
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C. Appendix D. Appendix E. Appendix F.
ILLUSTRATIONS
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CONTENTS
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Wind and Current Data, Stations A, B, and C
Japanese Current Meter Data, 18 Meters Central Vector Diagrams o e e e « e e Progressive Vector Diagrams . » « « e Hodographs © © © « «© © © © e © e © @ e Net Displacements.and Mean Currents .
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Theoretically Deduced Flow Over Plantagenet Bank
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OCEAN CURRENTS OVER PLANTAGENET BANK, BERMUDA
INTRODUCTION
The U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office*is currently engaged in a comprehensive environmental research program at the Navy's ARGUS ISLAND tower on Plantagenet Bank near Bermuda (Figure 1). This Texas-Tower- type structure (Figure 2) was constructed during the summer of 1959 in support of underwater acoustics research activities under the direction of the Office of Naval Research. Through cooperation of the Office of Naval Research, arrangements have been made for utilization of the tower by the Hydrographic Office as an oceanographic research platform. This research effort is associated with the development of the Antisubmarine Warfare Environmental Prediction System (ASWEPS) and is an outgrowth of experience gained by the Hydrographic Office at Texas Towers 2 and 4 (Carlson and collaborators, 1956; Gaul, 1961).
Prior to the initiation of oceanographic research at ARGUS ISLAND, it was necessary to consider the extent to which environmental studies on Plantagenet Bank would be descriptive of adjacent ocean processes. Such considerations must involve the question of distribution of oceano- graphic properties over the Bank as well as the influence of the Bank on currents which influence these properties. Thus, a current study in conjunction with a survey of the distribution of the oceanographic vari- ables over Plantagenet Bank was considered of primary importance in de- termining the significance of future studies at ARGUS ISLAND.
Plantagenet Bank is situated atop a seamount which protrudes ab- ruptly from the deep ocean floor approximately 20 miles southwest of Bermuda. The area of the Bank is approximately 15 square miles and is characterized by a relatively uniform 30-fathom depth. The bottom plunges sharply off the edge of the Bank to great depths.
The circulation over the Bank has recently been a subject of spec- ulation based on a limited number of observations. Unpublished inves- tigations by the Columbia University Geophysical Field Station, St. Davids, Bermuda have indicated that these currents are quite variable, with wind and tidal influences being difficult to recognize. Recent studies by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Bruce, 1961), how- ever, have largely clarified the nature of the October circulation im- mediately southwest of the Bank.
Prior to undertaking detailed environmental studies at ARGUS ISLAND, supplementary observations of the circulation over the Bank were considered necessary. Current data contained in this report con- stitute a portion of the preliminary efforts to satisfy this require- ment. These data were obtained through the utilization of the USS PREVAIL (AGS-20) between 1 and 15 August 1961.
* Redesignated U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office 10 July 1962 l
SURVEY DESIGN Station Locations
Three anchor stations, designated A, B, and C (Figure 1), were occupied for consecutive 25-hour periods. Stations A and B were lo- cated on the southern periphery of the Bank, and Station C was lo- cated near its geometric center. Supplementary current information was acquired with a self-contained monitoring buoy, which functioned autonomously through the period of the survey (1-15 August). Sta- tion positions relative to ARGUS ISLAND, located one mile from the southern edge of the Bank, are as follows:
Bearing (7)
Station Range (yd) From Tower Anchor Station A 2,000 135 Anchor Station B 2,000 270 Anchor Station C 3,000 020 Current Buoy 1,000 135 Instrumentation
Low-velocity Roberts current meters (Figure 3) were utilized for all current measurements except those obtained by the current- monitoring buoy. Modifications of the original Roberts radio current meter, including larger fins and impeller blades, were made by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and have been incorporated in the low-veloc- ity instrument. These changes render the meter more sensitive to low- velocity currents by lowering the speed threshold to 0.1 knot. Accu- racy of the instrument is evaluated at +0.1 knot and +10 degrees. An average error of +5 degrees is somewhat more representative of the di- nectional accuracy’ of the instrument.
Over-the-side suspension and electrical linkage of the current meter were accomplished with a series 600 electronic bathythermograph hoist (Figure 4) which considerably facilitated positioning of the instrument at desired depths.
The buoyed current meter system, designed and built by the Hydro- graphic Office, was tested during the period of the survey. This sys- tem incorporates a Model CM-3 Japanese current meter suspended from a subsurface pressure-resistant float, as shown in Figure 5. A small, lighted marker buoy was attached by a short length of line to the main float for the purpose of locating and retrieving the buoy system.
Readout equipment associated with the Japanese current meter was arranged within the subsurface float as shown in Figure 6, so that dial readings could be automatically recorded on 16mm. photographic film. An electric-motor-driven cam periodically activated a flash camera which photographed temperature, current speed and direction, and clock dials (Figure 7). Modification of the original readout
equipment enabled simultaneous speed and direction readouts thus elim- inating the necessity for manual switching to obtain these readings individually. Estimates of the threshold and accuracy of the instru- ment are 0.2 knot and +0.1 knot,respectively. Directional accuracy is within +20 degrees; average error is +12 degrees.
Observational Technique
At each anchor station the modified Roberts current meter was lowered to the following observational depths: 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 3h, ho, 46, and 52 meters. Approximately one hour was required to com- plete each vertical series of observations, after which the instru- ment was returned to the 4-meter depth to repeat the series. This procedure was followed through the 25-hour observation period at each station. The uppermost depth of 4 meters was selected in order to minimize the influence of surface wave action and ship motion which would otherwise be more pronounced if the observations had been made nearer the surface. These data, together with corresponding wind data, are presented in Appendix A.
The buoyed Japanese current meter was suspended at a depth of 18 meters, corresponding approximately to the 16-meter observational depth used at the anchor stations, and was located 1,000 yards southeast of ARGUS ISLAND from 1 to 15 August. This meter was installed mainly for testing purposes in the hope that supplementary current information would be obtained for correlation with observations taken at the nearby anchor stations. Comparisons of simultaneous current observations at the buoyed meter and each of the anchor stations are discussed below. The Japanese current meter data are presented in Appendix B.
Supplementary Observations
In addition to current observations used in this study, a consid- erable amount of oceanographic data was acquired in the region of the Bank during the period of this survey. ‘These supplementary observa- tions, too voluminous to be treated in this report, include:
Nansen casts, sound velocity measurements, and bathythermo- graph observations at 28 oceanographic stations over the Bank from 1 to 3 August and from 9 to 11 August.
Three-hourly Nansen casts, hourly bathythermograph observa- tions, and continuous temperature records at 10-foot increments be- tween the surface and bottom during the 25-hour observation period at each anchor station.
A study of these data in relation to the observed currents is in progress.
DATA ANALYSIS Magnetic Corrections
Plantagenet Bank is well known as an area characterized by a pro= nounced magnetic anomaly. Airborne geomagnetic measurements made by the Hydrographic Office in January 1961 provide an accurate description of this magnetic disturbance. These measurements have been utilized to determine corrections for compass variation which have been applied to the magnetic current directions at each of the following stations:
Station Correction (degrees)
A -13.5 B - 925 C -13.5 Current Buoy -12.5
Central Vector Diagrams
At each anchor station a series of current measurements varying in number from 19 to 25 was obtained at all observational depths. Cen- tral vector plots provide a vivid means of representing time changes of current speed and direction of such serial observations. These plots have been constructed for each depth, as well as for the surface winds (Appendix C).
Vectors are numbered in chronological order. Wind vectors are Grawn in the direction toward which the wind was blowing.
Progressive Vector Diagrams
The progressive vector diagrams presented in Appendix D provide another means of depicting the series of current data available ata given depth. Such diagrams, constructed through successive graphic addition of observed hourly velocities, provide indications of net transport over the Bank.
A limitation of this technique results from the somewhat unequal time intervals between the consecutive observations at given depths. In order to compensate for this deficiency, interpolated hourly veloc- ities have been introduced into several data gaps, thus providing a relatively undistorted displacement track. This technique is not in- tended to be absolutely representative of the actual water particle displacement but is intended to serve as an aid in the comparison of gross current characteristics from depth to depth and from station to station.
Appendix D also includes progressive vector diagrams of the current data obtained with the buoyed current meter plotted beside the simultaneous anchor station observations at a corresponding 16-meter
depth. Approximately twice as many observations were available for the progressive vector plots of the buoyed current meter data than were available for similar plots of the anchor station observations. Therefore, the progressive. vector diagrams plotted from the buoy data were adjusted to the same length as those of the anchor stations in order to facilitate comparison. Individual observations correspond- ing in time lie approximately side by side and are connected by bro- ken lines.
Hodographs
At each anchor station, current observations were obtained at 6-meter intervals between 4 meters and the bottom. Although each vertical series required approximately one hour to complete, each is treated as a quasi-simultaneous vertical velocity profile. Hodo- graphic plots of several series at Stations B and C are presented in Appendix E. Each plot includes the surface wind vector drawn in the direction of the air movement for comparison with the surface currents.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The three basic methods of data analysis described in the pre- vious section provide significant clues to the circulation patterns over Plantagenet Bank during the period of observation. The strik- ing wind influence on the observed surface circulation is immediately apparent from comparison of the central vector plots of wind and sur- face currents at the 3 anchor stations. This effect is apparent in the plots for Stations B and C, where winds blew primarily toward di- rections within a 90-degree sector (045° to 135°R, Appendix C) and were relatively steady during the period of observation.
In agreement with Ekman's fundamental considerations of wind- driven ocean currents, the observed surface currents (Appendix C) fell largely in a sector rotated 45 degrees to the right of the primary wind direction. No clear relationship was apparent between winds and surface currents at Station A, since winds at this station were highly variable in both direction and speed. Ane- mometer wind velocities were recorded continuously at ARGUS ISLAND, as well as on board the survey vessel. Since wind stress on the sea surface is directed downwind and is approximately proportional to the square of the wind velocity measured at anemometer level (Sverdrup, 1942 and Holmboe, Forsythe, and Gustin, 1945), these measurements are considered an index of the direction and magnitude of sea surface stresses. Central vector plots with wind vectors drawn in the direction of air movement may then be used to repre- sent the driving force of the surface currents.
Below the 4-meter depth, currents generally veered progressively toward the right, conforming to the Ekman spiral principle to depths varying between 10 and 34 meters. Hodographic plots (Appendix D), have been constructed for a few of the vertical series made at Stations B and C, where relatively unidirectional winds of appreciable speed had blown
for several hours preceding the current observations. As might well be anticipated, similar plots of data from Station A where winds were highly variable showed no clearly defined wind-driven characteristics.
A marked thermal stratification existing during the survey may partly account for the departures of the observed vertical current pro- files from theoretical current distributions derived for vertically homogeneous water. Defant (1961) and Nomitsu (1933) describe the in- fluence of such stratification on a surface drift current. Their stud- ies indicate that a larger deflection from the wind direction is expe- rienced when an homogeneous surface layer of small thickness is devel- oped, such as that existing during the period of the described observa- tions. This effect, as well as the distortion produced by the net southeasterly transport over the Bank, may account for the greater de- flection to the right of observed currents than would be expected for vertically homogeneous water. It is also postulated that the rather sharp cutoff of wind-driven characteristics of the vertical velocity profile at the approximate depth of the thermocline may be a further manifestation of the essentially two-layered system produced by the sharp density transition.
Despite certain pitfalls involved in the interpretation of pro- gressive vector diagrams, it is felt that they materially improve illustration of the current phenomena treated here. An immediate ap- plication of such diagrams is the graphical approximation of the net water movement over the Bank based on observed currents. Further ap- plications include the ready visualization of time changes and rotary characteristics.
Net hourly displacement, net daily displacement, and average ob- served currents have been computed for each observational depth at Stations A, B, and C. These values, presented in Appendix F, summa- rize the average features of water movement over the Bank based on one- day intervals of data from each station. Net daily displacements were graphically determined from the progressive vector diagrams by measur- ing the magnitude and direction of the resultant 2k-hour vector. ‘The net hourly displacements can be compared with observed velocities. It is noted that the mean observed hourly velocity closely approximates the net hourly displacement except at Station A, where the current dis- played rotary characteristics and was considerably smaller in magnitude than it was at Stations B and C. Average current speeds at Stations B and C were nearly identical; however, net current directions at Station B were southerly, while those at Station C were approximately south- southeasterly. Average net directions at Stations A, B, and C are Tes 183°, and 154° T, respectively. :
The marked continuity of the current observations obtained during this study is revealed by comparisons of the progressive vector dia- grams from depth to depth as well as from station to station. The char- acteristic shape of the displacement tracks at a particular station is replicated with certain minor distortions at each observational depth.
Frictional influence of the bottom is considered a major cause of the apparent shrinkage of the vector diagrams with increasing depth. The distinct loops occurring at depth below 28 meters at Station A are believed to be associated with large eddies on the lee side of the sea- mount. These current rotations were clockwise and were not found at Stations B and C. Since such rotations were only: observed at Station
A at depths below the sharp density transition, it is felt that their occurrence is not purely a manifestation of tidal forces, but that they are associated with a large eddy regime existing on the lee side of the Bank. Present data are insufficient for deducing the periodicity of the rotation, though at depths of 40 and 46 meters one rotation appears to have been completed in approximately 13 hours.
Considerable caution has been exercised in interpreting these rota- tions, since observations were obtained at only one station at any given time. Wider synoptic coverage will be required for determination of the absolute nature of the postulated eddy regime. Such rotations may be associated with vortices moving off the lee side of the Bank. Neverthe- less, the possibility that such rotary characteristics were partially a consequence of tidal forces cannot be entirely eliminated.
Current speeds obtained by the experimental buoyed current meter should be viewed with a degree of reservation because of improper zero adjustment of the speed indicator. In view of the apparent accuracy of the directions obtained, as indicated by the agreement between these observations and those of the Roberts meter, it is felt that there is a sufficient degree of accuracy to warrant the consideration of these data.
The progressive vector diagrams of the current buoy data and the observations conducted simultaneously at the corresponding depth of 16 meters at Stations A, B, and C show close agreement. In like manner the 22-meter data of the anchor station plots are distinctly similar, though they have not been presented for comparison with the buoyed current me- ter data.
Recent current studies were conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Bruce, 1961) with parachute drogues on Plantagenet Bank and in the deeper water adjacent to and southwest of the Bank from 5 to 18 October 1959. Of particular significance is the agreement between these observations and those presented in this report, though the two surveys are separated by a 22-month interval. These drogue studies also indicated the general direction of currents to be south-southeasterly with speeds of one knot or less. Indications of turbulence south of the Bank and seemingly non-tidal characteristics of the observed currents were also apparent through the Woods Hole investigation.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Based on the limited number of observations available through this and previous studies in the vicinity of Plantagenet Bank, it is perhaps reasonable to speculate as to possible mechanisms of current flow which may exist in this region. Theoretical considerations of the mod- ifications which should occur to a surface current impinging on the Bank are simplified by regarding the current system as being comprised of two discrete regimes in which quite dissimilar mechanisms are oper- ative. These seemingly obvious categories of flow in the immediate proximity of the Bank are: (1) flow over the Bank and (2) flow around the Bank.
The first category involves a surface deflection which is analogous to the frictional deflection of currents passing over a submarine ridge (Figure 8). In accordance with theory, a current moving over the up- slope portion of the seamount is deflected toward the right; after passing over the seamount and while over the downslope portion, the current is theoretically deflected toward the left and thus may approxi- mately resume its original direction. Such an influence would imply that impinging currents were in a more easterly direction prior to being deflected than the southeasterly flow observed over the Bank. It is possible that this hypothetical easterly direction is resumed by currents after passing over the Bank.
The second category involves flow around either side of the sea- mount similar to that experienced around a submerged cylinder (Lamb, 1945) at depths below the upper surface of the Bank (Figure 9). Super- imposed upon these two mechanisms is an upward component of current flow caused by movement of the impinging current up the leading face of the seamount. Thus it is theorized that lateral spreading should occur in a manner similar to conditions discussed by Neumann (1940) and Wust (1940) in the vicinity of Altair Dome near the Azores. The existence of a rather large eddy regime on the lee side of the Bank must also be considered a distinct possibility.
These concepts have been incorporated into two grossly simplified models (Figures 8 and 9) which serve to illustrate theoretical current patterns which may have existed during the period of observation.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these observations, the following characteristics of the ocean currents over Plantagenet Bank during the period of study (1-15 August 1961) are apparent:
1. Currents were primarily southeasterly with speeds ranging from O to 1.4 knots. Average speed was 0.45 knot.
2. The current was observed to be relatively constant in both speed and direction at all locations on the Bank except at the extreme
southern periphery. The rotary characteristics of the currents at this location appear to indicate an area of eddy turbulence on the lee side of the Bank with respect to the impinging current. .
3. Wind is a significant factor influencing the direction of flow in the surface layer. Observed surface currents veer approxi- mately 45 degrees from the direction of the wind during periods of steady, relatively high velocity winds.
4, Thermal stratification introduces a sharp cutoff of the wind-driven characteristics. The wind influence superimposed upon the net southeasterly flow is apparent above the thermocline. The wind-driven effect is absent below the thermocline and the net flow predominates.
5. Current speeds decrease with depth owing to frictional in- fluence of the bottom.
6. Influence of tidal forces on currents near the Bank is not readily apparent though such effects undoubtedly exist.
7. Further studies involving simultaneous observations at sev- eral representative locations on the Bank are required for precise determination of the current regime over Plantagenet Bank. Such studies appropriately spaced through the year will also permit in- vestigation of possible seasonal modifications of the currents in this region.
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REFERENCES
BRUCE, J. G. Current Studies Off Plantagenet Bank. Woods Hole, Mass., 1961. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Reference No. 61-17) CARLSON, Q. H., A. W. MAGNITZKY, A. J. BARTHER, and R. J. FARLAND. Texas Tower Oceanographic Observational Program, Spring and Summer 1956. Washington, U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, 1956. (Technical
Report No. 41)
DEFANT, A. Physical Oceanography. New York, Pergamon Press, 1961. Vol. I, pp. 405-406.
GAUL, R. D. The Occurrence and Velocity Distribution of Short-Term
Internal Temperature Variations Near Texas Tower No. 4. Washington, U. S. Navy Rydrographic Office, 1961. (Technical Report No. 107)
HOLMBOE, J., G. E. FORSYTHE, and W. GUSTIN. Dynamic Meteorology. New York, Wiley, 1945. Pp. 2h1. AC agi SO a a Men ES
LAMB, H. Hydrodynamics. New York, Dover Publications, 1945. Pp. 77-78.
NEUMANN, G. Die Ozeanographischen Verhaltnisse an der Meeresoberflache in Golfstromsektor Nordlich und Nordwestlich der Azoren. Annalen der Hydrographic und Maritimen Meteorologie. Beiheft zum Juniheft., 1 Lieferung, 1940. T De
NOMITSU, T. A Theory of the Rising Stage of Drift Current in the Ocean. II. The Case of No Bottom Friction. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Vol. XVI, No. 1. Jan 1933, pp. 275-287.
SVERDRUP, H. U. Oceanography for Meteorologists. New York, Prentice- Hall, 1942. eae en OL eee ang wie
WUST, G. Das Relief des Azorensockels und des Meeresbodens Nordlich und
Nordwestlich der Azoren. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie. August-Beiheft, 2 Lieferung, 19k0. 19 Pp.
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APPENDIX A
WIND AND CURRENT DATA STATIONS A, B, AND C
19
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APPENDIX B
JAPANESE CURRENT METER DATA 18 METERS
27
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APPENDIX B CURRENT DATA BUOYED JAPANESE CURRENT METER (31956'35"N, 65°10'23"W)
DEPTH: 18 METERS
DATE TIME DIR SPEED DATE TIME DIR 1961 GMT Mp Knots 1961 GMT Cap 1 Aug 1112 110 — 2 Aug O751 092 1142 050 —= 0825 O91 1212 oo 0.2 0858 100 1243 oho = 0931 140 1315 060 Ocal. 1005 1h0 1345 055 O.1 1037 145 1417 065 0.2 1110 150 1449 050 0.3 1144 165 1520 085 0.3 1218 225 1552 060 Omit! 1252 2h5 1625 oho Owl 1327) — 1658 050 Ooal. ILS yay 030 1732 050 0.3 1430 016 1804 035 Onl! 1503 020 1641 055 0.5 L541 o40 1908 | 060 0-7 1610 030 1940 060 sO 1642 O45 2012 065 0.8 1715 050 2045 060 0.9 1747 055 2117 — LO 1820 065 2150 065 O55 1854 080 2223 070 OnT? 1927 085 2256 075 Ost 1959 087 22209 O05 L6© 2032 087 2105 087 2 Aue 0002 075 0.9 2138 073 0110 080 0.4 2211 080 o1he 080 Ont 2245 083 0216 085 shod 2317 080 0250 090 Ot 2350 080 0323 090 0.3 0357 090 ssa 3 Aus 0024 085 0430 100 O15 0057 087 0504 097 0.8 01.30 087 o5h4e2 ewes Ooh 0202 087 0611 092 0.5 0235 087 O64 ta 0.4 0308 087 0718 090 0.4 O3u1. 090
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APPENDIX B (con. )
DATE TIME DIR SPEED DATE TIME 1961 GMT ae Knots 1961 GMT 3 Aug OLS 090 ~ Lo h Aug 0330 OLLE 090 0.8 O4O7 0521 092 Me? ole 0554 095 0.8 0518 0627 095 0.7 0554 0700 a 0.8 0629 0732 100 0.9 0705 0805 105 0.6 O74 0839 110 0.9 0817 0912 TAG 0.5 0858 0946 120 Ot 0929 1020 130 0.6 1005 1052 Bae Ool LOkL 1126 020 0.1 1118 1200 ' —- OL 1154 1283 330 Opal 1230 1307 080 0.5 1306 1340 110 O.1 1342 1413 125 Ocal L446 100 Ool 9 Aug Doh. 1520 090 OL 2311 1554 115 — 2343 1628 O75 Oil EI 093 == 10 Aug 0015 ISD 095 — 00k6 1810 095 its 0119 1844 105 Ou 0150 1918 —— Ooh 0223 ODS 030 OT 0255 2028 060 0.6 0329 2102 055 0.8 OuOol. ALS 055 0435 2212 050 0.5 0507 2322 070 1,50 0612 2358 080 0.6 0644 O71 4 Aug 0033 085 — nen 0108 090 0825 0143 090 0.7 0858 0219 100 ets 0931 0255 092 Toll 1005
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DATE 1961
10) Aug
11 Aug
TIME GMT
1038 1111 1144 1218 1250 1324 ISB 1431 1505 1538 1611 1645 1718 1752 1825
1858.
1932 2006 2039 2114 2147 2222 2256 2330
0003 0037
0112 -
OL46 0220 0254 0329 0403 0437 0512 O545 0620 0654 0727 0803 0837 0913
APPENDIX B (con. )
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APPENDIX B (con. )
DATE TIME DIR SPEED DATE TIME DIR SPEED 1961 GMT on Knots 1961 GMT om Knots ~ 12 Aug 0943 105 0.6 13 Aug 1008 220 Gas 1014 120 0.6 1045 215 0.8 1050 110 O.4 1121 205 O57 1125 095 O55 57 200 Ont 1200 115 O55) 1232 200 0.8 1236 125 O.4 1308 200 0.9 1312 1h0 Opal 1343 200 Oo7 1347 115 0.4 1418 — 0.6 1422 118 On5 L45u 200 0.8 1458 —— Ool 1529 200 On; 1535 120 0.3 1605 200 0.7 1611 120 Ons 1641 195 Ooi 1648 120 0.3 1718 190 0.6 1724 130 0.4 1753 185 04 1800 135 O44 1828 190 On5 1836 120 0.4 1903 190 Oo7/ 1912 130 O23 1939 190 0.8 1948 0.8 2015 190 0.8 2020 145 On5 2050 190 0.8 2102 152 0.3 2126 175 0.8 2137 155 Oo5 2201 175 0.8 2213 160 0.3 2236 gS agit 22h8 —— 0.2 2312 170 10 232) 165 O53} 2347 175 0.5 13 Aug 0000 160 0.6 14 Aug 0022 170 0.7 0036 160 0.5 0057 160 1.0 0112 160 0.6 0132 160 009, 0147 160 0.6 0207 160 1.2 0223 170 0.8 yeti — 0.9 0300 ites 0.9 0316 165 Mea 0335 175 Oni 0351 160 iboats O41 - 185 0.5 OLOT 170 0.9 ols 205 0.7 0503 — 1.0 0521 220 0.5 Oost a lie 0.8 0547 230 0.5 0613 165 0.8 0632 235 Ont 0648 165 AL oil 0708 235 O.4 0722 170 iLO 0743. 235 O.4 O751 175 09 0820 235 0.4 0830 178 0.8 0856 225 O.4 0905 nb) 0.7 0932 220 0.7 0939 179 1.0
APPENDIX B (con. )
DATE TIME DIR SPEED 1961 GMT on Knots 1h Aug 101.4 170 0.9 1049 179 1.0 1124 165 Leo 1200 162 Leal 1235 160 Toth 1311 160 LoS 1346 160 Tho 1423 ade io lh 1590 sean Loh 1536 Sia Io® 1841 145 Oo 1918 1h0 0.8 1955 145 0.4 2031 Wh5 0.6 2108 125 0.2 21h), 115 0.4 2222 110 O52 2258 110 0.8 2589 AALS) 0.7 15 Aug 0012 122 0.2 0048 120 0.9 Q125 eal 0.8 0201 120 Oot 0237 118 On5 0314 IS Oo7 9350 112 Ov) ah26 110 Oo} 0502 foe 0.8 0538 105 0.6 O61L4 110 Oo7 0650 WLS; a Sak 9725 118 0.9 0802 112 0.6 0838 110 0.8 0915 al 0.8 0950 110 0.8 MOT 110 0.9
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APPENDIX C
CENTRAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS
35
WIND STATION A
06
(KNOTS)
270
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A
| 4 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A 0 10 METERS <“
270
092.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A 16 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
190;
180
170)
38
350.
270
092.
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A 22 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE _ CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER,
06
ANCHOR STATION A
280.
270
09%.
CURRENTS 28 METERS
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE
06
180
39
270
092.
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A 34 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE . CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
270
092.
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A 40 METERS
Ee
BORE
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
ANCHOR STATION A
270
092.
CURRENTS 46 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
1 10: 90° 180 \7!
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CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION A. | 52 METERS we
280,
270° T
092
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
350.
~~ (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
F
06
190 soil 1710!
WIND STATION B
270
(KNOTS)
092.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION B 4 METERS
acer e813). ce 4WeN Gt UG. 72 Seok Be (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
270 06
) No
©
Pei
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
x
190
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION B 10 METERS
SEE
08:
3 4 5 6 Z 8 omaac| ~ (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) g
06
270 TOT
@ 5
09%.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
110:
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION B’ <1 16 METERS A
06
f SIDI Fo vues YTV WM LD ER yay Pa m (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) a
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
80,
270
09%.
CURRENTS
ANCHOR STATION B 22 METERS
ef jks 2 hae Sones 14 Seen eee O39 OE \ =I (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) E HN BE ; g @ Re ® CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE” S) 2 o) CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - OX OL -/@] © SE “ ® y , SK © Oe oe e Gs) a x ® @ \Yrw : ® @ i ‘ . @ | 0 @ : cy 200 : yoo . 190 (80 10" : + + : 350. : CURRENTS ANCHOR STATIONB
28METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Ey
an 2 3 h 5 6 Z 8 zi (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
06
350 Oia lo. > CURRENTS rae + ANCHOR STATION B 5 34 METERS > 4 % es Dy 2. Oa Lee & 3 2 RITA eISEARIG Muni wera eetG 5
ALP é (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
MADD a
270
09%.
ost
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION B :, 40 METERS 3
08-
280,
06
Bia eG nenGe S78 (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
TTT
270
” CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
25
ee
170°
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION B 46 METERS
we
270
092.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
- —— = 330. ; ie} - —r CURRENTS — > 30, 4 cia 20 : ANCHOR STATION B “9 : Ba secjatit miele vat % 52 METERS 3 : eee: 4 > BD ; ; gence : aun : > “9 S “2 s “§ 3
a x - aC) i. & Pag ® 3
@O- Natt, i ‘ ‘ zi 8 —s< E (CYTE cio tye ce fie wih yeeeeC) 2 aE = El E (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) Sc.
Or % / Y SS i Cad heii : eC © ® : > . 4 y Aan ih A \ Ps Boe Sy Ale \\ Ne: 8 fe) XO) , a3 TW - : © : ©. 7 \ IS @ “| . @) o vs, oe)
ies mek) %
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE: , Ys | CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 3 @ ve S : 69 a ee ;
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WIND: aan,
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ee.
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CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE . CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
leo
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| ANCHOR STATION C 4 METERS
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
06
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092.
| ANCHOR STATION C
CURRENTS 10 METERS
“CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE »
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06
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LR LL
o9t__
ANCHOR STATION C
CURRENTS 16 METERS
8 7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
o
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
io
o ‘ © e. ® ‘ / <a GO < @ e se epee ae 70 :
280.
270
09%.
CURRENTS ANCHOR STATION C 22 METERS
270 280.
TTT
092.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
"CURRENTS | ANCHOR STATION C 28 METERS
se.
Bi a staeee Sal G ayy ents (CURRENT SCALE— TENTHS OF KNOT)
@
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE _ CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
190° 170
08
06
49
350. 0°. u 10=— CURRENTS j 20 ANCHOR STATION C ™y 34 METERS 1 To | 7 % vo 7 Np ‘ xe | \o g 2 N i)
4 5 6 7
270
092.
CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE _ CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
OF
8
- (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT)
9
100°
190° BO 70+ 350. ir lo. = . 5 CURRENTS 480 (prea. x ; ANCHOR STATIONC . : ; Dogs ‘ : : 40 METERS we i ; xo 2 ES dp a 0 : sr KS on: 5 he a : \ i Sy S i: NS Ey ei beet dray ei) 2 s OQ swenend ah A Gu tee) sun naells seule oct Lr i Dig EEE 5 (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) E ~ SOT Meese St cor - 48 8 @ |v Beiaoanig Zo ©) (0) , \ Qo : : Ae) G} 5 OLIN ae “ rai : - © a) BAS oe, f SG: | CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE 4 \\e u 6 6 0 a z . CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER a J , ; . , . . $ , i . i aa eD , Ge ial 0 ete e E xP “ | 200 i) , ye " ‘ 199 rag cS |
50
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i LG o. a) ees) CIRCLED NUMBERS INDICATE . CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER a Rs eae ae % ¥e ene [b. a po ALA SS
51
APPENDIX D
PROGRESSIVE VECTOR DIAGRAMS
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[STATION A | i@ METERS |
(BUOYED METER | 10.3 METERS |
6 @ #0 ig 14 186 WwW 20
SCALE (YENTHS OF KNOY)
8
NOTE: TIME GMT
COMPARISON BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE VECTORS FOR STATION A AND JAPANESE CURRENT METER
0147
\ 0223 1 0335 1 O4il ee =o on oe a ee CORA yf 0621 f 0547 0632 i 0708 | yw OTa3 0830 pf 0932 | ‘ Sea 1008 0920 —_—— P1045 10084 “Wat 1060\ ey/ ? 1252 em, [STATION Bl | 55 {BUOYED METER] 1308 1343 1484 1829 1606 Y \64) 0 0 4 6 @ 1M 18 14 16 1a BO 4 0 8 4 6 BiG1414 alwaG f i718 QOALE (TENTHS OF BROT) GCALE (TENTHS OF KNOT) $1753 ia26 1903 1939 2016 2080 V/ 2126 220) 6 2236 | 2312 { w g | 2347 0022 ay —~ \oos7 } :) | o1s2 | by NOTE! TIME QMY 0207
COMPARISON BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE VECTORS FOR STATION B AND JAPANESE CURRENT METER
\0640 0703 \o722 074s A ~ Se ae " 075) 0e4s 0830 0928 0903 j 1023 { abs 0939 = _— _= N > ~ 29 =~ 1010 \ \ 1049 1239 ~ ~ ~ Q me 124 x “ : XN ie ELD ~ A200 ~ ~~ “y 1236 BUOYED METER STATION C = 1418 gE ° 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 @ 6 1012 14 1618 20 tt tH Ht HH SCALE (TENTHS OF RWOT) c, SCALE (TEMTHS OF KNOT) WN 1800 I Sti Q 1346 1824 W € i717 1 184i j 1918 @IT ad 3 eae : ye _— 1955 NOTE: TIME OMT 1912 a 2031 2017 108 2126 £20 2289 2356 SS 0012 ae -- 0048 2325 4 0207 oozu—* , - O10 ogo
COMPARISON BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE VECTORS FOR STATION C AND JAPANESE CURRENT METER
62
APPENDIX E
HODOGRAPHS
63
oT
roe 350.
HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . STATION B (SERIES 13 — APPENDIX A)
Brae
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS)
DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT
Hr ~ —30- OT HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . eo \ STATION B ; (SERIES 15 — se APPENDIX A ) a) © s of &, N. A eT py / iN ; ; i (32m) 1 Qok3 4 8 6 1 8 \ Win, (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) | i IND (19 Cray d NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH ae OF OBSERVATION (m= METERS) \ : DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT ; \ ; bs Ve (46m) i \ % 2 \\ (34m) gom) \\ re 5 (4m) pr eas 8 wee ye. FG 7 7 a 8 <a e. (22m) >. = (10m) \ Brees + * AN a7 : XP Nw ee (28m) bv) . (16m) we 209 eo = 190— Tea —=170
uP)
66
(SERIES 17— sh APPENDIX A) < BO Ry »° ¥ & é g a) NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH % OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS) | DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT % x > (34m) b>) (1om)~~—_ 209 emisby See Te 7 990. HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . yo pa - STATION B 5 ; ( SERIES 19— & APPENDIX A) : Ke 6 ; *s £ & i RI
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH 7 OF OBSERVATION (m =METERS)
DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT
%
(52m)
ee ee _350- we HODOGRAPHIC PLOT wo ep en aD ata es STATION B
Bln -
7 8 9 3 LE — TENTHS OF KNOT)
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‘'HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . 0 2 “STATION B ee . (SERIES 20> s : eae ~ . APPENDIX A) ° : Bid : : 3 . ‘ s 2 By : ris Bags . % N BY, gf & > \ at ( eer este y SMe ea) 7.8 9 3 = i ; : SSS Wino Wee N ALE — TENTHS OF KNOT) | z ‘ Z KNors ° . 0 wv mutt . b a 452m) - i sy “ oH NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH : . ie wl. OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS) \\- ; he a DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT | . : : / Bh \ "y x (46m) 1 RH : (34m) i. Le Be ! 5 ff ! “6 # oP oN We foe *% COME Nam) \ (22m) : P (40m) ~ ; Lan . 2 Sy, ve y op “/o . J ~ 16m) ie Ve n x gen : Le tam) 160
HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . STATION B- (SERIES 25- APPENDIX A)
se
é \ 8 ZG 4 3 WIND (9_KNOTS
(CURRENT SCALE —TENTHS OF KNOT) |
_— NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS)
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HODOGRAPHIC PLOT . . STATION.C : (SERIES 1~ se APPENDIX A)
Sat6 a7 Sag = TENTHS OF KNOT,
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m = METERS)
DASHED LINES INDICATE EXMAN SPIRAL EFFECT
HODOGRAPHIC PLOT .
» STATION'C | Q (SERIES 3- 2 APPENDIX A) :
x
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH — OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS) - DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT
“HODOGRAPHIC PLOT ©. ar) . STATIONC (SERIES 8—-
APPENDIX A) . ; “p
Yo
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS)
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(SERIES 12—
APPENDIX A)
zs)
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8 2 6 5 4 3 (CURRENT SCALE—TENTHS OF KNOT) i
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS)
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(34m) |
2
TO
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‘e
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NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES INDICATE DEPTH OF OBSERVATION (m=METERS) , DASHED LINES INDICATE EKMAN SPIRAL EFFECT «°C
ov
APPENDIX F
NET DISPLACEMENTS AND MEAN CURRENTS OVER PLANTAGENET BANK BASED ON OBSERVED VELOCITIES AT STATIONS A, B, AND C
ia
~o
Re
am vi ¥ a ae 8 ee oth th
z
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Ss
Pye
APPENDIX F
NET DISPLACEMENTS AND MEAN CURRENTS OVER PLANTAGENET BANK BASED ON OBSERVED VELOCITIES AT STATIONS A, B, AND C
Net Hourly Net Daily Mean Observed Depth Net Dir Displacement * Displacement * Hourly Velocity (meters) (°T) (nautical miles) (nautical miles) Dir Speed
(°T) (knots)
Station A h 119 Ol 1.5 hata 0.2 10 110 0.2 5.2 *% 0.2 16 111 0.2 5.4 136 0.2 22 124 0.2 562 144 0.2 28 132 Ose 5el 160 0.2 34 107 0.1 204 Saka 0.2 ho 182 Ol Aol, #¥ 0.2 46 191 0.2 4.6 un 0.2 52 193 0.2 503 x* 0.2 Station B 4 167 0.6 15-2 176 0.7 10 181 0.7 16.2 183 0.7 16 182 0.7 0 181 0.7 22 186 Os7 16.1 184 0.7 28 180 Oar 15.6 187 0.5 34 184 0.5 12,0 187 0.5 ho 182 Oa5 11.9 183 Oo} L6 183 O4 94 ee O04 52 205 0.3 6.2 ee 0.4 Station C h 158 0.8 XH Tey / 0.7 10 155 Oni; 146 0.6 16 156 0.6 150 0.6 22 158 0.6 154 0.6 28 156 0.5 145 0.5 34 154 O04 153 0.5 ho 150 0.4 146 ee h6 142 O44 138 0.
* Net displacements have been computed by interpolating hourly values in data gaps. ** Average value meaningless, because current rotated through north (0°), ¥** Sufficient data not obtained to determine daily displacements. (8
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