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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SPECIAL BULLETIN.

OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY,

A TREATISE c>.\ THE

DEEP-SEA AND PELAGIC FISHES OF THE WORLD,

r. \si:n rlliEFLY upon

THE COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE STEAMERS BLAKE, ALBATROSS,
AND FISH HAWK IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC,

WITH

AN ATLAS CONTAINING 417 tflGUUES,

l;v

GEORGE BROWN GOODE, Ph. D., LL. D.,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum,

AM)

TARLETON H. BEAN, M. D., M. S.,
Director of the New York Aquarium.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

18 9 5.

ADYP^RTISEMENT.

This work (Special Bulletin No. 2) is one of a series of papers intended to illustrate the
collections belonging to, or placed in charge of, the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited
in the United States National Museum.

The publications of the National Museum consist of two series — the Bulletin and the
Proceedings. A small edition of each paper in the Proceedings is distributed in pamphlet
form to specialists in advance of the publication of the bound volume. The Bulletin is
issued only in volumes. Most of the volumes hitherto published have been octavos, but a
quarto form has been adopted for works of the size and character of the present Bulletin,
this being No. 2 in the quarto scries.

The Bulletin of the United States National Museum, the publication of which was
commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collections of the Museum,
reports of expeditions, etc. The Proceedings are intended to facilitate the -pi,ompt publi-
cation of freshly acquired tacts relating to biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions
of restricted groups of animals and plants, discussions of particular questions relative to
the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions.

Other papers of more general popular interest are printed in the appendix to the
annual report.

Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin of the United States
National Museum are referred to the advisory committee on publications, composed as
follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), R. Edward'Earll (editor), James E.Benedict, Otis
T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, and Lester P. Ward.

S. P. Langley,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Washington, D. 0., June 3, 1895.

II

OCEANIC ICHTI I YOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION.

Orn purpose bus been to present in Oceanic Ichthyology a discussion of all forms

of fisbes found in the seas of tbe world, both pelagic species and those occurring at deptbs
greater than 500 feet, especial prominence being given to those species which arc found in
tbe Atlantic Ocean, most of which we have bad opportunity to study. All oceanic fishes
are included, partly because it is not yet possible to distinguish strictly between the two
classes, and partly because the pelagic forms have, in part at least, been mentioned in the
discussions by all previous writers on " deep-sea fishes."

By Oceanic fishes we mean those deep sea and pelagic species which dwell in the open
ocean tar from the shore, either at the surface, at the bottom, beyond a depth of 500 feet, or,
if such fishes there be, the intermediate zones.

Oceanic Ichthyology is that branch of ichthyology which is concerned with their study.

Deep-sea fishes are those which are found at a depth of 1,000 feet or more, without
reference to the question whether or not they also occur in shallower water. The limit of
500 feet is taken for convenience in the study of the origin of local deep-sea faunas. The
limit of 100 fathoms is that ordinarily in use. Tbe Eeports of the Challenger class as
'•deep-sea deposits" all those below 100 fathoms depth. Tbe zone between the litteral
zone, and the bathybial zones, 500-1000 feet, is called the '•hcmibathybial zone"

rdagic fishes are those which live far from laud and at a distance from the bottom,
rarely approaching the shore except when driven by wind or current. It is these which
are most closely associated with the "Plankton," and were included in it before the mean-
ing of the term, as proposed by Hensen, was limited by ILeckel. Home of these, which
occur at considerable depths, we call "bathy pelagic."

We cannot claim that in the present memoir we have brought forward any conclusions
which are new to science, though a great number of new facts are recorded. We hope,
however, that we have succeeded in the attempt to bring the information which we have
ourselves been able to obtain into proper relationship with the mass of similar knowledge
already recorded, and that our descriptions are so accurate and full that the deterioration
or loss of the material studied, much of which was in very fragmentary and precarious con-
dition when it came to us, may not be entirely disastrous. We have tried to assemble all
existing data about oceanic fishes and to arrange them in such a manner that they may be
serviceable to naturalists in other. fields for comparison and study, as well as to ichthyolo-
gists for ready reference, when at a distance from the rather extensive group of books which
must now be consulted even for the casual identification of a deep-sea fish. We have also
endeavored to sum up the conclusions reached by previous students before incorporating
our own results with those of our predecessors.*

Note.— I have in preparation and shall booh publish an extended Btudyofthe geographical distribution

of deep-sea and pelagic fishes, and of the, origin of the several bathybial iisli faunas.

G. Bkovi \ (...en. i

in

IV INTRODUCTION.

When this volume was begun, it was not intended to include so large a field within its
scope, but unexpected delays have brought us to a time when there is an entire discontinu-
ance of deep-sea work, and when the final ichthyological results of all past expeditions
have been published.

In 1885 Prof. Collett, of the University of Christiania, published a volume upon the
fishes of the Norwegian North Sea Expedition. In 1887 Dr. Gunther, of the British Museum,
published his great work on " The Deep-Sea Fishes of the Challenger Expedition ". In 1888
Dr. Yaillant, of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, reported upon the Deep-Sea Fishes
of the Travailleur and Talisman Expedition, and in the same year Mr. Alexander Agassiz
presented his admirable "Contributions to American Thalassography", in which, for the
first time, were presented in compact form the results of the ichthyological work of the Coast
Survey and the Fish Commission.

These four magnificent works, together with the various short papers since published
by American and Scandinavian naturalists and by Mr. S. Alcock upon the deep-sea fishes of
India, relate to a group of animals concerning which, until recently, naturalists knew almost
nothing.

The study of oceanic ichthyology is still in its infancy and yet many very remarkable
results have been obtained. Although not more than 600(f) different kinds of lishes have
been obtained from the depth of 1,000 feet and more, it would appear that a very good
general idea of the character of the fauna has already been acquired. This is indicated
by the fact that fishes are constantly being rediscovered in the most remote localities. A
form obtained by Lowe in Madeira in 1870 was rediscovered by us off the New England
coasl in 1881, and by German naturalists in the Japanese Sea in L879, by the Blake near
Barbadoes in 1880, and a year or two later jff the coast of Soudan. Several previously
known only from New Zealand have been obtained by the Fish Commission off the New
England coast, and some of our own genera and species have lately been discovered in tin-
Bay of Bengal.

Although the capture of certain individual forms in widely remote localities in the
oceanic abyss might l>e interpreted to mean that the field has been somewhat fully
explored, and that it is now being gone over a second or third time, such an interpretation
would be misleading. Our knowledge of abyssal life is still exceedingly imperfect. New
species and genera are obtained every time the nets are lowered to the bottom in an
untried spot. Very many forms have been taken in only one locality, and are represented
in the museums by unique specimens, so that the ichthyologist has not material enough to
enable him to study the structure of the organisms to which he has given a name. Then,
too, the appliances for the capture of the fishes of any region, especially those which are
believed to live suspended in the middle strata of mid-ocean, are so imperfect, and the like-
lihood is great that there are many forms so organized that they can not well be taken
by small slow-moving nets, that naturalists will surely fall into error if they suppose
themselves in possession of anything like an adequate equipment for a final study of the
subject.

It seems probable that there are many inhabitants of the depths which are too swift,
too wary and cunning, or too large thus to be taken. It cannot be doubted, for example,
that somewhere in the sea, at an unknown distance below the surface, there are living
certain fish-like animals, unknown to science and of great size, which come occasionally to
the surface and give a foundation to such stories as those of the sea serpent.

To appreciate the meager extent of our knowledge of what is going on in mid-ocean it
is only necessary to think of such a fish as Ghiasmodon and its history. Ghiasmodon is
one of those grotesque looking pelagic fishes with yawning, flexible jaws and a vastly
distensible stomach, which is able to engorge other fishes equal, or more than equal, in size
to itself. This practice is naturally attended by disaster, and the Ghiasmodon, in the event
of death, is brought to the surface by the expansion of the gases in its tissues. Such
accidents evidently happen very often. The chances were few. nevertheless, that waifs of
this kind should fall into the hands of naturalists, and yet within forty years Ghiasmodon

INTRODUCTION. V

has occurred five times. ' In I lie other hand, Chiasmodon, although so abundant, lias only
once been taken by the deep-sea nets.

Another ocean dweller which the exploring ships have not yet discovered is
Regalecus, or the "Oar-fish," a serpent shaped, rapidly swimming form, usually from 18
to 24 feel in length, which occasionally is stranded on the shore in the storms season.
Within the pasi one hundred and fifty years individuals have visited the shores of Nor
way, Fininark, the Faroe Islands, Scotland. Ireland, England, Mediterranean, Prance,
Bermuda, the Oapeof Good Hope, Hindustan, and New Zealand. Gunther gives a list
of 44 seen by naturalists, and this is of course hut an insignificant pari of those which
have actually been stranded. Its world wide distribution and the number of wait's give
evidence that it is abundant in mid-ocean, yet the exploring ships in all the years of their
combined searchings have found no vestiges of it, old or young.

Many similar eases might be cited, but our object is simply to call attention to the
great necessity for further exploration of the depths.

The distinctions between the inhabitants of deep water, those of the middle depths,
and those of the surface strata of mid-ocean are not yet absolutely tixed. Such are the
imperfections in the methods of trawling and dredging that the naturalist, when he has
sorted out the fishes from his nets after a haul in mid ocean, is often in doubt as to where
his captures have been made. If he has taken a flounder from a haul of 800 fathoms, or
finds a macrurid, a brotulid, a stomiatid, a synodontid, or a neinichthyid in a net which
has been below the 2,000-fathom line, he feels reasonably sure that he has brought it up
from the bottom. But who shall say where Argyropeleeus, Stemoptyx, Myctopkum, having
allies among the pelagic fishes in the same net, have come from? It may be from the
bottom, or they may have become entangled in the meshes of the trawl when but a few
fathoms from the surface, coming up or going down.

The recent investigations of Mr. Agassiz in the Pacific, with the Tanner net, seem to
show pretty conclusively that there are but few living forms belowT a depth of 1,80b or 2,000
feet and that the Myctophidce stay for the most part, if not entirely, between that depth and
the surface. It is possible to draw inferences from the experiments in regard to many forms
which, like the Myctophidce, are known frequently to occur swimming at the surface at
night, but there are also doubtful cases, like Bathyophis, Bhodichthys, Microstoma, and many
others, which need further consideration.

Another greatneed is for more, and more perfect, material. Fully one-half of the deep
sea forms are now represented only by single specimens, and many important anatomical
questions can not be solved, because these uniques may not be sacrificed to dissection. Half
of the families of Malacopterygians mentioned in this report can not be assigned to their
proper places, because their skeletons have not been fully examined.

Besides this, the imperfection of the existing specimens is a great drawback. The
material is of a kind which it is peculiarly difficult to study. Not only are the forms
strange and difficult to assign to their proper taxonomic relationships, but, owing to the
soft, cavernous skeletons, and the flabby muscles, tender skins, deciduous scales, and fragile
appendages which are characteristic of many of them, they are very liable to injury. After
these delicate animals have been drawn up from a depth of 2 or 3 miles in rough nets, they
are, as might be expected, in a very dilapidated condition. It has often been found neces-
sary to examine a score of more of individuals, in order to be able to appreciate characters
which could commonly be made out from a single specimen.

The Studies which have led to the writing of this book were begun in the summer of
1 s T 7 . when the first deep-sea fishes \w\i- caught by American nets on the coast of North
America. This took place in the Gulf of Maine, 4 1 miles cist of < Sape Ann, on the L9th of
August, when from the side of the I". S. Pish Commission steamer Speedwell the trawl net
was cast in L60 fathoms of water. The writers were both standing by the mouth of the net
when, as the seaman lifted the end of the bag, two strange forms fell out on the deck. A
single glance was enough to tell us that they were new to our fauna, and probably unkuow n
to science. They seemed like visitors from another world, and none of the strange forms

VI INTRODUCTION.

which have since passed through our laboratory have brought half as much interest and
enthusiasm. Macrurus Bairdii and Lycodes Verrillii were simply new species of well-
known deep-dwelling genera, and have since been found to be very abundant on the con-
tinental slope, but they were among the tirst fruits of that great harvest in the field of
oceanic ichthyology which we have had the pleasure of helping to garner in the fifteen
years which have passed since that happy and eventful morning. It seems incredible that
American naturalists should not then have known that a few miles away there was a fauna
as unlike that of our coast as could be found in the Indian Ocean or the seas of China.

It should be remembered that although the Challenger has been back more than a year
from her long cruise, her treasures were as yet undescribed, and that no one knew what a
marvelous wealth of material she had gathered except the naturalists on board. Even
they can scarcely have expected that year after year the great quarto volumes of these final
reports would continue to be printed, until to-day there are forty of them — the magnificent
outcome of the most liberally equipped exploring expedition ever sent out by any nation.
Oceanic ichthyology was as yet unborn.

A year later Dr. (liinther began to publish the preliminary descriptions of the Chal-
lenger fishes in the London Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and a new interest was
added to the study of ichthyology. From that time until now we have never been without
a wealth of attractive oceanic material for study, and the genera and species announced
by us from the western Atlantic have been more in number than those brought back by the
Challenger, yet the discoveries made in those earliest years have always seemed the most
interesting.

It may be asked how it happened that no deep-sea fishes had been taken by the Coast
Survey vessels which began dredging in 1867, or by those of the Fish Commission which
began in 1871. The answer is a simple one. The Fish Commission vessels were small,
and did not venture outside of the hundred fathom line until 1877, and the Coast Survey
in those days collected with the dredge only. When Mr. Agassi/, took charge of the bio-
logical work of the Coast Survey, in 1877, he introduced the trawl net, and began to collect
fishes, but these did not come into our hands uutil 1883. The nets were not really per-
fected until 1883, when the Albatross and the Travailleur began their cruises.

In 1878 the headquarters of the Fish Commission was at Gloucester, and we began to
receive from the Cape Ann fishermen deep-sea forms taken by them on the off-shore banks.
In this way came our Haloporphyrus viola and Lycodes paxillus, brought by Capt. J. W.
Collins, then of the halibut schooner Marion and since well-known by his writings upon
the fisheries; our Argentina syrlensium, G. & B. (since identified with A. situs of Europe);
Lycodes Vahlii, a Greenland form, brought by Capt. Hawkins, of the schooner Gwendolen :
Anarrhiehas lati/rons, Alepidosaurus ferox, Alepocephalus Bairdii, G. & B.; Synaphobranchus
pinnatus, Simenchelys parasiticus, Gill; Chinuvra plumbea, Gill (=ajfinis, Boc. &Cap.); Cen-
troscyllium Fdbrieii and Gentroscymnus aelolepis, Echiostoma barbatum, Ghauliodus Sloanei,
Reinhardtius Mppoglossoides, Macrurus rupestris, Lopholatilus chamceleonticeps, G-. & B. — all
received in time to be catalogued in our Fishes of Essex County, Massachusetts, published
in 1879, together with Phycis Chesteri, G, & B., and Eumicrotremus spinosus, obtained in the
same year by the Fish Commission vessels.

In 1880 the Fish Commission began its explorations of the Gulf Stream off the south
coast of New England. Dr. Bean was on the Pacific coast and the following were described
by Dr. Goode: Monolene sessilicauda, Citharichthys arctifrons, C. unicornis, Thyris pellucidus,
Hypsicometes gobioides, Peristedium miniatum, Macrurus carminatus, Halieutaea senticosa,
Limanda Beanii, Amitra liparina, Cottunculus forms, Setarches parmatus, Chlorophtlialmus
chalybeius, Wotacanthusphasganorus, Monolene, Hypsicometes, and Amitra being new genera,
and Mancalias uranoscopus, Ghaunax pictus, and Cottunculus Thomsoni were added to the
fauna.

Apogon pandionis and Benthodesmus elongatus were found in the same year.

In 1881 we undertook, at the request of Prof. Baird and Mr. Agassiz, to produce a
work upon the fishes of the Coast Survey and the Fish Commission together, ami discon-

INTRODUCTION. VII

tinued the publication of preliminary descriptions, it being our hope toprinl a final memoir
upon them without much delay. It was not until 1891, however, that we were able to

complete our studies, the illness and death of Prof. Baird having interrupted the work
and thrown upon each of us new responsibilities w hich left little time at our command.

We had. however, prepared for Mr. Agassiz preliminary reports u] the deep sea fishes

of the Blake, taken in 1880 (published in L883), and upon those taken in 1878 and l.sT'.i (pub-
lished in issili, and had also furnished the notes upon the fishes for his general work. Three
< 'raises of the Blake. Besides the Blake fishes of 1878-'79-'80, we eon tinned to receive those
from the Albatross until that vessel passed into the Pacific in 1888. Her more recent collec-
tions are being worked up by Prof. C. 11. Gilbert and by Dr. Bean, who is studying those
of the Alaskan seas, and by Mr. < larman, who is reporting upon thoseobtained off the west
coast of Central America, partly made under the direction of Mr. Agassiz in 1891.

The \\ ork, as it now appears, is in many respects very unsatisfactory to its authors. It
has been written at odd hours snatched from administrative duties, too often in the very
midst of them — always under the pressure of haste, and always with the feeling of impa-
tience that more exhaustive studies could not be made. Later, serious illness delayed its
printing.

As first planned it was to include only the oceanic fishes of the east coast of North
America, but it, gradually expanded to embrace all those species of the Atlantic Basin and
all the oceanic genera of the world.

It was first ready for the press in 1885, then revised and rewritten in 1888, then again
in 1891, and again in 18'J1 as it was going through the press.

The appearance of Giinther's final reports upon the Challenger fishes, 1SS7. of Yaillant's
upon those of the Travailleur in 1888, of Alcoek's Investigator papers in 1889-1892, of Col-
lett's Hirondelle notes in 1889, have each, in their turn, caused much revision and rewrit-
ing, and the appearance of Liitken's Spolia Atlantiea, Part II, printed in 1892, has made it
necessary to reset a number of pages.

In its present form it stands as a compendium and summary of existing knowledge in
regard to Oceanic Ichthyology. No one knows when there will be opportunity for its
further study. There are no expeditions and there seems to be no prospect for new ones.
Even the A Ibatross, built by the United States expressly for this servicers diverted to
police duty about the Seal Islands.

Public interest is sated by the crude preliminary results already obtained. The scien-
tific world knows that the knowledge of to-day, in all branches of thalassographic work, is
incomplete and rudimentary in the extreme, and that, with the experience now acquired,
the results of future exploration will be immensely greater. We can only hope for a
renaissance in this field.

In making acknowledgments to those who have aided in this work, we think first of
our dear friend, the late Prof. Baird, of the pains with which he provided every facility,
and of the interest with which, twice a day, when studies were in progress, he came to the
laboratory to talk over the discoveries and discuss them. To his successor as Commissioner
of Fisheries, Col. McDonald, we owe the granting of every request we have made, and our
requests have been many. To Mr. Alexander Agassiz we are likewise indebted for coin
tesies many and great, not the least of which is the patience with which lie has waited
ten years for a report which was promised in three. To Prof. Theodore Gill we offer our
thanks for counsel and information, lavishly and ungrudgingly bestowed, out of the fullness
of his ichthyological wisdom. To Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., in command of the
Albatross, and Mr. J. E. Benedict, naturalist of the ship, much is due for the manner in
which the collections were gathered and preserved. To Dr. Giinther we owe inspiration
and kindly advice; to Dr. Sauvage, of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, to Dr.
Liitken, to Prof. Collett and to Dr. Alcock, to Dr. Bilgendorf, President Jordan, and
Mr. Carman, frequent letters and the use of specimens; to Prof. Giglioli, the use of his
matchless collection of Italian vertebrates, among which were the fishes collected by
the steamer Washington in the Mediterranean. Capt. H. T. Brian, of the Government

VIII INTRODUCTION.

Printing Office, has also aided materially in the work by his advice. Mr. Barton A. Bean
has aided in the handling of the collections and illustrations and measurement of speci-
mens, and Mr. J. L. Willige has rendered useful service in the preparation of the tables of
locality and distribution and in proof reading.

Only twenty years ago the fish fauna of the deep sea was represented in collections by
forty or fifty specimens, representing not more than twenty species at the most — acci-
dental waifs picked up at the surface or cast ashore by the waves — "like the few stray
bodies of strange red men which tradition reports to have been washed on the shores of
the Old World before the discovery of the New, and which served to indicate the existence
of unexplored realms inhabited by unknown races, but not to supply information about their
character, habits, and history." '

If the coming twenty years shall produce one-tenth so much in the way of discovery in

the life of the deep seas, it will be more than it now seems reasonable to expect.

G. Brown Goode.

Tarleton H. Bean.
Smithsonian Institution,

Washington City, April 1. 1895.

' Edward Forbes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and spei ies.

hi RODOCTION

Table of Contents

List <>f the New Genera and Spei a s with Etymologies

List of Plates

Marsipohranchh.
Hypkrotreta:
Myxinida- —

M\ xiue, L. —

M. glutiuosa, L

australis. Jenyns

IIypi roartia:

Petromyzontidse —

Petroiuyzon. Artedi —

P. marimis, L

, Bathymyzon, Gill —

B. Bairdii, Gill

ELASMllIIRANCHII.

Tectospondtlj:

Scymnorhinidse —

Scymnorhinns, Cuv. —

S. lichia, Bonn

Somnioaus, Le S. —

S. microcephalns, (Sclm.)

rostratus, (Risso)

Echinorhinus, Bl. —

E. spinosus, Gm

Etmopteridse —

Etmopterus, Raf. —

E. spinas, L

pusillus, (Lowe)

granulosus, Gtbr

l'aracentroscyllium, Ale. —

P. ornatum, Ale

Centrosevlliuru, M. «.V H. —

C. Fabricii, (Rhdt.)

granulatum, Gthr

Scymnodon, B. & C. —

S. ringens, B. & C

Centrophorns, M. & H. —

C . uyatus, ( Raf. )

lusitanicus, B. & C

crepidater, B. & C

squamosus. ( ime]

Dumerilii, (Johnsou)

calcens, Lowe

squamulosns, Gthr

foliaeeus, Gthr

Ceutroscymnus, B. & C. —

C. ccelolepis, B. & C

ohseurus, V

Ozynotos, Raf. —

O. centrina, (L.)

ASTRROSPONDTLI :
Scylliorhiuida' —

Si vlliorhiiius, Bl. —

S. rotifer, Garman ,

profundorum, a. & U

hispidus. Ale

i-aneBcens, Gthr

Qaleida —

■Mustelus —

M. liinnulus. Bl

Pseudotriacis, Capello —

1'. microdon, Capello

Pristiniiis. Bon. —

P. melastomns, (Raf.)

atlanticus, V

Plate and figure.

Page.

I. 1
[,2

1 1 1 . x

III. ii

V, 18
II..".

N,7

IV, 12
111. 11

I\ . 13

VI, 21

IV, 1 1. 15
V. HI

V. 17

III. in
\ 1,20

/C50Z

in

IX

XXXI

I*

10

10
10

r,U7

11
11

11

12
12
13
13

13
14

508
508

14, 508
15

16.5(18

17

508

.mis

18,508

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

ASTEROSPOSDYLI — ( 'i nit ill ued.
Alopiida' —
Alopias-—

A. vulpes. L

Carchariid:e —
Carcharias —

C . glaucus, L

Cetorhinida" —

Cetorhinus, Bl. —

C. maximus, Gunner

( 1PISTHAHTHRI :

Chlamydoselachida; —

Chlamydoselachus, Garman —

C. anguineus. Garman

Rai.i :

Eaiidse —

Raia, L. —

R. radiata, Don

Ackleyi, Garman

Ackleyi, ornata, Garman..

plntonia, Garman

circularis, Couch

erinacea, Mitcliill

hyperborea, Collett

la-vis, Mitchill

granulata, Gill

batis, L

fullomca, L

vomer, Fries

nidrosieusis, Collett

mainillidens, Ale

isotrachys, Gthr

lintea, Fries

Bossada, Risso

senta

aleutica

tracbura

abyssicola

Trygonidse —

I'rolopbus karanus

Goodei

HOLOCEPHATJ :
Chima-rida —

Chimsera, L. —

C. monstrosa, L

affinis, ( lapello

Callorbynchus, (Gronov.) —

C. antarcticus, (Lac. )

Hydrolagus, (Jill —

H. Colliei, ( Bennett)

llarriotta, G. & B. —

H. Raleighana, G. & B

Malacoptertgii :
Alepocephalidse —

Alejiocephalns, Risso^ —

A. rostratus, Risso

Agassizii, G. & B

productus, Gill

niger, Gthr

Bairdii, G. & B

Blanfordii, Ale

bicolor, Ale

edentulus, Ale

teuebrosus

Conocara, G. & B. —

C. MacDonaldi, G. & B

macroptera, (V.), G. & 1!
Batliytroctes, Gthr. —

1!. macrolepis, Gthr

stoniias, Gilb

rostratus, Gthr

mierolepis, Gthr. t

melanocephalus, V

attritus, V

sqnamosus. Ale

Talismania, fi. & B. —

T. homoptera, (V.), G. & B .

antillarum, G. & B

fequatoris, O. & B

Plate and figure.

V,19

VI, 22

IX, 27
VII, 23

VIII, 2G
VIII, 25

IX, 28
IX, 29
IX, 30

X, 31
X, 32-35

X,36

I'ayc.

XI, 37-40

XII,41
XIII. 45

XIII, 4t!

XIV, 52
XIII, 47

XIII, 48
XII, 43

XII, 14

XIV, 49

XIV, 50

21

22,508

25
25
26
27

27, 508

28

28, 509

28

29

29,509

29,509

29,509

29,590

508

508

508

508
508
509
509

509
509

31,509
31,509

32

32
33

36

37

37

38

38, 510

36,509

36, 509

36,510

510

39
39

41

510
41

42,510
43
45

40, 510

43
11
44

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XI

Names of genera and species.

B ...
A B.

Malacopterygii — Continued.
Alepocephalida — Continued.
Narcetes, Ale. —

N. eremilas, Ale .

Platytroctes, < ■ t Itr. —

P. apus, Gthr

Xenodermichtbys, (itlir.
X. nodulosus, Gtbr .
Aleposoinus, (iill —

A. Copei.Gill

socialis, (V.), <!. &
Giintlieri, (Ale. I, G
Leptodenna, V. —

L. macrops, V

Anomalopterus, V. —

A. pinguis, V

Aulastomatomorpha, Ale. —

A. phosphorops. Ale

Pterothrissida- (=Bathythrissid8e, Gthr.) —
I'terothrissus, Hilg. —

P. gissu, Hilg

Argeutinid;e —

Argentina. Art. —

A. splivraua, L

silus, (Asc.), Nils

striata, G. & IS

elongata, lluttou

sialis, Gilbert

LeuroglossuB, Gilb. —

L. stilbins, Gilb

Microstomidae —

Microstoma, Cuv. —

M. lotnndatnm, (His. i, Gtbr

grcenlandicum, 1,'hdt ( =Nanseniagrcenlandica, J. & E.).
Bathylagidse —

Bathylagus, Gthr. —

B. atlauticus, Gtbr

eury ops, G. & B

Benedicti, G. & B

antarcticus, Gthr

paeificus, Gilb

Synodontida —

S\ nodus, (Gr.), Scop. —

S. saurus, (L. )

atlantiens, .lulms

intermedins, Spix

kaianus, Gthr

Bathylaco, G. & \\.—

B. nigricans. G. & B

Batbvsanrns, Gtbr. —

B. ten ix, Gthr. ( =B. Agassizii, G. <S B.)

mollis. Gthr

obtnsiristris i Vaillaut i

Harpodon, Lea. —

II. macrochir, Gthr

squamosus, Ale

Aulopidoe —

Chlorophthalmus, llou. —

C. Agassizii, Bon

cbalybeius, Goode

productus, Gthr

nigripiunis, Gthr

truculentus, G. & I!

gracilis, Gthr

eorniger, Ab-

Benthosanridse —

Benthosaurus. G. & B. —

B. graUator, G. &B

Batbypteroida —

Bathypterois, (ithr. —

B. longifilis, Gtbr

ilnbius, V

quadrifilis, (Jtbr

Giintberi, Ale

insularum, Ale

longipes, Gthr

longieauda, Gthr

Ipnopidae —

lpnops, Gtbr. —

I. Murrayi, Gtbr

Plate and figure,

XV, 53
\\ [,57

\\ [,58

\\ ,56

XV, 54

\ \ . 55

XVII, 61
\\ [1,62

XVI, 59

XVII, 63
\\ ii. * ; i

XVIII, 69

XVIII, 65, 66

Page.

XVI, 60

XIX, 70

XIX, 71

XIX, 72

XIX, 73

X.X.71
XX, 75

XX, 76

XVIII, 67, 68

l.\

510

46

4.;

510

47

IS

18

49

19

50

r.lu

51

51
52

52

52

510

510

53
53,510

54
55
55
55
510

57
57

58,510

59

510

59
59, 510

60

r.o, 5io
61

1)1
()1

511
511

62

64
64

ii.".
64,511
64,511
66,511

64

67

XII

TABLK OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Malacopterygii — Continued.
Kondeletiidse —

Roudeletia, G. & B. —

R. bicolor. Ii.il!

Cetomimidse —

Cetomimus, U. & ]!. —

C. Gillii, G. & B

Storeri, (i. & B

Myctophida —

Myctophum, Raf. —

M. punctatum, Raf

a Hi nc, ( I. iit ken ), G. &B

opalinum, G. & B

phengodes, (Liitken), (;. & B...

llninlioldti, (Kisso)

gracile, (Liitken), G. & B

Beuoiti, (Cocco), G. & B

Reinhardtii, (Liitken)

remiger, <;. & B

Hygomii, (Liitken), G. & B

\ rranyi, (Moreau)

Heideii, (Stalling)

pterotns

californiense

arcticum

Townsendi

Benthosema, G. & B. —

B. Miilleri. (Gmel.), G. & I!

arcticum, (Liitken i, (i. & B

Colletti, (Liitken), G. & B

Lampauyctus, Bon. —

L. crocodilus, (Risao), G. & B

alatus, G. &B

Giintheri, G. & B

Warmingii, (Liitken), (i. & B ..

gemm ifer, G. & B

Getnellarii, (Cocco), G. & B

oceruleus, (Klun. ), (•. A B

lacerta , G. & B

Ceratoscopelus, ( itlir. —

('. luaderensis, (Lowe)

Notoscopelus, Gthr. —

N. resplendens, (Richardson)

quercinus, G. & B

niargaritiferns, G. it B

, castaneus, G. & B

caudispinosus, (Johnson)

Lampadena, G. & B. —

L. speculigera, G. & B

pyrsobola

JEthoprora, (J. A B.—

A. metopoclampa, (Cocco), G. & B.

lncida, G. & B

effnlgens, <■. iV B

Collettia, G. & B.—

C. Rafinesquei. (Cocco), <■. & B....
noctnina, (Poey), J. A E

Diaplms, Eigenmann —

I ). theta, Eigenmann

engraulis, (Gthr.), Eigenmann. . .

eiiri i lens, Klunzinger

Tarletonbeania, Eigenmann —

T. tenua ( Eigenmann)

crenulare

Rhinoscopelus, Liitken —

R. Coccpi, (Cocco), G. &B

Andreie, (Liitken), G. «!t B

rams, (Liitken), G. & B

antarcticus

Electrona, G. & B. —

E. Rissoi, (Cocco), G. & B

Dasyseopelus, Gthr. —

li. asper, (Richardson)

spinosns, (Steindachner)

Bubasper, (Gthr.)

Neoscopelns, Johns. —

N. macrolepidotus, Johns

Plate and figure.

XXI.

XXI, 78
XXI, 79

XXII, 80

"xxii,'8i
"xxii,82

"xxii,83

XXN,84

XXII. 85

XXIII, 86

XXIV, 92

XXIV, 90

XXIII, 88
XXIII, 87

XXIV, 89

XXIV, 91

XXV, 91
XXVI, 97
XXVI, 98

XXV. 9.".
XXV, 96

XXVI, 99

XXVII, 101
XXVII, 102
XXVII, 103

XXVI, Kill

XXIV, 93

XXVIII, 105

XXVIII. 104

XXVIII. 107
XXVIII. 106

XXIX, 108, 109

Page.

68

09
69

71

72

72. 511

72

73

74

74

71

75

75

77

77

511

511

511

512

76

7S
78

79

79

79

80 512

K0

80
81
81

82

83
83,512

84
84
si

85
512

87
87

88
512

89
512

512

89
512

!)0

90

91,512

512

01

92
92
92

03,512

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

X1I1

V- >s "I genera and species.

MALACOPTERYGII — ( 'nut i lined.
Myctophida — Continued.
Scopelengj b, Ale. —

S. t list is, Ale

Nannobrachium, Gthr. —

\. MacDonaldi, G. & B

ScopelosanruB nigrum. Gtbr

leucopaarum

Maurolicida —

Ichthyot cuSj Bon. i Coecia, Gtbr.) —

I. ovatus, (Coe.), Bon

i i]iistboproctus, V

O. soleatus

Maurolicus, • locco —

M. borealis, (Nils.), Gthr

amethystinopunctatus, Coeco

Poweiia ■. Coeco •

Pennant i

australis, Hector ...

Vinciguerria, .1 . & E

V. attenuata, (Cocoo), J. &E

Valeueienellua, J. & K

V. tripuuctulatus

Chanliodontidai —

Chauliodus, Schn —

C. Sloani, Scbn ■

M.i ii miii, Beau

Gonostomidaa —
Gonostoma —

G. denudatum, Raf

brevidens, K. & S

Cyclothone, G. &• B.

C. microdon, (Gthr.), G.& B. \= C. lusoa, G. & B.)

bathyphila, (V.), G. & B

quadrioculatum, V. (?)

elongata (Gtbr.), G. & B. (= Sigmops stigmatieus, Gill)
gracilis. Gthr

Bonapartia, G. <& B. —

B. pedaliota, G. & B

Yarrella, G.<S B.—

Y. Blaokfordi, 1 1 . <S 1 1

1 >iplophos, Gtbr. —

D. taenia, Gthr

pacificus, Gthr

Photicnthys, Hutton —

P. argenteus, Hutton

Manducns, ti. & B. —

M. maderensis, (Johns. ). (i. & 1!

Astronesthida' —

Astronestbes, Rich. —

A. niger, Rich

gemmifer, G. & I!

Ricbardsoni, Poey

stiuiii;it ida —

Stomias, Cnv. —

S. ferox, Rhdt

boa, (Risso), Cnv

affinis, Gthr

nebulosus, Ale

eloagatus, Ale

Kehiiistnina, Lowe —

E. barbatum, Lowe

margarita, G. A B

i Ipostomias, Gtbr. —

O. micripnus, Gthr

Grainniatostoinias, (1. A B. —

G. dentatus, G. A B

Pachystomias, Gthr. —

P. microdon, Gthr

Bathophilns, Gigl. —

B. nigerrimus, Gigl

Eustomias, V. —

E. obseurus, V

Photoneotes, Gthr. i Lucifer, Doderlein) —

P. albipinnis, I loderlein

uracil is. < J. & I!

Plate and Qglire.

XXIX, 110

XXX, 113

XXX, 111

XXXI. 115

Page.

XXXI, 116

XXXI. 117

XXX, III
XXXI, 118

XXXII, 119

XXXII, 120
XXX II. 121
XXXIV, 126

XXXII, 122

XXXIII, 121!
XXXIII, 124
XXXIII, 125

XXXIV, 127
XXXIV, 128
XXXIV, 129

XXXV, 130
XXXV. 131

XXXV, 132

XXXV, 13:!

\\\\ I. i::i

XXX VI, 136

XXXVI, 135

XXXVI, 137

93,512

94
94

512

95

95

513

96

96

96

96

96

513

513

513

513

96

513

08

98

99, 514
100
100
101
101

102

103

104
104

104

514

105, 515
105
106

107
108
108
108, 515
108

109
109

110

110

111

111

111

112

112

XIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

MiAACOPTERYGii — Continued.
Malaeosteida) —

Malacosteus, Ayres —

M. niger, Ayres ,

choristodacty Ins, V

indieus, Gthr

Photostomias, Collett —

P. Guernei, Collett

Thaumastoraias, Ale. —

T. atrox, Ale

Alepisanridse —

Alepisaurus, Lowe —

A. ferox, Lowe

sesculapius, Bean

Caulopns, Gill

altivelis, Poey

Poeyi, Gill

borealis, Gill

serra, Gill

ParalepididiB —

Paralepis, Risso —

P. coregonoides, Risso

Bphyranoides, Kisso

intermedins, Poey

liyalinns, Raf

Rissoi, Bk

Cuvieri, Bon

speeiosus, Bellotti

Arctozenns —

A. borealis, (Rhdt.;, J. A G

coruseans

Smlis, Raf. —

intermedins

S. hyalina, Raf

ringens

Odontostomidai —

t Moutostomus, Cocco —

O. hyalinus, Coeco

atratus, Ale

Omosudis, Gthr. —

0. Loweii, Gthr

Steruoptychidse —

Stemoptyx, Herm. —

S. diaphaua, Lowe

Argyropelecus, Coeco —

A. hemigvmnus, Coeco

Alcocki, G. & B ,

Olfersii, (Cuv.), C. & V

D'Urvillii, C. & V

acnleatus, Val

Sternopty chides, Ogilby —

S. amabilis, Ogilby

Polyipnus, Gthr. —

P. spinosus, Gthr

Idiacantbida —

Idiacanthns, Peters (=Bathyophis, Gthr.)-

1. fasciola, Gthr

antrostomus, Gilb

ferox, Gthr

LYOPOMl:

Halosauridas —
Halosaurus —

H. Oweni, .Johns

Johusonianus, V

Giiutheri, G. & B

parvipinnis, Ale

Aldrovandia, G. & B. — ■

A. rostrata. (Gthr.)

affinis, (Gthr.)

ruacrochira, (Gthr.)

Goodei, Gill

phalacrus, V

mediorostris, Gthr

gracilis, G. & B

pallida, G. & B

Hoskynii, Ale

angnilliformis, Ale

Halosaurichthys, Ale. —

H. carinicauda, Ale

Plate and figure.

XXXVII, 138
XXXVII, 139

XXXVII, 140
XXXVII, 141

XXXVIII, 142

Page.

XXXVIII, 143

XXXVIII, 144

XXXVIII, 145

XL, 150

XXXIX, 140
XXXIX, 147
XXXIX. lis

XXXIX, 140

XI.. 151

XL, 152

XL, 153

XLI, 154
XLi,i55

XI. I. 150

XLI I, 157
XLI 1, 158

114
111
114

115

115

117
117
117
118
118
515
515

119, 516

119,516

120, 516

515

118,516
118, 516

110.510
516

120

121
121

121

510,

122

124

120
126
120
127
127

128

12S.51G

128
516
129

130
131
131

510

132

516
133
133
134
517
151
135
510
516

136,517

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XV

Names oi' genera and species.

An. in :

, Gthr .

I .eptocephalidsn —
Leptocephalua —

L. vulgaris (L.)

I froconger, Kaup —

I . virillllS, V

Congermurfflna, Kaup —

C. mittiiluta, Gthr

longicauda, Ale

flava, G. & B

musteliceps

squaliceps, Ale

nasica, Ale

prorigera, Gilb

Coloconger, Ale. —

C. raniceps, Ale

Promyllantor, Ale. —

P. purpureas, Ale ....
Simenchelyida —

Siinenchelys, Gill —

S. parasiticus, Gill ... .
Ily ophidic—

llyophis, Gilb. —

I. brunneus, Gilli

Syna phobranehidie —

Synaphobranehus, Johns. -
S. pinnatus, (Groimv. |

lirevidorsalis, Gthr

affinis, Gthr

Histiobrancbus, Gill —

H. infernalis, Gill

bathybius, Gthr

Murasnesocidse —

Xenomystax, Gilb. —

X. atrarius, Gilb

trucidens

Hoplunnis, Kaup —

H. diomedianus, G. & H

Sauroinurii'iiesox, Ale. —

S. vorax, Ale

• iphichthyidse, Gill—

Pisoodonophis, Kaup —

P. cruen titer, G. & B

Myrns, Kaup —

M. pachyrhyuchus, (V.)

Xcttastomid.se —

Nettastonia, Raf. —

N. nielanuruin, Raf

brevirostris, Eac

parviceps, Gthr

taiiinla. Wood-Mason . ...
Venefica, J. & D. —

V. procera, (G. & B.), J. & D.
proboscidea, (V.), J. &. D .
Chlopsis, Raf. —

C. bicolor, Raf

equatorialis, Gilb

Nemichthyidse, Gill —
Neuiichthys, Rich. —

N. scolopaceus, Rich

avocetta

Labichthys, (iill and Ryder —
L. eaiinatus, (fill and Ryder,
elongatus, (fill and Ryder.

Gillii, Bean

iiilans, (Gthr. |, G. and B . .
Cyema, Gthr. —

('. atinin. Gthr

Spinivomer, (iill and Ryder —

S. Goodei (Jill and Ryder ...
Serrivomer, Gill and Ryder —

S. Beani, Gill and Ryder

Richardii, | V i, G. & B....
i lavialiceps, Wood-Mason —

G. microps, Ale

Investigator, G. iV B.

I. acanthouotus ( Ale. )

Plate and figure.

XL11, 160

XLII, 159

xliii. k;i

XLI1I, 162

XLIV. Iill

XLIV, 165

X Mil. 163

XLIV, 166
XL V, 167

Xl.V. ins

Xl.VI. 170

XL VI, 171
XL VI, 172

XLVII, 173
XLVin, 176

XLVII. IT.".

Page.

M7
138, 517

13S

138, 517
138
517
517
517
138

139,517

139, 517

139

111

113,517
144
144

145,517
145

146
517

146

146, 517

147
148

149, 517
149
148
512

149

150

150

150

152
153

153
153
153
153

l.-.l

155

155
155

156, 517

518

XVI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of geuera and species.

Plate ami figure.

Page.

Lyomeri :

Saceopharyngidse —

Saccopkarynx, Mitchill —

S. flagellum, Mitchill

Eurypharyngidse —
Enrypharynx, V. —

E. pelecanoides, V

Gastrostomy, (iill and Ryder —

G. Bairdii, Gill ami Eyder

Dysomma, Ale. —

D. bucephalns, Ale

Dysommopsis, ilc. —

D. mueiparus, Ale

C'ARENCHELI :

Derichthyidas —

Derichthys, Gill —

D. serpentinus, (iill

Heteromi:

Notacauthida? —
Notacanthus —

N. nasus, Bloch

analis, Gill

Bonapartii, Kisso

sexspims, Rich

phasganorus, Goode

Gigliolia, G. & B.—

G. Moseleyi, G. a B

Polyacanfchonotus, Blk. —

P. Rissoanus, (P. ifc V.), Gthr

Macdonaldia, t;. & B. —

M. rostrata, (Coll.), G. & 1!

Challenged, ( V. ), G. & B

Lipogenyidie —

Lipogenvs, G. & B. —

L. Gillii, G. & B

Teleocephali :
Beryeidie —

Beryx, Citv. —

B. decadactylus, C. & V

Bplendens, Lowe

liiieatus, Gthr

affinis, Gthr

delphim, C. &. V

Melamphaes, Gthr. —

M. typhlops, (Lowe), Gthr

Plectromus, Gill —

P. suborbitals, Gill

Beanii, (Gthr.)

robustus, (Gthr.)

rrassiceps, (Gtbr.)

megalops, (Liitkeu)

mizolepis, (Gthr. )

mierops, (Gtbr.)

cristiceps, (Gilb.)

lugubris, (Gilb.)

Scopelogadus, V. —

S. cocles, V

Malacosarcus, Gthr. —

M. macrostoma, Gthr

Poromitra, G. & B. —

P. capito, G. & B

Anoplogaster, Gthr. —

A. eornutus, (C. & V.), Gtbr

< laulolepis, Gill —

C. longidens, Gill

Stephauoberycida' —

Stephanoberyx, Gill —

S. Monss, Gill

Gillii, G. & B

Trachichthyidae —

Trachichthys, Shaw —

T. Darwinii, Johns

iutermedius, Hector

australis, Shaw

Jacksoniensis, (Castelnau), Macleay .

feriiandeziantis. Gthr

Traillii, Hutton

elongatus....

XLVIII, 178-180

XLVIII, 177
XLIX, 181, 182

XLV, 169

L.184:

1.1. 1ST; I. II, 193

LI, 189; LII, 195

I.I. 190; l.II, 196

L1II, 197

LI II, 198

LIV, 201
LIV, 202

LIII, 200

LIU, 199

LIII, 200
LIV, 203

l.V. 201

LV, 205
LVI, 206

LVI, 207

157

159, 518
159

160, 518
160

161

L, 183

164

LII, 191

165

L, 185

166

1.11. 192

167

L. 186

167

169

170

171

172

173

175, 518

176, 518

175

175

175

177

179
179
180
180
181
178
518
518
518

182

182
183
184
185

186
187

188
518
518
518
518
518

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XVII

Names of genera an<l species.

Tkm.ihk hi. u.i — Continued.

Trachichthyica — Continued.
Hoplostethus, ('. & V.—

H. mediterraneus, C. & V

at Ian tiros. ( 'oil

japonicuB, llilg

Bathyclupeida —

Bathyclupea, Ale. —

B. Hoskynii. Ale

argeutea, G. & B

Anomalopida —

Auomalops, Kner —

A. palpebratus, (Bodd.), Gthr

Scouibrida —

Thyrsites, C. & V.—

T. at mi, (Knplirascii I, C. & V

TUyrsitops, (fill—

T. lepidopoides, C. & V

violaceus, Bean = Escolar violaceus J. & E

K n vet t ns. Cocco —

R. pretiosus, Cocco

Xesiarchns, Johns. —

N. nasntiis, Johns

Epiunnla. Poey —

E. magistralis, Poey

Xealotns, Johns. —

N. tripes, Johns

Promethichthj s, Gill —

i'. prometheus | C. & V.) = P. atlantious, Lowe .

proinethoiiU"^. Bhcher

heryalensis

Dicrotus. Gthr. —

D. arinatiis. Gthr

parvipinnis, G. & B

Gempylus, C. & V.—

G. serpens, CAY

coluber, C. & V

Lepidopidse —

Lepidopns. Gmian —

L. caudatus, (Euphrasen), White

Gonani, Bl

lnsit aniens, Shaw

xantusi (i. & B

Kvoxyuietopon, (Poey), Gill —

E. taniatns, Poey

Poey i, Gthr

Henthodesmus, G. & B. —

15. atlantiens, G. & B

elongatue, Clarke

Aphanopus, Lowe —

A. carbo, Lowe

minor, Collett

Trichinridie —

Trichinriis. L. —

T. lepturus, Linu

Coryphanida- —

Corypha-na. L. —

C. hippnrua

eijuisetis

Bramida? —

Biama, Schn. —

B. Kaii

ehilensis

anstralis

squamosa

Plate and figure.

LVI.208

(XX 1 1 1, 4ir>

LVU,209

I. VII. 210

LVII.212

LVIII.213

LVIII.2U

LVHI.215

LIX.216

LIX, 217

orcim

Dnsauuiieri

Agassizii, Poey

Brevoorti, Poey

Saussurii, Lnnel

longipinnis, Lowe

princeps, Johns

Haschi, Esmark

.japonica, Hilg

Steinegeria, Jordan and Kveriiiann —

S. rubescenB, Jordan and Everinann.
Pterycombus —

P. brauia

Page.

189,519
189
519

190
190

191

194

194
195,519

196

197

198

199

200

519
519

200
201

202
202

203
203
519

519

204
204

205
206

207
207

20S ,519

209
209

210

211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211

519

19868— No. 2 u

XVIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Teleocephali — Continued.
Diretmida —

Diretmus, Johns. —

D. argeuteus, Johns., (=Gyrinomene nummularis, Vaillant). .

aureus, Campbell

Pteraclidse —

Pteraclis, Gronov. —

P. papilio, Lowe

ooellatus, C. & V

carolinus, C. & V

velifer, (Pallas)

Ceutroloplius. Lac. —

C. pompilus, (Lao.). C. A- V

britannicus, Gthr

Schedophilus, Cocco —

S. medusuphagus, Cocco

maculatus

Botteri, Stdchnr

Icosteus, Lockington —

I. eniguiaticus, Lockington

Schedophilopsis, Stdchnr. —

S. spinosus, Stdchnr

Icichthvs, J. & G. —

1. Lockiugtouii, J. A G

Acrotida —

Acrotus, Bean —

A. Willoughbyi, Bean

GrainmicolepidiilsB—

Graminieolepis, Poey —

G. braehiusculus, Pocv

Nomeidae —

Nomeus, Cuv. —

N. (Ironovii, (Gmel. I, Gthr

Bathyseriola; Ale. —

B. cyanea, Ale

Psenes, C. & V. —

P. pellucid us, Liitken

maculatus, Liitken

Luvaridae —

Luvarus, Raf. —

L. impenialis, Raf

Lampridida'—

Lampris, Retzius —

L. regius, ( IJonu.), Retzius

Zeida —

Zenopsis, Gill —

Z. ocellatus. (Storer), Gill

conchifcr, Lowe

Cvttns, Gthr.—

('. australis, (Rich.)

ahbreviatus, Hector

hololepis, G. & B

novEB-zelandise

C'vttopsis, Gill —

C. roseus. (Lowe), Gill

Oreosoma, C. & V. —

O. atlanticum, C. & V

Caproida —

Capros, Lac. —

C. aper, (L.). Lac

Capromimus—

C. ahbreviatus

Autigonia, Lowe —

A. capros, Lowe

Tetragonuridie —

Tetragonurus, Risso —

T. Cuvieri, Risso

Chilodipterida —

Melanostoma, Doderlein —

M. japouicum, Doderlein

Glossamia, Gill —

G. aprion, Gthr

pandionis, G, & B

Malacichthys, Doderlein —

M. griseus, Gthr

Epigonns, Raf. —

E. telescopus, (Risso), G.&B

Occident alis, (i. iV B

LXV,234

LXI.223

LXII.224

C'XXIII. 111!

LXII.226

LXU.225

LX 1,221
LX III. 227

LXIII.228

LX1II,229

LXIV.230

LXV, 233

LXV, 235

CXXIIL417

LXIV, 231

LXVI, 236

211,519

212

212
212

212
212

213
213

211
2U

216
216
215

217

219

220.520

221 1, 521

221
221

222, 521

223

224
225

225
225
225

227
228

229, 521

229

230

521

231
231

232

232, 521
233

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XIX

Names of genera and species.

Tblkocephaju — Continued.
Chilodipteridse — Continued.
Pomatomiohthys, Gigl. —

P. Constanoise, (figl

Microichthys, Riipp. —

M. Coccoi, Riipp

Brephostoma, Ale. —

B. Carpenteri, Ale

Acropomidte —

Acropoma, T. & S. —

A. philipiiinen.se, Gthr

Scombropidse —

Scombrops, T. & S. —

S. chilodipteroides, T. & S

oculatus, Poey

rlypoolydonia, (!. & B. —

II. hella. (J. &B

Serranida —

Ceutropristis, C. & V. —

C. plenrospilus, (Gthr.)

investigatoris, (Ale.)

annularis, Gthr

Prionodes snquidens, Gilb

Anthias, Schn. —

A. uiegalops, Gthr

eos, Gilb

aquilonaris, G. & B

Bathyanthias, Gthr. —

B. roseus, Gthr

Synagrops, Gthr. —

S. japonicus, (Doderlein), Gthr

Poly prion, Cnv. —

P. ameiicanuni, (Schn.), Jordan

Prist ipnmati da —
Propoma, Gthr. —

P. roseuin, Gthr

Lutjanida —

Aprion, C. & V. —

A. macropthalmus, (Miiller), J. & S..
Verilus, Poey —

V. sordidns Poey

Dentex. Cuv. —

I), macrophthalmus, (Blocb), C. &V.
l'riacanthida —

Priacanthus, C. & V. —

P. catalufa, Poey

Psoudopriacanthus, Blk. —

P. altus, Gill

Polymixiidas —

Polymixia, Lowe —

P. nobilis, Lowe

Pomacenfcridae —

Chromis, Cuv. —

C. roseus, (Gthr.), G. & B

Scorpa-nidfe —

Scorpsena, L. —

S. scrota obesa, Lowe

cristulata, G. & B

ustulata, Lowe

Agassizii, G. A: B

percoides, Solauder

oeellata, Lowe

Bathysebastes, S. & D. —

B. albescens, Gthr

Helicolenus, G. & B.—

H. dactylopterus, (Del.), (i. & B

maderensis, <;. and B

Pontinus, Poey —

P. castor, Poey

pollux, Poey

Kuhlii, (Bowdich), G. & B

Bibroni, (Sauvage), G. & B

filifer, (Val.), G. & B

canariensis, (Sauvage), <;. & B

Kathbuni, G. & B

raacrolepis, G. & B

longispinis, <i. & B

sierra, (Gilb.), G. &B

liexaiiema, (Gthr. I, G. & B

LXVI, 238

LXXXIX, 314
LXIV,232

LXVI, 239, 240

LX VII, 241

LXVII, 242
LXVii,243

LXVIIL211

LXVIU.245

I.XIX.247
LX VIII, 2111

238

238. 521
238

522

522

238, 522

522

239
240
240

241. 522
242

243, 522

244

245, 522
246
246
247
522
522

248

249,523
250

252
252
253,523
253
254
255
255
257
258
523
523

XX

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Teleocephaii — Continued.
ScorpaenidaB- — Continued.
Sebastes, Cuv. —

S. marinus, (L.), White

marinus viviparus, ( Kroyer)

Sebastolobus, Gill —

S. maerochir, (Gthr.), Gill

alascanus, Bean

Sebastodes, Gill —

S. paucispinis, (Ayres), .7. >v (i

Sebastickthys, Gill —

S. Goodei, Eigenmann

alutus, Gilb

rupestris, Gilb

zacentrus, Gilb

saxicola, Gilb

diploproa, Gilb

aurora, Gilb

introniger, Gilb

sinensis, Gilb

oculatus, (C. & V.)

Setarches, Johns. —

S. Giintheri, Johns

fidgiensis, Gthr

parmatus, Goode

Lioscorpius, Gthr. —

L. longiceps, Gthr

Mi nous

M. inermis, Ale

CottidiK —

Cottus, L. —

C. bathybii, Gthr

Icelus, Kroyer —

I. bicornis, (Rhdt.), J. & G

scutiger, Bean

euryops, Beau

Artediellus, Jordan —

A. uneinatus, (Rhdt.), Jordan

Icelinus, Jordan —

1. quadrisenatus, Lockington

filanientosus, Gilb

tenuis, Gilb

limbriatus, Gilb

oculatus, Gilb

Triglops, Rhdt.—

T. Pingelii, Rhdt

Priouistins —

R. macellus, Bean

Cottunculns, Collett —

C. niicrops, Collett

Thomsouii, Gthr. (=C. torvus, Goode).
Psychrolutes, Gthr. —

P. zebra, Bean

paradoxus, Bean

Malacocottus, Bean —

M. zonurus, Bean

Cyclopterida (Cyclopterus) —
Eumicrotremus, Gill —

E. spinosus, (Miiller), Gill

Liparididae —
Liparis, L. —

L. lineatus, (Lepechin), Kroyer

Careproctus, Kroyer —

C. gelatinosus, (Pall.), Kr

spectrum, Bean

ranula, G. & B

major, ( Fab. ) . Garni

micropus, (Gthr.), Garm

Amitra, Goode —

A. liparina, (ioode

Paraliparis, Coll. —

P. bathybii, Coll

Copei, G. & B

rosaceus, Gilb

HilgendorBa, G. & B.—

H. membranacea, (Gthr.), G. & B

Gymnolycodes, V. —

G. Edwaulsi, V

Plate and ligure.

1. XIX, 2 is

1.XX.24H

L.W1.2.V.

LXXI,256

l.X XII, 257,201
LXXII,258,262

LXX, 250

LXX.251

LXX, 252

LXX I, 253

254

Page.

200
261

202, 523
262

262

523
523
523
523
524
524
524
524
524
523

263
263
264

205

524

266,524

267
524
524

267, 524

268
524
525
525

525

269, 525

525

2011,525
270, 525

525
525

272, 525

272

274

275
275
275
277
277

278

279
279

525

280
281

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XXI

Names of genera and species.

Plate and figure.

LXXIV,263

Teleocephali — Continued.
Agonidae —

Podothecns, < ; i 1 1 —

P. decagonus, (Sehn.), Jordan LXXII.259

Bathyagonus, Gilb. —

B. nigripinnis, Gilb

Xenochirus, (;ill>. —

X. triarantlnis, Gilb

pentacanthus, Gilb

lati frons, Gilb

Aspidophoroides, Lao. —

A. monoptervgius, ( Bloch) LXXII, 260

i Hriki . . .'

LatilidaB—

Lopholatilns, G. & B.

L. chanueleonticeps, G. & B LXXV, 265

Percophida* —

Aphritis, C. & V.—

A. gobio, Gthr

Acanthaphritis, Gthr. —

A. grandisquamis, Gthr

Nototheniidae —

Notothenia —

N. mizops, Gtbr

longipes, Stndchni

ChfBnichthyidae —

Bathydraco, Gthr. —

B. antarcticns, Gthr

Hypsiconietes, Goode —

H. gobioides, Goode

Bathyhercis, Ale. (= Bembrops) platyrhynchus, Ale.
Ohanipsodon, Gthr.-

C. vorax, Gtbr.
Chiasmodontidae —

Chiasmodon, Johns.
C. niger, Johns.
Ponerodon, Ale.-

P. vastator, Ale
Psendoscopelus, Liitken-
P. scriptiis, Lutkrii.
Uranoscopidaj —

Urauoscopus, L. —
U. crassiceps, Ale
kaiaiuis, Gthr.
Batrachidse —

Porichthys, Girard —

P. porosissiinns. i (.'. A V.), (itbr.
Gobiidae —

Gobius, Cnv. —

G. cometes. Ale

Lesueurii, Hisso

Jeffrey si i, Gthr

Callionymidae —

Callionvmus, L. —

C. lyra, I

kaianus, Gthr

ealauropoinus, Gthr

carlbares, Ale I.

phaeton, Gthr i

himantophorus, G. & B | LXXVI.268

maculatus, Eaf '

Stichaeida —

Carelophus, Nils. —

C. Ascanii, (Walb.), < itlir

Anarrhichadida —
Anarrhiclias, L. —

A. lupus, L

minor, Olafsen. - .
latifrous, S. & H.
Ptilichthyida —

Ptilichthys, Bean —

I', (ioodei, Bean

Zoaicida; —

Lycodes, Khdt.—

L. Vahlii. Ehdt

Esmarkii, Coll LXXV1II, 272

retienlatiis. Khdt 1. XX VI 1 1. 273; LXXXI.281

frigidua, Coll LXX VIII, 274

mncosus. Bicli LXX VI 1 1, 275; LXXXL283

LXXVI1.269

1. XXVII. 270
LXXVIL271

LXXXVII.304

Page.

282
283,525

283,525

283, 525
525

283

2SI

284

289
289

525

289

290, 526
52G

291, 526

292, 521!

293

292,526

294
526

294

295. 526
295

296
296
296
296
296
296
526

298

299
301
301

302

303
303
305
305
306

XXII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Tk.leocephali — Continued.
Zoarcida — Continued.

Lycodes, Rbdt. — Continued.

L. pall id us, Coll

perspicillum, Kr

Eiitkenii

Bemiiitidus. Rbdt

Sarsii, Coll

zoarehus, G. & B

brevipes, Bean

macrops, Gthr

Lycenchelys, Gill —

L. nmnena, (Coll.). Gill

Verrillii, (G. & B. ), Jordan

]i:i\illus, (G. & B. ), .Ionian

porifer, Gilb

albus, (V.), G. & B

Lyeodonus, G. & B. —

L. mirabilis, G. & B

Aprodon, Gilb. —

A. Corteziana

Lycodopsis, Coll. —

L. pacitieus, Coll

paxillus. Gilb

Bothrocara, Bean —

B. mollis, Bean

Maynea —

M. pusilla. Bean

brunnoa, Bean

Gvmnelis. Rhdt.—

G. viridis, ( Fab. ), Kbdt

Lycodapus, Gilb. —

L. lierasfer, Gilb

Melanostigma, Gtbr. —

M. gelatinosum, Gthr

Brotulidae —

Bytbites, Rhdt.—

B. fuscus, Rhdt

Grammonus, Gill —

(i. ater, (Risso).G. & B

Oligopus —

O. ater

armatus, Diiderleiu

(atatyx. titlir.—

C. Messieri, Gtbr

rubrirostris, Gilb

Saccogaster, Ale. —

S. tnaculatus, Ale

Diplacanthopoma, Gthr. —

1 1. brachysoma, Gtbr

Alcooki, G. & B

Oicromita, G. & B.—

1). Agassizii, G. & B

nietriostoma, (V.), G. & B

microphthalma, (V.), G. & B

oncerocephala, (V.), G. & B

Bassozetus, Gill —

B. norma lis, Gill

compressus, (Gthr.), G. & B

ta nia, (Gtbr.), G. & B

catena, G. & B

glutinosus, Ale

Glyptophidium, Ale. —

(i. argenteum, Ale

macropus Ale

Dermatorus, Ale. —

D. tricbiurus, Ale

melanocephalus, Ale

Neobytbites, G. & B. ( = Pycnocraspedum Ale. )-
N. (iillii, G. & B

marginatus, G. & B

macrops, Gthr

crassus, (V.), G. & B

steatiticus, Ale

squamipinnis

Benthocometes, G. & B. —

B. robust us. (i. A B

muiiunolepis, (V.), G. & B

Plate and figure.

LXXX.278

LXXIX, 276; LXXX1, 2lS3

LXXIX.277

LXXX,279,282

EX XX, 280

I'age.

LXXXII.2S1

LXXXII,285

LXXXII, 287

LXXXII, 286

EXX XIII, 289
LXXXIIL290

LXXXII, 288

306
307
307
307
307
308
526
526

309
309
311
527
527

312

527

528
527

528

526
526

313

528

314

316

317, 528

528
528

318

318, 528

318,528

319, 528
528

319

320
320
321

322
322

323, 529
323

322. 528

324, 529
529

325. 529
325

325
326
326, 529
327
529
529

327
328

TABI.K OF CONTENTS.

XXIII

Names of genera and species.

Telkockphali— Continued.
Brotnlida — Continued.
Iiassogij;a.s, (Jill —

B. Gillii. G. & li

gram lis. (Gthr.),G. <& It

pterotus, (Ale.), G. & B

stelliferoides, (Gilb. i, G. & li

Alcockia, a. & 15. —

A. rostratus, (Gthr. i, G. & B

( lelema, (J. «fc B. —

C. nmla. (V.), G. & li

subarmata, (V.), G. & li

Mcebia, (i. & B.—

M. gracilis, (Gthr.), G. & B

Barathrodemus, (J. & B.

B. liianatiniis, G. & Ji

Pycnocraspednm, Ale. —

P. sqnamipiune, Ale

Nematonus, Gthr. —

X. pectoralis, (G. & B.), Gthr

Porogadns, G. & B. —

P. miles, G. & B

Peuopus, G. & B. —

P. MacDonaldi, G. & li

Acanthonus, Gthr. —

A. armatns, Gtbr

Tauredophidium, Ale. —

T. Hextii. Ale

Pteroidonns, lithr. —

P. quinqnarins, Gthr

Dicrolene, G. & B. (=Paradicrolene, Ale.)—

D. inlronigra, G. & B

lmiltifilis, Ale

nigricaudis, Ale

Vaillantii, Ale

Mixomis, Gthr. —

M. laticeps, Gthr

Sirembo, Blk. —

S. inermis, (Sehl.), Blk

Monoinitopns, Ale. —

M. nigripiunis, Ale

Typhlouus, Gthr. —

T. nasns, (ithr

Barathronns, G. & H.—

li. liicolor, G. & li

Aphyonua, (ithr. —

A. gelatinostis, Gthr

mollis, G. & B

Rhodiehthys, Coll. —

R. regina, Coll

Alexeterion, V. —

A. Parfaiti, V

Bellottia, Gigl.—

B. apoda, Gigl

Rephthocara, Ale. —

H. simum, Ale

Lamprogrammus, Ale. —

L. niger, Ale

fragilis, Ale

Opbidiidse —
< >p 1 1 i<l 1 u 1 11 —

i '. muraenolepia, Gthr ,

Otophidinm, Gill —

O. omostigma, (J. & G.), Jordan

Leptophidiuni, Gill —

I., cervinnm, G. & li

profundorum, (Jill

marmoratum, <;. \ B

pan laic. Gilb

niicrolepis, Gilli

Btigmatistinm, Gilb

emmelas, Gilb

Ateleopodida —

Ateleopus, Sehl. —

A. japonic us, Sili]

i in liens. Ale

Plate and figure.

Page.

LXXXIII.291

LXXXIV. L'!H

I, XXXIV. L'lir,
LXXXIII,292

1. XXXiv, L'ii:;

LXXXIV, 296

I.. \ XXV, 297

LXXXIV,296

LXXXV.298

LXXXV.299

LXXXVI.303
LXXXVI.300

LXXXVI.302

LXXXVI1,305

I. XXXVII, 306
LXXXVII,307
LXXXVIL308

328, 529
329, 529
328,529
328,529

oL»J

330
330

331

3:i2

333,529

333

334

336

336

336

337

338
337,529

338, 529

339

340

340, 529

340

341

342
342

342

343

:;tl

:;44

344,530
530

530

:iir.

346
347
348
530
530
530
530

349
349,530

XXIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Tkleocephai.i — Continued.
Lophotida —

Lophotes, Giorna —

L. Cepediauus, Giorna

cristatns, Johns

Capellei, T. &. S

Anacanthini:
GadidsB—

Gadus, Art. —

G. morrhua, L

Melanogrammus, Gill —

M. leglefinus, (L.), Gill

Brachy gadus —

B. minutus, (L.), Gill

Gadiculus, Guicli. —

G. argenteus, Guich

Micromesistius, Gill —

M. poutassou, (Risso), Gill

Merlangus —

M. vulgaris

Phycis, Schn. —

P. niediterraneus, Delaroche

Eaiiii, G. & B

blennioides, (Br.), Schn

regius, (Wall).), J. & B

cirratus, G. & B

chuss, (Walb.) Gill

tenuis. (Mitch.), DeKay

Chesteri, G. &, B

La'moueiua, Gthr. —

L. Yarrellii, (Lowe), Gthr

robustum, Gthr

barbatiila, G. & B

melanurum, G. A B

Molva, Nils. —

M. vulgaris, Flem

byrkelange, Walb

elongata, (Otto), Gthr ^.

Physieulus, Kaup —

P. Dalwigkii, Kaup

Kaupi, Poey

peregrinus, Gthr

fulvus, Bean

rastrelliger, Gilb

nematopus, Gilb

roseus, Ale

argyropastus, Ale

Uraleptus, Costa —

1". Maraldi, (Risso), Costa

near Maraldi

Lotella, Kaup —

L. iuaxillaris, Bean

Mora, Risso —

M. mediterranea, Risso

Lepidion, Sw. —

L Rissoi, Sw

Giintheri, (Gigl.), G. & B

in lies, (Gthr.), G. & B

ensiferus, (Gthr. ), G. & B

inosima1, Gthr

Salilota —

S. australis, Gthr

Antiihora, Gthr. —

A. viola, (G. & B.), Jordan

rostrata, Gthr

inicrolepis, Bean

Halargyreus, Gthr. —

H. brevipes, V

Johnsonii, Gthr

near Johnsonii

Eretmophorus, Gigl. —

E. Kleinenbergi, Gigl

Hypsirhynehus, Fac. —

H. hepaticus, Fac

Strinsia, Raf —

S. tinea, Raf

Melanonus, Gthr. —

M. gracilis, Gthr

Plate and figure.

Page.

CXV, 389

'cxWillio'

LXXXVI1I.309

I.XXX VIII, 310

LXXXVIII,311

LXXXIX, 312

LXXXIX.313

XC,316
XC317

XCI, 318

"xci'3i9"

XCI, 320

XCII, 321
XCII,322
XCII, 323

XCIIL324

XCIII, 325

XCIII, 326

349
350
351

354
354,530

355, 530

355, 530

530

356
356

357. 530
357
358
359
359
360

362
362
362
363

364
365
365

366, 531
366
366
366
530
530
530
530

367
368

368

369, 531

370. 531
370
371

371, 531
531

531

372
375
531

375

376, 531

376

377

380

380

380

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XXV

N;niit's of genera and Bpecies.

An vi i\i hini — ( lontinued.
( iadidie— < iontinued.
( 'llos, Kisso —

0. .'iisis. (Rhdt.), GUI

macropbthalmus, Gtbr

biscayensis, Coll

Reinhardtii, fKr.), Coll

tricirratus, | Blooh^G. & It

Rhinonemus, Gill —

R. cimbrius, (L.), G. & 15

Brosmiua, Cuv. —

1!. brosme, (Mull.), Gthr

Brosmiculus, A'. —

15. imberbis, V

Merluciida —

Merlucius, Raf. —

M. bilinearis, (Mitch.), Gill

smiriduB, (Raf. ),G. <S It

Hregniacerotidie —

Bregmaceros, Thompson —

15. atlanticus, G. & B

MacClellamlii, Thompson

Macruridae —

Macrurus, Blocb —

M. borglax, Lac

Bclerorhynchus, Val

smiliophoius, Vaill

sequalis, (Gtbr.), G. & It

serratns, Lowe

Bairdii. G. & B

holotrachys, Gthr

zaniaphorus, V. (near holotracbys, V. i

rndis, itthr

asper, Gtbr

stelgidolepis, < i i 1 1 >

carinatus. < Ithr

in vest igat oris, Ale

semiquincunciatus, Ale

Hoskynii, Ale

Hexti'i, Ale

Wood-Masoni, Ale

Petersonii, Ale

brevirostris, Ale

niacrolopbus, Ale

lopbotes, Ale

polylepis, Ale

nasutns, Gtbr

serrulatus, Gtbr

hispidus, Ale

pumiliceps, Ale

Ccelorhynchus, C:i<>ni:i —

C. atlanticus, (Lowe), G. & 15

carminatus, (Goode), G. & 15

occa, G. ifc. 1!

japonicus, (V.), (near occa)

japonicus, Sehl

caribbsens, <;. & It

l'asciatus, (Gthr.), G. & 15

parallelus, Gtbr

austral is, Gtbr

quadricristatns, Ale

rlavellispinis, Ale

( toryphajnoides, ( iunner —

C. rupestris, Gunner

sulcatus, G. & 15

carapinus, G. & 15

altipinnis, Gthr

serratns, Lowe

1 lymenocephalus, Gigl. —

11. italicns, Gigl

Goodei, (Gthr.), ltean

cavemosus, G. & It

lnterolepis, Ale

Lionurns, Gthr. —

I., lilicauda, (tthr

Trachonurus, Gtbr. —

( t. sulcatus, (i. & It

villosus, Gtbr

Plate and ligure.

XCIV, 327

XCI\ ,328
XCIV.329

XCV.330

XCV,331

XCVL334

xcvi,:t:t5

XCVI.336

XCV, 332, 333,337

X('\ 11 338

\r\ [1, 339

XCVII.340
XCVIL341

\c\ [11,342
\('\ [11,343

381
382
382
383,533
383

384,531

385

385

386

388

388
389, 531

391
391
392

392
392

393
39(i
397
390

390

391

391

390, 531, 532

390, 531; 532

390, 531, 532

:i!io,r>:!i,.-.3j

390, 531, 532

391). 531, 53 J

390, 531, 532

390, 531, 532

3IHI.551.53J

390, 532

390

390

531

532

397,533
398

400

400

400,533

401

402

532

532, 533

532,533

533

402

1115.553

404
402
525

406

407
108

553

410

4(1!)

XXVI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Anacanthini — Con tinned.
Macrurida — Continued.
Cetonurus, (ithr. —

C. globiceps, V

crassiceps, Gthr

Chalinura, G. & I?. —

C. Simula, G. & B

brevibarbis, G. & B

occiden talis, G. & B

leptolepis, Gthr

fernandezianus, Gtbr

lioeepbala, Gtbr

Murrayi, Gtbr

serrnla, Beau

hispida, Ale

mediterranea, Gigl

Optonurus, Gtbr. —

O. denticulatns, Gtbr

Malacocephalus, Gtbr. —

M. hevis, (Lowe), Gtbr

occidentals, G. & B

subbevis, (V.)

Nematonurus, Gthr. —

N. aruiatus, (Hector)

gigas, (V.), G.& B

affinis. (Gthr.)

Moselcya, G. iV B. —

M. longitilis, (Gthr. ), G. & B

Abyssieola, G. & B. —

A. macrochir, (Gthr.), G. & B

Trachyrhynchus, Giorna—

T. scabrus, (Raf.), G.& B

Murrayi, Gtbr

longirostris, Gtbr

Macruronus, Gthr. —

M. novavzelandise, (Hector), Gthr ...
Steiudachneria, (i. & B. —

S. argentea, G. &. B

Batbygadus, Gthr. —

B. favosus, (J. & B

arcuatus, G. & B

longifilis, G. & B

uear longitilis, Ale

dispar, (V.), G. & B

maciops, ('. & B

melanobranchus, V

cottoides, Gthr

multifilis, Gtbr

furvescens, Ale

Lyconida>—

Lyconus, Gtbr. —

L. pinnatus, Gthr

Hf.terosomata:
Pleuronectida^ —
Lepidopsetta —

L. niaculata, Gthr

Chascanopsetta, Ale. —

C. lugubris, Ale

Ptecilopsetta, Gtbr. —

P. maculosa, Ale

Limauda, Gottscbe —

L. vulgaris, Gottscbe

microstoma, Gthr

ferruginea, (Storer), G. & 1!

Beanii, Goode

Glyptocepbalus, Gottscb* —

G. cynoglossus, (L.), Gill

Hippoglossus, Cuv. —

II. vulgaris, Flem

Platysomatichthys, Blkr. —

P. bippoglossoides, (Walb.), G. & B
Paralicbthys, Girard —

P. oblougus, (Mitch.), .1

Heetoris, Gthr

hoops, Hector

ocellatus, Gtbr

Notosema, G. & B. —

.N. dileeta, G. & B

Plate and figure.

XCVIII,344

XCVIIL345

XCIX,345

xcix.:u7

C,348
C,349

CI, 350
CI, 351

CI, 352

CI I, 355
CII,356
CV, 363
CV,3G4

CIV,362: CVL3G5

Page.

411
111

J1L'
413
113
414
412
412
412
412
412
533

414

415
415

535

416

4 it;

416

417

417

417,534
418

417, 534

41S. 534

419

420
421
422
423
423
423
424
420
420
535

425

535

535

535

427
427
427
428

430

434

135

436
436
436
436

437

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

CVII, 367

C VIII, 371
CIX.372

c\ i,:;t;ii
cvin,:ti;y

cviii, 370

"cix,373

CIV, 360, 361

CVII, 368

CIII, 357
CILr., 358

Heteri >somata — Continued.
Pleuionectida — Continued.

Hippoglossoides, Gottsche —

H. platessoides, I Fab. I, Gil]

Lepidurhombns, Gthr. —

L. megastoma, (Don.), Gthi

Boscii, (Kisso)

Scianectes, Ale. —

S. lophoptera, Ale

inacrophtbalina, Ale

Tricbopsetta, Gill —

T. ventralis, (G. & B.), Gill

Ariiciglossus —

A. Grobmanni, Bon

Platophrys, Sw. —

P. nebularis, J. & G

cornutus, Gtbr

Citharicbtbys, Iilkr. —

C. arctifrons, Goode

unicornis, Goode

microstomus, Gill

spilopterus, Gthr

dinoceros. G. >V 1 1

psetulus, (G. &B.), J. &G

Etropus, J. & G. —

E. rimoBus, G. &B

Cyclopsetta, Gill —

C. timbriata, G. & B

Monolene, Goode —

M. sessilicanda, Goode

atrimana, G. & B

Soleida —

Solea, Cuv. —

S. vulgaris, Quenscl

Greeni, Gtbr

nmbralites, Ale

Microcbirus, Bon. —

M. variegatus, (Don.), M

profundicolus, (V.), G. & B

Apboristia, Kaup —

A. nebulosa, G. & B

Beptemstriata, Ale

inarginata, G. & B

pigra . ( • . A 1 !

diomedcana. (i. iV 1!

pusilla, G. A 1!

trifasciata

Ammopleurops, Gtbr. —

A . lacteus ( Bon. ) , Gtbr

Arelia, Kaup —

A. Carpenteri, (Ale. )

Crank >mi :

Triglidaj, Risso —
Trigla, Art.—

T. cuculus, L

gurnardua, L

lyra, L

leptacantba, Gtbr

spiloptera, Gtbr

bemisticta, Scbl

milvns, Bp '

corax, Bp

cavillone

Lepidotrigla, Gtbr. —

L. cavillone, (Lac. ) '

PrionotuB, Lac. —

P. militaris, GAB CXI, 380; CXII,384

egretta.G.& 11 CXI, 381

>ti arnsii, J.& S

alatlis. CAB CXI, 382

palm i pes, (Mitch. I, Storer.

Beanii, Goode (wrongly named in plate /'. trinitatU) CXII,383

Peris tediida —

Peristedion, Lac. —

1*. miniatum, Goode CXIII, 385

longispatha, G. <S B CXIV.386

imberbe, Poey

Plate and figure.

CX,375

CX, 376
CX,377
CX,378
< X.379

438
139

440
440

440

536

441
442

442
444
446
447
447
448

450

4:.l

452
455

157
536
536

457
457

158
536

459
460
460
461
537

162

462

463
537
163
463
463
463
463
463
537

463

364

ii;;>

466
467
168
468

470
47L'
472

XXVIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera ami .species.

Craniomi — Continued.

Peris tediiihe — Continued.

Peristedion, Lac. — Continued.

P. gracile, G. & B

platyceplialum, G. & B

truncatum, Gthr

niolucceuse, Blkr

Murray i, Gthr

liorhynchum, Gthr

cataphractuin, (L.)

Eivers-Audersoni, Ale

Taeniosomi:

Trachypterida —

Trachj pterus, Gouan —

T.'iris, (Walb.), C. & V

gry phurus, Lowe

arcticus, (Br.), Nils

Eiippellii, Gthr

liopterus, C. & V

cristatus, Bonelli

repandus, (Met.), Costa

Spinohe, C. & V

altivelis, Kner

altivelis, Hutton

arawata, Clarke

Regalecida —

Regalecus, Bran, —

K. glesue, Asc

pacifiens, Haase

argenteus, Mutton

Stylephorida —

Stylephorus, Shaw —

S. chordatus. Shaw

Hemibranchii:

Macrorhamphosidae —

Macrorhamphosus, Lac. —

M. seolopax, (L.)

AulostomidaE —

Aulostoma, Lac. —

A. coloratum, M. A- T

chinense, I-

longipes, V

Pediculati :
Lophiidae —

Lophius, Art. —

L. piscatorins, L

budegassa, Sp

Naresii, Gthr

Lophiornus, Gill —

L. setigerus, (Wahl), Gill

Lophiodes, G. & B. —

L. inutilus, (Ale.)

lugubris, (Ale.)

Antennariidte —

Pterophryne, Gill —

P.histrio, (L.), Gill

Auteunarius, Cuv. —

A. pleurophthalmus, Gill

Chaunax, Lowe —

C. pictus, Lowe

Ceratiida —

Ceratias, Kr. —

('. Holbolli, Kr

Diceratias, Gthr. —

D. bispinosus, Gthr

Mancalias, Gill —

M. uranoseopus, (Murray ), Gill

Shufeldtii, Gill ".

( ryptopsaras, Gill —

C. Couesii, Gill

carunculatus, Gthr

Oneirodes, Liitken —

O. Eschrichtii, Liitken

Paroneirodes, Ale. —

P. glomerosus, Ale

Mimantolophus, lihdt. —

II. groenlandicus, Rhdt. ( rig. misnamed C

Plato and figure.

CXIV, 387
CXIV, 388

t'XV,391
CXvi,'392

CXVII.395

CXVI.393,394

CXVII, Silt!

CX VII, 397

t XVIII, 400

CXVII. 3! is

CXVII, 399

C.\IX,401
CXIX,402

473
474
475
470
470, 537
470
537
537

477
478
479
479
479
479
480
480
480
480
480

Reinhardtii ) .

CXIX. lul
CXX. 105

480
480
480

I si'

483

484
484
4.S4

485
4S5
485

IN.".

537
537

486
487

487

489

489

190
490

491

191
■192
193
493

TABLE OK CONTENTS.

\.\I\

Nanus of genera and species.

Page.

I'nim n.ATi — f'on tinned.
( i rati id.i — Continued.
Corynolophus, Gill —

C. Reinhardtii, (LUtfcen), Gill

.1 ig liclilhys. Clarke —

A. Appelii, Clarke

Melanocetus, Gtbr. —

M. Johnsonii, Gthr

I.iocctus, Gtbr. —

L. Muriayi, Gthr

Linophryne, Collett —

L. Inciter, Coilett

Canlopbryne, 6. & B. —

('. Jordani, G. A I!, (plate as i . aetostu i .
( tachocephalida —

Onchooephalus, (Fieeh.), Gill —

0. radiatns, (Mitch.), G. A. 1!

vespertilio, (L.), G. & B

Malthopsis, Ale —

M. lnteiiH, Ale

Halieut.-ra, ('. & V. —

H. stellata, C. & V

cocciuea, Ale

nij;ra, Ale

spon j;iosa, Gill)

i'limosa, Ale

Halieutella, G. & B.—

H. lappa. (J. & B

Dibranchu's, Peters —

L>. atlantiens, Peters

nasntns. Ale

micropus, Ale

Halicmetus, Ale. —

H. ruber. Ale

flalieuticbthys, Poey —

II. aculeatus, (Mitch.), Goode

Al'l'KNDIX :

Additions and corrections

Alphabetical index

c.w, 106

(XX. 1(17
CXXI. 108
CXX1. 109

CXIX. 403
CXXI, 4KI

CXXI 1,412
CXXII, 113

CXXII,414

194
194

till
195
196

496

I! is
499, 537

537

499
499
537

5::?
537

500

501
537
537

503

.Mil

507
539

LIST OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA FISHES, DESCRIBED BY

THE AUTHORS, WITH ETYMOLOGIES.

NEW GENEKA.

S.BYSSICOLA Dwelling in the abysses of the sea (dtfivtifSoS, a bottomless jut, and

XoX; i ' l,

A i ■Km rs Wit In nit oars; in allusion to the absence of ventral fins (d, privative, and

xporoi, an oar or paddle).
.F.iiiiirunKA With a flashing light ahead (cUQcov, flashing, ami np&pa, the prow of a

vessel).
Ai.i'KiiVANiHA Iu lninor of Aldrovandi, the Italian ichthyologist of the sixteenth

century.
Amitra Without a belly-plate (a, privative, and ultpa, a plate worn below the

cuirass by <ireek warriors); iu allusion to the absence of the ventral

disk.

B IRATHRODEMTJS A dweller in the depths (fiapa'ipov and Si'/iioS).

BARATHRONUS An Onoa-like lish from the depths {jSdpaBpov aud oVo?)-

Bath yl Act > \ warrior of the oeeau depths {fiaBvS ami \dt<oov).

Benthocometes A dweller in the depths (/SevBoS, the depths, aud Kufu'/r>/i).

Benthodesmus \ deep-sea ribbon {fisvOoS and ded/toi).

Benthosairus A lizard-like fish from the depths of the sea (ySeVOoS and davpoS).

BENTHOSEMA A deep-sea coustellation (fUvBoi and 6>}/ta ) ; in allusion to the number

and brilliancy of its luminous spots.
BONAPARTIA In honor of Lucieu Bonaparte, Prince of Canino, the illustrious Italian

ichthyologist.

I'.iithrocara With cavi ties in the head (/SoOpoi, a \nt, aud xdpa, head).

Cai'i.opiiryne A PAr^ne-like lisli with the cephalic tentacle supported on a stem-like

base {xavXoS, a stem, aud qypvvtj, a toad I.

Celema A fanciful name, from xi'/Xt/ua, a charm.

Cetomimds " Very like a whale'' (xt'/roS and uipoS).

CHALINURA With a tail like a strap (xaXivo? and ovpt ).

COLLETTIA In honor of Dr. Robert Cnllett. the Norwegian ichthyologist.

C'liNm aka With a conical head (xfbvoi, a cone, and napa, brad ).

( ^ rii i tin in i: With rounded opercular Haps (xvxXoi, round, aud dBovi}, a veil).

DaSYCOTTUS \ thick- tailed t'ottus (Sa6vi and KorroS).

DBXOTHYRIS Transparent as a window (SijXoi, clear; BvpiS, a window).

DlCROLENE With forked pectoral tins (Sixpoi, cleft ; i.'i.lfi'i/, an arm).

DlCROMITA Having tin- ventrals represented by a pair of thread-like rays {SixpoS,

double, and n't to?, a thread).

ELECTRONA Full of light (I'/Xexrpov).

GlGLlOOA Iu honor of Commendatore Knrico Hilly er Giglioli, the Italian ichthyolo-
gist, director of the Royal Museum of Natural History in Florence.

Grammatostomias A si,, miiis, ornamented with stripes (ypauna. a line, aud Stvmias).

II vliedtella A smaller Halieuta a.

HARRIOTTA Ill honor of Thomas Harriott, the first English man of science who

made explorations in America.

II i i n hi ENUS With strong pectoral fins (rjXixoS, strong, and mXivt}, an arm).

Ihi.i.i.MiiiKi i.\ In honor of Dr. Fran/ Hilgendorf, tin- German ichthyologist.

llvi'ni i.viiiima From far beneath the waves 1 1 ■ni> and »X vSeov i.

Hypsicometes A dweller in deep water ( ri/v, in deep water, and ucmi'/rt/f, a dweller).

Investigator To perpetuate the name of II. M. S. Investigator^ engaged in deep-sea

exploration in the Indian Ocean.

LamPADENA Having a lamp-like organ on its tail (Xapitai and aSr}V, a gland >.

XXXI

'

- ■

XXXII LIST OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA FISHES.

LlPOGKNTS Without an under jaw (Xeixai, to lack, and yt n>?, the under jaw).

LOPHIODES Allied to Lophins.

Loi'lioi-ATILUS A crested Latilus (\6q>oS and Latilus).

LycODONOS A genus resembling Lycodes. (The termination ohms is without signifi.

cance.)

MalaCOCOTTUS A soft-bodied €ottu8 (fiaXaxoS and mottoS).

.M.\xi>i'< is A voracious feeder (Manducm, a grotesque, marked figure representing

a person chewing, used in the Roman theater iii classical days).
Mcebia In honor of Prof. Karl Mbbius, director of the Berlin Zoological

Museum.

Monolene With a single pectoral fin (^oi'oi, single; mXivij, an arm.)

Monomitra Without a ventral disk (novoS, deprived of, /< ir pa. a shield for the

belly).
Moseleya In honor of Henry Nottidge Moseley, F. R. S., one of the naturalists of

the Challenger.

Neobythites A newly discovered genus allied to Bythites (vdoS and ftvOiryS).

NO'l'OSEMA With a banner-like dorsal tin I v&rov, the back, and 6i)ua, a banner).

Penoi'US With thread-like ventral tins (jri'/rt/, a thread, and itcrvS, a font).

POROGADUS A (r'«rf«s-like fish, with openings in its skin (itopoS and Hud its).

POROMITRA With openings in its shields {itopoi and ///r(j<u ; in allusion to the central

depression in each round, concentrically-grooved scale.
Roxiieu: ha In honor of Guillaume Rondelet, the French ichthyologist of the six-
teenth century.

Steindachneria In honor of Dr. Franz Steindachner, the Austrian ichthyologist.

Talismania For the French steamer Talisman, engaged in deep-sea exploration in

the northeast Atlantic.
Yarhella In honor of William Varrcll, the British ichthyologist.

NEW SPECIES.

^equatoris (Talismania) Taken under the equator.

Agassizi] ( Uepocephalus) In honor of Alexander Agassi?., director of the Museum of Comparative

(BathysauruB.) Zoology and of several deep-sea exploring expeditions— the leading

(Dieromita.) spirit m American thalassographic research.

( Scorpsena.)

AI.ASCAXUS (Sebastolobus) Found in Alaska by Dr. Bean.

alatus (Lampanyctns) Having long, wing-like fins.

(Prionotu^. |

AlcoCKI Argyropelecus In honor of Capt. Surg. A. A 1 cock, director of the Indian Museum, Cal-

(Diplacanthopoma.) cntta, and of his discoveries in the deep-sea ichthyology of the Indian

Ocean.

ANTILLARIM (Talismania) Taken among the Antilles.

AQUILONARIS (Ant hi as) Northern (aquilo, the north wind).

arctierons (Citharichthys) With a narrow forehead {arceo and frons).

ARGENTEA (Bathyclupea) Glittering like silver.

(Steindachneria.)

argtatus (Bathygadus) With a curved or arched profile (nrtux, a bow).

atlanticus (Benthodesmus) An Atlantic form.

(Bregmaceros.)

atrimaxa (Monolene) Black-handed (ater and manus) ; in allusion to the dark tip of the single

pectoral.

Bairdii (Macrurus) In honor of Prof. Spencer Fullerton Baird, secretary of the Smithsouiau

Institution, founder of the United States Fish Commission.

harhatula (LaMnonema) With a little beard.

Be ami (Limanda i Named by Mr. Goode in honor of his colleague, Dr. Beau.

(Prionotus.)

BELLA ( Hypoclydouia) Beautiful

Benedicts (Bathylagus) In honor of James E. Benedict, naturalist of the Albatross.

BICOI.OR ( Barathronus) Of two colors.

(Rondeletia.)

Blackfordi (Yarrella) In honor of Eugene (i. Blackford, of New York, fish culturist and angler,

president of the New York State Fish Commission

brf.vibarbis (Cbalinura) Short-bearded.

brevipes (Lycodes) With short ventral tins.

brunnea (Maynea) Brownish, tawny.

LIST OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA PISHES. XXXIII

capito ( Poromitra) Large-headed.

Carapini s (Coryphsenoides) Resembling in form the genus Campus.

CARIBB lis (Coelorhynchns) From the Caribbean Sea.

CASTANEUS I NotOBCOpelUS) ChcstllUt-hued.

catena (Bassozetus) Having a ehain-like row of pores along the lateral li mi, mi, i chain)-

CAVERNOSUS ( Hyinenocepliahis) With depressions in the skull.

i I'.uviNiM (Leptophidium) Spotted like a fawn.

CHALYBEIUS (Chlorophthalmus) Of a steel-like luster (XaXvfSeloS).

chameleonticeps (Lophulatilus) ..Having a head with a muchal appendage suggesting that of the African

chameleon, (Chamcleu).

CHESTER] (Phycis) In honor of Capt. Hubbard C. Chester, of the United States Fish ( lorn-
mission, sailing master of the Arctic exploring steamer Polaris, and
later engaged in deep-sea work.

CIRRATUS (Phycis) Bearded (eirra).

Copei (Paraliparis) In honor of Prof. Edward Drinker Cope, of tho University of Penn-
sylvania, a leader in American vertebrate /oology.

cruentifer (Pisoodouophis) Sanguinary, cruel; in allusion to its habit of boring into the llesh of

living fishes.

dentatus (Grammatostomias) With conspicuous teeth.

dii.ecta (Notosema) Admired, beloved (diligo); in allusion to the beauty of the species.

DINOCEROS (Citharichthys) With a strong spine or " horn" upon the forehead (SetvoS and xefjaoSor

IlSfJOOi).

Dicimediana (Aphoristla) To perpetuate in ichthyological literature the name of the deep-sea

DlOMEDlANUS (Hoplunnis). exploring steamer J Ibatross. See Pardionis.

Earllii (Phycis) In honor of R. Edward Earll, of the United States FiBh Commission

and National Museum, by whom the species was discovered.

EFFULGENS (^Ethoprora) Gleaming, phosphorescent.

egretta (Prionotus) In allusion to the elongate dorsal ray, resembling the plume of an

Egretta.

EURYOP8 (Bathylagus) Large-eyed (EvpvS and ao-ip).

(Icelus.)

favosus (Bathygadus) Cavernous (fvom favus, a honeycomb); in allusion to tho cavities in the

skull.

i-'iMiiiUATA (Cyclopsetta) With fringed tins (fimbria;, fringe).

i i.ava (Congermura-ua) Tawny-hued.

fulvus (Physiculus) Tawny.

gemmifek (Lampauyctus) Covered with gem-like studs.

(Astronesthes.)

Gillii (Bassogigas) In houor of Dr. Theodore Gill, the Nestor of American Ichthyology,

(C'etomimus.) 1895.

(Labichthys.)

(Lipogenys.)

(Neobythites.)

( Stephanoberyx. )

GOBIOIDE8 (Ilypsicometes) Resembling a (lohius.

gracile (Aldrovaudia) Slender and graceful in form.

(Myctophum.)
( Peris tedion.)
(Photonectes.)

GBAIiATOR (Beuthosaurus) Having extremities like stilts.

iiimantophorus (Callioimuus > Having a thong-like extension of the middle ray of the tail tin | f/i a

and tpepeiv).

iiololepis (Cyttus) Completely covered with scales (6'A.o? and Afffi?). in distinction from

certain species in the same genus which are partly naked.

INTKONIGRA (Dicroleue) Black within; in allusion to the dark peritoneum.

JORDAN! (Caulophryne) In honor of David Starr Jordan, president of Leland Stanford Junior

University, one of tho most learned and productive of ichthyologists.

LACERTA | Lampanyctus) With a lizard-like head.

lappa (HalieuteUa) A spiny species (lappa, a burr).

i.ii-akina ( Amitra) Resembling the genus Liparis.

i.oMiisiiMs i I'ontiuus) With very long spines in the first dorsal tin.

LUCIDA (.Ethoprora) Shining, bright, full of light.

MacDoxaldi (Conocara) In honor of Col. Marshall McDonald, United States Commissioner of

(Xanuobrarhiuni. ) Fisheries since 1888.

(Penopus. )
19868— No. 2 m

XXXIV LIST OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA FISHES.

Macouni (Chauliodus) Named by Dr. Bean in honor of Prof. John C. Macoun, of the Geological

Survey of Canada.

macrolepis )Pontinus) Covered with large scales (ftdxpoi and Xenii).

MACROPS ( Bathygadus) Large-eyed.

Maderensis (Helicolenus) Madeiran.

manatinus (Barathrodemus) With a head shaped like that of a sea row ( Manatua).

Margarita (Echiostorua) In compliment to Miss Margaret .

makgaiutiferus (Notoscopelus) ...Ornamented with jiearl-like studs.

marginata (Aphoristia) With a marginal line at base of vertical fins.

iiarginatus (Neobythites) With dark margins to the vertical fins.

marmoratum (Leptophidium) Marbled.

melanurum (LaTnonema) With a black tail (ficXa? and ovpa).

miles (Porogadus) Warlike (miles, a soldier).

militaris (Prionotus) Soldier-like; in allusion to the plume-like rays in the dorsal fin.

miniatum (Peristedion) Cinnabar-red (minium, cinnabar).

MIRABILIS (Lycodonus) Remarkable; in allusion to peculiar structure of dorsal and anal fins.

mollis ( Aphyonus) Soft, flabby, gelatinous.

(Bothrocara.)

Moseleyi (Gigliolia) In honor of the late Henry Nottidge Moseley, F. R. S., Linacre professor

in the University of Oxford, and one of the naturalists of the Chal-
lenger Expedition.

nebulosa (Aphoristia) With cloudy colorations.

OCCA (Crelorhynchus) Rough-scaled (oeca, a harrow).

occidentals (Chalinnra) From tho Western Atlantic.

(Epigonus.)
(Malacocephalus.)

orAUNUM (Myctophum) Decorated with opal-like studs (opaliis, an opal).

P.ETULU8 (Citharichthys) Slightly cross-eyed.

pallida (Aldrovandia) Pale; colorless.

Pandionis (Glossamia) To preserve in ichthyological literature the memory of the deep-sea work

of the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk. (Pandion,
the generic name of the American fishhawk.)

PARADOXUS (Psyehrolutes) Astonishing, and hard to identify relationship.

PARMATUS (Setarcbes) With scales like round shields (nap/M;).

rARVipiNNis (Dicrotus) With feeble fins.

paxilloides (Lycenchelys) A little peg or spike (jiaxillus); in allusion to tho spindle-like body.

paxillus (Lycenchelys) Spindle-shaped.

pectoralis (Nematonus) Having conspicuous pectoral fins.

pedaliota (Bonapartia) Having a rudder-like fin (7t>fSaXia)rdi).

phasganorus (Notaeanthus) Scabbard-shaped (epdeiyexvov, a scabbard).

pigra (Aphoristia) Sluggish and slow (piyer).

platycephalum (Peristedion) Flat-headed.

procera (Venefica) Elongate.

profundorum (Scylliorhinus) Out of the depths.

pusilla (Aphoristia) Small, insignificant.

(Maynea.)

quercinus (Notoscopelus) In color like a dry oak leaf.

Raleigh ana (Harriotta) In honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer and man of science.

ranula (Careproctus) Like a tadpole in looks (ranula, a little frog).

Rathbuni (Pontinus) In honor of Dr. Richard Rathbun, naturalist, long chief of the division

of scientific inquiry in the United States Fish Commission.

remiger (Myctophum) Having long, oar-like pectoral fins (remits and gero).

niMosus(Etropus) Rough-looking, full of cracks and fissures (rima).

robustus ( Benthocometes) Heavy-bodied, robust.

scutigeh (Icelus) With scales like shields.

senticosa (Halieutaaa) Prickly.

SERRi'LA(Chalinura) With a saw-edged fin spine (serrula, a little saw).

sessilicauda (Monolene) Having no caudal peduncle (sessilis, sessile, and cauda).

SETIGER (Dasycottus) With a bristle-like fin ray.

Simula (Chalinura) Pug-nosed (simulns).

speculigera (Lanipadena) Covered with glistening mirrors (speculum and gero).

Storeri (Cetomimus) In honor of the late Dr. David Humphreys Storer, of Boston, a pioneer

in American ichthyology.

striata (Argentina) Alluding to the furrow-like stripe along the lateral line.

sulcatus (Coryphanoides) Furrowed (sulca).

LIST OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA FISHES. XXXV

roRVUS (Cottuncnlus) Gloomy and savage in aspect.

truculen irs i [Chlorophl halmus i ..Savage-looking.

i nicornis (Citharichthys) With one bom upon the forehead.

\ i n i raxis (Trichopsetta) With conspicuous ventral lins.

Vekkillii (Lycenehelys) In honor of Prof. Addison E. Verrill, of Vale University, a leader and

pioneer in American deep-sea research.

viola i A ii ti mora) Violet-hned.

\ ii ii. mi is i Tlivrsitops) Of a violet eolor.

Wuxoughbyi (Aerotus) Fur Mr. Charles Willonghby, of Damon, Washington, who collected the

type specimen.

ZEBRA (Psychrolutcs) Striped like a zebra.

zoarchus ( Lycodes) Resembling the genus Zoarces.

ZONURU8 (Malacottus) With a baud of color ou the tail {^ibvtj aud ovpd).

OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES.

Note.— The actual sizo of the specimens from which the figures are drawn may, is mosl instances, b<t determined i>.\ the
use "i the inch mark beneath the engraving, which in the photographic reduction of the drawing is reduced in the same

proportion as the drawing itself. Where this is nut present, the scale of reduction is approximately indicated in this list
of plates, exeept iii the ease of outlines copied from pnhlished figures ami of large species «>r very variable length, such as
tin- sharks ami rays Where no reference t" length appears either upun the plate or in the list ut' figures, it way he
assumed that the figure is of natural size, or nearly so.

PLATE I.

Ir\t page.

1. Myxine glutinosa, Linna-us 2

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23166, U. S. N. M. (Gloucester Donation No. 287), X. hit. 13
:::: . \\ . Ion. 52 10', 300 fathoms.

2. Myxine australis, Jenyns 3

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Stat ion 277n,
in S. lat. IS :;? tin , W. Inn. (15 HI' 00", at a. depth of 58 fathoms.

3. Petromyzon marinus, Linnseus I

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10654, U. S. N. M., collected at Wood's Hull, Mass., by Vinal
N. Edwards.

PLATE II.

I. Scymnorhinus lichia, (Bonnaterre), Bonaparte 7

Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. 112.
5. Etmopterus pusillus, t Lowe), Giinther 10

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blah tit Station CVII1, off
St. Kitt's, West Indies, in 20S fathoms. (About three-fourths natural size.)

i'>. Scylliorhinus retifer, (Garman), Jordan It)

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station CVII, oil'
Barbados, i Slightly reduced.)

7. Centroscyllium Fabricii, (Bernhardt), Miiller and Henle II

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 22879, I'. S. X. M., collected by George W. Scott, inN. lai.
1 1 it. , W. Ion. 53° 25', at a depth of 200 fathoms.

PLATE III.

8. Somuiosus microcephalus, (Schneider), Goodc and Bean 7

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. clxii, Fig. 1.

It. Echiiioihinus spinosus, (Gmelin i. Blainville 8

Outline front Hay, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. u, PI. CLXII, Pig. 2.

10. Pristiurus melastomus, (Rafinesqne), Bonaparte 20

Drawing from Annates du Musee d'Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. win, PI. vi.

11. Centrophorus granulosus, Miiller and Henle 12

Outline from Miiller and Henle, Elasmobrauchs, PI. 33.

1»

2* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE IV.

1 1 • I page

12. Scyraoodon ringens, Bocage and Capello 11

I >r:iw ing from Bocage and Capello, Peix. Plagiost.. Vol. i. PI. i. Fig. 1.

13. Centroscymnus ccelolepis, Bocage and Capello 14

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26219, U. S. N. SI., collected by tbe steamer Fish Jlairk at
Station 893, off Marthas Vineyard, N. lat. 39° 52' 20", W. Ion. 70- 58' 00", in 372 fathoms.
(About two-tbirds natural size.)

14. 15. Scylliorhinus retifer, (Garman), Jordan 16

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from No. 26745. U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
Station 896, in N. lat. 37c 26', W. Ion. 74 J 19', at a depth of 56 fathoms.

PLATE V.

16. Scylliorhinus profundoruni, Goode and Bean 17

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35646, U. S. N. 51., collected by die steamer Albatross ai
Station 2234, in N. lat. 39° 09', W. Ion. 72 03 1". . at a depth of si" fathoms.

17. Spinax uiger, Bonaparte In

I hawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica.

is. Pseudotriacis microdou, Capello 18

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32516, U. S. N. M., from Amagansett, N. V.. collected by
J. B. Edwards, keeper of Suffolk Life-Saving Station. (About one-seventeenth natural size. ;

19. Cetorhinus maxirnus, Gunner 21

Drawing from Annales do Musee d'Hist. Nat. Paris. Vol. xvin, PI. vi: reengraved from Fish.
Ind., PI. 249, upper tigurc.

PLATE VI.

20. Pristiurus atlanticus, Vaillant 21

Outline from Vaillant, Explorations Scientifiques du Travailleur et Talisman, PI. i, Fig. 1.

21. Oxynotus centriua, (Linna-usi, Rafinesque 15

Drawing from Bonaparte. Fauna Italica. PI. 141.

2i'. Chlamydoselachus anguineus, ( larman 22

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. ci.xxiv.

PLATE VII.

23. Raia Ackleyi, ( iarman 25

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43726, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Blake on
Yucatan Banks, Gulf of Mexico.

24. Raia Ackleyi ornata, Garman 26

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43727, U. S. N. M., from the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, collected at a. depth of 138-142 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE VIII.

25. Raia circularis, Couch 27

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. clxxiv.

26. Raia plutonia, Garman 27

Outline by J. C. Van Hook, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, in about N. lat.
32°, W. Ion. 78°, at a depth of 229-334 fathoms.

PLATE IX.

27. Raia radiata, Donovan 25

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23514, U. S. N. M., collected by the 1*. S. Fish Commission
off Proviucetown, Mass. (About four-sevenths natural size.)

28. Raia hyperborea, Collett 28

Outline from Collett, Fishes Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, PI. IX.

29. Raia lcevis, Mitchill 28

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21577, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hank at
Station 771, in Narragansett Bay, at a depth of 8J- fathoms.

30. Raia granulata, Gill 29

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank. (About one-fourteenth natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES.

PLATE X.

lV\t page.

31. Chimaera nionstrosa, I. humus :;i

Outline from Bonaparte, fauna [talica, PI. 130.

32. Chimaera affinis, Capello :;i

Drawing by H. I.. Todd, from a specimen collected on the southeastern portion of Le Have
Hunk, in X. lat. 12 10', W. Ion. 63 23 . i U>out one-seventh natural size. I

33-35. Chirnasra affiuis, Capello :fl

I Irawings bj S. I . Denton, from a specimen en] lee led by the Bchooner Centennial, < lapt. I '. i '.
Murphy, off Banquereux, in X. lat. 13 16', W. Ion. 59 19'. (Natural Bize.)

36. Callorhynchus antarcticus, (Li una' us) 32

Outline from Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, PI. xxm.

PLATE XI.

37,38. Harriotta Raleighana, Goode and Bean 33

Drawings by M. M. Smith, from No. 35631, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2235, in N. lat. 39 12' 00 , W. Ion. 72 03' 30", at a depth of 707 fathoms.

39, 10. Harriotta Raleighana, Goode and Bean 33

Drawings by S. F. Deutou, ("nun Xo. 35520, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2210, in N. lat. 39 ST' 45", \V. Ion. 71- 18' 45", at a depth of 991 fathoms. (Aboul
due and three-fourths natural size.)

PLATE XII.

11. Alepocephalus rostratus, Risso 36

Outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France, PI. 566.

12. Alepocephalus niger, GiiutUer 38

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lvi.
43. Conocara macroptera, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 39

( intliue from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XI, Fig. 2.
1 1. Bathytroctes niacrolepis, Giinther 41

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lvii, Fig. A.

PLATE XIII.

45. Alepocephalus Agassizii, Goode and Bean 37

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33056, 1'. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Sta-
tion 2030, in X. lat. 39° 29' 45", W. Ion. 71 43', at a depth of 588 fathoms.

4i i. Alepocephalus productus, (Jill :;7

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 33341, l'. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2035, in N. lat. 39° 26' 16", \V. Jon. 70° 02' 37", at a depth of 1,302 fathoms.

47. Alepocephalus Bairdii, Goode and Bean :;s

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 22468, U. S. X. M. (Gloucester Donation No. 305), col-
lected by Christian Johnson, of the schooner William Thompson, on the Grand Hanks, in 200
fathoms. (About one-fourth natural size.)

18. Conocara McDonald!, Goode and Bean 39

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station clxxii,
in N. lat. 24° 36', W. Ion. 84° 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms.

PLATE XIV.

49. Bathytroctes antillarum, Goode and Bean 11

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 13730, L.S.N. M.. collected bj the steamer Albatross
at Station 2394, in X. lat. 28 38' 30 , W. Ion. s7 02 , at a depth of 420 fathoms.

50. Bathytroctes asquatoris, Goode and Bean II

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen obtained by the steamer Albatross at Stat ion 2793,
in N. lat. 01 03 , W. Ion. 80 ' 15', at a depth of 741 fathoms.

51. Aleposomus Copei, (Jill 17

Draw ing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 33551, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer dlbatross at
Station 2099, in X. lat. 37° 12' 20", \V. Ion. 69° 39', at a depth of 2,949 fathoms.

4* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text pagi

52. Pterothrissus gissu, Hilgondorf 51

( tutline from Giinther, Challenger Report. Vol. xxii, PI. lvi, Fig. A. (About one-half natural
size, i

PLATE XV.

53. Platytroctes apus. Giinther 46

< Outline from Giintlier, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PL lyiii. Fig. A.

54. Anomalopterus pinguis, Vaillant lit

( Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques ilu Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xi. Fig. 1.

55. Aulastomatomorpha phosphorops, Alcock 50

Outline from Wood-Mason, Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian survey steamer Investigator,
No. 21, Fig. 1. (One-half natural size.)

56. Leptodernia maciops, Vaillant 49

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. PI, xn. Fig. 2.

PLATE XVI.

57. Xenodermichthys nodulosus, Giinther 46

( lutline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PI. i.yiii, Fig. C.

58. Aleposomus socialis, ( Vaillant), Goode and Bean 4S

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Seientifiqnes du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xm, Fig. 1.

59. Microstoma rotuudatum, (Risso), Giinther 53

Outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissous de la France, Vol. xvm,
PI. 544.

60. Harpodon macrochir, GUnther 59

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PI. xlyii, Fig. A.

PLATE XVII.

61. Argentina silus, (Aseanius), Nilsson 52

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37801, IT. S. N. M., collected by E. H. Bunker, Fletchers Neck
Life-Saving Station, Biddeford, Me. (About one-half natural size.)

62. Argentina striata, < !oi ale and Bean 52

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 1385s, F. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2402, in X. lat. 28 36 , W. Ion. 85° 33' 30", at a depth of 111 fathoms.

63. Bathylagus euryops, Goode and Beau 55

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from 31861, F. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross in N. lat.
39° 52', W. Ion. 70° 30', at a depth of about 600 fathoms.

64. Bathylagus Benedicti, Goode and Bean 55

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by tin steamer Albatross at Station 2711,
in N. lat. 38- 59', W. Ion. 70° 07', at a depth of 1,344 fathoms.

PLATE XVIII.

65,66. Bathysaurus ferorx, Giinther 58

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained by the steamer Blake at Station CCCXLI, in
N. lat. 39- 38' 20", \V. Ion. 70c 56', at a depth of 1,241 fathoms.

67, 68. Ipnops Murrayi, Giintlier 67

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station ccxxxm,
in N. lat. 2 1 36 . YV. Ion. 84 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms. (No. 67, three times natural size ;
No. 68, one and a half times.)

69. Bathylaco nigricans, Goode and Bean 57

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station
xxxix, off Santa Cruz, in 2,393 fathoms.

PLATE XIX.

70. Chlorophthalmus Agassizii, Bonaparte 60

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2311.
in N. lat. 32° 43', W. Ion. 77° 51', at a depth of 159 fathoms.

71. Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, Goode 60

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26092, U. S. N. M., collected hy the steamer Fish Hawk at
Stations 876-878,otf Marthas Vineyard, in 120-1424 fathoms. (About one and a half times
natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 5*

72. Chlorophthalmus truculentus, Goode and Bean lil

I (rawing by M. M. Smith, from t In- type specimen collected by tin- sic inner ninhi al Station 1.11,
off Barbados, in 218 fathoms.

":!. Benthosaurus grallator, Goodeand I Iran 62

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by tin- steamer Make al Station CLXXIV,
iii X. lat. 21 23', W. Inn. M 23 . at a depth of 1,850 fathoms.

1 LATE XX.

74. Bathypterois dubius, Vaillant 64

outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scieutifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, l'l. i\.

7".. Bathypterois quadrifilis, Giinthor 65

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station XCVIH,
oil' St. Vincent.

7ii. Bathypterois longipes, Giinther 66

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35635, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2225, in N. lat. 36 05 30 '. \V. Ion. 69 51' 45 ', at a depth of 2,512 fathoms.

PLATE XXI.

77. Rondeletia bicolor, (ioode and Bean 68

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 38202, IT. S. X. M., collected by the steamer llbatross at
Station 2721, in N. lat. 30° 47', \V. Ion. 73 25 , at a depth of 1,641 fatb s. i Enlarged one-
half.)

78. Cetomimus Gillii, Goode and Bean 69

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35529, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2206, in X. lat. 39° 35', W. Ion. 71c 24' 30", at a depth of l,04:i fathoms.

79. Cetomimus Storeri, Goodeand Bean 69

I hawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35634, II. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2222, iu N. lat. 3!)° 03' 15", W. Ion. 70 50 45 , at a depth of 1,535 fathoms.

PLATE XXII.

80. Myctophum puuctatum, Rafinesque 71

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 23369, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Matt. Ryan and crew.
Gloucester fishing tleet, on the Grand Bank.

81. Myctophum opalinum, Goode and Bean 72

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43798, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2585, in N. lat. 39 08' 30", \V. Ion. 72 17', at a depth of 542 fathoms. (Natural
size.)

82. Myctophum Humboldtii, (Risso), Goode and Bean 7:>

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 13772, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2727, in X. lat. 36 ' 35', W. Ion. 71 03' 30", at a depth of 1,239 fathoms.

s:;. Myctophum Benoiti, (Cocco), Goode and Bean 71

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected at Messina, Italy, by Prof. II. II. Giglioli.

8 I . Myctophum remiger, Goode and Bean 75

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type No. 43792, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2573, in X. lat. 40° 34' 18", W. Ion. till 09' 00", at a depth of 1,712 fathoms.

85. Benthosema Mulleri, Goode and Bean 70

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 28839, 1'. S. N. M., collected by the steamer I-'ish Ilmi-I;
at Station 953, in X. lat. 39 52' 30", \V. Ion. 70 17' 30", at a depth of 721 fathoms.

PLATE XXIII.

86. Lampanyctus crocodilus, (Risso), (Ioode and Bean 79

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected at Xice, and obtained through i In-
Royal Zoological Museum at Florence, Italy.

S7. Lampauyctus Gemellarii, (Cocco), Goode and Beau so

Drawing by A. 11. Baldwin, from No. 11170, U. S. V M.. obtained from Messina by Prof. 11.11.
Giglioli, director of tin- Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy.

88. Lampanyctus gemmifer, (Ioode and Bean 80

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 35604, U.S. N. M., collected by the stei i llbatross

at Station 2201, in N. lat. 39 39 15", W. Ion. 71 35 15", at a depth of 538 fathoms.

6* PEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XXIV.

Text page.

89. Lampanyctus lacerta, Goode and Bean 81

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 4377s, l". S. X. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2401, in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 85 52' 30 ", at a depth of 142 fathoms.

90. Lampanyctus Guutheri, Goode and Bean 79

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43777, U. S. N. M., (Gloucester Donation No. 199),
collected by the schooner John Smith, Capt. Peter Johnson, on Georges Bank, in 45 fathoms.

91. Ceratoscopelus maderensis, (Lowe), Goode and Beau X2

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43776, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2528, in N. lat. 41° 47', W. Ion. 65° 37' 30", at a depth of 677 fathoms. (Nearly
twice natural size.)

92. Lampanyctus alatus, Goode and Bean 79

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43769, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross at Station 2393, in N. lat. 28° 43', W. Ion. 87° 14' 30", at a depth of 525 fathoms.

93. Diaphus theta, Eigenmaun and Eigenmanu 89

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from the type specimen taken at moderate depth off Point Loma,
near San Diego, Cal.

PLATE XXV.

94. Notoscopelus resplendens, (Richardson), Goode and Bean X3

Copied by A. II. Baldwin, from Richardson, Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, PI. XXVII, Fig. 16.

95. Notoscopelus castaneus, Goode and Bean 84

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 31706, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish
I la irk at Station 1113, in N. lat. 39° 57', W. Ion. 70° 37', at a depth of 192 fathoms.

96. Notoscopelus caudispinosus, (Johnson), Goode and Bean 81

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 43768, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2569, in N. lat. 39° 26', \V. Ion. 68° 03' 30", at a depth of 1,782 fathoms.

PLATE XXVI.

97. Notoscopelus quercinus, Goode and Bean 83

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43789, U. S. N. M., (Gloucester Donation No. 822),
collected by Capt. Frank Carroll and crew, of the schooner Polar Wave, off St. Peter's and
Banquereux.

98. Notoscopelus margaritiferus, Goode and Bean S4

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 43774, U. S. X. M., (Gloucester Donation 404), collected
by Capt. G. H. Curtis and crew, of the schooner Conductor, in N. lat. 44° 10', W. Ion. 58°, at
a depth of 300 fathoms.

99. Lampadena speculigera, Goode and Bean 85

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type No. 43797, U. S. X*. M., collected by the steamer Fish
Hawk at Station 797, off Newport, R. I., at a depth of 16^ fathoms.

100. Collettia Rafinesquei, (Cocco), Goode and Bean 88

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33550, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2099, iu N. lat. 37° 12' 20", W. Ion. 69° 39' 00", at a depth of 2,949 fathoms.

PLATE XXVII.

101. .2Ethoprora metopoclampa, (Cocco), Goode and Bean 86

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station, 2127,
in XT. lat. 19° 45', W. Ion. 75° 04' 00", at a depth of 1,639 fathoms; and a specimen from Mes-
sina, obtained from Prof. H. H. Giglioli, director of the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence,
Italy.

102. .Sithoprora lucida, Goode and Bean 87

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 44084, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2127, in N. lat. 19° 45', W. Ion. 75° 04' 00", at a depth of 1,639 fathoms.

103. ^Jthoprora effulgens, Goode and Bean 87

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 43770, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Cuddy and crew of
the schooner Joseph 0-, on Brown's Bank.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. I

PLATE \M III.

page.

Kit. Rhiuoscopelus Coccoi, (Cocco\ Goode and Bean ;MI

Drawing bj .1. C. Van Hook, from \". 13822, U. S. N. M., collected by the Bteamer Albatross,
in a towing net, in N. lat. 39°, W. Ion. 72°. (About twice natural size l

105. Tirletonbeania tenua. Eigeniuann and Eigenmann

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. U882, U. S. N. M., collected by C. H. Eigenmann, off
I'oint Loma, near San Diego, Cal.

Ii Hi. Dasyscopelus asper, (Riohardson), Goode and Bean

Copied by A. H. Baldwin, from Richardson, Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, PI. xx\ n, 1 ig.
105.

in?. Electrona Rissoi, (Cocco), Goode and Bean !|1

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, l'rouiNo. 40002, U. S. X. M., from the. Central Collection of Italian
Vertebrata, lioyal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE XXIX.

108, 10!*. Neoscopelus macrolepidotue, Johnson 93

Drawings by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at Station xi.i, off
Dominique, in 333 fathoms.

110. Namiobrachium McDonaldi, Goode and Bean *■ 94

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 35445, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2182, inN. lat. 39° 25' 30", W. Ion. 71- 44". at a depth of 861 fathoms.

PLATE XXX.

111. Maurolicus borealis, (Nilsson), Gtinther 96

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station
2402, in X. lat. 28° 36', W. Ion. 85° 33', at a depth of 111 fathoms.

112. Opisthoproctus soleatus, Vaillant 95

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions ScientiflquesduTravaiUeuret du Talisman, PI. xiv, Fig.
1. (Nearly four times natural size.)

113. Ichthyococcus ovatus, (Cocco), Bonaparte 95

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditious Seieutifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xiv, Fig. 2.

114. Cyclothone microdon, (Giiuther), Goode and Bean 99

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29833, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
Station 953, off Marthas Vineyard, in N. lat. 39° 52' 30", W. Ion. 70° 17' 30", at a depth of 724
fathoms. (Nearly twice natural size.)

PLATE XXXI.

115. Chauliodus Sloanii, Schneider 96

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23420, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Charles Anderson ami
crew, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 42° 08', W. Ion. 65° 35', at a depth of 185 fath-
oms. (About ono-half natural size.)
110. Goiiostoma denudatum, Rafinesque 98

Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, folio 119, Fig. 1.

117. Gonostoma brevidens, Kner and Steiudachner 98

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33368, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at Sta-
tion 2077, in N. lat. 41° 09' 40", W. Ion. 66° 02' 20", at a depth of 1,255 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

118. Cyclothone bathyphila, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 100

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station 2534,
in X. lat, 40 J 01', W. Ion. 67J 29' 15", at a depth of 1,234 fathoms.

PLATE XXXII.

119. Cyclothone elongata, (Giiuther), Goode and Bean ... 101

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from Xo. 33291, II. S. X. M.. collected by the steamer Albatroi , at
Station 2039, in N. lat. 38° 19' 26", W. Ion. 68° 20' 20", at a depth of 2,369 fathoms. (Nearly
twice natural size.)

120. Bonapartia pedaliota, Goode and Bean 102

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from the type specimens, collected by the steamer Albatross, a1 Sta
Hon 2612, in N. lat. 25° 20' 30", W. Ion. 79 58', at a depth of 217 fathoms. (Enlarged about
one-half.)

8* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

121. Yarrella Blackfordii, Goode and Bean IDS

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 44242, IT. S. N". M.. collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at Statiou2376. in N. hit. 29 03' 15", W. Ion. 88c 16 . at a depth of 324 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

122. Photichthys argenteus, Hutton 104

Drawing from Giinther. Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. XLV. (About one-half natural size. I

PLATE XXXIII.

123. Astronesthes niger, Richardson 105

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 34538, r. s. X. M., collected by Capt. Field, on a voyage
from Mogador to New York, aud presented to the National Museum by Mr. E. G. Blackford.

124. Antronestb.es gemmifer. Goode and Bean 105

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 24645, U. S. N. M., obtained by the schooner rolar
Wave from the stomach of a halibut, in N. lat. 4 4- 25 , \V. Ion. 53 12 .at a depth of 300 fathoms.

125. Astronesthes Richardsonii, Poey 106

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35540, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2202, in X. hit. 39 :;^ on . W. Inn. 71 39 45 , at a depth of 510 fathoms.

PLATE XXXIV.

126. Diplophos taenia, Giinther 101

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. iv.. | Enlarged nearly five times.)

127. Stomias ferox. Bernhardt 107

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23360, I'. S. N. M. (Gloncestei donation No. 490), collected
by Capt. David Caiumel anil crew, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, at East Banquereux
(Three-fifths natural size.)

128. Stomias boa, (Risso), Cuvier 10.x

Drawing from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. xvm, PI. 545.

129. Stoniias affinis, Giinther 108

Drawing from Giinther. Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI. liv, Fig. A.

PLATE XXXV.

130. Echiostoma barbatum, Lowe 109

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 35624, 1". S. X. M., collected by tin- steamer Albatross, at
Station 2236, in X. lat. 39 11 00", W. Ion. 72 08 30 , at a depth of 636 fathoms. (Enlarged
one-third.)

131. Echiostoma margarita, Goode aud Beau 109

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 39282, U. s. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at Station 2394, in N. lat. 28 38 30 . W. Ion. 87 02 . at a depth of 420 fathoms.

132. Opostomias micripuus. Giinther 110

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI. Lin, Fig. A. (About one-half
natural .size.)

133. Grammatostomias dentatus, Goode and Bean 110

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37370, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at Station 2505, in N. lat. 38- 19' 20", W. Ion. 69- 02 30 , at a depth of 2,069 fathoms.
( Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE XXXVI.

134. Pachystomias microdon Giinther Ill

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. Lin.

135. Eustomias obscurus, Vaillant Ill

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditious Scientitiques du Travaillcur et du Talisman, PI. vm, Fig. 3.

136. Bathophilus mgerrimus, Giglioli Ill

Outline from Giglioli, " Pelagos." (Enlarged one-third.)

137. Photonectes gracilis, Goode and Bean 1 12

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station x„,
off Martinique, in 472 fathoms.

PLATE XXXVII.

138. Malacosteus niger, Ay res 114

Drawing by 11. L. Todd, fromXo. 32169 U. S. X. M. (Gloucester Donation, No. 797). collected by
Capt. Charles Anderson and crew of the schooner Alice G. Wenson, on the northeastern edge
of Georges Bank, in 125 fathoms. (Enlarged two-thirds.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 9*

i - \i page.

139. Malacosteus choristodactylus, Vaillant Ill

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditious Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. vm.
i Slightly enlarged. )

140. Photostomias Guernei, Collett 115

Outline from Lutken, Spulia Atlautica, p. 281. (Three and a half times natural size.)

111. Thaumatostomias atrox. Alcock 115

Drawing from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. vi, PI. vm, Fig. 7.

PLATE XX. Will.

1 12. Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe 117

Drawing by II. L. 1'odd. from No. 20593 (J. S. N. M., obtained in a New Ifork market i>.\ E. G.
Blackford.
143. Paralepis borealis. (Reinhardt), .Ionian and Gilbert 119

Drawing by II. L. i'odd, from a specimen in tin/ Academy id' Natural Sciences, Montreal,
Canada.
1 CIA. Paralepis coregonoides, Risso 119

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PL xxvu.
111. Sudis hyalina, Ralfinesque 121

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. xxvu.
145. Odontostonius hyalinus, Cocco 1-1

Outline from GUnther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxrt, PI. i.n. Fig. A.

PLATE XXXIX.

lit). Stemoptyx diaphana, Lowe 124

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained by the steamer />'/«/,. at Station cccxvi, in
N. lat.32 07', W. Ion. 78 37 30", at a depth of 229 fathoms.

1 lid;. Stemoptyx diaphana, Lowe 124

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station cccxxui, in
N. lat. 33° 19', \Y. Ion. 76° 12' 30", at a depth of 457 fathoms.

147. Argyropelecua heniigyninus, Cocco 120

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station
2117, in X. lat. 15 21 40 , \Y. Ion. 63 :!1 Hi) . at a depth of 683 fathoms.

lis. IIsa. Argyropelecus Olfersii. (Cuvier), Cuvier and Valenciennes 126

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33393 U. S. X. M., collected at Station 2075, in N. lat 11
in 30", \V. lou. 65- 35' 00 ", at a depth of 855 fathoms. (Natural size.)

149. Polyipnus spinosus, GUnther 128

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37860 U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2393, in X. lat. 2S 43' 00", \V. lou. 87- 14' 30", at a depth of 525 fathoms. (Twice
natural size.)

PLATE XL.

150. Omosudis Lowei, GUnther 122

Outline from GUnther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. hi.

151. Idiacanthus ferox, GUnther 129

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lii, Fig. D.

152. Halosaurus Oweui, Johnson 130

Drawing ),v a. II. Baldwin, from No. 314 IS U, S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2181, in N. lat. 39 29', W. lou. 71° 46', at a depth of 693 fathoms.

153. Halosaurus Johnsonianus, Vaillant 131

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur el du Talisman, PI. xv,
Fig. 2.

PLATE XLI.

I'll. Aldrovandria rostrata, (GUnther), Goode and Bean 132

Drawing from GUnther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. Lix.
155. l.ViA. Aldrovandia macrochira, (GUnther), Goode and Bean 133

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station mi, oil'
Havana, in 242 fathoms.
15ii. Aldrovandia phalacrus, | Vaillant), Goode and Bean 134

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xvi.

10* DEEP-SEA FISHES OE THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XLII.

Text page.

157. Aldrovandia gracilis, Goode and Beau 13 1

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamei Blake at Station i.xx, oft'
Guadalupe, at a depth of 769 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

158. Aldrovandia pallida, Goode and Bean 135

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the Steamer Blake at Station
< i.xxm. in X. lat. 24 ^ 36', W. Ion. 84°05', at a depth of 955 fathoms. (About seven-twelfth-.
natural size.)

159. Congermuraena flava, Goode and Bean 138

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamei Albatross a1 Stations -1-1 and
2122, between N. lat. 10° 37' 40", W. Ion 61° 42' 40", and N. lat. 10 37 00 .W.lon.m li 22 ,
at a depth of 31 to 31 fathoms. (Five-sevenths natural size.)

160. Uroconger vicinus, Vaillant .- 138

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer .Matrox* at Station 2161, in
N. lat. 23° 10' 36 ", W. Ion. 82° 20' 28", at a depth of 146 fathoms. (Slightly reduced.)

PLATE XI. III.

161. Simenchelys paiasiticus, Gill 139

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21673, V. S. X. M.. collected by Capt. X. McPhee, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, near Sable Island Bauk. (Seven-tenths natural size.)

162. Uyophis bruuneus, Gilbert Ill

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 44403, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, off the Galapagos Islands.

163. Hoplunnis Diomedianus, Goode and Bran ., 146

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type Xo. 14240, D. 3. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross at Station 2102, in X. lat. 28= 36 . W. Ion. 86J 50', at a depth of 111 fathoms.

PLATE XLIV.

164. Synaphobranchus pinnatus, (Gronovius), Giinther 143

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 21681, U.S.N. M., collected by Capt. Olsen, of the Gloncester

fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank. (Three-fifths natural size.)

165. Histiobranchus infernalis, Gill 115

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 38205, U.S. N.M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Sta-
tion 2727, inN.lat.36° 35', W.lon.74° 03' 30", at a depth of 1239 fathoms.

166. Pisoodonophis cruentifer, Goode and Bean 147

Drawing by A. H.Baldwin, from Xo. 28938, U.S. X. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk
at Station 1035, in N. lat. 39° 57', W. Ion. 69° 28', at a depth of 120 fathoms. (Slightly re-
duced.)

167. Myrus pachyrhynchus, Vaillant 14*

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiqnes du Travaillenr et da Talisman, PI. V, Pig. 1.
(About one-half natural size.)

16s. Venefica prooera, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Davis 119

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the Blake at Station ci.iii. in N. lat.
16° 43' 45", W.lon.62° 16' 12", at a depth of 303 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths natural size.)

169, 169A, B. Derichthys serpentiuus, Gill 161

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33523, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,

at station 2094, in N. lat. 39° 44' 30", W. Ion. 71° 04', at a depth of 1,022 fathoms.

PLATE XLVI.

170. Nernichthys scolopaceus. Richardson 152

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by William Parsons, on East Georges Bank.

171. Labichthys carinatus. (iill and Ryder 153

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type Xo. 33369, IT. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2076. in X. lat. 41° 13', \V. Ion. 65° 33' 30 , at a depth of 906 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

172. Labichthys elongatus. Gill and Ryder 153

Drawing by A. 11. Baldwin, from type Xo. 33577, IT. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2100, in X. lat. 39J 22', \V. Ion. 68° 34' 30", at a depth of 1,628 fathoms.

LIST OF PLATES AX1) FIGURES. 11*

PLATE XLVII.

Text page.

17:;. Labichthys infans, (Giinther i, Goode and I lean 153

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 14239, U. S. X. M , collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2859, in \. Lat. 55 20 . W. Ion. L36 20 . at a depth of 1,569 fathoms. I Al.ont
one-halt' natural size.)

171. Labichthys infans i after Giinther) 154

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.xtn.

17~>. Serrivomei Beanii. Gill ami Ryder 155

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 38383, V. S. N. M., collected by tin- steamer Albatross, at
Mali, .n 2075, in N. lat. 41° 40' 30", \V. Ion. 05° 28' 30", at a depth of 855 fathom-. I About
one and two-thirds natural size.)

PLATE XLVIII.

17H. Cyema atrum, Giinther 154

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI. liv, Fig. D. (About natural size.)

177. Eurypharynx pelecanoides, Vaillant 159

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XVII.
(About one-half natural .size. |

178. Saccopharynx flagellum, Mitchill 157

Drawing from Giinther. Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lxvi. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE XLIX.

179. 180. Saccopharynx flagellum, Mitchill 157

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 87988, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2717, in N. lat. 38- 24', \V. Ion. 71° 13', at a depth of 1,61.". fathoms. (No. 179, one-
third natural size; No. 180, one-half.)
181, 182. Gastrostomus Bairdii, Gill and Ryder 159

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 33386, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2074, in N. lat. 41° 43', W. Ion. 65° 21' 50", at a depth of 1,309 fathoms.

PLATE L.

183. Notacanthus nasus, Bloeh 164

Drawing from C'uvierand Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France, PI. 241.

184. Notacanthus analis, Gill 165

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37856, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2677, in N. lat. 32° 39', W. Ion. 76° 50' 30", at a depth of 478 fathoms. (About one-
half natural size.)
ls">. Notacanthus Bonapartii, Risso 166

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scieutitiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. PI. xxvn,
Fig. 2. (Reduced about one-third.)

186. Notacanthus phasganorus, Goode 167

I "rawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 25972, U. S. N. M., collected by G'apt. Briggs Gilpatrick,
of the schooner Gatherer, from the stomach of a Ground-shark, on the Grand Bank of Newfound-
land. (One-fourth natural size.)

PLATE LI.

187. Gigliolia Moseleyi, Goode and Bean_ 169

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lxi, Fig. C. (One-half natural size.)

188. Polyacanthonotus Rissoanus (Do Filippi and Verany), Giinther 170

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scieutitiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XXVII.

189. Macdonaldia rostrata, (Collett), Goode and Bean 171

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35601, U.S. N. M., collected by tie- steamer Albatross,
at station 2216, in N. lat. 39° 17', W. Ion. 70° 30' 30", at a depth of 961! fathoms.

190. Lipogenys Gillii, G leand Bean 17::

Drawing byH. L. Todd, from No. 39212, U. S.N.M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2742, in N. lat. 37° 16 30", W. Ion 73J 56' 30", at a depth of 865 fathoms. (About one-
half natural size.)

12* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE LII.

Text page.

191A, B. Notacanthus analis, Gill 165

Drawings by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 3785(5, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2677, in N. lat. 32 : 39', W. Ion. 76° 50' 30", at a depth of 478 fathoms.
192A, B. Notacanthus sexspinis, Richardson 163

Drawings from Giinther, Challenger Report, A'ol. xxn, PI. lxi, Fig. a.
193. Gigliolia Moseleyi, Goode and Bean 169

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. lxi, Fig. C.
194A, B. Polyacanthonotus Rissoanus, (De Filippi and Veranyi. Giinther 170

Drawings from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. LXI.
195A, B. Macdonaldia rostrata, (Collett), Goode and Bean 171

Drawings by A. II. Baldwin, from Nos. 35601-2, U. S. N. M.. collected by the Bteamer Albatross,
at station' 2210, in X. lat. 39° 47', W. Ion. 70° 30' 30", at a depth of 903 fathoms.

196 A. B. Lipogenys Gillii, Goode and Bean 173

Drawings by A. II. Baldwin, from Xo. 39212, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2742, in N. lat. 37 ' 40' 30", W. Ion. 73 56 30 , at a depth of 865 fathoms.

PLATE LIU.

197. Beryx splendens, Lowe 176

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected bj the steamer Albatross, at station 2415,
in N. lat. 30° 44', VV. Ion. 79° 26', at a depth of i 10 fathoms.

198. Melamphaes typhlops, (Lowe), Giinther 177

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. v, Fig. A.

199. Scopelogadus codes, Vaillant 1*2

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions ScientifiqueS dn Travailleiir et du Talisman, PI. XXVI.
(Slightly reduced.)

200. Poromitra capito, Goode and Bean 183

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station cccxxvm,
in N. lat. 34° 28' 45", W. Ion. 75J 22' 50", at a depth of 1,632 fathoms. (Two and two- '
sevenths natural size.)

200A. Plectromus crassiceps. (Giinther), Goode a ml Bean 180

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI. VIII, Fig. B.

PLATE LIV.

201. Plectromus suborbitalis, Gill 179

I Hawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33271, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2036, in N. lat. 38° 52 40", \V. Ion. OH 21 40 , at a depth of 1,735 fathoms. (One
and three-tifths natural size.)

202. Plectromus Beanii, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 179

Drawing by S, F. Denton, from Xo. 33378, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2075, in X. lat. 41° 40' 30", W. Ion. 65 J 35', at a depth of 855 fathoms.

203. Anoplogaster cornutus, (Cuvier and Valenciennes), Giinther 184

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 33559, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2101, in X. lat. 39° 18' 30", VV. Ion. 68° 24', at a depth of 1,686 fathoms.

PLATE LV.

ZU4,204A. Caulolepis longidens, Gill 185

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from Xo. 33270, II. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2034, in N. lat. 39° 27' 10", VV. Ion. 69° 56' 20", at a depth of 1,346 fathoms.

2i 15. Stephanoberyx Monae, Gill ISO

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from No. 33445 U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at

station 2077, in X. lat. 40J 09' 40", VV. Ion. tid 02' 20", at a depth of 1,255 fathoms. (About
three times natural size.)

PLATE LVL

206. Stephanoberyx Gillii, Goode and Bean 187

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type XTo. 33555, U. S. X. M., collected by tin- steamer Albatross at
station 2099, inX. lat. 37° 12' 20", W. Ion. 09 39' 00", at a depth of 2,9« i fathoms

LIST OF PLATES AM) FIGURES. 1 .'5

Text

207. Trachichthys Darwiniiii, Johnson igg

Drawing from Steindachner and Doodcrlein, Denkschrift d. 1<. Akademio d. Wissenschaften
Vol. xi.vii, PI. ii.

208. Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cuvier and Valenciennes 189

Drawing by \. II. Baldwin, from No: L3624,U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2659, in X. lat. 28 32', W. Ion. 78 42', at a depth of 509 fathoms.

PLATE LVII.

209. Thyisitops violaceus, Bean l:ir.

Drawing by s. 1'. Denton, from typo No. 39287, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Tl as

Thompson, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank, at a depth of 125 fathoms.
(One-seventh natural size.)

210. Ruvettus pretiosus, CoCCO i;ii;

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from a specimen collected by Capt. Thompson of the schoonei
.!/. A. Boston on Georges Bank.

211. Epinnula niagistralis, Poey 198

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37238, (J. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross in the
Carribbean Sea. (About one-third natural size.)

212. Dicrotus parvipimiis, Goode and Beau 21 n

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Alhatruss at station
2601, off Cape Hatteras, in X. lat. 3-1° 39' 15", W. Ion. 75- 33' 30", at a depth of 107 fathoms.

PLATE LVIII.

213. Lepidopus caudatus, (Euphrasen), White 203

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 10115, U. S. N. M., collected by John Xantus, off Cape

st. Lucas.

211. Evoxymetopon taeniatus, Poey 201

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 5735, U. S. N. M., collected by Prof. Felipe Poey at Havana,
Cuba. (About two-ninths natural size.)

215. Benthodesmus atlanticus, Goode and Bean 205

I irawing by H. L. Todd, from typo No. 29116, U. S. N. M., taken from the stomach of a h:ililmt,
by Capt. R. Morrison, of the schooner Laura Nelson, on the west edge of the Grand flank of
Newfoundland, iu 80 fathoms. (About one-third natural size.)

PLATE LIX.

216. Aphanopus oarbo, Lowe 207

< intliue from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PI. vn, Fig. A.

217. Trichiurus lepturus, Linnaeus 208

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 18028, U. S. N. M., collected by Dr. Janeway, U. S. Navy, at st .

Augustine. Fla.

218. Pteraclis caroliuus, Cuvier and Valenciennes 212

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from No. 37861, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross :it station

2000, iu X. lat. 28° 10' 00", W. Ion. 78° 46' 00", at a depth of 504 fathoms. ( Enlarged one-half. )

PLATE LX.

L'19. Coryphaena hippurus, LinnsBUS (old male) " 209

Drawing by H.L. Todd, from Xo. 16182, U. S. X. M., obtained in Fulton Market, New York City,
by E. G. Blackford.

220. Coryphaena hippurus, Linnaeus (young) 209

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16484, IT. S.N. M., obtained in the Fulton Market, .New York
City, by E. G. Blackford.

22i). A, B. Coryphaena hippurus, Linnaeus 209

sketches from Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, I, p. 486.

PLATE LXI.

221. Grammicolepis brachiusculus, Poey 218

Copied from a drawing by Shufeldt, Journal of Morphology, Vol. n. (One-third natural
size.)

14* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

222. Centrolophus pompilus, (Ciiiieliu), Cuvier and Valenciennes 214

Drawing by S.F. Denton, from a specimen obtained at Dennis, Mass., by Yiual N. Edwards.
(About two-thirds natural size.)

223. Schedophilus medusophagus, Cocco 214

Drawing from Giiutber, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XI. PI. lxvii.

PLATE LXII.

224. Icosteus enigmaticus, Lockiugton 215

Drawing by Gunther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxu, PI. xliv. (Slightly reduced.)

225. Acrotus Willoughbyi, Bean 217

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39340, U. S.N.M., collected off the coast of Washington,
by Charles Willoughby. (About one-ninth natural size.)

226. Icichthys Lockingtonii, Jordan anil Gilbert 216

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 27397, U. S. N. M., collected off the const of Washington.
(Slightly reduced.)

PLATE LXII1.

227. Nonieus Gronovii, (Ginelin), Gunther 220

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2647. in
N. lat. 25° 48' 00", W. Ion. 80° 04' 00", at a depth of 85 fathoms. ( Enlarged one-third.)

228. Psenes pellucidus, Liitkeu 221

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35415, U.S.N. M., collected bj the steamer llbatross a1
station 2171, in N. lat. 37° 59' 30", W. Ion. 73° 48' 40", at a depth of 444 fathoms.

229. Psenes maculatus, Liitkeu 221

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39329, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta
tion 2628, in N. lat. 32° 24', \V. Ion. 76° 55' 30", at a depth of 528 fathoms. (Nearly twice
natural size.)

PLATE LXIV.

230. Luvarus imperialis, Rafmesque 222

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain anil Inland. PI. xi.iii.

231. Glossamia pandionis, Goode and Beau 231

1 it awn by II. L. Todd, from type No. 26628, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 897, in N. lat. 37° 25', W. Ion. 74° 18. at a depth of 157J fathoms. (Enlarged about
one-fourth.)

232. Verilus sordidus, Poey 240

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 12565, IT. S. N. M., collected by Prof. Felipe Poey, off
Cuba. (Slightly less than one-half natural size.)

PLATE LXV.

233. 233A, B. Cyttus hololepis, Goode and Bean 225

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39296, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2358, in N. lat. 20° 19', W. Ion. 87" 03' 30", at a depth of 220 fathoms. (Enlarged
nearly oue-half.)

234. Diretmus argeuteus, Johnson 21l

Drawing from Johnson, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, PI. xxxvi.

235. Antigonia capros, Lowe » 229

Drawings from Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, PI. xlii.

PLATE LXVI.

236. Epigonus occidentalis, Goode and Bean 233

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake at station
liv, off Barbadoes, in 237 fathoms. (Natural size.)

237. Hypocly donia bella, Goode and Bean 236

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39338, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2426, in N. lat. 36° 01' 30", W. Ion. 74° 47' 30", at, a depth of 93 fathoms. (About one
and two-thirds natural size.)

238. Polyprion americanum, (Schneider), Jordan 238

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the U. S. Fish Commission, ou the Grand
Bank.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 15*

239,240. Pseudopriacanthua altus, (Jill 242

Drawings by H. L. Todd, froui a specimen collected by the steamet Albatross al station 2606,
in \. lat. 34 35 15 . W. 1cm, 75 52' 00", at a depth of 25 fathoms. (.No. 239, eight times
natural size; No. 240, four times.)

PLATE LXVH.

241. Polymixia nobilis, Lowe J.:<

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxu, PI. I, Fig. B.

241'. Scorpasna cristulata, Goode and Bean 246

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 39326, U. S.N. M., collected bythe steamer .//Wrong at
station 2115, inN. Int.. ::o n , w, Ion. 79 ' 26, at a depth of 440 fathoms.

243. Scorpaena Agassizii, Goode and Bean 247

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake nt station
Ci i.ix, in N. lat. 23° 13', W. Ion. 71 52 . al a depth of 80 l'atboms.

PLATE LXVTII.

244. Helicolenus maderensis, Goode and Bean 2E0

I (rawing by ILL. Todd, from No. 26627, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fisi Hawk at sta-
tion 897, in N. lat. 37c 25', W. Ion. 74° 18', at a depth of 157J fathoms. (Slightly reduced.)

245. Pontinus Rathbruii, Goode and Bean 255

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 39526, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 22!is. in N. lat. 35° 39', W. Ion. 74° 52', at a depth of 80 fathoms.

246. Pontinus longispinis, Goode and Bean 258

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39322, ('. s. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
al station 21(i2, in N. lat. 28 36', W. Ion. 85 ' 33' 30", at a depth of 111 fathoms.

PLATE LXIX.

247. Pontinus macrolepis, Goode and Bean 257

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at .station civ, off
Barbadoes, at a depth of 500 fathoms.

248. Sebastes marinus, (LinnsBUs), White 260

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No, 10142, U. S. N. M., collected at Eastport, Me.

PLATE LXX.
24!(. Setarches parmatus, Goode 264

Drawing by 11. L. Todd, from type No. 26084, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk
at station 876, off Martha's Vineyard, in N. lat. 39° 57' 00", W. Ion. 70° 56' 00", at a depth of
120 fathoms. (Twice, natural size.)

250. Eumicrotremus spinosus, (M idler), Gill 272

1 (rawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected off Half Way Rock, Salem, Mass., at a depth
of 35 fathoms. (About three times natural size.)

251. 251 A. B. Careproctus ranula, (Joode and Bean 275

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 22310, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell at sta-
tion 117, off the mouth of Halifax Harbor. (Little less than twice natural size.)

252. Monomitra lipariua, Goode 27*

Drawn by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26184, U!S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 891, in N. lat. 39° 46', W. lou. 713 10', at a depth of 480 fathoms.

PLATE LXXI.

253. Paraliparis Copei, Goode and Bean 279

drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 35637, U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2232, in N. lat. 3SP 12' 17", W. lou. 72° 09' 30", at a depth of 520 fathoms. (Slightly re-
duced.)

254. Gymnolycodes Edwardsi, Vaillaut 281

Drawing from Vaillaut, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XXVI.

255. Artediellus uncinatus, (Bernhardt), Jordan 267

Drawing by A. 11. Baldwin, from a specimen collected bythe steamer Albatross at station 2177,
in N. lat. i 1 29' 30", W, Ion. 57 -1 11' 15", at a depth of 114 fathoms. (About two-and-a-half
times natural size.)

1G* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Tixi pag< .

256. TriglopsPingelii, Reinhardt 269

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Speedwell at station 117, 8
miles off (Jhebucto, at a depth of 52 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXII.

257. Cottunculus microps, Collett 269

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26087, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer 1'isb Hawk at
station 880, in N. lat. 38° 48' 30", W. Ion. 70- 54', at a depth of 252^ fathoms. (Natural size.)

258. Cottunculus Thomsonii. Giinther 270

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37386, U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2584, in N. lat. 39° 05' 30", W. Ion. 72- 23' 20", at a depth of 541 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths
natural size.)

259. Podothecus decagonus, (Schneider), Jordan 282

Drawing from Collett, Norsk. Nordhavs Expedition* PI. n, Fig. 11.

260. Aspidophoroides monopterygius, (Bloch), Goode and Bean 283

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 21761, P. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell at
Sandwich Point, Halifax, in 18 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXIII.

261A. B. Cottunculus microps, Collett 269

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26087, I', s. N. M., collected by the steamer JRsft Hawk at
station 880, in N. lat. lis is 30 , W. Ion. 70° 54', at a depth of 2524, fathoms. (Natural size.)

262A, B. Cottunculus Thomsonii, Giinther 270

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 37386,11. S.N. M., collected by the steamer .11 bit truss at
station 2584, in N. lat. 39° 05 30' , \V. lun. 72 23 20 , at a depth of 511 fathoms. (Natural
size.)

PLATE LXXIV.

263. 263A, B. Hypsicometes gobioides, Goode 290

Drawings by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by tie1 steamer Albatross at station L'377,
in N. lat. 29 07 oil , \V. Ion. 88 08 , at a depth of 210 fathoms.

264. 264A. Chiasmodon niger, Johnson 292

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from No. 25633, U. S. N, M., collected at the surface by Capt. Thomr.s
F, Hodgdon of the schooner Bessie II . Somes, on Le Have Hank.

PLATE LXXV.

265. Lopholatilus chamjeleonticeps, Goode and Beau 284

Drawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 22899, U. S. N. M., collected b) Cant. Kirbj . 80 miles south
by east of No Man's Land.

PLATE I. XXVI.

266. Pseudoscopelus scriptus, Liitken 292

Drawing from Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, PI. i. Pig. 3. (About three times natural size. I

267. Porichthys porosissimus, (Cavier and Valenciennes), Giinther 291

Outline by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2121,
in N. lat. 10° 37' 40", W. Ion. 61 Vl in at a depth of 31 fathoms.

268. 268A, B. Callionymus himantophorus, Goode and Bean 296

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer lilake at station xxx, off
Barbados, in 209 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE LXXVII.

269. Anarrhichas lupus, Linnaeus 299

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21846, U. S. N. M., collected by ('apt. John Gourville, of the
Uloueester fishing tleet, on Georges Bank.

270. Anarrhichas minor, Olafsen 301

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21618, V. S. N. M.. .oil,, led by Capt. R. II. Hurlbert, in N.
lat. 42° 27', W. Ion. 64° 20'.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 17*

I'oxt page

271. Anarrhichas latifrous, Steeiistrup and Hallgriiiisson 301

Drawing by II. L.Todd, from No. 21373, U. S.N. M., collected bj Capt. Joseph W. Collins, of
the schooner Marion, LnN. lat. 43°56', W. Ion. 59° 04'. (About one-fourth natural size. )

PLATE l.XXYIil.

272. Lycodes Esmarkii. Collett 303

Drawing by B.L.Todd, from No. 21991, U. S. N. M., collected byCapt.Z. Hawkins and crew,

of the schooner Gwendolen, on Le Have Bank, in 400 fathoms. (About two-sevenths natural
size.)

27:i. Lycodes reticulatus, Reinhardt 305

Drawing by If. L.Todd, collected by Capt. R. Markuspn and crew, of the Gloucester fishing
fleet, southwest of Banquereux, in 300 fathoms,

274. Lycodes frigidus, Collett 305

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32995, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta
Hon 2018, in \. lat. 37- 12' 22 ', W. Ion. 74° 20' 0-1", at a depth of 788 fathoms. (About two-
tilths natural size.)

275. Lycodes mucosus, Richardson 306

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16930, V. S. N. M., collected in Cumberland Gnlf, byW.A.
Mintzer. (About two-fifths natural size. )

PLATE LXXIX.

276. Lycodes zoarchus, Goode and Bean 308

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 39298, V. S. N. M., collected by steamer Albatross, off
Nova Scotia in N. lat. 44° 46' 30", W. Ion. 59 J 55 45", at a depth of 130 fathoms.

276A. Lycodes zoarchus. Goode and Bean 308

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39299, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2486, in N. lat. 44 -' 26', W. Ion. 57° 11' 15", at a depth of 190 fathoms.

277. 277A. Lycenchelys Verrillii, Goode and Bean 309

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 21015, U. S. N. M., collected by the If. S. Fish Commission, 27
miles southwest of Chebucto.

PLATE LXXX.

278. Lycodes perspicillum, Kriiyer 307

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39336, U. S. X. M., collec ted by steamer Albatross at station
2456, in X. lat. 47 29 , \V. lon.52° 18', at a depth of 86 fathoms. (Twice natural size.)

278A. Lycodes perspicillum, Kroyer 307

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39337, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2491, in N. lat, 45° 25' 30", W, Ion. 58° 35' 15", at a depth of 59 fathoms. (Nearly four
times natural size.)

279. Lycenchelys paxillus, (ioode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22177, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph Collins, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 423 48', \V. Ion. 63° 07'. (About one-half natural size.)

279 A. Lycenchelys paxillus, Goode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station cccix, in
N. lat. 40° 11' 40 ", W. Ion. 68° 22', at depth of 304 fathoms.

280. Lycodonus mirabilis, Goode and Bean 312

Urawiug by S. F. Denton, from No. 39207, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2742, in N. lat. 37° 46' 30", W. hm. 7:i 56 30", at a depth of 865 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXI.

281 A, B. Lycodes reticulatus, Reinhardt 305

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by Capt. R. Markuson, southwest of Ban-
quereux, in 300 fathoms. (One-half natural size.)

2*2. Lycenchelys paxillus, Goode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22177, IT. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph W, Collins of
the Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 42° 48', W. Ion. 63° 07'. (Natural size.)

18* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Test page.
283A, B. Lycodes mucosus, Richardson 306

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 16930, U. S. N. M., collected by W. A. Mintzer, in Cumber-
land Gulf. (Three-fourths natural size.)
283C. Lycodes zoarchus, Goode and Bean 308

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39298, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
off Nova Scotia, in N. lat. 44° 46' 30', W. Ion. 59° 55' 45", at a depth of 130 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXII.

284. Melanostigma gelatinosum, Giinther 314

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 28853, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 952, in N. lat. 39° 55', W. Ion. 70° 28', at a depth of 396 fathoms. (Enlarged one-
half.)

285. Dicromita Agassizii, Goode and Bean 319

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Jilake at station xciii, off
Granada, in 291 fathoms.

285A, B. Dicromita Agassizii, Goode aud Bean 319

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26023, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk
at station 869, in N. lat. 40° 02' 18", W. Ion. 70° 23' 06", at a depth of 192 fathoms.

286. Bassozetus catena, Goode and Bean 323

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 37341, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2379, in N. lat. 28° 00' 15", W, Ion. 87° 42', at a depth of 1,467 fathoms. (About
seven-ninths natural size.)

287. Bassozetus normalis, Gill 322

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 49416, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2380, in N. lat. 28° 02' 30", W. Ion. 87° 43' 45", at a depth of 1,430 fathoms. (About
seven-tenths natural size.)

288. Benthocometes robustus, Goode and Bean 327

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 29057, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 1043, in N. lat. 38° 39', W. Ion. 73° 11', at a depth of 130 fathoms. (One and three-
fifths natural size.)

PLATE LXXXIII.

289. Neobythites Gillii, Goode and Bean 325

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 37340, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer
Albatross at station 2402, in N. lat. 28° 36', W. Ion. 85° 33', at a depth of 111 fathoms.
(About twice natural size.)

290. Neobythites marginatus. Goode and Bean 326

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station
lxxix, off Barbadoes, in 209 fathoms. (One and three-fifths natural size.)

291. Bassogigas Gillii, Goode and Bean 328

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 39417, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2684, off Cape Henlopeu, Delaware, inN. lat. 39° 35', W. Ion. 70° 54', at a depth of 1,106
fathoms. (Slightly more than one-third natural size.)

292. Porogadus miles, Goode and Bean 334

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from typo No. 35625, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer
Albatross at station 2230, in N. lat. 38° 27', W. Ion. 73° 02', at a depth of 1,168 fathoms.
(Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXX1V.

293. Penopus Macdonaldi, Goode aud Bean 336

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 39433, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2716, in N. lat. 38° 29' 30", W. Ion. 70° 57', at a depth of 1,631 fathoms.

294. Barathrodemus manatinus, Goode and Bean 332

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station
cccxxv, in N. lat. 33° 35' 20", W. Ion. 76°, at a depth of 647 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 19*

295. Nematonus pectoralis, (Goode and Bean), Giinther 33: 1

Drawing by S. P. Denton, from typo No. 37342, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2380, in N. lat. 28 02' 30", W. Ion. 87° 43' 45", at a depth of 1,430 fathoms.
(Slightly reduced.)

290A. Mixonus laticeps, Giinther 339

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. xxv, Fig. 15. (Five and a half
times natural size.)

296B. Tauredophidium Hextii, Alcock 336

Outline from Alcock. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., S. 6, Vol. VI, Fl. VIII, Fig. 1. (Nearly twice
natural size.)

PLATE LXXXV.

297, 297A, IS. Dicrolene intronigra, Goodo and Bean 338

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake in the Gulf Stream.
(No. 297, three-fourths natural size; Noa. 297 A, B, natural size.)

298. Barathronus bicolor, Goode aud Beau 341

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Wake, at station
lxxi, oft' Guadeloupe, in 769 fathoms.

299. Aphyonis mollis, Goode and Bean 342

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake at station
CCXXI, in N. lat. 24° 36', W. Ion. 84° 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXVI.

300. Alexeterion parfaiti, VaiUant 343

Outline from VaiUant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xxv (en-
larged). (Four times natural size.)

301. Hephthocara simum, Alcock 344

Outline from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1892, PI. xvm, Fig. 1. (Nat-
nral size.)

302. LamprogrammuB rriger, Alcock 344

Drawing from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1891, VIII, Fig. 2. (One-half
natural size.)

303. Rhodichthys regina, Collett 342

Outline from Collett, Norsk. Nordhavs Exped. Fiske, PI. v.

PLATE LXXXVII.

304. Ptilichthys Goodei, Bean 302

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26619, U. S. N. M., collected by Dall and Bean at the entrance
to Port Levasheff, Unalaska, in 10 fathoms. (About twice natural size.)

305. Otophidium omostigma, Jordan 345

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29670, U. S. N. M., taken from the stomach of a red snapper
at Pensacola, Fla. (Nearly twice natural size.)

306. Leptophidium cervinum, Goode and Bean 346

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 28764, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish
Eatvk at station 941, in N. lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', at a depth of 76 fathoms. (About
four-fifths natural size.)

307. Leptophidium profundorum, Gill 347

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2042,
in N. lat. 39° 33', W. Ion. 68° 26' 45", at a depth of 1,555 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.;

308. Leptophidium marmoratum, Goode aud Beau 348

Drawing by M. M. Hildebrant, from type No. 37237, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2350, in N. lat. 23J 10' 39", W. Ion. 82° 20' 21", at a depth of 213 fathoms.
(Slightly reduced.)

PLATE LXXXVIII.

309. Phycis regius, (Walbaum), Jordan and Gilbert 357

I "rawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20923, U. S. X. M., obtained in New York City, by E. G.
Blackford. (Two-thirds natural size.)

20* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text ]>:lge.

310. Fhycis cirratus, Goode and Bean 358

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39059, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2376, in N. lat. 29° 03' 15", W. Ion. 88° 16', at a depth of 324 fathoms.

311. Phycis chuss, (Walbauin), Gill 359

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28707, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hank, at
station 918. in N. lat. 40° 2& 24", W. Ion. 703 41' 30", at a depth of 215 fathom ■£

PLATE LXXXIX.

312. Phycis tenuis, (Mitchill), De Kay 359

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21029, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell, at
stations 73 and 74, in Halifax Harbor.

313. Phycis Chesteri, Goode and Bean ::00

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21840, U. S. N. M., collected by the Bteamer Speedwell, at
station 174, off Cape Ann, in 140 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size. I

314. Aprion macrophthalmus, (Miiller), Jordan and Swain 239

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station ivi.xi, in
N. lat. 23J 13', W. Ion. 89° 10', at a depth of 84 fathoms.

PLATE XC.

315. Lsemonema barbatula, Goode and Bean 362

Drawing by W. S. Haines, from No. 38331, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2397, in N. lat. 28 42', W. Ion. 86° 36', at a depth of 280 fathoms.
315A. Laemonema barbatula, (ioode and Bean 362

Drawing by 11. L. Todd, from No. 29046, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 1045, in X. lat. 38° 35', W. Ion. 73 > 13', at a depth of 312 fathoms.

316. Laemonema melanurum, Goode and Bean 363

Drawing by W. S. Haines, from type No. 38270, II. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2115, in N. lat. 30° 44', W. Ion. 79° 26', at a depth of 1 10 fathoms.

317. Molva vulgaris, Fleming 364

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. i.xxxvi.

PLATE XCI.

318. Physiculus Kaupi, Poey 366

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. XVII.

319. Physiculus fulvus, Bean 366

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 28766, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 941, in N. lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', at a depth of 59 fathoms.

320. Uraleptus Maraldi (Risso), Costa 367

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station LXXXI, off
Neris. (Nearly twice natural size.)

PLATE XCII.

321. Lotella maxillaris, Bean 368

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 29832, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 952, in N. lat. 39° 55', W. Ion. 70° 28', at a depth of 396 fathoms. (Nearly three times
natural size.)

322. Mora mediterranea, Risso 369

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italiea, Vol. in, PI. 107.

323. Lepidion Rissoi, S wainson 370

Outline from Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, Vol. xvni, PI. in.

PLATE XCIII.

324. Antimora viola (Goode and Bean ), Jordan 372

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 21837, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins,
of the schooner Marion, on the edge of Le Have Bank. (Three-eighths natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 21*

Text page.

325. Halargyreus brevipes, Vaillant 375

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et dn Talisman, PI. xxv.
(About one-third natural size. >

326. Strinsia tinea, Rafinesque 380

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Vol. m, PI. 107.

PLATE XCIV.

327. Onos eusis, (Reinhardt), (.ill 381

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39321, r. S. V M.. collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station.2550, in N. lat. 39° 44 '30", W. Ion. 70 30 15", at a depth of 1,081 fathoms.

32X. Rhinouemus cimbrius, (Li una- us), Goodeand Bean 384

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 2,721 U. S. N. M., collected in Chaleur Bay, by Edward
Brown. (About three times natural size.)

329. Brosmius brosme, (Midler), Giinthur 385

Drawing by TI. L. Todd, from No. 29967, 1'. S. N. M., obtained in a Boston market, by W. A.
Wilcox.

PLATE XCV.

330. Merlucius bilinearis, (Mitchill), Gill 386

1 "rawing by H. L.Todd, from No. 21016, V. S.N. M., obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission in
a Halifax market .

331. Bregmaceros atlanticus, (iooile and Bean 388

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Make, at station cxm, off
Neris, in 8(>."> fathoms. (Three and a halt' times natural size.)

332. 333. Ccelorhynchus occa, Goode and Bean 400

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from typo No. 37334 U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2396, in N. lat. 28° 34', \V. Ion. 86 18 , at a depth of 335 fathoms. (One-half natural
size.)

PLATE XCVI.

334. Macrurus berglax, Lacepede 391

1 Hawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15608, IT. S. N. M. (Gloucester donation 490), collected on the
eastern part of Banquereux, at a depth of 200 fathoms, by Capt. David Campbell and crew of
the schooner Admiral. (One-fourth natural size.)

335. Macrurus Bairdii, Goode and Bean 393

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21014, U. S.N. St., taken 40 miles east of Thatcher's Island, at
a depth of 160 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.)
3311. Ccelorhynchus carminatus, Goode 398

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 201X7, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at sta-
tion 893, off Marthas Vineyard, in 372 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths natural size.)

337. Ccelorhynchus occa, Goode and Bean 400

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 37334, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2396, in N. lat. 28° 34', W. Ion. 86 48', at a depth of 335 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths
natural size.)

PLATE XCV II.

338. Ccelorhynchus caribbaeus, Goodeand Bean 401

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37333, U. S. X. II, collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2377, in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, in N. lat. 29° 07' 30", W. Ion. 88° 08',
at a depth of 210 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.)

339. Coryphcenoides carapinus, Goode and Bean 404

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station ccxlii, in
N. lat. 39° 43', W. Ion. 70° 55' 25", at a depth of 1,002 fathoms.

340. Hyrnenocephalus Goodei, (Giinther), Bean 407

I (rawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station 56, in N. hit .
23° 09', W. Ion. 82° 21' 30", at a depth of 175 fathoms. (Four-fifths natural size.)

341. Hyrnenocephalus cavernosus, Goode and Bean 408

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 37337, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2398, in N. lat. 28° 45', W. Ion. 86° 26', at a depth of 227 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged. )

22* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XCVIII.

Text page.

342. Lionurus filicauda, Giinther 409

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xxxiv.

343. Trachouurus sulcatus, Goode and Bean 410

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 37335, U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2394, in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 87° 02', at a depth of 420 fathoms. (Slightly
enlarged.)

344. Cetonurus globlceps, Yaillant 411

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientitiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xx, Fig. 1.

345. Chalinuras iniula, Goode and Bean 412

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39152 U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2095, in N. lat. 39° 29', W. Ion. 70° 58' 40", at a depth of 1,342 fathoms.

PLATE XCIX.

345A. Chalinura mediterranea, Giglioli 525

Outline by Prof. H. H. Giglioli, from a specimen in the Central Collection of Italian Verte-
brata, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. (Slightly reduced.)

346. Nematonurus gigas, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 416

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lx.

347. Moseleya longifilis, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PL xxxv.

PLATE C.

34K. Abyssicola macrochira, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PL xxix, Fig. B.

349. Trachyrhynchus scabius, (Kalinesque), Goode and Bean 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PL xi.i, Fig. ('.

349A. Macrurus longifilis, Giinther 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PL xxxv.

PLATE CI.

350. Macrurus Novae-zelandiae, (Hector), Giinther 418

Outline from Hector. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. m, PL xvin.

351. Steiudachneria argentea, Goode and Bean 419

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37350, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2378, in N. lat. 39° 14' 30", W. Ion. 88° 09' 30", at a depth of 68 fathoms. (About
four-fifths natural size.)

352. Bathygadus favosus, Goode and Bean 420

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station

LXXX, off Martinique, in 472 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

:wl i. 354. Ccelorhynchus carminatus, Goode 398

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26187, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Uairk, at

station 893, off Marthas Vineyard, in 372 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE CII.
355A, B. Limanda Beanii, Goode 428

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26102, U. S. N. M., collected by the the steamer Fish Hawk,
at. stations 875, 876, off Marthas Vineyard, in 120 to 126 fathoms. (About four-fifths natu-
ral size.)
355C, D. Limanda Beanii, Goode 428

1 tiawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2401,
in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 85° 52' 30", at a depth of 142 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-
half.)

356A. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, (Linnseus), Gill 430

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39487, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2552, in N. lat. 39° 47' 07", W. Ion. 70° 35', at a depth of 721 fathoms. (Natural size.)
356B. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, (Linnaeus), Gill 430

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2543,
in N. lat. 39° 58' 15", W. Ion. 70° 42' 30", at a depth of 166 fathoms. (Natural size.)

I* t

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 23\^,\ *~ „ / C

Text page. \^ O

357 A, B. Monolene sessilicauda, Goode 452

Drawings by 11. L. Todd, from No. 26120, l\ S. X. M., collected by tho steamer Fish Hawk, off
Newport, If. I. (About live-sevenths natural size.;

358. Monolene atrimana, Goode and Bean 455

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake, :it station
xvi, off Barbados, in 288 fathoms. (About four-fifths natural size.)

359. Monolene atrimana, < 1 le and I Iran 455

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 26005, IT. S. N. M., collected by tho steamer Fish Hawk, at
stations 871 and 872, off Marthas Vineyard, in 86 to 115 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE CIV.

360. Etropus rimosus, Goode and Bean 450

Drawing by H. I,. Todd, from typo No. 37.132, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Hint/row,
at Btation2408, in X. lat.28°28', \V. Ion. 81° 25', at a depth of 21 fathoms. (Enlarged about
one-half.)

361. Etropus rimosus, Goodo and Bean 450

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2543,
upon tho surface, in N. lat. 39° 58' 15", W. Ion. 70° 42' 30", at a depth of 166 fathoms. (Three
times natural size.)

362. Notosema dilecta, Goode and Bean 437

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by tho steamer Albatross, at the surface, at
Station 2601, iu N. lat. 34° 39' 15", W. Ion. 75° 33' 30", at a depth of 107 fathoms. (Twice
natural size.)

PLATE CV.

363. Hippoglossus vulgaris, Fleming 434

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10139, IT. S. N. M., collected by the IT. F. Fish Commission,
at Eastport, Me.

36 1 . Platysornatichthys hippoglossoides, (Walbaum), Goode and Bean 435

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained in Fulton Market, New York City.

PLATE CVI.

365 A, B. Notosema dilecta, Goode and Bean 437

Drawings by It. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station cccxm,
off Charleston, S. C, iu N. lat. 32s 31' 50", \V. Ion. 78° 45', at a depth of 75 fathoms.
(Slightly reduced.)
366A, B. Citharichthys arctifrons, Goode 442

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by tho steamer Fish Hawk, off Newport,
K. I., in 115 to 155 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE CVII.

367. Hippoglossoides platessoides, (Fabricius), Gill 438

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21002, IT. S. N. M., collected by tho U. S. Fish Commission,
on Lo Have Bank.
36K. Cyclopsetta fimbriata, Goode and Bean 451

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from typc< No. 37330, U. S. N. M., collected by tno steamer Albatross,
at Station 2403, in N. lat. 28° 42' 30", VY. Ion. 85- 29', at a depth of 88 fathoms. (Seven-
tenths natural size.)

PLATE CVIII.

369A B. Citharichthys unicornis, Gnoclo 444

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from typo No. 26003, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish JJatck,
at stations 870, 871, off Marthas Vineyard, in 115 to 155 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-half.)

370. Citharichthys spilopterus, Giinther 447

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station CCXLIV, in
N. lat. 23° 13', \V. Ion. so 10', at a depth of SI fathoms. (Slightly reduced.)

371. Scianectes macrophthalmus, Alcock 440

Copied from Alcock, Journal of tho Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. lviii, Pt. 2, PI. xvi, Fig. 4.

24* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE CIX.

Text page.

372. Trichopsetta ventralis, (Goode and Bean), Gill 440

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37372, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2378, in N. lat. 29° 13' 30", W. Ion. 88° 09, 30", at depth of 68 fathoms. (Slightly en-
larged.)

373. Citharichthys paetulus, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Gilbert 448

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 30180, U. S. N. JL, coUected by Silas Stearns, at Pen-
sacola, Fla. (About one-half natural size.)

PLATE CX.

374. Aphoristia fasciata, Goode and Beau 458

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 37348, U. S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Jamaica, West Indies.

?75. Aphoristia nebulosa, Goode and Bean 458

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
CCCXQI, in N. lat. 32° 07', W. Ion. 78J 37' 30", at a depth of 229 fathoms.

37li. Aphoristia marginata, Goode and Bean 459

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a Bpecimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2376, in
N. lat. 29° 03' 15", W. Ion. 88° 16', at a depth of 324 fathoms. (Slightlj enlarged.)

377. Aphoristia pigra, Goode and Bean 460

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Make, at station
xxiii, off St. Kitt's, West Indies, in 250 fathoms.

378. Aphoristia diomediaiia, Goode and Beau 460

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at station
2414, in N. lat. 25° 04' 30", W. Ion. 82° 59' 15", at a depth of 26 fathoms. (About two-thirds
natural si/e. >

379. Aphoristia pusilla, Goode and Beau 461

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28778, U. S. X. M.. collected by the Bteamer Fish Hawk, in N.
lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', off Marthas Vineyard, in 179 fathoms. ("About seven-tenths nat-
ural size.)

PLATE CXI.

380. Prionotus militaris, Goode and Bean 464

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at station
2362, off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, in X. lat. 22° 08' 30", W. Ion. 86° 53' 30", at a depth of 25
fathoms.

381. Prionotus egretta, Goode and Bean 465

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station I.xiv, off
Barbadoes, in 100 to 200 fathoms.

382. Prionotus alatus, ( Soode aud Bean 467

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, off Charleston, S. C,
in N. lat. 32° 31' 50", W. Ion. 78° 45', at a depth of 75 fathoms.

PLATE CXII.

383, 383B. Prionotus trinitatis, Goode and Bean 468

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 3931s. I '. s. X". M.. collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2120, off Trinidad, in N.lat. 11° 07', W. lun. 62° 14' 30", at a depth of 73 fathoms.

384. Prionotus militaris. Goode and Beau 464

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station
2362, off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, in N. lat. 22, ° 08' 30", W. Ion. 86° 53' 30", at a depth of 25
fathoms.

PLATE CXI1I.

385, 385A, B. Peristedion miniatum, Goode 470

Drawings byH. L. Todd, from type No. 26023, lT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk,
at station 869, in X. lat. 40° 02' 18", W. Ion. 70;' 23 06", at a depth of 192 fathoms. (No.
385 reduced about one-half; Nos. 385A, B natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AM' FIGURES. 25*

PLATE CX1V.

Text

386. Peristedion longispatha, Goode and Bean 47l'

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from the t.\|>e specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
lvi.ii., "il Havana, in 242 fathoms. (About seven-ninths natural size.)

387. Peristedion gracile, Goode and Mean 173

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the t\ pe specimen, collected bj the steamer Albatross, at station
2401, in N. lat. 28 38 30", W. Ion. 85 52 30 , at a depth of 142 fathoms.

388A, B. Peristedion platycephalum, Goode and Bean 171

Drawings by 11. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
i.x, off Barbados, iu 123 fathoms. (Natural six..)

PLATE CXV.

889. Lophotes Cepedianus, Giorna 349

Drawing from Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, PI. i.wi. Fig. L'.

390. Lophotes Capellei. Temminck and Schlegel 351

Outline from Temminck and Schlegel, Fanna Japonica, PI. lxxi.

391. Trachyptenis iris, (Gmelin I, Cnvier and Valenciennes 477

Outline from Cnvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France, PI. 297.

I 'LATE CXVI.

392. Trachypterus arcticus, t Briinnicb ), Nilssou 479

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. I, PI. LXIII.

393. Stylephonis chordatus, Shaw 482

Outline from Blaiuville. Journal de Physique, Vol. lxxxvii, PI. I.

394. Stylephonis chordatus. Shaw 482

Outline from Shaw, Transactions ol the Linmean Society of London, '\ nl. I, p. 90.

PLATE CXVII.

395. Regalecus glesne, Ascanius 480

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. PI. G4.

396. Macrorhamphosus acolopax, ( Linnaeus), Goode and Bean 483

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28755, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Bank, at
station 940, in \. lat. 39 54', W. Ion. 69 51' 30", at a depth of 130 fathoms. (Enlarged one-
fourth.)

397. Aulostoma longipes, Vaillant 184

Outline from Vaillant. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. PI. xxvn, Fig.
4. ( Eight times natural size.)

398. Chaunnx pictus. Lowe 487

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 26021, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 869, off Martha's Vineyard, in 192 fathoms. (Four times natural size.)

399. Ceratias Holbolli. Kroyer 489

Drawing from Gaimard, Voy. Skand., Poissons, PI. ix.

PLATE CXVIII.

400. 41 10 A, B. Lophius piscatoriue. Linnaus 485

Drawings by S. F. Denton, from No. 39344, U. S. N. M., collected by the V. s. Fish Commis-
sion, 20 miles south of No Man's Land.

PLATE CXIX.

401 . Mancalias Shufeldtii. Gill 490

Drawing by 11. I.. Todd, from No. 33552, F. S. X. M., collected by the steamer A Ibal ross, at sta-
tion 2099, in N. lat. 37 12 20", W. Ion. 69° 39', at a depth of 2,949 fathoms. (About two

and a half times natural size.)

402. Cryptopsaras Couesii, Gill ' 4!'l

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33558, V. S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Ubatross, at sta-
tion 2101, in N. lat. 38 13 30 , W. Ion. 68c 24 , at a depth of 1,686 fathoms. (Three and

three-fourths times natural size.)

26* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

iO'A. HalieutEea stellata, Cnvier and Valenciennes 499

Outline from Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, PI. 82.

101. Paroneirodes glomerosus, Alcock 493

Drawing from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. n. PI. i\, Fig. 6. (Very
slightly reduced.)

PLATE CXX.

405. Corynolophus Reinhardtii, (Liitken), Gill 494

Drawing from Liitken, Videusk. Selsk. Skr. Natiuvid. og Math. At'li., IV, PI. 334.

40li. Melanocetus Johnsonii, Giinther 494

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 38055, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2149, in N. lat. 13 01' 30", W. Ion. 81° 25', at a depth of 992 fathoms.

407. Liocetus Murrayi, Gii other 495

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xi.

PLATE CXX I.

408. Linophryne lucifer, Collett 496

Drawing from Collett, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1K86, PI. XV.

409. Caulophryne setosus, Goode and Bean 496

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 39265, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
in N. lat. 39° 27', W. Ion. 71° 15', at a depth of 1,276 fathoms. (Nearly three times natural
size.)

410. Halieutaea coccinea, Alcock 500

Drawing from Alcock, Annals ami Magazine of Natural History, Scries ti. Vol. VIII, PI. vm.

411. Malthopsis luteue, Alcock 529

Drawing from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Scries ti, Vol. VIII, PI. VIII,

PLATE CXXII.

4 12 A. I'.. Halieutella lappa, Goode ami Bean 500

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 31862, I'. S. N. M., collected by the steal] er Fish Hawk, at sta-
tion 1151, in N. lat. 39° 58' 30", W. Ion. 70° 37', at a depth of 12.". fathoms.

113. Dibranchus atlanticup. Peters 501

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26088, 1'. S. N. M.. collected by the steanil r Fish //„»■/. at sta-
tion 879, off Marthas Vineyard, in 225 fathoms. (No. 413A, natural size; No. 4131$, enlarged
one-third.)

11IA. li. Halieutichthys aculeatus, (Mitchill), Goode 504

Drawings by H.L.Todd, fromNo. 23552, U.S. N. M., collected at Key West, Fla., by .1. W.Nelie.
(Natural size.)

PLATE CXXIII.

415. Bathyclupea argentea, Goode and Bean 190

I (rawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station xxxvn,
off Neris, in 365 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

416. Schedophilopsis spinosus, Steindaebner 216

Drawing by A. 11. Baldwin, from a specimen obtained at Astoria, Oregon, by Dr. Aug. C. Kin-
ney. (Four-fifths natural size.)

417. Tetragonurus Cuvieri, Risso 230

Drawing by M. M. Hildebrant, from No. 44436. 1*. S. N. M., collected at Woods Holl, Mass., by
Vina! N. Edwards. (About two and a half times natural size.)

OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

BASl-:i> UPON A STUD* OF

THE DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

By George Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean.

A DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

Class MARSIPOBRANCHII.

Startipobranchii, Bonaparte, Trans. I. inn. Soc. London, v. is, pp. 289, 304, 1841.
Marsipobranchia, Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, m, 310.
Dermopteri (part), Owex, Anatomy of Vertebrates, i, 7.

Skeleton of a very inferior type, the notochord or embryonal vertebral column being
persistent. Skull rudimentary and represented by a small brain case and capsules for
the organs of sense (auditory and olfactory), as well as by an ethmovonierine plate: the
inferior appendages developed as elements designated as the "subocular arch." with a
metapterygoid or "superior quadrate" and an "inferior quadrate" portion, the "palato
pterygoid" element, and the "stylohyal process;" labial cartilages form also a prominent
feature of the skull; bones or cartilages, representing the upper as well as the lower jaws.
entirely wanting; the branchial apparatus sustained by a basket like skeleton; no limbs
developed, and no scapular arch or pelvic girdle. Brain small hut distinctly developed,
differentiated into the brain proper and medulla oblongata; the former composed, as in the
higher forms, of the "mesencephalon," "thalamencephalon," "prosencephalon," and "rhinen-
cephalon;" the latter small, with a fourth ventricle conspicuous from above, and the "cere-
bellum" very rudimentary. Auditory apparatus quite simple, represented by a single mem
branous tube without any differentiation into canals and vestibules, as in the Hyperotreta,
or, at most, as in the Hyperoartia, with two semicular canals and a sacculated vestibule.
Olfactory apparatus consists of a median sac: is provided with but a single external aper-
ture. Heart distinctly developed and divided into an auricle and ventricle, the former hav-
ing in front a venous sinus, ami the whole inclosed in a " pericardium," which connects with
the peritoneal cavity. Intestinal canal simple; liver specialized as such, and kidneys well
developed, with ureters opening behind into the rectum. Organs of generation without
ducts, discharging into the abdomen, from which the products depart by an abdominal pore.

The species of the class are found in both fresh and salt waters, the Petromyzontids
having members in the fresh and salt waters of all temperate and subtemperate countries:
while the Myxinoids are represented in the cold waters of tin; northern hemisphere by
Mi/. rinc, as well as along the shores of a considerable portion of the Pacific — in the
Japanese and Chinese seas, California, Chile, and Australia.

198G8— Xo. 2 1 1

2 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Although no representatives of the class have been found in a fossil condition, their
absence in the older strata is undoubtedly due rather to the difficulty connected with the
preservation of the readily destructible cartilaginous skeleton than to their actual absence.
It is indeed probable that the order was extensively represented in past times and that it
was more abundautly developed than any other type. (Gill.)

Order HYPEROTRETA.

Cyelostomata hyperotreta, Mcller, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss.
Hyperotreta. Gill, .lohnson's Cyclopaedia, n, 1079.

An order of marsipobranchiates characterized by the construction of the cranial carti-
lages and the complete tabulation of the median nasal aperture, and its perforation of the
palate (hence the name). The branchial apertures are developed on each side far behind
the head, and arc variable in number: the inner branchial ducts communicate directly
with the esophagus; the ova arc large and each is provided with an oval horny case con-
stricted at both ends, and with numerous filaments thereto. The embryology is still unknown.
In the adult condition the mouth has no lips and no plates on the disk, but a median tooth
is above the entrance of the esophagus, and two pectinifonn rows of teeth on the tongue.

The order is composed of two families: (1) Myxinidce, with one geuus, Myxine, repre-
sented by species in the northern and southern hemispheres; and (2) Bdellostomidce, whose
species are confined to the Pacific Ocean, one of them ascending as far northward as Cali-
fornia. (Gill.)

Family MYXINIDCE.

Afyxinidce, GCxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 510.

MYXINE, Linnseus.

Myxine, I. inn i:cs, System:! Naturae, ed. x, 1. 1758, 650 I type, Myxine glutinosa, L.).

Body eel shaped, covered by a thin loose skin ; two rows of mucous glands along the
lower side. Eyes absent. Skull little developed, cartilaginous. Mouth lipless, suctorial,
with barbels on each side. Nostril single, median, at front of head, with two pairs of
barbels. Teeth strong, a single one on the roof of the mouth, and two rows on each side
uf the tongue. < 4 ill sacs at the sides of esophagus near the left branchial opening; a third
opening to esophagus and the branchial sacs. Ovary single, on right side. No oviducts.

MYXINE GLCTINoSA, Lixx.s:is. (Figure 1.)
Myxine glutinosa, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x. i. 65 i; ed. xn, 1080. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm. 510.

A Myxine with 8-11 rather slender lingual teeth in each row, the two foremost strongest
and more confluent at the base thau the others. Length of head contained 3i to 4 times in
total length ; tail 6 J to 10 times. Color grayish brown to bluish brown above, whitish below.

Linmvus included Myxine among his '• Vermes Intestinal placing it between the leeches
and the shipworms, and described its habits briefly as follows: "IntreU etdevorat pisces;
aquam in gluten mutat," and this sentence expresses nearly all that is known about the
habits of the animal at the present time. It may be said, however, that it is found only in
waters of low temperature, probably always below 50°, and that on account of its parasitic
habits its capture is not likely to be effected except in connection with some larger fish on
which it is preying. Its presence, therefore, is not certain to be detected by the trawl and
dredge. The "slime-eel," as it is called, frequently penetrates into the abdominal cavity of
other fishes to feed upon their flesh. It secretes thick, glutinous slime, in enormous quan-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 3

tities and with wonderful rapidity. A single hag will till a two-gallon bucket with slime
mingled with water in a few .seconds, and after a slight interval can repeat the operation
with ease. The ei:u's are elliptical in shape, and are supplied at each end with numerous
short threads for adhesion. Nansen has made an exceedingly interesting investigation into
the hermaphroditism of this form.

Myxine occurs only in the North Atlantic. On the coasts of Europe it is found in the Nor-
wegian Fiords as deep as 70 fathoms, and it ranges as far south as Newcastle and the Firth
of Forth. In the western Atlantic it is known to occur on the offshore banks as far north
as the Grand Bank of Newfoundland, and probably still farther north through the Arctic
Sea; and it also occurs on the shoals in the Hay of Fundy, one of the best known colonies
being on the cod bank to the eastward of the north end of the island of Grand Man an.
The fishermen of the offshore banks frequently pull them to the surface clinging to the fish
taken on their hooks. In the deeper waters of the western Atlantic they have been found
as far south as lat. 38° 31', Ion. 73° 25', off the capes of Delaware by the Fish Commis-
sion at a depth of 126 fathoms, and off Cape Fear, North Carolina, lat. 34°, Ion. 76° 10',
at a depth of 178 fathoms. Off Marthas Vineyard they have been found by the Fish Com-
mission at a depth of 264 fathoms, with a temperature of 47°, and farther out at sea in the
same region by the Blake at 304 fathoms (lat. 40° 11' 40", Ion. 68° 22'), and 524 fathoms
(lat. 41° 32', Ion. 65° 55').

The form is so abundant off the New England coast in depths of 100 to 250 fathoms that a
record of all the localities of its occurrence has not been kept. It is known, however, that
specimens were obtained from the following stations of the Blake: 309, 306, and 327; and
also from the following stations of the Fish Commission steamers: 8G9, 870, 871, 878, 939,
951, 1038, 1047, 1154, 2080, 20SX, 2089, 2092.

MYXINE AUSTRALIS, Jenyns. (Figure 2.)

Myxine australis, Jenyns, Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, Zoology (edited by Charles Darwin), 1839-'43; Fishes;
• 159; Gcnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., vm, 1870, 511; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 2157.
ffeptatrema oirrhatum, Schlegel, Fauna Japonlca, Poissons, 310, pi. 143 (fide Giinther).

A Myxine with ten or eleven slender teeth in each of the two series; the three foremost
strongest and confluent at the base, the other teeth remaining separate; in the second
series the two innermost teeth are confluent at the base.

,1/. australis was first described from Sandy Point and the Tyssen Island, at the south-
ern extremity of .South America. It. was found by the Challenger in the Japanese Sea,
where six specimens from 9 to 20 inches in length were taken on the Hyalonema ground at
a depth of 345 fathoms (Station 232). Dr. Giinther isof the opinion that Heptatrema oirrha-
tum Schlegel, from Japan, should be referred to the same species. The Challenger obtained
specimens of M. australis from the Straits of Magellan, and the species is most probably an
inhabitant of the deeper waters to the east of Patagonia, and entitled to a place in the
fauna of the Atlantic basin.

Order HYPEROARTIA.

Cyclostomata hyperoartia, Miller, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1834, 77.
Ryperoartia, Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, n, 1079.

Au order of Marsipobranchiates distinguished by the development of the skull and the
eoecal nature of the median external nasal aperture; no duct perforating the palate, which
is, therefore, left entire (whence the name). The branchial apertures are on each side
behind the head, and seven in number; the inner branchial duets debouch into a separate
common tube. The ova are small and superficially like those of fishes. The young undergo
a complete metamorphosis after leaving the egg. The larva' have an elongated slit-like
mouth, and are without teeth or eyes. In this condition they were formerly considered to
be members of a peculiar group (Ammocoetes). At maturity the mouth is circular, surrounded

4 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

by a lip, and armed with dentigerous lamella- on its disk, as well as with lingual teeth;
enlarged plates above and below the antrum of the esophagus have been called maxillary
and mandibular, but they have no hoinological relation with the upper and lower jaws of
ordinary fishes, and the lower jaw in them is absolutely wanting.

This order embraces only a single family of existing species (the Petromyzontidce or
lampreys), of which there are at least five genera, three of which are represented in North
America. (Gill.)

Family PETROMYZONTIDCE.

Petromyzontiila; GCntiiek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm. 499.

PETROMYZON, Artedi.

Petromyzon, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 64.— Lixx.ec-, Syst. Nat., ed. x. 1758, 5; ed. xn, 1766, i. 394.

Dorsal fins two, the second continuous with the caudal; maxillary teeth separate,
pointed, close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate ; mandibulary plate with seven to
nine cusps; lingual teeth serrated, forming two crescent-shaped plates on each side.

PETROMYZON MAKINUS, Lixn i I s.

Petromyzon marinus, Lixx.i D8, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 230; ed. xn, 1766. 394. GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus., vm, 501.
Peiromyzon americanus, Le Sueur, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., i, 383. — Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 251.

Specimens of a Petromyzon apparently not specifically distinct from P. marinm, have
been obtained from several localities at considerable depths. The Fish Commission trawled
it off Cape Ann at station 189, in 85 fathoms, and at 192 in 100 fathoms, and also at station
946, off Marthas Vineyard (lat. 39° 5.')', Ion. 71° 14'), at a depth of 217 fathoms, and bottom
temperature of 17°. The occurrence of this form at so great a depth is interesting in con-
nection with the record of the following species, P. Bairdii.

PETKOMYZON (Bathv.myzox) BAIRDII, Gill.

Petromyzon (Bathymyzon) Bairdii, Gill, Forest and Stream, xxi. Ann. 30, 1883; Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vi,
1883, 254.

This form of lamprey was described by Gill from a single specimen (Nat. Mus., No.
33311), obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission at station 2018 (lat. 40° 02' 00", Ion. 68
50' 30"), at a depth of 517 fathoms. No specific characters were mentioned except those
enumerated above under the generis-" diagnosis -'supraoral and intraoral plates or laminae
destitute of odontoid tubercles, the armature of the lamprey type being obsolescent."'

The form is very closely related to Petromyzon marinus, bat the limits of generic and
specific variation in the Hyperoartia are by no means definitely agreed upon, and Gill's
identification of this specimen is accepted without comment or criticism.

The following MS. descriptions, prepared in 1883, have been placed in our hands by Dr.
Gill:

The head, from the snout to the first branchial aperture, is contained about seven times
in the total length, while the eye is intermediate between the snout and fifth branchial
aperture. The diameter of the eye is equal to one-fourth of the distance of the interorbital
area.

The diameter of the circular disk equals the interval between the eye and fifth branchial
aperture; the margin is regularly fringed, as in the related species.

Indications of eight teeth are on the infroral lamina, and the tips of the two suproral
ones are barely perceptible; the pectinations of the lingual teeth are well marked and
differentiated.

The chest (i. e., space between first and seventh branchial apertures) is about as long
as the snout.

The fins are moderate, the anterior dorsal being somewhat higher in front of the middle
than the diameter of the orbit, and the second dorsal about twice as high or equal to the
distance between the eye and first branchial aperture.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 5

The color is dark, except upon the l>elly, which is grayish. The second dorsal is darker
across the middle infronl and towards the margin behind, while the caudal is blackish
throughout.

MEASUREMENTS.

Inches.

Total length 11

Snout tn eve 1

Si km it in lirst branchial aperture 1 »7,T

Snout In seven lb branchial aperture '2-f,-:

Sin i ut to commencement of first dorsal 5|

Snout to cnil of lirst dorsal 6|

Snout to commencement of second dorsal 7^

Snout to cud of second dorsal 10

Snout to end of caudal 11

Snout to commencement of caudal below 9}£

Snout to commencement of caudal above 10

Snout to :i n us 7$

This hitherto undescribed form is evidently most closely related to the typical species
of the genus Petromyzon, but differs by the obsolescence of the armature of the suproral
and iufroral lamina-, while differences of proportion characterize the species; it is scarcely
generically distinct from Petromyzon, but may be distinguished as a subgeneric type under
the name Bathymyzon with the following characters:

BATHYMYZON.

Petromyzontinm with the suproral lamina contracted, its two converging teeth almost
completely fused together and only evident at the summit of the combined mass, infroral
lamina crescentiforin and spout-like at the middle, and with the denticles obsolete, discope-
ripheral teeth numerous and in obliquely-arched series of 4-7, declining downwards; the
innermost lateral teeth of the four rows diverging from the mouth, in each side bicuspid,
with the cusps approximated, and diminishing downwards rapidly; the lingual teeth 3,
pectinate, the anterior deeply impressed and sulcate backwards at the middle and the pos-
terior correspondingly curved backwards at their inner lateral angles; the anterior dorsal
tin distinct from posterior. (6ill, MS.)

Class ELASMOBRANCHIL

Lyriferous vertebrates with cartilaginous skeleton, and destitute of membrane or der-
mal bones; no cranial sutures. Body with vertical and paired fins, the posterior pair ab-
dominal; caudal tin with elongated upper lobe; gills attached by their outer edges to the
skin, with an intervening gill opening between each; no gill cover; skin naked or covered
with minute imbricated scales or hard plates, sometimes spinous; no air bladder; arterial
bulb with three series of valves; intestines with a spiral valve; optic nerves united, not
decussating, or only slightly so; ova few and large, fertilized, and sometimes developed
internally; embryo with external deciduous gills; males with intromittent organs attached

to ventrals.

KEY TO Sl'BCLASSES OF ELASMOBRANCHIL

[, Gill openings, 5-7, slit dike; jaws detached from skull Selachii (Sharks and Rays)

II. (Jill openings single, lour branchial clefts; jaw and palate attached to skull. . . Holocephali (Chima-rasi

The class Elasmobranchii, intermediate between the true tishes and the Marsipobranchi
ates, is sparingly represented in the abyssal faunas.

Subclass SELACHII.

Elasmobrauchiates with body more or less cylindrical or depressed, with gill openings
slit like, five (sometimes six or seven) in number, sometimes lateral or inferior; jaws de-
tached from the skull; opercular and pelvic bones lacking.

b DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

KEY TO THE ORDERS OF SELACHII.

I. Trunk more or less cylindrical, gradually tapering into the tail; gill openings lateral . .. .Sqcali (Sharks)

II. Trunk depressed (in typical genera the highly developed pectoral fins forming a broad flat disk) ; gill

openings ventral Rale (Skates and Rays)

Order SQUALL

The Sharks.

Selachians, with body more or less cylindrical (sometimes much depressed anteriorly),
gradually attenuating into the tail. Branchial openings lateral, slit-like, ">-7 in number, either
entirely iu front of or entirely behind the pectoral, opening over their bases. Pectorals
moderately developed, distinctly differentiated from the sides.

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA FAMILIES OF SQUALL

I. Anal iiu lacking.

A. No spines in front of dorsal tins SCTMNORHINID.E

1!. Each dorsal tin preceded by a spine Spinach >.e

II. Anal (in present .

A. Dorsal fins two. without antecedent spines, the first above or behind the ventrals Scyli.hii.e

B. Dorsal fins two. without spines, the first in advance of ventrals; caudal crescentic, with a keel on

each side of its stem; gill openings enormous CKTORRINnxa;

('. Dorsal fin single, without spine ; caudal without notch posteriorly ChlamydosblachidjE

In this key only those families are included representatives of which have actually
been taken at great depths. Other forms, such as Selache maxima, probably sink below the
hundred-fathoms limit at times. Canestrini records as living « /„ luoghi prqfondi,n bathe Med
iterranean, Nbtidanus griseus, Heptanchus cinereus, Selache maxima, and Garcharodon Hon-
deletii. Spinax niger, however, Scymnus lichia, and Lcemargus rostratus, which dwell "«
grande profondita" appear to be the only Mediterranean forms entitled to admission in this
list, except perhaps Centrophorus granulosus, which it may be strays in from the deeps of the
Atlantic, as far east as Sicily, and Echinorhinus.

Family SCYMNORHINID^E.

Scymnidw. Gill, Johnson"s Cyclopaedia, tv, 158. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 1X83, 13.
Spinacida (in part) (it xthkr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 425-429.
ScymnorMnidw, Gill, ms.

Scymnoid selachians, without anal fins and with spineless dorsals. Scales generally
developed in the form of shagreen or fine bristly spines; head oval, depressed; eyes
without nictitating membranes; nostrils with a simple anterior tag; mouth inferior and
somewhat arched; teeth with trenchant edges; branchial apertures five, in advance of the
pectorals; dorsals two, spineless, the first in advance of the ventrals, the second far behind;
anal lacking; pectorals rather small: ventrals placed far back. (Gill.)

KEY TO THE GENERA OF SCYMNID.E.

I. First dorsal in advance of ventral. Lower teeth erect, triangular Scymnorhinus

A. Dorsal tins similar iusize. Lower teeth oblique, quadrate, with horizontal cutting edges.. SOMNIOSUS

B. Second dorsal longer than first. Upper teeth small, conical. Lower teeth larger, triangular, some-

what oblique [Ecprotomichi's. — Indian Oceau.]

II. First dorsal opposite ventrals.

C. Teeth equal iu both jaws, large, very oblique, each with several small cusps. Skin with irregularly

placed ron ml osseous tubercles and prickles Echtnobhinus

D. Lower teeth much larger than upper, erect, not serrated. Skin granular.

[Isistios. — South Pacific and Gulf of Guinea.]

This family is not common in American waters. Of the three genera occurring in the
Atlantic, one, Scymnus, has been found only iu the Mediterranean and the adjacent parts of

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 7

tbe Atlantic. Somniosus and Echinorhinua live chiefly in mid ocean, the former unques-
tionably breeding at considerable depth, though it is not certain that it descends below the
hundred-fathom line. They are more abundant in the eastern Atlantic.

SCYMNORHINUS, Bonaparte.

Scymnus, (Vvier, Regne Animal, 1817, n, 130.— Mi i.i.ei: and Hkni.e, S. B. Plag., 92.— Gcnther, Cat Fish,
lliit. Mus., viii, 126.

Two short dorsal tins without spine, the first at a considerable distance from the ven-
trals; no anal tin. Skin uniformly covered with minute scales. Mouth transverse, a deep,
Straight groove at each angle of the mouth. Nostrils at the extremity of the snout. Upper
teeth small, pointed; lower much larger, dilated, erect, triangular, not very numerous. No
membrana nietitans. Spiracles wide. Gill openings narrow. (Oiinther.)

SCYMNORHINUS LICHIA, Bonaparte. (Figure 3.)

Squalus liehia, Bonnaterre, Tahl. Encycl. tenth., 1788, 12.

Squale liche, Lacepepe, Hist. Nat., i, 279, pi. \. fig. 3.

Scymnus liehia, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, m, fasc. xiv-xvi, 1836. — Mi'i.ui: and Heni.i:. s. I!. Plag.,92. —

Dumeril, Elasm., 452. — Bocage ami Capello, l'cix. Plagioat., 34.— GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mils..

\ in, 12r>. — Coi.i.i.tt, Bull. Sim-. Zi)ol. France, 219.

A ScymniiA with seventeen or nineteen erect teeth in the lower jaw, with the edges ser-
iated. Scales minute, witli a median keel, and terminating in a point. The first dorsal tin
is nearer to the root of the pectorals than to that of the ventrals.

Tins is the only species of the genus. It occurs in the western parts of the Mediterra-
nean and about Madeira. It should lie sought for by the fishermen on the Halibut banks.

SOMNIOSUS, L.e Sueur.

Somniosua, Le Sueur, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, i, 222 (type, Somniosus hrecipinna, Le Sueur). —

Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. s,i. Phila., L864, 264.— Jordan, loc. <_■;/., 11.
Lwmargus, MOixer and Henle, s. B. Plag., 1838, 93. [Preoccupied in Crustacea by Kroyer.]
Rhinosoymnus (=Somnio8ti& part), Gill, '<»•. <ii.

Scymnoid sharks with body elongate and two spineless dorsals: fins all very small, the
ventrals nearly opposite the second dorsal; mouth transverse, with deep groove backward
from its angle; nostrils near the extremity of the snout; jaws feeble: teeth in upper jaw
in several rows, small, narrow, conical; teeth in lower jaw numerous, in about six rows, the
point so miieh turned aside that the inner margin tonus a cutting edge; spiracles moderate:
no nictitating membrane; gill openings narrow; skin uniformly covered with line tubercles.

Two species are known: one, S. rostratus, recorded by Bisso and Canestrini from the
Mediterranean, off Nice and Genoa, where, according to Canestrini, it lives at great depths
( Fauna d' Italia, Pesci, p. 43); the other. 8. microcephalia, from the North Atlantic.

SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS, (Schneider), Goode and Bean. (Figure8.)

Squalus carcharias, MOller, Zoologies; DanicsB Prodromus, 177ii. 38 (not Liunteus).

Squalus microcephalus, Schneider in Bloch, Syst. Ichth, 1801, 135.

Scymnus microcephalus, Kh6ter, D aura ark's Fiske, in, ls:>:i. ml, fig. — Collett, Norges Fiske, 212. — Malm.
Fauna, 626.

Sum n ins H n microcephalus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex [ust., 1S77. 31. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. \\ i. r. s.
Nat. Mus., 1883, 15.

Somniosus brevipinna, Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 122. — Storer, Bep. Fish. Mas-... 189.

Scymnus brevipinna, Hi: Kay, Zool. X. v.. Fish., 361, pi. i.\i. fig. 202.— Storer, Mem. Am. Acad, s.-i.. Bos-
ton, ix, tsiiT, 235, pi. \\\\ in, fig. 2.

I .n mar g us brevipinna, Dumeril, Ichth., 156, pi. v, figs. 3-4. — Moreau, Poiss. France, i. 361, fig. 63.

Squalus borealis, Scoresby, Arctic Regions, 1820, i. 538, pi. xv, figs. 3-4. — Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert, Anim.,
is:::., 50b'.

8 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Scymnus borealis, Fleming, British Animals, 1828, 166. — Yarrell, Brit. Fish., 1st ed.. n. 103, 2d ed., n, 527. —
Swainson, Fishes, n, 315. — Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, iv. 721. — Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, 255.

Lcemargus borealis, MOller and Hexle, op. eit., 1838, 93. — Gaimard, Voy. Greenland, Poiss., pi. xxn. — Yar-
rell, nji. eit., 3d ed., n. 521 — Dumeril, Ichth., i. 155, pi. v, figs. 1-2. — GfiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns.,
viii, 126.

Scymnus borealis, MOller and Hexle, op. eit., 93.

Scymv us glacialis, Faber, Fische Islands, 1829. 2S. — Nilssox, Prodr. Ichth. skand., 116.

Scymnus Gunneri, Richardson, Fauna Boreali — Americana, m. 313.

Squalus norwegianus, Blainville, Faune Francaise, 61.

Squalus norvegieus, Gray, Gronow. Syst. Ichth., 8.

Scymnus micropterus, Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann. Mns., i. 1834, 154, pi. \x.

Leiodon echinatum, Wood, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., n, 174.

A Somniosus with body robust, rapidly tapering behind, its greatest depth about one-
fifth its length; mouth transverse, moderate, with deep groove at its angle; upper jaw with
five rows of small lancet-shaped teeth, lower jaw with about six rows of broad, quadrangular
teeth, divided in then- centers by a perpendicular ridge and directed outward; about
twenty six teeth on eaeli side: spiracles present, small; skin with line tubercles; tins small,
the first dorsal about as large as tlie ventrals and larger than the second dorsal and both
spineless; pectorals short; caudal short and bluntish

The Nurse Shark belongs to the northern parts of the North Atlantic and the Arctic
Ocean. Twenty or more have been taken about the British Isles within the past century,
chiefly along the northern shores, though one has been seen off Suffolk, and one in L832 was
found in the estuary of the Thames. In the western Atlantic it has not been seen south of
Cape Cod. Three came ashore at Provincetown in 1848-49, one at Portland, Me., in 1S4(>,
and one about Cape Ann before 1818, when Le Sueur saw and described its stuffed skin at
Marblehead. About Greenland it is frequent near the shores, as it is also off Iceland and
Norway, and the jaws are often seen in ethnographical collections, being used by the Eski-
mo to make a rude tiara-like headdress. Curiously enough, this sluggish shark is a deter
mined enemy of the whale, and bites great lumps of flesh from its body, as Scoresby has
recorded in his "Arctic Regions."

Somniosus descends to considerable depths, and, as Liitken has shown, deposits its
numerous soft, globular eggs, devoid of protective covering, in the soft mud in the bottom
of the deep sea. — (Liitken, Vid.-Medd.. 1879-'80, pp. 56-61. Zoological Record. 1S74. Day,
Fishes of (ireat Britain and Ireland. II, 321].

Somniosus rostratus (Scymnus rostratus, Risso= Loemargus rostratus, Canestrini), is a
form recognized by Italian naturalists from a very few individuals observed about Nice and
Genoa. It lives a grande profondita (Canestrini) and attains the length of 10 decimeters.

Family ECHINORHINID^E.
ECHINORHINUS, Blainville.

Echinorhinus, Blainville, Bull. Sei.. 1S1H. 121; Faune Francaise. 66. — Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital.,m, fasc.

mil 1836, No. 138.— MOller and Hexle, S. B. Plag., 1841, 96.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., \ in,

128.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. .Mus.. 1883, 13.
(hmioilii.t. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., in [type Goniodus spinosus, pi. E, tig. 13].

Scymnoid sharks with two small spineless dorsal tins, the first opposite the ventrals; anal
fins lacking, pectoral and caudal but slightly developed, the latter with no pit at its base.
Mouth crescentic with a labial fold around its angle; nostrils midway between the mouth and
the end of the snout. Teeth in bothjaws very oblique with smooth cutting edges, the points
being turned outward; two or more strong cusps on each side of the principal point. No
nictitating membrane. .Spiracles small; gill openings of moderate width. Skin with seal
tered, round, prickly tubercles, each leaving a scar when detached.

ECHINORHINUS SPINOSUS, (Gmelin), Blainville. (Figure 9.)

Squalus spinosus, Gmelin, in Linn., Syst. Nat., 1788, I, 1500. — LACEri:nE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, 283, pi. m, fig.

2.— Schneider, Syst. Ichth. of Bloch, 1801, 136.— Risso. Ichth. Nice, 42.
Scymnus spinosus, Cuvier, Ri'gne Animal, 1817, ii, 131. — RlSSO, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mi-rid., Poiss., in, 130,

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AM) THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 9

Echiiiorhinua apinosus, Blainville, Bull. Sri., lsni. 121. — Fanne Fraucaise, 66. — Bonaparte, Icon, Faun.
Hal.. Pesci, in. pi. cxxxvhi.-MOi.lkr and IIini.k. s. I',. Plag., 96, pi. lx. — Yarrell, Brit. Pish., 2d i d.
u, 532, fig. ; 3d eel., ii, 529. — Costa, Fauna, Nap. Chond., xvi. — Dumeril, tchthyologie, i, 159. — Gunther,

Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm. 428.— i: ; and Bean, Bull. Essex Institute, 1877, 31. — Canestrini,

Fauna It a lira. Pesci, 12. — Jordan, loc. (it.. 13. — Giglioli, I'rsri Italici, Cat., 53 ; Elenco, 1883, 113. — Day,
Fishes Gt. Brit.<& Ireland, n, 323, pi. CLXll, Bg. 2.

Goniodus spinosus, Agassi z, Poiss. Fuss., m. pi. E, fig. 13,

Centrophorua spinoms, Swainson, Pishes, 1 1, 315.

Squalus bruous, Bonn \ 1 1 i:ki.. Encyclope'die Methodiqne.

Echinorhinus obesus, Smith, illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, !838-'42, Pisces, pi. i.

Spiracles behind the eye, behind the vertical from the angle of the mouth. Teeth
~~!\ Dorsal fins close together. Each tnbercle with a small spine in the center. Brownish
•violet, with or without dark spots. {Gunther.)

A single individual has been observed in the western Atlantic. This drifted ashore at
Provincetown in December, L878(Goode and Bean, loc. tit.). In the Mediterranean it is rare,
and lives at considerable depths (Oanestrini, Fauna d' Italia. Pesci, p. 42). Kisso men
tions one weighing 401) pounds. Day records the occurrence of some thirty individuals in
British waters since L828, the largest 9 feet in length; this was a female and contained
seventeen eggs, and was taken oft' the Eddystone in January, 1869. Since captures in this
region have been made at all seasons of the year, it would appear that its breeding place
and home is in the northeastern Atlantic, and that its infrequent capture is due to its habit
of living on the offshore ledges and banks at considerable depths. As the synonymy shows,
it was recorded by Smith from the Cape of Good Hope. It may be regarded as peculiar to
the eastern pari of the Atlantic Hasin, the Cape Cod specimen being doubtless a waif.

Family SQUALID^E, Gunther.

Spinaci&a, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. vm, 1870, U7-425.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. 8. Nat.
Mus., 1883, 15.

Selachians with body somewhat elongate and head depressed; eyes lateral; nictitating
membrane absent; mouth inferior, rather large, with a deep groove along either side; teeth
compressed, varied; nostrils inferior, lateral, near the front margin of the snout; spiracles
moderate; gill openings moderate, five on each side and all in front of the pectoral tins:
dorsal tins two. each armed with a spine; the first dorsal in front of the pectorals; anal tin
lacking; caudal tin with the lower lobe small or obsolete; ventials far back.

Of the seven genera comprising this family only two, Squalus (=AcantMas) and Oxy-
notus {=Gentrina), are shallow-water forms. Of these, all the species are represented in
the Mediterranean. The family Spiitacidw is peculiarly characteristic of the Mediterranean
fauna, all known species except three, one of which is from the northwestern Atlantic and
two are from Japan, occurring in that sea or waters immediately adjacent. Squalus is the
most cosmopolitan of the genera, but does not enter the North Pacific.

The deep-sea forms of these little sharks are especially abundant in the great depths
outside the entrance to tin' Mediterranean, where an extensive fishery is carried on.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF SPINACLTXS!.

(Adapted from Vaillant.)

I. Trunk more or less rounded.

A. Upper teet h bicuspid.

1. Lower teeth oblique, with trenchant inner edges Etmopterus

2. Lower teeth tricuspid Centroscyllium

B. Upper teeth oblique, with trenchant inner edges; Lower teeth similar. .. [Squalus. — Shallow water.]
('. Upper teeth simple, pointed.

1. Lower teeth more or less ereci , triangular Scymnodon

2. Lower teeth oblique, with trenchant inner edges.

a. Dorsal spines prominent ; " upper teeth triangular," Vaillant Centrophorus

b. Dorsal spines hidden; "upper teeth conical," Vaillant CentroSCYMNUS

3. Lower teeth simple, straight Paracentroscs llium*

II. Trunk rather elevated, trihedral. Teeth erect, conical in uppei jaw ; triangular, serrated in lower jaw.

OXV.NOTUS

A deep-sea genus from the Bay of Bengal, described byAlcockiu Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889,379.

10 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ETMOPTERUS, Rafinesque.

Spinas, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1817, II, 129.— Muixek and Hf.ni.e, S. B. Plag., 1841, 86.

Acanthidium, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 1839, 91, (type, A. pusillum Lowe).— Fishes of Madeira, 1843-60, '40.

Spinacoid sharks, with two dorsal (ins, each with a spine; no anal tin. Month but little
arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of the mouth. Teeth of the
lower jaw with the point so much turned aside that the inner margin of the tooth forms a
cutting edge. Tipper teeth erect, each with a long pointed cusp and one or two small ones
on each side. No membrana nictitans. Spiracles wide, superior, behind the eye. Gill
openings narrow.

North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and southeastern Pacific.

KTMOPTERFS SPINAX (I.inn.ki - i. (Figure 10.)

.Spinas spinas, Linx.kcs, Syst. Nat., x, 1758, I, 233; xn, 1766, I. 398.

•Spinas nii/er, Bonapartb, Fauna Italica, Pesci, in, 1*32-11. Bg. 1, pi. CXLI. — Dumeril, Elasmobr., 441. —
Gi'-NTHEi:, Cat., vm, 424. — Coixett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 215. — Capeiao, ('at. IVix. Port. 1880,49.

A Spinax, with scales tipped by short setiform spines, giving a villous appearance to the
skin. First dorsal shorter than second, midway between the second dorsal and eye.
[Jniform brown or black, or with whitish longitudinal band along the side of the abdomen
and of the tail. Caudal sometimes with white margin. (Giinther.}

The little spinous dogfish with tricuspid teeth in its upper jaws has not yet been
found in the western Atlantic. Unless the naturalists of Europe have been careless,
its distribution on that coast is very remarkable. The Norwegians find it along theirentire
coast, from the Christiania Fiord to West Fimnark (kit. <i'J° 30'), where it is abundant and
produces young in midsummer. In the Mediterranean it is also abundant, occurring at
great depths (dbita agrande prqfondita, Canestrini), and it has also been taken in the Atlantic
off Lisbon. We can find no record of its Inning been observed by French or English nat-
uralists, unless it has been confounded with the other form of spiny dogfish — Squalus
acanthias,L., — which is abundant at both extremes of the recorded range of Spinax spinax,
and is abundant in the Mediterranean as well as in Norway, and also on the American
coast from New York (hit. 40° 30') northward to Labrador and doubtless to Greenland, It is
probable that a more careful search may reveal the presence of Spinax on the English and
French coasts, and it may be in America.

Etmopterus spinax is replaced about Madeira by E.pusillus.

F.tm. granulosus of Giinther (Challenger IJeport vi, Shore Fishes, 19, pi. ii, 2, fig. C),
occurs on the southwest coast of South America, where a single specimen 10J inches long
was obtained by the Challenger.

ETMOPTERUS PUSILLUS (Lowe), .1. & E. (Figure 5.)

Acanthidium pusillum, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, 91. — Trans. Zoiil. Soc. Ill, 19.

Spinax pusillus, Gi xthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 425.— Vaili.axt. Voy. TravaiUeur and Talisman, 72.—

Coixett, Bull. Soc. Zo.d. France, xv, 1890, 219.
Spinax hillianus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 340.— Rep. l'is. Xat. Cuba, tstis. t.".l {fide Giinther).

A Spinax with body smooth, scales very small, each with minute tuberosity, but without
spines; the first dorsal fin much shorter than the second, midway between the second dorsal
spine and the eye; tail relatively shorter than on S. spinax, its length less than the space
between the snout and the origin of the pectorals; color brown. (Giinther.)

The Blale took a single individual, believed to belong to this species, at Station CVIH,
off St. Christopher, in 208 fathoms. It had previously been known only from Madeira and
Cuba, the Cape Verdes, 200 fathoms (Travailleur), and the Bermudas (Goode). Lowe had
five or six from Madeira, where it is not very rare, never exceeding a foot in length. The
species is there taken " at moderate depths." but the line fisheries of Madeira are all at extra-
ordinary depths below the surface.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 11

The French expedition obtained an individual. 230 millimeters long, at Station c.\i, in
the channel of St. Vincent. St. Antoine, in the Cape Verde Islands, at a depth of 580 meters.

CENTROSCYLLIUM, Muller and Henle.

Centroseyllium, Mi l.u i: and Benle, s. B. Plag., 1841, 191 [type Spinox Fabrieii Reinhardt].— Jordan and

GlLBl RT, U)C. rit.

Spinacoids with teeth equal in both jaws, small, straight, pointed, each with one or two
smaller ensps on each side at base; mouth crescent-shaped, with a straight, oblique groove
at angle: spiracles medium: branchial openings rather narrow: two dorsal fins, each with
a strong spine; the second entirely behind the ventrals.

CENTROSCYLLIUM FABRICLI, (Reinhardt), Moller and Henle. (Figure 7.)

Spinax fabrieii, Reinhardt, Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., in, 1828, xvi.

Centroseyllium fabrieii, Mi t.i.i t: and Henle, op. cit., 191. — Dumeril, Elasmobr., -Hit.— GOnther, Cut. I'isli.

Brit. Miis.. vm, 425.— G< : ami Bean, BuU. Essex Inst., xi, 1879, 30.— Vaillant, Travailleur an. I

Talisman, 73.— Jordan ami Gilbert, Bull. xvi. U. s. Nat. Mus., 1883, 6.

Body somewhat rounded, covered with minute stellate scales; dorsal tins short, each
preceded by a strong spine; teeth in both jaws tricuspid, small; color, dark brown.

This little shark, previously known only from the coast of Greenland, has, since L878,
been found to be common on the offshore banks at depths of 150 or more fathoms in com-
pany with Centroscymnus. Vaillanfs assignment of a specimen from the Banc d'Arguin,
750 fathoms, to this species, is at best very questionable.

A young individual, probably G. Fabrieii, was taken at station 2377, February 11.
188.3. Colors: "All the tins whitish, except caudal, which is yellowish; dorsals with a nar-
row black stripe anteriorly: tip and lower lobe of caudal with very broad black margin;
iris greenish golden; sides with several lines made up of dark dashes."

CENTROSCYLLIUM GRANULATUM, Gunther.
Centroseyllium granulation, GOnther, ( hallenger Report, xxn, 7.

This form is evidently, as Dr. Gunther indicates, very closely allied to Centroseyllium
Fabrieii, having the same disposition of the tins, size of teeth, and dorsal spines, but the
epidermoid productions of the head and body are much coarser and in the form of granula-
tions, whilst in Centroseyllium Fabrieii they are minute.

One specimen, 11 inches long, badly mutilated, was obtained by the Challenger at
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, station 311; depth 245 fathoms.

SCYMNODON, Boeage and Capello.
Scymnodon, BocaGE and Capello, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, 263 [type S. ringens, I'.. & C.].

Spinacoids, with teeth in upper jaw simply pointed, and teeth in lower jaw more or less
erect, triangular. Scales leaf-shaped, with three strong ribs, each terminating in a point
below. Dorsal tins small, low, each preceded by a small spine.

A single species, 8. ringens, from deep waters off the coast of Portugal, has been
described. [Boeage and Capello, Inc. cit.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vui, 423.]

SCYMNODON RINGENS, Bocage and Capello. (FignrelS.)

Scymnodon ringens, Bocage and Capello, P.Z.S., 1864, 263, tig. 5; Peix. Plagiost., i. pi. i. tig. 1.
Centrophorus ringens, GOnther, Cat., vm. 423.— Capello, Jorn. Acad. s. . Lisboa, n, 145, fig. of the teeth;
Cat. Peix. Port., 1880, lit. Casts of Portugal. Rare, i Lisbon and Setnbal. |

A Scymnodon with labial groove extending for some distance along the margins of jaws.
I ppei teeth small, narrow, lanceolate; lower teeth more or less erect, triangular; the lateral
ones somewhat inclined backward. Distance between nostrils one-half length of snout.
Lower angle of pectoral rounded, not produced. Dorsal spines feeble, projecting but

12 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

slightly beyond skin. First dorsal much shorter than second ; length of base (without spine)
about one-fourth of its distance from the second dorsal. Extremity of ventral tins behind
end of the second dorsal. Scales pedunculate, each with three strong ribs, terminating in
a point. Uniform brownish black. (Modified from Giinther.)

CENTROPHORUS, (Muller and Henle), Bocage and Capello.

Centropnorua, MOller and Henle (part). — Gunther (part), Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm. il!».
Centrophorus (restricted), Bocage and Capello, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 263 [type Centrophorua granulosus
(Schn.), M. andH.].

Spinacoid sharks, with two dorsal fins, each with a spine, which is sometimes hidden
under the skin; no anal tin. Trunk elongate, without lateral folds. Mouth wide, but
slightly arched; along, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of the mouth. Teeth
of the lower jaw with the point more or less inclined backward or outward. Upper teeth
erect, triangular, or narrow lanceolate, with a single cusp. Nomembrana nictitans. Spira-
cles wide, behind the eye. <lill openings narrow. (Gunther.)

Centrophorus has not yet been taken in the western Atlantic, although six species have
been found in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts of the ocean, viz:

1. Ceiltroplxints iiiiiiiiihtsii* (Srnx.), M. and II. Mediterranean and Madeira.

2. Centrophorua lusitanicus, Bocage and Capello. <>tV Portugal.

3. Centroplwrus erepidaler, Bocage and Capello. Off Portugal, Madeira.

4. Centrophorua squamoaua (Gmelin), M. and 11. oil' Portugal.

5. Centrophorua Dumerilii, Johnson. Madeira.

C>. Centrophorua calceus, LOWE. .Madeira, off Portugal.

The French expedition obtained C. squamulosus in considerable numbers atSetubal, as
well as two individuals of C. caleeus. The Challenger did not obtain a single individual of
the genus from the Atlantic, but took two undescribed forms, G. foliaceus, Gunther, and
C. squamulosus, Gunther, off Japan, -an additional proof," remarks Gunther, "of the
extraordinary resemblance of the Japanese and Madeiran marine faunas."

CENTROPHORUS GRANULOSUS, MOller and Henle. (Figure 11.)

Centrophorua granulosus, Mii.ii.i: and Henle, Plagiost., 89, pi.:;:;. Boca I Capello, P. /.. S., 1868,

260; Peix., Plagiost., 2."> (partim). — Capello, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, u, 113 (partim); Cat. Peix. Port.,
L880, 47.— Gunther, Cat. vm. 120.

The labial told does not extend along the margin of the mouth. The distance between
the nostrils is rather more than one-third the length of the pneoral portion of the snout.
The lower angle of the pectoral is produced into a narrow lobe, longer in adult examples
than in immature. The length id' the base of the second dorsal (without the spine) is two-
thirds of that of thi' first (without the spine); and the length of the first (without the spine)
is one third of the distance between the two fins. Extremity of the ventral fins below the
second dorsal spine. Scales rather smooth in adult examples, without median keel, ribbed
in front. Young examples rough. Uniform brown: young examples with the extremities
of the fins white. (Giinther.)

This form occurs in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts of the Atlantic.
The British Museum has a foetus, which has been provided with a name by Dr. Bleeker
(Centrophorus mol/uceensis, Act. Soc. Sc. Cndo-lfeerl., atii, Amboyna, Indies). Dr. Gunther
says that no distinctive characters can be given from a single undeveloped example which
is not in good condition.

CENTROPHORUS LUSITANICUS, Bocage and Capello.

Centrophorua luaitanieua, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, 260, fig. 1. — Bocage ami Capello, Apuntamentos [ckth.
de Portugal, Peixes Plagiost.. Lisbon, 1866, 230. — Cixiiiii:. Cat., vm. 421. — Capello Cat. Peix.
Port.. 1880. Coast of Portugal.

Very similar to ft granulosus, but with base of the first dorsal fin much longer, etc.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 1 .'{

The labia] fold extends a little way along the margins of the mouth. The distance
between the nostrils is rather more than one third of the length of the prseoral portion of
the snout. Teeth without serrature. The lower angle of the pectoral tin is producedinto
a tapering lobe. The lengtb «>i' the base of the second dorsal (without the spine) is one.
halt of that of the first (without the spine); and the lengtb oft lie base of the firsl (without
the spine) is one half of the distance between the two tins. Extremity of the ventral fins
below the hind part of the seeond dorsal tin. Scales rather smooth, without median keel,
finely striated. Uniform brownish. (Oiinther.)

This species has been found only off the coast of Portugal.

CENTROPHORUS CREPIDATER, Bocage and Capello.

f, ntrophorus i repidatcr, Bocage andC ipello, Proe. Zool. Soc, 1864, 262, fig. 3.— Peix. Plagiost., 27. pi. 2, Bg.
2. — Capello, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, u. 144. — GUnther, Cat., vm, 121. — Capello, Cat. Peix. Port.,
1880, is.

Labial groove prolonged forward, nearly meeting in the median line of the snout.
Opper teeth very small, narrow lanceolate. The distance between the nostrils is about two-
fifths of the length of the prseoral portion of the snout. Lower angle of the pectoral
rounded, not produced. Dorsal tins short, nearly equal in length: the length of the base
of the first (without the spine) is less than one-third of the distance between the two fins.
Extremity of the ventral below the end of the second dorsal. Scales pedunculate, with
lire in- six ribs each. Blackish brown, spotted with darker.

Coast of Portugal; Madeira. Scarce. A fish of great depths and caughl in the same
way as the Espinheis. Not exceeding 35 inches in length. (Capello.)

CENTROPHORUS SQUAMOSUS, Gmelin.

Centrophorus squamosus, Gmelin, 1788, i, 1502. — Dumeril, Elasmobr., 44K. — Bocage ami Capello, P.Z.S.,
1864, 260.— Peix. Plagiost., 27, pi. in. fig. 2 (fig. of scales).— Capello, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisboa n. 111.—
Cat. Peix. Port., 1880, 48.— GDnther, Cat., vm, 422.

The labial fold extends a little way along the margin of the upper jaw, but not along
that of the lower. Teeth |§, the upper inclined outward, with a notch on the outer side
of the base, but not ou the inner: no median tooth in the lower jaw. The distance between
the nostrils is about one third of the length of the praeoral portion of the snout. Lower
angle of the pectoral tin very slightly produced. The length of the base of the second
dorsal fin (without the spine) is t wo t birds t hat of the lirst (without the spine): and the length
of the base of the first (without tin1 spine) is about one-third of the distance between the
two fins. Extremity of the ventral fins below the middle of the second dorsal tin. The
xeales are leaf-shaped, with a strong median heel, quite free, inserted in the shin by a short stalk.
Brown. [GUnther.)

('. squamosus also occurs only off the coast of Portugal.

CENTROPHORUS MMI'.l.'ll.ll.i Johnsok i.
Wachephilus Dwnerilii, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Sue, 1807, p. 713.

Most closely allied to < '. squamosus. The labial fold extends a little w ay along the mar-
gin of the upper jaw, but not along that of the lower. Teeth 4,',, the upper small, straight,
triangular, with a coustricted cusp standing on a broad base: a median tooth in the lower
Jan-. The distance between the nostrils is a little less than one third of the length of the
prseoral portion of the snout. Lower angle of the pectoral fin very slightly produced: the
length of the base of the second dorsal tin (without the spine) is two thirds of that of the
lirst (without the spinei, and the length of the base of the first (without the spine) is nearly
one-half of the distance between the two tins; extremity of the ventral litis below the middle
of the second dor.-al fin. The Scales are leaf shaded, with a Strong median heel, quite free, in-
serted in the shin hi/ a short stalh; brown, with dark spots. [ < Hi ntlier.)

The type of the species, a male, from Madeira, 43 inches long, was presented by J. V.
Johnson, Bsq.; to tin- British .Museum.

14 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

CENTROPHORUS CALCEUS, Lowe.

Centrophorus calceus (Lowe), Bocage and Capello, Apuntamentos [chth. de Portugal, Peixea Plagiost.,

Lisbon, 1866, 23.
Acanthidium calceus, Lowe, P. Z. S., Loud., 1839, 93.
Centrophorus calceus, Lowe, loc. eit. 1843, 93. — Bocage and Capello, Peixes Plagios... 28, pi. 2, li.^. 1. —

Capeixo, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisboa, II, 111. — GCnther, Cat., vm. 123.
Centrophorus crepidalbus, Capello, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, 261, fig. 2. — Cat. Peix. Port., 1880, 48.

The labial fold extends for some distance aloug the margin of the jaws. Snout spatulate,
much produced, the distance between the nostrils being less than one-third of the length of
the prseoral portion of the snout. Lower angle of the pectoral flu rounded, not produced;
the length of the bases of the two dorsal flits (without the spines) is nearly equal, and one-
half of the distance between them; extremity of the ventral fins below the middle of the
second dorsal fin. The scutes arc small, tricuspid, and so minute as to give a velvety appear-
ance to the skin. (Oiinthcr.)

This form occurs off the coasts of Portugal and Madeira.

CENTROSCYMNUS, Bocage and Capello.

Centroscymnus, Bocage and Capello, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, 263; (type, Centrnscijmniiscn-ioirph, Bocage and

Capello). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 17.
Centroscymnus (subgenus], GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 123.

Dorsal fins each with a spine, which is hidden below the skin. Mouth wide, but little
arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove mi each side of the mouth. Teeth of the lower
jaw oblique, with the point more or less directed outwards; upper teeth lanceolate, on a
quadrangular base, with a single cusp. Spiracles wide, behind the eye. (Jill openings narrow.

CENTROSCYMNUS CCELOLEPIS, Bocage aud Capello. (Figure 13.)

Centrosoymnus eeelolepis, Bocage and Capello, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1864, 263, ii^_ i: Peix. Plagiost., 39, pi. 2,
fig. 3.— Capello, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisb., n. ill. plate of teeth; Cat. Peix. Port., 1880, 19.— Wright,
Ann. and Mag. X. H., 1868, 426.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Esses Inst., 1877, 30.— Vaillant, Exp. Scient.
I'rav. and Talisman, 63, pi. II, fig.l.

Centrophorus ccelolepis, GOnther, op. eit., vm, 123.

Labial groove prolonged forwards, but separated by a broad space from that of the
other side. Upper teeth very small, narrow and lanceolate. The distance between the nos-
trils is rather less than one-half the length of the prseoral portion of the snout. Lower angle
of the pectoral rounded, not produced. Dorsal fins short, especially the first, the length of
which (without the spine) is only about one sixth its distance from the second; extremity of
the veutrals below the end of the second dorsal. Scales on the heail and nape with striae;
the others smooth, with a depression at the base. Uniform blackish brown. (Oilnther.)

Capello records the species from Setubal, and J. Y. Johnson obtained an example from
the sea of Madeira. The species is abundant on the offshore banks of New England, at the
depth of 200 fathoms and more. It is ovoviviparous, like Squalus.

The naturalists of the French expedition made some very interesting observations upon
the breeding habits of this shark, iu August, 1881. .Most of the females were in condition of
gestation. The number of youug varied from thirteen to fifteen. These were of various
sizes — from 10 to 160 millimeters — and Vaillant, in his report (p. 60), gives interesting
details concerning them. It is the idea of Vaillant that these females, at the approach of
the breeding season, come nearer to the surface of the water iu order to find a greater heat.
the temperature at the great depths where they are supposed ordinarily to live not being
sufficient to develop the youug. He remarks, however, that the specimens taken near
Setubal, in deeper water were evidently very near the period of parturition, and that it is
evident that the removal to warmer temperature is not always indispensable.

DISCISSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 15

Dr. E. Percival Wrighl reported to Dr. G-unther that he had seen the Portuguese fish-
ermen capturing this form at a depth of 400 or 500 fathoms, with hand lines 2,400 feet in
length, and that they came from the same depth with Hyalonema.

Gentroscymnus obscurus, Vaillant (Voy. Travailleur e1 Talisman, 67, pi. n. fig. 2), is
doubtfully assigned to this genus, having close affinities also with Centrophorus. It was
taken off Soudan in 200 fathoms and below.

OXYNOTUS, Rafinesque.

Oxynotut, Rafinesque, Indice, 1810, r>.

f.nii i mi. Cm ier) Regne Animal, ed, 1, 1817, n, 130.

Spinacoid sharks, with elevated, trihedral trunk, and with a fold of skin along each
abdominal edge, and upon dorsal ridges between the fins; two dorsal fins, each with strong
spine; no anal. Mouth narrow, with deep lateral grooves. Lower teeth small, erect, trian-
gular, serrated; upper teeth slender, conical, grouped in front of Jaw. Spiracles wide, im-
mediately behind eye. Branchial openings narrow. No nictitating membrane.

Mediterranean and adjacent parts of Atlantic.

OXYNOTUS CENTRINA,(Linn.), Rafinesque. (Figure 21.)

Squalus centrina, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x. 1758, 1, 233 (from Mediterranean, based on descriptions of

Rondelet and Salviaui).
Oxynotus oentrina, Rafinesque, [nd. A' Ittiologia Sieiliana, 1810, 15,60. — Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,

' vii. 405.
Squalus ( deanthorhinus) oentrina, Blainville, Faune Franeaise, 61, pi. \\ . tig. 1.

Centrina Salviani, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., Poiss., in, 135. — Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Pesci, cxli,
fig. 2. — MCllek unci Hi:m,k. s. B. Plag., 87. — Bocage and Capeli.o, Peixes Plagiost., 32. — Capello, Joru.
Acad. Sci. Lisboa, n. 142, fig. of teeth. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vni, 417.— Canestrini, Pesci
d' Italia, 41.— GuiCHENOT, Explor. S.i. d' Algeria, Poissons,126.— Day, Fish. (i. B. & Ireland, II, 318.—
GlGLlOLl, Elenco, 1883, 112.

Centrina oxynotus, Swainson, Fishes, ti, 365.

Centrina vulpecula, Moreau, Poiss. de la France, i, 355, Hg. 61.

The Centrina, called in Italy " pesce-porco," upuerco" and "pourc-marm," in Por-
tugal " peixe-porco„'n in France •• humantin,,'" is not unusual in the Mediterranean, and indi-
viduals have been taken at considerable depths on the Setubal banks, by Portuguese natural-
ists, while Moreau records a straggler from the mouth of the Loire. In 1*77 one was taken
in 2(3 fathoms off the coast of Cornwall, and in past years the species appears to have strayed
as far north as Cornwall.

Its claim to a position among the dee]) sea lishes is doubtful, but in the opinion of some
ichthyologists it is an inhabitant of great depths.

It has never been found outside of the northwest Atlantic.

Family SCYLLIORHINID^E.

Scylliidce, GOnthkr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. vni, 1870, 400. — Gill, Fam. Fishes, 24. — Day. Fishes (it. Britain
& Ireland, n, 309.

A family of sharks distinguished by the position of their dorsal fins and their laying-
eggs like those of tin' rays. The body is more elongated than in the sharks generally; the
scales developed, as fine shagreen; the head depressed and oval: the nostrils with large flaps;
the mouth inferior and arched ; the teeth small (several series being in use at the same time),
compressed, and cuspidate; branchial apertures five, the posterior of which are above the
pectorals; spiracles behind the eyes well developed; dorsal tins two, the anterior above or
behind the ventrals; anal fin present, variable in position ; caudal tin extended toward the
end of the tail, and with the lower lobe little produced downward at its front margin: pec-
torals moderately developed and with rounded angles.

16 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The family, as thus defined, embraces Scyllium, Pristiurus, Stegostoma, Parascyllium,
Chiloscyllium, and related genera. They are inhabitants entirely of the sens of the Old
World and Australia, none being found in American waters. They are among the lew-
sharks which lay eggs iuvestedin parchment-like eases, like those of the rays.

KEY TO THE ATLANTIC GENERA OF SCYLLIOKHINID.E.

(Adapted from Giiuther.

I. Nasal and buccal cavities separate.

A. Caudal fin with upper edges entire.

1. First dorsal short, elevated ; anal origin in advance of second dorsal SCYLLIORHINUS

2. First dorsal long, very low; anal origin behind that of second dorsal PsEUDOTRIACIS

15. Caudal tin with upper edges serrated PRISTIURUS

II. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent.

C. Second dorsal fin nearly opposite anal GlNGLYMOSTOMA

Other genera, Stegostoma, Parascyllium, Chiloscyllium, and Crossorhinus are peculiar to
oriental faunas. Ginglymostoma is a shallow-water form, inhabiting warm waters. Few
species of Scyllium have been found at considerable depths.

This family is nearly cosmopolitan, bat has no representatives in either the western
Atlantic or in the eastern Pacific, except a single Scyllium on the coast of Chile.

SCYLLIORHINUS, Blainville.

Scylliorhinus, Blainville (Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mux. 18*;s, S69).

Scyllium, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 18211. u. 386. — Muller and Henle, S. B. Plag., 3.— Gunther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mas., VIII, 400.— Day, Fish. (it. Britain and Ireland, it, 309.— Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., in. 107.

Spiracles behind the eyes. Nasal cavities distinct from that of the mouth. Teeth
small, in many rows, usually with a central and one or two lateral cusps. Origin of anal
fin in advance of that of the second dorsal; upper edge of caudal not serrated. (Day.\

SCYLLIORHINUS RETIFER, (Garman). (Figures 14, 15.)

Scyllium retiferum, Carman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1881, vm, No. 11, 233. — Goode ami Bean, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool., vol. x, No. 5, 2L'ti.
Scylliorhinus retifer, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, 5.

Body moderate, portion behind the vent longer; head depressed, width nearly equal to

its length in front of the spiracles. Distance across the head at anterior angles of eyes, from
angle of eye to end of snout, between angles of mouth, between outer angles of nostrils, or
between angle of nostril and that of month, about equal. Shape of body similar to thai of
S. canicula. Snout moderate, length from mouth less than the distance between the outer
margins of the nostrils. Nasal valves separated by an interspace of less than their width,
not reaching the mouth, somewhat folded, without a free cirrus. Mouth medium; the height
of the irregular arch formed by its outline is little more than half its width. Labial fold
on lower jaw extending nearly one-fourth of the distance to the symphysis; fold on upper
jaw rudimentary. Teeth small, alike on upper and lower jaws, bearing a sharp central
cusp, on each side of which are two smaller ones, several series in function at the same
time. No nictitating membrane. Spiracles small. Gill openings small, fourth and tilth
over the base of the pectoral. Pectorals moderate, broad, short, anterior margins curved,
extremities rounded. Veutrals rather small, united for a short distance behind the claspers,
outer extremity broadly rounded, posterior angle acute. First dorsal much larger than tin-
second, about twice the length of its base in advance of the latter, extending forward above
the free portions of the veutrals, insertion very near the middle of the total length. Second
dorsal smaller than the anal, which extends below the anterior half of its entire length, not
reaching the caudal. Caudal not large, a shallow notch between its upper and lower
lobes, upper slightly indented on its hinder margin. Scales of shagreen small, unequal: on
those of the back there are three or five carina;, the median of which is prolonged into an
acute point.

DISCISSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 17

Light brownish, or reddish brown, crossed at irregular intervals by groups of two to four
narrrow black lines which arc joined toward the Banks by short lines in such manner as to
inclose polygonal spaces, thus forming a network in which the meshes vary exceedingly in
size and shape. Uniform light yellowish below.

Total length, 12.25; snout to vent, 5.75 inches.

One specimen was obtained by the Blake, lat. 38° 22' 35" X.. long. 73 33' 40" W.; 89
fathoms. The Fish Commission has since obtained several others.

A young individual, (i inches in length, was obtained by the Blake off Barbados, at
Station evil, at a depth of 200 fathoms, the coloration of which is so unlike that of the typi-
cal 8. rr/iY'crthat at first sight it would seem to belong to quite a different form, but a study
of its coloration reveals a general correspondence with the specimen described by Garman.
The reticulations are scarcely visible, and the spaces between the lines at the base of each
of the dorsal tins are tilled by a shading of uniform brown reenforced by darker blotch-like
lines, and a similar transformation is observable — two blotches on the tail and three in
advance of the first dorsal, as well as upon the base of the pectorals and in a spot upon each
side midway between the extremity of the pectoral and the base of the anal. Approxi-
mately in the track of the narrow lines observable in Carman's specimen may be found
various spots and blotches of blackish brown, so that at first sight it gives the impression
of being covered with blotches rather than with reticulations.

It was at first our intention to describe this as a separate species under the name of 8. boa,
but it is doubtful if it can be regarded even as a color variety, the markings being doubtless
due to immaturity.

SCYLLIORHINUS PROFTJNDORUM, sp. nov., Goode and Bean. (Figure 16.)

Nasal valves confluent, with a short blunt cirrus on the posterior as well as on the
anterior flap, being nearly opposite; the length of nasal cavity about equal to the horizontal
diameter of the eye, the two cavities separated l>y a space ecpial to half that of the inter-
orbital area, and two-fifths the length of the snout ; the distance of the posterior angle of
the nasal cavity from the root of the teeth at the nearest point equal to half the area
between the cavities; distance from the symphysis to the tip of the snout ecpial to the width
between the angles of the mouth. A well-developed labial fold at the angle of the mouth,
extending on the lower jaw halfway from its angle to the symphysis, and on its upper jaw
nearly in the direction of the nasal cavity, disappearing at half the distance. Teeth moder-
ate, with two small lateral cusps on each side of the longer middle cusp, in about five rows.
Gill openings narrow, somewhat less than the long diameter of the eye; the distance from
the anterior opening to the last, which, like the fourth, is above the angle of the pectoral
tin, is equal to half the length of the snout. Ventral fins thick, short, leaf-shaped, their
origin twice as far from the nasal cavity as is the last of the gill openings. The origin of the
anal fill under the tip of the first dorsal, and its end under the end of the dorsal; its base
equal to half the length of the head (without the gill openings), nearly equal to the com-
bined leugth of the bases of the two dorsals. Caudal continued in the line of the axis of
the body; lower lobe rounded, and in its greatest height not deeper than the height of the
caudal extension of the body at the same point. Color, uniform grayish brown.

A single individual (No. 35646, U. S. Nat. Mus.), 2<M inches in length, was obtained by
the Fish Commission steamer Albatross at a depth of 810 fathoms, in lat. 39° 9' X., long. 72
.'.' 15" W.

PSEUDOTRIACIS, Capello.

Pseudolriakit, Capello, Jora. Sc. Math., l'bys. o Nat. Lisboa, iv. 1867.
Pseadotriads, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 3'J5.

Body elongate; mouth wide, with a very short labial fold around the angle; snout
depressed, rounded, moderately long; nostrils inferior, near the mouth, but not continent
with it; eyes oblong, lateral, without nictitating membrane; spiracles well developed behind

19S6S— Xo. 2 2

18 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the eye; gill openings moderate, in advance of the pectoral; jaws aimed with numerous
rows of small, tricuspid teeth; first dorsal fin opposite the space between pectorals and
ventrals, long and low, gradually increasing in height posteriorly; second dorsal behind ven-
trals. opposite and similar to anal; ventrals and pectorals well developed; no pit at the root
of caudal fin, the basal lobe of which is very low and long; skin with minute asperities.

PSEUDOTIUACIS MICRODON, Capello. (Figure 18.)

Pseudotriacis microdon, Capello, .Jnrn. Sc. Math. Phys. e Nut. Lisb., iv, pi. 5, fig. i; .lorn. Acad. Sc. Lisboa,
i, 315, 321, pi. v; loc. cit., n, 139; Cat. Peix. Port., 1880, 44.— Gunther, Cat., vm, 395.— Bean, Proc. U.

S. Nat. Miis.. 1S83, 147.

The following description and table of measurements are from Dr. Bean's account of
the species:

The greatest height of the body is at the origin of the first dorsal; it is contained eight
and three sevenths times in the total length. The height at the origin of ventrals is con-
tained nine and one half times in total length. The height ot head at the first gill opening
is a little, greater than that of body at the ventral origin, while the height of the head at
the angle of the mouth is a little less than one-eleventh of the total length. The least
height of the tail equals the height of the anal, ami is contained twenty-five times in total
length.

The head is somewhat depressed in front, with moderately sharp snout, which is nearly
twice as long as the distance of its tip from the mouth. The distance from snout to last
gill opening is contained live times in total length. The distance from snout to first gill
opening, measured horizontally, equals twice the height of body at origin of second dorsal.
The distance between the first and hist gill openings equals nearly twice the length of the
eye. The height of the first gill opening is about equal to the distance between the angle
of the mouth and the spiracle. The height of the head at angle of mouth is contained
eleven times and at the first gill opening nine times in total length. The length of the
snout equals one-half the body height at origin of first dorsal. The distance of mouth
from snout, measured on the axis of the fish, equals one-third width of mouth. The dis-
tance from snout to angle of mouth, obliquely taken, equals oue-fourth the distance from
snout to last gill opening. The distance between eye and spiracle equals that from mouth
to nostril. The distance from angle of mouth to spiracle is about equal to height of first
gill opening. The spiracle is moderately large, the length of its opening being contained
twice in the height of fourth .nill opening. The oblong eye is placed near the dorsal profile;
the length of the orbit is about one half the greatesl height of second dorsal: the length of
the eve equals about one-fourth width of mouth. The length of upper jaw is slightly more
than that of lower, and nearly equals the distance between the spiracles. The distance
from the mouth to the nostril is about one fourth least height of tail; the distance between
nostrils equals four times the distance from eye to spiracle. The interorbital space equals
one-half the length of second dorsal base. The distance between the spiracles equals four
times their greatest length.

The. first dorsal is very long and low, highest behind its middle, the length of its base
equal to seven times its greatest height; its distance from the snout is a little more than
twice the greatest length of pectoral. The secoud dorsal is distant from the end of the first
a length equal to nearly twice its greatest height; the length of its base is somewhat more
than the body height at origin of first dorsal.

The second dorsal begins at a distance from the end of the first, equal to the height of
body at ventral origin; the length of its base equals twice the interorbital distance; its
height equals nearly twice the length of the orbit.

The anal is entirely under the secoud dorsal, but its base is a little less than five-sev-
enths as long as that of the latter; the greatest height of the anal equals the least height
of caudal peduncle.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

19

The caudal originates at a distance from the end of the second dorsal about equal to

the height of the anal; it is divided by a notch into a short upper portion, whose length* is
very little more than the greatest height of first dorsal, and a very low and long lower por
tion, the longest margin of which is nearly twice as long as the snout. The distance of the
caudal from the end of anal base equals one-fourth the length of second dorsal base.

The distance of pectoral from snout is contained five times in total length; the length
of pectoral equals nearly twice the width of its base, and is a little more than one-ninth of
total length. The greatest width of pectoral equals twice the height of anal, and is eon
tained twelve and one third times in total length.

The origin of the ventral is slightly in advance of the end of first dorsal, and is behind
the middle of total length a distance equal to the interoibital space. The length of ventral
equals that of lower jaw. The width of ventral base equals that of pectoral base; the great-
est width of ventral slightly exceeds its length.

Color. — When received the margins of the tins were apparently faded: the original
color was probably grayish brown with dark margins on all the fins except the first dorsal.
Gapello states that his example was chestnut-brown.

The National Museum received February 12, 1883, in the fresh state, a fine example of
a species of Pseurlotriiiris, which came ashore at the Amaganseft Life-Saving Station on
Long Island, February 8, l.ss:3, forwarded by Mr. J. 15. Edwards, keeper of the Suffolk
Life-Saving station. [The specimen is the one here described.]

No species of the genus Pseudotriacis has heretofore been recorded in the western At-
lantic.

The gills and mouth were obstructed by sand. The only parasites discovered on the
animal were a couple of isopods, one of which was found in the eye cavity.

MEASUREMENTS.

Total length

Body :

Height at origin of first dorsal

Hi i^lit at origin of ventral

Height at origin of second dorsal

Height at end of ventral base

Least height of caudal peduncle

Width at origin of first dorsal

Head:

Distance from the tip of snout to first gill
opening:

Horizontally

OliliqiH 1\

Distance from tip of snout to last gill open-
ing

Distance from first gill opening to fifth

Distance from first gill opening to fourth ..

Distance from first gill opening to third. . . .

Distance from first gill opening to sec 1..

Height of first gill opening

Seight of second gill opening

Height of third gill opening

Height of fourth gill opening

Height of lifth gill opening

Height at angle of mouth

Height at first ^ill opening

Height at base of pectoral

Distance from tip of snout to eye (horizon-
tally)

Distance from" tip of snout to month i hori-
zontally)

2,950

350

12.0

310

10.5

210

7.0

210

7.0

118

4.0

2511

8.5

425

14.4

450

15.3

583

20.0

133

4.5

102

62

27

75

7:i

72

70

r.x

265

9.1)

325

11.0

342

11.6

176

6.0

90

3.0

Head —Continued.

Distance f rom tip of snout to mouth (ob-
liquely)

Distance from tip of snout to angleof mouth

(horizontally)

Distance from tip of snout to angle of mouth

(obliquely)

Distance from tip of snout to spiracle (hoi

izontally)

1 rreatest length of spiracle

Length of opening of spiracle

Distance from eye to spiracle

Distance fnun angle of mouth to spiracle

Length of orbit

Lengt li of eye

Width of month

Length oi upper ja^ to angle of month..
Length of lower jaw to angle of mouth. .

Distance from mouth to nostril

Distance between uostrils

Distance between eyes

Distance bet ween eyes on cartilage

Distance between spiracles

First dorsal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

( treat is t height

s. cond dorsal :

Distance from end of first ilorsal

Distance from bhouJ

Length of base

305

5.0

9.5

10.3

286

9.7

56

2.0

35

31

74

80

2.7

68

2. 3

27.1

9.0

219

7.4

215

7.3

50

125

4.2

182

6.2

142

4.8

226

7.7

1,000

1 0

670

22. 7

95

:ao

10.5

1,980

07.0

368

12.5

20

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.
measurements — continued.

Second dorsal — Continued.

Greatest height

Length of posterior margin

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

i Greatest height.

Length of anterior margin

Length of posterior margin

Caudal:

Distance from end of second dorsal

Distance of tip from end of second dorsal

Greatest -width

Length of upper lobe

Greatest width of upper lobe

Milli-
meters.

Hun-
dredths

of
length.

158

5.4

55

2,087

70.7

250

8.5

119

4.0

233

47

116

620

21.0

232

98

117

Milli-
meters.

Hun

dredths

of

length.

Caudal— Continued.

Distance of lower lobe from anal base

Length of anterior margin of lower lobe. .

Length of longest margin of lower lobe. - -
Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Great) -t length

Width of base

Greatest width

Ventral:

Distance from snout

Greatest length

Length of posterior margin (last ray)

Width of base

Greatest width

590

330
109
240

1,655
215
108
170
222

20.0
11.2
5.7
8.0

56.0
7.3

5.7
7.5

PRISTIURUS, Bonaparte,

Pristiwrus, Bonaparte, Fauna Italioa, Pesce, 1832, 42. — GOnthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., vm, 1875, 406. —
Canestbini, Fesc Italici, .mi.

Scyllioid sharks with two spineless dorsal fins, the first above or behind ventrals, the
second above hinder end of anal; one or two were of small, fiat spines arranged saw-like
on each side of the upper edge of the caudal. Snout elongated, covered with a thick layer
of cellular tissue, within which a gelatinous substance is secreted, escaping by numerous
pores of the skin. Spiracles present. Nostrils wide, inferior, covered by a valve. Teeth
small, tricuspid. Represented by a single species.

PRISTIURUS MELASTOMUS,(RaFINESQOE), Bonaparte. (Figure 10.)

lialais melastomus, Raeim -•;! i . Caratt. Anim. l'iant. Sicil., 1810, 13.

Scylliorhinua melastom'is, I'.i ainvii.i.k, Faun. Franc, 71.

Scyllium melastomum, Jenyns, Manual, 407.

Pristiwrus melanostomus, Bon uakii:. Fauna Italica, Pesce, pi. xlix, fig. 3. — Dumeril, Elasmobr., 325. — Oi'N-

THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., \ in, 400, Challenger Report, 2.— Collett, Norges Fiske, 407; Nyt, Mag. f.

Naturvid., xvm, 1884, 117. — Canestrini, Pesci Italici, 51. — Giolioli, Kleneo, 112.
Squalus annulatus, Nilsson, Prodromns Ichthyologica Scandinavicse, 113.
Scyllium annulatum, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 713.
Scyllium Artedi, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meridionale, in, 1827, 117.
Pristiurus Artedi, BocaGE and Capeixo, Peixes Plagiostoinos, 1S60, 11. — Capello, Joru. Acad. Sei. Lishoa, n,

139; Catalogo dos Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 44.
Scyllium acanthonotum, Dkfil. and Ver. (young specimen, fide Giglioli).

A Pristiurus with the nasal valves separated by a broad interval and placed nearer to
the mouth than to the end of the snout; a short labial fold round the angle of the mouth.
Dorsal tins subequal in size, the second above the hinder part of the anal; anal flu nearly
as long as the head to the first gill opening; upper parts with rounded darker spots of vari-
ous sizes, each with a lighter margin. (Giinther).

Pristiurus claims a place among deep-sea fishes on account of its captures near Tromsoe,
at a depth of 250 fathoms. The species is abundant on the coast of Norway, as far north as
Tiondhjems Fiord (hit. 63° 30'), where, according to Storm, it is found in considerable depths
(hit, 70°). if is ,.,,!.,. on Ohristiania Fiord (lat. 58°). Farther south it is a littoral form,
occurring at Madeira and also in the vicinity of Lisbon, where it is rare and is called
Leitao or Litao. It is the "Eyed Dogfish" of Couch and Yarrell, who have recorded a
single specimen (25 inches long) from the coast of Cornwall, taken by a line fisherman
off Polperro, in 1837.

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 21

In llic Mediterranean it is found :it considerable depths. In July, is~!». Prof. Giglioli,
fishing off Genoa with trawl lines, took 50 individuals at depths of mo to 500 fathoms.

PRISTIURUS ati. an ■Tiers, Vaii.i.am. (Pigur©20.)

Priatiurut atlanticus, Vmii.ixi. Exp. Scient, Trav. el Tal., 1888, 59, pi. r, iiur. I.

A Pristiurus closely resembling /'. melastomus, Rafinesque, but with its snout some-
what more obtuse, its length from the extremity of the upper lip being less than the dis-
tance between the labial commissures, while in the other species it is equal or greater. The

teeth are somewhat stouter, less elongate, ami on their sides are two dent ieiilat inns instead

of the single one. They also appear to be more numerous — 31 on each side of the upper
jaw, in place of lis in /'. mclanostomus. The cutaneous plates, although similar in character
and very like in form, have the margin proportionately narrower, and the middle rib more
narrow and salient, the lateral teeth being less divergent. The branchial openings decrease
in width posteriorly, the last not more than halt' the height of the first; while in /'. melanos
tomus it is at least three-fourths.

The above description is a translation of the description by Vaillant. who, though
admitting that the differences taken singly are slight, considered that taken together they
impart to the animal a peculiar physiognomy, and that the comparison of a number of
specimens of the same size seemed to him to justify the establishment of a new species.

Vaillant is of the opinion that possibly this form may be that described by Lowe from
Madeira, under the name Pristiurus melanostomus.

A single female, 440 millimeters in length, was taken at a depth of 540 meters off Cape
Spartel. from Station VIII of the French expedition.

Family CETORHINID^.

Cetorhinidce, Gill, Apt. Fam. Fish.. 1*72. 24.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvr, U. S. Nat. Mas.. 1883, 30.

Selachians with very wide gill openings in advance of pectorals, extending from the
back nearly to the middle line of the throat. Mouth moderate, the teeth small, numerous, con-
ical. Nictitating membrane lacking. A small spiracle between eye and first gill opening.
First dorsal large, above space between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal
small. Pectorals and ventrals large. Caudal tin lunate, a pit at its root, the upper lobe
considerably the larger. Sides of tail keeled.

CETORHINUS, Blainville.

Cilinhiiiiis, Blainville. Bull. Soc. Philoin.. INKS. 121.
Selaeke, Civier, Regne Animal, 1829, 390.
Polyprosopus, COUCH, Brit. Fish., i, 67-68, pi. xv.

Fye destitute of membrana nictitans; a small spiracle between the eye and the first
gill opening. Gill openings very large. (Jills furnished with gill rakers for filtering pur
poses, and consisting of an elastic apparatus of dentine. Teeth small, conical, without
dilated bases, and their sides smooth. First dorsal tin above the interspace between the
pectoral and ventral; second dorsal and anal small. Caudal with a lower lobe and a pit at
its root; sides of the tail keeled. {Day.)

CETORHINUS MAXIMl'S, Gunner. (Figure 17.)

Sgwaliu maximus, Gunner. Trondhj. Selsk. skrift.. 1765, in, 33, pi. n, iv, 14, pi. in. — Linn. e is. Syst. Nat., ed.
xii, 1766. 400.

Selaehe maxima, Cuvlbr, Regne Animal. 1829, 391. — Muller ami IIlnll. S. B. Plagiost., 71. — Dumeril,
Elasm., 143. — GOnther, eat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 394. — Bocage and Capeixo, Peix. Plagiost., 14.—
' etorhinus maximus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Esses Inst., \i, 29. — Giglioli, Elenco, iss:;. 112. — Jordan
andGlLBERT, Bull. XVI. f. S. Nat. Alus.. 31.— DAY, Fish. e. B. A- Ireland, II. 303, pi. ci.vin. fig. 1.

Squalvs elephas, I.e. Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. 343, fig. — 1>e Kay. Zool. N. V.. fish., 3">7. pi.
i.xiii. tig. 208.

22 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Selackus maximns, Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 253, xxxvn, 3.
Cetorhinus Gunneri, Blaxville, 1. c,

Cetorhinus Blainvillei, Capello, Joru. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, n, 233, fig. 1-7.
Selache roatrata, Pavesi (young specimen).

Body rugose, the skin very rough, with small spines; head small; snout blunt; eyes
small; teeth in six or seven rows in each jaw, about two hundred in each row; first dorsal
large, triangular, over the space between pectorals and veutrals ; second dorsal much smaller,
rather larger than anal ; tail large.

This giant selachian appears to be most abundant in the far north. It is not unusual
about the British Isles, especially around Scotland and the Orkneys. Its capture is very
unusual in the Mediterranean, but in Norway it is the occasion of a considerable fishery
on account of its liver. In the northwestern Atlantic it is rare, though sometimes encoun-
tered by the Gloucester fishermen, where they capture it for its liver, as is done in Norway.
Prof. Verrill has recorded the occurrence in the summer of 1S70, at Eastport, Me., of there
specimens 25 to •'!<> feet in Length, and one previously taken in 1S6S, which measured 35
feet. Mitchill, writing in L814, spoke of its occasional occurrence at Provincetown. Storer
mentions a specimen measuring •"><• feet 3 -inches, harpooned in Provincetown Harbor in 1839.

It is unknown elsewhere than in the North Atlantic, and south of the Grand Banks on
the west and Scotland on the east may be regarded as an estray. To what extent it fre-
quents the depths is unknown, but since the young have never been seen it is believed to
breed in deep water.

Family CHLAMYDOSELACHID^, Garman.
Chlamydoselachidas, Garmax, Boll. Essex Institute, xvi, 1884,8

Body much elongate, increasing in size very little anteriorly; head depressed, broad;
eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane; nasal cavity in skull separate from that ot
mouth; mouth anterior; snout broad, projecting very little; cusps of teeth resembling
teeth of serpents; spiracles small, behind the head : one dorsal, without spine; caudal without
pit at its root; opercular flap covering hist branchial aperture free across the isthmus;
intestine with spiral valve.

CHLAMYDOSELACHLTS, Garman.

Chlamydoselaehue, Garman. loo. oit.
Chlamydoselaehe, (Ji xther, Challenger Report.

Branchial apertures six; opercular Hap broad, free across the isthmus; teeth similar in
both jaws, with slender subcorneal cusps and broad backward produced bases; no teeth in
the middle in front above, a row on the symphysis below; mouth wide, anterior; no labial
fold; no nictitating membrane; tins broad, pectorals far in advance of the others; caudal
without a notch posteriorly; gill arches slender, long; basihyal not wide; intestine small.

CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS, Garman. (Figure 22.)

Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Garmax, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1884, 3 (wood cut). — Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

vol. xu, No. 1, 1885, plates.
Chlamydoselaehe anguinea, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 2, pl>. lxiv-lxv.

Body very long, slender, eel-like, increasing in size comparatively little anteriorly, com-
pressed near and behind the vent, which is in the posterior half of the total length. Head
broad, wider than high. Crown slightly convex, forming a rather sharp angle with the
snout and sides of the head from the eyes forward. Skull with an anterior foramen, begin-
ning a short distance in front of a vertical from the front edge of the orbit, resembling that
of Raja. Behind this, midway between the eyes, there is an elongate depression on the
crown as of a second foramen, while on the occiput, a little distance in front of the occipital
pores, a deep, rounded depression indicates what is commonly called the second, the poste-
rior foramen. Snout broad, rounded, hardly extending in front of the jaws, rather acute.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. "-'.">

angled or shovel-shaped at the top. Nostril moderate, vertical, separated by a fold from
each side into an upper opening looking forward and a lower one looking backward, situated
about midway from eye to end of snout and near the middle of the space from top of head
to month. Eye moderately large, orbil elongate, near a vertical from the middle of the
length of the month, spiracle very small, over the hyomandibular; its distance behind the
eye equal to thai from eye to end of snout. Mouth cleft very deep, slightly curved, extend-
ing as far back as the skull. Hoof and door of mouth covered with sharp scales, the former
curving upward very strongly behind the teeth between the nostrils. Upper and lower
jaws about equal in length. Lips without a groove or labial fold. Glossohyal cartilage
(basihyal) prominent above the floor of the mouth and free at its extremity about half an
inch, forming a tongue. Teeth small, similar in both jaws, several in each row in function
at the same time, each with three long, smooth, curved, backward directed, slender, very
sharp cusps, each of which bears some resemblance to a, serpent's tooth. A small cusp on
the base at each side of the central. Bases of teeth broad, extending inward about the
length of the cusps, terminating in two prongs which, extending beneath the base of the
next tooth, prevent the possibility of reversion or turning the cusps forward. Fourteen
rows of teeth on each side on the upper jaws, no median series. A median row on the s\ m
physis of the lower jaws, its teeth similar in size and shape to those of the thirteen rowson
each side of it. Hyomandibular and ceratohyal closely and somewhat firmly connected
with the jaws at the hinge or hinder angle of the latter. Branchial arches long, very slen-
der, with sharp small scales on their inner edges. Without dissecting, twenty-two branchial
rays can be counted on the hyomandibular and ceratohyal (the first arch) and on the suc-
ceeding six arches in order, 15, 14, 12, !t, <>, and 0, respectively. In most cases the outer
extremities of the rays are produced in a sharp, flexible point beyond the adjacent margin
of the gill covers. Gill openings very wide, oblique, the opposite series very narrowly sepa-
rated on the throat, the fourth in front of a vertical from the pectoral and the tift h and sixth
extending back above the shoulder. A broad opercular flap covers the first branchial aper-
ture and is continuous and free across the isthmus, forming a frill or ruffle; it is held in
place and prevented from turning forward by a thin fold or wall of membrane, nearly an inch
in height, attached immediately beneath the middle of the basihyal. The external distri-
bution of slime canals is about as follows: Starting above the nostril in front of the eye, a
line turns backward along each side of the skull and, after receiving a branch from behind
the eye, continues along the middle of each Hank to the extreme end of the vertebral column
in the tail, where it makes an abrupt turn downwards for about a quarter of an inch: under
the chin on each side a line runs along the mandible and curving upwards disappears
behind the angle of the mouth: a branch of this, beginning nearly on a vertical beneath
the middle of the space between the eye and nostril, runs farther from the mouth and turn-
ing upward near the margin of the opercular flap, after receiving a short branch behind the
angle of the mouth, continues to a point a very short distance behind the spiracle, small
branch coining into it near the end from the direction of the corner of the mouth. Pectorals
moderate, broad, rounded. Dorsal comparatively small, its posterior extremitj extending
as far back as that of the anal, angle blunt. The upper margin of the dorsal is armed with
a series of enlarged, compressed, chisel-shaped scales, which extends forward on the back
to a vertical from the vent, a few of the anterior being horizontally flattened. Ventrals
large, broad, a little broader than long, rounded, posterior angle acute. Anal broad, long.
rounded, acute-angled posteriorly. Caudal long, very broad, rounded anteriorly, posterior
angle acute: produced into a filamentary point : margin very thin or membranaceous. Above
the muscular vertebral portion of the tail there is a narrow expanse of tin. widening back
ward, the edge of which is armed by a sharp series of chisel shaped scales, and extended
downward behind the end of the vertebral column, where it becomes about three sixteenths
of an inch in width. That it is the dorsal portion of the tin which descends is proved by the
change in the direction of the points of the scales and of the mucus canal. The dorsal por-
tion of the tin is plainly indicated on the hinder margin of the tail about half \va\ down to
the filamentary point. The chisel-shaped scales are in reality formed from two series (one

24 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

belonging to each side of the body) which have coalesced. Though small and harsh to the
touch, the scales on the body are not sharp; they offer about the same resistance from what-
ever direction the finger may be passed over them. On the tail, however, they are very
sharp and the points are directed backward. Along the edges of the canals on both body
and tail the scales are compressed and flattened; they form the only cover or protection for
these organs, which in the specimen described have the appearance of long seams or grooves.
On the skull these canals do not stand open as on the rest of the body. Xear the mouth,
and especially toward its angle, the scales are larger and more prominent. Under the
middle of the belly, the skin forms two closely approximated rolls or ridges separated by a
groove, and inside of these the muscle is thicker than towards the thinks. Intestine very
small, valve spiral. Abdominal pores opening behind the vent, protected by a fold. Car-
tilages soft and flexible as those of Somniosus or Selache. Uniform brown, darker at the
thin margins of the tins.

This species was first described in 188-4 from a specimen in the .Museum of Comparative
Zoology, believed to have come from Japan. At this time it was suggested that it might
correspond very closely to an animal 24 feet in length, observed in 1880 at I'emaquid, Me.
(Bull. IT. S. Fish Com., m, p. 407, cut), and that it was one of the forms which had been
discussed under the name of sea serpent. Gunther has since had three specimens, the
largest 4 feet 10 inches long, from Yeddo Bay. The Prince of Monaco found it near Madeira,
March, 1889.

Order RAI^E.

Selachians with pectoral fins much developed, and produced from the anterior margins
forward, and connected with the rostral cartilages, thereby constituting an integral part of
the form, and not abruptly differentiated from the body, as in the sharks and all true fishes;
the branchial openings are in two converging rows of live each on the inferior surface of
the body; spiracles are well developed behind the eyes. In other respects the order essen
tially agrees with the Squali, and the two form a common superorder or subclass, the
Plagiostomi. The form varies considerably in the several members of the order; on the
one hand, the sawfishes have an outline much like that of the. sharks, and with a long
caudal portion, and, on the other hand, the eagle rays and certain stingrays have a disk
extremely wide — much wider than long — and the caudal portion is reduced to a whip-like
appendage. These two forms exemplify the extremes of the characteristics according to
which the order is divided into two suborders, viz: (1) Pachyura (including the Baiidce,
Ehinobatidw, Pristidce, and Torpedirtidce) and (li) Masticura, including the "eagle rays"
(Myliobatidce), "devil-fishes" (Cephafopteridee), and "stingrays" ( Trygonidce). — Gill.

Of the several families which compose this order, only one, the L'<iiitl<r, is represented
in the depths of the sen.

Family RAIID^E.

Rajidw, Gun'ther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 455.

Disk broad, rhomboid, rough or spinous; tail stout, rather long, with a longitudinal
lateral fold, usually with two dorsal fins and on some species a caudal fin; pectorals extend-
ing to snout; ventrals large; no serrated spine on the tail; oviparous; egg cases leathery,
with hollow tendrils at each of the four angles.

RAIA, Linnaeus.
Eaia, Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., 1758, 231, ed. x: type Rata clavata, L.

Ruiiihr. with pectoral fins not continuous around the snout, with ventrals deeply notched,
and caudal slightly developed or wanting; with tail quite distinct from the disk, and pro-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBI'TION.

25

vided with two-rayed dorsals; skin more or less spinous; dentition differing in the two
sexes; the mak' usually provided with a differentiated patch of spines on each pectoral.

The genus Rata is almost cosmopolitan, 1ml most abundant in northern seas.

In this genus are included the forms usually known by the name of' Skate. About forty
species have been provisionally described, of which perhaps twelve are found in the Atlantic
basin below the 100 fathom line. The genus has not yet been collected at a depth greater
than oil* fathoms. Of the seven species of Baia occurring on the British coast, four at least
have been found in deep water. Of the nine species of the Atlantic coast of North America,
five have been found in the depths.

The Bays are believed to have been abundant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods,
but the species most characteristic of early geological times is allied rather to the forms
now living in shallow water than to those of greater depths.

The Bays of the eastern and western Atlantic have not been compared with a suffi
ciently large number of individuals at hand, and it is probable that when this shall be done
the number of species for the north Atlantic will be considerably reduced.

The curious egg cases of the Kays, rectangular, black, leathery, with tubular flexible
tendrils at each of the four angles, popularly known as " devil's knitting sheaths" or "mer-
maid's purses," are well known to every stroller along the seashore. The large egg cases
of Baia Iwvis are especially familiar.

An unfamiliar form of egg, large, square, and with short tendrils, was found at various
depths off Newport in 1880, and young skates with extremely long tails were taken from
them. These have not yet been satisfactorily identified, but it will possibly be found that
they belong to Baia radiata.

RAIA RADIATA, Donovan. (Figure 27.)

Raja radiata, Donovan, Hist. Brit. Fish., v, pi. lit, 1820. — Stoker, Rept. Fish. Mass., 201, 1839.— Muli.er
ami Heni.e, Plagiostomen, 137, lxll.— Dumeril, Elasmobranch., Tom. i, Pt. n, 531, 1X70.— Ginther,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 160, 1870. — Challenger Report, xxn, 8.— Garman, Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist.,
xvn, 1874, 178.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., xi, 28.— Jordan, Bull, xvi, IT. S. Nat. Mus., 41.

Raja americana, Iln Kay, Zool. N. V., Fishes, 308, pi. 66, fig. 215. 1842. — Storer, Syn. Fish. North Amer., 260,
1846.

Raja Icevis, Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 266 (description). 1867.

Baia with large spinous plates or bucklers, in addition to the spines on pectorals, head,
back, ami tail found in B. ocellata. These are large, strong spines, with broad stellate or
shield-like bases. They are arranged as follows: One or two in front of each eye; one on
each side between the eye and the spiracle; a pair on the shoulder, the smaller in front;
and fourteen or more forming a dorsal row, beginning just back of the head and extending
to the caudal. An irregular row of spines on each side of the tail, separated from the
membrane by a band of shagreen; males with two or more rows of claw-like spines on the
pectorals. Teeth with a long, sharp point, rising from the middle and hooking backwards
in the male, bluntish in the female; females larger than the males and more spinous.
[Garman.)

Baia r«<ii<tt<i, which is not very uncommon at moderate depths off the New England
coast, but has not yet been found below the LOO-fathom line in the western Atlantic, has
been recorded by Collett from the region between Spitzbergen and Bear Island at a depth
of 127 to 2.59 fathoms, and also by Strom and Collett, in Throndhjem Fjord in 250 fathoms.

RAIA ACKLEYI. Garman. (Figure 23.)
Raja Aokleyi, Carman-. Bull. Mus. Comp. /.<>•">!. . vm, 1881, 235.

"Disk, including the ventrals, rhombic, longer than wide; anterior margins sinuous;
posterior outline convex; tail moderate, depressed, with a narrow cutaneous fold on each
side tapering. The angle formed by the snout is less than right. Rostral cartilage rather
slender. Mouth moderate, much curved; width one and two-thirds times in distance from

26 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

cud of snout. Teeth small, cusps sharp, in forty-two rows on the upper jaw (male adult).
Eyes moderately large, interorbital space narrow, deeply concave; width three times in
the distance from the end of the snout to the eye. Spiracles smaller than the eye. Ven-
trals medium; portion in front of the notch rather small. Dorsals small, separated by a
space with tubercles. A vertebral series of small tubercles on back and tail; two lateral
series on each side of the tail; a series on each orbital ridge; a group of several above the
end of the rostral cartilage; a group on each pectoral opposite eye and spiracle; a group of
retractile spines opposite the shoulder neai the outer angle of the pectoral. Excepting the
above, in this specimen, the disk is smooth on the upper surface. The ventral surface is
smooth, with the exception of the portion anterior to the mouth, which is covered with fine
sharp scales or shagreen.

"Differing from /.'. eglanteria (Lac), which it resembles in shape, in a somewhat shorter
snout and in coloration.

"Disk, including ventrals, 9.5; width, !t; tail, from vent, !Ui: and total length, 10.25
inches.

"Light yellowish brown, sprinkled with small spots of brown intermixed with others of
white. On the base of each pectoral, a little behind the shoulder girdle, there is a trans
versely oblong spot of brown, half an inch in diameter, surrounded by a ring of small spots
forming a sort of rosette. Uniform white beneath."

A specimen (No. 748. Mas. Comp. Zoo].), of this form was obtained by the Blake, on the
Yucatan Banks, in the Gulf of .Mexico. The depth at which it was captured is not recorded,
but B. ornata, regarded by Gariuan as a variety of R. acMeyi, was taken at 138 to 142 fathoms.

RAIA ORNATA, Gasman.

Raja ornata, var. nov. I,', ackleyi, Garman, loc. ait., 235 (1881)
Raja ackleyi ornata, Jordan, Cat. Fish. \. A.. 1S85, 11.
Raja ornata, Goodb a Beak, null. Mns. Comp. Zoiil., x. 15.

"Disk, including the ventrals, little broader than long, anterior margins convex at the
extremities of the pectorals; tail depressed, becoming quite slender backward, with a nar-
row cutaneous fold on each side. Rostral angle obtuse. Snout not produced beyond the
convex margins on each side of it. Rostral cartilage slender, acute. Mouth medium, mod-
erately curved: width one and one third times in the distance from the end of the snout.
Teeth small, smooth, in forty-four series in the upper jaw (young male). Eyes large, inter-
orbital space more than three times their distance from the end of snout. Spiracles smaller
than the eye. Ventrals medium; posterior portion elongate, anterior small. Dorsals small,
separate. Hinder margin of pectorals rounded. A vertebral series of spines on back and

tail ; one lateral series on each side of t his on the back, and tw i the tail; a series on each

orbital ridge: a single spine on the forehead between the eyes; a group of several above the
end of the rostral cartilage; a spiue on each shoulder; a group near each ventral on the
hinder angle of the pectoral, and a group on the anterior extremities of the latter. Entire
upper surface rough with small, sharp asperities: smooth below.

"Disk to end of ventrals, 4.5; width, 4; tail from vent, 4.6; and total length, 8 inches.

"Light brownish, freckled with lighter, marked with scattered rosettes or groups of small
spots of darker. One of these groups stands on the pectoral a little back of the shoulder, a
couple near the hinder angle, and one opposite, or a little behind the spiracle. White
beneath. Several spots on the tail; one at the base of each dorsal.

"Type Xo. 915, Mus. Comp. Zoiil.

"One specimen off Alligator Key, Florida; 138 fathoms.

"Three specimens, lat. 32° 24' X.. Ion. 78° 44' W.; 142 fathoms.

"Of the latter, one has only the vertebral series of spines well develojied; another has
the vertebral and one lateral on each side; and the third has the three series and the scat
tered spines in the second lateral. One has a third dorsal considerably in advance of the
usual pair, near the middle of the length of the tail. Tail extending behind the dorsals in a

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) TlIKll; DISTRIBUTION. 27

slender puint. At present it seems likely thai these young skates represenl a variety of R.
ackleyi. Whether they are more distinct can only be determined by comparison of young
and adults of each." [Garman.)

An individual obtained by the Albatross at station 2; 17 7, February 1 1. 1885, believed to lie
of this species, was colored as follows: Puncticulate with brown on the dorsal surface, and
with a tew scattered larger blotches ot' the same. The ground color N a grayish lirown,
quite pale.

K'AIA PLUTONIA, Gasman. (Fignre26.)

Rajaplutonia, Garman, Bull. Mua Comp.Zoiil., Vol. vm, No. ll. issi, 236. — Goodk and Bean, op. cit. — Gt)N-
ii 1 1 : i: . Challenger Report, xxn. 10.

'Disk, including ventrals, broader than long, subquadrangular, broadly rounded in

front and on the lateral angles; snout forming a very blunt angle: margin opposite the gill
openings nearly straight. Tail about one and one half times the length of the disk, slender,
depressed, with a cutaneous fold on each side near the extremity. Rostra] cartilage short,
not extending to the end of the snout. Mouth moderate, slightly curved, width equaling
the distance between the outer angles of the nostrils, and contained twice in its distance
from the end of the snout. Teeth about thirty-two series (a young specimen). lives large,
longitudinal diameter of orbit greater than their distance apart. I nterorbital space con-
cave, narrow; width rather more than two and one half times in the distance of the eyes
from the end of the snout. Spiracles small. Anterior nasal valve tubular; posterior reach-
ing the mouth, free on its outer margin. Hinder extremity of pectoral broad, rounded.
Ventrals deeply notched, anterior portion narrow, extending farther from the middle of the
pelvis than the posterior. * * *

" Mack and tail covered with small, closely set, stellate based scales, which bear elon-
gate, slender, compressed, backward directed points. Larger spines form a superorbital
row, and a single one stands on each side of the back of the head. The largest on the
body form a close vertebral series on back and tail. On each side of the shoulder girdle
there is an irregular series of five, and a short distance in front of each of these stands one
or a pair. On each side of the tail there are two series, little smaller than those of the
medial row. Smooth below. Very small specimens have not so many spines.

"lirown, grayish in small to purplish in the largest specimens at hand, with more or
less irregular transverse series of distinctly defined spots of brown, often confluent into
short bands, interspersed among which are Spots of white of varying size and shapes.
Tail with cross bands of light and of dark. Dorsals dark. Entire lower surface white."
i Garman.

This species was obtained during the cruise of the United States steamer Blake, in
from 229 to 333 fathoms, off the coast of Florida, in lat. 32° X.. Ion. 78c (stations 316, .".17.
321).

In the specimens described by Garman the rostral cartilage, was undeveloped, and he
proposed tentatively the subgenus Malacorhinus for their reception.

Specimens were obtained from the following stations: CCCXVTI, lat. 31° 57', Ion. 78°
18' 35", 333 fathoms, 1; cccxvi, lat. 32° 7', Ion. 78° 37' 30", 229 fathoms, 5; CCCXX2, lat.
32° 43' 2o", Ion. 77° 20' 30", 233 fathoms, 1.

RAIA CIBCULABIS, Cou< u. (Fignre25.)

Raja circular'^, COUCH, Charles worth's M:i,« Xat. Hist., is:is, n, 71; Comisli I'aun., p. :■:;; Fish. Brit. 1st.,
i. 115, pi. 28.— GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 162; Challenger Report, wii. 8.— Day, Fish. G. B.
anil In-laiid. n. 348, pi. i i.xxiv.

••Angles formed by the margin of the snout obtuse, the extremity slightly projecting.
The width of the interorbital space equal to the length of the orbit. Teeth pointed, in from
fO to 80 series in the upper jaw. Outer pectoral angle obtusely rounded. Upper part of
the body covered with minute asperities: a series of spines all along the superciliary ridge:
" triangular space in tin middle <>/ tin- back covered with similar spines; median line of the

28 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

back and tail without spines, or with a few only; several series of spines on each side of the
median line of the body and tail. Generally a round black spot, marbled with yellowish, on
each side of the body. Old examples without this ocellated spot, or with a few scattered
small white round spots.

•■ Adult male with the additional patches of spines usual in this genus.'' (Giinther.)
This species, the " Sandy Ray " of British writers, is closely allied to Raia erinacea,
Mitchill ( = Kaia cijlanteria, as defined by Giinther), the most abundant of all skates on the
coast of New England, which has, however, not yet been found below the 100 fathom line.
Giinther speaks as follows of the abyssal range of I\'. cireularis:

"One specimen, a female, 15 inches long, was obtained on the cruise of the Triton, in
the Faroe Channel, at a depth of 516 fathoms (station 111. August 24, 1882). Also, Collett
reports its occurrence in 130 and 370 fathoms off t lie coast of Norway. The Faroe specimen
does not differ in its armature from specimens obtained on the south coast of England, only
the spines on the upper side of the snout and the interorbital space are somewhat more
developed, though in this respect litoral specimens show likewise some variation. With
regard to color, it is notable that the spot on each side of the back which, in littoral spec-
imens, is variegated with yellow, is much smaller in the deep sea specimen, and uniformly
black, without yellow. The lower parts are nearly uniform blackish brown, which color laps
over to the upper side of the ventral fins. Tail with irregular brownish cross bands."

EAIA HYI'KRBOREA, Collett. (Figure28.)

Raja hyperborea, Collett, Forh. Vidensk. Selskab., Christiania, ISTS. No. 14. 7 [115 kilometers West >>i
(Torek I'ds, Spitzbergen., 459 fathoms, ^r518m,n long]. — Collett, Fiske, Norsk. Nordhavs-Erpedition,
Christiania, 1880, 9, )>1., i, figs. 1, 2. — GOnther, Challenger Report, xxii, s, pi. iv.

The margins of the snout form a right or nearly right angle, its extremity being
rounded; the margin of the body between the snout and the extremity of the pectoral fin
is undulated. Width of the interorbital space considerably exceeding that of the orbit and
spiracle; eye rather small, about as long as the spiracle. Distance between the nostrils a
little more than their distance from the end of the snout. Teeth very slender, acutely
pointed, widely set, with narrow base. Outer pectoral angle nearly a right one.

Sides of the trunk nearly smooth, but the greater part of the pectorals and the, margin
of the head, also the snout and interorbital space, are studded with minute or very small
spines resting upon a stellate base. A series of larger spines runs along the median line of
the back and tail, commencing immediately behind the occiput. A group of three similar
spines occupies each side of the shoulder; a short series composed of three or tour spines
along the supraorbital margin and above the spiracle. The spines along the ridges of the
snout are also somewhat enlarged. Grayish brown above with a trace of a darker spot on
each side of the body. Lower parts white with large subsymmetrical brown patches. In
very young specimens the lower parts are uniform white.

"The only example hitherto met with is the male specimen now described, taken in hit.
about SO0 N. and Ion. 0° E., at sea, west of the northern coast of Spitzbergen, the most
northerly locality, too, in which this genus is yet known to occur." (Collett, op. cit., 1880.)

A large mah1 specimen, 244 inches long, was obtained on the cruise of the Knight Errant,
at station 0, on August 23, 1880, in 608 fathoms, together with three small ones, of which
two are males G4 inches long, and one a female 8 inches long. A fourth very young speci-
men was caught at station 4 in about 400 fathoms.

Dr. Giinther's remarks on the peculiar characters of this species (Challenger Report, loc.
cit.) should be carefully considered.

RAIA LyEVIS, Mitchill. (Figure 29.)

Raja lamis, Mitchill, Amer. Mouth. Mag., n, 1817, 327.— De Kay. Zool. N. Y.. Fishes, 1842, 370.— Stoker, Syn.

Fish. N. Amer., 184(5, 259.— Garmax, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvn, 1874, 179.
Raja bath, Storer, Rept. Fish. Mass., 1839, 193.
Raja ocellata, Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Amer., 1846, 259.
Raja lams, Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 266, pi. xxxix. fig 2.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 29

Angles of the disk more acute than in the other North American Eaiasj muzzle much
produced. Spines of the body few and small, some present above the eyes and spiracles, on
the snout, along the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the hack (very small!. Median
dorsal row of larger h>» >ked spines extending along the posterior portion of the back and
the tail. Usually two lateral rows mi I lie tail. Female rougher. < -olor variable, brownish,
with paler spots, usually ringed with darker.

Specimens of a large skate, apparently of this species. Lave been taken below the LOO-
fathom line by the Fish Hawk and Albatross, and also by the fishermen.

RAIA GRANULATA, (Jill. (Figure30.)

Rata granulata, Gill MS. — Goode and Beak, Bull. Essex Institute, xi, 1879, 28. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A.,
1885, 11. — GOnther, Challenger Report, \\n, 10,

"A remarkable species with back and ventral surface covered with minute sharp granular
ossifications, obtained by Gapt. Joseph W. Collins on Le Have Bank. A species of the same
type as K. Icevis, and having 30-31 teeth on each side; the back granulated and slate col-
ored; the. ventrals distinguished by reticulate markings, and the claspers slender and
scarcely expanded."

This form is closely allied to if not identical with 1\. Icevis.

RAIA BATIS, Linn i:i s.

i;,ijii batis, Linnets. Syst. Nat., \. 1. I7:>s. 231.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. viu, 1875, 463. — Strom,
Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift., 1881, NO; 1884, 46.— Collett, Nyt Mag. f. Xaturvid., xvm, 1884, 119.

The "common skate" of Europe, which is generally found near the coast in rather shal-
low water, has been observed on the Norwegian coast to descend to L50 fathoms. It is very
similar to the North American Uaia Icevis.

RAIA FUIXONICA, Linnets.

Bo/a fuXlonica, Linn eus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 231. — GOnther, Cat Fish. Brit. Mus., \ in, 467. — Coi.lett,
Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christ., 1880, 106; Nyt Mag. 1'. Xaturvid.. XV II, 1884, 119.— Vaiilani, Travail-
leur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 7!». pi. iv, tigs. 1, la. — Giglioli, Eleneo, 1883, 114.

This form, the " Shagreen Ray" of English writers, is reported by Collett to occur locally
on the Norwegian coast at depths of from 80 to 250 fathoms, and also taken by the Travail-
leur, in L882, at 634 meters, off the entrance to the .Mediterranean. It occurs also in the
Mediterranean, especially off Sicily.

RATA VOMER, Fries.

Raja vomer, Collett, Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christ., 1880, 106; Nyt Mag. f. Natnrvid., 1884, xvm, 119.—
Strom, /"•'. eit., 1881, 81; 1884,46. — UOntiieh, Challenger Report, xxn, 11.

liaia vomer is found on the Norwegian coast at greater depths than the common skate,
not rare at a depth of Til fathoms, ami descending to, or even beyond, 150 fathoms.

RAIA NIDROSIENSIS, Collett.

Raja nidrosiensis, i Iollett, Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christ.. 1SSJ, No. 7. 2, c. tab. ; \\ t Mag. I'. Xaturvid.,
xvm. 1884, 121.— Strom, Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift.. 1881, 80; 1884, 17.— GONTHER, Challenger
Report, xxn. 11.

"Snout long and pointed; the width of the interorbital space is contained about four times
and one-half in the length of the snout. Body above smooth, rough only on the snout ami
the upper margin of the eye, in some old specimens also along the front margin of t he disk ;
the body below thickly covered with minute asperities. No larger spines on the disk. The
tail in the males with a median series (containing about forty spines), but none on the sides;
the old females with three series, the median series containing a. varying number of spines,

30 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

some of which are sometimes irregularly crowded together. Between the dorsals there are,
as a rule, few spines. The teeth form from forty-one to forty-four series in the upper, and
from forty-one to forty-three in the lower jaw. Coloration dark grayish brown above; the
mucous pores marked with black vermicular spots. Lower surface blackish, without spots.
(Garthan and Gwnther.)

This speciesis locally not uncommon on the Norwegian coast; for instance in Throndhjem
Fjord, at a depth of 150 to 200 fathoms. It is one of the larger skates, the specimens in the
British Museum measuring from 38 to 4G inches in width.

Order HOLOCEPHALI.

Holocephala, ,Mi i.i.i.u, Aldiandl. Akail. Wiss. Berlin, 1834, 71. — Guntuf.r, Cat. Fish. lint. Mns.. vm. 3t«.
Holocephali, Gill, MS.

Selachians distinguished by the confluence of the liyomandibular bone with the cranium,
the coalescence of the maxillary and palatine elements with the skull, the development of
a rudimentary operculum, and the existence of a single external gill opening on each side
behind the head. (Gill.)

Family CHIM^ERID^E.
chiiniiriihr, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., vm, 1870, 349.

Body lather robust, elongate, tapering posteriorly. Head compressed. Mouth inferior.
Upper lip deeply notched. Nostrils confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow
isthmus. Jaws with the teeth confluent into four bony laminae above and two below. No
spiracles. Males usually with a cartilaginous hook on the upper part of the snout, armed
with prickles at the tip, and turned forward. Pectoral fins free, placed low. Ventral tins
abdominal, many rayed, provided in the male with claspeis. Dorsal fin usually divided,
anteriorly with a very strong spine, which is grooved behind. Caudal fin low, fold-like.
Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually with numerous branches
anteriorly. Three free gills and two half gills.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF < 1IIM.EE1TLE.

I. Male with cephalic appendage.

A. Snout soft, not terminating in a cutaneous flap; tail not bent forward.

1. Posterior appendages tripartite Cttim.fra

2. Posterior appendages bipartite HydrolaGus

B. Snout terminating in a cutaneous flap CallokhynchuS

II. Male without cephalic appendage ; snout very elongate Harriotta

CH1M/ERA, Linnaeus.
Chimcera, Linn.evs, Mus. Ad. Frid., i, 53; Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, i, 236.

Holocephali with head somewhat compressed, snout without appendage. Eyes lateral,
very large. Lateral line forking anteriorly, forming several series of mucous tubes on the
head. Male with a club-shaped, cartilaginous hook above snout, curved forward and down-
ward armed with decurved spines at tip, and fitting into a depression in front of eyes.
Ventrals rather large, with large bifid or trifid claspers in the male. Male with also rough
appendages at the base of the ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal
triangular, preceded by a strong serrated spine which is grooved behind. Second dorsal
and caudal low, often notched. Tail sometimes produced in a filament. Skin smooth.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

I. Pectorals long, extending to tips of ventrals C. MOHTSTROSA

II. Pectorals short, terminating far in advance of the ventrals C. affinis

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) Til KIR DISTRIBUTION. 31

CHI M.I. I. • \ MONSTROSA, I.inn.i i s. (Figure 81.)

Chimcera monstrosa, l.ixs i i s. Mus. Ad. Frid., i, 53, pi. \\\ ; Syst. Nat., ed. x. L758, i. 236; od. sii, 101. —
GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 349.

Tail terminating in ;i very long finless filament, aboul as long as the body and head.
The first dorsal fin dusc to and subeontinuous with the second «low dorsal fin, the upper

margin of which is even, not notched, except just in front of the caudal fin, which is also
low. Each clasper of the male is divided into two long, slender branches, which are rather
longer than the snout, and the inner branch is again longitudinally divided into a simply
cartilaginous sty liform part and another coated with the spiny membrane. Brown, marbled
with lighter; dorsal tins with a broad black margin. [Gimther.)

This species has been found along the coast of Europe from Norway to Portugal, and
also oft' Soudan and at the Azores, but never as yet in North American waters. Individ-
uals have also been taken at the Cape of Good Hope and in the seas of Japan. The Knight
Errant and the Triton, in their exploration of the Faroe channel, obtained young individ-
uals with their bodies from 1 A to 5 inches in length. These were from a depth of 505 to 555
fathoms. The Travailleur, in L882, obtained in the Gulf of Gascony some very small indi-
viduals, the least one only 130 millimeters in length, and still carrying the yolk bag. This,
according to Vaillant. was probably in the horny egg case when it was inclosed by the
dredge net, and fragments of the horny envelope were attached to it, which proved to be
very similar to those figured by M idler and Dumeril as the egg case of Chimmra.

This discovery is particularly instructive, since, even so late as 1**7, Dr. Gunther has
expressed the opinion that the ova which had been described as Chimaeroid probably
belonged to Callorhynchus. Dr. Gunther was of the opinion, in L889, that there was no well-
authenticated egg of Chimmra in any collection : but the adult Callorhynchus has never been
found so far north as the Gulf of Gascony, and Vaillant is probably justified in his conclu-
sion that the familiar form of egg is that of Ghimcera monstrosa or the closely allied Chi-
nuvra affinis.

As Dr. Gunther has already said, these discoveries show that Chi mmra is a deep-sea
fish, and one which propagates its species in deep water, a circumstance which accounts for
the previous scarcity of young individuals in collections.

CHIM.EKA AFFINIS, Capello. (Figures 32-35.)

Chimnni affinis, Capello, .Torn. Math., I 'li vs. e Nat. Lisb., i.v. 1868, Mil. pi. in, figs. 1, In.
I'hiiiiiirn pi u in htm, Gill, Bull. Phil. Soc. Washington, Deo. 22, L877.
Ckimara abbreviate, Gill, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus., \ i. 1884, 254.

A Ghimcera with the snout acutely produced, the ante-orbital flexure of the suborbital
line extending little above the level of the inferior margin of the orbit; body more elongate
than in 0. monstrosa; second dorsal removed from the first by interval equal to the length of
the base of the latter. Second dorsal much lower than in the other species, and with the
free border straight, without undulations. The dorsal spine with its anterior surface rounded ;
the ventrals triangular and pointed; the pectorals extending to the outer axil of the ven-
trals. Space between first dorsal and the ventral wide, the pectoral terminating much in
advance of the ventral. Caudal fin very small, terminating in a minute filament. Cephalic
appendages with five spines on inner surface. Posterior appendages tripartite, but the
division of the three portions takes place at two-thirds of the distance from the base; the
cylindrical portion is larger and presents a form different from that in the others. Color
uniformly plumbeous.

This form is closely allied to Chimmra monstrosa. It was first described by Capello
from the coast of Portugal, and later by Gill from the North American side of the Atlantic,
at depths varying from 2(»() to 1,200 fathoms. It is very common in the deep water on the
outer edges of banks north of Georges Hanks, and was formerly often brought in by the
Gloucester halibut schooners.

32 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Other specimens have been obtained as follows: No. 22793, U. S. N. M., in 42° 40' N.
hit., 63° 23' W. Ion., off Le Have, at a depth of 350 fathoms; No. 492, IT. S. N. M., from
Noank Harbor; No. 219, U. S. N. M., in the Gloucester donation; No. 35003, U. S. N. M., in
39° 47' N. lat., 70° 30' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 903 fathoms; No. 2385, U. S. N. M., in 28<
51' N. lat., 88° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 730 fathoms; No. 20779, U. S. N. M., in 42° 40' N.
lat., 63° 23' W. Ion., at a depth of 350 fathoms; No. 22290, U. S. N. M. (237, Gloucester
donation); No. 22297, U. S. N. M., in 43° 23' N. lat., 60° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 300
fathoms; No. 22498 (Gloucester donation), and Nos. 38221, U. S. N.M.,from the fishing banks

CALLORHYNCHUS,(Gronov.), Cuvier.

Callorhynchue, GRONOVIU8., Miis. Irhth., I, 59. CuvraR. — Regne Animal, ed. I, 1817. n, 140.

Snout with a cartilaginous prominence, terminating in a cutaneous Hap. Two dorsal
tins, the anterior with a very long and strong spine. Extremity of the tail distinctly turned
upwards, with a fin along its lower edge, but without one above. Anal fin close to the cau-
dal, short and deep.

The typical species of this genus, ft callorhynchvs (L.) { = <'. mtarctica (Lacepede)
Cuvier], has been hitherto found only in the Antarctic basin and the South Pacific.

HYDROLAGUS, Gill.
Bijdrolngus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Bci. Phila., 1862, 331.

Holoeephali closely allied to Chimmra, hut with no filament at the tip of the tail, and
with bipartite posterior appendages.

HTDBOLAGUS COLLIEI, (Bennett), Gill.

Chimmra Colliei, Bennett, in Beechey's Voy., Zool., 71, pi. 33, lig*. 1 anil 2.— GlRAJRD, U. s. A Pac. R.R.
Exped., Fish. 360.— Dimeisil, Elasmobr., 689.

Hydrolagux Colliei, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1862, 331.

Tail simply tapering, without filament. Three dorsal tins, besides the caudal: the first,
with the spine, is separated by a considerable interspace from the second; the three other
tins low, subcoutinuous. Each clasper of the male is divided into two club-shaped brandies,
which are rather shorter than the snout; both branches coated with the spiny membrane,
and the inner is not subdivided. Brown, silvery, upper parts with round yellow spots.
This form occurs only in the North Pacific. It is abundant about Paget Sound, and
in southeastern Alaska. It swims at the surface, and is abundant about the wharves at
Esquimalt, where it is called the "Ratfish."

There is no evidence that it descends to very considerable depths.

HARRIOTTA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Snout exceedingly elongate, with a cartilaginous midrib, and foliaceous lateral expan-
sions of the skin at its base. Two dorsal tins, the anterior with an immense triangular
spine, finely serrated, upou its lateral edges. Anal fin reduced to a cutaneous fold. Lon-
gitudinal axis of the tail nearly the same as that of the trunk, very elongate, with filamen-
tous tip, the fin below much more extensive than that above. No cephalic organ. Gill-
openings lateral ; separated by a wide isthmus. Claspers small and simple.

This genus is named in honor of Thomas Harriott, the most eminent philosopher and
naturalist of his day in England, who was a member of Raleigh's Roanoke colony in Vir-
ginia in 1585, and who published the first work in English on American natural history.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 33

HARRIOTTA RALEIGHANA, GOODE and Bean, n. s. (Figures 37-40.)

Tail extended in a very long filament, much longer in the older individuals than in the
young, in whieh no filament exists. The first dorsal fin separated from the second by an
interval nearly equal to the diameter of the eye in the older individuals, very much greater in
the younger ones, in which the cartilaginous portion is exceedingly narrow and high. The
second dorsal tin long and low, its height about equal to the diameter of the eye, its length
equal to that of the head. The spine preceding the first dorsal fin is very strong ; its length
iu the older individuals equal to the distance from its own base to the origin of the second
dorsal; in the young it is proportionately much longer and stouter, and there is also a
double row of strong spines in advance of the second dorsal, and in the notch bet ween
the second dorsal and its continuation upon the upper part of the tail; and there is
a similar group of at least six strong spines upon the top of the head back of the inter-
orbital space, and surrounded by the curve of the forward extension of the lateral line.
Traces of these spines may l>e felt beneath the skin in older individuals of both sexes.
Claspers in the young male examined, small and simple, in length scarcely equal to two-
thirds of the long diameter of the eye. Pectoral tins immense, wing-like, rounded in the
young, subfalcate in the older individuals; inserted slightly in advance of the origin of the
first dorsal, and extending in the older forms beyond the root of the ventral. Ventrals also
subfalcate; similar in form and appearance to the pectoral, and extending to a point at two-
thirds of the distance from the origin to the end of the second dorsal; in length little less
than half the snout. Iu the young the ventrals are placed somewhat farther back and reach
to a point under the origin of the third section of the dorsal fin. The tail is prolonged in
a slender filament, and iu the older individuals the cutaneous flap upon its lower edge is
three or four times as deep as that above, and extends beyond it anteriorly and posteriorly.
In the younger specimens the upper and lower flaps are about equal iu height, and the
upper flap extends far in advance of the insertion of the lower one. The lateral line extends
in a straight line from a point beneath the origin of the first dorsal approximately to the
middle of the lower caudal lobe, which it follows along its base for the remainder of its
course; in advance of the dorsal fin it bends downward in an elliptical course, and then
rises vertically from the occiput to join its counterpart from the other side; bridle-like
extensions of the same system extend on the sides of the head under the eyes, curving
upward in front of the eye, then downward and joining on the under side of the snout to
a branch running from beneath the eye downward to the base of the pectoral fin in the
young, or under the throat to a junction in the older ones, and also forward from the same
point under the eyes to join on either side the circle which surrounds the mouth. An elabo-
rate system of mucous pores upon all sides of the snout ; on the under surface of the snout
in four longitudinal series. In the older individuals there is an extension of the lateral
line system on either side of the midrib on the snout to its tip, and there are also sym-
metrical continuations of the same upon the under surface of the snout. Color, brown;
caudal tila inent pale.

The diameter of the eye is contained 5i times in the length of the snout in the older
specimens, and the distance between the eyes is equal to their diameter.

Of this species we have seen four specimens, the largest, a female (No. 39415, IT. S. N.
M.), 25 inches in length, from 39° 44' 30" X. hit., 70 30' 45" W. Ion., in 1,081 fathoms, taken
by the steamer Albatross. Another, a male (No. 38200, U. S. N. M.), I9i inches in length,
was taken by the Albatross in 36° 45' N. lat., 74° 28' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 781 fathoms.
A third, a young individual (No. 35520, U. S. N. M.), 4 inches in length, was obtained by
the Albatross in 39° 37' 45" N. lat., 71° 18' 45" W. Ion., in 991 fathoms. Still another. No.
35G31, was taken at station 2235, lat. 39° 12', Ion. 72° 03' 30", 707 fathoms.

The species is named in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, by whom the first English scien-
tific explorer was sent to the New World.
19868— No. 2 3

34 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Order MALACOPTERYGII.

Symplectic present. No interclavicles. A mesoeoracoid arch. Anterior vertebra sim-
ple. No Webberian ossicles. Pharyngeal boues simple above and below, the lower not
falciform. Gills four, a slit behind the fourth. (Gill.)

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA FAMILIES.

Mesoeoracoid well developed as a bridge between the hyper- and hypo-eoracoid. (Gill.)

I. No barbel and no photophores. Maxillaries form margin of upper jaw.

A. Adipose tin absent. Body sealy.

1. Dorsal tin similar to ami opposite anal. No air-bladder ALF.roCEriiAi.mi:

2. Dorsal fin similar to and opposite anal. Air-bladder present Pterotiiuissid.i;

B. Adipose tin present.

1. Gill membranes separate and free from isthmus. Stomach csecal.

a. Branchiostegals, (> or more Arcentimiu.

b. Bianchiostegals, 4 or less Mkrosto.mio.e

2. Gill membranes joined, forming broad bridge across isthmns; gill cavity closed bebind.

a. Ventrals opposite posterior end of dorsal Batiiylaoid.e

Mesoeoracoid wanting or atrophied. (Gill.)
I. Post-temporal connected with back of cranium near sides. No pliotophorcs or barbel.

A. Adipose fin typically present.1 Body not very elongate. Anal distinct.

1. Scales present, persistent (in all Atlantic forms). Teeth cardiform or villiform.
a. No photophores. Teeth cardiform, usually hinged.

i. Maxillary narrow or rudimentary. Hypocoracoids not divergent Synodon i ih.e

II. Maxillary dilated behind.

* Pectorals normal. Hypocoracoids divergent - Aui-opih i.

** Pectorals subliumeral Benthosa turner;

Pectoral rays elongate, in two groups BatiiyI'TERoiiu

B. Adipose tin absent.

1. Scales large, thin, and deciduous. Teeth villiform. in bands.

a. Xo photophores on the scales, but a large, luminous, cephalic plate.
1. Maxillary dilated behind.

* Pectorals and \ cntrals well developed, approximate Il'Nopm.r.

2. Body scaleless.

a. Teeth granular, in bands. Pectorals normal.

i. Ventrals present. < Opercular apparatus incomplete Eondeletiil-.e

II. Ventrals absent. Opercular apparatus complete; a conspicuous lateral furrow.

Cetci.mi.miii.i;

II. Post-temporal impinging upon occiput.
* Vertebra' and neural spines normal.

A. Photophores present, barbel absent.

1. I'scudobranebia' present.

a. Premaxillaries forming margin of upper jaw. Bodysealy MyCTOPHIMI

b. Maxillary and intermaxillary together forming margin of upper jaw. Body naked. Oper-

cular apparatus incomplete Maukolicip.e

2. Pseudobranchiaj absent. Month large, with strong canines. Scales deciduous.

a. Dorsal in front of ventrals. Anal short. Canines immense. Operculum incomplete.

ClIAri.IolMlMin.E

b. Dorsal bebind ventrals. Anal long. Operculum well developed GONOSTOMIDiE

B. Photophores and barbel both present.

1. Maxillaries forming lateral margin of upper jaw.

a. Adipose iin present. Pectorals present.

I. Body naked. Dorsal behind vent, but in advance of anal A.sti.-onesthid.f

b. Adipose tin absent. Pectorals usually present (absent in I'hotonectes) Stomia him;

2. Premaxillaries only forming margin of upper jaw.

a. Pectorals rudimentary. Opercula membranaceous.

i. Body scaleless. Dorsal short, postmedian Malacostf.id.e

C. Photophores and barbel absent.

1. Premaxillaries forming margin of upper jaw. Fang-like teeth in mandibles and palatines
and sometimes on vomer,
a. Dorsal long, occupying entire back. Body naked Alepisaurid .e

■Absent in Senthosaurus and sometimes in Bathysaurus.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 35

b. Dorsal short, postmedian. Scales thin, radii inns I'm: m i pi hum;

c. Dorsal short, median. Bod; naked Odontos iomid.k

■ Vertebra; normal. Anterior neural spines abnormal 1> iU-vi-1oih-«1, projci tine, through the skin of the

back, in advance of the dorsal.
l. Body compressed, ventradiform, carinated.

a. Month obliqnely cleft, <>r sub vertical Stkhnoptyi im> .1.

Vertebra? with spiny processes anteriorly •which projeol through the skin of the back in front of dor-
sal rays.

1. Pectorals absent. Body elongate.

a. Bodj naked. Dorsal beginning in advance of tho vent Iihacantuidje

Family ALEPOCEPHALID^E.

AUpocephales, Ccvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix. 169.

AlepocephaluUe, Richardson, Encyc. Britannica, 8th ed., 1856, 255. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii,

1868,477. — Gill, Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 17. — Jordan and Giubert, Bull, xvi, LT. s. Nat. Jin,.,

257.
Alepocephaloidei, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. Arch. Ind., 185H, xxx.

Maiacopterygians with body more or less compressed, covered with thin cycloid or keeled
scales, or with naked, prickly skin. Head naked. No barbels. Month moderate or large,
the margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and mamillaries, the former placed
along the upper anterior edge of the latter. Opercular apparatus complete. Teeth feeble.
No adipose tin. Dorsal fin long and low, posterior, inserted opposite the anal; pectorals
short, placed rather high; ventrals usually well back, sometimes wanting. Pseudo-
branchiae present. No air bladder. Stomach curved, without blind sac. Pyloric ececa in
moderate number. Gill openings very wide.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ALEPOCEPHALID^E.

I. Body covered with scales.

A. Ventrals present.

1. Mamillaries toothless; month of moderate width ; scales thin, cycloid.

a. Dorsal and anal similar and marly equal; body oblong Alepocephalus

I i. Anal much longer than dorsal; body elongate CONOCABA

2. Mamillaries toothed; month wide.

a. Gill openings narrow, teetli in premaxilla and mandible uniserial Batiiytroctes

b. Gill openings wide, teeth in premaxilla and mandible plnriserial Narcetes

15. Ventrals absent; scales small, keeled; body abbreviated, liiyli, much compressed PLATYTROt i i -

II. Hotly scaleless.

A. Dorsal normal, equal in length to anal; scales replaced by nodules.

1. Lateral line present Xenodermiciitiiys

2. Lateral line absent Aleposo.mis

B. Dorsal normal, shorter than anal Leptodbrma

( I. Dorsal preceded by a long adipose fold Anomaxopterus

III. Body with minute, hardly imbricate scales.
A. Pseudobranclme quite rudimentary.

1. Bones of the head produced in a long snout AULOSTOMATOMORPHA

ALEPOCEPHALUS, Risso.

Alepocephalus, Risso, Mem. Accad. Nat. Sci. Turin, XXV, 1820, 270.— MOller, Abhandl. Akad. AViss. Berlin.
1846, 171. — Cdvier and Valenciennes, Hisr. Nat. Poiss., xix, 169.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vii, 177.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, r. s. Nat. Mus., 257.

Body oblong, compressed. Month moderate, the snout somewhat prolonged, .laws
Dearly even in front; a series of small teeth in each jaw and on tlie vomer and palatines.
Eye very large. Gill membranes entirely separate. Branchiostegals 6. Opercular bones

thin. Dorsal low and rather long, with a scaly base, opposite and similar to the anal. Pec
torals and ventrals rather small. Caudal moderately forked. Scales rather large, thin and
cycloid.

36 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALEPOCEPHALUS.

I. Opercular flaps voluminous; head large.

A. Head one-third of total or nearly so.

1. Scales large (50-55, in lat. line). Snout, 10 in body length. Eye, 3} in head A. uosthatus

2. Scales moderate (67 in lat. line). Snout, 9 in body. Eye,4inhead A. productus

3. Scales moderate (70 in lat. line). Snout lOiin body. Eye :U in head A. BLANFORDII

I. .-•rail's small (about 90 in hit. line). Snout, 12 in body. Eye, 3J in head A. Agassizii

B. Head less than one-third of total.

1. Scales very small (about 140 in lat. line ). Snout, 10 in total. Eye 6 in bead A. NIGER

I. Opercular flaps moderate ; bead moderate.

1. Scales large (65 in lat. line). Snout 18 in body. Eye 4 i in bead .A. BAIRDIJ

2. Scales large (62 in lat. line). Snout 15 in body. Eye 6 in head A. bicolor

3. Scales large (50 in lat. line). Snout 18 in body. Eye 4+ in head A. edextui.us

There are two distinct groups in Alepocephalus, probably of subgeneric value. The
first group includes the type. .1. rostratus, Eisso. It is characterized by a somewhat short,
compressed body, large head, with extended membranaceous flaps, and by short dorsal and
anal fins, similar in size and shape and nearly opposite each other.

A. rostratus has the largest scales, 50 to 55 in the lateral line (Yaillaut claims to have
counted 71 on a large individual), and has a comparatively large eye and snout.

A. Agassizii has somewhat smaller scales (about 90 in the lateral line), a comparatively
larger head (3 in total), and the eyes slightly larger (3A in head, 10£ in body).

A. productus has a smaller eye than A. Agassizii, and a longer snout, it being about
one-third of the length of the head. In A. rostratus, however, the snout length is one-
tenth of the total; in A. productus one-twelfth.

A. Blanfordii, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1S92, ii, 357), from the Indian Ocean,
has an immense eye.

A. niger of Giinther is a somewhat slenderer form, with very small scales.

All of these forms are dull in color aud have the ventral fins weak and inconspicuous.

A. Bairdii represents another type, having a stout body, about as high in proportion to
its length as in A. Agassizii, etc., but with a smaller head and less voluminous opercular flaps
The eye is comparatively much smaller (18 in total length), and is nearer the upper profile
of the head. The vertical fins are stronger and more muscular, and are heavily scaled at
their bases. Lateral line nearly straight. Mamillaries slender, not expanded posteriorly.

A. bicolor, Alcock (Ann. and Mag., 1891, ii, 133), is from the Indian Ocean, 240-76
fathoms.

A. edentulus, Alcock, I. c. is from the Indian Oceau, 475 fathoms.

ALEPOCEPHALUS ROSTRATUS, Risso. (Figure 41.)

Alepocephalus rostratus, Risso, Mem. Aecad. Torin., xxv, 1820, 291, pi. x, fig. 4; Hist. Nat. del'Europe Meri-
dionale, 449, tig. 27. — Cuviek and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. xix. 169, pi. 532. — JOHNSON, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., x. 1862, 285. — Gcnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vn, 477. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
France, in. 463.— Gegenbattr, Morphol. Jahrbueh, iv. Snppl., 1, pi. 1, 2 (skull).— Gigi.ioi.i, Elenco,
1883, 106.— Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci. Trav. el Talisman, Poissons, 148, pi. XI, fig. 1; pi. xn, fig. 5.

The height of the body is a little more than one-fifth of the total length (without caudal) ;
the length of the head is a little less than one third. Diameter of the eye contained thrice
and one-fourth in the length of the head, and longer than the snout. Scales much longer
than wide, with the anterior (radical) margin truncated. Origin of the dorsal tin opposite
to the vent. Pectoral fin longer than orbit. Distance of ventral lit t from the head three-
fifths the length of the latter. Uniform deep black. (Giinther.)

Radial formula: B. 6; D. 16, 17; A. 18, 19; P. 13; Y. 8; L. lat. 55; Ccec pyl. 12.

This species occurs in the deeper waters of the Mediterranean, and was described by
Risso in 1S20. Until 1874, when the Challenger began her work, this was the only repre-
sentative of the family known to ichthyology.

The French expedition obtained twenty-four specimens from off the coasts of Soudan
and Morocco, from about 830 to 2,190 meters, from the Banc d'Arguin; from the Canaries,
975 meters; the Azores, 2,235 meters, and the Cape Yerde Islands, 3,655 meters. Giinther
is disposed to believe that Esunculus Costal is the young of this species.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AMI THEIE DISTRIB1 HON. 37

ALEPOCEPHALUS AGASSIZII, Goode and Bean. (Figure 15.)

Alepoeephalus Agaasizii, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mub. Comp. Zoiil., \. 218, 1882.— Jordan, Cat. Fieh. N.Amer.,
1885, 34. — GOnther, Challenger Report, wn. 223.

Heighl of body slightly more than five times in its length; its width about half its height;
caudal rays somewhat compressed. Least heighl ofthe tail, 12 times in length oft he body.

Scales ovate lanceolate, parchment like, smaller than in A. Bairdii (the specimen is
almost denuded of scales, and their arrangement in the drawing has been in part made out
from their impressions upon the skim. There are 90 scales in the lateral line, 10 between
lateral line and origin of dorsal, 11 between same and origin of anal. Base of dorsal is
sqnamose, anal slightly so.

Head somewhat compressed, its length contained 3 times in the length ofthe body,
slightly exceeding twice the length ofthe lower jaw, and 4 times the least height of tail.
Snout eonieally elongate, the lower jaw slightly produced. Width of head slightly less than
length of operculum, and 9J times in length of body. Dentition as in A. Bairdii.

Length of snout half that of mandible, which is one-sixth of total length. Diameter
of orbit 10J in total length of body.

Insertion of dorsal immediately above vent; the distance of its origin from the base of
middle caudal rays equal to one-third of distance from same to anterior margin of orbit,
and at distance from snoutmuch greater than two-thirds total length of body. The length
of its base is equal to one-eighth of totallength.

Origin of the anal is under second ray of dorsal; its length of base slightly more than
one seventh of body length, and equal to height of the body at vent.

Distance of pectoral from snout equal to one-third of body length and 4i times least
height of tail. Its length equal to the diameter of orbit and contained 10A times in total
length. Origin of pectoral is close behind the end of the opercular flap, while in. I. Bairdii
it is separated therefrom by four rows of scales.

Distance of ventral from snout considerably less than twice the length of the head. Its
length (probably) about one-sixth that of the head.

Radial formula: D. 15; A. 17; C. 19; P. 11; V. L, 5(f); L. lat. 90.

Color dark, head and fins nearly black.

A single specimen was obtained at station 338, in 922 fathoms, lat. 38c 18' 40" N., Ion.
73° IS' Id" W.

Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross as follows: No. 38209, U. S. X. M., 8|
inches in Length, in 36 30' N. lat.. 74° 33' W. Ion., at a depth of 859 fathoms; No. 35518,
V. S. X. M., from station 220J in :\<\- 39' 45" X. lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 538
fathoms: No. 33391, U. S. X. M., from station 2072 in 41° 53' X. hit., C5o 35' W. Ion., at a
depth of S5.s fathoms: No. 33377, U. S. X. M., from station 2075 in 41° 40' 3D" XT. lat., 65°
35' W. Ion., at a depth of 855 fathoms; No. 33325, !'. S. X. 31.. from station 2051 in 39° 41'
X. lat., (ill 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,106 fathoms; No. 35030, IT. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 21';;:; in .is 36' 30" N. lat, 73° oil' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 620 fathoms; and two others,
one from station 2530 in 4<)o 53' 30" X. lat., GG° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 95G fathoms,
and one from station 2117 in 15° 24' 40" X. lat., 63° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 683
fathoms.

ALEPOCEPHALUS PEODUCTUS, Gill. (Figure46.)
dlepocephalugproductus,Giub,T?ioe.V. S.Nat. Mns.,vi, 1883, p. 256.— GCnther, Challenger Report, isg?. p. 223.

An Alepoeephalus resembling A. Agassizii in form and proportions, but with larger
scales, smaller eye, and longer snout.

The body isquite robust, itsheighl at the pectoral origin nearly one-fourth of the length
from the snout to the base of rhe median caudal rays. Least heighl of the tail about one
half the body in length. The head forms more than one third (35.5) ofthe total length.

The snout equals one-third of the length of the head, the eye nearly s-fourth, and the

posterior margin ofthe orbit is nearly equidistant between the snout and the opercular

&F

38 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

margin. The upper jaw extends a little behind the vertical from the posterior margin of
the pupil; the lower jaw is shorter and included by the upper, and is nearly one half as long
as the head. The width of the cranium between the orbits is one-seventh of the length of
the head, and behind the orbits, more than one-third. The insertion of the dorsal is above
the vent; the length of its base is twice the diameter of the eye. The anal base is under
the anterior portion of the dorsal, and the length of its base is about three fourths that of
the dorsal. The caudal flu has its median rays as long as the diameter of the eye, and the
external rays at least one-fifth of the total length of the fish. The pectoral commences at
a distance from the snout equal to one-fourth of the length of the body. The rentrals are
inserted considerably behind the middle of the length (0.57), and appear to have been at
least as long as the diameter of the orbit.

Radial formula: D. 17; A. 17; scales 9, 67, 12.

The type of this species (No. 33311, U. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross from
station 2035, in 30° 26' N. lat, 70° W. Ion., at a depth of 1,362 fathoms.

The preliminary description published by Gill was very brief. The fuller description
here presented was prepared by him at the time of his original studies.

Alepocephalu8 niger (Figure 42) is a small-scaled black form inhabiting the seas north of
Australia, and obtained by the Challenger at a depth of 1,400 fathoms.1

ALEPOCEPHALUS BAIRDII, Goode and Bean. (Figure 47.)

Alepocephalut) Bairdii, Goode arid Bean, Proc. U. s. Nat, Mus., n, 1879, 55 (with full measurements of
type). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. xvi. 1T. s. Nat. Mus., 257. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 34. — GOnther
Challenger Report, XXII, 224.

Body comparatively elongate, somewhat compressed, its greatest height, at a point mid-
way between pectoral and ventral insertions, contained 5J times in its length to the origin
of the middle caudal rays, its greatest width equal to one tenth of total length, the least
height of tail contained 11 times in length of body.

Scales large, thin, oblong, triangular at the free end, those at the base of the anal fin
having the free end more produced than the others. Sixty live scales in the lateral line,
seven rows between it and the origin of the dorsal, eleven between that of the anal and the
lateral line. Scales extend for a short distance upon the bases of the dorsal and anal tins.

Head moderately compressed, snout subcorneal, the lower jaw included. The length of
the head is contained 4^ times in length of body, slightly exceeding twice the length of
the lower jaw. Width of the head equal to the length of the operculum and very slightly
less than that of the upper jaw. Width of interorbital area half of the least height of tail.
Length of snout half that of the mandible, which is one-ninth of the total length. Diam-
eter of orbit equal to length of snout.

Dorsal inserted directly above the vent, slightly in advance of the anal and at a dis-
tance from the snout nearly equal to two-thirds of the total length of the body.

Length of longest ray of dorsal one-half that of the postorbital portion of the head.
The distance of the anal from the snout is almost 3 times the length of the head, its
first ray being about under the fourth ray of the dorsal. Its length of base is greater than
that of the dorsal by one fifth of the length of the latter; its longest ray slightly exceeds
the longest of the dorsal.

Middle caudal rays equal in length to longest ray of anal, the external rays somewhat
more than twice as long.

Distance of pectoral from snout 3 times as great as the least height of the tail; its
length one-tenth of total length and equal to width of body, reaching to ninth row of scales.

Distance of ventral from snout equal to twice the length of the head, its length slightly
greater than that of middle caudal rays.

Radial formula: B. 0; I). 22; A. 25; C. 19; P. 12; Y. 1, 9. Pyl. Caec. 15.

1 Challenger Report, xxn, 224, pi. lvi, fig. B.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 39

Color, uniform indigo-blue, tliis color extending' to the inside of the mouth and the gill
membranes; fins and opercula black.

The type of this species was obtained by Christian Johnson, of the schooner William
Thompson, of Gloucester, on the Grand Banks, at a depth of 200 fathoms.

CONOCARA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body elongate, compressed; in the type species strongly suggestive of the Barracuda
(Sphyrcena). Mouth moderate. Snout prolonged. .Jaws strong and powerful, the lower
slightly included. Teeth in the jaws acicular, rather Dumerous; also on the vomer, very
small; absent from palatines. Eye large. (Jdl membranes entirely separate. Dorsal mod-
erate in length; anal very elongate, nearly twice as long as the dorsal. Pectoral and ven-
tral small. Caudal strongly forked. Scales minute and deciduous. Brancbiostegals 6,
the membrane of the left series folded conspicuously over the origin of that of the right.
Opercular bones thin. Gill rakers rather short and stout, moderate in number.

CONOCARA McDONALDI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 48.)

Body elongate; its height 5| in its length without caudal; thickness about 12 times.

The length of the head is contained about 3%L times in the total length. It is somewhat
elongate, and corresponds in appearance with A. macropterus, Vaillant. The snout is two-
tilths the length of the head, compressed, and with an obtuse point; the lower jaw included
within the upper. Mouth large, the upper jaw about one third of the length of the head;
the maxillary not reaching to the front of the eye. Mandible reaches to below the middle
of the eye. Teeth on the premaxillary, vomer, and palate very sharp, minute, widely' sepa-
rated, in a single row in each jaw. Diameter of the eye contained 5 times in that of the
head, twice in that of the snout. Nostrils lateral; posterior very much larger, its distance
from the eye half the length of the eye. Gill openings wide ; opercular apparatus membran-
ous, its elements being very imperfectly ossified. Fifteen gill rakers on the first arch
below the angle. Scales very small, about 200 in the lateral line. Dorsal fin short, about
half as long as the anal fiu, and its posterior rays inserted nearly over the last rays of the
latter. The distance of its insertion from the tip of the snout about 5£ times its own length ;
the anal inserted at a distance from the snout equal to 2;V times its own length. Ventral
inserted nearly midway between the snout and the base of the caudal. Pectoral short, in
length double the diameter of the eye, and inserted below the median line of the body.
Caudal fin short, its middle rays not more than two-thirds the length of the snout, forked.
Color, uniform deep blue-black in life.

Radial formula: D. 18; A. 3C; P. 10; P>. 6; C. approximately 22; V. 6.

A specimen 8J inches in length was obtained by the Blake at station clxxii, in 24° 30'
N. lat., 84° 5' W. Ion., at a depth of 055 fathoms, and another, 0 inches long, from station
clxv in lat. 24° 36' N., Ion. 84° 05' W. at a depth of 955 fathoms. Another, 8J inches long,
was taken by the Albatross at station 2392 (lat. 28° 47' 30", Ion. 87° 27').

The species is dedicated to Colonel Marshall McDonald, V. S. Commissioner of Fish-
eries, who has aided so extensively and efficiently the study of the deep sea fauna.

CONOCARA MACROPTERA, (Vaillant), O >e and Bkan. (Fignre43.)

Alepocephalus mucritjiUrun, Vaillant, Exp. Soi. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, isss, 150, pi. xi, fig.

I'd, 2',. IV.

Body very elongate; its height contained 8 times in the length of the body; its thick-
ness 11 times.

Thehead, which constitutes one-fourth of the total length, is elongated ; the snout is two
fifths of the length of the head, compressed, and with an obtuse point Mouth moderate,
the upper jaw extending considerably beyond the lower, the maxillary scarcely reaching t<>
the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth on the premaxillaries, mamillaries, vomer, and pal-
atines, conical, elongated, rather small, and in a single row in each jaw. Nostrils wide, close

40 DEEr-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

together, the anterior near the middle of the length of the snout. Eye large; its diameter
three-elevenths ofthe length of the head ; interorbital space two-elevenths. Gill opening wide :
operculum for the most part membranaceous, its elements being very imperfectly ossified;
preoperculum curved, thickened on its anterior edge; the iuteroperculuni and subopereuluni
not prominent, and apparently replaced in part by the brauchiostegals. Gill rakers, about
15 below angle.

The vent is a little behind the middle of the total length. Lateral line extending from
the upper part ofthe branchial opening to the middle line of the body. Scales remarkably
small; those of lateral line very simple and more than a hundred in number.

Dorsal with its outline a little convex, lower behind and ending at a distance from the
caudal equal to the length of its own base, which is equal to about one-eighth of the length of
the body: anal more than twice as long, beginning near the vent and terminating a little
behind tin- dorsal. Its height nearly the same as that of the dorsal. Caudal moderately long;
its length equal to one-seventh of the length of the body, slightly emarginate : pectoral small :
ventrals very short.

Color reddish brown; head a beautiful azure-blue; fius sepia; iris black; pupil azure-blue.

Scales very simple in form; those of tin- body arc rounded in outline and measure from
1.5 to 1.(1 mm., in diameter. Five pyloric cceca, moderately elongated. No trace of a swim
bladder.

Radial formula: B. G; D. 21: A. 40; V. S; V. 5.

Sixteen specimens of this species wen- obtained by the French expedition from the
coast of Morocco to Soudan, from the Banc d'Arguin, and from the Canaries, at depths
varying from 865 to 2,115 meters. A specimen 8 inches in length was obtained by the Alba-
tross at station 2751, lat. 10° 57' N., Ion. 63° 12' W., in 68 fathoms.

BATHYTROCTES, Gunther.

Bathytroctes, GONTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 187S, 249; Challenger Report, XXII, 225: Study of
Fishes, 664.

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the
mouth rather wide, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye. Botli in-
termaxillary and maxillary armed with a series of minute teeth, as is also the mandible;
palatine bones with similar teeth; those on the latter often weak and deciduous. Vomer-
ine teeth present or absent. No teeth on the tongue. Eye very large. Dorsal and anal
fins moderately long, the former behind the ventrals. Adipose flu none. Caudal forked.
Gills very narrow; pseudobranchiae present: gill rakers long, lanceolate. Pyloric append-
ages in moderate number. Ova rather small.

Bathytroctes is closely allied to Alepocephalus, from which it differs chiefly in the pres-
ence of teeth on the maxillary. Ten species have been described, seven of which are from the
Atlantic. One of these, B. attritus, is, by the admission of its describer, quite as likely to
belong to some other genus — perhaps Alepocephalus.

The type of this genus is Bathytroctes macrolepis, Gunther, from a depth of 2,150 fath-
oms, north of Celebes [Challenger station xcvm). — 1'>. squamosus, Alcock is from 740 fathoms
in the Arabian Sea. B. stomias, Gilbert, is from 877 fathoms, off Oregon and Washington.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BATHYTROCTES.

I. Dorsal fin far in advance of the anal Bathythoi tes

A. Anal inserted nearly below middle of dorsal. Maxillary reaching to below posterior third of orbit.

1. Scales large (42 in hit. line). Vertical fins short. (D. 15; A. 11.)

[Bathytroctes macrolepis]

2. Scales moderate (57 in lat. line) Vertical tins moderate. (D. 17; A. It). Mouth very large.

[B. stomias]

3. Scales small (1001 in lat. line). Vertical fins moderate (D. 20: A. 17.) B. rostratcs

DISCI SSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 41

B. Anal inserted far behind middle of dorsal.

1. Maxillary extending to below posterior third of orbit. Scales moderate (70). Dorsal and anal

nearly equal in length. (D. 16; A. 17. i is. microlepis

2. Maxillary extending behind posterior margin of orbit. Scales small (ca. 105 in lat. line). 1 lorsal

longer than anal. ( l>. II; A. 11.) B. melanocephalus

II. I »oraal and anal nearly opposite and equal in length or Dearly so Tai.ismama

1. Maxillary extending abonl in vertical middle of orbjt.

a. Scales moderate (til in lat. line), (D. Hi: A. 17.) Ii. homopterus

b. Scales rather large (about 50in lateral line), I'. 17-18; A. 17-18 B. squamosus

1. Maxillary to vertical from anterior margin of orbit. (D.20; A. 22.) Ii. antii.i.aki m

2. Maxillary to vertical from posterior margin of orbit. ( 1>. 22; A. 21.) B. .i:c;r.vn>i;is

BATHYTEOCTES MACROLEPIS, GOnther. (FigureM).
Bathytrociea macrolepis, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 225, is*7. pi. i.\ n. Bg. b (two views of head .

A Baihytroctes with the dorsal tin tar in advance of the anal, and the maxillary reach-
ing to below the posterior third of the orbit. Larue scales and short vertical tins, 'flic
height of the body is two-elevenths of its length; the head slightly more than one-third.
Head depressed, elongate, scaleless; broad across the occipital region, tapering forward; its
upper surface deeply concave longitudinally. Eye large; its diameter greater than the
length of the snout and 3^ in length of head. Interorbital space halt the diameter of the
eye. Suout pointed, daws equal. Cleft of mouth rather wide; the maxillary extending
beyond the vertical from the center of the eye. Dentition weak; teeth small, equal, pointed,
uniserial: intermaxillary and front of maxillary toothless; vomerine teeth in two groups;
palatine teeth few, about 9.

Vent about midway between the branchial opening and the caudal. The dorsal inser-
tion is in advance of the vertical from the vent, and it last ray opposite the fourth ray of
the anal. Dorsal and anal both high in front. Pectoral lateral, its insertion opposite, the
lower half of the gill opening. Pectoral with broad base, extending beyond the vent to the
end of the anal. Its insertion is midway between the root of the pectoral and the end of
the anal, and directly in advance of the vertical from the insertion of the dorsal. Scales
small, cycloid. Lateral line straight, with wide mucous apertures. Color, uniform black.

Radial formula: D. 15; A. 11: V. 8; L. lat. 42.

A single specimen, 9 indies in length, in poor condition, was obtained by the Challenger
at station CXCVIH, north of Celebes, at a depth of LSI) fathoms.

As the type of the genus its characters are here introduced, for purposes of comparison.

BATHYTROCTES ROSTEATUS, GOnther.
Bathytrootes rosiratus, GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 250; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 227,

pi. I. VIII. Ii". 13.

The maxillary reaches to below the hind margin of the orbit; intermaxillary terminat
ing in front in a short projection.

The height of the body is nearly one-fifth of the total length (without caudal); the
length of the head one-third. Hones of the head very thin and very easily ruptured, like
all the other parts of the body. Head compressed, moderately deep, its depth at the occi-
put being three fifths of its length; its upper surface longitudinally concave, the width of
the interorbital space being more than one-half of the longitudinal diameter of the eye.
Lye large, a little longer than deep, contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the
head and equal to that of the snout. Infraorbital ring narrow, the broad and large maxil-
lary being separated from the orbit by a narrow strip of bone. Snout wedge-shaped, with
a pair of short and flat projections in front, each being formed by the intermaxillary and
toothed at its extremity. The (deft of the mouth is wide, the maxillary extending to below
the hind margin of the orbit. Dentition very feeble, all the teeth being minute and uni-
serial. The intermaxillary and maxillary are toothed throughout their whole extent: the
teeth of the mandible are particularly minute, and the series is interrupted close to the
symphysis, the syniphyseal portion being external to the lateral portion, which is implanted

42 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

on the upper edge of the bone. The vomerine teeth are reduced to a pair of very small
teeth in the middle of the bone. Palatine teeth none, or reduced to a single tooth-like pro-
jection.

Branchiostegals long, narrow, slender. Gills as in Bathytroctes macrokpis. Gill rakers
long, lanceolate, closely set, 20+7 on the outer branchial arch.

Vent nearer to the gill opening than to the root of the caudal. Origin of the dorsal
fin somewhat in advance of the vent; it is much longer than high, the length of the ante-
rior rays increasing to the sixth or seventh ray. Origin of the anal fin below the anterior
half of the dorsal, which it resembles in shape. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Pectoral
inserted a short way above the lower profile, rather short and broad, about as long as the
eye. Ventrals broad, extending to the vent, their root being rather nearer to the base of
the caudal than to the extremity of the snout.

Scales simple, cycloid, in about 1-' longitudinal series above and below the lateral line,
between the dorsal and ventral fins. Lateral line straight, running from the upper end
of the gill opening along the middle ot the tail, with rather small mucous apertures.

Color, uniform black.

Eadial formula: D. 20; A. 17; V. 9; P. 16; L. lat. ca. 100.

A specimen 6J inches long was taken by the Challenger off Pernambuco, station CXX;
depth, 675 fathoms.

A very small, pointed, osseous projection in front oft he clavicular symphysis reminds us
of a similar peculiarity iu the following genus Platytroctes.

BATHYTROCTES MICROLEPIS, GCnther.

Bathytroctes microti pis, (Ji ntheh, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 187n. ii. 249; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 226,
pi. I.vn, tig. A. — ALCOCK, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1889, 451.

The maxillary extends to below the posterior third of the orbit. Height of the body
r»i in total length (without caudal), the head 3f. Bones of head thin (as in Bathytroctes
macrolejyis). Head rather compressed, moderately deep, its depth at the occiput being two-
thirds of its length; its upper surface is concave, the width of the interorbital space being
one-half of the longitudinal diameter of the eye. Eye very large, rather longer than deep,
one-third of the length of the head, and considerably longer than snout. Infraorbital ring
rather narrow, the broad maxillary separated from the orbit by a very narrow strip of bone.
Snout somewhat wedge-shaped, with upper profile declivous, with jaws equal in front and
with maxillary extending to posterior third of the orbit. Dentition feeble; all the teeth
equally minute and uniserial; intermaxillary and maxillary toothed throughout; vomerine
series transverse and straight, slightly interrupted in middle; palatini series nearly as long
as vomerine. Branchiostegals slender, rod-shaped. Gills four, that of fourth arch being
short and reduced to a horizontal series of lamina', which is only one-third of the horizon-
tal series of the outer branchial arch. Gill laminae very short, especially on the convex
portion of the arches; gill rakers long, lanceolate, closely set, 24+11 on the outer branchial
arch.

Vent considerably nearer to root of caudal fin than to gill opening, whilst origin of
the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to latter. Dorsal fin longer than high, its anterior rays
increasing in length to fifth or sixth ray. Origin of anal behind vertical from middle of
dorsal fin. Caudal tin deeply emarginate. Pectoral inserted a short way above lower
profile; it has a moderately broad base, is three-fifths of the length of the head, and does
not extend to ventral. Ventrals close together, scarcely extending to vent, their root being
midway between root of caudal and anterior margin of orbit.

Scales deciduous, cycloid, with numerous fine concentric and radiating stria-; there
were probably 9 scales in a transverse series between the lateral line and the origin of the
dorsal fin and between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Lateral line straight, running
from the upper end of the gill opening along the middle of the tail, with rather narrow
mucous apertures. Color, uniform black. (Giinther.)

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 43

Radial formula : B. 7; D. 16; A. 17; V. 8; L. lat. ca. 70.

One specimen, lo inches long, was taken by the Challenger, southeast of Cape St. Vin-
cent (Station V), at a depth of 1,090 fathoms, and another by the Investigator, in the Anda-
man Sea, 500 fathoms.

BATHTTEOCTES MELANOCEPHALUS, V.mi.iam.
Bathytroctea melanocepholus, Yaillaxt, Ex]i. Sci. Travailleni el Talisman, 1888, 155, pi. xi. Bgs. 3a, 3b.

Height of body one-fifth of total length, its greatesl thickness one-eighth. The length
of the head is two-fifths of the total length; the anterior profile is somewhat oblique. The
length of the snout is equal to one third of the distance from its tip to the posterior edge of
the operculum. The maxillary extends to a vertical slightly behind the posterior margin of
the orbit. The intermaxillary teeth and those on the mandible are elongate, line, conical,
nniserial, separated from each other by spaces scarcely equal to their own thickness. The
e\ e is very large; its diameter two elevenths of the length of the head ; interorbital Space
slightly less. In fresh condition the framework on the operculum, which is very delicate,
is hidden in the soft integument, forming a curtain, far extended posteriorly. After having
been in alcohol, a great number of radiating ribs, extending downward ami backward on
the operculum, are seen. Vent considerably in advance of the anal, ami near the middle of
the distance from the posterior edge of the operculum to the base of the caudal. Lateral
line is in the median line of the body, except in its anterior part : the scales which compose

it are more conspicuous than on the rest of the body — twice as large, that is to say <•

of them corresponds ordinarily to two transverse rows — and there are about 64 of them in
the total length of the lateral line. The dorsal is inserted above the interspace between the
ventrals and the origin of the anal, the anal being shorter than the dorsal. Both anal and
dorsal are low. Caudal einarginate. Pectoral and ventral short, the former with 13 rays.

The body is grayish green; head deep, blackish blue; fins brown; eye with gray blue
iris and black pupil. Scales oval, those of the lateral line peculiar in form (fully described
and figured by Yaillant).

Pour specimens were obtained by the Travailleur in the middle eastern Atlantic; two
from the coast of Morocco, from 2,200 to 2,500 meters; one from the coast of Soudan, 1,435
meters; one from the Banc D'Arguin, 1,(>70 meters. The type is 108 millimeters in length.

It would appear from the published descriptions that B. melanocepholus is well distin-
guished from II. microlepis, although both have been taken in the same region. The most
salient diagnostic characters, as published, are included in the analytical key to the species
on a preceding page.

BATHYTROCTES (TALISMANIA) HOMOPTERUS, (Van.i.ant. |
Bathytroctea homopterua, Yaii.i.ant, Exp. Sci. TravaiUeur et Talisman, 1888, 15H, pi. xn, fig. 1.

Body elongate; its height one-seventh of its total length: thickness one-thirteenth.

The length of the head is about one third of the total length, and the snout one-third
of the length of the head. The maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the middle of
the eye. and. like the intermaxillary, it is armed with conical teeth, not very closely set.
Teeth on the mandible lancet-shaped, curved inward. Opercular apparatus membranous.
Vent twice as far from the snout as from the root of the caudal. The dorsal and anal fins
are nearly opposite and approximately equal in length (the type specimen was much muti-
lated, and an exact description has not been given): the origin of the dorsal is above the
vent, and the length of its base is slightly greater than the greatest height of the body;
the anal resembles it very closely and extends very slightly beyond it posteriorly. The
pectoral fin appears to have been somewhat elongate, pointed, with its tip extending beyond
the base of the ventral, which is situated almost in the middle of the length of the body.
Scales moderate, 6 above and 14 below the lateral line.

Radial formula: 1). 19; A. 10+ ; B. 9; L. lat, 64.

44 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

A single specimen was obtained by the French expedition at Station lxxxvii, from the
Banc d'Arguin, at a depth of 1,113 meters. The type appears to have been very badly
mutilated, but M. Vaillant has made a careful restoration in the figure which he presents.

This species, like B. antillarum and B. australis, belongs to a division of the genus
distinguished by having the dorsal and anal, equal in length, and nearly opposite. For this
group a subgenus is proposed under the name of Talismania.

BATHYTROCTES (TALISMANIA) ANTILLARUM, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure .49.)

The maxillary extends below tlie anterior portion of the orbit, and essentially to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the pupil. The height of the body is contained 5 times
in the total length (without caudal); the head 3£. Bones of the head thin; head coin-
pressed, moderately deep, its depth at the occiput being three-fifths of its length. The
profile of the head in advance of the orbit is slightly concave, the upper margin of the orbit
approaching very close to the upper inutile; the supraorbital rim forming a portion of the
dorsal profile of the head. The width of the interorbital space is nearly half the diameter
of the eye. Eye large, conspicuous, its diameter equal to one third of the length of the
head; the pupil also large, its diameter two fifths that of the orbit; its horizontal diameter
considerably greater than the length of the snout, its vertical diameter equal to the length
of the snout, which is contained 4 times in the length of the head. Interorbital ring very
narrow : the maxillary is separated from the orbit by a very narrow strip of bone. Snout
sharply conical, its upper profile concave, jaws equal in front. Dentition feeble; all the
teeth equal, minute, uniserial. intermaxillary and maxillary toothed throughout. Vomer-
ine series transverse and straight, slightly interrupted in the middle; palatine series nearly
as long as" the vomerine; the two last-named series confluent. Branchiostegals 7 ; exceed-
ingly slender and long, Gills 4; the fourth well developed, with a slit behind it. Gill
laminae short, especially on the convex portion of the arches. Gill rakers long, lanceolate,
closely set; 17 on the outer branchial arch below the angle; 7 above. Vent equidistant
between the root of the caudal and the gill opening; origin of the dorsal Dearer to the latter.
Dorsal fin longer than high, its anterior rays increasing in length from the eighth to the
nineteenth ray. Origin of the anal somewhat in advance of the dorsal, which is inserted
over the third ray at the point where it emerges from its scaly sheath. Caudal tin deeply
emarginate. Pectoral fin inserted in the lower third of the height of the body; moderately
broad at its base; its upper rays nearly twice as long as the lower ones; its length half that
of the head, and its tip, when extended straight, in the vertical from the insertion of the
ventral, which passes through the twelfth scale of the lateral line. Ventrals close together,
not reaching to the vent, but to the origin of the sheath which incloses both the vent and
the base of the anal fin : its length equal to that of the lower rays of the pectoral and
to that of the snout. The root of the ventral midway between the tip of the snout and
the root of the anterior caudal rays. Scales large, deciduous, cycloid ; about 9 horizontal
rows above the ventrals. Lateral line curving in a concave sweep from near the upper
angle of the operculum to a point above the origin of the basal sheath of the anal, thence
in a straight line to the base of the caudal. Color of the specimen (denuded of scales and
long kept in alcohol), a rusty brown; head blackish.

Kadial formula, B. 7; D. 20; A. 22; P. 13; V. 8. L. lat. 47.

A single specimen (Xo 43739, TJ. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross at station
2394, lat. 28° 3s' 30" N., Ion. 87° 02' W., at a depth of 420 fathoms.

BATHYTROCTES (TALISMANIA) ^EQUATORIS, Goode and Beax, n. s. (Figure 50.)

A species of Bathytroctes resembling B. antillarum in the size of the scales, bui with a
mouth larger than that in B. homopterus.

The maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. The height
of the body is contained 5§ times in the total length; the length of the head 3£. Bones of
the head thin; head large, compressed, the depth at the occiput being three-fourths its
length, its width about one-third. Its upper surface longitudinal, concave, and deeply con-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 45

cave between the orbits, with a convexity above the snout. Width of the [nterorbital space
about equal to the diameter of the eye. The length of the snout contained 3jj times in thai
of the bead. Eye large, a little longer than deep, contained l'r; times in the length of the
head and L\ times in the length of the snout. Infraorbital ring very narrow. The maxil-
lary is broad, large, and conspicuously dilated at the extremity, its greatest width at this
point being more than two thirds the diameter of the eye. Cleft of the mouth wide. Den-
tition feeble: no traces of teeth upon either vomer or palatine.1 Branchiostegals 5, long
and slender. Gills 4. Gill laminae short, especially on the convex portion of the arches.
Gill rakers long, strong, broad at the base; (J+ 17 on the outer arch.

Vent placed equidistant from root of caudal and root of pectoral. The origin of the dorsal
over the vent; slightly in advance of that of the anal. Dorsal tin longer than high, its
anterior rays increasing in length to tlie middle of the tin. the longest ray contained 3§ in
length of head, and about equal to the longest ray of the anal. Caudal tin deeply emargi-
natc. Pectoral inserted far below the middle of the body. It has a narrow base, and its
length in a perfect specimen is probably not greater than the diameter of the eye. Yentrals
close together, remote from the vent, the root being nearly midway between the root of the
caudal and the tip of the snout, and equidistant from the root of the anal and the base of
the pectoral.

Scales deciduous, cycloid, 45 or 48 in the lateral line, the lateral line beginning from a
point on a level with the top of the eye, and ascending in a broad curve to a point over the
ventrals, and thence in a straight line to the root of the caudal. Color, bluish black.

Radial formula: B. 5 (?); 1). 22; A. 21; V. 7; P. 8.

A single specimen, 14J inches in length, was obtained by the Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, from station L'7!>3, Lat. 01° 03' N., Ion. 80° 15' W., in 741 fathoms.

BATHYTROCTES ATTRITUS, Vaillant.

Bathytroctes attritus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 158, pi. XII, fig. 2 (struc-
tural details).

This name was given by Vaillant to certain mutilated fishes obtained from the Azores,
Cape Verde, and Banc d'Arguin, at 1,550 to 3,655 metres If they belong to Bathytroctes at
all, they appear to resemble most closely B. melanocephalus. Until fresh material shall be
obtained, it seems doubtful whether B. attritus is a valid species.

NARCETES, Alcock.

Narcetes, Alcock. Ann. aid Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, n, 305, vn, 1891, i, 10.

Body, as in Bathytroctes, rather elongate, compressed, covered with scales of moderate
size. Eye rather small. Cleft of mouth wide, the maxillary extending beyond the vertical
through the middle of the eye. Teeth in premaxillary and mandible fine, pluriseria I; line
teeth on maxillary, palatines and vomer; no teeth on tongue. Dorsal and anal fins rather
short, the. former beginning in vertical from origin of ventral. No adipose dorsal. Caudal
symmetrically forked, dill openings wide. Pseudobranehia? present. Gill rakers com-
plete; 7 branchiostegals; 4 gills, with narrow lamina?. Gill rakers long. Pyloric append-
ages in moderate number.

The type of this genus is Narcetes eremilas, Alcock (1. c), obtained by the Investigator
in the Arabian Sea (station 105) at a depth of 740 fathoms. The description is based upon
two female specimens, measuring 13A and 94 inches respectively.

PLATYTROCTES, Gunther.

I'latytroetes, Gunthkr, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 249; Challenger Report, XXII, 229.

Body rather abbreviated, much compressed, and covered with small keeled scales.
Mouth of moderate width; the maxillary and intermaxillary and mandible armed with a
single series oi small teeth. Palate smooth. Eye rather large. The dorsal and anal fins

1 This may lie due to tin- condition of the specimen. Should it he a good character it may necessitate the
formation of another subgenus.

46 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

opposite to each other on the tail, moderately long. Adipose fln none. Caudal forked.
Pectorals small. Ventrals none. The humeral arch terminates in the middle of the chest
in a long, projecting, acute spine. Gill opening 'wide; six branchiostegals. Gills very
narrow; pseudobrauchhe present; gill rakers lanceolate. Pyloric appendages rudimentary.

PLATYTROCTES APUS, Gunther. (Figure 53).

Platytroctea apus, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, u, 249; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 229, pi.
i. vm, fig. A. — Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1890, n. 307.

Body much compressed and deep; its greatest depth at about the middle of its length,
and contained in it 2f times, not including the caudal. Head compressed, moderate, two-
sevenths of the length of the body, longitudinally concave above, the concavity bordered on
each side by a perforated muciferous canal, and broadest behind, tapering to a pointbetween
the nostrils. Bones of head are rather thin, but less so than in Bathytroctes. Bye large,
one-third of the length of the head, equal to snout, and situated close to upper profile.
Infraorbital ring incomplete. Mouth rather small, the lower jaw projecting. Maxillary
broad, short, extending to vertical from margin of orbit. Dentition very feeble ; teeth uni-
serial, uniformly minute, occupying the whole extent of intermaxillary and the maxillary,
but confined to the front part of the mandible; only a few rudimentary teeth are visible on
the side of the mandible. Vomer with a minute tooth on each side; palatines toothless.

Branchiostegals extremely slender, curved. Gills four; the inner one very short; gill
lamime short, especially on the convex portion of the arches; gill rakers long, lanceolate,
• closely set, 20 + 10 on the outer branchial arch.

Vent is much nearer to root of caudal than to gill opening. Dorsal tin commences
immediately above it, the anal behind; these fins are very similar in shape and of moderate
height. Caudal peduncle more than half as deep as long, its depth being increased by a
fold of the integument between the vertical fins. Caudal rather short and forked. Pecto-
ral very short, only half as long as the eye.

Scales small, cycloid, each with a longitudinal keel, and not spinigerous, as in Maerunu,
but simple, as in the keeled scales of a snake; the striatums, instead of continually crossing
the scale, are interrupted by the raised median line. Head entirely scaleless. Lateral line
straight, running along the middle of the body and tail, and composed of very small pores.

Brown; head, pectoral region, the vent, and fringes of the caudal peduncle black.

Radial formula: D. 18; A. 17; P. 20; L. lat. about 100.

A single individual, ~>i inches long, was taken by the Challenger at station 107, in the
middle Atlantic, at depth of 1,500 fathoms. Alcock records it from the Arabian sea, Investi-
gator station 105, in 740 fathoms.

XENODERM1CHTHYS, Gunther.

Xenodermichihys, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 250; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 230.
Body rather elongate, compressed, withotit true scales. The skin is rather tough, finely
wrinkled longitudinally, with numerous small nodules, regularly arranged, which possess
the structure and probably the functions of luminous organs. Minute, rudimentary, scale-
like productions are imbedded in the skin, especially on the trunk. Month very small, with
feeble jaws and rudimentary teeth in the intermaxillary and mandible, and a few in the
maxillary. Palate toothless. Dorsal and anal fins equal in length. Caudal forked. Gill
opening wide, but not extending much above the level of the pectoral fins. Gills well
developed; pseudobranchise. Gill rakers long.

XENODERMICHTHYS NODCLosrs, Gunther. (Figure 57.)

Xenodermichthys nodulosus, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1878. n, 250; Challenger Report, xxn, 230,
pi. lviii, fig. C.

Body compressed, elongate, resembling the Stomiatids; its depth nearly uniform
between the head and vent, and contained 6J times in the total length. Head longer than
deep; its length 5^ in total. Snout short, obtuse, with parabolic anterior profile. Mouth

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 47

small, with minute teeth on intermaxillary and anterior portion of mandible. Maxillary
short, broad, very thin, reaching slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. Eye moderate, not entering into the upper profile; its diameter greater than the
width of the interorbital space, and two-ninths the length of the head. Snout shorter than
the diameter of the orbit. Vent midway between the root of the caudal and the pectoral.
Dorsal and anal similar in form and equal in extent, the anal beginning slightly behind the
vent, and the dorsal immediately above it. The bases of the posterior rays of the two fins
opposite. The ultimate rays of these tins are the longest, the length of the rays gradually
increasing from beginning to end. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as its own height.
Caudal deeply forked, with filamentous lobes, preceded above and below by numerous rudi-
mentary lays. Pectoral placed low, narrow, pointed : its length three-fifths that of the head.
Ventrals narrow, reaching to vent; their length equal to half that of the head.

Skin tough, leathery, finely wrinkled, studded with small raised nodules, which extend
upon the rays of all the fins except the caudal; much more numerous below than above the
lateral line, which is very conspicuous, broad, straight, originating close behind the eye and
extending along the middle of the body and tail to the base of the caudal rays.

Radial formula: D. 33; A. 33; P. 6; V. 5.

A single specimen, 8 inches in length, was taken by the Challenger at station ccxxxn,
south of Yeddo, Japan, at a depth of 3-15 fathoms.

ALEPOSOMUS, Gill.
Aleposomus, Gn.i , American Naturalist, xvm, 1884, 433.

Alepocephalids with body elongate, scaleless. The skin is thick, finely rugose, with a
considerable number of small nodules upon the belly, and sometimes also upon the sides
and the lower part of the head. Lateral line, wanting. Mouth moderate, with minute teel h
upon the mandible and premaxillary. Palatines, tongue, and pharyngeal bones probably
toothless. Dorsal and anal fins opposite, similar in form and equal in length. Caudal
probably forked. Vent behind the middle of the body. Gill openings wide.

There are two species in this genus: A. Copei, Gill, with large oval orbit, large mouth,
high vertical tins, and with numerous nodules upon the sides, and A. socialis ( Vaillant), with
smaller eye, its outline projecting above the dorsal outline, smaller mouth, and nodules
apparently concentrated on the lower parts of the head and the anterior portion of the bell}'.

ALEPOSOMUS COPEI, Gill. (Figure 51.)
Aleposomus Copei, Gill, American Naturalist, win, 1884, 433.

Body compressed, its outlines sloping from head to middle of the caudal peduncle;
its height 5.J in its length.

Length of the head 3% in length of body. Snout short, declivous, its length half the
horizontal diameter of the eye and about one-fifth that of head. Mandible scarcely extend-
ing beyond upper jaw. Maxillary extends to vertical from middle of orbit. Small teeth
upon mandible and premaxillary. Eye very large : its diameter half the length of the head ;
its upper outline does not project above the dorsal profile, as in .1. sodaUs. Gill opening
large. Skin thick, slimy, no lateral line distinguishable. No scales present, but numerous
tubercles upon the sides of the body. None arc perceptible on the head. Vent midway
between the origin of the ventral and the tip of the last dorsal ray. Dorsal origin equidis-
tant from the gill opening and the base of the middle caudal rays; highest in its middle
portion, rounding forward and behind. Anal inserted immediately under the dorsal; simi-
lar in shape and equal in extent. Caudal, though mutilated, was undoubtedly emarginate,
and probably forked. Accessory rays, characteristic not only of A leposomus but of Xenoder-
michthys, are not conspicuous. The pectoral is inserted very low down, close to the pos-
terior angle of the preopercular flap, and appears to have been feeble; its diameter not

48 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

much greater than half the diameter of the eye. The ventral origin is equidistant from the
posterior margin of the eye and the base of the posterior dorsal ray ; it is slender, and reaches
nearly, if not quite, to the vent. Color, uniform blackish.

A single specimen (No. 33551, 17. S. N. M.), 3j inches in length, was obtained by the
Albatross at station 2099 in 37° 12' 20" N. lat., 69° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 2,919 fathoms.

ALEI'OSOMI'S SOCIALIS, i Vaii.lant), Goode and Beajs. (Figure 58.)

Xenodermiehthys sucialis, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 18*8, 162, pi. xin, fig. 1.

Body compressed, with upper and lower outlines parallel for the greater portion of their
length. Its length is nearly G times its height.

Head one fourth of leugth of body. Snout very short, hardly one-fourth length of the
head, while the mandible, which extends considerably beyond the upper jaw, is nearly half
as long as head. The maxillary reaches nearly to the line of the center of the eye. Small
teetli upon the mandible and premaxillary. The palatines, the tongue, and the pharyngeal
bones are toothless. The eye is enormous, its diameter two-fifths of the length of the head.
It protrudes above, the profile, forming a protuberance noticeable either at the side or from
below. Width of interorbital space scarcely one-sixth of the length of the head. Gill
opening large, although the opercular slit does not reach very far up, its upper edge beipg
attached to the body by a membrane.

In the fresh individual the skin was slimy, covered by a thick mucus, so that the lateral
line can not be distinguished; is doubtless merged in the fold between the upper and lower
muscular masses. No trace of scales. Vent situated behind middle of body.

The dorsal extends behind the caudal peduncle; it is not very high and is slightly raised
posteriorly in relation to the dorsal outline. The anal resembles it precisely in size and
shape; the caudal is deeply emarginate, and is preceded above and below by very distincl
accessory rays, which occupy half of the distance between the dorsal and the anal. The
paired tins are but little developed, short, and the pectorals have about Hi rays.

Color uniformly deep blackish, violet : the litis seem lighter on account of their trans-
lucency. There are traces of black spots upon the membrane of the anal, and also under
the eye upon the cheek and the opercular (lap, and these continue also upon the belly;
these spots are more conspicuous in the specimen when it is preserved than when it is fresh.
The iris is violet; pupil opaline. ( Vaillcmt.)

This species was obtained in great abundance on the Banc d'Arguin, where 133 specimens
were obtained in one haul, at a depth <>t' 1,230 meters. It was also obtained in small numbers
off the coast of Morocco from 717 to 1,350 meters, and on the coast of Soudan at 800 meters.
Vaillant seems to be somewhat uncertain whether or not this form belongs to the genus
Xenodermichthys, aud remarks that, comparing it with the diagnosis of Dr. Giinther, he can
see nothing which absolutely rules it out. Assuredly, the skin presents no traces of rugosities
nor of any growth which can be compared to scales even in a rudimentary condition. At, all
events, it can be readily distinguished from Xenodermichthys nodulosus of Giinther, which
has an arrangement of fins very different, and a much slighter development of the eye.

As Vaillant says, the great abundance in which this fish was taken in one haul of the
deep-sea net would seem to indicate that it occurs in large schools in the depths of ocean.

Xenodermichthys Giiii/litri, Alcock, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1892, n, 357, vol.
xvili, fig. 3, from Investigator, station 133, Indian Ocean, 078 fathoms, seems likely to
belong to this genus.

LEPTODERMA, Vaillant.

Leptodenna, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 165.

Body elongate, gradually diminishing posteriorly until it becomes almost thread-like.
Head moderate, but (in the only known species) with enormous eyes. Mouth small. Teeth
upon premaxillaries and maxillaries. A distinct submaxillary. Dorsal and anal elongate,
extended upon the caudal peduncle and ending slightly in advance of its extremity, the tins
very much larger than the dorsal. Gill opening wide, though not very high. No scales.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 49

The genus is closely allied iii Xenodermichthys, but is easily distinguished from it 1>\ its
general appearance, its smaller mouth, and by the great inequality in the extent of the dor-
sal and anal tins. The skin, entirely devoid of scales, adheres hut slightly to the tissues
which it covers.

LEPTODERMA MACROPS, \ aii.iani. (Figure 56.)

Leptoderma maerops, Vaili.ani, Exp. Sci. Travailleur el Talisman, Poissons, 105, pi xn, fig. 2. — AXCOCK,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1892, II, 361.

Mody elongate, its greatest height just behind the head being equal to one-tifteenth of
its length, and its thickness at the same place in about the same proportion. It is slightly
thinner about its middle, and posteriorly the compression is much more decided.

Head small but for enormous size of orbital spheres; its length one-fifth that of the
body; snout is obtuse, short, its length, hardly three-elevenths of distance separating its
extremity from posterior margin of opercular (lap: mouth small, the maxillarynot reaching
nearly back to the line of the anterior margin of the orbit. Each premaxillary armed with
a row of small conical teeth to the number of about four; maxillary toothless, the mandible
armed with teeth like those on the premaxillary, slightly developed, scarcely visible
except when strongly magnified; no teeth on the palatines. Iris is much developed, pro-
truding; diameter of eye is three-eighths length of head. Gill openings wide and low.

Ventral far forward, at a distance from snout equal to about three-eighths length of
body; lateral line apparently lacking; the tegument is so delicate that it has been impos-
sible to find a specimen in which it was not destroyed, since it adhered but slightly to the
muscular tissues. Dorsal and anal very low, unequal in extent, the origin of the former
opposite twenty-second ray of the latter, both terminating at about the same vertical and
close to the caudal. All the rays are divided and articulated. Caudal but slightly devel-
oped; pectoral lanceolate; ventrals seemingly connate.

Color, black, velvety; iris, gray; pupil, opaline.

Radial formula: D. 48; A. 71; V. 5.

This species appears, like Xenodermichthys, to occur in large schools upon the Banc
d'Arguin, 47 specimens having been taken in one haul at a depth of 1,495 meters. Others
were obtained in the same locality at 2,330 meters, and also on the coast of Soudan at 1,100
meters, and the coast of Morocco at 1,163 to 1,23") meters. M. Yaillant complains that not-
withstanding the abundance of specimens not one of them was in condition for description.

The Investigator obtained at station 134, in the Indian Ocean, 753 fathoms, a fish SjJ
inches long, identified by Alcock with this form.

ANOMALOPTERUS, Vaillant.

Anomaloptt nix, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailkur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 160.

Body oblong, short; head very large. Teeth upon premaxillaries, mandible, and pala-
tines. Soft dorsal and anal upon the caudal peduncle, nearly equal in extent, the former
preceded by a kind of adipose fold or cushion, occupying the entire length of the back in
front of it. Gill opening broad and large. Skin naked.

In its deprivation of scales the genus resembles Xenodermichthys and Leptoderma, from
which, however, it is distinguished by its general form and by the adipose ante dorsal cush-
ion, which occurs in no other genus.

ANOMALOPTERUS PINGUIS, Vaillant. (Figure 54.)

Anomalopierui pinguis, Vaillant. Exp, Sci, TtavaiUeur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 160.

Head nearly half entire length of body; length of snout one-third that of the head. Mouth

very wide, the maxillary extending beyond perpendicular from posterior margin of orbit.

Upper jaw and mandible armed with small teeth; stronger teeth upon palatines; none upon

the vomer (the small size of the individual examined renders it impossible to be absolutely

19868— No. 2 1

50 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

sure of this fact). Eye surrounded by a cutaneous fold, which in a fresh specimen narrows
it very much, so that it measures only about one-twentieth of the length of the head. (The
size of the eye seems much greater, however, in a specimen preserved in spirits.) Gill open-
ing wide; the operculum covered in life by a membranaceous tegument.

Skin naked. The lateral line begins at upper angle of gill opening, descending rapidly
to median line, after which it falls to the base of the caudal.

Dorsal occupies four fifths of the length of the back, beginning above the upper angle
of the gill opening. Its anterior portion (two-thirds of its entire length) is composed of a
low, cutaneous, adipose, fold or cushion, while its posterior portion is a true fin supported by
rays. Anal extends to posterior portion of dorsal, though a little shorter and extending a
little further posteriorly. Caudal slightly emargiuate, and equal in length to about one-
sixth of the length of the body. Pectorals very short; the origin almost under that of the
rayed portion of the dorsal. •

Color bluish ; iris white.

Radial formula: D. 17; A. 14; P. 9; V. !>.

The unique representative of this species was obtained off the coast of Morocco, in
1,400 meters. It is very small, and the action of alcohol has distorted it Aery much. Hap-
pily a sketch made from the fresh specimen has enabled M. Vaillant to give a figure and a
quite minute description. The length of the body is scarcely GO millimeters; its height is
about one-fifth of its length, and its thickness is still less.

AULASTOMATOMORPHA, Alcock.

Aulastomatomorpha, Ai.cock, Aim. and May. Nat. Hi>t.. vi, 307, (Oct. 1890), vn, 10, Jan. 1891, with outline
figure. Type, A. phospliorops.

Body elongate, covered with minute, hardly imbricate scales. Head naked. Anterior
bones of head produced intoalongtube terminating in a narrow month. .Margin of upper jaw
formed by premaxillarics and mamillaries. Teeth uniserial and in the jaws only. Eye
large. Gill cover apparently complete. Gill opening wide below, contracted above, its
upper angle nearly on the level of the pectoral fin. Gills 4, with narrow laminae. Pseudo-
branchiae rudimentary. Dorsal fin upon the caudal peduncle. No adipose dorsal. Anal fin
very long. Caudal forked. Pyloric caeca few, small. No air bladder.

This genus is characterized especially by the rudimentary pseudobranchise, and the
prolongation of the anterior bones of the head into a snout, like that of Aulostoma.

The type of the species is A. phosphorous, Alcock (1. e.), obtained by the Investigator in
the Arabian Sea, station 104, at a depth of 1,000 fathoms; a single specimen, believed to be an
adult male, 11 inches in length. (Figure 55.) Alcock remarks that the head of this unique
fish is covered throughout by a thick, spongy, glandular skin, with dazzling white reflec-
tions, which is probably luminous in function. The eyes are very large and extremely
prominent.

Family PTEROTHRISSID^E, Goode and Bean.

Bathythrissidw, Gunther, Challenge! Report, xxu, 1887, 220.

Body oblong, with rounded abdomen, covered with cycloid scales; head naked; bar-
bels none. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the iutermaxillaries mesially, and by the
maxillaries laterally. Opercular apparatus complete. Adipose fin absent; dorsal fin much
elongate, many-rayed; anal flu short. Stomach with blind sac; pyloric appendages numer-
ous. Gill apparatus well developed; pseudobranchise; gill openings wide; an air bladder.
Ova very small; ovaries without duct. (Giinther.)

Theuame of the genus proposed by Giinther falls into synonymy, and the family name
is, in accordance with common usage, chauged to correspond to that of the typical genus.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 51

PTEROTHRISSUS, Hilgendorf.

Pterotkrbaus, Bilgehdorf, A.ct. Soc. I poldina Carol., xm, Nos. 1"', 16, September 3, 1877, 127. — Sitz-

ongsber. Naturf. Frennde, 1878, L56; L887, L87.
Bathythrissa, GCnther, Aim. and Mag. Nat. llist..x\, 1877 (November 1), 433.— Challenger Report, xxn, 220.

•■ Body covered with scales of moderate size; head narrow, oblong, with mucilerous chan
nels much developed. Eye Large. Mouth narrow, coregonoid, with bands of minute teeth
embedded in the thick lips: maxillary with a marginal row of very small teeth. Caudal fin
forked, with a dense layer of small scales. Air bladder with very thick walls, terminating
in two short horns in front, pointed behind." (GHinther.)

Pterothrissus was published September •">, 1877, and Bathythrissa, November 1, 1877.
(See Sitzungsberichte, UTaturforschende Frewide, L887, No. 9, 187, 188.

The genus and family are known only from a single species, P. gissu, Hilgendorf
(Figure 52) [= Bathythrissa dorsalis, (murker. Challenger Report, xxn, 222, pi. lvi, fig. A],
from Japan taken in 345 ( .') fathoms.

Family ARGENTINID^.

Argentinina; Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 288.
Argentinidw, Gill. Smithsonian Report, 1884, 619. Jordan. Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, 42.

Body elongate; scales cycloid. Head naked. Month terminal, small or moderate; the
maxillary forming the lateral margin of the upper jaw: a supplemental maxillary bone; pre-
inaxillaries not protractile. Teeth in jaws absent. Four gills, a slit behind the last. Pseu
dobranchiae present, Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals
six or mure. Dorsal short, nearly median ; adipose fin present. Caudal tin forked. Anal
fin moderate. Ventrals under the dorsal, nearly median, of moderate length, rays 9 to 1 1.
Pectorals placed low. A lateral line. Air bladder large. Stomach caeeal. Pyloric caeca
lew or none.

ARGENTINA, Artedi.

Argentina, Artedi, Genera Pisciutn, 8.— C'rviEii. Regne Animal, 2d ed., 1829, n, 308. — Gill, Proc. Aead.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 15.— GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VI, 202.

Body fusiform, with mouth small; mamillaries and intermaxillaries short, the upper
jaw not reaching to vertical from anterior margin of orbit. Jaws toothless. Minute
teeth on head of vomer and on palatines in front. Tongue toothed. Ventrals behind dor-
sal. Caudal furcate. Branchiostegals well developed, 6-8. Pyloric cceca present in mod-
erate numbers. Scales rather large.

KEV TO THE SPECIES OF ARGENTINA.

A. Scales spinigerous.

1. Body low (height 8 in total). Diameter of eye less than or equal to snout A. sphyr.ena

2. Body high (5 to 5 k in height). Diameter of eye greater than length of snout .A. silus

B. Scales smooth.

1. Body low.

A. Diameter of eye greater than length of snout; height of body 7 in total A. striata

B. Diameter of eye less than length of snout; height of body 8 in total A. elongata

ARGENTINA Sl'H YK.ENA, Linn.eis.

Sphyrana parva, Rondeletius, Libri de Piscibus Marinis, 1551. r. 227.— Gesxer, Fischbnch, 1558, 883, 1061.

Argentina, \Vii,i.i-<;hhy, 1686.— Eat, 1713.— Artedi, 1738.

Argentina sphyrcena, I.ixx.Krs, Syst. Nat., ed., xn, 1766, i. 513. — Ri-.so. [chth. Nice, 336.— Nilsson, Skand

Faun., Fisk., 476. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. vi. 203; Challenger Report, XXII, 218.— Canestrini,.

Fauna d'ltalia, Pesci, 12ii.— Collett, Norges Fi>kc 171; Forhandl, Vid. Sclsk. Christ., 1880, 92.—
Giglioli, Elenco, 102.
GonioHoma argent in urn. COSTA, Fauna Napolitana, pi. xxxvi.
Osmcru* hebridicas, Vauri'.i.l, Brit. Fish., 2d ed., n. 133.

52 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASLN.

Argentina hebridica, Nilsson, up. tit., 474. — Capello, Peix. Portugal, 35.
Argentina Cuvieri, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, 41S.
Argentina Tarrellii, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Ic. c, xxi, 41S.
Argentina lioglossa, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, 7c. c.
Argentina decagon, Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Inst., xi. 1879, 295.

Height of body one-eighth of its entire length, with head 4 to 4J in same; eye 3 in head,
and less than or equal to the length of the snout. Ventrals nearly median and under
dorsal. Scales minutely spinigerous, almost smooth in young. Head scaleless, diaphanous.

Radial formula : 1). 10-12; A. 12; P. 14; V. 11; L. lat. 52.

This form is abundant in shallow water in the Mediterranean and Adriatic, where it is
often taken by the fishermen. It is kuowu also oft Portugal and in the northeastern Atlan-
tic from Scotland to 61° and beyond. In Norwegian waters it occurs in the depths, Collett
haviug obtained it in 200 fathoms. This distribution is paradoxical, and is referred to in
another place.

A. sphyrcena spawns in April in the Mediterranean.

Giinther considers A. decagon from Eokitika, New Zealand, to be the same form.
Giglioli, after studying an extensive series obtained by him at Messina, has decided that
A. lioglossa, C. & V., is also identical with A. sphyrcena.

ARGENTINA SILUS,(Ascanii S),Nilsson. (Figure 61.)

Salmo sihta, Ascanius, Icon. Per. Nat., 17i>3. pars m, :!, tab. \ \i\ .

Coregonus silus, Cuvier, Rt>gne Animal, 2d. ed., 1829, n. 308.

Argentina silus, Nilsson, Observationes [chthyologicse, Lund, 1835, 1-7. — Cuvier and Valenciexxes, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., xxi, 421.— Nilsson, Skand. Faun.. Pisk., 169. — GOnthkr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vi, 203.—
Challenger Report, xxn. 217. — Collett, Norges Fiske, 173; Nyt Mag. t'. Natnrvid., xvm, 109.

Acantholepis silus, KrOyer, Danmark's Fiske, m, 98. — Gaimard, Voy. skand., Poiss., pi. xvn.

Silus Ascanii, Reinhardt, Bemiirk. ii. Skand. Ichthyol., 11.

Argentina syrtensium, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1875, 261.

Height of body 5J in its total length, with head 4 to 4 ^ in same. Eye, 3 in head and
longer than snout. Ventrals median, and under dorsal. Scales strongly spinigerous.

Radial formula: D. 11; A. 14; P. 17; V. 12. Scales, 3i, 66, 4. (A full description with
measurements given by Goode and Bean, loc. cit.)

This form occurs in Norway at depths of It'll fathoms ami less. The first taken in North
America — the type, of A. syrtensium, Goode and Bean (U. S. X. M , No. 21624) — was found
in the stomach of a Phycis from Sable Island Bank, in 200 fathoms. In July, 1891, a
specimen 18 inches long (TJ. S. N. M.. No. 4370S) was caught by a boy with a hook and line
in the harbor of Belfast. Mr. Another. No. 37801, 15 inches long, was taken at Biddefbrd
Pool, Maine. This distribution is even more puzzling than that of A. sphyrcena.

ARGENTINA STRIATA, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 62.)

The height of the body is contained 7 times in its total length; the length of the head
3 times in total length. The eye is contained 2A times in the length of the head, and is
longer than the conical snout. Ventrals nearly median; their insertion under the penulti-
mate dorsal rays. Scales in the lateral line obliquely striate. Tongue with teeth. Origin
of the dorsal equidistant between snout and root of caudal. There appears to have been a
silvery, longitudinal band under the lateral line.

Radial formula: I). 10; A. 11; P. 17; V. 14.

The specimens studied were denuded of scales, but the impressions indicate that there
were 51 in the lateral line, 4 above and 4 below. The specimens (No. 43858, IT. S. N. M.)
were obtained by the Albatross from station 2402 in 28° 36' X. lat., 85° 33' 30" W. Ion., at
a depth of 111 fathoms.

Argentina elongata, Hutton (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in, 1870, 53. —
Voy. Challenger, xxn, 218), was obtained at Port Campbell, New Zealand.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 53

Family MICROSTOMID^E.

ARcroBtomatoida , Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast, X. A.. 1861, 51.
Microstomida, Gill, Ait. Fain. Fishes, 1872, 16.

The family Microstomia, although never formally defined by Dr. Gill, is evidently a
valid one. separated from Argentinidce by the much smaller number of branchiostegal
rays, only three or tour, instead of six to eight, as in Argentinidce. The advanced position

of the ventrals is a collateral character.

MICROSTOMA, Cuvier.

Microstoma, Crviri;. Regne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, n, 184; 1829, n. 285. — GttNTHER, Cat. Fish. ISrit. Mns.,
vi. 204; Challenger Report, xxn. 218.

Microstomids, with small mouth, small intermaxillaries, short and broad mamillaries.
Small teeth, in narrow series in lower jaw, and on head of vomer. Ventrals in front of dor-
sal. Caudal fin furcate, its base squamose. Branchiostegals, 3-4. Pyloric caeca absent.
Air bladder large. Scales large, thin, silvery. Adipose tin absent in adults.

"The evidence as to the bathybial habits of these small fishes," writes Gunther, "is
merely circumstantial. They seem to have the same vertical range as Argentina, but are
more rarely seen in collections, as the small size of their slender cylindrical body renders
their capture very difficult."

MICROSTOMA ROTUNDATUM, (Risso), Guxther. (Figure 59.)

Gasteropeleciis microstoma, Risso, I <li t 1l. Nice, 1810, 356.

Microstoma microstoma, Covier, Regne Animal, ed. 1. 1817, n. 184; ed. 2, 1829, 285.

Microstoma rotandata, Risso, Eur. Merid., 1827, in, 475, fig. xxxvi.

Microstoma rotundatum, Gunther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mns.. vi, 204.— Canesi laxi, op. cit., 130.

Microstoma argenteum, Covier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvm, 358, pi. 544.

Body cylindrical, mouth small. Height of body lo to 11 in length. Diameter of eye 2J in
length of head, the latter .">.' in total length. Ventrals midway from base of caudal and base
of pectoral. Adipose fin usually wanting. Silvery.

Radial formula: D. 9-11; A. 8; P. 8; V. 10; L. lat.52.

Known only from Nice and Sicily. It is placed among bathybial forms in deference to
the opinion of I>r. Gunther already quoted. The National Museum has a specimen (No.
40072) from Messina, sent by the Florence Museum, one of fifteen examples of this very
rare form, taken by Giglioli, September 25-28, ls7-">.

We have had no opportunity of examining another Mediterranean form recently described
byFacciohi (Microstoma oblitum, Facciola, Naturalista Siciliana VI, 193.)

MICROSTOM \ GRCENLANDICUM, Reinhardt.

Microstomas gramlandicus, Rein'iiakdt, Vhl. Selsk. Naturvid. ng Math. At'lianill.. VIII, 1841, lxxiv.
Microstoma grosnlandicum, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns.. \ i, 205.— Gill, Cat. Fish. E. ('. X. Amer.

"Height of body 10 in Length. Length of head 5 in same. Ventrals under posterior
part of ventrals. Adipose fin conspicuous."

Radial formula: D. 11; A. K»: V. 10.

This form was found at an early day in the waters of Greenland, but has not since been
observed.

Family BATHYLAGID^.

Bathylagidce, Gill, Science, in, 620, 1884. (Name only. I

The family Bathylagidce of Gill was formed for the genus Bathylagus of Gunther. This
genus includes live species of small fishes, one of them (/»'. atlanticus) occurring in the
Atlantic in depths as great as 2,040 fathoms, another ( /.'. antarcticus) inhabiting the Ant-
arctic Ocean at a depth of 1,950 fathoms, and a third (B.pacificus) occurring off the coast.

54 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

of Washington in 685 to 877 fathoms. All of these species were apparently black in life.
In all of them the eye is large and is believed to be intended for the. utilization of phosphor-
escent light produced by other animals of the deep sea. These fishes are not predaceous.
Their bones are very thin, the fin rays feeble, and the scales easily deciduous. Dr. Giinther
considers Bathylagus nearly allied to Microstoma.

Mr. Murray has made a very important observation on the circumstances attending the
capture of this fish, which has direct bearing on the question as to the bathybial range of
many of the fishes captured by the deep sea trawl. At this station the trawl was over the
side seven hours, but it never seemed to touch the bottom. Yet it contained, besides the
specimen of Bathylagus, several large Medusas several bright scarlet shrimps, and other
animals. '' It is impossible to say how near the trawl may have been to the bottom, but
Mr. Murray considers it quite certain that most, if not all, of the animals above mentioned
were captured in the intermediate water, between a depth of 100 fathoms from the surface
and a short distance from the bottom."'

"Notwithstanding this circumstance,'' says Giinther, " the thinness of the bones, the
fragility of the fin rays, the delicacy of the skin and scales, and the enormously large eyes,
seem to be sufficient evidence that these fishes are actually inhabitants of very great depths,
although there may be reasonable doubts as regards the exact depth at which Bathylagus
atlanticus was obtained. These fishes must therefore be entirely dependent tor vision on
the phosphorescent light which is produced by other abyssal creatures. Not being fish of
prey themselves, or only to a slight degree, they would be attracted by the light issuing
from the Pediculates and Stomiatids of the deep, and thus fall an easy prey to these fishes."

BATHYLAGUS, Giinther.

Bathylagus, GttNTHER, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1878, 5th series, n, 248; Challenger Report, xxn, 219.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with thin deciduous scales of moderate size. No
phosphorescent organs. Head short, rather compressed, with thin membranaceous bones.
Mouth very narrow, transverse, anterior; the margin of the upper jaw is formed by the
intermaxillary and maxillary, which is short dilated. Teeth on the intermaxillary rudi-
mentary; those of the lower jaw extremely small, implanted on the edge of the bone, form-
ing a minute serrature; a series of minute teeth across the vomer and along the palatine.
Eye very large. Pectoral and ventral fins developed; the latter seven-rayed and inserted
opposite to the dorsal, at a considerable distance from the pectoral. Dorsal fin in the mid-
dle of the length of the body ; adispose fin small, not very far from the caudal. Anal fin of
moderate length or many rayed. Gill opening narrowed, commencing opposite to the root
of the pectoral, and extending across the isthmus, the gill membranes being united and not
attached to the isthmus. GUI rakers lanceolate, rather long; gills small; pseudobrauchue
well developed.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BATHYLAGUS.

I. Anal fin short, with 13 to 19 rays, D. 9.

A. Dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal, 13 anal rays Bathylagus atlanticus

B. Dorsal nearer to snout than caudal.

1. Leugth of head one-fourth of total. V. 7 ; A. 16 Bathylagus euityops

2. Length of head two-ninths of total, V. 9; A. 19 Bathylagus Bexewcti

II. Anal fin moderate, 22 or more rays, I). 10.

A. Length of head two-ninths of total, body slender, A. 22; V. 8 Bathylagus Antarctic is

BATHYLAGUS ATLANTICUS, Gunther.
Bathijlagus ailantieus, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, u, 248; Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 219.

The height of the body is a little less than the length of the bead, which is one-fourth
of the total (without caudal); theeye one half of the length of the head. The width of the
interorbital space is only two-thirds of that of the eye. Snout very short, with steep ante-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 55

rior profile and transverse anterior mouth, the clefl of the moutb being nearly on the same
level as the lower margin of the eye. All the bones of the head are very thin, semicarti
laginons; the head seems to have been scaleless. The gill cavity is closed behind, the gill
opening beginning opposite to the runt of the pectoral fin, and the gill membrane forming a
broad bridge across the isthmus. This membranous bridge is not attached to the isthmus
and contains a layer of transverse muscular fascicles, by which the gill covers can be simul-
taneously firmly closed. The branchiostegals are extremely thin and short and hidden in
the membrane. The dorsal tin commences nearly midway between the snout and caudal:
it is short and composed of feeble rays. Vent placed far backwards, the length of the tail
not being- much more than that of the head. Anal lin likewise composed of feeble rays,
terminating' at a short distance from the caudal. The caudal tin is too much injured to
ascertain its shape. Pectoral tin narrow, close to the lower profile. Ventrals opposite to
the hind pari of the. dorsal tin.

All the scales being lost, their size and number can be given only approximately from
the remaining scale pouches; they must have been very thin, and the lateral line seems to
have run along the middle of the side of the body. Of the color nothing can be stated,
except that the scale pouches have a distinct black margin. ( GHinther.)

Radial formula: B. 3; D. 9; A. 13; P. 7; V. 8; L. hit. 40.

One specimen, in very bad condition and 0i inches long, was obtained by the Challenger
in the South Atlantic, at station 318 (depth, 2,04(1 fathoms).

The allied form, Bathylagus antarcticus, Giinther (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1878, n, 248 ;
Challenger Report, xxn, 220), was obtained in the Antarctic Ocean by the Challenger, at a
depth of 1,950 fathoms.

BATHYLAGUS EURYOPS, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 63.)

Height of the body considerably less than the length of the head (ecpral to length of the
head without snout), the length of the head being one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
The diameter of the eye is one-half the length of the head; width of the interorbital space a
little more than one-half the diameter of the eye. Snout very short; steep profile; itsangle
on a level with the lower margin of the eye. All the bones of the head very thin, semicar-
tilaginous. Gill apparatus as in the other species. Dorsal fin feeble, nearer tip of snout
than root of caudal. The vent far back, the length of the 'tail not being much more than
that of the head. Anal tin feeble, distance of its insertion from the end of the base of the
dorsal being greater than the length of the head.

Ea.lial formula: D. 19; A. 16; B. 7; P. 9.

Several specimens were obtained by the Albatross: one (No. 35420, TJ. S. X. M.) in 39°
29' N. lat., 71° 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 693 fathoms; another (No. 31861, U. S. N. M.)in
39° 52' N. lat., 70° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of about 600 fathoms ; a t bird (No. 39477, U. S. N. M.),
a small individual, 4 inches in length, in bad condition, which appears to belong to this
species, taken at station 2571 in 40° 09' 30" N. lat., 67° 09' W. Ion., at a depth of 1356
fathoms.

BATHYLAGUS BENEDICTI, Goodk and Bean, n. a. (Fignre 64.)

This species is in some respects intermediate between B. atlanticus and 1>. antarcticus.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, which is two ninths of the
total (without caudal). The diameter of the eye is one-half the length of the head, as in
the other species. The width of the interorbital space is less than two-thirds of that of the
eye (proportionately narrower than in the other species). Snout very short, its length
about one-fourth the diameter of the eye. Mouth short, its angle being about on a level
witli the lower margin of the eye. Bones of head thin, semicartilaginous ; head apparently
scaleless; no traces of scales in the specimens before us. dill cavity, membranes, and
branchiostegals as in the other species. The origin of the dorsal lin is nearer to the end of
the snout than to the base of the caudal, and equidistant between the snout and the adi-
pose fin; its length equal to two-fifths of the length of the head. Vent placed farther for-

56 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ward than in B. atlanticus, the length of the postanal portion of the body being greater
than that of the head, and contained 3J times in the total without caudal. The ventral fins
are placed opposite the posterior portion of the base of the dorsal.

Although the scales have all disappeared, it would seem that there had been about 32
longitudinal rows; and their size may be judged of by the fact that there were 7 rows
between the base of the pectoral and the vertical from the origin of the. ventral. Adipose
fin slender and long, its length equal to one-half of the diameter of the eye.

Eadial formula: D.9; A. 19; V. 1); P. 10.

Several specimens have been obtained by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross: One
(No. 33510, Q. S. K. M.), 5* inches in length, from station 20!>4, in 39° 44' 30" N. lat., 71°04'
W. Ion., at a depth of 1022 fathoms; another. 5f inches in length, from station 2711, in
3SQ 59' N. hit,, 70Q07' W. Ion., at a depth of 1344 fathoms; a third specimen (No. 39480, U. S.
KM.), about 4£ inches in length, from station 2572, in 40° 29' N. hit., 00"04'W. Ion., at a
depth of 1769 fathoms.

This species is named in honor of Mr. J. H. Benedict, of the U". S. National Museum,
for several years the resident naturalist of the Albatross.

Family SYNODONTlDyE.

Synodontithr, GtLL, Arr. Fain. Fishes, 1872, 16.— JORDAN, Cat. Fish. X. A.. 1885, ::'.•.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, or somewhat compressed, covered with cycloid or ctenoid-
scales. Mouth wide, tin' entire margins of the upper jaw formed by the slender elongate
premaxillaries, to which are adherent the slender niaxillaries, which are sometimes rudi-
mentary or absent. Teeth in jaws usually in cardiform bands, with linger teeth, usually
deprcssible, among them ; teeth usually also on palatines and on tongue (absent in Bathy-
sy ii i ill iis, and in some of the species of Chlorophthalmus). N<> barbels. < i i II membranes sep-
arate, free. Adipose tin present (except sometimes in Bathysaurus). Dorsal tin short, of
soft rays. Anal moderate. Pectorals and ventrals present. Caudal forked. A tendency
to erratic"development in the tin rays. Air bladder small or absent. No photophores.

KEY I'D THE GENERA OF SVNi (DONTII >.l..

I. Maxillary narrow behind. Body subcylindrical, rather elongate. Month very wii!e. Dorsal median.

A. Snout conical : teeth not barbed.

1. Tongue with teeth. Ventrals close behind pectorals. Dorsals with 13 rays or less.

a. Palatine teeth in single band on eaeli side SYNODCS

b. Palatine teeth in double bands [Saurida]

2. Tongue toothless. Ventrals Car behind pectorals. I lorsal with 20 lays Bathylaco

B. Snout broad, depressed. Teeth barbed; fang-like.

1. Tongue toothed. Ventrals close to pectorals. Dorsal with is rays Bathysaurus

II. Maxillary rudimentary or absent. Body elongate, rather compressed. Month extremely wide.
A. Snout short. Head thick. Teeth cardiform, unequal, the largest in the tower jaw barbed.
1. Tongue small, with teeth. Pectoral small, very high. Ventrals very far from pectoral.

Harpokon

SYNODUS, (Gronov.), Scopoli.

Symodiis, Gronov. Scopoli, Int. Nat. Hist., 1777, I'll!.— Schneider, Bloch's Syet. Ichth., 1801, 396 (type,
Esox si/nndus, Gron.).— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, I*. S. N. M., 279.

Saurus, Ccvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, 169; 2ded., n, 313 (type, Salmo saurus, L.). — CuviERand Valen-
ciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 457. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 394.

Body elongate, subcylindrical. Head depressed, the snout triangular, rather pointed.
Interorbital region transversely concave. Mouth very wide; premaxillary not protractile,
long and strong, more than half length of the head; maxillary closely connected with it,
very small or obsolete. Premaxillary with one or two series of large compressed knife-
shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible. Palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single
broad band, bower jaw with a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger teeth
depressible; a patch of strong, depressible teeth on the tongue in front, and a long row along

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES ANH THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 57

the hyoid bono. Jaws nearly equal. Eye rather large, anterior. Supraorbital forming a
projection above the eye. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Gill rakers very small, spine-
like. Gill membranes slightly connected. Top of head naked. Cheeks and opercles scaled
like the body. Body covered with rather small, adherent, cycloid scales. Lateral line pres-
ent. No phosphorescent spots. Dorsal tin short, rather anterior. Pectorals moderate,
inserted high. Ventrals anterior, not far behind pectorals, large, the inner rays longer
than the outer. Anal short. Caudal narrow, forked. Branchiostegals 12 to lti. Stomach
with a long, blind sac and many pyloric caeca. (Jordan.)

The genus has the appearance of being well suited for deep-water life, and its near allies
are some of the most characteristic of the bathybial forms.

SYNODUS SAURUS (LiNN.£rs.).

Salmo saurus, Lixn.eus, Syst. Nat., til. x, 1758, i, 310.

Saurus saurus, < Vviia;. Regne Animal, 1st ed. II, 1817, 169; 2d ed. 1829, ir, 313.

Saurus lacerta, I'rviiat and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 463.

Synodus lacerta, Goode, Fishes of the Bermudas, 68.

Saurus griseus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, II, 188. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 395.

Saurus trivirgatus, Valenciennes, Poiss., Isles Canaries, 72, pi. xv, fig. 1 (good).

Length of head -t in total, snout broader than long, pointed, with jaws equal anteriorly,
or with the upper jaw slightly projecting. Dorsal slightly higher than the length of its rear
base. Pectorals extend to ninth or tenth scale of lateral line. Scales upon the tail slightly
cariuate. Color dusky gray above, yellow below. D. 11-12; A. 11-12. Scales 3i | 58-62 | 0.

This form, the type of the genus Haunts, C. and V., is closely allied to uEsox synodus,"
Linn., the type of Synodus, Schn., which is quite as likely to have been the common Ameri-
can Synodus /ceteris as any other form.

This form, rare in the Mediterranean, occurs also about St. Vincent, Madeira, and the
Canaries, and has been taken by the authors at Bermuda, where it is known as the "Snake
Fish." It occurs at moderate depths about Bermuda, but probably below the hundred-
fathom line. No observations have been made in regard to its bathic range. S.kaianus,
Gunther, occurs about the Ki Islands at 140 fathoms; and Giinther is of the opinion that S.
atlantieus, Johnson, aMadeiran form, and >S. intermedins, Spix. from tropical American waters,
also range into deep water. Others are likely to do so. So is Saurida, an Indo-Pacific
genus.

BATHYLACO, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body subeylindrical, rather elongate, stout, similar in form to Synodus. (Scales are
absent in the specimen studied, and it is not even possible to determine whether or not this
is a naked species.) Head conical. Snout short. Mouth very large, wide, oblique, lower
jaw slightly projecting. .Maxillary narrow and long, with small teeth, which are somewhat
biserial in front, and uniserial behind; interrupted at the symphysis. Mandible with a
narrow band of similar teeth. Palatine teeth in a narrowband; tongue toothless. Eye
moderately large, very tar forward, its upper edge (dose to the dorsal profile. Pectoral
small, placed low. Ventral nearly median, a little in advance of the dorsal and far behind
the pectoral, with 8 rays. Dorsal origin nearly in the middle of the length and extending
to above the middle of the anal. Adipose fin probably absent. The anal origin far back,
tin short, (iill opening very wide, as in Bathysaurus, the left membrane overlapping the
right, not attached to the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous, trill rakers short and few.
Opercular bones very thin and feeble.

BATHYLACO NIGRICANS, Goode and Beax, n. s. (Figure 69.)

The length of the head one-fourth of total (without caudal); its depth one-half its
length. Snout scarcely more than one half the diameter of tin' eye, and contained about *
times in the length of the head. The lower jaw the longer. The eye is contained 4.; times
in the length of the head, its diameter equal to the width of the interorbital space. The
intermaxillary is nearly two-thirds the length of the head. The mandible is contained 3

58 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

times in the distance from the tip of the snout to the origin of the dorsal. Dorsal fin
inserted at a distance from the tip of the snout equal to twice the length of the head, the
length of its base nearly one-third of total (without caudal). The anal origin is under the
posterior third of the dorsal, the length of its base equal to half that of the head. Pecto-
ral small, placed low, immediately back of the branchial opening; apparently few-rayed.
Color, black.

Radial formula: B. 8; D. 20; A. 10; V. 8; P. 6.

The condition of the specimen is very bad, and it is only the desire to call attention to
this interesting form that induces us to give it a name.

A single specimen, 8J inches in length, was taken by the Bhtke off Santa Cruz, at a
depth of 2,393 fathoms.

BATHYSAURUS, Gunther.

Bathysaitrus, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., August, 1878, 181; Challenger Report, xxn, 181.

Shape of the body similar to that of Saurus, subcylindrical, elongate, covered with
small scales. Head depressed, with the snout produced, flat above. Cleft of the mouth
rather wide, with the lower jaw projecting; intermaxillary very long, styliform, tapering,
not movable. Teeth in the jaws in broad bands, not covered by lips, curved, unequal in
size, and barbed at the end. A series of similar teeth runs along the whole length of each
side of the palate, a few teeth on the tongue, and groups of small ones on the hyoid. Eye
of moderate size, lateral. Pectorals of moderate length. Ventral s rayed, inserted imme-
diately behind the pectoral. Dorsal fin in the middle of the, length of the body, with about
18 rays. Adipose fin absent or present. Anal of moderate length. Caudal emarginate.
Gill openings very wide, the gill membranes being separate from each other and from the
isthmus. Eleven or twelve branchiostegals. Gill laminre well developed, separate; gill
rakers tubercular; pseudobranchise well developed. (Uiinther.)

BATHYSAURUS FEROX, Gunther. (Figures 65, 66.)

Bathysaitrus ferox, GtiNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 5th series, n, p. 182. — Challenger Expedition
xxn, p. 181, pi. xlvi, lij;. A.

Bathysniuus Agassizii, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zoo]., x, No.5, 215. — Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. Amer-
ica, 1885, 40.

Body very elongate, subcylindrical, with depressed head and tapering tail, its greatest
height contained 7 times in its length, without caudal, and 8 times in the length to tip of
upper caudal lobe; its greatest width 9 times in standard length; its height at origin of
anal about half its greatest height; length of caudal peduncle equal to greatest height of
body.

Scales irregularly ovate, with the free portion convex, thin, cycloid, leathery, deciduous;
those in middle (it body with a vertical diameter nearly equal to that of the pupil; those of
lateral line with posterior margin truncate. In the lateral line, which extends upon the
caudal fin, descending below the median line of the body near the origin of this fin, are
78 specialized scales, larger than those of the body. Between the dorsal fin and the lateral
line are about 8 rows of scales; between the latter and the anal fin are about the same
number.

Head twice as long as the greatest height of the body7, strongly depressed, alligator-
like, naked except upon the cheeks and a small area on the occiput, with strong nasal and
interorbital ridges. The greatest width is somewhat more than half its greatest length,
the width of interorbital area nearly equal to one fourth the length of the lower jaw. The
length of the snout is equal to twice the horizontal diameter of the eye. The anterior nos-
trils are situated midway between the tip of the snout and the anterior margin of the orbit.
The cleft of the mouth is enormous, its angle posterior to the eye by a distance about equal
to the width of the interorbital space. The length of the upper jaw equals one-sixth of the
standard body length ; that of the lower jaw, one fifth. The margin of the upper jaw (formed
by the intermaxillary only) is armed with two irregular rows of depressible teeth, some of
which are barbed; those in the inner row are much the largest, many of them being two-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 59

thirds as long as the horizontal diameter of the pupil and twice as long as those in the
outer series. The lower jaws are enormously strong, and broad, Battened below, the width
measured on the under surface of the head equal to t wo t birds t he width of t he broad inter-
orhital space The lower jaw projects outside of the upper jaw at the sides a distance
apparently equal to half its width, and considerably in front; the lower jaws are thickly
studded with dcpressiiile teetli, many of them, especially the larger inner ones, strongly
barbed, those in trout claw -like, recurved. On the palatines, three rows of teeth, the mid
die ones very much enlarged and most of them strongly barbed — these being the largest of
all the teeth. On the tongue a tew weaker teeth, and groups of similar teeth upon the
vomer. (Jill lamina', gill rakers, and pseudobranchiae as described by Dr. Gunther.

The. dorsal tin contains 17 rays, and is inserted at a distance from the tip of the snout
equal to the length of its own base, and slightly greater than one-third of the standard
body length. The fourth or longest ray is equal in length to the greatest height of tin;
body. The first ray is a rudiment; the second is nearly half as long as the third; the third
slightly shorter than the fourth; after the fourth the rays diminish rapidly in length to the
ninth, which is about half as long as the lower jaw, and subsequent to which the diminution
is gradual; the last ray is about as long as the first.

There is no adipose dorsal; if ever present, it was obliterated before the specimen came
into our possession.

The anal fin contains 11 rays, and is inserted considerably behind the vertical from
the termination of the dorsal, at a distance equal to the horizontal diameter of the eye; the
length of its base is equal to half that of the dorsal, the length of its longest ray (the third)
equal to that of the eighth of the dorsal.

The caudal is slightly forked, its middle rays two-thirds as long as those in the upper
lobe, and about equal to the seventh dorsal ray.

The pectoral fin consists of 15 rays, is inserted under the fourth scale of the lateral
line, and at a distance iu front of the dorsal equal to half the greatest height of the body.
Its length is equal to that of the lower jaw, and the seventh ray is prolonged to a length
equal to that of the head, its tip extending to the perpendicular from the twelfth dorsal ray.

The ventral is composed of 8 rays, and its base is almost entirely in advance of the
perpendicular from the origin of the dorsal; its length equals half that of the head. The
two ventrals are far apart.

Radial formula: 1). 17-18; A. 11; C. 10; P. 15; A. 8. Scales, 8 | 74-78 | 8.

Color brownish, the inside of the branchiostegal (lap bluish-black.

A specimen (Xo. 38100, U. 8. X. M.), 264 inches in length, was obtained by the Albatross
from station 2710, in a depth of 981 fathoms. A specimen (No. 33305, I'. S. X. M.), 104
inches in length, was taken by the Albatross from station 2051, in 1,106 fathoms. Another,
S.J inches in length, was taken by the A Ibatross from station 2550, in 1,081 fathoms, and
another from station 2104, in 991 fathoms.

Vaillant identified a specimen obtained off the coast of Morocco, in 2,200 meters, with
B. Agassizii. Gunther originally described the species from a specimen taken by the Chal-
lenger, at station 108, off the east coast of Xew Zealand, at a depth of 1,100 fathoms.

Bathysaurus mollis, Gunther (Challenger Report, \xn, p. 183, pi. xlvi, tig. B), comes
from the South Pacific, 2,385 fathoms, and from off Yeddo, 1,873 fathoms.

HARPODON, Lesueur.

Harpodon, Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, v, 50 (type, Salmo (Harpodon) microps, Les.=
Osmerus nehereus, Hamilton Buchanan).— Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. I list., 1891, n, 128; ism', n. 356.

The type is an Indo-Pacitic form which is caught in great quantities in the estuary of the
Ganges, and in a dried state is known as the "Bombay I tuck." Gunther attributes to the
deep-sea fauna a Japanese form described by him as R.macrochir (Fig. 60), (Challenger
Report, xxii, 180, pi. xl vn, fig. A), being led to do this by the peculiar structure of the
specimen. //. squamosxis, Alcock, is from the Indian Ocean, 120, 240, 270. 300 fathoms.

60 DEEP-SEA PISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family AULOPID^E.

Aulopodini, Bonaparte, Trans. Linna>an Society, xvm, 300, 1841.

Aulopidm, Cope, Trans. Ainer. Phil. Sot-, xiv, 455; Proc. American Assoc. Adv. Science, 1870, 333.

Aulojiida; (restricted) Gill, MS.

The family Aulopidce is characterized by the maxillary dilated behind, and the exten-
sion downwards of the hypocoracoids, as in many Acanthopterygii ( Gill, MS.). Cope's defi-
nition was inaccurate.

A. Dorsal preinedian. Rays not filamentous.

1. Palatine and tongue with teeth. Adipose fin present, small.

a. Vcntrals not in front of dorsal. Snout conical Chlokc ipiithalmus.

B. Dorsal postmediau. Rays of some of the fins filamentous.

1. Second and third dorsal rays prolonged, filamentous. Palate and tongue toothed. . . [Aulopus].

CHLOROPHTHALMUS, Bonaparte.

Chloropkthalmu8, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci. — GCNTHER, Cat. Fish., Brit. Mas., v, 403.
Hyphalonedrus, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 483.

Body rounded, terete, mouth wide, mamillaries long, posteriorly dilated. Teeth minute,
in narrow bands on jaws, and on palatines, vomer, and tongue. Ventrals behind origin of
dorsal. Adipose fin small. Anal short. Gill opening very wide. Branchiostegals 10.
Pseudobrauchiai well developed. Scales pectinate.

CHLOROPHTHALMUS AGASSIZII, Bonaparte. (Figure 70.)

Chlorophthalmua Agassizii, Bonaparte, cp. cit., pi. 121. — Costa, Fauna Napolitana, part i, pi. xxxv, bis. —
GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. v, 104 (not Voyage Challenger). Giglioll, Eleneo, 100.

Aulopus Agassizii, Covier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 521. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travail-
leur et Talisman, 121, pi. xn, fig. 3.

Height of body 5J in total length ; head 3A in same. Eye very large, its diameter nearly
one-half length of head. Dorsal origin at one-third the distance from snout to base of caudal
rays. Its height is about equal to that of the ventral and is contained •"> times in total
length. Anal insertion about three-fourths of distance from snout to base of caudal. Ven-
tral inserted under middle of dorsal. Pectorals reach nearly to the middle of the length of
the body. Color greenish bronze, with silvery reflections.

Kadial formula: D. 11-12; A. 9; L. lat. 60-63.

This form occurs about Naples and Sicily, where it is rare. The National Museum has
specimens from Messina (So. 40071), sent by the Florence Museum. It also occurs at con-
siderable depths in the eastern Atlantic. The French expedition obtained it off the Azores
in 1,440 meters, also iu the Sargasso Sea, 405 meters, and off the Cape Verdes, 4(50 to 580
meters.

The Albatross obtained specimens from various localities as follows: Stations 2314, lat.
32° 43' K, Ion. 77° 51' W., 159 fathoms; 2667, lat, 30° 53' K, Ion. 70 '-• 42' 30" W., 273 fath-
oms; 2264, lat, 37° 07' 50" K, Ion. 74= 34' 20" W., 167 fathoms; 239S, lat, 28° 45' K, Ion.
86° 26' W., 227 fathoms; 2543, lat. 39° 58' 15" K, Ion. 70=42' 30" W., 106 fathoms; 2624, lat.
32Q 36' N., Ion. 77° 29' 15" W., 258 fathoms.

CHLOROPHTHALMUS CHALYBEIUS, Goode. (Figure 71.)

Hyphalonedrus chalybeius, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, sig. 31, 484, Feb. 1G, 1881. — Goode and Bean,

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 223.
Chlorophthalmus Agassizii, tii nther, Challenger Report, xxu, 192, pi. L. C.

Body terete, its height 6^ iu its length, its width 1$. The least height of the tail is
half that of thebody. The scales are moderately strong, sharply pectinated at the edge, and
arranged iu regular transverse rows, overlapping in such a manner as to resemble oblique
plates upon the sides. The lateral line is prominent, straight, containing about 48 scales.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 61

Between the Literal line and the origin of fche dorsal aiciiA scales, the origin of the ventral
(J. The greatest length of the head to the end of the flexible flap of the operculum slightly
exceeds one fourth of the body length, and is itself slightly more than 4 times the Length of
the snout. The longitudinal diameter of the orbit is l times thai of the interorbital space
and enters 3 in length of head. The maxillary, broad and flattened posteriorly, is in length
one-tenth of the body, and extends back to perpendicular from the anterior margin of the
pupil. The articulation of the mandible is in advance of the posterior tip of the maxillary,
its length slightly greater, and it protrudes beyond the snout, when the mouth is open, a
distauee greater than the width of the interorbital area. When the mouth is closed its tip
still projects noticeably.

The dorsal tin is located almost midway between the snout and the adipose dorsal. Its
height is almost equal to that of the ventral. The adipose dorsal is over the middle of the
anal, its length half the diameter of the orbit.

The distance of the anal from the snout is about three-fourths of the body length. Its
length of base is equal to the length of the snout; its height to that of the middle caudal
lays. The caudal is furcate. The pectoral is long, subfalcate, inserted close to the bran-
chial (deft, its tip extending to the fourteenth or fifteenth scale of the lateral line, its length
twice that of the mandible.

The ventral is located two-fifths of the way from the snout to the base of the caudal,
and directly under the middle of the dorsal.

Radial formula: D. 11 + 1; A. S; (J. 10; P. 17 or 18; V. 9 or 10; L. hit. about 48.

Color grayish mottled with brown, scales metallic, silvery.

Specimens were obtained by the Fish Hit irk in five localities ranging in depth from 101
to 156 fathoms, and by the Albatross from eleven stations at depths of from 85 to 167
fathoms.

fl. chalybeius is not identical with C. Agassi~ii, but is well separated by the smaller eye,
longer, more conical snout, lower, more terete body, and larger scales. It closely resembles
it, however, in general form. Dr. Giinther's diagnosis of ('. Agassizii in the Challenger
volume more nearly applies to C. chalybeius, and his figure is apparently of C. ohalybeius.

C. product m, Giinther, was obtained off the Fiji Islands, at a depth of 315 fathoms.

('. nigripinnis, Giinther, is known only from a single individual, taken bythe Challenger
off Twofold Bay, at a depth of 120 fathoms.

CHLOROPHTHALMUS TRUCULENTUS, Goode and Beax, n. s. (Figure 72.)

Body subterete, somewhat compressed, its height 5A in its length, its width about 8.
The least height of the tail is contained about 2$ in the greatest height of the body at the
insertion of the dorsal. Scales moderate, cycloid, arranged in regular transverse rows,
overlapping in such manner as to resemble oblique plates on the sides. The lateral line is
rather inconspicuous, containing between 40 and 50 scales (on account of denuded condition
of body, an accurate enumeration can not be made). There are about 6 scales between
the lateral line and the origin of the dorsal, and 6 or 7 between it and the ventral. The
greatest length of the head from the tip of the projecting lower jaw is a little more than
one-third of the length of the body, and is contained 1'A times in the length of the snout.
The lower jaw projects beyond the tip of the snout a distance equal to one-fourth the length
of the snout. The diameter of the orbit is nearly equal to that of the snout, and about one-
third the length of the head. The width of the interorbital space is contained twice in the
longitudinal diameter of the orbit. The maxillary is broad and flattened posteriorly, is con
tained about 8 times in the length of the body, and does not reach to the perpendicular bom
the anterior margin of the orbit. The insertion of the dorsal is midway between the tip of the
snout and the adipose dorsal. Its height is greater than the length of the ventral, which is
equal to the greatest height of the body. The adipose dorsal is over the middle of the baseof
the anal, its length two-fifths of the diameter of the orbit.

The distance of the anal from the snout is about three-fourths of the body's length; the

6" 2 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

length of its base is about two-thirds that of the snout; its height equal to the diameter of
the orbit. Caudal furcate. Pectoral Long and strong, its length equal to the distance from
the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit, and about twice that of the man
dible. The ventral is inserted under the middle of the base of the dorsal, the distance from
the posterior margin of the orbit equal to the distance of the latter from the snout. Color,
brownish.

Radial formula: D. 1, 8; A. 1, 7; V. 9 or 10.

The species is described from a specimen about S inches in length, obtained by the
steamer Blake, at station lii, off Barbadoes, in 158 fathoms.

Family BENTHOSAURID^.
Benthosauridas, Gill, MS.

Synodontoidea with well developed supramaxillaries widening backward and applied to
the dentigerous intermaxillaries; pectorals inserted near the shoulders, and very long
ventrals. (Gill.)

BENTHOSAURUS, Goode and Bean.

Benthosatinis, Goode and Beax, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., xn. No. 5, 165.

Body long, somewhat compressed, tapering into a slender, elongate, caudal peduncle.
Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Head slightly depressed; cleft of month wide, horizontal,
the lower jaw projecting at its extremity and anteriorly at the sides. The maxilla is long,
not stout, dilated posteriorly; the intermaxillary very long, styliform, tapering, immovable.
The intermaxillary and mandible with bands of small teeth, of uniform size, interrupted at
the symphysis. A short oblong band of similar teeth on each side of the vomer, separated
by a rather wide interspace. Palate and tongue smooth. Bye very small, inconspicuous.
Gill opening extremely wide, the branchiostegal membrane free from the isthmus. Gill
rakers long and slender, numerous, about twice as many below the angle as above. Pseu-
dobrauchi?e absent. Branchiostegals eleven. All the fins well developed; no adipose dor-
sal. Dorsal fin median, anal postmedian. Caudal forked, with lower lobe produced.
Ventral seven-rayed, inserted opposite the interspace between pectoral and dorsal, the outer
ray produced.

Bent It <>s a iu- us is closely allied to Bathysaurus and Bathj/pteroin.

BENTHOSAURUS GRALLATOR, Goode and Bean. (Figure 73.)
Bentho8aurus grallator, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,xn, No. 5, 168.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, depressed slightly forward, tapering behind into
a long slender tail, its greatest height contained 71 times in its standard length, and equal-
ing half the length of the head, its greatest width one-third the length of the head; its
height at the origin of the anal, five-sixths of its greatest height. Least height of tail half
the height of the body at the ventrals. Length of caudal peduncle 6i times its least height.

Scales very thin, cycloid, leathery, deciduous; oval in form, except at the base of the
dorsal and anal fins, where they become more elongate; the horizontal diameter of a scale
in the lateral line equals twice the diameter of the eye. The lateral line is straight, above
the median line anteriorly, becoming median on the caudal peduncle, the tube-bearing scales
being prominent, and about 55 in number. Between the dorsal fin and the lateral line are
about nine rows of scales; between the latter and the anal fin, eight or nine rows.

Head twice as long as the greatest height of the body, its length contained a little less
than 1 times in the standard body length, considerably depressed, scaleless except on the
vertex and the preoperculum. Operculum (perhaps accidentally) denuded.

The snout is much produced, almost equal to the width of the interorbital space, which
is convex. The maxilla extends far behind the posterior margin of the eye, its length equal-
ing that of the postorbital part of the head. The mandible projects beyond the upper jaw
to a distance slightly more thau the diameter of the orbit, and receives the snout within its
extremity when the jaws are closed. The teeth have been fully described iu the generic

IHscTJSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DIsTRIHITK )\.

63

diagnosis. The mandible has a scries of seven large pores mi its lower surface. There are

several similar pores under the eye. The nostrils are situated about midway between the
eye and the extremity of the snout, small, slit like, the posterior about twice as large as the
interior one in each pair.

The dorsal fin contains 11 rays, and is inserted midway between the tip of the snout
and the base of the middle caudal rays. The tin is highest in front, the Length of the rays
diminishing rapidly posteriorly. There is apparently no adipose dorsal.

The anal tin contains 12 rays and is similar in shape to the dorsal, the anterior rays
being the longest, and about equal in length to the mandible; its distance from the snout is
about o times the length of its longest ray.

The caudal is forked, its middle rays two-fifths as long as those in the upper caudal
lobe; the lower lobe is much prolonged, the lower ray being more than 4 times as long as
the middle rays. Its extremity is broken off in our specimen, but apparently it must have
been nearly twice as long as the stump which now remains.

The pectoral fin is normal, composed of 9 rays, and is inserted close to the opercular
flap; its length is slightly greater than that of the head (although mutilated), extending
beyond the origin of the dorsal.

The ventral is composed of 7 rays, and its base is entirely in advance of the perpendic-
ular from the origin of the dorsal; the inner rays reach to the vent, while its outer ray is
enormously prolonged, extending far beyond the extremity of the upper caudal lobe; the
length of the prolonged ray is fully 4 times that of the head. The two ventrals are close
together.

Eadial formula: D. 11; A. 12; P. 9; V. 7; B. 11. Scales, 9-53-8 or 9.

Color brown, the roof of the mouth and inside of the branchiostegal flap black, as well
as the operculum and branchiostegal membrane.

A single specimen, 392 millimeters (15i inches) long to the tips of the prolonged ven-
tral rays, was taken by the Blake, at a depth of 1,830 fathoms, at station CLSxrv, in lat.
21° 33' N., Ion. 84° 23' W.

A second example of the same fish, and of nearly the same size, was taken by the steamer
Albatross, September 6, 1884, in lat, 39° 3' 13" K and Ion. 70° 50' 45" W., at a depth of
1,537 fathoms. This is well preserved, and throws additional light on the external charac-
ters of the-species; the fins, especially, are more nearly perfect. Measurements of the two
are given below.

Length to base of middle caudal rays... mm.

Body.— Greatest height do..

Greatest width do..

Height at ventrals do. .

Least height of tail do. .

Length of caudal peduncle do. . .

Head. — Greatest length do

Greatest width do. ..

Width "f int. n.rbital area do..

Length of snout do...

Length of upper jaw do

Length of mandible do

Distance from snout to orbit- - . do
Diameter of orbit do

Dorsal. — Distance from snout do

Length of base do

Length of longest ray (first) do

Length of last ray do

Anal. — Distance from snout do

Length of base do

Length of longest ray (first).. ..do

Current nnmherof
specimens.

i i \ in. 35651

275

267

37

35

•J I

20

32

33

16

16

105

95

73

70

28

26

20

18

19

18

48

48

56

53

21

—

2.5

o

137

123

35

40

49+

—

Hi 'i

17

152

146

34

33

55

50

Current number of
specimens.

CLXXIV. * 3565]

Anal.— Length of last ray mm.- 12(?)

Caudal.— Length of middle rays do... 23

Length of external rays, upper

lobe mm..

Length of external rays, tower

lobe mm.. 100+

Pectoral. — Distance from snout do... 67

Length do... 77 +

\ Mil ri]._ Distance from snout do. .. 103

Length do... 285+

Branchioategals do... 11

Dorsal do. . . 11

Anal do... 12

Pectoral do... 9

Ventral do... 7

Number of scales in lateral line T.5

Number of tra tbovi

line 9

Number of transverse rows below lateral

line 8 or 9

16
19

50

221
62
84

11
13

7
60

• Blake.

64 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family BATHYPTEROIDyE.
Bathypteroidw, Gill, MS.

Synodontoideans with the upper pectoral ray entirely detached, thickened and devel-
oped as a tactile organ, extensible upwards. (Gill.)

BATHYPTEROIS, Gunther.

Bathypterois, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878. 5th series, n, 183.

Shape of the body like that of an Aulojnts. Head of moderate size, depressed in front,
with the snout projecting', the large mandible very prominent beyond the upper jaw. Cleft
of the mouth wide; maxillary much developed, very movable, much dilated behind. Teeth
in narrow villiform bands in the jaws; on each side of the broad vomer a small patch of
similar teeth; none on the palatines or on the tongue. Eye very small. Scales cycloid,
adherent, of moderate size. Eays of the pectoral fin much elongate, some of the upper
being separate from the rest and forming a distinct division. Ventrals abdominal, with the
outer rays prolonged, 8-rayed. Dorsal tin inserted in the middle of the body above, or
immediately behind the root of the ventral, of moderate length. Adipose fin present or
absent. Anal short. Caudal forked. Gill openings very wide; gill lamina? well developed,
separate from each other; gill rakers long. Pseudobranchia? none.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES OF BATHYPTEROIS.

I. Outer ventral rays filiform, simple, their extremities soft, swollen, lamelliform. Anal far behind dorsal.
Dorsal origin over axis of vtntrals Subgenus Bathypterois

A. Outer ventral rays not prolonged. Uppermost pectoral rays very elongate, biiid (longer than total

length of fish) [B. Loxiill'll.is. Gthr., Kcrniadees.]

B. Outer ventral rays prolonged (extending beyond anal). 1'ppcnnost pectoral rays not prolonged

beyond caudal tip B. DIBITS, Vaillant. E. Atlantic.

II. Outer ventral rays filiform, simple, prolonged, adpressed or inseparably united. End of dorsal and
origin of anal in same vertical or overlapping. Caudal with lower lobe usually prolonged
(except in li. quadrifilis) Subgenus Synapteretmus

A. Anal origin in nearly same vertical as end of dorsal. Dorsal origin over axis of ventrals or nearly

so. Ventral rays elongate.

1. Ventral outer rays adpressed. Lower caudal ray not prolonged. Upper pectoral ray not extend-

ing beyond upper lobe of caudal. A. 9; L. lat. 50 B. QUADRIFILIS, Giinther. Off Brazil.

2. Ventral outer rays inseparably united throughout. Lower caudal ray prolonged. Upper pec-

toral rajT extending beyond caudal. A. 11; L. lat. 55. [B. Gi ntiieki, Alcock. Andaman Sea.]

3. Ventral outer rays coherent in basal half; two or three lower caudal rays prolonged. Upper pec-

toral rays reach to adipose dorsal [B. lnsuiakum, Alcock. Indian Ocean.]

B. Anal origin under middle rays of dorsal. Dorsal far back, far behind vertical from axis of pectorals.

1. Uppermost pectoral ray as long as the fish, bifid toward its extremity. D. 13; A. 10; L. lat. 55;

P. 2-17-8 B. LONGIPES, Giinther. Off east coast South America.

2. Uppermost pectoral ray longer than fish, bifid from its middle. D. 12; A. 9; L. lat. 55.

[B. longicauda, Giinther. Middle of Southern Pacific.]

BATHYPTEROIS DUBIUS, Vaillant. (Figure 74.)

Bathypterois dubius, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav. et Talis., Poiss., 1888, 124, pis. ix, xn, figs. 4, 4a: pi. xiv,
fig. 4; pi. xv, tigs. 4, 4a, ib.

This species does not appear to reach a large size; the largest of the many examples,
taken by the Talisman measuring 260 millimeters. The height is about one-eighth of the
total length; the thickness nearly one-twelfth; the head two- elevenths, and the caudal
one-fourth. The eye is about one-sixteenth as long as the head; the interorbital space
about equal to the distance from tip of snout to center of eye. Gill opening wide. Dorsal
origin a little behind origin of ventral, over about the seventeenth scale of the lateral line;
longest dorsal ray two-thirds length of head; base of dorsal a little less than its longest ray.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 65

The uppermost detached pectoral ray reaches beyond end of scales. The longest ventral ray
is three sevenths of length without the caudal. Longest anal ray about one-halt' head.
Radial formula: B. 12; 1). 1. 11: A. 9; V. 2, 6; I'. 2, LO; Sc. 6-60-8.

MEASUREMENTS.

Millimeters.
Caudal 58.24

Millimeters.

Length 243.00

Height 31.13

Thickness 20.08

Head 45.18

Snout 16.35

Eye 3.06

Interorbital space 16.35

Bathypterois dubivs, of Vaillant, is represented in his collections by seventy examples,
among which he recognizes a great amount of individual variation, and more than one
species may be included under this name. It resembles most closely B. longipee.

Examples were taken off the coast of Morocco, in depths ranging from 834 to 1,590

meters; off the Canaries, in 1,238 meters; off the Soudan coast, in 932 to 1,232 meters; on

the Arguin Bank, in depths of 1,113 to 1,195 meters, and at the Azores, in 1,257 to 1,112

meters.

BATHYPTEROIS QUADRIITLIS, ci ntheh. (Figure 75.)

Bathypterois quadrifilis, GfJNTHEK, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, u, p. 184. — Challenger Report, xxu, 188,
pi. xxxm, lig. 15.

The uppermost and lowermost of the pectoral rays are filiform, the former bifid tor
more than two thirds of its length, the latter simple. Outer ventral rays much prolonged,
not dilated. Dorsal inserted close to root of ventrals. Adipose tin present.

This species differs somewhat more from the preceding than these do among themselves.
The greatest depth of the body is one-seventh of the total length, without caudal, the length
of the head nearly one-fifth. The head is remarkably flat above, and the width oftheinter-
orbital space exceeds the length of the snout. The eye is small, but larger than in the pre-
ceding species, about one-third of the length of the snout, and one-fifth or one-sixth of the
length of the postorbital portion of the head. The dentition and branchial apparatus do
not offer any noteworthy peculiarity.

The dorsal tin occupies the middle between the extremity of the upper jaw and the root
of the caudal fin. A narrow adipose tin is present and midway between the dorsal and cau-
dal. The anal tin commences immediately behind the dorsal, its origin being equidistant
from the roots of the pectoral and caudal. Caudal tin emarginate.

The principal distinctive feature of this species is that it possesses not only the long
detached upper pectoral ray, but also an equally long lower ray, which, however, is not
removed from the remainder of the fin. The upper ray becomes bifid in its proximate third,
and is accompanied by an extremely short rudimentary second ray; it scarcely reaches to
the caudal tin and is shorter than the lowermost ray, which may reach to the end of the
caudal, and is split only at its very extremity.

The structure of the ventral tins is the same as in Bathypterois longipes, but the strong
outer rays are somewhat curved and do not reach the end of the anal.

The scales are cycloid, as in the other species, but those behind the basal portion of the
pectoral tin are deeply pectinated, provided with from 5 to 10 long aud narrow teeth, of
which the middle ones are the longest. (Giinther.)

Color blackish or black; pectoral filaments whitish.

Radial formula: B. 12; D. 11; A. 9; P. 2-9; V. 9; L. lat. 59. L. transv. 6 | 8.

The types of this specimen were obtained by the Challenger off the coast of Brazil; two
specimens, one from station 120, at a depth of 770 fathoms, one from station 121, at a depth
of 500 fathoms.

The Blake obtained one specimen at station xcvui, off St. Vincent, at a depth of 513
fathoms.

Two specimens, one of them G\ and the other 4J inches in length, were taken by the
Albatross at station 2385, in 710 fathoms. Another (No. 31903, U. S. N. M.), 6 inches in
length, at station 2117, in 083 fathoms.
19858— No. 2 5

66 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

BATHYPTEROIS LONGIPES, (it ntheh. (Figure 76.)

Bathypterois longipes, Gunther, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, ii, 184; Challenger Report, xxn, 188,
pi. xxviii, rig. A.

The uppermost pectoral ray is the strongest, about as long as the whole tish, bifid
towards its extremity. Outer ventral rays much prolonged, strong, but not dilated at the
extremity. Dorsal fin inserted at some distance behind the root of the ventrals. Adipose
fin present or absent.

Similar to Bathypterois longifilis, from which it differs only in the following points: Eye
minute. The dorsal tin is placed farther backwards, its origin being nearly midway between
the end of the snout and the root of the caudal ; consequently the root of the ventral is some
distance in advance of the dorsal, and the end of the dorsal is vertically opposite to the
fifth anal ray. One specimen possesses, the other lacks, adipose tin. Caudal fin deeply
forked, with the outer ray much produced. Of the two branches into which the posterior
third of the long pectoral ray is split, one is much shorter and weaker than the other. The
two outer ventral rays are closely adpressed from the root to the end, and much stouter and
longer than the other rays; they are articulated to the end and without the soft pads
described in the preceding species. These fin rays extend beyond the end of the anal fin.
( Giint her.)

Color black, with white fins.

Radial formula: B. 12; D. 13; A. 10; 1'. 2-7-8; V. 8; L. lat., 55; L. transv. (5 | S.

The Challenger obtained two specimens, 9 inches long, from off the east coast of South
America, station 325; depth, 2,650 fathoms.

A specimen (No. 35035, U. S. N. M.), 9 inches in length, and another specimen (No.
31S04, U. S. N. M.), 3 inches in length, were obtained by the Albatross.

A specimen, 2.J inches long, was obtained by the Blake at station cxci, in 25° 83' N. lat.,
84° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 539 fathoms. It is too small to be studied, but appears to
have only 12 rays in the dorsal. It is distinctively marked by a brown blotch on the base
of the caudal rays, above and below.

Another was obtained by the Blake at Station ccxxvi, in 2-1° 36' N. lat,, 84° 05' W.
Ion., at a depth of 955 fathoms.

Family IPNOPID^E.

Ipnopidw, Gill, Science, in, 620, 1889 — (name only).

Synodontoideans with a pair of frontal phosphorescent organs and the eyes entirely
aborted. {Gill.)

IPNOPS, Gunther.

Ipnoiis, GfTNTnETs, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 5th series, n, 186.— Challenger Report xxn, 190.— Nature,
July 2, 1885, 205.

Body elongate, subcyhndrical, covered with large, thin, deciduous scales, and without
phosphorescent organs. Head depressed, with broad, long, spatulate snout, whole upper
surface of which is occupied by a pair of large, transparent, lamelliform, membrane-bones
which cover a luminous organ longitudinally divided into two symmetrical halves. Eye
absent. Nostrils reduced to a minute opening in front ( 1) of each lamina. Bones of the head
well ossified. Mouth wide, with the lower jaw projecting; maxillary dilated behind. Both
jaws with narrow bands of villiforin teeth; palate toothless. Pectoral and ventral fins well
developed, and, owing to the shortness of the trunk, close together; adipose fin none. Anal
tin moderately long. Caudal subtruncated. Pseudobranchiie none. Air bladder none.
Pyloric appendages none. [Gimther.)

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. C7

[PNOPS Mi BRAYI, GOnther. (Figures 67, 68.)

Ipnops Murniiii, 61 niiiii:, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, n, 187; Challenger Report, xxii, L91,pl. \n\,
fig. IS.

Body elongate, cylindrical; tail compressed behind; head depressed. The deptb of the
trunk diminishes l>nt little backwards, and is contained L3J times in the total length, with-
out caudal; the length of the head is one-sixth of the total. Head broad, much broader
than deep, its greatest depth being two-thirds of its length. Snout broad, much depressed,
with obtusely rounded anterior profile; cleft of the mouth verj wide, the maxillary moder-
ately dilated behind and extending beyond the middle of the length of the head. Man-
dible projecting beyond the upper jaw, broad, but owing to the depressed form of the snout
its upper surface is nearly entirely at the lower side of the snout. Infraorbital chain of
bones very narrow, wedged in between the transparent lamina and the maxillary, with four
\er\ distinct apertures leading into the mucous duet. The upper surface of the head, includ-
ing the snout, is wholly covered by the two cornea like laminae of the luminous apparatus.
They an' closely attached to each other along the median line, each being divided by a
shallow transverse ridge into a larger anterior and a smaller posterior portion. The ridge
turns forward near and parallel to the median line, and marks the course of a superficial
mucous duet.

The gill laminae are well developed and the gill rakers long, needle-shaped, closely set,
about 22 in number on the outer branchial arch.

The vent is nearly twice as distant from the root of the caudal fin as from the end of
the snout, and rather more than the length of the head from the gill opening; it is placed
between the ventral fins.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the vertical from the vent; it is short,
but its longest rays are twice as high as the body. Origin of the anal midway between the
vent and the root of the caudal, composed of rays which are more slender and shorter than
those of the dorsal. Caudal fin narrow, subtruncated, more than half as long as the head.
Pectorals rather feeble, lateral, as long as the caudal, and extending to the ventrals. Veu-
trals are composed of stronger rays, horizontally placed and somewhat distant from each
other, as is frequently found in fishes habitually moving on the bottom ; they slightly exceed
the pectorals in length.

The scales are large, thin, deciduous, forming only six longitudinal series on each side
of the trunk. Lateral line faintly indicated along the middle of the body; the muciferous
channels on the head are also narrow, with small apertures. Brown, fins colorless. Buccal
and branchial cavities and lower side of head black. (jQUnther.)

Eadial formula: D. 10; A.13; P. 14; V.8; L.lat.55.

The Challenger obtained it from the coast of Brazil, station 124; depth, 1,G00 fathoms
(one .specimen, 4.J inches long). Xear Tristan da Cunha, station 133; depth, 1,900 fathoms
(two specimens, 5£ inches long); and north of Celebes, station 198; depth, 2,150 fathoms
(one specimen, 4 inches long).

It was also obtained by the Blake, station rrxxxin, lat. 24° 36' X., Ion. 84° 0.V \Y., 955
fathoms (one specimen), and station lxvi, off Bequia, 1,507 fathoms (one specimen).

Family RONDELETIID^E, Goode and Bean.

Body more or less compressed, scaleless. Head naked. Xo barbels. Mouth large.
Margin of the upper jaw formed by the prernaxillaries only. Teeth coarsely granular.
Opercular apparatus complete; its bones very thin, membrane like. Xo adipose tin. Dor-
sal tin far back; short and low; inserted opposite the anal. Pectorals short, placed rather
low. Ventrals present, abdominal, (lill opening very wide; membranes deeply cleft, free
from the isthmus. l'seudobranchi;e absent.

68 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN

RONDELETIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body oblong, compressed, scaleless. Mouth large, lower jaw slightly projecting.
Teeth in bands, coarsely granular in the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless; a row of
large mucous pores on the lower surface of the inaudible, and extending upward on the
preoperculum. Posterior nostril with a slender filament anteriorly. Eyes moderate;
near the dorsal profile. Snout rather long, obtuse. Supraoccipital bones with a pair of
strong spines projecting horizontally forward over the orbit. Gill membranes entirely sep-
arate; gill rakers numerous, rather long and slender. Gills 4; a narrow slit behind the
fourth. Branchiostegals 7. Opercular bones thin, membranous. Dorsal short, rather low,
opposite and similar to the anal. Pectorals and ventrals small. Caudal small, probably
forked. No vestiges of a lateral line.

Dedicated to Rondelet, the great French ichthyologist of the seventeentn century.

RONDELETIA BICOLOR, Goode and Beau, n. 8. (Figure 77.)

The height of the body is a little less than one-third of the total length; length of the
head nearly one-half. Diameter of the eye contained (i times in the length of the head, and
twice in the length of the snout. The maxillar i caches to below the hind margin of the
eye, and the intermaxillary about as far. Origin of the dorsal tin nearly opposite the vent.
The anal origin immediately behind the vent, the terminations of the two opposite. The
fins are low, the rays pointing horizontally backward: the longest ray in the dorsal fin
about one-fifth of the length of the head, and the longest in the anal one-fourth. The pec-
toral fin inserted below the middle of the body, and under the end of the opercular flap;
its length nearly one-fourth that of the head. Ventrals inserted behind the middle of the
total length, and still farther behind the tips of the extended pectorals; their length about
two-ninths that of the head, and when extended reaching beyond the vent. Color, purplish
black, with cherry-colored margins to the fins; whitish in spirits.

Radial formula: B. VII; D.14; A. II; P.9; V. 5.

A single specimen (No. 38202, U. S. N. M.), 4} inches in length, was taken by the Fish
Commission steamer Albatross at station 2724, lat. 36 47' N., Ion. 73° 25' W., at a depth
of 1,641 fathoms.

Family CETOMIMID^E, Goode and Bean.

Iniomi with body somewhat compressed, scaleless. Head naked. Lateral line con-
spicuous. No barbels. Mouth exceedingly large: the margin of the upper jaw formed by
the premaxillaries only; the lower jaw strongly curved, and slightly projecting beyond the
upper. Teeth in jaws in bands, granular. The vomer, the palatines, the pterygoids, and
also the first gill arch and the lingual bones (which are greatly enlarged), as well as the upper
pharyngeals, are covered with teeth of a similar character. Opercular apparatus incom-
plete; its bones very thin, membrane like. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin far back, short, high,
inserted opposite the anal, which it resembles. Pectorals short, placed rather low. Ven-
trals absent. Gill opening immense, the membranes deeply cleft, free from the isthmus.
Gills 3. Pseudobranchiai absent.

CETOMIMUS, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body oblong, compressed, scaleless: similar in its vertical outline and proportions to
that of the right whales (Balcenidce), a resemblance which is greatly enhanced by the shape
of the enormous mouth; and in the lower jaw strongly curved, projecting slightly beyond
the snout. Teeth in granular bands, covering all the bones of the mouth, tongue, and throat.
Mucous pores sometimes present on the back. Nostrils far forward; open slits without
flap. Eyes very small, and placed far below the dorsal profile. Gill membranes deeply cleft,
not attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers absent; replaced by granular tooth -like surface
upon the arch. Gills 3; no slit behind the third. Branchiostegals 9. Opercular apparatus
incomplete, bones thin and membranous. Dorsal short, high, inserted very far back,

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 69

directly opposite the anal, which it resembles in shape and size. Cauda) peduncle short and

slender. Yentrals absent. Pectorals broad and short, placed low. Caudal small, weak,

probably emarginate or truncate. Lateral line broad, consisting of two furrows connected
vertically by numerous short cross grooves.

CETOMIMl - (ill. I. II. G >e and Bean, n. s. (Figure78

The height of the body is a little less than one-fourth of the total length; length of
head a little less than one third. Eye minute; contained about 23 times in length of head,
and aboul 8 times in that of snout ; inserted midway between the margin ofthejawand the
dorsal profile, distant from the former a space contained about 2 J, times in the length of the
snout. The maxillary reaches very far back, extending to a point behind the orbit equal to
1A times the length of the snout. The origin of the dorsal is directly above that of the anal,
which is inserted a short distance behind the vent; distance from the snout equal to more
than I times the length of its own base, and the distance of its termination from the root
of the upper rays of the caudal equal to its own greatest height. The anal fin is similar in
shape and extent to the dorsal, but has the thirteenth to the fifteenth rays the longest,
while the eighth to the eleventh are the longest in the dorsal. The length of these longest
rays is about equal in the two fins, and is contained slightly less than 3 times in the
length of the head. The pectoral fin is inserted somewhat below the middle of the body
and close to the extremity of the opercular flap. Jt is broadly lanceolate, and its length is
contained about 3i times in that of the head. Ventrals lacking. Color, blue-black. The
lateral line sweeps in a bold curve from a point above the upper angle of the gill opening
to a point in the middle of the body between the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, and
thence in a straight median line to the base of the caudal.

Radial formula : B. 'J; D. 16; A. 1(1 ; P. 16.

A single specimen (No. 35529, U.S. X. M.), r> inches in length, was taken by the Alba-
tross, August 20, 1884, at station 2206, in 39° 35' X. lat., 71° 24' 30" W. Ion. at the depth of

1,043 fathoms.

CKTOMIMUS STORERI, Goobb and Bean, n. 8. (Figure 79.)

The height of the body is a little more than one-fourth of the total length: the length
of the head is contained 3:\ in that of the body. Diameter of the eye continued about 18
times in the length of the head, and about 7 times in that of the snout, the eye being inserted
nearer to the dorsal profile than to the jaw, its position in the vertical being twice as far
from the line of the upper jaw as from the dorsal line; it is nearly in the line of the vertical
erected from the middle of the upper jaw to the right angles of its edge. The lower jaw is
strongly curved, and projects far beyond the upper. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little
in advance of that of the anal, which is inserted at a distance from the vent equal to 3 or 4
times the diameter of the eye. The dorsal fin is longer than the anal, the termination of
the latter being under the fifth ray from the end of the dorsal. They are aboul equal in height,
and the direction of the rays when erected is backward and at an acute angle with the axis
of the body. The longest rays are contained about 2.V times in the length of the head.
Pectoral tin is inserted very far down, the lower portion of its peduncle almost on the
abdominal line; the finis lanceolate, and. although mutilated, is believed to have been about
half as long as the head. The lateral line sweeps in a sinuous curve from a point above the
upper angle of the gill opening to a point somewhat in advance of the insertion of the
dorsal, and thence in a straight line to the base of the caudal. A line of mucous pores on
either side of the median dorsal line in advance of the dorsal tin.

Radial formula: D. 19; A. 16.

A single specimen (Xo. 35G34, U. S. X. M.), 4§ inches in length, was taken by the Fish
Commission steamer Albatross at station 2222, on September (i. 1884, in 39° 03 15" X. hit..
70" 50' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,535 fathoms.

This species is provisionally described from a careful drawing made by Mrs. Eilde-
brandt, December 11, 1SS4, under the criticism of Dr. Bean, the type specimen being inac-
cessible at the time this study is made.

70 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

This species is named in honor of the late Dr. David Humphreys Storer, in token of
our appreciation of the distinguished services of this pioneer of American ichthyology.

Family MYCTOPHID^E.

Scopelini, Muller, 1843. — Jordan & Gilbert, Bull., xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 279.

Seopelidce, Giraro, Rep. P. E. R. Survey, x, 1858, 328.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v., 1867, 328.

Myciapliidu', Gill, MS.

Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed (except in Scopelosaurus), covered
with scales, which are usually cycloid. Mouth wide, the entire margin of the upper jaw
formed by the long and slender preuiaxillaries, closely adherent to which are the slender
maxillaries. Teeth various, mostly villiform, and in bauds iu the jaw; also pterygoids,
palatines, and tongue; also on vomer in adults. No barbels. Gill membranes separate,
free. Branchiostegals, 8-10. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Gill rakers long and
slender. Lateral line present, the scales prominent and often enlarged. Cheeks and
opercles scaly. Adipose fin present. Dorsal fin short, median, of soft rays. Pectorals
and ventrals present. Anal fin moderate. Caudal forked. Air bladder small. Intestinal
canal short. Sides scaly, with phosphorescent spots.

For convenience of study and comparison, it would seem somewhat desirable that the
forms now usually grouped under the great polymorphous genus Scopelus, should be divided
into minor groups. We have, therefore, proposed the provisional plan formulated iu the
accompanying key. Some of the groups are probably of subgeneric value.

Siuce the completion of our study of this family, two important papers have appeared:
the first by Dr. Fed. Raffaele, published in the "Mittheilungen" of the Zoological Station
at Naples in 1889, and secondly, Dr. Liitken's masterly and exhaustive paper on the Scope-
lids of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, forming part 2 of "Spolia
Atlautica," printed in the Memoirs of the Eoyal Academy of Sciences and Letters of Den-
mark, sixth series, Vol. vn, part (i, Copenhagen, 1892.

The first of these papers announced an important new system of discriminating between
the species of fishes formerly grouped in the genus Scopelus, based upon the arrangement
of the luminous spots, which were classified by the author in eight groups.

At the time when Dr. liaffaele's paper was brought to our attention, our book was being
put in type, so that, beyond reference to it in the synonymy, it was impossible to utilize the
work of the author, for it became evident that if his plan were adopted it would necessitate
an entire revision of our plan of classification, and while it seemed to be full of suggestions
we were not yet satisfied as to the extent of the usefulness of the proposed new plan.

The publication of Liitken's work lias, however, rendered it necessary to completely
revise our opinions upon the relations of the species. A review of the group in the light
of Liitken's conclusions convinced us that the arrangement of the luminous spots is of the
greatest value in the classification of these fishes.

MYCTOPHUM, Rafinesque.

Myetophum, Rafinesque, Indice ATttiologia Siciliana, 1810, 56; typo, Hyctophum pnnctatum, Raf. — Bona-
parte, Fauu. Ital., Pesei, fasc. xxvn.

Nyctophus, Cocco, Gioru. Sicil. 1829, 44 (iucl. M. nu topoclampus) Lett, su Salmon, (iucl. 1. .V. Rafinesquei; 2-
X. Metopoclampus; 3. N. Gemelarii; X. Bonapartii).

Scopelus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2d, 1817, ii, 169 (type, S. Buniboldti). — GttKTHBK, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
v. 404 (part).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales, those in the lateral line not much
enlarged. Ilead short, compressed, with limb of preoperculum nearly vertical. Mouth
large, the jaws about equal; prernaxillaries long and slender; maxillaries well developed.
Snout more or less blunt and declivous. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, ptery-
goids and tongue. Eye large. Gill rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals, 7-16. Air-
bladder, small. Pyloric caeca, few. Pseudobranchiaj, large. Dorsal fin entirely in front

TENTATIVE ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OF .\m ' n >hi m.L.

I. Body oblong, compressed. Teeth in jaws in villiform bands.

A. Pectorals present.

1. Dorsal anil anal fins touching (or nearly so), the same vertical, or overlapping.

:i. Lateral line not at all, <>r but Blightly, enlarged. Scales cycloid, s >th.

i. No luminous glands mi head or tail. (Luminous scales sometimes present on tail, ahore or
below,)
\. Head short, with limb <>i' preoperculum nearly vertical; Bnout more "i less hinnt
and declivous. Precaudal photophores 2.
1 tarsal entirely in front of anal, and scarcely, or not at all, overlapping. Superanal

photophores iu two groups Myctophum

Dorsal overlapping anal. Superanals in one or two groups Benthosema

xx. Head long, limb of preoperculum oblique, snout oonical and snake-like, l'reeandal
photophores i or 2 + 1.
Dorsal about equal to or shorter than anal, and not overlapping.

No orbital spines Lampanyctus

Orbital spines < iERATOSCOPELUS

Dorsal much longer than anal, and overlapping it.

Pectorals placed normally N SCOPELUS

Pectorals placed very low CATABLEMELLA

ii. Luminous gland* on toil, but none on head.

x. Dorsal and anal nearly equal, not touching same vertical.

Read somewhat conical, with limb of preoperculum Blightly oblique.

Saddle-like gland on tail, a hove and below Lampadena

iii. Large luminous glands on haul, but none on tail.
x. Superanal photophores in two groups.
Precaudal photophores 1.

One large, irregular gland occupying entire front of head vEthoprora

Four luminous glands on head, one in front of each eye and one on each

infraorbital COIXETTIA

Precaudal photophores none.

A gland in front of each eye below the nostril.

Photophores and cephalic glands all divided into halves by horizontal septa
of black pigment. DlAPHUS

b. Lateral line obsolescent.

i. No luminous glands. Photophores much a* in typical genus.
x. Head long, with oblique preopercular limb.

Dorsal overlapping anal, the latter much the longer. Pectoral inserted high up.
Precaudal photophore 1. Apparently no photophores on head-TARLETONBEANIA

c. Lateral line with scales much enlarged; scales hard, persistent.

i. Luminous gland* or scales on top of caudal peduncle, none on head.
x. Scales cycloid. Anal passing behind soft dorsal.

Body elongate, fusiform; head short, with projecting snout.

Anal much longer than dorsal, but not overlapping. Caudal peduncle slender,
elongate.
One posterolateral photophore over break in superanal series.

Rhtnoscopelus

Body ovate, compressed; head short, profile declivous; snout not projecting.

Anal somewhat longer than dorsal and overlapping it slightly. Caudal peduncle
short and stout.
No posterolateral photophore. .Superanals in unbroken series. .ELECTRONA
xx. Scales ctenoid. Anal terminating below soft dorsal.

liody elevated, somewhat compressed. Caudal peduncle rather rlender.

Anal longer than dorsal, but scarcely overlapping Dasi 8COFKLUS

2. Dorsal and anal short, similar, far apart.

a. Scales large, very deciduous, covered with minute spines.

i. No luminous glands on Itead or tail.

x. Scales along belly with luminous centers. Photophores far from normal.
Head conical: rictus short.

Dorsal and anal equal, the latter placed with its center under soft dorsal.

NEOSCOP] 1 is

b. Scales (if present) very deciduous.

i. Mouth very large; maxillary much dilated at tip Scopelje m. ys

B. Pectorals rudimentary.

1. Dorsal and anal overlapping considerably.

a. Luminous glands on tail, above and below. Photophores minute, irregularly placed.

i. Head long, with oblique preopercular limb; Snout conical; mouth terminal, hori-
zontal Nannobrachium

II. Body elongate, cylindrical. Teeth in lower jaw in several series SCOPELOSAURUS

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

The names proposed for the several groups of photophores are explained by the diagrams and the
accompanying table of explanations. The names previously proposed by Dr. Rarl'aele (Hillheilunyen aus
der zoologxschen Station cm Nieapel, ix, 1889, p. 181, PI. vn) and by Dr. Liitkeu (Memoirat d< I' Academic Royale
ilrs Sciences el des Lettres de Ham-murk, Copenhagut , 6' serie, Claase den Sciences vn, 1892, p. 234, tigure) are given
in parallel columns.

< Inly the latent! (three groups), unul, and caudal photophorea appear to have any special value in the
Separation of closely allied species.

NOMENCLATURE OF rilOTOPHORES.

GOODE.

AO. Anteorbital.
So. Suborbital.

M. Mandibular.

< >. Opercular.

P. Pectoral.
AL. Anterolateral.
ML. Mediolateral.
PL. Posterolateral.

T. Thoracic.

V. Ventral.

A. Anal (or supcranal).

C. Caudal.
SC. Supcieaudal.

RAFFAEI.E.

Preorbitali.

Preoperculari.

Brancbiali.

Laterali.

Do.

Do.
Ventrali.
Ventrali.
Anali.
Post-anali.
Codali.

Mandibulares.

Operculares.

Pectorales.

Supraventrales.

Supra-analcs.

Posterolaterales.

Thoracici.

Ventrales.

Anales anteriores.

Anales posteriores.

Caudales.

lol /W) ^°' vo „ oooqoooo lo^

<0 / P ^ oo°22222_

-^-& ^5 o o o o o_o_oo__^-j

V \

\ ^--^fc--^,^^..^

_\° ;° 57- o V2 nOOOO <P°'

Benthosema
co ikSv \o r>^7^ > ° *■ °°oofo°

SO-^^ \° /3/ ^ o^0oooS-

COLLCTTIA

/o) \ I /§■ <3> ~Z&

r0 Ooooq£°.<°°°

/Ethroprora

jo ,* ^ ^ "^

- \° Vo^I^-S- , ° „U""gP OOOOOOOO^O

-^ .0 J /^ J° o°2- -

o oooo, . o o °

/

NOTOSCOPfLU:

Diagram showing arrangement of photophores in the Myctophiim:.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 71

of anal, overlapping it little or not at all. Ventrals, 8-rayed, under or but .slightly in front
lit' first dorsal rays: pectorals wel] developed; soft dorsal slender.

Precaudal photophores 2; superanals in two groups, with one or two posterolaterals
above the interval between them.

I. Mediolateral photophores :>. in obliquely vertical line. Anterolateral 1. Posterolateral 1.

A. Pectoral short. Precaudal photophores close together.

1. Posterolateral in front of soft dorsal. I). 12: A. 19; L. lat. 41-45 M. PUNCTATUM

2. Posterolateral under soft dorsal or nearly so.

a. L.lat.37. Superanals, 7-10 + 4-6. D. ?;A. ? M. .uiixf,

b. L. lat. 10. Superanals, 8 + 6. D. 12; A. 20 M. OPALINUM*

B. Pectoral long, falcate. Precaudal photophores somewhat apart.

1. Posterolateral in front of soft dorsal.

a. L. lat. 38. Superanals, 6-7 + 7-9. D. 12; A. 21 M. PHENGODES

II. Mediolaterals 2, anterolaterals 2.

A. Posterolateral 1, over break in superanal series.

1. Pectoral long, falcate, passing seoond anterolateral. Precaudals somewhat apart.

a. Posterolateral in advance of soft dorsal and behind middle of anal. ^

i. L. lat. 40-12. Superanals, 7-9 + 4-9. D. 12-14; A. 20-22 M. humboldtii

2. Pectoral moderate, not passing second anterolateral. Precaudals close together.

a. Posterolateral far in advance of soft dorsal, and over middle of anal.

i. L. lat. 41. Superanals, 5-7 + 11-14. D. 12; A. 19 M. GRACILE

B. Posterolaterals 2, over break in anal series.

1. Anterolaterals side by side, and continuous with first mediolateral.

a. Anterolaterals far apart; precaudals near together, the last far below end of lateral line.

i. L. lat. 39-40. Superanals, 5-6 + 6-7. D. 12-13; A. 17-18 M. henoiti

b. Anterolaterals close together; precaudals well separated; tin' last near end of lateral line.

i. L.lat. (?). Superanals, 4-7 + 7-8. D. 11; A. 16 M. reiniiakdtii

2. Anterolaterals not side by side, the first above and in advance of the second, and touching lateral

line.

a. L. lat. 38-42. Superanals, 7 + 6. D.12;A.21-22 M. remiger

b. L. lat. (?). Superanals, 5-7 + 6. D. 12; A. 19 M. iivgomii

MYCTOPHUM PUNCTATUM, Ramnesque. (Figure 80.)

Myctophumpunctatum, Rafinesqce. Ind. d'lttiologia Sieillana. 1810,56, pi. it, Fig. o. (Nyethophum punctatum,
Cocco. in synonymy of his V. liafinesquei .) — Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., fasc. xxxvn, Fig.

Scopelus caninianus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, xxn, p. 445. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., V, 409. — Canestrini, Fauna d'ltalia, Pesei, 124. — Giglioli, Elenco, 100.— Raffaele, Mitt. Zool.
Slat., Naples, ix, 183, pi. vn, Fig. 4.— Lutken, Vid. Med. Xat urh. Fbrh., 1891, 207.

Seop( lua tfulleri, Goode, Fishery Industries, etc., 1889, Part 1, Atlas, pi. ccm.

Height of body 44 in total length; width equal to length of eye; length of head 3^
times. Least depth of tail two-fifths of height of body. Greatest depth of head about
three-fourths of its length. Distance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular
edge one-third of diameter of eye. Snout very short, with a very inconspicuous keel on
upper edge ; its length scarcely one-third diameter of eye. Gill rakers 7 above and 19 belt >w
angle of first arch, the longest two thirds diameter of eye. Eye very large, its diameter
three-sevenths of length of head. The intermaxillary reaches almost to angle of preoper-
eulnm. Origin of dorsal much nearer to tip of snout than to root of caudal; the fin is very
short, the length of its base equal to half that of head and less than one-sixth of total; its
origin is over eleventh scale of lateral line, and is vertical with origin of ventral, the length
of its longest ray equal to two-thirds length of head. Ventral far from reaching origin of
anal; its length less than diameter of the eye. Pectoral reaches to middle of ventral, below
twelfth scale of lateral line, its length equal to that of postorbital part of head. Adipose
dorsal present, over antepenultimate ray of anal. Anal origin under twenty-first scale of
lateral line; its base as long as head, and its longest ray equal to length oi postorbital part
of head. Caudal rather small and deeply forked. Mediolateral photophores three, in
straight, obliquely ascending line; anterolateral photophore single; posterolateral single,
over break in row ot superanals and placed considerably in advance of soft dorsal.
Precaudal photophores close together. Radial formula: U. II, 12; A. II, 19; L. lat. 41-45.

72 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Two specimens (No. 23369, U. S. X. ft£ ; Xo. 272, Gloucester Donations), 90 and G3 milli-
meters, were taken on tlie Grand Bank by tlie schooner Lizzie. Individual, 90 millimeters
in length, is Xo. 43787, U. S. X. M. ; Xo. 284, of the Gloucester Donations. Another (Xo.
23756, TJ. S. X. M. ; No. 588, Gloucester Donations), 95 millimeters in length, washed aboard
the schooner Conductor on the Grand Bank. A specimen (Xo. 934, Gloucester Donations),
100 millimeters in length, was taken by schooner Marguerite, off Banquero. Still another
specimen (Xo. 24646, U. S. X. M.; Xo. 607, Gloucester Donations), 90 millimeters in length,
washed aboard the schooner Gatherer on the Grand Bank. An individual (Xo. 43781, U. S. X.
M. ; Xo.283, Gloucester Donations), 87 millimeters in length, with caudal somewhat imperfect,
was obtained January 30, 1879, in about 44° 30' N. lat., 54° 35' W. Ion. It washed aboard
in rough weather. One (Xo. 608, Gloucester Donations), 83 millimeters in length, washed
aboard the schooner Plymouth Rock on the Grand Bank during a storm. Another (Xo.
2404S, U. S. X. M.; Xo. 604, Gloucester Donations;, also washed aboard the schooner Mary
F. Chisholm on southern edge of the Grand Bank. A specimen (Xo. 43783, U. S. X". M. ; Xo.
573, Gloucester Donations), three specimens (Xo. 43788, U. S. X. M. ; No. 867, Gloucester
Donations), three specimens (Xo. 29982, IT. S. X. M.), and specimens (Xo. 43784, IT. S. X
M. ; Xo. 281, Gloucester Donations) were, also obtained by the Gloucester fisherman.

The Fish HawTc secured three specimens (Xo. 2S999, TT. S. X. M.) from station 1044, in
38° 37' X. lat,, 73° 12' W. Ion., at a depth of 224 fathoms; and the Albatross captured
several specimens (Xo. 43781!, 0". S. X. M.) at the surface at station 2549, in 39° 51' 30" X.
lat., 70° 17' W. Ion., a depth of 571 fathoms, and specimens (Xo. 35696, O. S. X. M.) from
station 2262, in 39 ^ 54' 45" X. lat., 69° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms.

This species is evidently the J/, punctatum of Rafinesque, as well as of Bonaparte.
We have identified it with a number of specimens labeled "Scopelus Ganinianus," obtained
at Messina and presented by the Royal Zoological Museum at Florence (Xo. 40057, U.S.
X. M.), and also with the figure and description of Bonaparte and Rafinesque. Though
Rafinesque's figure does not fully agree with the description, which is manifestly careless,
it has the posterolateral photophores in front of the dorsal, as in all our specimens.

We arc unable to determine exactly what form is that discussed by Lutken (p. 251),
under the name Scopelus Caninianus, Cocco, for it has the posterolateral photophore much
farther back in relation to the termination of the second dorsal and anal fin than has our
M. punctatum, and is in this respect more closely allied to Liitken's Scopelus ajfini.s (p. 252).

MYCTOPIIUM AFFINE, (Lctkkn!, G k and Bean.

Scopelus axJiiiis, Li'"TKEN, Spolia Atlantica, n, 1892; 32, Fig. L0.

A species of Myctophum closely resembling M. punctatum, but having the posterolateral
photophore farther back, under the soft dorsal and not far in advance of the vertical from
the last ray of the anal, over which occurs the break in the series ofsuperanal photophores,
the number of which is 7-10 + 4-6. Radial formula: — (!): L. lat. 37.

Liitken examined a considerable number of specimens of this species, presumably all
taken at the surface, between 38° 40' X. lat., 63° W. Ion., and 39° 54' S. lat., 41° 30' E. Ion.

MYCTOPHTOI OPALINUM, Goode and Beau, n. s. (Figure 81.)

Height of body contained 4§ times in total (without caudal); head 4 \. Least height of
tail is two-fifths of height of body. Snout very short, declivous, with a well-developed
median keel, its length about one-third of diameter of eye. Eye large, about 2| in the head-
Intermaxillary reaches nearly to angle of preoperculum and is broadly expanded at its
extremity and partly concealed by the large scales of the cheek. Space between eye and
hinder edge of preoperculum only one-half diameter of eye. Origin of dorsal much nearer
to tip of snout than to root of caudal, midway between snout and adipose fin, over eleventh
scale of lateral line and very slightly behind vertical through origin of ventral. Length of

DISCUSSION OF SPFX'IES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 73

dorsal base is two-thirds that of head. Origin of ventral under tenth scale of lateral line;
it (Iocs not reach to vent. Pectoral short, its Length nearly t vro-thirds that of head. Adipose
dorsal preseul : its origin over thirtieth scale of lateral line. Anal origin under eighteenth
scale of lateral line; the end of its base under thirtieth scale. Length of anal base equals
thai of head. Caudal is rather small and moderately lurked.

Mediolateral photophores three, in straight, obliquely ascending line; anterolateral one;
posterolateral one, under soft dorsal and over and slightly in advance of break in row of
superanals, which is above root of last ray of anal. Number of superanals s+6.

In most of tin' specimens of .1/. opalinum examined , the 6 or 8 scales on the top of the
caudal peduncle, immediately in front of the caudal tin. are luminous.

MYCTOPHUM PHENGODES, (LttTKKN), Goodi and Bean.

Scopelus phengodea, LOtken, Spolia Atlanta ea, n, 1892, 253, Fig. 11.

A species resembling in general appearance our Myctophum punctatum, from which it
is distinguished by having a long, falcate pectoral, the tip of which extends almost to the
vertical from the vent, and is uearer to the row of mediolateral photophores than to the
anterolateral. This form has. asin .1/. punctatum, the posterolateral considerably in advance
of the soft dorsal, and has the precaudal photophores much farther apart (a character upon
which some stress is laid by Liitkeu, but which seems to us of le ss importance than the
position of the posterolateral photophore). Number of superanals, G-7 + 7-9.

Radial formula: D. 12; A. 21; L. hit. 38.

Liitkeu had it from the Atlantic, south of the equator, presumably from surface.

MYCTOPHUM HUMBOLDTII (Risso). (Figure82.)

Gasteropelecus Sumboldti, Risso, Icth. Nice, 358, pi. 10, lit;. 38.

Scopelus Sumboldti, l,'i ;so, Mem. Aocad. So. Torino, wv, 1820, 206. pi. 10, fig. 2. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Miis., V. |n7. — Giglioi.i. Elenco, 100.

Height of body is one-fifth of total length (without caudal), length of head two-sevenths.
Least depth of tail two fifths of height of body; depth of head 1?- in its length. Diameter
of eye a little less than one third of length of head; distance between posterior margin of
orbit and preopercular edge one-half diameter of eye. Snout short, obtuse, its upper pro-
tile descending in strong curve. Maxillary reaches nearly to angle of preopercnlum, and
slightly dilated behind. Origin of dorsal somewhat nearer to end of snout than to root of
caudal, above root of inner ventral rays; its hist ray before vertical from origin of anal.
Pectoral extends to posterior third of ventral. Scales smooth, stiff. Mediolateral photo-
phores, 2; anterolaterals, 2; posterolateral, 1, (over break in anal series) which, as in .1/.
punctatum, is considerably in advance of the vertical connecting the root of the soft dorsal
with those of the last rays of the anal. Caudal photophores somewhat apart as in .1/. phen-
godes. Superanals 7-9+4-9. Radial formula: I). 12-14; A. 20-22; L. lat, 40-42.

This species was first described from the Mediterranean about Nice, but appears to be
rare. The British Museum had specimens from the eastern Atlantic. The Albatross
obtained a specimen (No. 43772, U. S. N. M.) upon the surface, at 7 p. m., from station 2727,
in 36° 35' N. lat., 74° 03' 30" W. Ion., and also a very line specimen (No. 43773, U. S. N. M.)
from station 2724, in 36° 47' N. lat., 73' 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,041 fathoms.

Liitkeu had a number of specimens of M. Humboldtii {op. <it.. p. 254, tic;. 2) from the
following localities: X. lat. 34° 20', W. Ion., 18° 30'; N. lat, 12° 12', W. Ion. 28° 48'; S. lat.
7°6', W. Ion. 11°30'; S. hit 33° 30', W. Ion. 11°; S. lat 37° 40', E. Ion. 78° 34'; S. lat. 37°,
E. Ion. 5?; S. lat, 39° 54', E. Ion. 41° 30'; S. lat. 29 30', E. Ion. 12°; S. lat. 2.V Ml', E. Ion.
23°; S. lat. 12°, E. Ion. 103°50'; S. lat. 11° 15', E. Ion. 103° 50'; X. lat. 10°40,'E. Ion. 110°.

Liitken unites M. lumps with M. Humboldtii, but since the latter has been as yet found
only in the northeastern Pacific, we prefer to hold them apart until specimens from the two
oceans have been studied side by side. The scales in lateral line are said to number 37-9.

74 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

MYCTOPHUM GRACILE, (Lutken), Goode and Bean.
Scoj)el us gracilis, Li tken, Spolia Atlantica. II, 1892,255, fig. 13.

A species closely allied to M. Hnmboldii. haying mediolateral photopliores two, antero-
lateral two, posterolateral one, over the break in the anal series, which is much in front of
the soft dorsal and over the middle of the anal flu, the number of anal photophores being
5-7+11-14. The pectoral is moderate, not passing the second anterolateral photophore.
The caudal photophores are close together as in M . punctatum.

Eadial formula: D. 12; A. 19; L. lat. 41.

Lutken had several specimens, presumably from the surface, taken in the following
localities: M. lat. 22°, W. Ion. 34° 30'; N. lat. 22° 12', W. Ion. 48°; S. lat. 35° 36', E. Ion.
27° 40'; between S. lat. 32° 40', E. Ion. 55° 20', and S. lat. 11° 50', E. Ion. 8° 10'.

MYCTOPHUM BENOITI, (Cocco), Goode and Bean. (Figure 83.)

Scopelus Benoistti, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, 12, pi. n, fig. 4.

Scopelus Benoiti, Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Peso., c. fig.

Canestrixi, Faun, d'ltalia, Pesci. Fasc. xxxvn. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,V. 406. — Giglioli,
Elenco, 100. — Raffaele, Mitt. Zool. Stat., Naples, IX, 181, pi. vn, lig. 2. — Lutken, Spolia Atlantira,
1892, II, 256, fig. 11.

The height of the body is contained 4 times in the total length (without caudal) ; the
head 3J. The snout is obtuse, conical, the upper and lower profiles nearly equally curved.
The eye is large, its diameter a little less than half the length of the head. The dorsal is
postmedian, nearly midway between the snout and the root of the caudal, and behind the
base of the ventral. The pectoral extends nearly to the end of the ventral. The photo-
phores are arranged as follows : Mediolaterals, 2; anterolaterals, 2; posterolaterals, 2, over
the break in the superanal series, which is not far in advance of the vertical connecting
the base of the last anal rays with that of the soft dorsal. The two anterolaterals far apart,
the caudals near together, the last far below the end of the lateral line. Number of super-
anals, 5-0+0-7.

Eadial formula: I). 12-13; A. 17-18; L. lat. 39-10.

Gunther gives Norway and Greenland as the range of this species, but cites no au-
thority for this, and appears to have examined only Mediterranean material. The species
has been observed at Nice and Messina, whence the National Museum has specimens (Cat.
No. 40063) received from the I loyal Museum of Florence. Lutken had a specimen, 40 milli-
meters long, from N. lat. 34° 40', W. Ion. 24° 20'. His type, as well as the Messina speci-
men examined by us, has a luminous plate on the top of the caudal peduncle.

MYCTOPHUM REINHARDTII (Lutken).
Scopelus Reinhardtii, Lutken, spuliu Atlantica, n. 1892, 257, fig. 16.

A species of Myctophum resembling M. Benoiti in general appearance, but having the
anterolateral photophores much closer together than in that species, the foremost being, as in
M. Benoiti, almost directly above the root of the ventral fin. The precaudals are well sep-
arated, the posterior one considerably above the anterior, and touching the extremity of
the lateral line. Pectoral long, falcate, extending quite to the lower mediolateral photo-
phore, and almost to the vertical from the vent. The number of the superanals is 4-7+7-8.

Eadial formula: D. 11; A. 10.

The two examples studied by Lutken were obtained from N. lat. 34° 22', W. Ion. 18°
10', and N. lat. 5° 31', W. Ion. 23° 15'. One of these had a luminous plate on the top of
the caudal peduncle, the other a similar plate below.

MYCTOPHUM REMIGER, Goode and Beax, n. s. (Figure 84.)

Depth of body is one-fourth of total length. Length of head 3| times in total length.
Least height of tail about two-thirds of its greatest height. Snout very short, the upper
and lower profile of the head being similar; its length a little less than one-half diameter

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 75

of eye. Eye large, nearly two-fifths lengtb of the head. Intermaxillary reaches as far
back as maxillary, nearly to angle of the preoperculum. Maxillary expanded posteriorly
and concealed under large scales of cheek. Space between eye and hinder edge of pre-
operculum one-third diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than rout of
caudal, being over eleventh scale of lateral line, and nearly over origin of ventral. Base ol
dorsal two-thirds as long as head, and length of longest ray equals length of head without
snout. Ventral does not quite reach rent. Pectoral as long as head, and reaches to above
anal origin. Anal origin nearly under end of dorsal base. The length of anal base is a
little greater than that of head. Caudal rather small and forked.

Posterolaterals, 2, over break in superanal series and far apart, the anterior one, nearly
over middle of anal tin, the posterior one about one scale in advance of the vertical from
the root of the soft dorsal. Anterolaterals widely separated, the first obliquely in advance
of and above the second, and touching or upou the lateral line; the second far behind the
root of the ventral and over the interval between the first and second postcentral photo-
phores. Superanals 7 + G. Radial formula: D. 12; A. 21-22; L.lat. 38-42.

This species is closely related to, if not identical with, .1/. Rygomii of Liitken. If they
prove to be identical, Liitken's name has priority.

This species is described from eight specimens (No. 4.3702, U. S. N. M.) obtained at the
surface by the steamer Albatross at station 257.'!, in 40° 34' IS" N. lat., 04° 09' W. Ion.
They were attracted by the electric light. The largest example is 75, and the smallest 56
millimeters in length. Six specimens (No. 3S193, U. S. N. M.) were also taken by the Alba-
tross at the surface at 7 p. m. at station 2727, in 36° 35' N. lat., 74° 03' 30" W. Ion.; speci-
mens (No. 33482, U. S. N. M.) from station 2073, in 41° 54' 15" N. lat., 65° 3<)' w. Ion., taken
at the surface; No. 38171, V. S. N. M., from station 2724, in 36c 17' X. hit., 73° 25' VV. Ion.,
at a depth of 1,041 fathoms; No. 4370.°,, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2742, in 37° 46' 30" X.
lat., 73-2 56' 30" W. Ion., in 865 fathoms; No. 43074, U. S. N. M., from station 2731, in
.in 45' N. lat., 74° 28' 30" W. Ion. (probably at surface); and No. 43795, TJ. S. N. M., from
station 2719, in 38° 29' N. lat., 71° 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,536 fathoms.

The. Fish Ho irk also obtained three examples (No. 28942, U. S. N. M.) from station
1034, in 39o 50' N. hit., 69° 20' W. Ion., at a, depth of 140 fathoms.

MVCTOPHUM HYGOMII, (Lutren), (i e and Bean.

Seopelm Hygomii, Li'tkex. Spolia Atlantica, n. 1892, 257, fig. 15.

A species closely related to 3L remiger, (loode and Bean, if not identical with it, the
arrangement of the photophores being very nearly the same, except that the anterolaterals'
are somewdiat more widely separated vertically, the anterior and upper one being above the
origin of the ventral, the posterior and lower one above the second post- ventral photophore.
The pectoral, though long and falcate, does not extend so far back, not closelyr approaching
either the most advanced of the mediolaterals or the vertical from the vent. The postero-
laterals are much closer together than in M. remiger, and the precaudals farther apart, the
posterior one being relatively higher and placed nearly upon the extremity of the lateral
line, instead of being quite below it, as in M. remiger. Number of superanals 7+6 or 5-6+6.

Radial formula: 1). 12; A. 19; P. 14; Y. 8.

Liitken had specimens from the following localities: N. lat. 38°, "VV. Ion. 22° 20'; S. lat.
35° 12', E. Ion. 26°; S. lat. 39° 54', E. Ion. 41° 30'; between S. lat. 23° 30', E. Ion. 81°, and
S. lat, 24° 30', E.lon.75° 50'.

BENTHOSEMA, Goode and Bean.

This form differs from the typical Myctophum by the fact that the dorsal is considerably
shorter than tha anal, but overlaps it, reaching to the vertical from the middle. It has the
body elongate, the caudal peduncle somewhat stout, the eyes large, the snout very short,
with declivous upper profile; maxillaries considerably dilated behind: scales of the lateral

76 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

line considerably enlarged. Mediolaterals, 2, in subhorizontal line, continuous with the two
anterolaterals, (fjiyftos, the ocean depth: -',,"/, a constellation of stars.)

To this genus apparently belong, in addition to the type species, B. Mulleri ( = B. gla-
cialis, Bernhardt, as identified by Liitken), the two species described by Liitken now under
the names Scopelus arcticus and Scopelus Golletti. The species described by us under the
name Benthosema Giintheri is now referred to our modified genus Lampanyctus.

BENTHOSEMA MULLERI, (Gmelin), Goode and Bean. (Figure 85.)

Salmo Mulleri, Gmelin's Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, I, 1788, 1378.

Scopelus Mulleri, Collett, Norges Fiske, Tillaegsh. til Forh. Vid. Selsk., Christiania, 1874, 152. — Norske

Xoidhavs Expedition. 1876-1878, Fiske, 1880, 158. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool. x.
Scopelus glaeialis, Reixhardt, Oversigt Kgl. D. Vid. Selsk. Nat. Math. Afh. Copenhagen, h., vi, ex, 1837. —

Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk., 1838, VII, 115, 126.— Nilsson. Skaud. Faun., Fisk., 483.— KroYER, Naturhist,

Tidsk., II, 1847, 230.— Gaimard, Voy. Skaud., Poiss. Atl., pi. xvi, fig. 2.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus., v. 407; Challenger Report, xxu, 06. — LUtkeu, Vid. Med. Nat., Foren., 1891,204; Spolia Atlantica

ii, 1802, 251, fig. 8.
Hyctophum glaciale, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 283.

Height of body about equal to length of head, and is contained 4 times in total length;
the depth of head about equal to its length. Eye large, its diameter more than one-third
length of head. Snout very short, obtuse, with upper profile descending in a very strong
curve. Cleft of mouth oblique; maxillary reachiugto angleof preoperculum and terminat-
ing in triangular dilation. Origin of dorsal a little nearer the tip of snout than root of
caudal, and inserted well behind root of ventral. Pectoral very small, its length equal to
diameterof eye. Ventral does not reach to the vent. Scales smooth, those of lateral line
larger. A luminous spot on the angle of the preoperculum. Mediolaterals, 2, in subhori-
zontal line continuously with the two anterolaterals ; posterolateral, one, over break inseries
of auals. Superanals 6-7+8-9. Radial formula: D. 12-14; A. 16-18; V. 8, L. hit. 30-40.

This species, until recently known only from the roast of Greenland and the northern
shores of Norway, has been frequently taken since 1881 by the IT. S. Fish Commission off
the southern shores of New England, and also by the Blake at numerous stations mentioned
below. Collett believes it to have been obtained by the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedi-
tion in a (hedge which was worked at a depth of 1,110 fathoms. The depth of the west
Atlantic was from 300 to 600 fathoms, and it was found as tar south as the coast of South
Carolina. The specimens are usually in a very suit ami battered condition, indicating that
they have been obtained at a considerable depth; and ( 'ollett found in the stomach of one of
those examined by him an ostracod (Concosciaborealis), which has never been found nearer
the surface than at a depth of 300 fathoms, (i anther and Collett believe it to be truly
batbybial, and the testimony of the Fish Commission explorers tends iu the same direction
with regard to these as to the majority of the other species of the family.

Specimens of this species were obtained by the Blake from the following localities:
One specimen from station ccom, in 41° 34' 30" N. hit., 65° 54' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
306 fathoms; three specimens from station cccxxxrv, in 38° 20' 30" N. kit., 73° 26' 40"W.
Ion., at a depth of 395 fathoms; one specimen from station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat.,
68° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 304 fathoms; three specimens from station cccxxix, iu 34°
39' 40" N. hit., 75° 14' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 603 fathoms, ami two specimens in bad
condition from station cccxxxn, in 35° 45' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' W. Ion., in 263 fathoms.

Specimens were received from the Fish Hawk as follows: Three specimens (No. 28851,
IT. S. N. M.) from station 952, in 39° 55' N. lat,, 70° 28' W. Ion., at a depth of 396 fathoms;
two specimens (No. 28950, U. S. N. M.) from station 1029, in 39^ 57' X. lat, 69° 16' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 458 fathoms, and three specimens (No. 28839, U. S. N. M.) from station 953,
in 39° 52' 30" N. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms. Also by the Albatross
at the following stations: Ten specimens (No. 32672, IT. S. N. M.) from station 2002, in 37°
20' 42" N. lat., 74° 17' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 641 fathoms; four specimens (No. 35643, U.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR, DISTRIBUTION. 77

S. N. M.) from station 2187, in 39° 49' 30" X. hit., 71 10' W. Ion., al a depth of 420 fathoms;
eight specimens (No. 32005, U. S. N. M.) from station 2001, in 37° 40 30 N. lat., 7-4° 00'
\Y. Ion., at a depth of 519 fathoms; live specimens (No. 33473, U. S. X. M.) from station
20S3, in 40° 20' 40" N. lat., 07° 05' 45" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 959 fathoms; three specimens
from station 2110, in 35° 12' 10" N. hit., 74° 57' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of. ".Hi fathoms; one
specimen from station 2428, in 42° 48' N. hit, 50° 55' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 826 fathom-.;
one specimen from station 2470, in 44° 47' N. lat., 50° 33' 45" \V. Ion., at a depth of 224
fathoms; one specimen (No.32666, IT. S. N. M.) from station 2003, in 37° 10' 30" N. lat,, 7 1
20' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of (ill fathoms: two specimens from station 2501, in 39° 38' X.
lat., 74° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms, and two specimens from station 2532, in 40°
34' 30" N. hit., 66° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; from station 2023, in 37° 48'
X. lat., 74° 01' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 377 fathoms; from station 2045, in 40° 04' 20" N.
hit., 68° 43' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms; No. 35043, U. S. XT. M., from station
2201, in 30° 39' 45" N. lat., 74° 35' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station
2587, in 39° 02' X. lat., 72° 38' W. Ion., at a depth of 404 fathoms; Xo. 33343, 0". S. X. M.,
from station 2039, in 38° 19' 26" X. lat.. (>s 20' 20" \Y. Ion., at a deptli of 2,369 fathoms;
No. 33470, U. S. X. M., from station 2070, in 44° 13' X. lat,, 00° 00' 50" W. Ion., at a depth
of 900 fathoms; Xo. 33503, IT. S. N. M., from station 2094, in 39° 44' 30 ' X. hit,, 74° 04' W.
Ion., at a depth of 4,022 fathoms; Xo. 35454, V. S. X. M., from station 2188, in 39° 54' 30"
N. lat., 71° 08' W. Ion., at a deptli of 235 fathoms; No. 33299, l". 8. X. M., from station
2050, in 39° 42' 50" N. lat,, 09° 24' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 4,050 fathoms; No. 33394, U
S.N. M., from station 2075, in 41° 40' 30" N. hit., 60° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 85.1 fathoms;
No. 33284, IT. S. N. M., from station 2034, in 39° 27' 10" N. lat., 09° 50' 20" W. Ion., in
1.346 fathoms; from station 2427, in 42° 46' X. lat., 51° 00' W. Ion., in 523 fathoms; from
station 2546, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat., 70° 47' 30" W. Ion., in 538 fathoms, and Xo. 33547, U. S.
X. M., from station 2101, in 39° 18' 30" X. lat., 08° 24' W. Ion., in 1,686 fathoms.

Still other specimens were obtained by the Fish Hawk from the following localities ; Xo.
28S84, U. S. N. M., from station 994, in 39° 40' N. lat., 74° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 368
fathoms; No. 28774, IT. S. N. M., from station 930, in 39° 46' 30" XT. lat,, 69° 47' W. Ion ,
at a depth of 705 fathoms; Xo. 28935, IT. S. X. M., from station 1031, in 39° 57' N. lat., 69
19' W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; No. 31757, XT. S. X. M., from station 1125, in 40° 03'
X. hit., 08° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 291 fathoms; No. 28877, IT. S. N. M., from station 995,
in 39° 40' 30" N. lat., 71° 31' W. Ion., at a depth of 358 fathoms; No. 31583, XT. S. N. M.,
from station 1096, in 39° 53' N. lat., 69° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms; Nos. 20139,
20091, and 26131, XT. S. N. M., from station 880, in 39° 48' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at
a depth of 252 J fathoms; No. 2S945, XT. S. N. M., from station 1030, in 39° 58' 30" N. lat,,
69° 15' W. Ion., at a depth of 337 fathoms; No. 28775, XT. S. N. M., from station 937, in 39°
49' 25" N. lat, 60° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms; No. 20090, IT. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 881, in 39° 46' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 325 fathoms ; No. 20469, XT. S. N.
M., from stations 891, in 39° 46' N. lat., 71° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 480 (?) fathoms, and
893, in 39° 52' 20" N. lat., 70° 58' W. Ion., at a depth of 372 fathoms; No. 315S5, XT. S. X.
M., from station 1095, in 39° 55' X. lat., 69° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 321 fathoms ; from sta-
tion 1157, in 40° 14' N. lat., 70° 29' 15" W. lou., at a depth of 62 fathoms; No. 31779, XT. 8. X.
M., from station 1141, in 39° 32' N. lat,, 71° 57' W. Ion., at a depth of 389 fathoms; No.
28783, XT. S. N. M., from station 938, in 39° 51' N. lat., 69° 49' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of
317 fathoms, and No. 31764, XT. S. N. M., from station 1140, in 39° 34' N. lat., 71° 56' W.
Ion., at a depth of .">7.'i fathoms. And by the Albalross, from station 2554, in 39° 48' 30"
N. lat., 70° 40' 30" W. Ion., at a deptli of 445 fathoms; from station 2569, in .'f9° 26' N. lat.,
68° 03' 30" W. Ion., at a deptli of 1,782 fathoms; at the surface at station 2528, in 41° 47'
N. lat., 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., and at the surface in about 39° N. lat., 72° W. Ion.

Liitken is disposed to believe that the two Mediterranean species, Svopelus Heideri and
Scopelm Veromyi are very closely allied to this species.

78 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

BENTHOSEMA ARCTICUM, (Lutken), Goode aud Bean.

Scopelus articus, Lutken, Spolia Atlantica, n, 1892, 249, Fig. 6.

A species apparently more closely related to B. Miilleri than to any other form, but
having no posterolateral photophore and uo break in the series of superanals, the number
of which is fifteen or sixteen. It has two mediolaterals in subhorizontal line, continuous
with the two anterolaterals. It is a much shorter-bodied form than B. glacialis, and has a
much shorter and higher first dorsal. Liitken's figure shows only one opercular photophore,
instead of two, which are customary. Eadial formula: D. 9; A. 17; P. 14; V. 8.

Liitken's types were four specimens obtained from Greenland and one from Davis's
Strait. Two of them have a large supracaudal luminous plate, and three others small
infracaudal luminous plates.

BENTHOSEMA COLLETTI, (Lutken), Goode and Bean.

Scopelus Colletti, Lutken, Spolia Atlantica, n, 1892, 249, Fig. 7.

A species having the photophores arranged somewhat as in B. arcticiim, but with the
two mediolaterals in a subvertical hue continuous with the last of the ventral photophores,
instead of approximately with the anterolaterals. There is no posterolateral photophore.
The superanals are in a continuous row, 10-17 in number. Head somewhat blunt; pectoral
short, as in B. arcticum, reaching about to the vertical from the origin of the first dorsal.

Eadial formula: D.15; A. 21; L. lat, 38.

This species is described from a single specimen in the Museum at Christiania, obtained
from the Pacific, GUO miles west of Cape Horn.

LAMPANYCTUS, Bonaparte.

Lampanyctus, Bonaparte, Faun. Ital., fasc. xxvii.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 414 (as subgenus).

Myctophid fishes, with long head, conical snout, limb of preopereulum oblique; dorsal
about equal to or shorter than anal, and not overlapping. Lateral line not much enlarged.
Scales cycloid, smooth. No orbital spines. Scales smooth, those in the lateral line scarcely
larger than the others. Maxillary scarcely dilated behind. Precaudal photophores 4 or 2+1.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LAMPANYCTUS.

I. Pectorals long; preeaudals in two groups (2+1, 3+1, or 2+2), the last on or near end of lateral Hue.

A. Mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 2, nearly under soft dorsal.

1. D. 12-13; A. 14-15; L. lat. 38-9; superanals 6-8+8-12 l. crocodilus.

2. D. 13; A. 15; L. lat. 32-3; superanals 7+6 l. alatus.

B. Mediolaterals 3; posterolaterals 2, in advance of soft dorsal; preeaudals 3+1.

1. D. 12-13; A. 14-13; L. lat. 36; superanals 5+5.

a. Anterolaterals 2 ; pectoral extending beyond mediolaterals and to middle of anal

L. GUNTHERI.

2. D. 12-13; A. 13; L. lat. (?); superanals 7+5.

a. Anterolaterals none; pectoral not reaching mediolaterals or origin of anal l. warmingii.

II. Pectorals long; preeaudals 4, iu continuous, nearly horizontal, row, not approaching end of lateral line.
A. Mediolaterals 2 ; posterolaterals 2, nearly under soft dorsal.

1. D. 12; A. 16; L. lat. 38; superanals 7+8.

a. Anterolaterals 3, horizontal, nearly in line with lowest mediolateral L. gemmifer.

III. Pectorals short; preeaudals 4, in low, nearly horizontal line, not approaching end of lateral line.
A. Mediolaterals 3.

1. Posterolaterals 2, in advance of soft dorsal.

a. D. 14 ; A. 12 ; L. lat. 35 ; superanals 4-5+5-6 L. gemellarii.

b. D. 12-13; A. 19; L. lat. 33; superanals 6+5 l. cceruleus.

2. Posterolateral 1, placed under soft dorsal.

a. D. 12- A. 12-13; L. lat. 36: superanals 5-7+5 .. .. l. lacerta.

DISCUSSION OK SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 79

LAMPANYCTUS CEOCODILUS (RlSSO), GoODE and Bean. (Fig. 86.)

Gasteropeleeus crocodilus, Risso, Ichthyolojjie <Ie Nice, 1810, 357.

Soopelut crocodilus, RlSSO, Mem. Accad. So. Turin., xxv, 1820, 265, PL s, Fig. 1; Hist, Nat. Europe Mendi-
anale, 1826, in, 466.— Raffaele, Mitt. ZoGl. Stat. Naples, i\, 184, PL vn, Fig. 10.

Height of body one-fifth of total length; length of head two-sevenths. Least depth
of tail slightly greater than half the height of body. Head three-fifths as high as long.
Bye moderate, contained 5 times in length of head. Posterior margin of preoperculum

obliquely descending backwards as in L. gemellarii, but in an even sharper angle, to allow
for the expansion of the enormous reptile like mouth. The mouth is slightly oblique,
curved; the maxillary reaches nearly to the angle of the preoperculum, and is but slightly
dilated behind. Origin of the dorsal fin in advance of a point midway between the ex-
tremity of the snout and the root of the caudal by a distance equal to space from lobe of
snout to posterior margin of orbit and placed farther back than usual in relation to the
ventrals, its origin being above the axil of the latter. Caudal large, furcate. Pectoral
lanceolate, long, and strong, its tip extending to the vertical from the middle of the
dorsal. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line very slightly enlarged.

Mediolateral photophores, 2; posterolaterals, 2, one above the other, or nearly so.
Precaudal photophores in two groups, 2+1 or 3+1, the last at the end of the lateral
hue. Number of superauals C+S. Eadial formula: D. 12-13; A. 14; L. lat. 38-39.

This, one of the rarest of scopelids, has been obtained only from the Mediterranean, in
the vicinity of Nice. Giglioli obtained it at Messina in September, 1878. The National
Museum has one (No. 40019) from Nice, obtained from the Florence Museum.

LAMPANYCTUS ALATUS, Goode and Bean, n. a. (Figure 92.)

Height of the body 5 times in total length (without caudal) ; length of head 3i times.
Least depth of tail about one-half greatest height of body. Eye large, its diameter equal
to one-third of length of head. Snout short; upper and lower profile deeply curved, and
with a median crest; its length less than one-half diameter of eye. Mouth large; length of
upper jaw equal to greatest depth of body. Origin of dorsal nearer to tip of snout than to
root of caudal. Pectoral fin very long, reaching to at least middle of anal base. Ventral
short, not reaching to origin of anal. Anal origin under end of dorsal. Caudal moderate
and deeply forked. A small phosphorescent body on the upper and lower edges of the tail
at the root of the caudal ; length of lower patch a little greater than diameter of eye.

Mediolateral photophores, 2; posterolateral, 2, the latter one above the other or nearly
so. Preca udals in two groups, 2 + 1 or 3 + 1, the last at the end of the lateral line. Postero-
laterals nearly under soft dorsal. Number of superanals, 7+C\

Eadial formula: D. 13; A. 17-18; L. lat. 32-33.

This species is described from three specimens (No. 437(19, U S. N. M.), the largest 55
millimeters in length, with an imperfect tail, taken by the Albatross from station 2393, in
280 43/ £T. lat, 87° 14' 30" W. Ion., 525 fathoms.

LAMPANYCTUS GtiNTHERI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 90.)

Height of body contained 5J times in total without caudal. Body much compressed.
Length of head is contained 3^ times in total. Least depth of tail one-half greatest depth
of body. Eye nearly 4 times in length of head. Snout short, about one-half diameter of
eye. Mouth oblique, very large, the maxilla extending nearly to angle of preoperculum.
.Maxilla very little dilated posteriorly. Length of upper jaw about two-thirds that of head.
Dorsal origin a little nearer to tip of snout than to root of ventral, immediately over origin
of ventral and eleventh or twelfth scale of lateral line. Anal origin under the sixteenth
scale of lateral line, its base short, about two thirds length of head. Adipose fin present,
small, entirely behind the base of the anal. Nine rows of scales between its posterior

80 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

margin and the root of the caudal. Pectorals very long, reaching to above middle of anal.
Ventral reaches almost to anal origin. Caudal moderate, well forked. Mediolaterals, 3;
posterolaterals, 2. Precaudals, 3-4, the last attlie end of the lateral line. Posterolaterals
in advance of the first dorsal, forming a gently curved series continuous with anterior half
of broken superanal series.

Radial formula: D. 13; A. 13. Scales, 36.

A single specimen (No. 43777, U. S. N. M.), 52 millimeters in length, was obtained by
the Gloucester fleet, it being No. 100 of the Gloucester series.

The species is dedicated to the author of the Catalogue of the Fishes of the British
Museum and the Fishes of the Challenger, monumental works, which are the foundations of
ichthyological work in the last half of the nineteenth century.

LAMPANYCTUS WARMINGII, (Lutkkn), Goode and Bean.

Scopelus (Xotoscopelus) Warmingii, Lutkex, Spolia Atlautica, n, 1892, 259, fig. 19.

A species closely allied to Lampanyctus Giintheri,hamug long pectorals, and precaudals
3+1, the last at end of lateral line. Superanals, 7 + .">. Radial formula: D. 12; A. 13.

This species is distinguished from L. Giinthcri by having one more precaudal photo-
phores in the first group and by having a shorter pectoral, which docs not reach to the
origin of the anal, while, in L. Oiintheri it extends far behind the eud of the pectoral and
nearly to the middle of the base of the anal. The posterolaterals, one or two in number,
are continuous in the gently curved series of the anterior half of the broken superanal series.

LAMPANYCTUS GEMMIFEE, Goode and Bean, u. s. (Figure 88).

Height of body is contained 5i times in total length; length of head 3if times. Least
depth of tail two-thirds height of body. Eye large, nearly one-fourth length of head. Dis-
tance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edge equals diameter of eye.
Snoutobtuse, very short, its length less than half diameter ol eye. Maxillary scarcely dilated
behind. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and dorsal mirror. Base of dorsal
equal to length of postorbital part of head, and about equal to longest dorsal ray. Ventral
origin slightly in advance of dorsal origin. Pectoral reaches slightly beyond origin of anal.
Scales smooth, those of the lateral line scarcely larger than others. Mediolateral photo-
phores, 2; posterolaterals, 2, the latter one above the other, or nearly so. Precaudals, 4-5
in nearly horizontal though curved row, the last far below the end of the lateral line.
Anterolaterals, 3, in nearly continuous line with lowest prepectoral and mediolaterals. Num-
ber of superanals 7-8. The pearly mirror upon the upper edge of the caudal peduncle as
long as the eye, and much longer than the one extending from the end of the anal to the
root of the caudal; slender and narrow, two-thirds as long as the head.

Eadial formula: I). II, 12; A. II, 10, V. 8, P. 15, 16. Scales 5, 38, 5.

Gill rakers, 6 above and 12 below angle of first arch; longest two-thirds as long as eye.

A single individual (No. 35604, U. S. N. M.), the type of the species, 7£ inches in length,
was taken by the Albatross at station 2201, in 30° 30' 45" N. lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 538 fathoms. Scopelus Bonapartii of Cocco and Bonaparte is nearly allied.

LAMPANYCTUS GEMELLARII, (COCCO), Goode and Bean. (Figure 87.)

Xi/ctophus Gemellarii, Cocco, Alenni Salmon, 1840, 26, pi. m, fig. 9 (Nittofo di Gemellaro).

Myctophum Gemellarii, Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. Pesc. fasc. 37, xxxvn, pi.

Scopelus Gemellarii, Cuvieh and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 445. — Gi'-xther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

v, 415.— Giglioli, Eleuco, 101.— Kaffaele, Mitt. Zool. Stat. Naples, 183, pi. vn, fig. 8.
■Scopelus uraeoclampus, Faccioi.a, Naturalista Siciliano.

Height of body one-fourth of total length; length of head contained 3J times in total
length. Least depth of tail one half the height of body. Height of head equal to distance
from anterior margin of pupil to eud of opercular flap. Eye moderate, its diameter 3§ in

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

81

length of bead. Snout moderate, with obtuse tip. Cleft of mouth slightly oblique, curved
downward below eye. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of origin of ventral; equidistant
from origin of adipose dorsal and anterior margin of orbit. Pectoral half as long as ventral.
Dorsal ninth taller and longer than anal, but closely resembling it in form.

Mediolateral photophores, 3; anterolaterals, one or two, the former in an obliquely verti-
cal row . as in M. punctatum. Precaudals in low, horizontal line. A single posterolateral in
front ot soft dorsal. Superanals, -4-5, 5-6. Radial formula : I). 14; A.. 12; L. lat, 35,

This species, described l>y Cocco, from Sicily, and named by him in honor of Dr. Carlo
Gemellaro, of Catania, a local geologist of note, has been found only about Messina, where
it is regarded as very rare, although Giglioli obtained nine individuals at the time of his
great capture of scopelids, in September, 1878. One of these (Cat. No. 11170, U. S. N. M.)
was given by him to the National Museum.

LAMPANYCTUS CCERULEUS, (Kldnzingbr), Goode and Bean.

Scopelus cnrttleuK, Klvnzinger.

Seopelm (Notoscopelus) cceruleua, LtSTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 260, fig. 20.

A species apparently closely related to L. Gemellarii, though somewhat more slender, as
shown in the figure of Liitken. The main point of difference appears to be in the compar-
atively elongate anal tin. which contains nineteen rays instead of twelve, as in L. Oemelr
larii, but the figure given by Liitken does not show an elongate anal fin.

LAMPANTCTUS LACERTA, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 89.)

Height of the body one-fifth total length (without caudal); length of head3J times in total ;
greatest depth of head two-thirds of its length. Eye moderate; its diameter contained 34
times in length of head. Snout somewhat obtuse, rounded, with strong keel; its length
about one-half diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching to
angle of preoperculum and somewhat dilated. Origin of dorsal is much nearer tip of snout
than root of caudal. Pectoral slender, its middle rays elongate. Ventrals inserted slightly
behind the origin of dorsal, and reach to base of first anal ray. Anal inserted behind end
of dorsal base. Caudal large, forked. Photophores arranged somewhat as iu 21. punctatum.

Mediolaterals, 3; posterolateral, 1; the former in an obliquely vertical row, as in .1/.
punctatum, the latter under the soft dorsal. Precaudals in low horizontal line. Number of
superanals 7+5. Three large pits in the mandibles also show luminous qualities. Color,
apparently light brown; the scales opalescent.

Radial formula: D. 13; A. 15; L. lat. about 30.

This species is described from three specimens (No. 43778, U. S. N. M.) obtained by the
Albatross from station 2401, in 28° 38' 30" N. lat., 85° 52' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 142
fathoms. The A Ibafross also obtained specimens from the following localities: No. 43779,
U. S. N. M., from station 2548, in 39° 56' N. lat., 70° 14' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 200
fathoms; No. 13780, U. S. N. M., a very fine specimen, 57 millimeters in length, taken at
the surface at station 2300, in 350 41' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' 30" W. Ion., in 671 fathoms; No.
43801, U. S. N. M., from station 2583, in 390 50' 45" N. lat., 71° 43' W. Ion., in 131 fath-
oms; and at surface, after dark, at station 2426,in 36° 01' 30" N. lat.. 74° 17' 30" \V. Ion.

The Fish Hawk obtained an individual (No. 28733, U. S. N. M.) at station 925, in 39°
55' N. lat., 70° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 224 fathoms; and also specimens (No. 28893, U. S.
N. M.) from station 1026, in 39° 50' 30" N. lat., 71° 23' W. Ion., at a depth of 182 fathoms.

CERATOSCOPELUS, Gunther.
CiTulimropclux, OiiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mils., v, 1864, 405 and 412 (as subgenus).

Myctophid fishes, having the dorsal and anal tins touching the same vertical, but
scarcely overlapping. Scales of the lateral line somewhat enlarged. Headlong; limb of
preoperculum oblique; snout conical and snake like. Orbital spines present. No luminous
glands on head or tail. Preeaudal photophores 1.
19868— No. 2 6

82 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

CERATOSCOPELUS MADEREXSLS (Lowe). (Figure 91.)
ScojhIiis maderensis, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 1839, 87; 1850, 250; Trans. Zoiil. Soc, m, 14 (types from Mi-

deixa, now preserved in the British Museum). — Raffaele, Mitt. Zoiil. Stat. Naples, ix, 184, PI. vn, Fig.

9.— Lutken, A'id. Med. Natuih. Foreu., 1891, 208.— GriNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., v, 412.
Scopelus Bonapartu, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 449. — Johnson, Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., x, 1862, 281 (specimens from Madeira).

Height of body one-fifth of total length ; length of head nearly oue-third. Least height
of tail nearly one-half greatest height of body. Snout moderate. Mouth large, oblique;
jaws equal. Maxillary very slightly expanded behind. Ventral reaches to vent, and pec-
toral almost as far back as ventral. Anal origin under about nineteenth scale of lateral line.

Eadial formula: D. 13; A. 12; L. lat. 34-36 (36 in the specimen examined).

This species, as described by Lowe from Madeira, and afterwards obtained by Johnson
from the same locality, has also been found in the Mediterranean. The National Museum
has specimens from Messina, presented by the Royal Zoological Museum of Florence. A
single specimen (No. 32811, U. S. N. M.) examined by us was obtained by the Albatross
from station 2014, in 36° 41' 05" N. lat., 74° 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms, in
1883. The range of this species is thus extended westward nearly 4,000 miles.

Two individuals (No. 21600, U. S. N. M.; No. 199, Gloucester Donations), the longer
80 millimeters in length, the other 68 millimeters, were taken by one of the Gloucester fish-
ing vessels on the fishing banks. Also, No. 21689, U. S. N. M. (No. 219, Gloucester Dona-
tions), 75 millimeters in length. Additional specimens (No. 28978, U. S.N. M.), in very bad
condition, were taken by the Fish Hawk from station 1038, in 39° 58' N. lat., 70° 00' W.
Ion., at a depth of 146 fathoms. An example (No. 28934, U. S. N. M.), 72 millimeters in
length, was taken by the Fish Haick from station 1031, in 39° 57' N. lat,, 69° 19' W. Ion., at
a depth of 255 fathoms; two (No. 33564, U. S. N. M.), from station 2101. in 39° 18' 30" N.
lat., 68° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,686 fathoms; and a single individual (No. 43810, U. S.
N. M.), from station 1044, in 38° 37' N. lat., 73° 12' W. Ion., at a depth of 224 fathoms;
another (No. 43776, U. S. N. M.), from station 2528, surface (electric light).

NOTOSCOPELUS, Gunther.
Notoscopehis. Gt'NTnER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1884, 405, 411 (as suhgenusi.

Myctophids, with the dorsal fin much longer than the anal, and overlapping the anterior
half of the latter. Body elongate. Snout obstusely conical; jaws equal in front; cleft of
mouth nearly horizontal ; maxillary not dilated behind. No luminous glands on head or tail.
Arrangement of photophores irregular: anterolaterals, 1 or none; mediolaterals, 2 or 3;
posterolaterals, 1, 2, or 3. Precaudals 2+1, the last one high up, and between the flap of
the operculum and the lateral line.

The type of this genus is Lampanyctus resplendens, Richardson. The Eigenmanns have
set apart as a new genus, under the name •• Catablemella^ a form characterized by the low
pectorals," the type being Kotoseopelus brachyehir. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., in, 24.)

The National Museum has specimens from Nice (Cat. No. 40057, U. S. N. M.)j sent by
the Royal Museum at Florence, labeled " Scopelus elonijatus."' which evidently belong to this
genus, having 21 rays in the dorsal, 17 or 18 in the anal, the height of the body contained
5 times in its length, and the eye one-fourth the length of the head. They would appear to
be closely related to iVr. resplendens, which, however, has not hitherto been announced from
the Mediterranean. This form is evidently that described and figured by Costa.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NOTOSCOPELUS.
I. Mediolaterals 3, iu curved, subvertical line. Posterolaterals 2-3.
A. Posterolaterals 2, horizontally side by side. Precaudals 2+1.

1. Last posterolateral in advance of soft dorsal. Pectoral strong, falcate.

a. D. 21-24 ; A. 18. L. Lat. 38. Superanals 10 N. resplendens.

2. Posterolaterals under soft dorsal. Pectoral weak and short.

a. D. 21; A. 20. L. lat. 42. Superanals 8+8 N. quercinus.

b. D. 16; A. 14. L. lat. — . Superanals 9+7 N. margaritiferus.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTKIBUTION. 83

I. Mediolaterals 3, in curved, subvertical line. — Continued.

B. Posterolaterals 2, horizontally side bj side. Precaudals 2+2.

1. First posterolateral under solt dorsal, second behind it.

a. I). 21-24; A. 17-18. L. lat. — . Snperanals s-7+t;-7 \. elongatus (of Lfitken).

C. Posterolaterals 3, horizontally side by side. Precaudals 2+1.

1. La>t posterolateral under soft dorsal. Pectoral short and weak.

a. 1). 20-21 ; A. 16. L.l.it. 46. Superanals 9+4 N. castaneus.

II. Mediolaterals 2. Posterolateral 1.

A. Precaudals 2+1, the last at end of lateral line.
1. Posterolateral 1, in advance of soft dorsal.

a. D. 20; A. 18. L. lat. 36. Superanals 7+4 (?) N. caudisi-inosv*.

NOTOSCOPELUS RESPLEXDENS (BlCHABDSON). (Figure94.)
Lampanyctua resplendent, Richardson, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Ichth., 12, pi. 27, hgs. 16-18. — Cuvikr and

Valenciennes, xxii. 152.
Scopelns retplendens, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 415.
Scupelus crocodilm, Cuviee and Valenciennes, xxii, 147 (not Risso).

Height of body 5 times iu total length (without caudal); length of head 3J or 3§; least
depth of tail more than one half height of body. Eye moderate; distance between posterior
margin of orbit and preopercular edge less than diameter of eye. Posterior margin of pre-
operculum descending obliquely backwards. Snout obtusely conical, with jaws equal in
front. Cleft of mouth nearly horizontal. Maxillary reaches to angle of preoperculuni and
scarcely dilated behind. Origin of dorsal midway between the extremity of snout and
adipose tin, and above root of ventral; its last ray above middle of anal. Pectoral fin
shorter than ventral, and not extending beyond its root. Scales perfectly smooth, those of
lateral line rather larger than others.

Mediolaterals 3, iu curved subvertical line; posterolaterals 2, horizontally side by side,
the posterior one in advance of the soft dorsal. Precaudals 2 + 1, the last slightly below
the end of the lateral line. Radial formula: B. 8; 1). 21-24; A. 18; V. 8; scales 3 | 38 | 5.

This species was described from the Gulf of Guinea. It is very desirable that the
Bohuslan species should be examined, as well as those in the museum at Milan.

NOTOSCOPELUS QUERCIXI's, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 97.)

Height of body 5g in total length; length of the head 3§-4. Eye moderate, contained
nearly 4 times in length of head (3.J in eye). Snout short, about one-half as long as the
diameter of the eye. Mouth oblique, and very large, the maxillary extending to angle
of preoperculuni. Length of upper jaw about four-fifths that of head. Origiu of dorsal
much nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, being over the twelfth scale of the lateral line
and immediately above origin of ventral ; length of its base equals that of head, and longest
ray two-thirds as long as head, its end over seventh ray of anal. Pectoral short, not
reaching to origin of ventral. Anal origin about under twenty-first scale of lateral line;
the length of the base equals that of head without snout, and the longest ray is about one-
half as long as head. Adipose fin very slender, its distance from end of dorsal equaling
one-half length of head. Caudal moderate, deeply forked.

.Mediolaterals 3, in curved subvertical line; posterolaterals 2, under the soft dorsal : pre
caudals 2 + 1, the last below the end of the lateral line. One of the precaudals very high
up, between the Hap of the operculum and the lateral line.

Eadial formula: D. 21-21; A. 19-20; L. lat. 42.

The species is described from a specimen (No. 43789, U. S. N. M.; No. 822, Gloucester
Donations). 125 millimeters in length, taken by one of the Gloucester fishing vessels.

'I'lie Albatross obtained ■., specimen (No. 43790, U. S. N. M.) from station 2731, in 36°
15' N. lat.. 71 28' W. Ion., at a depth of 781 fathoms, and also a young specimen (No.
43791, I*. S. N. M.(. ai the surface by electric light, at station 2528, in 41° 47' X. lat,, 67°
37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 077 fathoms.

This species is very closely allied to Scopelus elongatus, as figured by Kaffaele (Mitt. Zool.
Stat. Naples, IX, 185, pi. vn, fig. 11), and also agrees with a specimen sent (from Nice)

84 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

under that name by the Florence museum. We should identify our specimens with the
8. slongatus of Oust a. but for the unsettled state of opinions among European ichthyologists.
Steindachner, Vinciguerra, Raffaelle, and Collett seem all disposed to recognize but one
species of Notoscopelus. We think we have distinguished four, but possibly our series is
not sufficiently complete to justify us in positive opinions.

NOSTOSCOPELl'S MARGAKITIFEKUS, Goode aud Bean, n. s. (Figure ! 18. I

Height of body one-fifth of total length (without caudal); length of head one-fourth.
Least height of tail one-half of greatest height of body. Snout very short aud compressed
ir+o a keel on its upper edge; its length scarcely more than one-half diameter of the eye.
Gill rakers, 9 or 10 above the angle, about 16 below; the longest about two thirds the
diameter of eye. Eye moderate, about one-fourth length of head. Intermaxillary reaches
almost to angle of preoperculuin. Space between eye and hinder edge of preoperculum
much less than diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than
root of caudal. Length of dorsal base nearly one-third of total (without caudal); origin of
dorsal about over ninth scale of lateral Hue, aud in same vertical with origin of ventral.
The ventral does not quite reach to origin of anal. Pectoral very short, its length only
one-third that of head. No adipose dorsal. Anal origin under eighteenth scale of lateral
line. The base of the flu is as long as head without snout. Caudal moderately forked. On
top of the caudal peduncle a long, linear mirror, nearly one-half as long as head, its width
about one-third of its length. Several large phosphorescent spots on inner edge of mandi-
ble, a large one near angle of preoperculum

Mediolaterals, 3, in curved, subvertical line. Posterolaterals, 2, under soft dorsal.
Superanals 9+7. Precaudals 2+2, the last below end of lateral line.

Radial formula: IX 16; A. 14.

A specimen of this species (No. 13775, I*. S. N. M.: No. 1)33, Gloucester Donations) was
taken off Banquero by the schooner Alice M. Williams. Another specimen (No. 43774, U.
S. N. M.; No. 404, Gloucester Donations) lias also been obtained.

NOTOSCOPELUS CASTANETS, (Joode aud Bean, u. b. (Figure 95.)

Depth of body 5^ in total length ; length of head, four times. Eye moderate, its diameter
nearly four in length of head, and nunc than twice in length of snout. Mouth exceedingly
wide, oblique, with jaws equal : maxillary extending backwards almost to angle of preoper-
culum. Intermaxillary as long as maxillary, aud toothed throughout its entire length.
Maxillary very little expanded posteriorly. Origin of dorsal flu very much nearer tip of
snout than root of caudal, being as far from suout as from front of pearl-colored patch on
top of tail; origin somewhat in advance of origin of ventral; base is considerably longer than
head; the longest ray equals length of post-orbital part of head. Caudal deeply forked.
Pectoral small, and does not reach nearly to ventral; its length not much more than one-
third that of head. Ventral insertion under fourth ray of dorsal; its length about one-half
thatof head. Anal base nearly equal to head without snout.

Mediolaterals, 3, in curved subvertical line; posterolaterals, 3, horizontally side oy side.
Precaudals 2 + 1, last below the end of the lateral line. Last posterolateral under soft
dorsal. Number of superanals, 9+4. Radial formula: D. 20-21; A. 16; L. lat., about 46.

This species is described from a specimen (No. 31706, lT. S. N. M.), 5J inches long, taken
by the Fish Hawk from station 1,113, in 39° 57' N. hit., 70° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of 192
fathoms. Another example (No. 21688, U. S. N. M. ; No. 189, Gloucester Donations), six
inches in length, was obtained on the fishing banks by the schooner William Thompson.

NOTOSCOPELUS CAUDISPINOSUS (Johnson). (Figure 96.)

Scopelus caudispinosus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, 42. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 416.

Height of body contained 5i in total length ; length of head, 3§. Eye moderate. Snout
obtusely conical, with jaws equal iu front. Cleft of mouth rather oblique. Origin of dorsal

DIS(lsslo\ OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

tin midway between extremity of snout and adipose tin. and above base of outer ventral
rays; its last ray behind vertical from middle of anal. A series of from six to nine small
spines bent backwards, above and below, before the root of caudal. Pectoral tins shorter
than ventral, and not extending beyond its root.

Modiolaterals, 2; posterolaterals, 1; precaudals, 2+1, the last at the end of the dorsal
line. The single posterolateral in advance of the soft dorsal. Number of superanals 7-(- i J),

Radial formula; D. 30; A. 18; V. 8; L. hit., .'iii 38.

This species, of which a single type in bail condition, 6J inches in length, is preserved
in the British Museum, has hitherto been recorded only from Madeira. A single specimen
(No. 43768, TJ. S. N. M.), eighty millimeters in length, was taken by the steamer Albatross
from station 2569, in 39° 26' N. hit., 68° 03' 30" "VV. Ion., at a depth of L,782 fathoms.

The western Atlantic specimen has 10 rays in the anal and 38 scales in the lateral line.

LAMPADENA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Myctophid fishes with elongate form of Hint/tost inn, having dorsal and anal tins nearly
equal and not touching the same vertical. No luminous glands upon the head, but one
upon the caudal peduncle above and another in similar position below. Head somewhat
conical. Snout short, obtusely conical, the upper and lower profiles nearly equal; cleft of
mouth and limb of operculum slightly oblique; lower jaw prominent, maxillary reaching to
the angle of preopereulum. and terminating in a triangular dilation. Precaudals two groups,
the last by itself at the termination of the lateral line. Pectoral not reaching to vertical
from origin of ventral or anterolateral photophore. Tubes of lateral line luminous.

LAMPADENA SPECULIGERA, Goode and Beax, n. s. (Figure 09.)

Height of body 4i in total length; length of head 4. Least depth of tail three-fifths
height of body. Greatest depth of head about three-fourths of its length. Bye very large
its diameter about one-third length of head. Distance between posterior margin of orbit
and preopereulum edge about one-half diameter of eye. Snout short, conical, its length.
about one-third diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth somewhat oblique, the lower jaw included.
Posterior tip of maxillary distant from angle of preopereulum a space almost equal to length
of snout. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than root of caudal by a distance equal to
two-thirds the length of its own base, and inserted nearly over root of ventral, over elev-
enth scale of lateral line, its last ray over vent, in advance of origin of anal. Pectoral does
not reach nearly to vertical from origin of ventral, its length being equal to one-half that of
upper jaw, and a little greater than diameter of eye. The ventral does not reach to vent.
and its length is equal to about one-half that of head. Scales smooth; those of the lateral
line not larger than the others, tin' tubes passing through them luminous. Eight scales
between the adipose tin and the margin of t lie pearl -colored dorsal patch ; there are :'>'< scales
in the lateral line, 1 above and 5 below it. The luminous spot, two thirds as long as the
diameter of the eye, club-shaped, on the top of the tail immediately in front of tin- base of
thecaudal ray. A similar spot on the lower edge of the caudal peduncle, a little in advance
of the origin of the caudal rays, its posterior edge about in line with the center of the dorsal
patch; its length about three-fourths the diameter of the eye.

Aluminous gland above and below on thecaudal peduncle; no postanal series of super
anal photophores, these being replaced by the subpednncular glands. Anterolateral,!;

posterolaterals, L.' ; precaudals in two groups, the anterior and lower one of two photophores,

widely separated from the posterior and single one, which is placed at the end of the lal

eral line. The single posterolateral is under the root of the soft dorsal, and considerably
behind the termination of the anal. Gill rakers (i above and 1 ■"> or 1 1 below the angle, the
longest about one-half as long as the diameter of the eye.

Radial formula: I). L3; A. 14: V. 8; P. very small; Scales 4 | 30 | 5.

Color, purplish brown; very glossy, almost iridescent.

86 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

An individual (No. 43796, U. S. N. M.), 50 millimeters in length, was taken by the
Albatross at station 2553, in 39° 48' N". lat., 70° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms.

^ETHOPRORA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body oblong, compressed, resembling in general form Myctophum; covered with large
scales, those in the lateral line very slightly larger than the others. Head compressed.
Snout very obtuse, and short, projecting slightly beyond orbital margin, the jaws about
equal. Eye moderate. Dorsal tin premediau, entirely or almost entirely in advance of the
anal, which it closely resembles in shape and dimensions. Ventral with 8 rays inserted
under the anterior portion of the dorsal. Pectorals moderate, placed low. Adipose fin long
and prominent. A prominent luminous gland of irregular form occupies the front of the
head iu advance of eye, encroaching upon the anterior margin of the orbit, and extending
beyond it above and below. A luminous spot of greater or less extent upon the body at
the angle of the preoperculum and, in some species, others upon the interoperculum and
upon the sides of the lower jaw.

Superanal photophores in two groups; posterolaterals sometimes present, sometimes
absent. Precaudal photophores, 4, forming a more or less crescent-shaped line at the base
of the lower caudal lobe, a large, irregular gland occupying entire space in front of eye.

(Etymology: A t>?«?= glow, and zpiopa=a, face).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF .ETHOPRORA.
I. Scales in lateral line 40.

A. Antero and mediolaterals and superanal photophores irregularly arranged A. metopoclampa.

II. Scales in lateral line 35-36.

A. Anterolaterals 2, mediolaterals 2, posterolaterals none V. lucida.

B. Anterolateral 1, mediolaterals 3 or 4, posterolaterals 2 A. EFFULGENS.

^ETHOPRORA METOPOCLAMPA (Coccoi. Goode and Bean. (Figure 101.)

Nyotophus metopoclampus, Cocco, Giorn. Scien. si.il. Palermo, L82-9, No. 77, 111 (Nittdfofrontelucida); Alcuni
Salmon^i, 1838. 21. PI. m, Fig. 8.— Bostaparte, Faun. Hal. Pesc, fasc, xxxvn, 1810. Fig.

Seopehis metopnelampum, CrjVIER ami VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, SXII, 112.

Scopehis metopoolampus, GOstther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., V, 409.— Giglioli, Eleuco, 100.— Raffaele, .Mitt.
Zool. Stat., Naples, ix, 183, PI. vn. Fig. 6.

Height of body contained 4J in total length (without caudal) ; length of head 3i times.
Least depth of tail half the height of body. Head slightly longer than high. Eye large,
diameter one-third that of head. Profile almost perpendicular, an elaborate luminous plate
occupying the entire space between the eyes, extending backward between the lower
margin of the orbit and the upper jaw to a point behind the vertical from the middle of the
orbit, and also with a lobe on either side above, impinging upon the anterior upper limb of
the orbit. Cleft of mouth slightly oblique, its length nearly twice the diameter of the orbit.
The maxillary reaches the angle of the preoperculum, and is not dilated behind. The origin
of the dorsal and ventral tins is in the same vertical, that of the latter equidistant from the
tip of the snout and the adipose tin, that of the former equidistant from the anterior margin
of the orbit and adipose tin. The insertion of the last dorsal ray over the origin of the
first anal ray. Pectoral two thirds as long as ventral, its tip reaching slightly beyond vertical
connecting origin of dorsal and anal. Scales smooth; those of lateral line slightly larger.

The photophores are small and not very conspicuous. In the example studied, there are
11 iu superanal series, there being a broad break over the root of the last anal rays, with
5 in front and 6 behind it, the single posterolateral being placed far above, near the lateral
line, and forming an equilateral triangle with the two placed on either side of the break.
Mediolaterals, 2, placed obliquely and far apart, the anterior and highest above the origin
of the anal, the posterior and lower about midway between this and the first in the anal
series, which is over the interval between the roots of the third, fourth and fifth branched rays
of the anal tin. Anterolaterals, 3, placed in the form of an isosceles triangle, the apex of

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 87

which is represented by the most anterior of the group, which is placed over the axil of the
ventral and about three-fourths of thewayfrom its root to the lateral Hue; a fourth photo

phore, possibly also to be grouped here is nearly midway between the axil of the pectoral
and the axil of the dorsal. Radial formula: l>. Ill, 13; A. 111. 14; L. hit. 40.

This species has been found only in the Mediterranean. Etaflaele had six specimens from
.Messina, ami Giglioli obtained two Others from the same locality in the latter part of Sep-
tember. 1878, one of which, presented by hiru to the National .Museum (Cat. 14169), is the
type of the foregoing description. The species seems to be exceedingly rare, even in the
Mediterranean. The great extension and elaboration of the nasal luminous plate shown in
the figure, may be due to sexual conditions. At all events, as has been remarked, it is
unlike that shown by Raft'aele, though sufficiently similar to that of Cocco and Bonaparte.

-ETIlol'Koh'A LUCIDA, Goode and Bea_\, u. s. (Figure 102.)

Height of body contained 4A times in total length; length of head 3§ times. Least
depth of tail 24, in height of body. Head considerably longer than high, its height equal to
distance from anterior margin of pupil to end of opercular flap. Eye moderate, its diameter
nearly one fourth length of head. Snout short, but less declivous and obtuse than in
,1. metopoclampa. A pearl-colored luminous organ touching the limb of orbit, but separated
from it above and below, with posterior lobe not prolonged far back, and with a space
between its lower margin and the opening of the jaw. Cleft of mouth oblique and curved,
the maxillary reaching to augle of preoperculum and uot dilated. Origin of dorsal and
ventral nearly in same vertical, that of former midway between anterior margin of orbit
and adipose tin: that of latter midway between tip of snout and adipose fin. Insertion of
the last ray of dorsal is over interspace between third aud fourth rays of anal. Pectoral
(unless mutilated) only half as long as ventral, and its tip does not approximate the vertical
from its origiu. Dorsal and anal similar, the former with its upper margin concave. Adi-
pose dorsal iuserted over interspace betweeu antepenultimate and penultimate anal rays,
and as long as ultimate dorsal ray. Scales smooth, those of lateral line scarcely enlarged.

Iu the type there are thirteen photophores in the anal series; a wide break over the
roots of the last two rays of the anal tin. No posterolaterals. Two mediolaterals, the
anterior the lowest. Two anterolaterals, theanterior and highest very small, above the axil
of the pectoral or very near the lateral line, the posterior one somewhat more than midway
between this and the anterior of the mediolateral group, and forming, with the two photo-
phores in that group, an obtuse isosceles triangle, with the anterior of the l lial group at

its apex. Of the four precaudal photophores the last three are the most nearly together,
and form a nearly vertical line at the base of the lower caudal lobe. There is a large,
apparently luminous, pearl-colored spot under the tip of the flap of the operculum.

Radial formula: I). Ill, 14; A. II, 14; L. lat. 35.

A single specimen (Cat. No. 440S4, U. S. N. M.), about 4 inches long, was obtained by
the Albatross at station 2127, in 1!)° 45' X. hit,, 7.3° 04' W. Ion., 1,630 fathoms.

jETHOPRORA EFFULGENS. Goode aud Bean, n. s. (Figure 103.)

Height of body one fourth of total length, length of head slightly greater. Least depth
of tail one-half height of body. Head considerably longer than high, the flap of opercu-
lum extending above and behind axil of pectoral. Eye large, diameter contained 2J times
in length of head. Snout exceedingly short and obtuse, as in -1. metopoclampa; the
luminous organ enormous, gland like, overlapping entire anterior margin of orbit, extend
ingdown upon edge of jaw and extending backwards almost as far as in A. metopoclampa.
Cleft of mouth oblique, somewhat curved, the maxillary reaching nearly to angle of pre-
operculum. Origiu of dorsal somewhat in advance of vertical from that of ventral, which
touches root of second dorsal ray. Last dorsal ray over roots of. short spines preceding
anal. Insertion of ventrals considerably p isterior to a point equidistant from root of adi
pose dorsal and anterior margin of the orbit. Origin of adipose dorsal over interspace be-

88 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

tween antepenultimate and ultimate anal rays. Pectoral stout and much shorter than ven-
tral, not reaching much more than half way to its root. Scales smooth, those in the lateral
line somewhat enlarged, shiny, and conspicuous; the lateral line descending in a gentle cat-
enary curve to a poiut above the origin of the ventral. The arrangement of the photo-
phores is very peculiar, and can best be understood by an examination of the figure. There is
a break in the series of superanals, there being live on the lower part of the caudal peduncle
behind the extremity of the anal. There are apparently two posterolaterals, the pos-
terior and highest near the lateral line, and forming the beginning of a series of S, arranged
in the arc of a circle, the last being the highest in the group of mediolaterals, of which there
are 4. There is but one anterolateral, which is above the axil of the ventrals, slightly
behind it and about midway between it and the lateral line. There is a large, triangular,
luminous patch in the space between the axil of the pectoral and the flap of the operculum,
which covers its anterior portion, aud is itself decorated with a circular photophore.
There appears to be a luminous patch along the anterior margin of the preoperculum.

Eadial formula: D. II, 13; A. II, 14; L. lat. 35-3G.

A single specimen (Cat. No. 43770, IT. S. X. M.) was taken from the stomach of a cod
captured by the schooner Joseph ()., of Gloucester, on Brown's Bank; another by the Alba-
tross from Station 2127, in 19° 45' X. lat., 75° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,G39 fathoms.

COLLETTIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Myctophids, similar in form to Aethoprora, with a pair of luminous bands on the ante-
rior part of the head and another on each side in the hollow of the first intraorbital bone.
Scales of lateral line somewhat enlarged. Type, Myctophum Bafinesquii, Oocco.

COLLETTIA EAFINESQUEI, (Cocco), Goode and Bean. (Figure 100.)

tfyctophus Bafinesquii, Cocco, Alcuni Salmon., etc., 1820, sp. 1, tab. in, fig. 7. — Bonaparte, Faun. Ital.. fasc.

xxxvn, pi. 120, fig. 2.
Scopelus Bafinesquii, GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v. 1864, U0. — GlGLlOLl, Elenco. 100. — Raffaei.e, Mitt.

Zool. Stat. Naples, ix, 183, pi. vn, tig. 7.

A Myctophum with a stout, short body, moderately compressed; with a rounded, blunt
snout, very large mouth, comparatively small eye; comparatively short, triangular dorsal
and anal, the former entirely in advance of the latter aud inserted very far forward.

Height of body 4 times in total length; length of head 3 times. Depth of body one-
fourth of total length. Caudal peduncle stout; its height nearly one-half height of body.
Eye moderately large, its diameter contained 2| times in length of head; distance between
posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edge one-half diameter of eye. Snout very
short, obtuse, keeled, with profile abruptly declivous; its length one- third of diameter of
eye. Cleft of mouth slightly oblique, the lower jaw received within the upper.

Mouth rather large, the maxillary exteuding to angle of preoperculum and behind orbit a
distance equal to two-thirds diameter of eye; its posterior extremity not dilated, and
entirely concealed under the scales of the cheek. Origin of dorsal over that of ventral,
considerably nearer to tip of snout than to root of caudal; its last ray in advance of origin
of anal. Ventral stout and long, reaching to origin of anal. Pectoral small, reaching to
root of ventral. Anal origin under the twelfth scale of lateral line; its last ray is directly
under adipose dorsal. Scales in lateral line, somewhat enlarged, luminous.

Anterolaterals, 4, very irregular, the three posterior ones forming an isosceles triangle,
as in JSthoprora metopoclampa. Mediolaterals, 3, arranged much as in Myctophum punc-
latum. Posterolaterals, -, arranged much as in A.effulgens (perhaps only one posterolat-
eral, if the photophore immediately below it should be recognized as belonging to the super-
anal series). Superanals in two groups; 5 or 6 in the first; 4 in the last. Precaudals, 4,
in nearly straight line, the last and uppermost at or uear extremity of lateral line, the
others descending forward at an angle of approximately forty-five degrees with axis of body.
Kadial formula: D. 12; A. 15; L. lat. 32-35.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DI8TRIB1 Tlo.V. 89

This species, first described by Oocco from the Mediterranean, is abundant about Sicily.
but has oever before been found in the At Ian tic The descriptions of Cocco and Bonaparte
were too general for use in comparison, also thai of Giinther, being founded upon a small
number of very minute specimens, especially as it lias few rays in the anal and the propor-
tions of the head and eye peculiar to very young specimens.

It is with peculiar pleasure that we add to tlie fauna of America a species identified
with the name of Rafinesque, who was the first to call attention to the genus to which it
belongs. The three specimens (No. .'i;r>.">o, U. S. K M.) described by us, the largest of
which is 77 millimeters long, with imperfect tail, were taken by the steamer Albatross in
37°12'20" N". lat., 69 39' W. Ion. These have been studied in connection with ample
material from Messina (No. 40058, U. S. N. M.), received from the Florence Museum.

DIAPHUS, Eigenmarm.

Diaphun EIGENMANN and Eigenmann, Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., in, 1890, 3.

Myctophids, similar in form and proportions to the typical genus of the family, though
stouter, with a very much wider and less oblique mouth, pectoral placed lower, and with
opercular apparatus much more obliquely articulated. Dorsal and anal similar, not touch-
ing the same vertical. The glandular photophore in front of each eye below the nostril, and
the pearl like photophores upon the. sides divided into halves by a septum of black pig-
ment. No caudal photophores. Postlaterals, 2, in obliquely ascending row.

The type of this genus is Diaphus theta, Eigenmann and Eigenmann, he. cit., from mod-
erate depths off Point Loma, near San Diego, Cal. (Figure 93.)

Scopelu* engraulis, Giinther (Challenger Eeport, xxn, 107, pi. li, tig. c), from 250
fathoms off the Philippines, is referred to the same group by Eigenmann.

TARLETONBEANIA, Eigenmann.
Tarletonbeania, Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci. (2d ser.) iii, 7. (1S90).

Myctophid fishes, having dorsal and anal tins considerably overlapping, the base of
the anal much longer than that of the dorsal. Lateral line obsolescent. Head long, with
oblique opercular limb. Pectoral very high. No luminous glands. Photophores much as
in typical genus, but none to be detected upon the head. One precaudal photophore.

The type of this genus, T. tenua, Eigenmann, he. cit. from near the Coronado Islands
(Fig. 10.j), and M. crenulare, of Jordan and Gilbert, are both Pacific forms.

RHINOSCOPELUS, Lutken.

dlysia, I. owe. Proc. /..>,,]. Soc. London, 1839, 87; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, in, 14.
Rhinascopelus, LTtkex, Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Copenhagen, vn, 1892, l>:;t.

Body oblong, slender, compressed, with slender and elongate caudal peduncle cov-
ered with smooth, stiff scales, those in the lateral line much longer than the others. Head
compressed; cleft of mouth very wide; the, jaws about equal. The premaxillary long and
slender; maxillary well developed, reaching nearly or quite to the angle of the preoper-
culuin, without considerable posterior dilation. Teeth in villiform bands in the, jaws, on
the palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Eye moderate, its diameter less than one-third of
the length of the head. < 1 ill rakers very long and slender. Dorsal fin premedian ; pectoral
large; adipose dorsal small. Anal fin longer than dorsal. Pectoral narrow, elongate.

Precaudals, 2. Superanals about 18, in two groups, the break being over the middle
of the long anal fin and at* the end of the first third of the series, approximately. Antero-
laterals, i or 2; mediolaterals, 2 or 3; posterolaterals,!.

Myctophum coruscans of Richardson, from South Atlantic and Australian oceans, is
supposed to belong to this genus.

90 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

KHTNOSCOPELUS COCCOI (Cocco), LOtken. (Figure 104.)

Soopelus Cocco, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Litt. Art. Sicilia (No. 77). Palermo, 1829, 143 ("Scopelo de Cocco") Alcimi
Salrnonidi del Mare de Messina (Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. ), 1838, 18, PI. II, Fig. 6.— Bonaparte Fauna Italica,
Pesci. fasc. xxvn, PI. 1840.

Scopeltis Coccoi, GCntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1804, 413 ; Challenger Report, xxxn, Pelagic Fishes, 30.—
Giglioi.i, Elenco, 100.

Alysia loricata, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 1839, 87; Trans. Zoiil. Soc. Ill, 14.

Height of body 4J (perhaps in females) to 5 in total length. Length of head contained
rather more than 5 times in length (without caudal). Tail slender, elongate, its least depth
one-fourth of the height of the body. The diameter of the eye is contained 4 times in the
length of the head. Distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the preoper-
cular edge is two-thirds of the diameter of the eye. Preopercular edge obliquely descending
backwards. Snout conical, the upper part projecting beyond the lower, the upper and
lower profiles nearly equally curved. The maxillary extends to the angle of the preoper-
culum and is scarcely dilated. The dorsal origin is nearer to the end of the snout than to
the root of the caudal, and behind the base of the ventral; the last ray of the dorsal is in
the vertical from the second or third anal ray. Pectoral extends to the middle of ventral.

In some specimens each of the scales on the back of the tail has a pearl-colored dot;
this is probably a sexual character of the male. The back and the nape are blackish; sides
silvery, with gold and silver reflections. The inside of the mouth is blackish, the iris
silvery, the pupil transparent. Eadial formula: D. 10-12; A. 20-21; V. 8; 1 | 41 | 3.

This species, although said to be very rare in the Mediterranean, would appear to be
one of the most abundant of the surface forms in the Western Atlantic, for many hundreds
of specimens have been obtained by the Albatross at the surface, often from twenty to fifty
in a single locality taken with a dip net; sometimes by electric light after dark.

Specimens of this species were obtained by the Albatross from the following localities:
No. 43817, U.S. N.M., from station 2381, in 28° 05' N. kit,, 87° 56' 14" YV. Ion., at a depthoi
1,330 fathoms; No. 43814, IT. S. N. M., at the surface at station 2569, in 39° 20' N. lat,, 68°03'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,781' fathoms; Nos. 43820, 43821, and 43822, II. S. N. M., taken in a
towing net on September 19, 1885, in •'!'•• X. lat. 72 ~> W. Ion. (two of the individuals appear
to have been nearing the spawning time) ; numerous specimens (No. 38191, IT. S. N. M.), in 30°
45' N. lat., 74° 28' 30" W. Ion.; No. 43813, IT. S. N. M., from station 2571, in 40° 09' 30" N.
lat., 67° 09' W. Ion., taken at the surface in a tow net: Nn. 13818, V. S.N. M., from station
2573, in 40° 43' 18" N. lat., 66° 09' W. Ion., in 1.742 fathoms; No. 43812, IT. S. N. M., from
station 2566, in 37° 23' X. lat.. 68c 08' W. Ion., at a depth of 2,620 fathoms; at the surface
from station l'i'S.-,. hi 35° 21' 25" X. lat.. 70- 24' 25" W. Ion., at a depth of 13 fathoms; No.
43S16, IT. S. X. M„ at the surface at station 2584, in 39° 05' 30" N. lat,, 70° 23' 20" W.
Ion., at a depth of .".41 fathoms; No. 13819, I". S. X. M., from station 2522, in 42° 20' N. lat.,
65° 07' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; Xo. 38171, IT. S. N. M., from station 2724, in
36° 47' N. lat., 73° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,641 fathoms; No. 43823, U. S. N.M., from
station 2727, in 36° 35' N. lat., 74° 03' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,239 fathoms; and Xo.
43824, U. S. N. M., from station 2724, in 36° 47' N. lat., 73° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,041
fathoms. The British Museum has it from the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo expeditions.
Lowe's Madeira types are at Cambridge in the Museum of the Philosophical Society.

Additional specimens (No. 43825, U. S. N. M., No. 4. Gloucester Donations) were taken
by the Gloucester fishing vessels on the Fishing Banks. The V. S. frigate Constitution
(Dr. W. H. Jones) obtained several from lat. 31° 30' N., Ion. 68° 36' W.

RHINOSCOPELCS ANDRE.E, Li tken.
Scopelus (Mhinoscopelus) Andrea, Li tkf.x, Spolia-Atlanticu, 24."., fig. 3.

A species closely resembling 8. Coccoi, in form, but having a single anterolateral photo-
phore, placed much as in 8. Coccoi, and three posterolaterals in an obliquely vertical row,
arranged as in Myctophum punctatum. Pectoral fin long, falcate, passing far beyond the
anterolateral photophore and considerably beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. Ill

Liitken had numerous specimens from the following localities: N. lat. 42", W.lon. L2
54'; N. lat.35 22'-36 22', W. Ion. 41 37'-48 18'; N. lat. 29 31', W. Ion. 34° 33'; N. lat.

29°, W. Ion. 34^; v. lat. 28°, \Y. Ion 36°; N. hit. 22° 16', W. Ion. 78 ; N. lat. 22° 12' W. Ion.
28< is': X. Lit I'D , W. Ion. 4S°-50°; N. hit. 19°-19° 30', W. Ion. 26= 5'-26° 10'; X. lat. L5
lit', W. Ion. 24o 54'; N. hit. 14" 4(1' W. Ion. 28°; 8. Int. I 20 . W. Ion. 1 I 20 ; S. hit. 8°,
W. Ion. 13° 20'; S. lat. 24 SO', W. Ion. 28 30'; S. lat. 25 4'. W. Ion. 27< 26'; S. lat. 33° 30',
W. Ion. 11°; S. hit. 5 21', E. Ion. 81 56 ; S. lat. l.v 35 . B. Ion. 109° 20'; S. lat. 16 , B.
Ion. 110 20'; S. lat. 23 be, E. Ion. -".7 M) ; S. lat. 23< 30', E. Ion. 81°; S. lat. 24° 30', E.
Ion. Too 50'; 8. lat. 27 40' B. Ion 58^ 30'; S. lat. 28oi6'-30°. E. Ion. 97° 30'-9G°; S. hit. 29
54', E. Ion. 76^42'; S. hit. 31'- 15', E. Ion. 58° 30'; S. lat. 38 ; and since examining his
paper, we find them not uncommon in the collection of the National Museum, mingled with
the specimens identified by us with 8. Coccoi. It occurs in almost every lot, and therefore
a new list of localities is not given. It seems not impossible the form may eventually be
found to be a sexual variation of 8. Coccoi.

RHLNOSCOPELUS RARUS, Lutken.
Scopelua (BtAnoaeopeliu) rarus, i>i tm:n, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 1892, 246, fig. 4.

This species, described by Liitken, seems to differ from the other species of this genus in
many important particulars, and but for the unquestioned accuracy and thorough insight
which this authority has always manifested, an inspection of the figure would lead us to
question whether it properly belongs here. The peculiar arrangement of thephotophores, and
the presence of a luminous plate upou the top of the caudal peduncle distinguish it at once
from all the others, as well as does the shape of the body, which is more like that of Myc-
tophum, the short anal fin, the overlap of the dorsal with the anal, and the comparative
shortness and thickness of the caudal peduncle, and also the nearly vertical direction of the
preopercular limb. The most characteristic feature in the arrangement of the photophores
is the almost entire absence of the postventral series and the number of photophores in the
Buperanal series, comparatively much smaller than in 8. Coccoi.

ELECTRONA, Goocle and Bean, n. g.

Myctophids having dorsal and anal fins slightly overlapping. The lateral line with scales
much enlarged; scales hard, persistent. Luminous gland on top of the caudal peduncle, but
none on head. Anal longer than dorsal, and passing behind the vertical from soft dorsal.
Body ovate, compressed; head short; profile declivous; snout not projecting. Caudal pedun-
cle short and stout. No posterolateral photophore. (Type, Scopelus Ris.soi, Cocco.)

ELECTRONA RISSOI (Cocco), Goode and Bean. (Figure 107.)

Scopelus n'svi. (' < . i"in. Si oil., fase. 77,144 ; Lett, sn Salmon., 15, PI. 2, fig. 5. — Cuyiek and VALENCIENNES,

Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 446. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., v, 405.

No description is necessary of this well known species, but for the first time is presented
a good figure of a specimen sent to the National Museum by the Royal Museum in Florence.

We are greatly in doubt as to the relationships of this form, but it is provisionally placed
near RhinoscojH Iks on account of the resemblance in the scales.

DASYSCOPELUS, Gunther.

Dasi/scopelus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. v., 1864, 105, ILL.

Myctophid fishes, having the dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but not
overlapping; somewhat emarginate. Scales of lateral line much enlarged, hard, persistent,
ctenoid. Anal terminating below soft dorsal. Body elevated, somewhat compressed. Caudal
peduncle rather slender; luminous scales on the back of the caudal peduncle. The arrange
ment of the photophores much as in Myctophum : 2 anterolaterals; 2 tnediolaterals; • pos-
terolateral, far in advauce of the break in the anal series, 1' precaudals, the last at the end
of the lateral line.

The type of this genus is Scopelus asper and Gunther assigns to it also s. subasper, from
the Pacific. (For I), spinosus, Steindachner, see Appendix).

92 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

DASYCOPELIs ASI'KK (Richardson). (Fig. 106.)

Myctophum asperum, Richardson, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Ickth,, 41, PI. xxvn, Fig. 105.
Scopelus nsper, CuviERand Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 454.— GGnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v,
1864, 411.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head two sevenths; the least depth of the tail is one-third of the height of the body;
the depth of the head is contained 1£ times in its length. Eye very large, two-fifths of the
length of the head; distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the preoperculur
edge equal to one-third of the diameter of the eye; posterior margin of the preoperculum
vertical. Snout extremely short and obtuse, with its upper profile abruptly bent down-
wards. Cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal with the lower jaw received within the upper.
The maxillary reaches nearly to the angle of the preoperculum, and is gradually and slightly
dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the root of the caudal, and immediately behind the base of the ventral; its
last ray is a little before the origin of the anal. The pectoral extends to the middle of the
ventral, which is the shorter. Scales with the margins strongly serrated; those of the
lateral line are much larger than the others. Some of the adult specimens have a pearl-
colored matter imbedded in the substance of the scales on the back of the tail. (Giinthtr.)

Eadia! formula: D. 13; A. 20; V. 8; scales 2 | 37 | 3.

The British Museum preserves the types of the species, obtained by the Erebus and
Terror at New Ireland, and also others from the Gulf of Guinea.

DASYSCOPELUS SPINOSUS (Steindachner).

Scopelus spinosua, Steindachner, LOtken, Spolia Atlantica, n, 1892, 239, pi. I, rig. 2.

A species described and figured by Liitkeu, of which he had a number of specimens
from the Atlantic from the following localities: X. lat. 14° 11', W. Ion. 29° 32'; N. hit. 9 ,
W. Ion. 22°; N. lat. 6°, 22', W. Ion. 22°; N". lat 5° 31', \Y. Ion. 23= 15'; N. lat. 4°, VY. Ion.
24°; N. lat, 3° 10', W. Ion. 20° 30'; N. lat, 3^ 10', \Y. Ion. 27° 50'; N. lat. 3° 9', W. Ion. 23°,
11'; S. lat. 0° 04', W. Ion. 25°; S. lat. 2 30', W. Ion. 10° 4'; N. lat, 2°, W. Ion. 31° 30'; and
S.lat. 7 ' 6', \Y. Ion. 7 30', as well as others from the central Pacific. It differs from />. osper
chiefly in the character of the lateral line, which in Richardson's figure of />. osper has the
scales very much enlarged. The arrangement of the photophores is much the same.

DASYSCOPELUS SUBASPER (Qunther).

Scopelus subotper, Gcnthf.r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v. 411.— LOtken, Spolia Atlantica, n, 1892, 240, fig. 1.

Gunther described this species from the Pacific Ocean (lat. 73° 30' S. Ion. 123° E.)
and Liitkeu identifies from the Atlantic a species under this name, which he distinguishes
from the others by the absence of the break in the superanal scries of photophores, the
absence of the posterolateral photophore, the arrangement of the anterolaterals and medio-
laterals in groups of two each, and also a peculiarly inverted triangular patch of the pie-
pectorals.

NEOSCOPELUS, Johnson.

Neoscopelus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Sop. Lond., 1863, 44. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v. 405 (as subgenus).

Oblong, compressed, covered with large caducous scales. First dorsal placed over the
abdominal ventral fins. The pectoral fins long; their inferior rays not thicker than the
rest. Mouth-cleft not extending beyond eyes. The maxillary dilated below and furnished
with a small supplementary piece. The upper border of the mouth formed entirely of the
premaxillary; scobinate bands of teeth in both jaws, on the palatine bones, and on the
vomer; scobinate patches of teeth on the entopterygoids.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 93

NEOSCOPELUS MACKOLEPIDOTUS, Johnson. (Figures 108-109.)

Neosoopeliu macrolepidotus, Johnson, Proo. Zool. Soc, 1863, II. pi. 7; Alcock, Ann. and -Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1891, II, 129.
Scopelut maorolepidotus, OCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1804, 411.

Height of the body is a little more than one fourth of total length (withoul caudal],
length of head one-third. Eye of moderate size, one-fifth of length of head, and equal to
width of interorbital space, and to distance between its posterior margin and preopercular
edge. Snout conical, longer than eye, with lower jaw rather prominent. Maxillary
reaches only to vertical from posterior margin of eye, and is much dilated behind. < >rigiu
of dorsal before root of ventral, nearer to extremity of snout than to root of caudal.
Pectoral tin long, extending marly to vent. Posterior margin of each scale covered with
minute spines, but the margin itself is not serrated.

Radial formula: B. 9; D. 13; A. 13; V. 8; L. lat. 3 | 30 | 5.

The type of this species is a single specimen, 0.1 inches long, in the British .Museum,
obtained off Madeira in January, 18<i3. The Albatross obtained a specimen on February 11,
1885, from station 2370, in 31° 03' 15" K lat., 88° lti' W. Ion., at a depth of 324 fathoms.
The Blake obtained two specimens, one off Dominica, in 333 fathoms, and one from Sta-
tion xlii, off Martinique, in 357 fathoms. The French expedition obtained it from off the
coast of Morocco, 1,350 and L,590 meters. The Investigator took it in the Indian Ocean in
188-220 fathoms.

The color of the Albatross specimen, as noted immediately after capture by Dr. Bean,
was as follows: Grayish silver on sides, with narrow margins of claret red on the scales (or
scale impressions). All the fins with brick-red on membrane covering the rays. Iris, pale
gold. Preoperculum aud interopercle with narrow lines of red. Bone supporting brauchi-
ostegal rays with a broad iridescent band. Phosphorescent spots on throat, also iridescent.
Each phosphorescent spot on lower surface pale gold, iridescent, and with a narrow, dark
brown margin posteriorly. Iris with a claret blotch or blotches.

SCOPELENGYS, Aleock.
Scopelengtja, Axcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, u, 303.

Head and body compressed. Eye small. Mouth very wide; the maxilla dilated behind.
Acute villiforui teeth, in bands uncovered by the lips in the jaws, and in the palatines and
vomer. Gill openings very wide; gill covers complete. Pseudobranchiae rudimentary.
Dorsal tin near the middle of the body short; an adipose dorsal. Anal fin short. Caudal
forked. Pectorals well developed. Ventrals with 8 rays. (Scales, if present, very decidu-
ous.) Xo air bladder. Pyloric ca>ca present in moderate number.

The type is 8. tristis, obtained by the Investigator at station 104 in the Arabian Sea,
at a depth of 1,000 fathoms.

NANNOBRACHIUM, Gunther.

Nannobrachium, ODnther, Challenger Report, xxii, 1887, 199. (Type, N. nigrum, pi. lii, fig. b., from the
Indian Ocean, 500 fathoms.)

Body elongate, compressed, with large deciduous scales. Mouth wide, with well devel-
oped maxillary, not dilated posteriorly. Teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, aud tongue in
narrow bands and very small. Eye moderate. Pectoral tins rudimentary. Neutrals normal,
8 rayed, inserted behind pectorals. Dorsal fin median, with 13 or 14 rays, its origin in the
interspace between ventral and anal. Anal moderate. Caudal forked or emarginate. Adi
pose fin small, above end of anal. Gill openings extensive. Pseudobranchise small. Phos-
phorescent organs in rows along lower parts, and numerous others on the base of the tail,
above aud below.

!U DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

NANOBRANCHIUM MACDONALDI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 110).

Height of body contained 5 in total length; head 31 times. Bye moderate, its diameter
contained 5 times in length of head, and considerably greater than that of snout. Mouth
extremely wide; rather oblique; with lower jaw somewhat projecting, extending backwards
to end of preoperculum. Intermaxillary as long as maxillary, toothed throughout its entire
length; both bones narrow and rod-shaped. Gill lamina* very short; gill rakers long,
needle-shaped, the longest a little longer than eye. Origin of dorsal nearer extremity of
snout than root of caudal, its last ray opi)osite fourth or tilth ray of anal, while the origin
of anal is opposite tenth ray of dorsal ; the longest ray of the latter equal to length of head
without snout. Adipose fin small, opposite penultimate ray of anal. Caudal much forked.
Pectoral composed of three or four small, short, delicate rays. Ventral inserted slightly
in advance of dorsal, and extending to vent. Phosphorescent organs arranged much as in
N~. nigrum. The glandular organ of white upon the top of the caudal peduncle is much
smaller than that described for X. nigrum, but has possibly been partially obliterated; the
one on the lower part of the peduncle is much larger. Coloration, purplish blown.

Badial formula: D. 13; A. 16—17; Scales 4 | 35 | 4.

Nannobranchium McDonaldi is dedicated to the United States Commissioner of Fish-
eries. It appears clearly distinguished from X. nigrum, Giinther, obtained by the Chal-
lenger south of the Philippine Islands, at a depth of 500 fathoms. This species is described
from a single specimen (Xo. 3947S, U. S. X. M.) 5 inches in length, obtained by the
Albatross from station 2553, in 39° 48' N. lat., 70° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms.

In an individual (Xo. 494S1, U. S. X. M.), taken by the Albatross from station 2549, in
39° 51' 30" X. lat., 70° 17' W. Ion., the pectoral is much more developed than in any of the
types, its length being two-fifths that of the head, and- readies nearly to origin of ventral.

Other specimens were taken by the Albatross as follows: Xo. 35445, 1*. S. X. M., 64
inches in length, was taken from station 2182, in 39° 25' 30" X. lat,, 71° 44' W. Ion., at a
depth of 861 fathoms; a specimen from station 2103, in 38° 47' 20" X. lat,, 72° 37' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 1 ,091 fathoms: a specimen 4J inches in length, from station 2379, in 28° 00'
15" X. lat., 87° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,467 fathoms: No. 28840, U. S. X. M., 2f inches
in length, from station 2546, in 39° 53' 30" X. hit., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at adepthof 53S fathoms;
six specimens, the largest of them 5J inches in length, from station 2094, in 39° 44' 30" X,
lat,, 71° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,022 fathoms; specimens from 37° 20' 42" X. lat,, 74°
17' 36" W. Ion., and 39° 57' X. lat., 69° 16' W. Ion., and from station 2680, in 39° 50' X.
lat., 70° 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 535 fathoms; and station 2553, iu 39° 48' X. hit., 70° 36'
W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms; Xo. 32666, U. S. X. M., from station 2003, in 37° 16'
30" X. lat.. 74° 26' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 641 fathoms; Xo. 35539, U. 8. X. M., from
station 2202, in 39° 38' X. lat., 71° 39' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; Xo. 35616,
U. S. X. M., from station 2201, in 39° 39' 45" X. lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 538
fathoms; Xo. 35557, U. S. X. M., from station 2204, in 39 ^ 30' 30" X. lat., 71° 44' 30" W.
Ion., at a depth of 728 fathoms; Xo. 35411, U. S. X. M., 110 millimeters iu length, from
station 2181, in 39° 29" X. lat., 71° 46" W. Ion., at a depth of 693 fathoms; and a specimen,
106 millimeters in length, from station 2102, in 38° 44" XT. lat., 72° 38" W. Ion., in 1,209
fathoms; from station 2,530, in 40° 53' 30" XT. lat,, 66° 24' W. Ion., in 956 fathoms.

SCOPELOSAURUS, Bleeker.

Scopeloeaurus, Bleeker, citation.

This genus stands far apart from all the others in the family, having a cylindrical body,
with small scales, median dorsal, and teeth in the lower jaw in several series. It is repre-
sented by a single species, S. Hoedti, Bleeker, from Amboyua, and it is not known whether
or not it is abyssal in its habits.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 9")

Family MAUROLICID^E.

Cor, Una. GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., v, 1804, 3S7 (group under Stentoptyehida).

MaurolUidir, Giix (MS.).

Body somewhat elongate, compressed, scaleless. Barbels Done. Margin of the apper
jaw formed by the maxillary and intermaxillary, both of which are provided with teeth.
Opercular apparatus incomplete. Gill opening very wide, tl ater branchial arch extend-
ing forward to behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. Psendobranchise present. Air
bladder none. Adipose tin rudimentary. Series of luminous phosphorescent spots along
the lower side of the bead, tail, and body. A single dorsal tin, without spinous rays. The
remarkable form Op tat hup root us, Vaillaut (fig. 112), perhaps belongs here.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

I. Gill rakers very short, dorsal fin nearly in middle of length of body Ichthyococcus

II. Gill rakers very long, dorsal tin on hinder half of body Maurolicus

ICHTHYOCOCCUS, Bonaparte.

Ichthyococcus, Bonaparte, Faun. Dal., Pesei, Fase. xxvn, 1840.
Coccia, GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 387.

Body compressed, naked, silvery ; phosphorescent bodies upon the lower parts. Mouth
moderate. Maxillary bones dilated, forming nearly the entire margin of the upper jawr;
intermaxillaries small; lower jaw included. Teeth inconspicuous, a few near the symphysis
of the lower jaw, while the edge of the maxillary is finely serrated. Eyes moderate in size,
separated by a very narrow interorbital area. Pectorals placed very low. Ventrals pres-
ent. Dorsal nearly median. Adipose fin rudimentary. Anal moderate. Caudal forked.
Gill opening extensive, outer branchial arch reaching to behind the symphysis of the lower
jaw, with numerous short gill rakers.

The recent tendencies of opinion among American zoologists are not in accord with the
action of Dr. Giiuther in substituting Coccia for Ivhthyocuccus.

ICHTHYOCOCCUS OVATUS (Cocco), Bonaparte. (Figure 113.)

Gonostomus oratus, Cocco, Lett, su Salmoni, 9, pi. I, fig. 3.

Ichthyococcus ovatus, Bonaparte, Faun. Ital., Pesci, Fase. xxvn, 1840, figure. — Vaillant, Exp. Sei. Travail-

leur et Talisman, 104, pi. xiv, fig. 2, 2a.
Scopelus ovatus. Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 453.
Coccia ovata, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 388.

This form, known since the days of Bonaparte, from the Mediterranean, was obtained
by the French explorers in 1882 off the coast of Portugal at 950 meters, and off Morocco at
2,030 meters. It has not yet been found in the western Atlantic.

MAUROLICUS, Cocco.

Maurolicus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmoni, 32 (type, Maurolicus amcthystino-punctatus, Cocco). — Glnther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 388.

Body oblong, compressed, naked, covered with silvery pigment; phosphorescent spots
along the lower parts. Head compressed, with hones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth
wide, oblique, lower jaw slightly prominent. Maxillary large, broad, much produced back-
wards, receiving the slender premaxillary in the upper concave part of its margin. Both
jaws with minute teeth. Gill opening very wide. Gill rakers very long. Pectorals and
ventrals developed. Dorsal on hinder half of body, but before anal. Adipose fin rudi-
mentary. Anal tin long, in two portions, the posterior half with its rays hidden beneath the
skin. Branchiostegals, 8 or 9. (Abridged from Giinther.)

96 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

MAUROL1CUS BOREALISj(Nilsson), Gunther. (Figure 111.)

Scopelus borealis, Nilssox. Observ. Zool., 9.

Maurolicusborealis, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 389.

Scopelus Humbuldti, 1)E Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 246. (Not of Cuvier.) Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 328.

Body compressed. Mouth wide, the lower jaw much projecting'. Teeth small. Eye
large, 3 in head. Five luminous spots on the throat, 12 between pectorals and ventrals,
above these a row of 8, 5 between ventrals and anal, vent to tail 24. Dorsal nearer tail
than snout. Adipose tin very small. Ventrals below dorsal. Caudal forked. Color: dark
greenish, sides silvery.

Head, 3£; depth, 3£. Radial formula: D. 10; A. 15.

A specimen of this species was picked up on the beach near Provincetown in August,
1879, by Dr. Bean. It had previously been found off the coasts of Great Britain and Scan-
dinavia.

Specimens were obtained by the Albatross from station 2402, in 28° 36' N. lat., 85° 33'
\Y. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms; and No. 29000, U. S. N. M., from station 1041. in 38© 37'
N. lat., 73° 12' W. Ion., at a depth 224 fathoms. A specimen was also received by the
National Museum from Woods Holl, Massachusetts.

Family CH AULIODONTIDyE.

Chauliodontina, GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 391, 392 (group under Sternopty chides).
Chauliodontidw, Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico, 1846, 5. — Gill, Arrangement Families of Fishes, 1862, 15. —
Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 281.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous scales,
Lateral line present. No barbels. Series of phosphorescent spots running along the lower
side of the head, body, and tail. Head much compressed, the bones thin, but ossified.
Mouth with the cleft extremely wide, its margins formed by mamillaries and premaxillaries,
both ot which are provided with teeth. Teeth unequal, some of them long and pointed,
fang-like. Pectorals and ventrals well developed. Adipose fin present. Caudal forked.
Gill openings very wide. No pseudobranchiae.

CHAULIODUS, Schneider.

Chauliodus, Schneider, Bloch, Systema Ichthyologhe, 1801, 430.— Gi nthei:, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 392.—
Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, 1". S. Nat. Mus.. 284.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with very thin, deciduous scales of moderate size.
Head short, much compressed and elevated, the lower jaw projecting, the snout much shorter
than eye. Mouth extremely wide, the cleft reaching much beyond eye. Premaxillaries
attached to spine with 4 long, fang-like canines on each side. Mandible with pointed,
wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long; none of these large teeth received within
the mouth. Maxillaries with tine teeth ; palatine with a single series of small, pointed teeth ;
no teeth on the tongue. Eye moderate. Pectorals moderate. Ventrals large. Dorsal fin
high, placed anteriorly, well in front of the ventrals. Adipose fin moderate, sometimes fim-
briate, opposite the low, short anal. Caudal moderate, forked. Gill openings very wide.
No pseudobranchiai. No gill rakers. Branchiostegals numerous. {Jordan and Gilbert.)

The question of the presence or absence of the air bladder having never been inves-
tigated, a dissection by Dr. Bean has revealed the presence of a conspicuous but thin-walled
organ. The specimen (No. 35626, U. S. N. M.) taken by the Albatross shows long, slender
ovaries, with small but perfectly distinct eggs.

C.pammelas, Alcock (Ann. & .Mag. Nat. Hist. 1892, 11, 355) is from the Indian Ocean,
Investigator and station 126, 1,310 fathoms. It is close to ft Sloani.

CHAULIODUS SLOANI, Schneider. (Figure 115.)

Chauliodus Sloani, Schneider, Bloch's, Systema Ichthyologi.^, 1801, 430. — Ccvier & Valenciennes, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., xxii, 383. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v. 392; Challenger, xxii, 179.— Aj.cock, Bathy-
bial Fishes of Bay of Bengal. 1889, 25; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser. VII, 11; 1891, II, 127; 1892,

DISCUSSION OK SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 97

ii, 355.— Goode, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 183.— Collett, Bull. Soc. Zool., France, xt . 1890, 223.— Vail-

i \si, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, loi'.
Chauliodus setinotiu, Si hneider, /. < ., pi. i \ kxv.— Bonapakte, Faun. Ital., Pesc, fig.
Chauliodes Schneideri, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mm. I., in, 442, i\ji.31.

Dorsal not far behind head, its liisf ray produced in along filament. Pectoralfins
short. Ventral fins elongate, longer than head. About 30 phosphorescent dots in a sei ies
from the chin to the ventrals. Scales of the body subhexagonal. Head nearly as deep as
long, 7 in total length ; depth about same. [Oiinther.)

Radial formula: B. 17; l>.(i; A. 12; V. 7; Lat. 1. 56.

Greenish above; sides silvery; belly blackish.

This species has been obtained in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Morocco in 560
fathoms by the French; at Madeira (Collett); in the Hay of Bengal, 1,590 fathoms, and the
Gulf of Manaar, 507 fathoms, and at various stations in the deep waters of the Atlantic.
A single individual has been taken from the stomach of a cod caught on Georges Hanks by
Gloucester fishermen in 1874. This and one (No. 26165, U. S. N. M.) taken off the New-
England coastin 487 fathoms by the Fish Hawk were the first ever observed on the coast of
North America. A specimen has been taken by the Blake at Station exxxvm, in the old
Bahama channel, at a depth of 500 fathoms; and specimens have been obtained bj the
Albatross in the following localities: No. 35416, U. S. N. M., from station 2179, in 39° 30' 10"
N. lat,, 71° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 510 fathoms; No. 35626, 1'. S. N. M., from station 2230,
in 38o 27' N. lat., 73° 02' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1,168 fathoms; No. 35639, l". S. N. M., from
station 2231, in 38° 29' N. lat., 73° 09' W. Ion., at a depth of 9(i5 fathoms; No. 35556, U. S.
N. M., from station 2204, in 39° 30' 30" N. lat, 71° 44' 30" W. Ion., at a deptli of 728 fathoms;
No. 35033, U. S. N. M., from station 2222, in 39° 03' 15" N. lat., 70° 50' 45" W. Ion., at a depth
of 1.537 fathoms; No. 35538, U. S. N. M., from station 2202, in 38° 38' N. lat,, 71° 39' 45"
W. Ion., at a deptli of 515 fathoms; No. 33524, U. S. N. M., from station 2094, in 39° 44' 30"
N. lat., 71 J 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,022 fathoms; No. 34908, U. S. N. M., from station
2118, in 13° 32' 40" N. lat,, 62° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 690 fathoms; No. 326G0, U. S. N.
M., from station 2001, iu 37° 46' 30" N. lat., 74° W. Ion., at a depth of 519 fathoms; a speci-
men from station 2392, in 28° 47' 30" N. lat., 87° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms; one
from station 2505, in 38° 19' 20" N. lat., 09° 02' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 2,009 fathoms;
one from station 2393, in 28° 43' N. lat.. 87° 14' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 525 fathoms;
one from station 2549, in 39° 51' 30" N. lat., 70° 17' W. Ion., at a deptli of 571 fathoms.
Two specimens were taken by the Fish Hawk, one (No. 10165, U. S. N. M.) from station
892, in 39° 46' N. lat., 71° 05' W. Ion., at a deptli of 487 fathoms; and another (No. 29068,
U. S. N. M.) from station 1048, in 38° 29' N. lat., 73° 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms.

It has also been obtained by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal, 738,922, 1,260, 1,590
fathoms, and in the Gulf of Manaar, 5! 1 7 fathoms. [Alcoek.) Also iu the Laccadive Sea,
the Andaman Sea, and the Bay of Bengal.

Family GONOSTOMID^E, Goode and Bean.

Dorsal behind ventrals. Anal long. Teeth in jaws smaU, interspersed more or less
with longer ones. Gill rakers present. Pseudobranchise none. Adipose fin present or
absent, Scales moderate, very caducous, and possibly in some instances absent from all
or part of body.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF GONOSTOMID^:.

I. Dorsal on posterior half of body.

A. I>or.s;i] opposite anterior rays of anal. Intermaxillary snort. Air bladder absent.

1. Scales and adipose fin present. Luminous spots large and conspicuous. Vertical fins high and
long.

a. No vomerine teeth Gonostoma

2. Scales and adipose fin absent.

a. Photophores small. Vertical fins moderate in length Cyclotiioxf,

b. Photophores conspicuous. Anal long and high Bonapartia

19868— No. 2 7

98 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

II. Dorsal nearly median.

A. Dorsal slightly in advance of anal, its posterior rays overlapping anterior rays of same.

A. Body rather elongate, its height about one-eighth of its length.

1. Teeth in double rows in intermaxillary and mandible. Fangs on vomer. Air bladder absent.
Scales present Yarrella

B. Body very elongate, its height one-twelfth to one-eighteenth of its length.

1. Teeth small, unequal. Scales large, thin, deciduous DlPLOPnos

III. Dorsal far in advance of anal, and but slightly behind ventrals.

A. Vomerine fangs. Air bladder present. Scales present. Teeth in maxillary equal in size

Photichthys

GONOSTOMA, Rafinesque.

Gonostoma, Rafinesque, Ind. Ittiol. Sicil., genus xxvn, p. 64. Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, fasc. xxvn.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, subequal in size. Series of lumi-
nous (phosphorescent) spots run along the branchiostegous membrane, lower parts of the
body, and tail. Head conical, much compressed, with the bonesfhin. Cleft of the mouth very
M*ide; intermaxillary short, not extending far below the level of the eye; maxillary much
longer, forming nearly the entire margin of the jaw; jaws armed With a single series of
teeth, unequal in size, minute ones alternating with long, pointed teeth. A band of minute
teeth on the palatine and pterygoid bones; palatine with a few conical teeth in front. Eye
of moderate size. Pectoral and ventral fins well developed. Dorsal fin on the binder half
of the body opposite the anal ; adipose fin small, sometimes fimbriated. Anal long. Cau-
dal forked. Gill opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind
the symphysis of the lower jaw, and beset with very long gill rakers. Branchiostegals,
13 or 14. Pseudobranchia? none. Air bladder none.

GONOSTOMA DENUDATUM, Rafinesque. (Fig. 116.)

Gonostoma denudata, Rafinesque, Ind. Ittiol. Sicil., 65. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, fasc. XXVII, 1840,

fig. 11. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 376. — Johnson, Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., x, 1862, 279.— Gcnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 391; Challenger Report, xxn, 172.— Vail-

Lant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 102.
Gasteropehcus acanthurus, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Lit., 1829, X". 77.
Gonostomus acanthuru8,COCCO, Lett.su Sakuoni; 15. pi. 1, fig. 1; Nov. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, fasc. 9, p. 3, pi.

I, fig. 1.

The height of the body is contained 5i times in the total length (without caudal) ; the
length of the head 1 times. Jaws heterodont, the intermaxillary being armed with 2, the
maxillary with about 12 large, distinct teeth, the spaces between them being filled with very
small teeth; lower jaw similarly armed with 10 or 11 large teeth. The entire cheek is cov-
ered by the enormously enlarged infraorbital. (Giinthcr.)

Radial formula: D. 14-15; A. 30-31; P. 11-12; V. 8; L. lat. 36.

This species is known to be common in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts of
the Atlantic, especially off Madeira.

Its first occurrence in the western Atlantic was in 1881, when it was trawled by the
Fish Hawk off the New England coast. It was also obtained by the Albatross, at station
2665 in 263 fathoms, and by the French expedition, in 1,180 meters, off the coast of Morocco
and off the Cape Verdes, in 160-5S0 meters.

GONOSTOMA BREVIDENS, Kner & Steindachner. (Figure 117.)

Gonostoma brevidens, Kner & Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. 'Wissenseh., Vienna, lxj, 1870,443.

Body elongate, compressed, its height one-sixth of total (without caudal) ; length of
head nearly one-fourth. Diameter of eye equal to length of snout, and about one-fifth length
of head. Interorbital space about two-thirds diameter of eye. Mouth opening large, oblique,
lower jaw projecting ; upper jaw reaches back to the angle of the preoperculum, and is
convex on its lower edge. Intermaxillary, maxillary, and mandible provided with a single
row of sharp teeth, unequal in size. Tongue toothless. Two stronger teeth near the sym-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 99

physis of the lower jaw. On the palatines and possibly upon the pterygoids a few small,
sharp, pointed teeth. Oil I opening \ ery wide; the gill rakers long and thin. Preoperculum
rounded. Twelve short branchiostegals; ;it the base of each of the 8 anterior onesa lumi
qous dot. No pseudobranchia?. Gill laminae large. Probably the lower pharyngeal bones
covered with teeth similar to those in the jaws, bul in severalrows. The dorsal has its
origin nearly midway between the ventral and the anal, ami is composed of l."> or 1 I rays.
Adipose tin thread-like. Ventral in front of the middle of the body (no1 behii d, as stated
by Kner) with 7 rays, reaching to the vent. Anal with from 17 to 19 rays, beginning under
the last 3 or 4 rays of the dorsal, and the fin similar in heigh! to the dorsal. The cau-
dal is equal in length to that of the head from snout to preoperculum, and is strongly
forked. Pectoral small, pointed, and nearly as long as the caudal. The thin, caducous
scales with which the body is covered exhibit no radiating lines, simply delicate, concen-
tric rings. On either side two longitudinal rows of inconspicuous phosphorescent spots,
surrounded with black pigment; the lower row near the line of the belly begins near the
throat and ends at the origin of the anal. In the space from the pectoral to the ventral are
16 spots; between the ventral and the anal 11; the upper row commences with 2 large
spots upon the suboperculum, and continues back to the caudal. Color, dark gray; the back
and belly silvery; all the fins whitish, uniform color.

Eadial formula: D. 13-14; A. 17-19; V. 7.

'flu's form, described in 1870 by Kner from a single badly damaged specimen taken in
the. Atlantic, is evidently a true Gonostoma. It closely resembles in many respects Mauro-
liens Poweriee and Maurolicus attenuatus of authors, which seem to have little affinity with
the typical species of Maurolicus.

We have before us a specimen taken by the Blake from Station ccxlv, off Havana, at a
depth of 243 fathoms. Other specimens were taken by the Blake from Station xliii, off
Grenada, at a depth of 461 fathoms; from Station xxrv, off Grenada, atadepth ofl61 fath-
oms; from Station xly, in the old Bahama Channel, at a depth of 500 fathoms, and from
Station xi/VT, off Bequia, at a depth of 458 fathoms.

CYCLOTHONE, Goode and Bean.

Cyclothone, Goode and Beax, Hull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1883,221 (type, Cyclothone Ui8ca=Gono8toma miorodon,

GDnther).
Xeosloma, Vaii.lant, Exp. Scient. Travailloni et Talisman, 1888, 86 (1ypc, A. bafliiijihilum).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, apparently devoid of scales;* lower parts with
inconspicuous series of luminous spots, with the latter arranged approximately as in Gono-
stoma, but usually much less conspicuous. Head conical, compressed ; cleft of mouth very
wide, oblique, extending behind the eye. The lower jaw strongly projecting. Maxillary
long and slender, sickle-shaped; somewhat dilated posteriorly, but covering only an incon-
siderable portion of the cheek. Upper jaw with a single series of needle-like teeth, some
of which are enlarged; lower jaw with similar teeth, and in some species with a few canines
in front. Teeth on vomer sometimes in patches, sometimes reduced to a single pair of
fangs. Palatine and pterygoid teeth present or absent. Eye moderate, not conspicuous.
Gill opening very wide, the membranes free from isthmus. Gill rakers numerous, long and
slender. Pseudobranchia? none. Branchiostegals. No air bladder. Dorsal and anal
moderate, opposite, the latter much the longer. Adipose fin sometimes present.

CYCLOTHONE MICRODON, (GOnther), Goode am. Bean. (Figure 114.)

Gonostoma microdot!, GOnther, Ann. anil Mag. Nat. Hist., 1S78, n, 188: Voy. Chall., XXII, 175. — Alcock,

Bathyhial Fishes of the Bay of Bengal, 1869, 25.
Cyclothone lusca, GOODE and Beak, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool.. x. 1883, 221.— JORDAN, Cat. Pish. X. Am., 46.

Body elongate, its greatest height contained 7jj times in its length to base of middle

* It is possible tliat very thin ami exceedingly caducous scales may 1"' present in lit'-, but they are so
exceedingly loosely attached that not a single one has bei n found upon hundreds of individuals examined
by ns. ami at all events tln-y an- very different from the more persistent scales of Go Atnudatum.

100 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

caudal rays, its width being less than two-thirds of its height. Its height at the ventrals
is contained 8J times in standard length; the least height of tail is half that of the body at
the ventrals.

Cheek naked. Head length contained 4§ times in body length, its width about one
third of its length. The intermaxillary is very short, extending to vertical from posterior
limb of anterior nostril. The maxillary is very strongly curved downward, and has a short
kn jl> at its anterior extremity, not visible without dissection. The maxillary extends back-
ward to a distance from the tip of the snout equal to the length of the head without the
snout. The peculiar arrangement of the teeth is described above in the generic diagnosis.
Most of those in the maxillary are inclined strongly forward. Gill rakers, 9 above the angle
and 13 or 14 below.

The long lower jaw, with the exception of the projecting tip, is included within the
upper jaw; its length is equal to the distance from the anterior nostril to the end of the
head.

Eye circular, close to the profile, the iuterorbital area being very narrow. Its length
is equal to that of the snout, and contained 7 times in tin? length of the head.

Dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the tip of the snout equal to 3 times the length
of the lower jaw, its base being as long as the head; the first ray is minute and about two-
thirds as long as tin' eye; the second ray is about two-thirds the length of the base of the
fin, and the subsequent rays rapidly and uniformly decrease in length to the last, which is
about twice as long as the first. All the rays except the first are bifid.

The anal tin is inserted under the second ray of the dorsal; its base is half as long again
as that of the dorsal, and nearly one-third as long as the body of the fish; its outline
resembles that of the dorsal, though slightly emarginate, its longest ray a little longer than
the longest of the dorsal, and half as long as the base of the fin. All the rays except the
first are bifid.

Caudal forked, its middle rays less than half as long as the outer rays, equal in length
to least height of caudal peduncle.

Pectoral inserted under the tip of the opercular flap, its length equal to the greatest
height of the body.

Ventral inserted at a distauce from the snout equal to twice the length of the head, its
length slightly exceeding that of the pectoral, and contained 7 times in the standard body
length.

Radial formula: B. VII-IX; D. 1+11-12; A. 1+16-20; C. 17; P. 9-10; V. 5.

( olor blackish brown, the luminous pores inconspicuous, in a row in each side from the
pectoral region to the tail, and another below it from the throat to the origin of the anal.

The Challenger obtained this form first from great depths near Bermuda, but subse-
quently at numerous localities in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic Oceans, at depths of
from 500 to 2,900 fathoms; and it has since also been obtained from very numerous local
ities in the Atlantic by the Albatross and the Blake. Although many hundreds of
specimens are in the National Museum, the species is so exceedingly delicate and hard to
preserve that not one of them gives satisfactory opportunity for study.

Neostoma quadrioculatum, Yaillant, pi. vin, fig. 2, must be very similar to this species
(Exp. Sci. Trav. et Talisman, 99).

According to Alcock, O. microckm has been found by the Investigator in the Bay of
Bengal, in 4S5 fathoms, and in the Andaman Sea, in 265 fathoms.

CYCLOTHONE BATHYPHILA (Vaillant). (Figure 118.)

Neostoma bathyphihim, Vaillant, La Nature, 1884, 184 (name and rough figure only); Exp. Sci. Travailleur
et Talisman, 1888, 9G, pi. vm, fig. 1, la.

Body elongate, compressed; its greatest height about one-eleventh of its total length;
the length of the head two-ninths. Vent midway between tip of snout and end of caudal
rays. Eye moderate; its diameter equal to half the length of the snout, and also to the
width of the iuterorbital space; it is placed far forward, so that the length of snout is greatly

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND llll.li; DISTRIBUTION. 101

reduced and one-fourth length of bead. Clefl of month exceedingly wide, oblique. Maxil
lary somewhat dilated, bu1 aot covering any considerable portion of the cheek, and its tip
separated from the angle of the operculum by a distance greater than the diameter of the
eye. The teeth upon the intermaxillaries are moderate in size; upon the auxiliaries and
the inaudible larger, conical, separated by moderate intervals, w hich arc filled with smaller
teeth. Teeth also on palatines, pterygoids, and pharyngeals. Opercular bones very thin.

The origin of the dorsal and anal fins opposite, immediately behind the vent; the latter
is more than twice as long as the former and readies nearly to the tail, which is forked. A
small adipose dorsal fin at a distance from the dorsal equal to the length of the base of the
latter, and about the same distance from the anal. Pectoral and ventral composed of weak
rays, the origin of the latter nearly midway from the base of the pectoral to the vent, anil
the tips of the longest rays reaching to the vent. Branchial arches 4, long and slender;
very elongate .uill rakers, 10 above and 15 below the angle of the first, the longest twice as
long as the eye. Velvety black, with a number of luminous spots.

Radial formula: 1). 12, 13: A. 21, 22; V. 7: 1'. to. BranchiostegaJs, 13.

This species was obtained by the French explorers at depths oi from 1,420 to 2,582
meters in the Gulf of Gascogne and off the Azores. It has since been found in considerable
numbers in the western Atlantic by the Albatross, in the following localities: From station
2103, in 38° 47' 20" N. lat., 72° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,091 fathoms; from station 21 10,
in 17-3 30' 10" N. lat., 76° 40' 05" W. Ion., at a depth of 966 fathoms; from station 2534, in
40° 01' K lat., 67° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,234 fathoms, and No. 35514 U. S. N. M.,
from station 2196, in 39° 35' N. lat,, 69° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,230 fathoms.

CYCLOTHONE ELONGATA, (GCnther). (Figure 119.)

Gonostoma elongatum, G(5nther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 187. — Challenger Report, XXII, 173, pi.

xi.v, fig. B.— Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, II, 127; 1892, n, 354.
Sigmops stigmaticits, Gill, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, 25G. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Am.. Hi.

Heightof body one-seventh of total length (without caudal); length of head two-ninths.
Vent midway between root of caudal tin and eye. Eye moderate, two-thirds length of
snout, about one-eighth length of head; its diameter less than width of interorbital space.
Mouth exceedingly wide, maxillary extending to the posterior angle of the operculum, with
a number of large teeth at considerable distances, with interspaces filled with smaller teeth:
intermaxillary with 2 and mandible with about 10 large teeth. Infraorbital bone dilated,
covering only about one-half of cheek. Opercular bones thin. Gill laminae short. Gill
rakers long. BranchiostegaJs 11, very short. Dorsal tin inserted a little behind the ver-
tical from vent; greatest height exceeds that of the body at the point of its origin. Anal
fin directly under the dorsal, much longer, extending nearly to root of caudal, highest in
front. Pectoral narrow, slender, placed low; its length two-thirds that of the head. Dis-
tance of ventral from vent contained one half in its distance from pectoral. Scales have
apparently been present, on a part at least, of the body, namely, the tail and ventral line.
Luminous organs very pink, with silvery margins, in two rows on either side of the
abdomen.

Radial formula: D.13; A.27-30; P. 11; V. 7. Color black.

This species was obtained by the Challenger from two localities in the South Pacific,
line, station 191, south of New Guinea, at a depth of 800 fathoms; one, station 194a. off
Banda, at a depth of 360 fathoms, and has been found in considerable numbers in the deep
waters offthe American coast b\ both the Blake and Challenger,* and by the Investigator
in the Indian Ocean, station 107, 738 fathoms, and station 107, 1,200 ( ?) fath s.

( yi I, , Hi, in, ■ gracilis (Gonostoma gracile, GCntiu.i:, Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist.. L878, n, 187; Challenger Re
port, xxii. 171. pi. xi. v. fig. o. i, found by the Challenger at depths from 245 to 2, 125 fathoms, smith of Japan,

is elongate and apparently scaleless, as in tl thcr species of the genua. The cheek is only partially

covered by the interorbital; larger teeth in the upper jaw rather numerous. Height of body one-ninth of
total length; length of head one-filth. Adipose fin absent. IX 10; A.26; P. 11; V.6.

102 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

No. 33291, U. S. N. M., the type of Gill's genus Sigmops and species Sigmops stigmati-
CM8, is an imperfect individual, from which the luminous spots had been rubbed off before
it was examined by him; at the time when he studied the species this specimen was the
only one which had been obtained, and the material was lacking for a complete comparison.

A single individual was taken by the Blake from Station xxxvin: and specimens from
the following localities have been obtained by the Albatross: No. 33368, TJ. S. N. M., from
station 2(t77, in 41° 09' 40" N. lat., 66° 02' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,255 fathoms; No.
35446, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2193, in 39° 44' 30" N. lat., 70° 10' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
1,122 fathoms; No. 33291, U. S. N. M., from station 2039, in 38° 19' 28" N. lat., 08° 20' 20" W.
Ion., at a depth of 2,369 fathoms; No. 35465, U. S. N. M., from station 2196, in 39°35'N. lat,,
69° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,230 fathoms; No. 38174, U. S. N. M., from station 2725, in 36°
34' N. lat., 73° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,374 fathoms; No. 35600, from station 2219, in 39°
46' 22" N. lat., 69° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 948 fathoms; and specimens from station 2718,
in 38° 24' N. lat., 71° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,569 fathoms : from station 2535, in 40°, 03'30"
N. lat., 67° 27' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,149 fathom's; and from station 2149, in 13° 01' 30"
N. lat., 81° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 992 fathoms. No. 29009, U. S. N. M., was obtained by
the Fish Hawk from station 1048, in 38° 29' N. lat., 73° 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms.

BONAPARTIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body oblong, compressed, slender behind, as in Gonostoma; covered with large cycloid
scales, nearly equal in size. A continuous row of photophores on either side of the ventral
line upon the lowest row of scales, extending from the anterior part of the lower jaw to the
extremity of the base of the anal; others upon the caudal peduncle. Head much com-
pressed, cleft of mouth very wide. Intermaxillary short; maxillary long, curved, forming
tlic entire margin of the upper jaw, extending to the angle of the preoperculum. Jaws
armed with a single series of not very numerous, acicular teeth, uniform in size; minute
teeth on the palatines and pterygoids. Eye moderate. Pectoral and ventral fins small.
1 tarsal tin on the hinder half of the body, opposite the anterior portion of the anal. Adipose
tin absent. Anal much longer and higher than dorsal. Caudal (probably) subtruncate.
Gill-opening exceedingly wide, the branchial aperture extending nearly to the dorsal line
on either side, and extending forward also to the symphysis of the lower jaw. Gill-rakers
very long.

This species is named in honor of the Prince of Canino, whose admirable work upon the
fishes of Italy, one of the most essential of the older works in the ichthyologist's library, is
especially full in its discussion of the fishes allied to the one now under discussion.

BONAPARTIA PEDALIOTA, GOODE and Bean, n. s. (Figure 120.)

Body elongate, compressed, its height contained 4J times in its total length (without
caudal); length of the head .'i.V times. The diameter of the eye is about equal to the length
of the snout, and about one -fifth of the length of the head; width of interorbital space less
than diameter of the eye. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting; the
upper jaw reaches back to the angle of the preoperculum, and is convex on its lower edge
between the-verticals from the anterior and posterior margins of the eye. The pre-
operculum extends backward in a sharp angle. The origin of the dorsal fin is equidis*
tant from the root of the ventral and the axil of the posterior anal ray. and in the vertical
from the base of the fourth or fifth anal ray: its length of base about two-fifths of that of
the anal, and a little more than half the length of the head. Its greatest height, which is
anteriorly, about equal to the length of its base. The space between this and the root of
the caudal is equal to the length of the upper jaw. The origin of the anal is equidistant
from the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the middle caudal rays. Its ante-
rior third is greatly prolonged, falcate in form, giving to the lower outline of the fin a para-
boloid curve. The length of the longest or third ray is about equal to the length of the
base of the fin, and nearly four times the length of the twelfth ray. Posteriorly to the end
of the dorsal the fin is low, decreasing from a length equal to the diameter of the orbit, to

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 103

about half this dimension in the ultimate rays. The pectorals and ventrals are short and
feeble, the central inserted about midway between the tip of the snout and the rout of the
caudal fin. Pectoral about midway from the tip of the snout to the origin of the anal. The
caudal apparently about equal to the head in its length, l>ut being mutilated, its form can-
not be accurately determined. The scales resemble those of Gonostoma, withoul radiating
lines. ,\ single row of rather conspicuous phosphorescent spots extends from the lower
jaw beneath the eye, to the end of the anal on either side, these dots being heavily mar-
gined and with Mack above. There are twelve of these between the branchial opening
and the origin of the ventral, five between the ventral and the anal, sixteen in the anal
series, and two upon the caudal peduncle, one at the origin of the lower caudal rays, the
other in the vertical above it and about one-liftb of thedistance from the dorsal outline. A
series of vertical, elongated spots, apparently phosphorescent, upon either side of the lower
jaw, giving it a pectinate appearance.

Color (in alcohol) brownish gray; the head with silvery reflections.

Radial formula: D. 20; A. 30; L. lat. 46.

The types of this species are two specimens, about one and two inches long respect-
ively, obtained by the steamer Albatross from station 2042 in 25° 20'- 30" N. Lat., 70° 58'
W. Long., at a depth of of 217 fathoms.

YARRELLA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous scales; the lower
parts with luminous spots. Head conical, compressed; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique,
extending behind the eye. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Intermaxillary comparatively
long, forming about half of margin of upper jaw. Upper jaw with a single row of teeth in
the maxillary, and a double row in the intermaxillary, interspersed with occasional stronger
teeth; those in the intermaxillary directed downward or backward, those in the maxillary
somewhat forward. Mandible with double row of small teeth, outer row with some larger
ones. A row of short, weak teeth on the palatines; head of vomer with a short fang on
either side. Eye moderate; gill openings very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus.
Gill rakers not very numerous, rather short and stout. Pseudobranchiae none. Branchi-
ostegals numerous, 11. No air bladder. Dorsal and anal well developed, the former far in
advance, its posterior rays over the origin of anal. No adipose fin. Caudal moderately forked.

This genus is in several respects intermediate between Gonostoma and Photichthys. It
is named in honor of William Yarrell, F. L. 8., (1789-1856), the English ichthyologist.

YARRELLA BLACKFORDI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 121.)

Body elongate, its greatest depth equal to length of head without snout, and contained
74 times in the total (without caudal). Length of head 4A times in total (without caudal).
Eye moderate, its diameter two-thirds length of snout, and contained 7 times in length of
head. The maxillary extends far behind the ej e, its length equal to that of the postorbital
part of the head. Length of intermaxillary nearly two tilths length of head. Teeth as
described under genus. Gill rakers G above and 13 below the angle of the first arch. 1 1n-
longest about as long as the eye. Branchiostegals, 14. Dorsal origin a little nearer root
of caudal than tip of snout, its origin nearly over the middle of the space between tbe ven-
tral and the anal origin, and its posterior ray over the seventh ray of the anal; the length
of its base equals that of postorbital part of head: rays imperfect, the longest fragment
remaining equal to longest of anal, and not much more than one third length of head.
Distance of ventral origin from tip of snout contained 2.1 times in total (without caudal):
rays imperfect, the longest only about one-fourth of length of head. Pectoral placed low,
on a narrow base. Scales have evidently been present, and of considerable size, but their
character and number can not be ascertained.

Eadial formula: D. 15; A. ii, 27: V. 6; P. 8.

Color, purplish brown; 9 phosphorescent spots on the isthmus. 25 between the sjm-
physis of the mandible and the root of ventral, 12 between the origin of ventral and vent,

104 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

and 26 from vent to tail. A second row of pearly spots extends from above root of pecto-
ral to origin of anal.

This species is dedicated to E. G. Blackford, president of the board of fish commis-
sioners of the State of New York, in recognition of his services in the promotion of ich-
thyological studies.

The type of this species was obtained by the Albatross from station 237C, in 29° 03' 15"
N. lat., 88° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 324 fathoms. Two other specimens, the larger one 9£
inches in length, were taken by the Albatross at the same station.

DIPLOPHOS, Gunther.
Diplophos, Gi XTriER, .Tourn. Mus. Godeffroy, II, 1873, p. 101; Challenger, Report xxxi, 1889, p. 32.

Body much elongated, band-shaped (covered with large thin deciduous scales?). A
double series of phosphorescent organs runs along the lower side of the body and tail.
Head compressed, with pointed snout and projecting lower jaw. Mouth very wide but
slightly oblique; jaws armed with small pointed teeth rather unequal in size; eye of mod-
erate size; paired fins well developed; dorsal fin in advance of the anal, behind the ven-
tral; adipose fin none; anal very long. (Gunther.)

This genus is represented by two species — the type, Diplophos tcenia, and another from
the Pacific, Diplophos pacificus (Challenger Report), 1. c. 33. Both species were obtained
near the surface, but their relations with deep-sea forms are very intimate.

DIPLOPHOS TAENIA, Gunther. (Figure 126.)

Diplophos Urn la, Gunther, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, II, 1873, p. 104 ; Chal. Report, xxxi, 1889, p. 32, pi. IV, fig. c.

The length of the head is one-sixth of the total length, the greatest depth of the body
only one-sixteenth. Snout more than twice as long as the eye, pointed, with the lower jaw
longest. The maxillary reaches backwards tar behind the eye. Dorsal fin short, its first
ray somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal; anal fin com-
mencing below the last dorsal ray, and ending at a short distance from the caudal. Paired
fins short; pectoral inserted near to the lower profile; ventrals reaching nearly to the ori-
gin of the dorsal. The phosphorescent organs are rounded black bodies, without silvery
centre; they are very numerous and arranged in two parallel series along each side of the
lower profiles. Those of the upper series are smaller than those of the lower, are quite round
and do not extend so far towards the head and the caudal, as the lower. The lower are larger
and transversely oblong. A pair of still larger luminous organs occupies a position in front
of the base of the lower caudal rays. Brownish. (Gunther.)

Eadial formula: D. 8; A. ca. 43; V. 8.

Taken in tow-net at night, lat, 30° S., Ion. 24° W., and lat. 22° N., Ion. 30° W.

PHOTICHTHYS, Hutton.

Phomehthys, Hutton, Cat. New Zealand Kish., 55.

Photichthys, Hutton. Trans. N. Z. Inst., v, pi. xv. li j^. 90.— Gunther, ('hall. Rep., xxn, 177.

This genus is closely allied to Gonostoma, from which it differs in the following points:
Both jaws are armed with a single series of teeth, those of the maxillary being small
and equal in size. The intermaxillary is armed with 2 large fangs besides the small
teeth; mandible with 7 large equidistant teeth, the spaces between them being filled
up with very small denticles. Vomer with a fang on each side of its head; palatine with
strong, curved teeth, which gradually decrease in size backwards. The dorsal fin corre-
sponds in position to the space between ventral and anal; adipose fin small. Air bladder
present as a long, simple sac with thick walls. {Hutton, Giinther.)

This genus is represented by a single species. I'. argenteus, fig. 122 (A), described from
specimens thrown ashore at Cook Straits after severe gales. There are specimens in the
British Museum and the "Wellington Museum.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM> THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 105

Family ASTRONESTHID^E.

Aatronesthidm, Gill, MS.

Stomatoid fishes, with adipose dorsal present, and scaleless body. Dorsal iiii inserted
behind vent, but in front of anal. ( Gill, MS. i

ASTRONESTHES, Richardson.

dstroneathes, Richardson Voy. Sulph., Ichth., lsir>. 97.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 124.
I'll, modus, Lowe, Ptoc. Zool. Soo. London, 1850, 250.

Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, the snout short, the
month wide. Teeth pointed, unequal. CTpper jaw with 1 long, curved canines; lower
with 2; maxillary teeth fine, subequal; palatines with a single series of small, pointed
teeth, similar to those on tongue. Eye moderate. Throat with a barbel. Dorsal fin long,
inverted in front of anal, behind ventrals; adipose tin present: caudal forked; paired fins
well developed. Gill rakers minute. No pseudobranchiae. No air bladder. Lower parts
with phosphorescent spots. {Jordan and Gilbert.)

ASTKOXKSTHES NIGER, RICHARDSON. (Figure 123.)

Astroneathes nigra, Richardson. Voy. Sulph., Ichth. 97, pi. 50, figs. 1-3.
Astronesthes niger, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 425.
Stomias I'itlilji, Cuvteb and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poise., xxn, 378.
CTiauliodus I'lihiii, Cuvier and Valenciennes, I. c, xxn, 389.
Phamodon ringens, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, 251.

Black, with about 22 luminous spots between chin aud ventrals. Barbel a little longer
than head. Dorsal beginning just behind base of ventrals; pectoral not reaching nearly
to ventrals. Jaws equal. Eye large, well forward.

Radial formula: Head 4; depth 5i. D. 17; A. 14.

This species is represented in the national collection by only a single specimen (No.
34538, IT. S. N. M.), the tye of Chauliodus Meldii, C. and V.. obtained by < 'apt. Field, in May,
1819, on a voyage from Mogador to New York, probably at the surface. This specimen
parsed from the hands of Dr. Mitchill to those of Mr. ,1. ('arson Brevoort, then to Mr. E.
G. Blackford, by whom it was presented to the National Museum.

ASTRONESTHKS GEMMIFEE, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 124.)

Length of head contained 4i times in the total (without caudal); its depth 8 times, and
the depth of the body 5J times. Barbel about equal in length to the head. Origin of the
dorsal tin a little nearer tip of snout than root of caudal; length of its base contained
nearly 4 times in the total (without caudal); its longest ray two thirds the length of the
head. Ventral origin directly under the dorsal origiu; length of the ventral contained .">i
times in the total (without caudal); it does not nearly reach to the vent. The distance of
the anal origin from the root of the caudal is a little more than one-fourth of total length
(without caudal). Eye longer than snout; one-fourth as long as the head. Pectoral is
nearly one-seventh as long as body (without caudal).

Radial formula: D. 17; A. 17: V. 7; I'. 9.

The type of this species (No. 24045, U. S. N. M.), about 7] inches in length, was taken
from a halibut's stomach. January 26, 1890, by the schooner Polar Wave, in 41 25' N. lat.,
53 12' W. Ion. The halibut was taken in about 300 fathoms.

This species may possibly prove identical with .1. niger. The limits of variation of the
lin rays in this genus has not been determined for lack of sufficient material. The species
has 17 anal rays and numerous gem-like dots on the lower part of the body, there being
about 30 in the series froiu the symphysis of the inaudible to the ventral.

106 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ASTEONESTHES RICHAKDSONII, Poey. (Figure 125.)

Astroneslhes Bichardsonii. Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, I, 1853, 176.
Chauliodus Bichardsonii, Poey, loc. cit., 1, pi. x, fig. 2.

Length of bead contained 4| times in total (without caudal) ; its greatest depth nearly
two-thirds of its length. Body slender, its height at the dorsal origin equal to length of
postorbital part of head, and one-eighth of total length (without caudal). Snout very short,
two-thirds diameter of the eye, which is contained nearly 4 times in length of head. No
teeth on the vomer, and a few scattered small teeth on the palatine bones. The origin of
dorsal is nearer to root of caudal than tip of snout. Length of dorsal base half that of the
head; rays all imperfect. Ventral origin immediately under the dorsal origin; it does not
nearly reach to the vent, and its length equals that of the postorbital part of the head.
Distance of anal origin from root of caudal equals length of head. Length of anal base
equals postorbital part of head. Adipose fin directly over the tenth ray of the anal.
Pectoral narrow and slender, length of the longest ray now remaining being two-fifths that
of the head. Color, black ; about 35 luminous dots between the symphysis of the mandible
and the origin of the ventrals.

Radial formula: D. 11; A. 14 or 15; V. 7; P. 9.

A single specimen (No. 35540, U. S. N. M.), 7£ inches in length, from Cuban waters.

Family STOMIATID^E.

Stomiatida:, GItntfier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 424.— Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, iv, 1677.— Jordan
and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 285.

Isospondylous fishes with elongate, tapering body naked or covered with very thin and
deciduous scales. Head oblong. Snout short and rounded. Eyes large and far forward.
Opercular apparatus imperfectly developed. Mouth enormous with deep lateral cleft.
Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the supramaxillary and provided with teeth along
the edges. Teeth usually strong, unequal, some of them often fank-like or barbed. Gill
membranes not joined, free from the isthmus. Brancliiostegals numerous (12-17). A long
barbel at throat. No pseudobranchia?. Dorsal fin short, median or posterior, without
spines. Anal free, far behind and small. Caudal distinct. Pectorals low down on the
scapular arch and narrow. Ventrals inserted far backward. Stomach csecal, and pyloric
appendages absent. Sides with phosphorescent spots. Skeleton feebly ossified. Eggs
excluded through oviducts.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.

A. Pectorals present.

I. Body covered with fine scales. Ventrals very far back Stomias

II. Body naked.

a. Pectorals with separate ray. Vomer with teeth. Teeth in jaws long.

1. Teeth, depressible. Palatines with teeth Ecitiostoma

2. Teeth, not depressible. Palatines toothless. Luminous organs very numerous.. Opostomias

b. Pectorals normal. Vomer toothless.

1. Dorsal and anal similar in size and opposite.

a. Teeth fang-like. Pigment spots in place of lateral line. Eye small.. Grammatostomias

b. Teeth small, subequal. Eye large Pachystomias

c. Teeth stout. Eye small. Ventrals high on side of trunk Bathophtlus

2. Anal much longer than dorsal. Palatine teeth absent Eustomias

B. Pectorals absent.

1. Body naked.

a. Dorsal behind vent Photonbctes

I'ISCUSSION OF SPECIES. AND THKIK DISTRIBUTION. 107

STOMIAS, Cuvier.

Stomias, Covier, Etegne Aoim., u, 1817 (type, Esoa boa, Risso, from the Mediterranean). — GOnther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., \ , 126. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, I . S. Nat. Mus., 286.

Stom in I ills witli body elongate, compressed, covered with exceedingly fine and decid
nous scales, which are scarcely imbricated, Lying in subhexagonal depressions in the skin.
Head compressed, sum it very short, and month cleft enormous. Mouth oblique, with lower
jaw projecting. Teeth pointed, unequal, those of premaxillaries and mandible verj large;
maxillary willi fine teeth; vomer with a pair of fangs; palatines and tongue with smaller
pointed teeth. Eye moderate, opercular portion of the head short; a large fleshj bar
bel suspended from the hyoid region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far
back, opposite anal. Pectorals and ventrals small, the latter far back. Caudal fin moder-
ate. Lower side of head, body, and tail with series of phosphorescent dots. Gill openings
very wide. No pyloric Cffica. (Giinther.)

STOMIAS FEROX, REmHABOT. (Figure 127.)

Stomias ferox, Reiniiardt, Vidensk. Selsk. Natuiv. ogMathematik, Afhandl., \. pi. xxvn. — KbSter, Naturh.
Tidssk., ii, 1S46, 203. — Gaimard, Voy. Skand., Atlas, Poiss., pi. xxiv, flg. 1. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., v, 426; Challenger Report, xxn, 205. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 220. — Jor-
dan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, IT. S. Nat. Mus., 286.

Height of body about one-twelfth of total length ; length of head about one tenth. Bar-
bel longer than head, tapering, not fringed. Pectorals and ventrals not produced. Color,
black.

Radial formula: D. 17; A. 21; P. 6; V. 6.

This remarkable form was first found off the coast of Greenland by the Scandinavian
naturalist, and subsequently in the North Atlantic in 40° 41' 30" N. lat., 65° G8' W. Ion., at
a depth of 304 and 524 fathoms. Subsequently by the Blake at Station cocix, in 40° 11' 40"
X. lat, 68° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 304 fathoms, and at Station cccvi, in 41° 32' 50" ST.
lat., 05° 55' W. Ion., at a depth of 524 fathoms, and at Station cxxxvn, oft' Bahama Chan-
nel. Also by the Albatross in the following localities: No. 29067, U. S. N. M., from station
Hi is. in 38° 29' N. lat., 73° 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 135 fathoms; from station 2570, in 39°
54' N. lat.. 67°05'36" W. lou., at a depth of 1,813 fathoms; 8b. 35417, U. S. N. M., from
station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; No. 3355(1.

IV station 2095, in 39° 29' N. lat., 70° 58' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,342 fathoms; from

station 2427, in 420 46' N. lat,, 51° W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; from station 2571, in
40°09'30" N. lat., 67°09' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,356 fathoms; No. 35623, U. S. N. M., from
station 2236, in 39°11'N. lat,, 72' 08' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 636 fathoms; No. 35453, U.
S. N.M., from station 2188, in 39° 54' 30" N. lat., 71° 08' W. Ion., at a depth of 235 fathoms:
No. 35614, U. S.N.M., from station 2201, in 39° 39' 45" N.lat., 71° 35' 15" \Y. Ion., ata depth
of5.',8 fathoms; No. 28876, U. S. N. M., from station 995, in 39° 40' 30" N.lat., 71 '31' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 358 fathoms; from station 2428, in 42° 48' N.lat,, 50° 55' 30" AY. Ion., at adepth
Of 826 fathoms; from station 2532, in M)°34'30" N.lat., 66 18' W.lon., at a depth of 705
fathoms: No. 35408, U. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 523 fathoms: No. 35409, I '. S. N. M., from station 2181, in 39^ 29' N. lat., 71° 46'
W.lon., at a depth of 693 fathoms; No. 35456, U. S. N. M., from station 2191,in 39c 15'30"
N. lat.. 70° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of961 fathoms; No. 33561, C.S.N.M., from .station 2101,
in 39c 18'30"N. lat.,68c 24' AY. Ion., at a depth of 1,686 fathoms; from station 2429, in 42 '
55' 30" N.lat., 50° 51' W.lon., at a depth of 471 fathoms: from station 2553, in 39° 48' N.lat.,
70o 36' AY. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms; from station 2572, in 40° 29' N. lat., 66 04' W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,769 fathoms; from station 2554, in : ill 18' 30" N. lat., 70 40' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 445 fathoms; No. 28780, U. S. N.M., from station 936, in 39° 46' 30 N. lat,, 69

47' W.lon., at a depth of716 fathoms: No. 28838, D". S.N. M.,fr station 953, in 39° 52' 30"

N.lat., 70°17'30" W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms; and a specimen from the stomach of
a lish obtained on the western part of the Grand Bank, at a depth of 120 fathoms.

108 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

STOMIAS BOA (Risso), Cuvier. (Figure 128.)

Esox boa, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 330, pi. x, fig. 34.— Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., in, 1, 440, fig. 40.
Stomias Ima, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., n. lslT. 184, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., xvn,

368, fig. 545. — Vaillant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 115.
Stomias barbatus, Cuvier, 1. c. — Bonatarte, Fauna Italica, Peso. Fasc. xxvn (liail tig.).

The height of the body is contained 12i times in the total length, without caudal; the
length of the head !»:'t times. Barbel as long as the head, terminating in 3 filaments. Pec-
toral and ventral fins very narrow and elongate. Each of the median abdominal series of
luminous spots contains 54 between pectoral and ventral fins, 14 between ventral and anal,
and 15 between the origin of the anal and caudal. (Gunther,)

Radial formula: D. 18; A. IS; I\ 6; V. 5; L. lat, 88.

Stomias boa was obtained by the French expedition in eleven different localities, one
individual from each, at various depths in the Gulf of Gascogne, on the coasts of Portugal
and Morocco, on the Banc d'Arguin, and about the Cape Verde Islands, at depths from about
405 to 1,800 meters, the greatest depth being in the Gulf of Gascogne.

Dr. Peters also identified this form from the Pacific. [Monatsbericht, Ak. Wiss., Ber-
lin, 1876, 1846.

Vaillant having examined a considerable amount of material, coincides with the opin-
ion of Gunther that Stomias boa and Stomias barbatus are identical, but reinforces recent
opinions as to the distinctness of Stomias ferox, which is well characterized by its coloration
and its slender body, as well as by the form of the mandibulary barbel, which, although it
is soft and extensible, so that the characters derived from its relative dimensions are not of
special value, has an unfringed tip which may be regarded as a satisfactory character,
although even upon this question there is some doubt.

STOMIAS AFFINIS, Gunther. (Figure 129.)
Stomias affinis, GiiNTHER, Challenger Report, XXII, 1885, 205, pi. liv, fig. A.

Scaleless, but with the hexagonal divisions of the skin distinct. The height of the body
is one-twelfth of the total length, without caudal, the length of the head one-eighth. Teeth
fixed. The barbel is about as long as the head, and terminates in 3 filaments (fig. a); the
end of the stem of the barbel white, with a black pigment spot, and probably luminous.
Pectoral and ventral tins narrow and elongate, especially the latter, which taper into a fila-
ment and extend beyond the anterior anal rays. Anal tin higher than dorsal. Each of the
abdominal series of luminous spots contains 43 between the pectoral and ventral fins, 6
between ventrals and anal, and 15 (16) between the origin of the anal and caudal; another
parallel series runs below, and a third above the middle of the side of the body. Fins
white, dorsal, anal, and ventrals with black margins. (Gunther.)

Radial formula: D. 17; A. 20; P. 6; V. 5.

Known from one specimen, 5 inches long, taken south of Sombrero Islands, Challenger
station 23, at a depth of 450 fathoms.

Stomias nebalosus, Alcock, a related form (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, h, 451),
is from the Gidf of Mauaar, 597 fathoms. «S'. elongatus, Alcock (1. c, 1891, n, 129), is from
the Indian Ocean, 738 fathoms.

ECHIOSTOMA, Lowe.
Echiostoma, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1843, 87 (type, Echiostoma barbatum, Lowe). — Gunther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus.. v. 427.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. xvi. U. S. Nat. Mus., 286.

Body elongate, compressed, naked. Head compressed, with short snout and wide;
mouth cleft. Teeth pointed, unequal, those on premaxillary and front of lower jaw being
longest; maxillary teeth in single series, those of its lower two-thirds being small; teeth
of hinder part of the mandible in double or triple series; vomer with a pair of fangs;
palatines with a single series of small pointed teeth ; two groups of similar teeth on tongue.
Eye moderate. Opercular portion of head very narrow and flexible; a fleshy barbel on the
center of the hyoid region. Dorsal tin far back, opposite anal. Caudal forked. Vent not
far in advance of caudal fin. Pectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle
of the body. Series of phosphorescent dots along the lower side of the head, body, and
tail. Gill openings very wide. Gill rakers minute. No pseudobranchite. No air bladder.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 109

ECHIOSTOMA BARBATUM, Lowe. (Figure 130.)

BehioBtoma barhatim, Lowe, Pro.-. Zoiil. Soc. I. .union, 1843, 87. — Gl nther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, l-'7;

Voyage Challenger, \\n. 206, pi, i.m, fig. b.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Eesex. Inst., L879, 23. -^Jordan

and Gilbert, Hull. 16, U. S. N. M., 287.
Byperchoristus Tanneri, Gill, Proc. I . S. X. M.. vi, iss;i, 2.">G.— Jordan', Cat. Fish. N. Am., 1885, 11.

Black, with an elongate, club-shaped (phosphorescent) rose-colored spot between the
maxillary and the eye. Barbel as long as head (in specimen seem, fringed at its tip.
rtUpper ray of pectoral produced in a long and slender filament, reaching nearly to the
root of the ventrals" (wanting in specimens examined). Ventrals narrow, elongate. Head
6 in Length; depth 9.

Radial formula: B. 12; D. 12-15; A. 17: P. 1+3; 7.8.

Until in 1879 a specimen of this species | N<>. 22364, U. S. X. M.), was brought in by one
of the Gloucester fishing vessels, this form was known only from Madeira, where a speci-
men 13| inches long was taken in a net close to the shore, prior to 1843, when it, was
described l>y Lowe. Since 1879 numerous specimens have been obtained: two by the Tilakr,
from Stations cxxxvi and cxxxvii, in the old Bahama Channel, at a depth of 500 fathoms;
and others by the Albatross, No. 35624, U. S. N. M., from station 2236, in 39 11' H". hit..
72 08' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 636 fathoms; No. 33444, U. S. N. M. (type of Eypercho
ristm Tanneri, GUI), from station 2083, in 40° 26' 40" N. lat., 67° 05' 15" W. Ion., at a depth
of 959 fathoms.

ECHIOSTOMA MARGARITA, Goode and Bean, n. a. (Figure 131.)

The length of the individual to base of the caudal is 393 millimeters (13J inches). The
greatest depth of the body, 51 millimeters, equals the length of the head and is contained
nearly 8 times in the total length. A stout barbel is situated at a distance of 23 millime-
ters from the tip of the lower jaw; its length, 2s millimeters, is somewhat more than one-
half the length of the head; at the extremity this barbel is divided into six fringes, one of
which is whitish; a whitish band on the barbel near the root of the fringes. Thereare
about 31 teeth on each side of the maxilla, and 36 on each side of the mandible; none of
the teeth in the jaws being enlarged. The vomer has a pair of depressible fangs on the
right side and a single one on the left. There are 5 depressible teeth on each palatine. Lin-
gual teeth in about four rows. The largest teeth in the jaws are scarcely more than 2 mil-
limeters long.

The length of the upper jaw, 40 millimeters, is four-fifths the length of the head. The
mandible, 48 millimeters, is nearly as long as the head. The diameter of the eye, 8 milli-
meters, equals the length of the snout and is one-fifth as long as the upper jaw. The man
dible projects beyond the upper jaw when the mouth is closed a distance equal to one-half
the length of the eye. Nostrils about midway between the eye and the tip of the snout.
The gill lamina) are all well developed and increase in size backwards, not entirely con-
cealed by the opercular bones. The gill rakers consist of minute scattered spines.

The distance of the vent from the base of the caudal, 04 millimeters, is contained 0'
times in the total length. The anal begins immediately behind the vent and extends nearly
to the base of the tail. The dorsal is immediately over the anal. The origin of the ventral
is 211 millimeters from the tip of the snout and 109 millimeters from the base of the caudal.
The sixth and longest ray of the ventral, 4:; millimeters, is five-sixths the length of the head.
The pectorals of both sides have been torn off. Two rows of minute phosphorescent dots
similar to those in E. barbatum and similarly situated. A pearl colored spot above the
maxilla, beginning at the hind margin of the eye; its length about two thirds that of the eye;

Radial formula: I). 18; A.24; V. 7: P.O.

Color very dark, extending even inside of the month.

On the 13th of March, 1885, the steamer Albatross trawled a large specimen of Echio-
stoma at station 2394, X. lat. 28° 38' 30", \Y. Ion. 87°02',in420 fathoms (U. S. Nat. Mus.,No.
39282); this locality is about in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico. The single example taken
is in bad condition, but it is named and described here simply to call attention to its exist-

110 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ence in the region. There is no doubt that the species is distinct from Echiostoma bar-
but inn, as it has very small subequal teeth:

OPOSTOMIAS, Gunther.

Echiostoma, sp., Gun'THei:, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 180; Narrative of Challenger Expedition, I, 412.
Opostomias, Gt'NTHER, Challenger Report, XXII, 238 (type, 0. micripiuis, GCNTHER, loc. cit., 208, pi. mi,
fig. A).

A genus of stomiatoid fishes, closely allied to Echiostoma, but differing in dentition,
the jaws aimed with few strong, nondepressible teeth, received in deep hollows in the oppo-
site jaws. Maxillaries and palatines toothless. Pectoral with separate ray. Body naked.
An immense number of luminous organs.

This genus is known from a single specimen, loi inches long, captured by the Challen-
ger south of Australia, at a depth of 2,150 fathoms, described by Gunther as Echiostoma
micrijmtis. (Fig. 132.)

5RAMMATOSTOMIAS, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Similar in general appearance to Echiostoma. Head short, compressed. Body com-
pressed, moderately elongate. Dorsal and anal with numerous rays, placed opposite each
other and close to the root of the caudal. Ventrals in advance of the middle of the body,
at a great distance from the vent. Pectorals placed near the abdominal outline, consisting
of a short filament very slightly separated from the rest of the fin, and several rays con-
nected by a membrane. Two rows of minute phosphorescent spots on the body similar to
those in Echiostoma. A very long and slender hyoid barbel. Mandibular teeth very
unequal in size, comparatively few in number, arranged in two rows, an outer row of fixed
teeth and an inner row of depressible ones. The first pair, near the tip of the mandible, is
very greatly enlarged and passes outside of the upper jaw when the mouth is closed. Inter-
maxillary teeth uniserial or nearly so, the edge of the bone posteriorly with minute cirri.
A pair of small, fixed, curved fangs in front, followed by a pair of larger movable ones.
Vomer toothless. Palatines with several weak teeth. No lingual teeth. Upper pharyn-
gals present. A pearl-colored spot on the cheek, similar to that in Echiostoma. Four
gills; a short, narrow slit behind the fourth. Gill rakers not numerous, short, spine-like.
Gill lamina1 increase in size backwards. A series of pigment cells along the median line of
the body, so arranged as to simulate a lateral line. Eye small, Caudal lobes apparently
unequal. Skin naked, its whole surface sprinkled with minute raised pigment spots, each
with a light center.

GRAMMATOSTOMIAS DENTATUS, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 133.)

The greatest height of the body equals the length of the head without the snout and is
one-seventh of the total length without caudal. The maxilla is long and slender; its length
is contained 6£ times in the total. The length of the mandible is contained 5| times in the
total. The eye is as long as the snout, about one-fifth as long as the head. The nostrils
are a little nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout. The anterior nostril is placed
nearly in front of the middle of the eye in a very short tube ; the posterior is on a level with
the top of the eye and is merely a small slit. The supramaxillary and intermaxillary are
closely welded, but their separation is marked by a changing in the character of the teeth;
those on the supramaxillary being minute cirri. The large fangs in the tip of the mandible
are two-sevenths of the length of the upper jaw.

The hyoid barbel is placed at a distance from the symphysis of the mandible, which is
about equal to the enlarged fangs of the mandible, or one-fifth of the length of the mandi-
ble. The length of the barbel is nearly one-third of the total. The pectoral is situated close
behind the head and near the ventral outline; its first ray is distinct from the other three,
although placed close to them, and is not produced. The greatest length of the pectoral is
about one-fourth that of the head. The ventrals are placed in advance of tin1 middle of
the total length, their distance from the origin of the pectorals being one-half as great as

inscrssiox of si-ecies and theik lusTKir.riiox.

Ill

from the caudal base. The fourth and longest ray nearly equals the greatest Height of the
body. The distance of the dorsal origin from the caudal base is contained 5| timesinthe

total length. The longest dorsal ray, which is in the middle of the tin. is one-half as long as
the longest of the ventral rays. The length of the dorsal base is contained 0' times in the
total length. The base of the anal is slight ly longer than that of the dorsal, and its longest
ray is about three-fourths as long as the longest dorsal ray. The caudal lobes in the only
specimen available for study are unequal, the lower one being much longer than the upper,
but this may be the result of accident. There are two rows of luminous spots, one close to
the ventral outline, which becomes obsolete before it reaches the origin of the anal, and
another in the lower third of the height of the body, which becomes indistinct about the
middle of the total length; 14 of these spots between the pectoral and the ventral in the
lower series and 11 in the upper series.

Eadial formula: D. 20; A. 24; V. 7; P. 1+3; C. 17.

The type of the species is a specimen Kit) millimeters long (Catalogue, No. 37370), taken
by the Albatross at station 2565, N. lat. 38° 19' 20", W. Ion. 69° 02' 30", from 2,009 fathoms.

PACHYSTOMIAS, GUnther.

Echiostoma, sp., GCnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 180.

Pachystomias, Gcnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 210 (type, P. murodon, GuirrnER, /. c,, 210. pi. liii, fig.c).

A genus of Stomiatoid fishes, with naked body, normal pectorals, toothless vomer and
mamillaries, and comparatively feeble dentition. Luminous organs large and numerous.

This genus is known by a single species, Pachystomias microdon (fig. 134), captured
by the Challenger at the depth of 2,440 fathoms, to the northeast of Australia.

BATHOPHILUS, Giglioli.
Bathophilus, Giolioli, Pelagos, p. 261, figure, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxii, 215.

Body compressed, rather short, scaleless, minutely granulated; vent far behind the
middle of the length. Head compressed; cleft of the mouth very wide; teeth stout. Eye
small. Barbel none. Dorsal fin opposite to the anal, which commences behind the vent.
Pectoral fins long, ventrals narrow, inserted high upon the side of the trunk. No luminous
organs ( f). A single species, B. nigerrimus (fig. 136), taken at Messina by Giglioli, and
now in the Florence museum.

EUSTOMIAS, Vaillant.

Eustomias, Vaillant, La Nature, 1884, 85 (name only mentioned) ; Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888,
112 (type, E. obscurus, Vaill.). — GCnther, Voy. Chall., xxn, 204.

Stomiatids, with anal fin much longer than dorsal and beginning farther forward.
" Barbel very elongate. Ventrals composed of two groups of rays. Jaws strongly armed
with teeth in single rows; teeth absent from palatines, but present on the tongue. Body
entirely naked, but with numerous longitudinal luminous dots, and a large luminous body
directly behind the ye." ( Vaillant.)

A single species, E. obscurus, from off the Azores, at a depth of 2,792 meters.

EUSTOMIAS OBSCURES, Vaillant. (Figure 135.)
Eustomias obscurus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 113, pi. Ill, figs. 3, 3a.

Body elongate: height scarcely one-twentieth of length, and thickness one thirtieth.

The head, whose length is one-seventh of the length of the body, is conical, compressed;
the lower jaw projects beyond the upper: the snout half the length of the head: mouth
very large, although the maxillary does not extend far behind the orbit: the intermaxillary
has 2 long, fang like teeth, and 11 others less conspicuous but strong; the tirst and the
fifth in the latter series are the strongest, the last the smallest. On the maxillary the
teeth are visible only with the aid of a magnifying glass; the teeth upon the mandibles are

1 1 2 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

similar to those upon the maxillaries, and are 14 in number on either side; the first two,
separated from the following by an interval, are the strongest; the third, sixth, tenth, and
eleventh are also conspicuous; the others, although shorter, are very robust; no teeth
upon the palatines; fangs upon the tongue as strong as those in the jaws, 1 in front and

2 or 3 behind it. Diameter of the eye 11 times in the length of the head, interorbital
space slightly less; length of barbel twice that of head, cylindrical, fringed at each end
with 7 long threads, at the end of each of which is a small ball. Branchial opening broad ;
branchiostegal membrane supported by short rays, between which are luminous dots; a
small luminous body, conspicuous on account of its light color, under the eye. Body abso-
lutely scaleless, with numerous little, white, luminous dots in double series on each side of
the belly; vent far back, distance frcm the snout equal to seven-tenths of length of body.

Dorsal and anal extend nearly to the base of the caudal; the length of the anal is one-
third that of the body ; it is inserted immediately behind the vent; length of the dorsal is
scarcely half that of the anal; caudal very short, its length one twentieth of that of the
body; pectoral composed of 3 slender rays; ventrals inserted well behind the middle of
the body, separated in two parts, the upper composed of 3 short rays, the lower of 4 rays,
at least 4 times as long as the upper ones. Color, velvety black ; iris, silvery white.

Badial formula: D. 21; A. 35; P. 3; V. 7.

A single specimen from a depth of 2,792 meters, near the Azores.

PHOTONECTES, GCnther.

Lucifer, Doderlein, Wiegm. Archiv f. Naturgeschieh., 1882, 26. (Preocupied in Carcinology.)

Photonectea, Gcxther, Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 212 (Type, Lucifer albipinnis, Doderlein, from Inosima).

Body compressed, rather long, scaleless; vent far behind the middle of the length.
Head compressed, with short snout and exceedingly wide mouth. Teeth in the jaws small,
unequal in size, in single series; vomer and palatine with a small group of teeth on each
side. Eye small. Opercular portion of the head very narrow. A long hyoid barbel. The
dorsal fin opposite the anal, which commences behind the vent. Pectorals none. Ventrals
inserted behind the middle of the length. A small suborbital phosphorescent organ, and
two series of luminous dots along the lower part of the sides, with numerous rudimentary
similar organs scattered over the skin of the body. (Giinther.)

Photonectes (=Lucifer, Doderlein) has been known heretofore from a single species, P.
albipinnis, taken at Inosima, Japan.

PHOTONECTES GRACILIS, Goode and Bean, n. 8. (Figure 137.)

A species much more slender than P. albipinnis. The type of this description is in
very poor condition; the hyoid barbel is remarkably short and is probably imperfect. The
fins, also, are incomplete, and the luminous dots along the sides are so indistinct as to be
made out only with great difficulty. Its length, without including caudal, is 170 milli-
meters. The greatest height of the body (11 millimeters) is contained 15£ times in the
length without caudal. The least height of the tail (2 millimeters) is nearly one-fifth of the
height of the body. The greatest depth of the head (12 millimeters) equals the length of
its postorbital portion. The snout is very short, nearly one-half as long as the eye. The
posterior nostril is immediately in front of the eye, and the anterior is near the end of the
snout and a little below the level of the posterior. Both are subcircular or oblong in shape,
and the posterior has a small, narrow flap. The diameter of the eye (5 millimeters) is
one-fourth the length of the head (20 millimeters). Below and behind the eye there is a
luminous body, which is nearly as long as the eye and somewhat club shaped. At the mar-
gin of the operculum there is a small, roundish, luminous dot. The maxilla is a very thin
and narrow bone extending backward almost to the end of the head; it is very slightly
curved and forms a very obtuse angle with the short intermaxilla. The mandible is very
strongly curved upward, resembling a sled runner; its length (22 millimeters) equals twice
the greatest height of the body. Both jaws are armed with numerous fine teeth of unequal

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 113

size; only .1 remain on each side of the intermaxilla. Tbe maxilla has 20 true teeth on its

anterior half, and the posterior half has about 1»> seme. There are about 35 teeth <>n each
side of the inaudible. All the teeth of the jaws rake inward and backward, and are
depressible. Three teeth on each side of the head of the vomer, increasing in size back-
wards. A pair of teeth on each palatine bone. One fang near the tip of the tongue and

3 farther back. Four gills, a small slit behind tin' fourth. The gill laminae not well cov-
ered by the operculum. Gfll rakers verj few, minute, ami spine like. Gill openingvery
wide, the membrane cleft almost down to the origin of the hyoid barbel. No pseudo-
branchiae. The hyoid barbel is situated nearly under the tip of the tongue; it is evidently
imperfect, its length being scarcely one half that of the eye.

The length of the bead (20 millimeters) is contained 8.1 times in length to base of cau-
dal. The origin of the dorsal is at a distance from the caudal base (11 millimeters), a little
more than one-fourth of the standard length. The length of the dorsal base (34 milli-
meters) is one-fifth of the standard length. The longest dorsal ray is a little longer than
the eye.

The anal begins immediately under the dorsal, and its base is slightly longer than that
of the dorsal; its rays are about as long as those of the dorsal. The distance from the end
of the anal to the origin of the middle caudal rays (10 millimeters) equals one half the
length of the head. The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout (87 millimeters)
is a little more than one-half of the standard length; consequently the origin of the
ventral is very slightly nearer to the root of the caudal than the tip of the snout. The
distance from the origin of the ventral to that of the anal slightly exceeds the length of
the anal base. Caudal and ventral imperfect. Pectoral wanting.

Radial formula: D. 18; A. 21; V. 7; P. 0.

Color, very dark. A row of luminous dots along the margin of the branchiostegal
membrane; two rows beginning on the isthmus and extending back along the edge of the
belly, passing between the ventrals and slightly above the base of the anal, disappearing
near the end of the body; another row higher up on the side, which cannot be traced back
farther than the origin of the ventral, on account of the bad condition of the specimen.

This specimen was obtained by the steamer Blake, at station XL, off Martinique, in
472 fathoms.

Family MALACOSTEID^E.

Malacnsteidcr, Gill, Arr. Families of Fishes.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Mouth immense. Snout very short. Cleft of
the mouth exceedingly wide, the ends of the jaws extending beyond the root of the pectorals,
and the jaws not connected with the sides of the head back of the orbit. Tail diphycercal.
Lateral margins of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries only. No adipose fin.
No barbel. Pectorals rudimentary.

PROVISION AT, KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Pectorals present Malacosteus

B. Pectorals absent.

1. Rata tin.- smooth Photostomkv-

2. Palatines toothed Thaumastom i a b

MALACOSTEUS, Ayres.
Stalacosteus, Ayrfs, Journ. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist.. 1849, 53.— GDkthtbr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., v. 428.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the snout very short,
the cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to behind the root of the pectorals. Teeth
pointed, unequal, in single series on both jaws and tongue: none on the palate. Opercula
membranaceous. Dorsal far back, opposite anal. Pectorals rudimentary. Yentrals rather
posterior. No barbel. {Ayres, Jordan and Gilbert.)
19868— No. 2 8

114 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Dorsal and anal moderate (D. 19 ; A. 20). Loral spot longer than eye Malacosteus NIGER

B. Dorsal and anal short (D. 15; A. 15). Loral spot shorter than eye M. ciiokistodactylus

MALACOSTEUS NIGER, Ayres. (Figure 138.)

Malacosteus niger, Ay-res, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1849, 53. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1864,
v, 428. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Institute, 1879.

A Malacosteus with a somewhat slender body, its height about one-eight of its length,
without caudal; with large branchial opening, and with comparatively long dorsal and anal
tins, nearly opposite (the dorsal slightly in advance), falcate, strong. Luminous body almost
ereseentie, its length greater than diameter of eye. Fangs shorter than diameter of eye.
Ventrals shorter than base of dorsal. Black, with numerous light dots over entire body.

Eadial formula: D. 19; A. 20 ('?); P. 3 ("?); V. 5.

For a long time only a single specimen of this species was known, the type of Ayres's
description, 8i inches in length, which was picked up at sea in 40° N. lat., 50° W. Ion.
The BUike obtained a single specimen at Station cxlv, off Barbados, at a depth of 317
fathoms. The Albatross obtained several specimens: No. 35526, TJ. S. N. M., from station
2211, in 39° 35' N. lat., 71° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,064 fathoms; No. 32169, U. S. N. M.,
(No. 797, Gloucester donation); No. 39220, TJ. S. N. M., 6J inches in length, in 37° 46' 30" N.
lat., 73° 50' 30" W. Ion. ; a specimen from station 2,584, in 39° 05' 30" N. lat., 72^> 23' 20" \Y.
Ion., at a depth of 541 fathoms.

Giinther has described a species very closely related under the name of Malacosti us
indicus (Challenger Report, xxn, 214, pi. irv, tig. B.), from near the Philippines, 500 fath-
oms, and in the Andaman Sea (Alcoch) 650 fathoms.

MALACOSTEUS CHORISTODACTYLUS, Vaillant. (Figure 139.)

Malacosteus choristodaclylus, Valllant, Exp. Sci. Travailkur et Talisman, xxu, 18ns, ids, pi. viii, fig. 4.

A Malacosteus with a comparatively stout body, its height nearly one-fourth of its
length, its thickness six one-hundredths of same; with immense branchial opening by the
extent of which the length of the head is seemingly reduced to one-eighth of the length of
the body, and with comparatively short dorsal and anal fins inserted nearly opposite each
other, apparently rounded and not falcate; caudal fin very small; luminous body under eye
subquadrangular, its greatest length less than the diameter of the eye; ventrals longer
than base of anal, much longer than base of dorsal; the longest ray apparently equal to the
distance from insertion of anal to the end of middle caudal rays; length of strongest fangs
greater than diameter of eye. Black, apparently without small luminous dots upon the
body.

Eadial formula: D. 19; A. 20; C. 12+; P. 5; B. 6.

This species was described by Vaillant from three specimens, two from the coast of
Morocco in 1,400 to 1,635 meters and one from the Azores in 2,220 meters. The species is
very distinct from M. niger and easily recognized.

PHOTOSTOMIAS, Collett.
rhotostomias, Collett, Bull. Society Zoologiquo de France, 1889, 291.

A genus allied to Malacosteus, characterized by the absence of pectoral and adipose
dorsal fins, and the absence also of teeth upon the palatines. The body is compressed, skiu
naked; ventrals in advance of the middle of the body; vent behind the middle of the body;
opercula rudimentary. A series of long, crooked teeth in the intermaxillary; teeth upon
the lingual and pharyngeal bones, but absent upon the vomer. Two post-orbital photo-
phores. Two rows of photophores along the sides of the belly, and a great number of small
luminous points scattered over the entire surface of the body. Type, P. Guenii, Collett.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 11")

PHOTOSTOMIAS GUEENEI, Coi LETT. (Figure 140.)
Photostomiaa Guerni, CoiXETT, Bull. Soo. Zool. France, 1889, 291.

The greatesl height of the body, behind the centrals, is included eight and a hall' times
in its total length; the length of the head live and a half in total length. Bye moderate,
Its diameter contained five and a half times in the length of the head. Mouth slightly
oblique, very large. Intermaxillary teeth about eighl in number, those of the upper jaw
very small and serrated. The dorsal and anal are very far hack, opposite. Ventrals
elongate, villiform, extending behind the vent. Caudal much furcate.

The anterior luminous organ above the maxillary is rudimentary.

Radial formula: 1). 24; A..27; P.O.; 7.15; (J. 27.

Color, dull black, this color extending even into the inside of the mouth.

The type of this species, ;i single specimen, a female containing eggs nearly mature,
was taken on the 30th of June, 1887, by the Hirondelle, at a depth of 1,138 meters, oft
the Azores, in :;s 34' 30" N. Lat., 30° 43' 30" W. bong. The species is named in honor of
baron Jules de Guerne, of Paris, who accompanied Prince Albert of Monaco ou the
HirondcUv, in the capacity of zoologist.

THAUMASTOMIAS, Alcock. (Figure 141.)
Thaumastomias, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Bist., 1890, n, 220, pi. vin, lig. 7.

A genus allied to Photostomias, from which it is distinguished by the presence of teeth
upon the palatines, body elongate, compressed, scaleless, with the vent not far distant
from the caudal tin. Head compressed, with the cranium small, the snout short, aud the
cleft of the mouth exceedingly wide. A long, elastic, muscular band passing from the hyoid
bone to the inner aspect of the mandibular symphysis. Teeth acute, unequal, in single
series in premaxilke, mandibles, and palatines; none on the tongue. Eye moderate. Gill-
covers rudimentary. One dorsal tin opposite to the anal, situated in the posterior fourth
of the body near the caudal. No pectoral fins. Ventral fins situated in the anterior half
of the body. Gill-openings very wide. No air-bladder.

The type of this genus, T. atrox, Alcock, was taken off the coast of Madras, at a depth
of 1,310 fathoms, by the Investigator, station 97.

Family ALEPISAURID^E.

Alepidosaurina, Guntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864 (group third iu family Srojielidw).

Alepisauroidei, Bleeker, Eimm. Sp. Pise. Arch. Intl., xxn, 1859, 22.

AlepidoaauridcB, Bonaparte, Cat. Metod., 1846, 8 ; Conspectus, 1850. — Adams, Man. Nat. Hist., 1854, 99. — Gill,

Arrangement Families of Fishes, 1862, 16 (Family No. 161). — Jordan aud Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.

Mus., 274.
Alepidosauroida, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 187.
Alepimuridw, Gill, Science, in, 620, 1884.
Sphyrcenidas, gen., Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, 123.

Malacopterygians with the mesocoracoid wanting or atrophied. Post-temporal imping-
ing upon occiput. Vertebra* and interspinous processes normal. Photophores and barbel
absent.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Snout produced, the mouth cleft very wide.
Premaxillary very long and slender, not protractile, forming entire margin of upper jaw.
Maxillary thin, long, immovable.

Teeth very unequal, immovable; a series of small teeth occupying entire length of pre-
maxillary; those in front sometimes larger and curved. Palatine teeth triangular, pointed.
Teeth on lower jaw like those on palatines. Tongue toothless.

Gill membranes not united, free from isthmus. Gill rakers short, spine-like. Bran
chiostegals 5-7. Pseudobrauchiae large. Opercular bones thin, membranaceous. Dorsal
tin very long, occupying nearly the whole of the bach; adipose fin present ; anal fin moderate;
caudal forked. Air bladder none.

116 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ALEPISAURUS, Lowe.

Alepisaurus, Lowe, Proo. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, 104; Trans. Zool. Soc, i,124. — Cuvier and Valenciennes,

Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxn. 529. — GiNiHEii, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1860, 121.
Alepidosaurus, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, 420.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 275.
Plagyodus, Gunther, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 203.— Jordan, Cat.

Fishes, N. America, 1885, 39.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless; head compressed; snout produced ; mouth cleft
wide; premaxillary long and slender; maxillary thin, long, immovable. Teeth unequal,
immovable. Very small teeth run along entire length of intermaxillary. Palatine teeth
compressed, pointed, the two or three anterior ones very strong and long, and the pos-
terior ones moderate. Teeth in lower jaw similar to those on the palatine bones, one
pair in front and two or three pairs in the middle much enlarged. Eye large. Pectoral
and ventral tins well developed. Adipose fin of moderate size. Caudal forked. Gill opening
very wide. Branchiostegals, v-vn.

The name Plagyodus, Steller (Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., Ill, 383), has been adopted by
Dr. Gunther,* but it is doubtful whether Steller used the name Plagyodus in the sense of a
Linnaean genus.

The following discussion of this genus is quoted from Gunther's great work:

"Like most other deep-sea fishes, Alepidosaurus has been found at widely distant local-
ities, and it is probable that in time it will be obtained in tlie intermediate parts of the
ocean. Deep-sea fishes are much less subject to differences of climate than those inhabit-
ing the coasts or the surface, and therefore we should not be surprised to find the repre-
sentatives of one aad the same genus, and frequently even the same species, in high lati-
tudes of the northern and southern hemispheres.

"Every part of the Alepidosauri is so fragile that it is extremely difficult to obtain
perfect specimens. It is also impossible to preserve them in spirits without some portion
of the dorsal and of the other fins being broken. The entire structure of the dorsal fin is
so delicate, that it must even be liable to injury and alteration of outline while the fish is
in its native element. The fibrous ligaments connecting the vertebra are very loose and
extensible, so that the form of the fish is easily lengthened when its body is slightly
stretched. Therefore no reliance whatever is to be placed on trivial specific distinctions
founded on the form of the dorsal fin and on the relative proportions of the head and body.
A comparison of the two figures of A. ferox, given by Lowe, will show the truth of this
observation.

"The loose connection of the single parts of the body is found in numerous deep sea
fishes, and is merely the consequence of their withdrawal from the pressure of the water to
which they are exposed in the depths inhabited by them. When within the limits of their
natural haunts, the osseous, muscular, and fibrous parts of the body will have that solidity
which is required for the rapid and powerful movements of a predatory fish. That the
fishes of this genus belong to the most ferocious of the class is proved by the dentition and
the contents of their stomach; but it is worthy of notice that although the mouth is so
deeply cleft, the lower jaw can not be moved from the upper at a greater angle than about
40 degrees. The teeth are constantly changing and it is odd that an ichthyologist like
Lowe should have had so much difficulty in recognizing the nature of some immature teeth
lying in the gingiva."

P. Poey has described a specimen from Cuba, under the name of A. altivelis (Poey,
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 302), and also referred to another form, which Gill has named
provisionally Gaulopus Poeyi (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1802, p. 131).

* Description of a New Genus of Acanthopterygian Fishes. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, B. A., Corr. Memb.
Z. S. (In a letter to the Secretary.) < Trans. Zool. Soc, London, v. I. pp. 123-128, pi. xix, 1835.

Additional Observations on Alepisaurus ferox. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M. A., C. M. Z. S. < Trans.

Zool. Soc, London, v. I. pp. 395-400, pi. lix, 1835.

t On Alepidosaurus, a Marine Siluroid Fish. By Dr. Albert Giinther. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Series
III, v. vi, 150-1.

Gunther, A. On the identity of Alepisaurus (Lowe) with Plagyodus, Steller. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
London, March, 1867.

DISCUSSION ()F SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 117

Gill has also described a species from the Pacific coast of North America, under the
name of Gaulopus borealis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri., Philad., 1862, p. L28); and Beau another,
Alepisaurus cesculapius (Proc. U. S. Hat. Mus., 1883, .'501); and there is also die doubtful
Caulopus serra of Gill from .Monterey, California.

We are not thoroughly satisfied that more than one species has been found in the
Atlantic.

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

Ventral rays 7-10 Alepisai rus

Paired fins moderate. (Ventrals about one-half length of head.) Ventral rays 9-10.

ALEPISAURUS I I ros

Paired fins short. ( Ventrals about one-third lengtb of head. I Bodj shorter posteriorly. Ventral rays?.

Alepisaurus .kmtui'ii rs, Bean (from abyss off [Jnala

Ventral rays 13 (Mi 0P1 8

Paired fins moderate. (Ventrals about one-half length of load.) Dorsal much elevated.

CA1 LOPUS alttvelis

Paired fins elongate. ("Ventrals as long as head".) Dorsal fin short ; 34 rays.

Caulopus borealis

ALEPISAURUS FEROX, Lowe. (Figure 142.)

Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe. Proe. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1833, 107. — Trans. Zool. Sue. London, i, 121, pi. xix; 395,

pi. lix. — GOnther, Wiegmann's Archiv., 1880, 121.
Alepidosaurus ferox, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 421.
Plagyodus ferox, GCnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 203. — Jordan, /<»■. cit.
Alepisaurus azureus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 1839, 530.

Length of the head is less than twice the height of the body, aud rather less than one-
si sth of the total. Eye median, contained."* to 6 times in length of head, as wide as the inter-
orbital space. Dorsal fin much elevated; pectorals elongated, equal in length to the head,
hut reaching nearly two-thirds of the distance to the insertions of the ventrals; first rays of
dorsal, pectoral, and ventral serrated.

Radial formula: D.38-44; A. 14-17; P.14-15; V. 0-10.

A. ferox was first described from specimens obtained by Lowe in the deep waters near
Madeira. In addition to Lowe's types, and a few other specimens obtained by the Madeira
fishermen upon tue deep-sea lines, the species appears not to have been captured, except in
the Western Atlantic.

From the Western Atlantic specimens have been sent to the National Museum. Of
three of these the locality is not known, but they were obtained in the New York markets
by Mr. E. G. Blackford, and forwarded to Washington by him. The Albatross obtained
one at the surface (Cat. No. 25202 U. S. N. M.) in Uo 30' X. Lat., 57° 13' W. Long., and
another (Oat, 22292 (J. S. N. M.) at a depth of 105 fathoms in 42° 4.V K Lat., 63° W. Long.
The Gloucester fishermen obtained two on Le Have Lank, one (No. 24245) at 275 fathoms,
another (No. L'4244) at 120 fathoms; also, two others (Nos. 24296 ami L'HiOT) in 200 fathoms
at Lat. 42° 37' K, Lon. 62° 55' W., and another (No. 24243) in Lat. 43° 46' IS., Lon. 61°
is' w. in 200 fathoms. A skull of Alepisaurus, from Van Diemen's Land, preserved in the
British Museum, has been provisionally identified by Gunther with those species, but it-
seems scarcely safe to regard A. ferox as an inhabitant of the Australian seas until more
material has been obtained for study.

A closely allied species, with somewhat shorter paired tins, has been described by Dr.
Bean under the name of A. ceseulapius. The fish was speared at Unalaska in October. L880,
just as it was swimming upon the beach. It undoubtedly had come to I lie surface from the
deep adjacent to Captains Harbor, where it was captured. The hundred-fathom line
at this point approaches rather close to the shore. This individual had in its stomach twenty-
one individuals of the spiny lumpfish. It was Dr. Bean's opinion that it had been driven
ashore by the torture of a parasitic worm found in its flesh. The "Wolf Fish", as it is
called in this region, frequently is stranded on the beach at lliuliuk.

118 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ALEPISAURUS (CAULOPUS) ALTIVELIS, Poet.

Alepisaurus altivelis, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 1858, 302.
Alepidosaunis altivells, Guktther, loc. cit., and in Challenger Report, xxn, 203.

Length of the head is more than twice the height of the body, and contained 6^ times
in the total (with the caudal). Dorsal fin much elevated; pectoral elongate, but terminat-
ing at a great distance from the ventral; ventral about half as long as the head. Caudal
lobes equal in length.

Radial formula: D. 40; A. 17; P. 16; V. 13.

The type of this species was about 3 feet long, and was obtained by Cuban fishermen
at a great depth. Poey had another form, somewhat different, since described by Gill
under the name Caulopus PoeyL*

Family PARALEPIDID^E.

Paralepidina, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., v, 1864, 418 (group under Scopelid<c).
Paralepididce, Gill, Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 1872, 16 (Family No. 162).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a Barracuda, covered with
cycloid scales of moderate or rather large size. Head long, usually scaly on the sides.
Mouth very large, lower jaw projecting. Premaxillary not projectile, very long and slender,
forming the entire margin of the upper jaw. Maxillary long and slender, closely adherent
to the premaxillary. Teeth rather strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and pala-
tines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines sometimes very long and fang like, and
most of them freely depressible. Opercular bones thin. Pseudobranchise present. Gill
membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals, about 7. Gill rakers short,
sharp, spine-like. Eye large. Lateral line present, its scales usually enlarged. Dorsal fin
short and small, behind the middle of the body, nearly or quite over the ventrals. Adipose
fin present; anal fin low, rather long; caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather
small, placed low. Pyloric csecauone. No air bladder. Phosphorescent spots few or none.
(Jordan.)

In this family are at present included six or more supposed species of pelagic fishes of
small size, which are believed to occur only in the deep waters of the Atlantic and Pacific,
which in structure recall to mind the genus Ahpocephalus, but which in general appearance
are more like Sphyrcena. There are two groups.

Those of the Sudis type, which is distinguished by the presence of three or five very
long, fang-like teeth on each side of the lower jaw, has not yet been found in the Atlantic
Basin itself. Sudis hyalina of Risso has long been known from the Mediterranean. S. ringens
of Jordan and Gilbert was collected by Jordan in 1880 in the Santa Barbara Channel, Cal-
ifornia.

The Paralepis type is represented by four species : one, P.coregonoides, from the Mediter-
ranean, P. sphyrcenoides, from the Mediterranean and also from Madeira; one, P. borealis,
from the Arctic waters of North America, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, and
one, P. coruscans, very similar to the latter, and found under similar conditions in Puget
Sound. It is probable that with more material the number of species may be considerably
lessened. There are two species described from Nice which we have not been able to study,
viz., P. Cuvieri, Bonaparte, and P. speciosus, Bellotti. The types of the latter are said to be

in Milan.

PARALEPIS, Risso.

Paralepis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Me"rid., m, 1826, 472.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 418.

Head and body elongate, compressed, covered with deciduous scales, those of the lateral
line being the largest. Cleft of the mouth very wide; maxillary developed, closely adherent
to the intermaxillary. Teeth unequal in size, some in the mandible and on the palatine

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1862, 128.

DISCUSSION of SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 119

bones being rather larger than the others; Ihey arc arranged In single series, in the inter-
maxillary, mandible, on the palatine and pterygoid bones. Bye large. Pectoral fins well
developed; ventrals small, inserted at a ureal distance from the pectorals, below or immedi

ately behind or in front of the dorsal fin. Dorsal I'm short, on the hind pari of the body;
adipose tin small: anal elongate, occupying the end of the tail ; caudal emarginate. (lill
opening very wide, the outer branchial arch beset with short, spine-like gill rakers; pseudo-
branchiae well developed; branehiostegals, 7. Air bladder none. 1*\ loric appendages n

PARALEPIS COREGONOIDES, Risso,

Paralepis coregonoides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meridionale, in, 1827, 172, pi. vn, fig. 15. — Cuvter and
Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vn, 510. — Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Peso., fasc, xxvu, fig. — GttN-
tiikk, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., v, 1864, 418.

Body elongate, its height contained about 12 times in its length. Eead compressed,

its lengtb nearly one-fourth of the length of the body. Snout long, conical: deft of mouth
moderate: maxillary rod-like, adherent to intermaxillary. Teeth in a single row in the
intermaxillary, a few enlarged anteriorly: also on palatines and pterygoids. Eye large, its
diameter contained 5 times in the length of the head. Ventral fin very short, inserted
below the anterior part of the dorsal. Gill openings very large, free from the isthmus; gill
rakers very numerous, minute. Color, silvery: slightly bluish upon the back: blackish
upon the belly on account of the transparency of the black peritoneum. Along the lateral
line there are some blackish dots. The iris is silvery; the pupil blackish, silvery.

Eadial formula: D. 10; A. 23; P. 13; V. !>.

This form is rare in the Mediterranean, but has been found in the waters of Liguria.
The Albatross obtained a specimen (No. 37800, IT. S. N. M.) from station 2393, in 28° 43' N.
hit., 87° 14' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 525 fathoms.

PARALEPIS SPHYR^ENOIDES, Risso.

Paralepis sphyramoides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Me'ridioiiale, nr, 1827, 473, pi. vn, fig. 16. — Cuviei: and
Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vn, 510. — Gcxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., v, 418.

The length of the head is two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total, without caudal.
Pectoral and ventral fins very short. Dorsal inserted behind ventral origin.

The brief diagnosis given above was derived by Giiuther from a specimen 7A inches
long, obtained at Madeira by J. Y. Johnson, Esq. Giiuther identities this doubtfully with
the Mediterranean forms described by Risso and others. The National Museum has spec-
imens from Nice (No. 40000).

PARALEPIS BOREALIS, (Reinhardt), Jordan and GILBERT. (Figure 143.)

Paralepis borealis, Reinhardt, Naturv. Mathem. AfhandL, vn, 115, 125. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., v,

418. — Gaimaud, Voy. Scand., Atlas, Poissons, pi. xvi, B., fig. 1.
Arctnzenus borealis. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 188.
Sudis borealis, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 277.

A form with snout as long as rest of head, mandible included, its upturned tip fitting
into an emargination of upper jaw. Pectoral and ventral tins small, the latter inserted
behind the dorsal. Eead, 4^; depth, 12.

Radial formula: B. 7; I). 10. A. 32; P. 11; V. '.I.

This form was first described from Greenland, and has been obtained by the Gloucester
fishermen from the Stomachs of fish on the banks, as well as from the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
where it was collected by Prof. ^Yhiteaves.

Four specimens were obtained by the Albatross from station 2070, 407 fathoms, in fish
stomachs; four from 2077. 488 fathoms. In all of these the teeth had disappeared, prob-
ably by the softening of the tissues.

120 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Another species Las been described from Cuban waters, unkuown depth, by Poey.
Since neither type nor illustration is at hand, the original description is here inserted.

PARALEPIS INTEEMEDIUS, Poet.

ParalepU intermedins, Poey, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, II, 1866-1868, 416.

" Cuvier habia colocado este genero en los Percidios despues de las Picudas (Sphyreua),
a las cuales se parece por la prolongation de la cabeza y del trouco; pero Midler lo ha colo-
cado con razon en una division de Malacopterigios, donde se encuentran nuestros Lagartos.
El individuo que poseo es de 230 rail, visto una sola vez y pescado en Matanzas, donde me
ha sido regalado por D. Francisco Jimeuo, a quien la historia natural cubana debe notable
auxilio, gracias a sus generosos e* ilustrados esfuerzos, favorecidos por su position social.
Cuerpo comprirnido; altura en longitud, 17 veces; la cabeza, 5£; el ojo, en la cabeza, 6|,
distante de la extremidad rostral, .'1A ; narices aproximadas al ojo. Los huesos del rostro
sod transparentes; la boca, aunque bien hendida, no alcanza a la vertical del ojo; su arco
superior es corapuesto por el intermaxilar, el maxilar, que es delgado, le es paralelo; las dos
mandibulas estan igualmente adelantadas. El premaxilar tiene dos dientes caninos delan-
teros internos, y en su borde una serie de dientes sumamente pequenos, aproximados, la
punta vuelta hacia atras, en niimero coruo de 100. La maudibula inferior lleva tambien de
cada la lado dos caninos delanteros, y en el borde interim una docena de dientes largos,
encorvados haeie adelante, los del medio mayores. fcodos con la cuspide escotada por detras
coino uu semi-hierro de lanza; estos alternan con una serie externa de dientes pequeiios,
cuya punta niira hacia atras. Xo hay dientes vomerinos; los palatinos sou largos y encor-
\ ados, principahnente los mas adelantados, todos en una serie. El Sr. Jimeno me asegura
que lo recibio en grande estado de frescura, antes de echarlo en el aguardiente; vino sin
escamas y sin vestigio de ellas; una sola encontr^, sin estar seguro de que le pertenezca, y
era cicloidea del tamano de la pupila. La linea lateral es ancha, y se senala por medio de
elevaciones cutaneas, como si otras tantas escamas caducas hubieran alii estampado su
huella. La ventral es pequena, tan atrasada, que casi se inserta en la mitad de la longitud
total; la insertion de la anal es k la mitad de la distancia que separa la base de la ventral
de la caudal; la dorsal es pequena, ignal distancia de la ventral y de la anal; la caudal es
corta y escotada. Todos los radios me parecen articulados; los radios de la dorsal son
endebles, en niimero de 7 u 8; las ventrales tienen 10 radios, la pectoral 15, la anal en
niimero considerable, confundiendose los ultimos con los de la base caudal; no puedo
descubrir una 2a dorsal posterior, ni una adiposa, y creo que no existen. La abertura bran-
quial esta niuy abierta; los radios branquiostegos son 8, pequenos, endebles; los arcos
branquiales, 3. La leugua es aplanada, llevando de cada lado una serie de dientes suina-
mente pequenos. El color es de carne, mate en el tronco; la linea lateral plateada, lo mismo
que los huesos operculares.''

SUDIS, Rafinesque.

Sudu, Rafinesque, C'aratten di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, etc., 1S10. 60 (type, Sudis hyalina, a Mediterranean
form). — GtaTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., v, 419. — Jordan and Gilbert, Btill. xvi, U.S. Nat. Mus., 277.

Head and body elongate, compressed, covered with deciduous scales. Cleft of the mouth
very wide; maxillary developed, closely adherent to the intermaxillary. Teeth in a single
series, unequal in size, some much larger iu the lower jaw. Eye large. Ventrals small,
inserted opposite, or nearly opposite, the dorsal. Dorsal fin short, on the hinderpart of the
body; adipose fin small; anal elongate, occupying the end of the tail; caudal emarginate.
(Giinther.)

DISCUSSION OP SPE II. S AM> THEIE DISTEIDUTION. 121

SUDIS HYALINA, Rafinesque. (Figure 144.)

Sudis hyalina, Rafinesque, loo. tit., Bonaparte, Icon. Pans. Ital., Pesc. fasc, xxvii, lis- — GOnther, < :it.

: , i Bri1 Mus., v, 1864, 420.— Canestrini, Fauna d' Italia, Pesc, 127.
Paralepis hyalinus, Cuvier and V \i i m n tnn s, hi, 361

Tlir height of the body is contained about 11 times in the total length (without caudal),
that of tin- head o.} times. Eye very far back, the cleft of the mouth not reaching to its
anterior margin, which is distant :<.\ times the diameter of the eve from the tip of the snout.
The distance from the orbit to the margin of the operculum 14 times its own diameter. The
ventral is in front of the dorsal tin.

Radial formula: D. 10; A. 24; P. 12; V. 9.

This species lias been found in the Mediterranean about Sicily. Naples, and the Ligurian
coasts. It is sufficiently abundant to be considered a table fish. It has not yet been found
in the Atlantic. An allied form, S. ringem (Jordan and Gilbert), was obtained in 1880, in
the Santa Barbara Channel, California.

Family ODONTOSTOMID^E.

i)ihinto.itomida>, Gill, MS.

Isospondylous fishes, characterized by oblong, compressed, naked body and head, wide
mouth cleft, margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only; curved teeth upon
the intermaxillaries; large, curved, lanceolate, depressible teeth upon the mandible, vomer,
and palatine bones. Eye very large, with orbital cavity expanded downwards. Pseudo-
branchiaj well developed. Air bladder none. Gill opening very wide.

ODONTOSTOMUS, Cocco.

Odontostomus, COCCO, Lett, sn Alenn. Salmon, 1838, 32 (type, 0. hyalinus, Cocco).
Odontostomus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. I'.rit. Mns., v, 18(5-1, 417.

Body oblong, compressed, naked: head large and thick; snout short; cleftofthe mouth
very wide; intermaxillary and maxillary bones very slender, the former with small, curved
teeth of equal size; the lower jaw, the vomer, and the palatine bones armed with long, mov-
able teeth, the points of which are lance-shaped. Eye large. Pectoral and ventral fins
well developed ; the latter are inserted below the dorsal, at some distance behind the base of
the pectoral. Dorsal fin in the middle of the length of the body; adipose fin small: anal
long; caudal forked. Branchiostegals, 8; pseudobranchia1 small.

ODONTOSTOMUS HYALINUS, Coco. (Figure 145.)

Odontostomus hyalinus, Cocco, Lett, su Salmoni, 32, pi. I, fig. 2. — Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Pesoi.,
Fasc. xxvii, 1840, iiur. lii. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxii, 424. — GOnther, Cat.
Pish. I'.rit. Mns., v, 1864, 417.— Challenger Report, xxn, 200, pi. i.ii, !'!•;. A.

Scoprlus balbo, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Me'rid., in, 466.

Body elongate and much compressed posteriorily; its height is contained 6 to G£ times
in its total length (without caudal); the length of the head 44 times. The wide cleft of the
mouth, which is oblique, extends far beyond the eye, but docs not reach the angle of the
preoperculum. The eye is contained 5 times in the length of the head. Mandible broad, not
attenuated in front, projecting beyond the mouth. Teeth very large, depressible, the longest
exceeding in length the diameter of the eye; the teeth are much compressed, sharp-edged
in front and behind; those on the palate have their extremities bent forward. The origin ot
the dorsal is nearer to the xtremity of the snout than to the root of the caudal; the fin is
higher than long. Anal origin behind the vent, which is placed midway between the ventral
and anal, and does not touch the vertical from the last dorsal ray. The anal is lower than
the dorsal, ending close to the base of the caudal tin. Adipose tin small. Pectoral inserted
very far down, truncated, not reaching to ventral. Ventral behind the origin of the dorsal,
shorter than the pectoral, extending to vent.

Radial formula: D. 12; A. 34.

122 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

This species is known only from the Mediterranean, where it is very rare. The National
Museum has a specimen (No. 40054, U. S. N. 31.) from Nice, presented by the Royal Museum
at Floreuce, which corresponds perfectly to Gunther's description and figure, and also to
those of Risso and Valenciennes. Canestrini appears to have seen a dift'ereut type, which
he described as having the dorsal one-half as long as the anal, instead of one-third (D. 14;
A. 28). It is not impossible that this was another specific form.

OMOSUDIS, Gunther.

Omoeudis, GWnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 201.

Body oblong, compressed, naked; head compressed; snout of moderate length; cleft of
month very wide; intermaxillary and maxillary bones slender, the former with a series of
very small teeth of equal size, only one or two anterior ones being somewhat enlarged; the
lower jaw, the vomer, and palatine bones with a few very large and lanceolate teeth. Lower
jaw broad, and, like the rest of the head, formed of very thin bone. The supraclavicle and
post clavicles form a long rod extending from the occiput on each side downwards to the
abdomen, and partly free, not covered by skin. Ventral fins inserted far behind the pecto-
rals, below the origin of the dorsal. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the length of the body;
adipose fin very small; anal fin long. Stomach very distensible. Branchiostegals, 8; pseu-
dobranchise well developed ; gills 4, with broad gill laminae and very short gill rakers.

OMOSUDIS LOWII, Gunther. (Figure 150.)
Omosudis Lowii, GONTHER, Challenger Report, xxn, 201, pi. lii, figs, c, c".

The length of the head is two sevenths of the total length (without caudal); the
greatest depth of the body immediately behind the head is one-fifth of the total length. The
head is strongly compressed, with rather flat upper surface ; snout somewhat pointed, rather
longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-third of the length of the head. The
bones of the head are extremely thin, the operculum being smaller than the suboperculum,
and separated by two or three ridges. The infraorbital ring is nearly membranaceous.
Preoperculum terminating below in a forked point. Cleft of the mouth extending back-
wards to the angle of the preoperculum.

The dentition is truly formidable for so small a fish; the longest tooth is one anteriorly
on the side of the mandible; in the British Museum specimens, only one is present either
on the right or left of the jaw; its length is nearly one-third of that of the head. The next
largest are those on the palate, where there are two on each side, besides several smaller
ones. Smaller teeth are also implanted on the hinder part of the dentary bone. All the
large teeth can be laid backwards.

A semicircular scale like, osseous lamella of extreme, thinness covers the lower part
of the cheek, and is marked by very shallow, concentric striae.

The singular bone which supports the side of the anterior part of the abdomen is
styliform, slightly curved backwards. It starts from the top of the occiput and descends
tow aids the median line of the abdomen, which it reaches behind the pectoral fin. It is
composed of the two pronged supraclavicle. which is fixed by ligaments to the occiput, and
of three slender, needle-shaped postclavicles; the uppermost postclavicle is suspended by
ligaments from the supraclavicle, as is also the clavicle. The rod lies immediately below
the thin integument, and its lower portion is quite free.

The dorsal fin commences midway between the root of the caudal and the eye, and is
composed of very feeble rays ; the anal commences at some distance behind the dorsal and
terminates not very far from the caudal. Caudal fin small, with a considerable number of
basal rays above and below. Pectoral fins quite at the lower side of the body; ventral fins
very small and partly coalescent.

Light brownish on the back, with numerous brown pigment spots on the sides; abdo-
men black. ( G ii n th er. )

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 123

Giinther described this genus and species from a specimen '■'>.\ inches long, obtained
south of the Philippine Islands, ai Challenger Station coxiy, al a depth of500fathoms. He
had previously obtained, in 1868, the specimen collected by Lowe at Magdalena. The
Albatross obtained a single specimen from station 2392, in 28° 47' 30" 28. lat., 87° 27' W.
Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms.

The capacity of this form for swallowing fishes greater in size than itself appears to be
as great as that of Chiasmodus, as may be understood from an inspection of figure c1 in
Giinther.

Family STERNOPTYCHID^E.

Sternoptychidw, Gcntiiei:, Cat. Pish. Brit. Mas., v, 1864, 384, (part group Slernoply china). — Gill, Arr. Fami-
lies Fishes, 1872, 15 (Family No. 15:>, name only); Proo. V. s. \. M.. vn, 1884, 350 — Jordan and
Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 283.— Jordan, Cat. Pish. N. Am., 16.

Malacopterygians with compressed ventradiform body, carinated contour, deeply and
obliquely cleft and subvertical mouths, whose upper margin is constituted by the supramax-
illaries as well as the intermaxillaries; branchiostegal arch near and parallel with lower
jaw, scapular with an inferior projection, and with one or more of the neural spines abnor-
mally developed, and projecting above the back in advance of the dorsal fin. (Gill.)

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

I. Body naked.

Abdominal outline nearly continuous in a sigmoid curve, a single pmdueodspike-like neural spine in front

of the dorsal fin, and about 5 branchiostegal rays Sternoptyciiix.e, « ; ill

A. Teeth in the jaws in several series; dorsal fin with spinous dilatations Sternoptyx

1. Height of body equal to length, without caudal Sternoptyx diaphana

Abdominal outline abruptly contracted in advance of anal, several produced neural spines constituting
a uniform edge in advance of dorsal, and about 9 branchiostegal rays Argyropelecin.*:, Gill

A. Teeth in the jaws in a single series, minute ARGYR0PELECU8

1. Tail spineless.

a. Mandible with flat spine at its lower angle.

i. Pectoral fin extending nearly to origin of anal A. HEMIGYMNT7S

ii. Pectoral extending to ventral A. Olfeksii

b. Mandible without spine A. D'I'kvillii

2. Double row of spines along side of tail A. aculeatus

B. Teeth in jaws long and recurved STERNi iptvciiides

II. Body covered with large, thin, deciduous scales. Anterior spinous dilatation of dorsal fin lacking.

l'.H.YII'XIN.E

A. Luminous organs much developed POLYIPNUS

STERNOPTYX, Hermann.

Sternoptyx, HERMANN, Naturforscher, xvi, 1781-2. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 412. —
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 386; Challenger Report, xxn. 169, pi. XLV, figs. D, D'.

Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into a short and compressed
tail, the angle inade by the hind margin of the trunk and the lower edge of the tail being
tilled up by a broad fold of the integument, of peculiar transparent appearance, resembling
thin cartilage. This fold bears the anal fin and is supported by interhsemal rays. The
greater portion of the body is scaleless and covered with a silvery pigment, A series of
luminous spots runs along the lower edge of the abdomen and is separated from that of the
other side by a cartilaginous fold occupyingthe median line of the abdomen; another series
runs on each side of the isthmus: a row of three above and behind the root of the ventials,
and another row of three above the vent. The luminous organs on the lower part of the
tail consist anteriorly of a row of four, of which the first is prolonged along the back as a
narrow band, terminating about the middle of the depth of the body in a globular black
spot with a white center; posteriorly in front of the caudal rays there is another row of four
small spots.

124 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Pectorals well developed, close to the lower profile; ventrals small; pelvic bone with
a bifid spine in front pointing forwards. The dorsal fin occupies the middle of the back and
consists of a triangular bony lamella, very thin in front, but strengthened along its hind
margin, and followed by several rays. Adipose fin absent, or represented by a very low
membranous fringe of the dorsal margin of the tail. The anal fin is incompletely developed,
extending from the vent to the root of the caudal tin, its rays being rudimentary, widely
set, and scarcely free. Caudal fin broad and forked. Gill opening very wide, the gill mem-
brane being attached to the isthmus. A luminous organ occupies the inner side of the oper-
culum close to its end; another is placed at the anterior end of the ceratohyal, and, finally,
a very large glandular mass is lodged on the upper edge of the anterior end of the clavicle.
GUIs 4; the branchial arches are long, not angularly bent, the branchial slits being closed
by a membrane in their upper portion. Only a few of the gill rakers are prolonged, needle-
shaped, and widely set, the others being quite rudimentary. Pseudobrauchke present.
(Giinther.)

STERNOPTYX DIATHANA, Lowe. (Figure 146.)

Stemoptyx diaphana, Hermann, Naturforscher, 1781, xvi, 8, tat'. 1. figs. 1 and 2 (bad), and xvn, 249 (cop.
by Walhaum, Artedi, m, tab. 1, figs. 1 and 2. — Blocii, Syst. Ichth. ed. Schneider, 1801, 494, pi. 35). —
Cuvier, Regne Aniin. 2nd edit... pi. 13, fig. 1. — Cuviek and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
415. — Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 85. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. I'.nt. Mus., v, 387; Challenger
Report, xxn, 1(59-170, pi. xlv, figs. I), I)'. — Vaillant, Exp. Sei., Travailkur et Talisman, 102.

Stemoptyx Kermanni, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 613.

Height of tlie body equals distance between extremity of the snout and commencement
of the tail. Tail very short. Interorbital space slightly concave. Posterior limb of preoper-
culum borders hind part of the orbit, and descends in a very oblique line, terminating in
two points. Pectoral fin scarcely reaching to tlie ventrals, which are very small. (Giinther.)

Radial formula: B. 5; D. 10-12; A. lL'; P. 10; V 3.

This grotesquely shaped and interesting fish was first discovered in the West Indies in
1774 by Hermann.

It was described by him in 1781 in the Xaturforneher. It was next observed in the
mid-Atlantic in August, 1S42, when Lowe obtained a specimen taken between Madeira and
St. Marys, the southernmost of the Azores, about 80 miles to the southeast of the latter
island, in a calm, smooth sea. It was among the rarest of fishes until the time of the Chal-
lenger, which upon its cruise around the world obtained quite a number of specimens in the
mid-Atlantic, the Australian seas, and in various places in the South Pacific, and about the
same time the vessels of the IT. S. Fish Commission and Coast Survey began to obtain it in
the western Atlantic. The manner of its occurrence has been very puzzling. Although
two or three specimens were obtained at the surface, they were usually caught up in a
dredge or trawl from 500 to 2,500 fathoms, and the peculiarities of its distribution have
given rise to much speculation. A study of the list of specimens published in the Chal-
lenger Report would seem to indicate that the fish inhabits all depths from the surface
downward. Dr. Giinther is unable to accept this as an indication of that state of affairs,
and is of the opinion that its frequent capture would seem to be only a proof of its abun-
dance in all t ropieal seas and of the slowness of its movements, which prevent it from going
out of the. dredge or net. He believes that although ii and A rgyropelecus are pelagic fishes
which live in shoals, it is possible that they may descend to or beyond the hundred-fathom
line during the daytime. Why during the daytime only is hard to understand, and it
seems to us perhaps judicious to admit that we do not know the conditions of its distribu-
tion as regards depth, and to wait for further information before forming any opinion. Dr.
Giinther has studied all of the Challenger's specimens carefully and has arranged them in
groups with reference to the form of the body.

The numerous specimens collected by the Challenger differ not inconsiderably in the
shape of the body, which, in some specimens, is much more oblique than in others; in the
width of the upper surface of the head and neck, and, finally, in the size of the eye, which in a
specimen 50 millimeters long is 8 millimeters wide, and in another specimen of the same

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 1 2.">

length <»nly 7 millimeters. Also ihe relative position of the luminous organs, which are
congregated in groups, is subject to unimportanl variations.
Two forms arc recognized by Giinther:

(1) in the first and more common (Fig. I>) the eye is comparatively larger and its
diameter more than the depth of the triangular space, which is formed by the margins of
the preoperculum, of the jaws, and of the orbil : the upper part of the mouth is also con-
spicuously above the level of the lower margin of the orbit.

(2) In tli c second form (Fig. D') the diameter of the eye is not longer than the < 1 «'i >t li of
the triangular spare described, and the upper pari of the clef! of the month is on a level
with the lower margin of the orbit.

Both tonus occur in the Indo-Pacitic as well as Atlantic, and seem sometimes to have
been obtained on the same occasion; and as, moreover, intermediate forms occur which
migirl be assigned to either of the two forms, it is evident that the differences mentioned
are not of specific value.

Very young specimens, of 15 millimeters in length, were found by Giinther already to

possess all the characteristics of the adult.

Specimens of this species were taken by the Blake, from Station xxxv, off Santa Cruz,
at a depth of 508 fathoms; from Station cccxxiu, in 33° 19' N. hit., 70 1l" 30" W. Ion., at
a depth of -T.7 fathoms: and from Station CCOXVT, in 32<: 7' >T. hit., 78 .".7' 30" \Y. Ion., at a
depth of 229 fathoms. Also by the Albatross from the follow bag localities: Cat. No. 32668,
!'. S. N. M., from station 2003, in 37° 10' 30" ST. hit., 74° 20' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 641
fathoms; ,at. No. 33471, U. S. N. M., from station :.'070, in 41° 13' N. hit., 66° 00' 50" W.
Ion., at a depth of 906 fathoms; cat. No. 33563, U. S. N. M., from statical 2101, in 3«J° 18'
30" X. hit., 68 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 1686 fathoms; also specimens from station 2111
in 35° 00' 50" X. hit., 71 57' 40 \\ . Ion., at a depth of 938 fathoms: station 2118 in 13° 32'
40" K lat., 62° 54' W. Ion., at a debth of 690 fathoms; station 3553 in39c 48' X. hit., 7<P36'
W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms: and station L'.V.l in 39° 48' 3(1" N. hit., 70° 40' 30" \V.
Ion., at a depth of 44.". fathoms. A single specimen (Cat. No. 26235, U. S. N. M.) was taken
by the schooner Guy Cunningham off the Grand Bank at a depth of 150 fathoms.

Dr. Giinther, after studyingthe specimens obtained during the voyage of the Challenger,
reached the conclusion that its frequent capture at all depths from surface downward is
only a proof of its abundance in all tropical seas, and of the slowness of its movements,
which prevent it from getting out of the way of the dredge or net. He infers that, like
Argyropeleeus, it is a pelagic fish, which probably lives in shoals, as sometimes more than
one example were obtained in the same haul, and that possibly it may descend to or beyond
the 100 fathom line during the daytime. More information is needed upon all these
points.

ARGYROPELECUS, Cocco.

Arijyrnpi In-us, Cocco, Gioni.Sci. si.il.. 1829, fasc. 77, 146; CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. l'oiss.,

xxn, 392. — Gcxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mils., v, 389; Challenger Report, xxn, 1(37.
Pleurothyris, Lowe, Fish. Madeira, 64.

Trunk much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into the tail, which is narrow;
body covered with a silvery pigment, without regular scales: series of luminous (phosphor-
escent) spots run along the lower side of the head. body, and tail. Head large, compressed,
and elevated, with the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of the mouth wide, with the lower
jaw prominent. The margin of the upper jaw is formed by the intermaxillary and max-
illary, both of these bones having a sharp edge, which is beset with a single series of
minute teeth: lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of small, curved teeth. Eyes
rather large, and, although lateral, directed upward and very close together. Pectorals
well developed, ventrals very small. The humeral arch and the pubic bones arc prolonged
into Hat, pointed processes, which project in the median line of the belly: a series of imbri-
cate scutes runs from the humeral to the pubic bone, forming a sort of serrature along the
belly. The dorsal fin is short and occupies about the middle of the length of the fish; it
is preceded by the first commencement of the formation of a spinous dorsal, several neural

126 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

spines being prolonged beyond the muscles, forming a triangular osseous plate. Adipose
fin rudimentary; anal fin short; caudal forked. Gill opening wide; outer branchial arch
extending forward to behind symphysis of lower jaw and with very long gill rakers; bran-
chiostegals nine; pseudobranehise present; air bladder present. Pyloric appendages
four. (Giinther.)

ARGYROPELECUS HEMIGYMNUS, Cocco. (Figure 147.)

Argyropcleeus hemigymnus, Cocco, in Giorn. Sc. Sic, 1829, fase. 77, 146. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italica. Pesci.

text. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxn, 398. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v.

385. — Challenger Report, xxii, 167. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci., TravaiUeur et Talisman, 103.
Sternoptyx hemigymnus, Valenciennes in Cuvier Regue Animal, III., Poiss. pi. 103, fig. 3. — Goode and

Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v, 10, 220.
Sternoptyx mediterranea, Cocco, in Giorn. II Faro, 1838, iv, 7, fig. 2. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci. fasc.

xxvn, figure.

Height of the body equals the distance between the gill opening and the caudal
base; posterior angle of mandible and angle of the prseoperculuin, each with a small trian-
gular spine; tail slender, without spines. Pectoral reaching nearly to insertion of the anal.

Eadial formula: B. 9; D. 7-8; A. 11; P. 9; V. 5.

A. hemigymnus, is according to Giinther, common in the Mediterranean and neighbor-
ing parts of the Atlantic, and frequently caught at night in the surface net. During the
cruise of the Porcupine an adult example was obtained between Shetland and Faroe, at a
depth of 180 fathoms. Giinther concludes that this fish is of nocturnal habits, living dur-
ing the day at a depth below the surface which varies according to circumstances. The
French expedition obtained it in the Gulf of Marseilles in 1,060 meters; in the Gulf of
Gascony in 741-1,534 meters; off the Canaries in 1,200 meters; off the coast of Portugal, in
950-1,100 meters, and off the coast of Morocco in 1,123 meters.

This form, though usually very rare in the Mediterranean, sometimes is found in such
abundance that it is evident that in certain localities and depths it must be one of the
commonest of forms. Giglioli obtained in September, 1878, at Messina, over seven hundred
in three days, brought to the surface by the swift current passing through the Straits.

Two specimens of this species were obtained by the Blake, from Station cccxv, in 32°
18' 40" N. lat., 78° 43' W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fa-thorns. One specimen (No. 31709, U. S.
N. M.) was takenby the Fish Haul: from station 1112, in 39° 50' N. lat., 70° 35' W. Ion., at
a depth of 245 fathoms; and one by the Albatross from station 2117, in 15° 24' 40" N. lat.,
63° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 683 fathoms.

A species closely similar was taken by the Investigator in the Indian Ocean, station 118,
in 103 fathoms. (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, n, 120.) It may be called A.
AlcocM.

ARGYROPELECUS OLFERSII (Cuvier), C. and V. (Figure 148.)

Sternoptyx Olfersii, Ccvier, Regno Anini , 2d edit., n, 316, pi. xni, fig. 2.— Duben and Koren, in Vet. Akad.

lLindl., 1844, 80, tab. 3, fig. '.'.
Argyropeleous Olfersii, Cuvier and Valenciennes, xxii, 408.— Lowe, Proc. ZooL Soc, 1850, 247. — Gunther,

Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 386.— Vaillant, Exp. Sci TravaiUeur et Talisman, 104.

Height of the body is equal to, or rather less than, distance between the shoulder and
the root of the caudal fin; tail at its base, below the end of the dorsal fin, as high as long.
Mandible with a short, flat spine at its posterior corner; angle of the preoperculHin with a
spine directed downwards; tail without spines. Pectoral fin extends to ventral. (Giinther.)

Eadial formula: B. 9; D. 9; A. 11, P. 10; V. 6.

This species, like the others just described, has hitherto been considered to be a pelagic,
surface form, and has now and then been found as far north as the coast of Norway, and was
taken by the French expedition i >ff Portugal in 950 and 1,015 meters. The Challenger dredged
a specimen 2J inches long, at a depth of 1,125 fathoms, at Station I, off Cape Finisterre.

Dr. Giinther, discussing this occurrence, remarks: "The question arises whether the
fish was really captured at this great depth, or whether it entered the dredge during its

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 127

passage through the surface strata; and I am very much inclined to think that the latter
took place We have very little positive information as to the habits of these fishes, but
we know that they arc commonly obtained near the surface in mid ocean; and from their
structure ;vc may infer that, like all deep, compressed fishes, they are slow swimmers, and
that they can with ease maintain a free position in the water, without the necessity of a
support, remaining as it were at a certain distance from the surface. This may be observed
iu a lish of our own seas with a similar elevated body, viz, the John Dory, in which, how
ever, a rapid andulatory movement of the soft dorsal tin is almost unceasing. The great
development of the luminous organs, combined with the large eyes, indicates the nocturnal
habits of the fish, which would induce it to descend to a greater depth during the day-
time. Also the firm structure of the bones disproves the bathybiaJ habits of Argyropelecus."
The following specimens have been obtained by the steamer Albatross: < at. No. 33296,
U. S. N. M., from station 2043, in 39° 40' N. lat., 68° 28' 30" W. long., at a depth of 1,467
fathoms; Cat. No. 33393, U. S. N. M., from station 2075, in 41^ 40' 30" N. lat., 66° 3,V W.
long., at a depth of 855 fathoms; Cat. Ni . 33495, U. S. N. M., from station 2063 in 42=> 22'
N. lat., 00° 23' W. long., at a depth of 144 fathoms; Cat. No. 33500, IT. S. N. M., from sta
tion 2101 in 39° 18' 30" N. lat., 68° 21' W long., at a depth of 1,680 fathoms; Cat. No. 35467,
U. S. N. M., from station 2195 in 39° 44' N. lat., 70° 03' W. long., at a depth of 1 ,058 fat horns;
Cat. No. 355J ',4, IT. S. N. M., from station 2208 in 39° 33' 71" N. lat,, 16° 15' W. Ion-., at a
depth of 1,178 fathoms; Cat. No. 35561, IT S. N. M., from station 2209, in 39° 34' 45" N. lat.,
71° 21' 30" W. long., at a depth of 1,080 fathoms; Cat. No. 38211, U. 8. N. M., from station
2728, in 36° 30' N. lat., 74° 33' W. long., at a depth of S59 fathoms; Cat. 43855, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 2717, in 38° 24' N. lat., 71° 13' W. long., at a depth of 1,615 fathoms (Sp. nova ?) ;
and a specimen from station 2505, in 38° 19' 20" N. lat., 69° 02' 30" W. long., at a depth of
2,009 fathoms. A single specimen was obtained from the Grand Banks by a- Gloucester
fisherman.

ARGYROPELECUS D'URVILLII, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Argyropelecus d'Urvillii, Cuvieh &, Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., xxn, 405. — Gunthek, Cat, Fish. Brit.
Mus., v. 1864, 386.

The height of the body ecpials the distance between the gdl opening and the root of the
caudal; tail much higher at its base than in A.hemigymnus; mandible without prominent
spine at its posterior corner; angle of the preoperculum with a spine directed downwards;
tail without spines. The pectoral fin does not extend to the hind margin of the trunk.
( Valenciennes.)

Eadial formula: B. 9; D. 9; A. 10; P. 10; V. 0.

This form is known only from mid-Atlantic; it may possibly yet be found to be identical
with A. hemigymnus.

ARGYROPELECUS ACULEATUS, Valenciennes.

Argyropelecus aculeatus, Cuvier & Valewciennes, Hist. Nat. l'uiss., xxn, 406.— Gunthek, Cat, Fiah. Brit.

Mus., v 1864, 386.
Argyropelecus acanthurus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, loc. cit., 40*.

The height of the body equals the distance between the posterior margin of the pre-
operculum and the root of the caudal: ail very slender. Mandible with a very obtuse
spine, at its posterior corner; preoperculum with a spine directed downwards. A double
row <>f spines along the lower side of the tail. ( Valenciennes.)

B.9; D. 9; A. 14; P. 10; V. 7.

'l'h is form has only been found at sea off the Azores. It may probably prove to be a form
of one of the better-known species.

STERNOPTYCHIDES, Ogilby.

Sternoptyehides, Ogilby, Proo. Linnaean Society, NVu South Wales (2d ser. i, hi, 1313, 1X88.

"Pseudobranchiae present; head and trunk much elevated and compressed, the latter
passing gradually into the moderately long pedicle; the margin of the upper jaw formed by

128 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the intermaxillary anil maxillary, each of which bears a row of long, recurved teeth at a con-
siderable distance from one another; mandible with a similar row, one of which on either
side is much more developed ; two scries of phosphorescent spots along the lower side of the
head, body, and tail."

The type species, S. amabilis, Ogilby, was described from three mutilated specimens
picked up dead on the beach at Lord Howe's Island.

The following brief statement of diagnostic characters is given by Ogilby.

Height of body, three-fifths of total length. Least height of pedicle, about one-tenth
of height of body. Length of snout, about one half of diameter of eye. Colors, silvery.

Radial formula: D. 5, 11-12; A. 13 (?); V. ('?); P. 10 (?); C. 6, 18, 6 ( !).

POLYIPNUS, GUnther.

Polyipnus, Gunther. Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 170, (type, P. spinosus, from the surface near the Philippine

Islands.)

Polyipnus differs from Sternoptyx in having the body covered with very large anterior
scales and in lacking the anterior spinal dilatation of the anal fin. Its body is more reg-
ular in form, there being no deep indentation at the base ot the tail; and there are other
salient characteristics, chief among them the extraordinary development of the luminous
organs in size and number, not less than 55 phosphorescent organs on each side.

The type of this genus is Polyipnus spinosus (Fig. 149), obtained by the Challenger
between the Philippine Islands and Borneo at a depth of 250 fathoms (GUnther, Challenger
Report xxn, 170, pi. li, fig. B.) and by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal 188-210 fath-
oms. It differs from Sternoptyx in having the body a more regular shape, there being no
deep indentation by which the tail is separated from the trunk, and in other characteristics
described by Gimther.

FAMILY IDIACANTHID^E.

Idiacanthidce, Gill, Ms.

Malacopterygians, with spiny processes from anterior portion of vertebra? projecting
through the skin of the body. Pectorals absent. Body naked. Dorsal fin beginning in
advance of the vent. (Gill.)

IDIACANTHUS, Peters.

Idiacanlhus, Peters, Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, 846. — GCnther (type, J.fasciola, Peters), Chal-
lenger Report, xxn, 215.
Baihyophis, Guntiier, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 5th series, II, 181.

Body extremely narrow and elongate, snake-like, naked. Vent far behind the middle
of the length of the body. Head large, compressed, with the snout of moderate length, and
with the cleft of the mouth nearly as long as the head. Teeth in the jaws extremely large,
numerous, of unequal size, depressible. Similar teeth on the tongue and on each side of
the vomer. Eye rather small. Opercular portion of the head narrow. A long barbel
anteriorly on the hyoid. The dorsal commences above the ventrals, and extends nearly
to the anal ; the anal also is long, commencing behind the vent. Pectorals none. Ventrals
inserted before the middle of the body. A small phosphorescent organ above the mid-
dle of the upper jaw, and a series of small, luminous dots along each side of the abdomen
and along the outer ventral ray. Similar organs on the tail. Gill openings extremely
wide. (GUnther.)

Idiacanthus fasciola, the type of the genus. Mas described from two small surface
specimens in the Berlin Museum, from the seas north of New Guinea and Australia.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 129

1 1 'I M an llii S I EEOX, <■' x mi n. (Figure 151.)

Bathyophi* ferox, GOnther, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. 1878, ii, L81.

I d i a f mi i luii ferox, G1 mih r, Challengei Report, wu. 216, pi. in, lig. 1>.

Vent situated at the sixth eighth of the total length. < iommencemenl of the dorsal lin
opposite to the root of the ventrals. Black. D. 60; A. 45; V. 6. [Gimther.)

The Challenger obtained one specimen, 8 inches long, ai station G3, in the middle of the
North Atlantic; depth, L.',7.">0 fathoms.

Order LYOPOMI.

Lyopomx, Gill, American Naturalist, 1889 (Nov.), 1016.

Teleosts with the scapular arch constituted by the proscapnla, postero-temporal and
post-temporal, the post-temporal discrete from the side of the cranium, and impinging on
the supra occipital; the bypercoracoid and hypocoracoid lamellar, and the fenestra or fora-
men in the upper margin of the hypocoracoid; the mesocoracoid absent; the actinosts
normal; the cranium with the condyle confined to the basi occipital; the opercular appa-
ratus characteristic, the preoperculum being entirely detached from the suspensorium, rudi-
mentary, and connected only with the lower jaw; the operculum normally connected; the
suboperculum enlarged and partly usurping the usual position of the preoperculum, in com-
pany with the suborbital chain, which is extended backwards toward the opercular margin;
jaw bones complete and normal; palatiues, entopterygoid, and ectopterygoid uormally de-
veloped; the anterior vertebrae separate, and the ventrals abdominal.

Family HALOSAURID^E.
Halosaitrido . GirNTHER, Cat, Fish. Brit, Mus., vn, 1868, 482.

Body covered with cycloid scales; head scaly; barbels none. Margin of the upper jaw
formed by the intermaxillaries mesially, and by the maxillaries laterally. Opercular appa-
ratus incomplete. Adipose flu none. The short dorsal belongs to the abdominal part of
the vertebral column; anal very long. Stomach with a blind sac; intestine short; pyloric
appendages in moderate number. Pseudobranchiffl none; air bladder large, simple; gill
openings wide. Ovaries closed.

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF HALOSAURID^E.

I. Ventrals normal. No second dorsal I'm.

A. Vertex covered with scales. Scales of lateral line scarcely enlarged. Snout obtusely rounded. Head

without angular ridges. Ana] comparatively high Halosaurus

1. Prcoral portion of snout equal to half its length.

Height of body nearly equal to half length of head and one-seventeenth of total. Diameter
of eye two-fifths postorbital portion of head and much greater than width of interorbita]
space. About (iO scales in lateral line in front of vent H. Owenii, Johnson

2. Preoral portion of snout less than half its length.

Height of body about one-third length of head and one twenty-fifth of total.

Diameter of eye nearly two-fifths of postorbital portion of head and equal to width of inter-
orbital space. About 55 scales in lateral line in front of vent . . . -H. Johnsonianus, Vaillant

Diameter of eye half length of postorbital portion of head (which is equal to that of snout).
and much greater than width of interorbital space. About (37 scales in lateral line in front
of vent H. Gf'NTHERl, Goode and Beau

B. Vertex scaleless. Scales of lateral line enlarged, provided with photophores. Snout pointed. Head

willi prominent lateral ridges. Anal moderately high, its height one-third to one-fourth of

ili a i of dorsal Aldrovandia, Goode and Bean

1. Snout much produced (length equal to or greater than distance from eye to root of pectoral I.
a. Preoral portion of snout exceeds half its length. I ii a meter of eye considerably less than width
of interorbita] space. Twenty-four scales in lateral line in front of vent.

A. bostrata i Giinther)
irises— No. •> ;i

130 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

b. Preoral portion of snout nearly equals half its length. Diameter of eye equal to width of
interorbital space. Twenty-nine scales of lateral line in front of vent.

[A. affinis (Giinther). South of Japan.]*
2. Snout moderately produced (its length not exceeding postoeular portion of head).

a. Preoral portion of snout contained 3 times in its entire length. Diameter of eye one-half

width of interorbital space (two-fifths postoeular portion of head). About 26 scales in
lateral line in front of vent A. MACROCHIR (Giinther)

b. Preoral portion of snout 3J in its length. Diameter of eye less than one-half width of inter-

orbital space (5 in postoeular portiou of head) A. Goodei (Hill)

c. Preoral portion of snout 3i in its length. 1 liameter of eyo equal to width of interorbital space

(3 in postoeular portion of head). Dorsal origin far behind root of ventral. About 20 sub-
oval scales in lateral line in front of vent A. piialacrcs (Vaillant)

d. Preoral portion of snout 4 in its length. Diameter of eye two-thirds width of interorbital space

(= one-fourth postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin behind root of ventral. About 18
scales in lateral line in front of vent. . . [A. MEDIOROSTRIS (Giinther). West of Philippines.]

e. Preoral portion of snout 2J in its length. Diameter of eye exceeds width of interorbital space

(=2£ in postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin behind root of ventral. Eighteen to
twenty scales in lateral line in front of vent. A slender species; its height 20 J in total
length A. gracilis (Goode and P>ean)

f. Preoral portion of snout about 2 in its length. Diameter of eye equal to width of interorbital

space (2J in postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin over base of last rays of ventral.
Twenty-seven scales in lateral line in front of vent. A stout species; its height 15 J in total
length A. pallida (Goode and Bean)

g. Preoral portion of snout 2 in its length. Diameter of eye greater than the width of inter-

orbital space (2J in postorbital length of head). Scales of lateral line slightly enlarged. A

slender species [A. anguilliformis (Alcock). Gulf of Manaar.]

II. Ventrals united into a broad, flat flake. A rudimentary, keel-like second dorsal.

Vertex scaly. Scales of lateral line not enlarged. Snout elongate Halosaurichthys, Alcock

1. Snout produced, its lenth 3 times that of its preoral portion. Diameter of eye greater than
width of interorbital space (2 J in postoeular portion of head).

[H. CAlUNICAUDA, Alcock. Andaman Sea.]

HALOSAURUS, Johnson.
Halosaurus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 406.

Body elongate, clothed with cycloid scales ; belly rounded ; tail compressed and tapering
to a point. Snout projecting much beyond the mouth, which is nonprotractile and of mod-
erate size, with the upper border formed by the premaxillary and maxillary bones, the
former small, the latter of moderate size and not reaching beyond the eye, both dentiferous.
Teeth in villiform bands, in the jaws, and on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. A short
dorsal over the space between the abdominal ventrals and the long anal, which is coalescent
with the caudal, the latter consisting of very few rays. Large gill openings. Branchiostegal
membrane with numerous rays. Stomach csecal; pyloric creca in moderate number ; a large
air bladder. No pseudobranchia?, no barbel nor adipose dorsal.

HALOSAURUS OWENI, Johnson. (Figure 152.)

Halosaurus Owcn'i, Johnson, P. Z. S. Lond., 1863, 406, pi. xxxvi, fig. 2.— Gunther, Cat., VII, 428; Chal-
lenger Report, 1887, xxu, 236.

The type, from Madeira, 17 J inches long, was long the only specimen known.

Snout produced, its preoral portion being nearly one-half of its length. Eye rather
large, the length of its diameter being two -fifths of the postoeular portion of the head, and
much more than the width of the interorbital space. The maxillary reaches the vertical
from the front margin of the eye. The length of the head is more than its distance from
the ventral fin, the base of which is entirely in front of and somewhat remote from the
base of the dorsal. Pectoral fin with narrow base, very long, extending nearly to the root
of the ventral. Scales of the lateral line scarcely larger than the others, without phosphor-
escent organs being visible in the only specimen known. Anterior portion of the dorsal fin
covered with small scales; anal fin scaleless. Brownish, silvery on the abdomen. (Gunther.)

* From S. of Japan, Challenger, 565 fathoms, and Andaman Sen, Investigator, 1,000 fathoms. H. Hoskynii,
Alcock, is probably the same.

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 131

Height, 14,V in total length. Head, 7£. Eye, 2 in snout, 5 in bead, reaching to profile.
Interorbital space less than long- diameter of eye. Snout scaleless. .Mouth moderate, not
nearly reaching tip of snout. Dorsal fin over the space between ventral tins and vent.
Longest dorsal rays (second and third) twice, as long as the base of the fin. Pectorals scale
less, longer than ventrals. Vent nils scaly. Vent in anterior half of total length. No anal
papilla. Base of anal scaly. Caudal consists of two hair-like rays. Lateral line very low
down and disappearing posteriorly.

Radial formula: B. 14; D. 11; A. 191; P. 11; V. 10; scales, 14-ca. 170-6.

The first individual obtained was caught in February. It was a female with eggs,
which were in two masses lying side by side, 5i inches long, notcovered with a sac Pyloric
cujca 12, small. Air bladder 5 inches long and with a delicate silvery coat, intestine
straight. Peritoneum black anteriorly, posteriorly with patches of black lines on a pale
ground. (Johnson.) Two specimens (No. 34418, U. S. N. M.), one 10i inches and the other
21 inches in length, were obtained by the Albatross at station 2181, in 39° 29' N. hit., 71° 40'
W. Ion., at a depth of 093 fathoms.

Others were obtained by the Blake at stations Lxvn, 128-240 fathoms, and lxviii,
243-458 fathoms, off Guadeloupe and Santa Lucia.

HALOSAURUS JOHNSONIANUS, Vaillant. (Figure 153.)
Halosaurus Johnsoniamis, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisruau, 181, pi, xv, fig. 2, 2\ 2b, 2C, 2*.

This Halosaurus is very similar to the preceding, but does not appear to reach so large
a size. The form is more slender, the height not exceeding one twenty-fifth of the total
length ; the body is cylindrical, but it should be remarked that we have not obtained a sin-
gle example in a state of preservation comparable to that of certain individuals of the pre-
ceding species (Halosaurus Oweni).

The form of the head, the proportions of the muzzle, those of the eye and the inter-
orbital space, the arrangement of the gill cover offer nothing distinctive. Moreover, if we
may be able to judge, this last is not scaled; but on the temples and the upper part of the
head scales are present without doubt.

The vent is very little behind the anterior third of the body and is distant from the
end of the snout only 3 times the length of the head.

The origin of the dorsal is at a distance from the end of the snout equal to twice the
length of the head. The pectorals do not reach nearly to the insertion of the ventrals,
which is at a distance from the end of the snout less than twice the length of the head;
the ventral is wholly in advance of the dorsal.

The coloration, although approaching that of Halosaurus Oweni, Johnson, shows certain
differences. Each scale shows at its free extremity a black spot, forming a reticulation in
check pattern. The dark scales of the lateral line form a pronounced band; finally, as in the
following pages, the dark color of the branchial cavity is more extended on the scapular
regions, extends across the gill covers and on the whole head. These characters, together
with the accessory characters, are sufficient to distinguish this species from the preceding,
to which it is nearly related.

Radial formula: B.12; D.1,10; A. 186(1); V.1,8.

Total length of type (millimeters), 390. Height, 15.04. Thickness, 12.03. Head, 47.12-
Snout, 22.47. Diameter of eye, 7.15. Interorbital space, 4.08. — Vaillant.

Ninety-six individuals are tabulated by Vaillant; the localities are off the Morocco
coast, the Canaries, Soudan, and on Arguin Bank, the depths ranging from 834 to 2,115
meters.

HALOSAURUS GUNTHERI, Goode and Bean, n. s.

Vertex scaly. Snout produced, its preoral portion contained 2^ times in its length.
Eye large, its length equal to half that of the snout, half that of postocular portion of the
head, and much wider than the width of the interorbital space, and contained 5 times in
the length of the head. Maxillary reaching nearly to front margin of the eye. Length of

132 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the head is less than its distance from the root of the ventral, the origin of which is slightly
in front of that of the dorsal, the origin of the dorsal being over the posterior portion of the
root of the ventral, and also over the thirty-first scale in the specialized lateral line. Two
scales between lateral line and origin of the ventral; ventral broad, the length slightly
longer than that of longest dorsal. Pectoral fin moderate, extending less than half way
from its owi base to the root of the ventral, its length equal to half that of the head. Scales
on the lateral line not much enlarged, 07 in advance of the vent. The base of the dorsal
and anal scaly. Color brownish ; under surface of head lighter.

Radial formula: D. 11; P. 16; V. 1, it; L. traus. 15 | 5.

A single specimen was obtained by the Albatross from station 27-2, lat. 39° 13' N., long.
72° 1' W., at the depth of 591 fathoms.

ALDROVANDIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Lyopomi, with ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin; vertex scaleless; scales of lateral
line enlarged, provided with photophores. Head with pointed snout and prominent lateral
ridges. Anal fin moderate, high; its height one-third to one-fourth that of dorsal. Type
Halosaurus rost7-atus, Giinther.

This genus is dedicated to Ulysses Aldrovandus, of Bologna, the founder of the first
natural history mnseum, whose name, strangely enough, has never been honored by asso-
ciation with a genus of animals or plants.

ALDROVANDIA ROSTRATA,(Gunther). (Figure 154,)

Halosaurus rostratus, GCntiier, Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 252. Challenger Report, xxu, 241, pi.

lix, tig. 1>. 1887.

"The length of the head much exceeds the height of the body. The snout very much
produced, spatulate, its preoral portion being more than one half of its length. Eye of
moderate size, its length being one-third of the postocular portion of the head, and consid-
erably less than the width of the interorbital space. Maxillary scarcely reaching the front
margin of the eye. The length of the head is a little more than its distance from the root
of the ventral, which is nearly entirely situated before the dorsal. Nearly all the scales are
lost, but some of the lateral line remain; they are much larger than the other scales; and
on the tail, where the lateral line approaches the lower profile, these larger scales fill up all
the space between the lateral line and the anal fin.

" Distance of the snout from the mouth, SJ, lines; distance of the snout from the eye, 1
inch 3 lines; distance of the snout from the root of the pectoral, 2 inches 7 lines; distance
of the snout from the root of the ventral, 1 inches 10 lines; distance of the snout from the
origin of the dorsal, 5 inches 8 lines; distance of the snout from the vent, 6 inches 11 lines;
total length, 20 inches.

" Bones of the head very thin; operculum smooth, covered with a very fine membrane.
The lower part of the side of the head is occupied from the snout to the gill opening by two
exceedingly wide muciferous channels, of which one takes its origin on the preorbital, the
other on the mandible, and which open behind at the gill opening by a common and very
wide aperture. Branchial apparatus as in the other species. The dentition is very similar
to that of Halosaurus macrochir, but the palatine patches are crescent-shaped and rather
widely separated from the pterygoid band.

"The scales of the lateral line are about three times the size of the others, and about
twenty-four in number between the gill opening and the vent. Each bears a luminous
organ, vertically elongated and rhombic, but not extending to the upper and lower margins
of the scales. Light color, the lower part of the head and the gill cover black; abdominal
region blackish."

Radial formula: B. 9; D. 10; V. 9, 10; L. transv. 13 | 6.

The type, a single specimen, 22 inches long, is from the Mid- Atlantic Challenger station
63; depth, 2,750 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPE( IKS AND TIIKIK DISTEIBUTION. 133

ALDROVANDLA MACROCHIRA, (GCnther). (Figures 155 155a.)

HalonnuruK macrochir, QOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1878, n, 251 ; Challenger Report, wii, 1887, 237,

1>1. ux, fig. A.
Baloiaurus macrochir, Goode and Bean, Hull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 219.

Snout moderately produced, the preoraJ portion forming only one-third of its length.
Bye rather small, one-fourth of the postocular portion of the head, and one-half of the
width of the interorbital space. Maxillary reaching to the front margin of the eye. The
length of the head is more than its distance from the root of the ventral, the origin of
which is immediately in front of that of the dorsal. Pectoral tin with narrow base, very
long, extending nearly to the root of the ventral. Scales of the lateral line larger than the
others, more or less hidden in a pouch of black skin, with a phosphorescent organ at the
base of the free portion. These large scales are continued for some length on the tail and
cover the base of the anal fin, which, like the dorsal, is covered in its basal half with small
scales. Uniform black.

The entire head is naked ; only the upper portions of the gill cover and of the cheek are
covered with scales similar to those of the body.

The baud of intermaxillary teeth is broader than the maxillary band. Palatine teeth
in two separate patches, each being of an oval shape, with the pointed end directed for-
wards; pterygoid teeth in a very narrow band, which extends far backwards in the cavity
of the mouth; basibranehials with a long and broad band.

Pour well developed "ills. Outer branchial arch with 14 widely-set gill rakers, of
which the middle ones are slender and as long as the eye, the others becoming shorter
towards the ends of the series.

Eadial formula: B. 12; D. 13; V. 10; P. 11-13; L. transv. 14 | 5.

This form is common in the central parts of the Atlantic, where it was first discovered
by the Challenger, off the Strait of Gibraltar, Station V; depth, 1,090 fathoms: one speci-
men, 21 J inches long. Near Marion Island, station 140; depth, 1,375 fathoms; four speci-
mens, 18 to 20 inches long.

Specimens were also obtained by the Blake, at Station cccvm, in 41° 24' 25" N. hit.,
65° 35' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,242 fathoms, and Station cccxxv, in 33° 35' 20" X. lat.,
76° 00' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 047 fathoms.

The Albatross secured specimens from the following localities: No. 33312. 1". S. N. M.
from station 2051, in 39° 41' X. lat., 69° 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,100 fathoms: No.
33365, U. S.N. M., from station 2077, in 41° 09' 40" N. hit.. 66° 02' 20" W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,255 fathoms, and also from station 2074, in 41° 43' X. lat,, 05° 21' 50" \Y. Ion., at a
depth of 1,309 fathoms; station 2534, in 40° 01' X. lat., 07° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of
1,234 fathoms; station 2110. in 35° 45' 23" N. hit., 74-' 31' 25" W. Ion., at a depth of 888
fathoms; station 2140, in 17° 36' 10" X. lat., 76° 46' 05" W. Ion., at a depth of 966 fathoms;
station 2550, in 39° 44' 30" X. lat., 70° 30' 45" \V. Ion., at a depth of 1,081 fathoms: station
2111, in 35° 09' 50" X. lat., 74° 57' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 938 fathoms: station 2106, in
37° 41' 20" X. lat,, 73° 03' 20" W. Ion.; station 2563, in 39° 18' 30" X. lat.. 71° 23' 30" W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,422 fathoms; station 2502, in 39° 15' 30" X. hit., 71 = 25' W. Ion., at a
depth of 1,434 fathoms; station 2550, in 39° 44' 30" X. lat,, 70° 30' 45" \V. Ion., at a depth
of 1,081 fathoms; station 2571. in 40° 09' 30" X. hit,, 07° 09' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,356
fathoms; station 2504, in 39° 22' X. hit., 71° 23' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,390 fathoms.
and station 2533 in 40° 16' 30" X. hit., 07 = 20' 15" \V. Ion., at a depth of 828 fathoms.

ALDROVANDIA UOODEI,(Gill.).
Halosaurus Gooiici, Gnx, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1881, LT.T.

The snout is moderately produced, its preoral portion forming two-sevenths of its
own length; the eye is small, equal to about one-fifth of the postocular portion of the
head, and measuring a little less than one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The

134 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

head is longer than the distance between it and the root of the ventral. The supramaxil-
lary reaches the vertical of the front margin of the eye. The dorsal is entirely behind the
ventrals; the anal commences as far behind the root of the ventrals as the latter is behind
the preoperculum; the pectorals nearly reach backward to the ventrals. The squamation
is similar to that of the A. macrochira.

Kadial formula: B. 12; D. 1 10-11; V. I, 8.
The type of this description (No. 32281) was obtained by the Albatross at station 2037,
iat,, 3S° 53' N., Ion., 69=> 23' 30" W., at a depth of 1,731 fathoms. Others were obtained
from stations 2051, 1,100 fathoms; 2035, 1,362 fathoms; 2052, 1,098 fathoms.

ALDROVANDIA PHALACRUS, (Vaillant). (Figure 156.)
Halosaurus phalacrus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 185, pL xv, fig. 3; pi. xvi, figs. 1 — lc.

In appearance and in general proportions this species approaches the Halosaurus
macrochir of Giinther, being, however, a little more slender, so that the height is less than
one-twentieth of the total length; the body is a little more compressed.

The head is one-ninth of the total length; it is equally depressed below and notably
more elongate, so that the muzzle is spatuliform. The snout is three sevenths of the length
of the head, the preoral portion occupying its anterior third. The horizontal diameter of
the eye equals the width of the interorbital space and is one-seventh of the length of the
head. Scales on the operculum and the temporal region; upper part of the head naked.

The origin of the dorsal is at a distance from the tip of the snout equal to the length of
the head. Pectorals not reaching to the insertion of the ventrals, which are at a distance
from the gill opening notably less than the length of the head; the ventrals are short and
placed in advance of the dorsal. This tish in the fresh state shows a flesh pink tint; the
anal dusky, approaching to brown; the head bluish black. Total length (millimeters), 430;
height, 20.04; thickness, 13.03; length of the head, 53.12; length of the snout, 21.45; diame-
ter of the eye, 8.15; width of interorbital space, 8.15.

Radial formula: B. 10; D. 1, 9; A. 200; 1 V. 1, 7.

The examples recorded by Vaillant are from oft' the coast of Morocco, Soudan, and the
Azores, in depths ranging from 1,103 to 2,220 meters.

ALDROVANDIA GRACILIS, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 157.)

This is a very slender species and resembles H. rostratus, from which it differs in having
a larger eye, a smaller number of modified scales in the lateral line, and in having the vent
placed more posteriorly. The description is made from the Albatross specimen taken at
station 2380. The length of this individual is 490 millimeters. The greatest height of the
body (24 millimeters) is contained 204 times in the total length, and about 2i times in the
length of the head. The greatest width of the body (17 millimeters) is two-thirds of its
greatest height. The length of the head (GO millimeters) is contained s1, times in the total.
The greatest width of the head (17 millimeters) equals the length of the maxilla. 1 >istance
from the end of the mouth to the tip of the snout (11 millimeters) equals nearly one-fifth
the length of the head. The length of the snout (27 millimeters) is a little greater than
the length of the mandible. The width of the interorbital space (7 millimeters) is about
one-fourth the length of the snout and three-fourths the length of the eye. The maxilla
extends to slightly beyond the anterior margin of the eye; the mandible a little behind the
end of the eye. At present the head contains a few scales in several series behind the eye.
The diameter of the eye (9 millimeters) is equal to one-third the length of the snout, and
about two-fifths of the length of the postorbital part of the head. The mouth is rather
large. Teeth on the intermaxillaries and mandible in somewhat broader bands than those
on the maxilla. Vomerine patches broad, well separated in front. Tip of tongue free.
Integumentary flap not extending much beyond the margin of the subopercle. Branchi-
ostegals, 10; gill rakers, 2 above, 12 below, the longest scarcely half as long as the eye
The distance of the dorsal from the tip of snout (122 millimeters) is twice the greatest

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 135

length of the head. The length of the base (17 millimeters) is two-thirds of the height of
the body. The longest ray is two-fifths as long as the head and nearly equal to the height
of the body, about 34 rows of scales in front of the dorsal. The ventral is entirely in
advance of the dorsal; its distance from the end of the head (49 millimeters) equal to the
distance from the tip of the mandible to the end of the head. The length of the ventral
1 18 millimeters) is about equal to that of the dorsal base and twice the length of the eye.
The origin of the ventral is about under the twenty-eighth row of scales. The distance of
the vent from the origin of the ventral (66 millimeters) is greater than the length of the
head; it is close to the anal origin. The distance from the dorsal origin to that of the anal
(53 millimeters) equals 3 times the length of the dorsal base. Nine or 10 enlarged scales in
the lateral line in front of the ventral origin and about the same number between the
ventral and the vent.

The dorsal is scaly, less than one-half of its height; about 12 rows of scales between
the dorsal origin and the lateral line, and only about two rows below the lateral line.

Scales silvery, the light orange-brown body color showing through them. Branchios-
tegal membrane bluish; inner surface of gill covers nearly black; inside of month bluish.

Three specimens are known, one obtained by the Blake, at Station lxx, off Guadaloupe,
769 fathoms; one at station 2380 by the Albatross, and another at station 2381 by the same
vessel. Station 2380 is in N. lat. 28° 02' 30", W. Ion. 87° 43' 45", from 1,430 fathoms. Sta-
tion 2381 is in K. lat. 28° 05' 00", W. Ion. 87° 56' 15", 1,330 fathoms.

It is not impossible that this species may be identical with 17. Jolinsoniamts of Vaillant,
but the types of the French naturalist were so much mutilated that his description is not
sufficient to establish the relationship.

ALDROVANDIA PALLIDA, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 158.)

Greatest height of the body at origin of the dorsal and is contained 15 times in the
total length, and is about one-half the greatest length of the head, which is, including
the subopercular flap, 78 millimeters, and contained about 1% times in the total length.
The greatest width of the body (21 millimeters) is a little more than one half its greatest
height. The greatest depth of the head (24 millimeters) is a little less*than one-third of its
length and nearly equal to its greatest width. The head is naked, with the exception of a
patch of scales beginning behind the eye; its greatest width (10 millimeters) nearly equal
tooue-half the width of the body. The eye is midway between the tip of the snout and the
end of the head. Its long diameter (11 millimeters) equal to one third the length of the
snout (33 millimeters), also equal to the width of the interorbital space. The nostrils are
close to the front of the eye, the anterior in a short tube, which ends in a little pointed flap;
the posterior larger, nearly elliptical in shape. The distance from the front margin of the
mouth to the tip of the snout (16 millimeters) equals nearly one-half the length of the snout.
The maxilla extends to below the front margin of the eye. Teeth in broad, villiform bands
on the intermaxilla, mandible, and vomer; in narrower bands on the maxilla and palatines.
End of the tongue barely free. The integumentary flap projecting beyond the margin of
the suboperculum. The dorsal originates about over the end of the base of the ventral.
Its distance from the tip of the snout a little more than twice the length of the head. The
length of its base, (23 millimeters) nearly equal to thegreatesi depth ofthe head. The basal
half of the fin is profusely covered with scales; it consists of two simple and nine divided
rays. The longest dorsal ray (30 millimeters) equals three fourths the greatest height of
the body. The last ray (12 millimeters) is two-fifths as long as the third. The ventralis
distant from the snout a space about equal to twice the length of the head. It consists of
two simple and seven divided rays; the longest ray (23 millimeters) equal to base of dorsal.
The pectoral is placed above the middle of the, body not far from the head. Its length (35
millimeters) equal tooue-half the distance of its base from the origin ofthe ventral; it reaches
to about the seventeenth row of scales. The vent is under the sixty-third scale ofthe lateral
line; there are about 12 rows of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line

136 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

and about 2£ rows between the lateral line and the origin of the ventral. The lateral line
is composed of enlarged and modified scales, and becomes obliterated about the middle of
the length of the tail. There are 15 or 16 of these enlarged scales between the head and
the origin of the ventral; about 27 between the vent and the head. The distance from the
origin of the ventral to the anus (73 millimeters) is nearly equal to the length of the head.
The anal fin begins not far behind the vent and contains about 100 rays. The caudal, which
is long and slender, contains about 1 rays; the pectoral 13. The membrane covering the
anal rays is scaled throughout almost its entire length. Gill rakers rather short and few;
three above the angle, twelve below.

The color of the scales is a light silveryr gray, through which the body color appears as
alight orange-brown. Branchiostegal membrane and opercular bones bluish. Inside of
gill covers very dark blue.

A single individual, the type of the species, 600 millimeters in length, was taken by the
Blake at Station clxxiii, in 24° 30' 1ST. lat., 84° 05' W. Ion., at a depth of 955 fathoms.

Specimens were also obtained by the Albatross, as follows: No. 38140, U. S. N. M.,from
Station 2729, in 30° 26' 1ST. lat., 74° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 679 fathoms; No. 33379, U. S.
N. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' N. lat., 05° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858 fathoms; No.
35418, U. S. N. M., from station 2181, in 39° 29' N. lat., 71° 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 093
fathoms; No. 35551, U. S. X. M., from station 2210, in 39° 47' N. lat., 70= 30' 30" W, Ion., at
a depth of 963 fathoms; No. 35038, U. S. N. M., from station 2231, in 38° 29' N. lat,, 73° 09'
W. Ion., at a depth of 965 fathoms, and also from station 2381, in 28° 05' N. lat., 87° 56' 15"
W. Ion., at a depth of 1,330 fathoms; station 2380, in 28° 02' 30" N.lat., 87° 43' 45" W.lon.,
at a depth of 1,430 fathoms, and station 2533, in 40° 16' 30" N, lat., 67° 26' 15" W. Ion., at
a depth of 828 fathoms.

HALOSAURICHTHYS, Alcock.

Halosaurirhthys, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889 (Nov.), 454; Bathybial Fishes of the Bay of
Bengal, 30.

Halosaurids having body long and low, somewhat compressed. Scales of lateral line
not enlarged. Tail long and tapering. Snout overhanging the mouth. Mouth narrow. Teeth
villiform in broad bands on jaws and hyoid, forming a broad crescent in the prominent
loose palatines and a short, narrow band in the pterygoids. A long, rudimentary second dor-
sal and a short first dorsal over axil of ventrals. Anal confluent with caudal. Ventrals
united in a broad, flat plate.

A single species, H. carinicauda, represented by a single specimen taken by the Inves-
tigator in the Andaman Sea, 490 fathoms.

Order APODES.

Apodcs, Kacp, Catalogue of Apodal Fishes in British Museum, 1856. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bulletin xvi,
U. S. Nat, Mus., 354.— Gill, Century Dictionary,- 262.

Physostome fishes with the intermaxillaries atrophied or lost, the supermaxillaries lat-
eral, and with scapular arch but slightly developed and free behind the cranium. No ven-
tral fins. Symplectic bone lacking. Opercular apparatus and palatopterygoid arch but
slightly developed. Scales minute or wanting. No psendobrauchue, Gill openings mod-
erate. Air bladder (if present) with pneumatic duct. Vertebra} numerous. Vertical fins
spineless, usually confluent at caudal.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA FAMILIES OF APODES.

I. Tongue with free margin, more or less broad.
A. Pectoral fins present.

1. Gill openings distinct and separate.

a. Gill openings lateral. Scales present or absent.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 137

Nip scales, Jaws even. Tee1 li present or absenl on vomer Lepto* i ph \i id i

Scales present, minute. Lowerja'H projecting. Vomerine teeth [Anguilli

b. Gill openings horizontal, inferior. Scales present. Lips obsolete, or marly so.

' Snout obtuse. Jaws powerful. Teeth in jaws blunt, uniserial, with none on vomer.

SlMlMlll l.l ID e

" Snout conical, .laws moderately strong. Teeth sump, in bands in jaws and on vomer.

Il/i ■ ti-u 1 1 > 1:
2. Gill openings inferior and confluent,
a. Head conical ; tongue small.

' Posterior nostrils close to eye. Branchiostegals shortened Synaphobrani jiih.i:

1$. Pectoral lins absent.

1. GiU openings distinct, lateral. Scabs wanting. Mouth oblique, with projecting lower jaw
and sin lit obtuse snout.

a. Body and tail very elongate. Teeth in bands in jaws and on vomer Betekocongridj

II. Tongue narrow, not free. No scales.
Gill openings rather wide.
A. Pectorals strong.

1. End of tail normally surrounded by vertical fins. Skeleton linn. Skin thick.

a. Jaws model ate. Vomer dentigerous Mi'r.isi -mm ii> i

' Dorsal and anal well developed Huroenesoeince

* Vertical fins scarcely developed except on tail [Stilbiscina;.]

li. Pectorals moderate, weak, or absent.

1. End of tail more or less free.

a. Posterior nostrils in lip or near it; anterior ouo sometimes tubular OPHICHTHYID E

* Fins present, at least on back Ophichthyince

** Fins absent Sphagebranchinoe

2. Tip of tail more or less surrounded.

a. Dorsal well developed; peetorals sometimes united Myrincc

Gill openings small, subinferior.
A. Peetorals lacking.

1. End of tail prolonged in a filament. Skin thin. Skeleton weak.
a. .Taws straight, slender, the upper longest.

' Teeth sharp, recurved. Vomer with a long series NETTA8TOMTD.fi

Gill openings convergent forward, separate or confluent.
A. Pectorals present (in American genera i.

1. Jaws very long, recurved at tip NEMICHTHYID i

Family LEPTOCEPHALID^E.

Congerida, Katjp, Cat. Apodal Fish, in Brit. Mus.,1856, 108.
Congridce, Jokdan & Davis, Rep. V. s. F. c, 1888 (1891), 658.
Leptocephalida, Gill, Ms.

Body terete, moderately elongate, with the tip of the tail included between the connate
vertical lins. Scales absent. Head large, with strong equal jaws. Tongue broad, its ante-
rior portion comparatively free. Opercular and branchial bones well developed. Vomerine
teeth moderate. Anterior nostril remote from eye. Posterior nostril, near the eye, tube-
less, not touching the lip. Pectorals, well developed.

This family includes those eels which are scaleless and have the tongue largely free
in front, the body moderately elongate, the end of the tail surrounded by a fin, the posterior
nostril remote from the upper lip and near front of eye, and the pectoral fins well developed.
All the species are plainly colored, grayish or dusky above, silvery below, and have the
dorsal edged with black.

KKV TO THE GENERA OF LEPTOCEPHALIDA.

I. Vomerine teeth in bands, uniform in size; lips thick.

A. Dorsal origin behind root of pectoral.

1. Jaws with outer knife-like row of closely set teeth, Head with inconspicuous mucous
cavities,
a. 'fail considerably longer than body - [ Leptocephali s ( Iongee]

B. Dorsal origin over the gill opening.

1. Jaws with bauds of small teeth, the outer not forming a cutting edge. Bones of front of bead
with large muciferous cavities.
a. Tail one-half to two-thirds of total. Mouth rather small CONGEBHU&SNA

138 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

II. Vomerine teeth uniserial, some of them canine-like; maxillary teeth biserial.
A. Dorsal beginning above root of pectoral.

1. Cleft of mouth extending beyond middle of eye.

a. Tail very long and slender Uroconger

III. Vomerine teeth absent.

A. Tail very short.

1. Teeth in a single unbroken row in each jaw Coloconger

B. Tail as long as the trunk.

1. Teeth, villiform in broad bands in the jaws and in a broad continuous patch on the palate.

Promyixantor

UROCONGER, Kaup.

Uroconger, Kaup, Apodes, 110. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vin, 43. — Jordan & Davis, Rep. U. S. F.
C, 1888 (1891), 658.

Anguilloid apodals with long, whip-like tail and without scales. Maxillary teeth bi-
serial; vomerine teeth uniserial, some of them canine-like; dorsal fin inserted above the
pectoral origin; mouth-cleft passing behind the middle of the orbit. ,

The unique species until 18S8 was Uroconger Upturns (Richardson), Kaup, from the west-
ern aud southern Pacific.

UROCONGER VICINUS, Vaillant.

Urocongir vicinus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci.,Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 86, pi. vi, figs. 1, la, 16.

A species distinguished from V. Upturns by a more compressed, higher body and
tail, the thickness one-fiftieth, the height one-twentieth of total; by the presence of two
strong teeth, one behind the other, on the anterior portions of the vomer, and by a space
separating the gill openings which is considerably greater than the diameter of these
openings.

U. vicinus, the sole representative of this genus in the Atlantic, was obtained by the
French explorers from the Banc d'Axguin, 1,495 meters; off Soudan, 932 meters, and at the
Cape Verde Islands, in 633 meters depth ; three from the first locality, one from each of the
others.

A young fish, provisionally placed in this species, was taken by the Albatross at station
2161, in 146 fathoms. (Figure 160.)

CONGERMUR/ENA, Kaup.

Ophisoma, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Fish., ii, 1839, 334 (in part). — Jordan & Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C,

1S88 (1891), 659.
Congermurasna, Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fishes, 1858, 108.
Congermrwna, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 200.
Gnathophis, Kaup, Aale Hamburg. Museum, 1859.

Anguilloid apodals characterized by a scaleless body, small mouth, large muciferous
cavities in the anterior portions of the skull, teeth in jaws and on vomer small, those in
the outer row not forming a cutting edge, arranged in bands, dorsal origin above the gill
opeuings, mouth terminating below or in advance of the middle of the orbit. Lips thick.
A long, whip-like tail.

Congermurcena occurs in the Mediterranean and on both sides of the middle Atlantic,
and in Uw deep water of the Pacific. C. guttulata, Griinther (Challenger Report, xxil, 252),
was obtained by the Challenger oil' the Fijis in 315 fathoms. C. longicauda, Alcock was
taken in the Andaman Sea, iu 265 fathoms, aud C. prorigerum (Gilbert) from off California,
401 fathoms.

CONGERMURCENA FLAVA, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 159.)

Lips somewhat thickened. Snout long, about twice diameter of eye, which is contained
six times in length of head. Lower jaw projecting far beyond the upper. Anterior nostril
in short tube, posterior nostril pore-like, in advance of eye, and above the horizontal line
of its diameter. Cleft of mouth extending very slightly behind middle of eye. Teeth iu

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TIIKIl; DISTRIBUTION. 139

very narrow bands, \ illilbiin. a dense cluster on tin; vomer. Length of head equal to that
of the trunk. 'lad about twice as long as body. Dorsal beginning far in advance of gill
opening and pectoral. Color yellowish; blackish <>n termination of tail.

Specimens were obtained by the Albatross &i stations 212] and 2122, in 31 to 34 fath-
oms, and at station 2402, iu 111 fathoms; also by the Blake at station CCLXXV, in 84 fathoms.

COLOCONGER, Alcock.

Coloconger, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. and Die, 1889, 156.

Snout and tail very short. Muscular and osseous systems well developed. Four gills,
which communicate with the pharynx by wide slits, dill openings separate. Heart situ-
ated immediately behind the gills. Eyes large. Posterior nostril superior. Clef! of mouth
wide, extending beyond the middle of the eye. Tongue tree. Teeth in a single continuous
ridge in each jaw; none on the vomer. No scales. Vertical fins well developed, confluent;
the dorsal begins above the root of the pectoral. Pectorals well developed.

This genus contains one species, Coloconger raniceps, Alcock [loc.cit.), taken by the In-
vestigator in the Andaman Sea, off Ross Island, in from 265 to 271 fathoms.

PROMYLLANTOR, Alcock.

rromyllantor, Alcock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., sixth series, Vol. 6, p. 310.

A genus allied to Congromurcena, with body stout, with the muscular and osseous
systems well developed. Tail about as long as the trunk. Muciferous cavities of the head
well developed. Eye rather small. Cleft of the mouth narrow, not extending behind the
middle of the eye. Villiform teeth in broad bands in the jaws and in a broad, conflueut
patch on the palate. Tongue free. Nostrils lateral. Gill openings widely separate; four
gills with wide clefts. No scales. Pectoral aud vertical fins well developed, the latter
confluent. The dorsal begins some distance behind the occiput.

The genus is known from oue species, P. purpureas, Alcock, from 1,000 fathoms in the
Arabian Sea, by the Investigator at station 104.

Family SIMENCHELYID^E.

Simenchelyida-, Gili. (with Goode and Bean), Hull. Essex Inst., v, 11,27, 1879; Standard Nat. Hist., Ill,
107, 1885; Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, 239 (No. 817).— Jordan, Rep. Com. Fish.. 1885, v. 13, 844
(Sep., p. 56, 1885), 1887.— Jordan and Davis, Eep. U. S. P. ('., isss | 1891 i, 669.

Simenchelyince, Jordan and Gilbert, Syn. Fishes N. Am., 357, 1882.

Apodal fishes with snout blunt; anterior, transverse mouth; jaws massive and teeth
blunt, uniserial, on edge of jaws only; no teeth on vomer, gill openings horizontal, inferior,
moderately separated.

SIMENCHELYS, Gill.

Simenchelys, i.ii.i. (with Goods and Bean), Bull. Essex Inst., xi, issii, p. 27.
Conchognathua,CoLjJETT, Bull. Soc.Zool. France, 1889, 1-2.

Body eel like, with a short, blunt snout and an eel-like tail. The branchial apertures
are short logitudinal slits on each side of the throat below the pectorals, which are well
developed : the dorsal commences about a head's length behind the pectorals, the anal con-
siderably in advance of the second half of the total length. The skin has scales like those
of .1 nguilla, linear, scattered, and disposed at right angles to each other. The head is very
short; the premaxillai ies and mamillaries of each side consolidated intoa single piece aud
separated from that of the opposite side by the ethmoid, and provided with la nielli form
posterior margin and an expanded antero terminal process; mandible \ei\ dee)); teeth
blunt, uniserial; the operculum saber shaped.

SIMENCHELYS PARASITICUS, Gill. (Figure 101.)

Simenchely 8 parasiticus, Gill (with Goode and Bean), Fish. Essex Co. & Mass. Bay, 1879, 27. — Jordan and
Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 363.- GOnther, challenger Report, xxn, 252.— Gill, loo. <it. — I<>u-
I'an A Davis, loc.cit. — Conehognathm Grimaldii, Collett, Ball. Zool. Soc. France, 1889, 122.

Head blunt, rounded, bulldog-like in aspect; angle of month midway between the tip

140 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Head blunt, rounded, bulldog-like iu aspect; angle of mouth midway between the tip
of suout and anterior edge of eye. Body stout, its depth at origin of dorsal about equal to
length of bead. Dorsal origin a head's length behind gill openings; diameter of eye half
the length of the snout or a little more; length of pectoral two-fifths that of head; length
of body ten or eleven times that of the head; tail a head's length longer than head and
trunk. Color brown, uniform.

This very remarkable form was first known from a few specimens brought to Glouces-
ter in 1879 by the fishing vessels. It burrows in the muscles of living halibut and other
large fishes, after the manner of Myxine, and excavates large cavities in the thickest parts
of their bodies. These first examples were from depths of 200 to 300 fathoms. Subse-
quently the Albatross obtained it from various bottom localities at depths of from 200 to
904 fathoms.

This fish has occasionally been found embedded in the flesh of larger fishes, but has
also been obtained in the trawl net by the Albatross at the following stations:

No. 35002, U. S. N. M., was from station 22J (8, in 39° 06' N. lat,, 72° 10' W. Ion., in 904 fathoms ;
No. 35558, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2204, in 39° 30' 30" N. lat,, 71° 44' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 728 fathoms; and from station 2553, in 39° 48' N. lat., 70° 30' W. Ion., at a depth
of 551 fathoms, and station 2546, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat,, 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
538 fathoms. Also by the Fish Hawk, as follows: No.29070, U. 8. N. M., from station 1049,
in 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; No. 20172, U. S. N. M., from
station 892, in 39° 46' N. lat., 71° 05' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 4S7 fathoms; and No. 28758, U.
S. N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 016 fathoms.
Also by the Gloucester fishing fleet, as follows: No. 21669, IT. S. N. M. (179), Banquereau;
No. 21673, U. S. N. M. (226), near Sable Island Bank: No. 22791, IT. S. N. M. (234), in lat.
42° 47' N, Ion. 63° 10' W., at a depth of 375 fathoms; No. 24207, U. S. N. M. (353), in lat.
44° 28' N., Ion. 56° 24' W., at a depth of 200 fathoms; No. l'1724, U. S. N. M. (446), in lat.
42° 33' N., Ion. 64° 20' W., at a depth of 300 fathoms; No. 24267, U. S. N. M. (513), in lat.
42° 46' N, Ion. 6»° 18' W., at a depth of 200 fathoms; No. 24264, U. S. N. M. (519), in lat,
43o 48' N., Ion. 59° 00' W., at a depth of 250 fathoms; No. 24266, U. S. N. M. (542), Ban-
quereau, at a depth of 200 fathoms; No. 24413, U. S. N. M. (484), iu lat. 43° 42' N, Ion. 59°
10' W., at a depth of 300 fathoms; No. 24265, IT. S. N. M. (526), in lat, 43° 52' N., Ion. 59°
09' W., at a depth of 200 fathoms.

In 1889 numerous examples of an anguilliform fish were taken in nets at the Azores
Islands at depths varying from 844 to 2,000 meters by the yacht Hirondelle, under the aus-
pices of the Prince of Monaco. These were subsequently determined to belong to a peculiar
form called by Dr. Bobert Collett Conchognathus Grimaldii. A comparison of the description
given indicates plainly that the supposed new generic type is identical with Simenchelys. It
has the same scaly skin, short, truncated head, small mouth, acrodont teeth, inferior branchial
slits, and large " conchiform" lower jaw, reference to which is conveyed in the generic name.

The question naturally arises, says Gill, whether the Simenchelys parasiticus and
Conchognathus Grimaldii are distinct. So far as can be judged from tin- description of Dr.
Collett this question must be answered in the negative. The measurements of two speci-
mens of nearly the same size correspond closely enough for specific purposes, except as to
height. That measurement for the Conchognathus Grimaldii has evidently been obtained
from a specimen with a very full belly,* and not at the pectoral or anal region. The meas-
urements from an American specimen are subjoined for comparison with measurement of an
Azorean one given by Dr. Collett :

*Le corps est comprint; le niuseau est tronqu€; le ventre un peu pendant, tics dilatable. — Collett, op.
cit., p. 124.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

Measurements.

Ml

Total length

Snout to branchial slit .

Snout to dorsal

Siiiiut to anus

Heighl of trunk:

At pectoral

At belly

At amis

Width of mouth

Diameter of eyeball
Length of pectoral —

Numbers,

Teeth

Branchiostegals

Pectoral ravs

can.

M in .
410

Mm.

417

34

37

64

'.7

184

180

30

33

40

23
11

11

6

fi

18

15

i
8-9

28

8

15

14

Family ILYOPHID^, Gilbert.
Ilyophididce, Gilbert, in Jordan and Davis, Kept. U. S. P. C, 1888 (1891), 670.

Apodal fishes, with a conical and slender snout, moderately strong jaws, with sharp
teeth in bands ; teeth in a band upon the vomer. Gape lateral. Grill openings separate,
horizontal, inferior. Branchiostegal rays long, curved, as in SimenchelyidcB. lips obso-
lete. Tongue obsolescent. Scales present, minute. General aspect similar to that of
Synaphobranchidce.

The family is at present composed of a single genus.

ILYOPHIS, Gilbert.
Ilyophis, Gilbert, loo. cit.

Body scaly; pectorals well developed; lateral line prominent; gill slits horizontal,
inferior, well separated; nostrils lateral, the posterior immediately in front of the eye;
the anterior with a short tube, near tip of snout. Maxillaries as in Synaphobrcmchus ; the
clamping processes closely appresscd to the side of the vomer behind its head; lower jaw
strong, apparently with the coronoid process well developed; series of teeth on head and
shaft of vomer continuous; no lips ; tongue little developed, with narrow free margin;
branchiostegal rays 15 in number (as determined without dissection), not shortened, some
of them curved around and above the opercle. Dorsal, anal, and caudal confluent, rather
high, the rays clearly visible through the skin; dorsal beginning well forward, its origin
immediately behind the base of pectorals: origin of anal Dear end of anterior third of body.
(Gilbert.)

It is represented by a single species, Ilyophis brunneus, Gilbert (fig. 162), obtained by
the Albatross off the Galapagos*.

" Ilyophis hnunii its, Gilbert, loe. cit.

Body narrow, compressed throughout ; snout and jaws slender; gape one-half length of head, extend-
ing beyond the eye for a distance less than the diameter of the latter; maxillary teeth small, bluntly conic,
in narrow band ; teeth on vomer large, conic, those on shaft of vomer in single row; teeth in mandible in
narrow band, those mi the inner Beries enlarged and retrorse though lrss than halt tin- sizr of the vomerine
teeth; front of pupil over mid of second third of length of jaw; gill slits narrow, inferior, horizontal, cres-
cent-shaped, about equaling horizontal diameter of eye, their lower (anterior) ends separated by a distance
equal to their own length, their npper (posterior) ends bj 11 times thai distance; head 2 in trunk; head
and trunk 3J in total length; pectorals small, 6 in head, rays evident; scales very tine, arranged in groups
at right angles to one another; lateral line running high anteriorly, it > pores white and conspicuous. Color
brown, the fins, lower side of head, and branchial regions darker. (Gilbert.)

142 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN,

Family SYNAPHOBRANCHID^E.

SynapholranchidcB, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, 169. — Gill, Arrangement Fam. Fishes, 1872, 20;

Standard Nat. Hist., in, 1885, 108 .—Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, XVI, U. S. N. M., 1882, 364.— Jordan

and Davis, loc. cit., 671.
Synaphobranchoidei, Bleeker, Atlas Ich. Indo-Neerland., IV, 1864, 13.
Synaphobranchvna, Gunther, Cat. Fishes B. M., 1870, vm, 19, 22.

Apodal fishes with body slender, auguilliform. moderately compressed anteriorly, much
compressed toward end of tail, and with the anus in the anterior third of the total length.

Scales small, linear or elongate elliptical, arranged in small groups obliquely at right
angles to those of the neighboring groups. Lateral line distinct, more or less high up and
on each side of the back in front, but gradually declining, and near the middle behind.

Head moderate, compressed, oblong, conic laterally, with all the bones invested in the
skin. Eyes within the anterior half of the head, directed sideways, of moderate or large
size, covered by thin skin. Nostrils lateral, the posterior considerably in advance of the
lower half of the eye, the anterior near the tip of the snout and subtubular. Month with
the cleft slightly oblique, extending considerably beyond the eyes. Jaws well developed ;
maxillines approximated close to the front of the vomer, with the clamping processes selli-
form and appressed closely to the sides of the vomer behind its head, with ledge-like exten-
sions within along the anterior half, and expanding vertically backwards; mandible slender,
the dentary with the coronoid process obsolete, the surface of the bone haviug a corneous
appearance behind, ensheathing the articular, which extends well forward in front of the
condyle ami scarcely at all backwards. Teeth conic, in a narrow band in the jaws and
vomer. Lips obsolete. Tongue little developed. Periorbital bones almost membranous.

Opercular apparatus feebly developed; operculum lameHiform and claviform, inserted
very low on the hyomaudibular; suboperculum expanding downwards and with an anterior
process continued in front of the operculum; interoperculum lamelliform, intervening
between the suboperculum and preoperculnm ; preoperculum almost reduced to a muciferous
canal.

Branchial apertures inferior and confluent in a single external, longitudinal slit. Bran-
chiostegal rays in moderate number (about 15), attached to the sides of the compressed
ceratohyal and epihyal, slender, abbreviated, and moderately bowed, not being curved up
above the operculum.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal confluent in an uninterrupted fin, with the rays readily per-
ceptible through the skin: dorsal variable, commencing behind or in front of the anus and
mostly low, anal deeper and commencing close behind the aims; caudal prominent.

Pectorals well developed, near the breast, with the rays distinct.

Branchial arches nearly complete, with slender glossohyal and urohyal, and with the
first, second, and third basibranchials ossified, first and second hypobrauchials ossified,
third cartdaginous, ceratobranchials and epibranchials of four pairs, ossified; pharyngo-
branchials of second pan- rod-like, of third pair developed as dentigerous epipharyngeals;
hypopharyngeals oblong, closely apposed to and superincumbent on the rudimentary fifth
arch. Interbrauchial fissures extended. (Gill.)

KEY TO THE GENERA OF SYNAPHOBRANCHID^.

I. Origin of dorsal behind vent; pectoral longer than snout; snout slender; teeth in a single patch on

vomer Synaphobranchus

II. Origin of dorsal near head; pectoral not longer than snout; snout stout; teeth in two patches on
vomer Histiobranchus

SYNAPHOBRANCHUS, Johnson.

Synaphobranchus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1862, 169.— Gf xtiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 19.—
Gill, Standard Natural History, m, 108; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 161.— Jordan & Davis, loc. cit.

Origin of dorsal fin far back, remote from the head and behind the vent and origin of
dorsal. Anterior nasal tubes prominent. Snout slender. Pectoral longer than snout.
Teeth on the vomer in a single patch.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 143

SYNArilOBRANVIirs PINNA TOS, (Gronovius), GOnther. (Figure 164.)

Jfitrwna pinnata, (Iiionovii s, Syst. Ichth. (ed. Gray), 19.

Synaphobranchus pinnatiu, GCnthbr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas.. L870, vin. 23; Challenger Report, wir. 2.53, pi.
lxu, fig. A.— Goodb and Bean, Bull. Esses tost. 1879, si, 26; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo.'.l., lwn, x, jj;i.—
Vaii.i.axt, Exp. Sci. Travailleiir et Talisman, Poiss., 88, pi. \ i. figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c.

Synaphobranchus Kaupii, Johnson, Proo. Zool. Soc., 1862, l&.K

Synaphobranchus affinis, GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, xx, 115.

■laws subequal in length, sometimes the lower, sometimes the upper the longer; the upper
with a projecting fleshy tip; maxillary reaching to opposite gill openings, which arc rather
longer than the large eye. Head 3j in distance from snout to dorsal, 2j] in distance to anal.
8i| in length. Vomerine teeth uniserial. Eye broader than interorbital space, rathernearer
tip of snout than end of maxillary. Tail about twice as long as body. Pectoral .slender,
longer (ban snout. CTniform brown, rather darker below; the vertical fins darker behind,
light-edged anteriorly; inside of mouth blue-black; gill openings dark.

This remarkable eel was first made known by the Madeiran ichthyologists, Lowe and
Johnson, by whom it was found at 74(1 fathoms and in intermediate depths. The Challenger
obtained it near the coast of Brazil, in 1,200 fathoms; off Japan, in 345 to 565 fathoms; and
about the Philippines, in 375 to 500 fathoms. Its presence iu the western Atlantic was first
detected by the Cape Ann fishermen, who in 1S79 began bringing them in from the offshore
banks, where they had been taken on trawl lines at 200 to 300 fathoms. In 1879 the Fish
Hawk took it often in 250 to 365 fathoms, and subsequently the Albatross and the Blake
brought it in from numerous stations at depths of 300 to 1,000 fathoms. The Travailleur
and Talisman took it in numerous localities; off Morocco, 912-2,210 meters; off the Canaries,
865-2,083 meters; off Soudan, 882-1,435 meters; on the Banc dArguin, 1,113-1,550; off
the Cape Verdes, 405-3,200; off the Azores, 1,257-2,235 meters.

Specimens of this species were obtained by the Blake from the following localities:
Station cccix, in 38° 18' 40" N. hit,, 73° 18' 10" W. Ion., at a depth of 304 fathoms; Sta-
tion cccin, in 41° 34' 30" N. lat., 65° 54' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 306 fathoms; Station
cccxn, in 39° 50' 45" N. lat., 70° 11' W. Ion., at a depth of 466 fathoms; Station cccxxv,
in 33° 35' 20" N. lat., 76° W. Ion., at a depth of 647 fathoms; Station cccxxxvn, in 38° 20'
08" N. lat., 73° 23' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 740 fathoms; Station CCCXXVI, 33° 42' 15" N.
lat., 76° 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 464 fathoms; Station cccxxix, in 34° 39' 40" N. lat.,
75° 14' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 603 fathoms; also five specimens, locality unknown.

Specimens were also secured by the Fish Hawk from station 881, in 39° 46' 30" N. lat.,
70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 325 fathoms; Cat. No. 26108, lT. S. N. M., from station 880,
in 39° 48' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 252i fathoms; Cat. No. 2S746, U. S. N.
M., from station 925 in 39° 55' N. lat., 70° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 224 fathoms; Cat. No.
26736, U. S. N. M., from station 898, in 37" 24' N. lat,, 74° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 300
fathoms; Cat. No. 2S796, U. S. N. M., from station 947, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat., 71° 13' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 319 fathoms; Cat. No. 28759, U. S. N. M., from station 937, in 39°
49' 25" N. lat, 69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of OK! fathoms; Cat. No. 29072, U. S. N. M., from
station 1049, in 38° 28' N. lat,, 73° 22 W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; Cat, No. 2894 I.
U. S. N. M., from station 1030, in 39° 58' 30" N. lat., 69° 15' W. Ion., at a depth of 337
fathoms; Cat. No. 31777, IT. S. N. M., from station 1142, in 39° 32' N. lat., 72° W. Ion., at a
depth of 322 fathoms; Cat. No. 31769, IT. S. N. M., from station 1143, in 39° 29' N. hit.. 71'
01' W. Ion., at a depth of 452 fathoms; Cat. No. 28895, I . S. N. M., from station 997, in 39
42' N. lat.. 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. No. 2S914, IT. S. N. M., from
station 994, in 39° 40' N. lat., 71° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 368 fathoms; Cat. No. 28944,
U. S. N. M., from station 1030, in 39° 58' 30" N. lat,, 69° IT.' W. Ion., at a depth of 337
fathoms; Cat. No. 26737, U. S. N. M., from station 80S, in 37° 21' N. lat.. 74° 17' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 300 fathoms; Cat. NO. 2s;i30, U. S. N. M., from station 1028, in 39° 57' N. lat.,
69° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 410 fathoms; Cat. No. 31598, U. S. N. M., from station 1093,
in 39° 56' N. lat., 69° 45' \V. Ion., in 349 fathoms; Cat. No. :;i77ii. I". S. N. .M., from station
1138, in 39° 39' N. lat., 71° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 168 fathoms; Cat. No. 28940, IT. S. N.

144 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN."

M., from station 1029, in 39? 57' 06" N. lat., 69° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 458 fathoms ; Cat.
No.' 28844, II. S. N. M., from station 951, in 39° 57' N. lat., 70° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 225 fathoms; and Cat, No. 28757, U. S. N. M., from station 938, in 39° 51' N. lat., 69°
49' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 310 fathoms.

Specimens were taken by the Albatross from station 2075, in 41° 40' 30" N. lat., 65°
35' W. Ion., at a depth of 855 fathoms; from station 2115, in 35° 49' 30" X. lat,, 74° 34' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 843 fathoms; Cat. No. 35419, U. S. N. M., from station 2181, in 39° 29'
N. lat., 71° 46' W. Ion., at a depth of 093 fathoms; from station 2415, in 30° 44' N. lat., 79°
26' W. Ion., at a depth of 440 fathoms; from station 2385, in 28° 51' N. lat., 88° 18' \\ .
Ion., at a depth of 730 fathoms; from station 2110, in 35° 45' 23" N. lat., 74° 31' 25" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 888 fathoms; from station 2529, in 41° 03' 30" N. lat., 66° 14' W. Ion., at a
depth of 662 fathoms; from station 2530, in 40° 53' 30" N. lat., 66° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of
956 fathoms; from station 2533, in 40° 10' 30" N. lat., 67° 20' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 828
fathoms; from station 2534, in 40° 01' N. lat., 67° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,234 fathoms ;
from station 2535, in 40° 03' 30" N. lat., 67° 27' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,149 fathoms;
from station 2532, in 40° 34' 30" N. lat,, 66° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; Cat.
No. 33565, IT. S. N. M., from station 209(5, in 39° 22' 20" N. lat,, 70° 52' 20" W. Ion., at a
depth of 1,451 fathoms; Cat, Xo. 35315, U. S. N. M., from station 2201, in 39° 39' 45" XT.
lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; Cat. No. 35535, U. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 2204, in 39° 30' 30" N. lat., 71° 44' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 728 fathoms; Cat, No.
33374, U. S. N. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' N. lat,, 65° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858
fathoms; Cat. No. 25426, U. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat, 71° 49' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; Cat. No. 33371, U. S. N. M., from station 2078, in 41°
11' 30" N. lat., 66° 12' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 499 fathoms; from station 2540, in 39° 53'
30" N. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2550, in 39° 44' 30"
N. lat,, 70° 30' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,081 fathoms; from station 2561, in 39° 38' N. lat,,
71° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms; from station 2548, in 39° 56' N. lat., 70° 14' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 200 fathoms; from station 2549, in 39° 51' 30" N. lat., 70° 17' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 571 fathoms; from station 2561, in 39° 38' N. lat., 71° 42' W. Ion., at a depth
of 500 fathoms; from station 2547, in 39° 54' 30" N. lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 390
fathoms; from station 2553, in 39° 48' N. lat., 70° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms;
from station 2078, in 41° 11' 30" N. lat., 66° 12' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 499 fathoms;
Cat. No. 3329S, U. S. X. M., from station 2046, in 40° 02' 39" N. lat., 68° 49' W. Ion., at a
depth of 407 fathoms; from station 2025, in 40° 02' N. lat,, 70° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 239
fatnoms; from station 20S3, in 40° 26' 20" N. lat,, 67° 05' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 959
fathoms; Cat. No. 35481, U. S. N. M., from station 2186, in 39° 52' 15" N. lat., 70° 55' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 353 fathoms; from station 2110, in 35° 12' 10" N. lat., 74° 57' 15"
W. Ion., at a depth of 516 fathoms; from station 2395, in 28° 36' 15" N. lat., 86° 50' W.lon.,
at a depth of 347 fathoms; Cat. No. 35485, U. S. N. M., from station 2196, in 39° 35' N. lat.,
69° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,230 fathoms; Cat. No. 35488, IT. S. N. M., from station 2189,
in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 70° 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 600 fathoms; Cat. No. 33472, U. S. N.
M., from station 2083, in 40° 26' 40" N. lat., 67° 05' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 959 fathoms;
Cat. No. 35471, U. S. N. M., from station 2185, in 40° 45" N. lat., 70° 54' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 129 fathoms; Cat. No. 35447, U. S. N. M., from station 2194, in 39° 43' 45" N. lat.,
70° 07' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,140 fathoms; and Cat. No. 35524, U. S. N. M., from station
2201, in 39° 39' 45" N. lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms.

A*, brevidorsalis, from the Pacific Ocean, north of New Guinea, 1,070 fathoms, and oft
Japan, 345 fathoms (Giinther, Challenger Report, xxu, 255, pi. lxiii, fig. c), resembles S.
pinnattis in general structure; but its dorsal fin begins far behind the vent, rather than
above it, as in the other species.

The species described by Dr. Giinther as *S". affinis is now considered by him to be iden-
tical with the Atlantic form. It was taken by the Challenger, station 232, off Inosima,
Japan, 345 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTEIB1 I ION. 145

HISTIOBRANCHUS, Gill.

Histiobranrhus, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883; \ i. 255, 1890, xm, 161. — Jordan and Davis, loc. .it., r,72.

Synaphobranchids with origin of dorsal almost as far forward as the base of the pec
toral and far in advance of the anal. Vent nearly in the middle of the length of the body.
Vomerine teeth in two patches, that in front being the larger, ((rill.)

IIIstk 1BRANCHUS INFERNALIS, Gnx. | Figure Hi5.)

Histiobranchus infernalis, Gill, loc. tit.

Synaphobranchus infernalis, GCnther, Challenger Report, xxu, 254.

Body moderately elongated and compressed; its height at the anus equals .56 of the
length and the greatest width above the stomach being less than two thirds of the
height. The head forms about one-ninth of the total length, and its width is a little less
than one-half its length; the snout is moderate, the length being less than the greatest
width of the head. The eye is also moderate, its diameter being much less than one hall'
the length of the snout.

The upper jaw is nearly one-tenth of the total length and the lower jaw a little mure.

The dorsal commences not far behind the vertical from the root of the pectoral, while
the anal arises little nearer the snout than the end of the tail; both are moderately devel-
oped.

The pectorals are considerably shorter than the snout.

The color in life is said to be an almost uniform dark plumbeous, but in alcohol the
trunk is dark yellowish brown, becoming almost black on the abdominal region and around
the pectoral as well as on the iutermandibular integuments and around the pectorals, while
the dorsal and anal are whitish except towards the posterior fourth of the length, where
they are very dark or blackish.

A specimen, No. 3327!), was taken by the Albatross at station 2037, lat. 38° 30' 30" K,
Ion. 69° 08' 25", W., in 1,731 fathoms.

Another species of the same genus, characterized mainly by stouter body and lower
vertical tins, is Histiobranchws bathybius, Giinther (Synaphobranchus bafhybius, Giinther,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, 1877, 445, Challenger Report, xxu, 254, pi. lxii, tig. B), a
stouter, chunkier form, with shorter snout and tail, and smaller fins, obtained in the
Pacific and Indian oceans, at depths from 1,375 to 2,050 fathoms.

Family MUR^ENESOCID^G.

Congriformea Sfwrcmesoeea, Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. Ind. ueerl., i, 1864, 19.
Murnnesocina, GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 20.
Mura nesocina , JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 387.

Murmnesocidce Cope, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1871 (1872), 334.— Gill, Arr. Fam. Fish. 1870, 20; Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1890, 321.— Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891), 643.

Anguilloid apodals, with thick skeleton, thin scaleless skin, and tail surrounded by
vertical fins; pectoral well developed; jaws of moderate length; vomer well armed; pos-
terior nostril not lateral; tongue narrow, its margins adnate; gill openings rather wide.
"IJranchiostegal membrane connecting the opposite sides below, the epipharyngeal
reduced to one pair, and the nypopharyngeals linguiform and encroaching on the fourth
branchial arch."

"The characters which appear to distinguish the MurcBnesoces best from the Anguillids
and Con grids or Leptocephalids are the low position on the hyomandibular of the condyle
for the operculum, the slender branchial arches and the development and position of the
hypopharyngeals and epipharyngeals, the union of the opposite branchiostegals by the
inferior branchiostegal membrane, and the want of freedom of the tongue. Whether the
other genera that have been closely associated with Murame80x(ffoplunnis,Oxyconger,N'eo-
conger, Nettastoma, and Saurencheh/s) arc related to the family can only be determined by an
19 68— No. 2 10

146 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

examination of their skeletons. The species combined under the name Murwnesox are the
only ones known to be certainly possessed of the characters provisionally assigned to the
family." (Gill.)

This family may provisionally receive, in addition to its typical form, a number of
genera, chiefly American. They occur chiefly in warm regions. Only three genera are as
yet known from the deeper waters, Xenomystax, Hoplunnis, and Sauromurcenesox.

e>

XENOMYSTAX, Gilbert.
Xenomystax, Gilbert, with Jordan & Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891), 648.

Teeth all conical, slender, and sharp, those of jaws in wide bands; maxillary with
deep groove, running the entire length of the bone and dividing the band of teeth into two
portions; shaft of vomer with a medial series of conical teeth.

The genus is represented by a single species, A', atrarius, Gilbert (loc. cit.), from 401 fath-
oms off the west coast of Ecuador.

HOPLUNNIS, Kaup.

Hoplunnis, Kaot, Aale Hamburg. Museum, 1859, 19 (type H. Schmidtii). — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vin, 1870, 49.— Jordan & Davis, loc. cit., 643.

Mura?nesocids, with scaleless body, with tail about four times as longastrunk. Snout
moderately produced. Teeth eight, biserial and small on jaws. Vomerine* with a single
series of long-pointed teeth. Dorsal and anal well developed, the origin of the former above
the gill opening. Gill opening small. Posterior nostril in front of eyes.

HOPLUNNIS DIOMEDIANUS, Goode and Bean, u. s. (rigure 163.)

A Hoplunnis related to H. Schmidti, with height of body one-quarter length of head;
its width two-thirds of its height. Snout three to three and two-thirds times eye. Cleft of
mouth extends slightly beyond hind margin of eye. Teeth in jaws small, pointed, in narrow
bauds, the inner series of the lower jaw consisting of enlarged, widely separated canines.
A pair of larger canines near the end of the lower jaw in the example figured. A row of
six to eight strong, large canines on the vomer.

A single individual (No. 44240 U. S. Nat. Mus.) was obtained by the Albatross at sta-
tion 2402, 111 fathoms, lat. 28° 36', long. 86° 50'.

SAUROMURCENESOX, Alcock.

Sauromurmnesox, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. and Dec, 1889, 457.

Form of the body widely departing from the typical, the trunk being high and well
marked off from the head and tail, which is a long, tapering appendage. Tissues well devel-
oped. Gills four, opening into the pharynx by wide slits; gill openings separate. Heart
situated immediately behind the gills. Nostrils lateral. Eye large. Tongue free. Verti-
cal fins ill developed, confluent ; the dorsal begins in front of the level of the gill opening.
Pectoral fins well developed. No scales. Snout long, pointed. Cleft of mouth extending
far behind the eye; the upper jaw overlapping the lower. One complete row of teeth in
each jaw and a second incomplete row in the maxilla; premaxillary teeth and those at the
mandibularly symphysis fang- like; a single row of large fangs in the vomer.

This genus is represented by one species, S. vorax, Alcock, from Bay of Bengal, taken
at the depth of 193 fathoms.

Family OPHICHTHYID^E.

Ophichthyida; Gill, Standard Natural History, in, 1885, 107.

Ophisuridw, Kaup, Cat. Apod., 1856, I.— Jordan & Davis, Eep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891), 612.

Ophichthyoid, apodal fishes, with gill openings rather wide, lateral; scaleless body, and
tip of tail sometimes free from vertical fins (sometimes with filamentous caudal fin). Pec-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 147

torals moderate, weak, or absent. Posterior nostrils in lip or near it; anterior nostrils
sometimes tabular.

This family includes a large number of genera, of which seventeen are recognized by
Jordan and Davis in their paper on the Apodal Pishes of America and Europe, (iill groups
them in three subfamilies, as shown in the key already presented. *

These apod als are found chiefly in warm seas. Only one genus of the typical Ophisu
roids, Pisoodonophis, is found at any distance below the surface.

PISOODONOPHIS, Kaup.

PisoodonophU, Kaup, Cat. Apodal Pish. Brit. Mus., 1856, 15.— Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888

(1891), 619.
Pisodontophii, GUNTHER, Cut. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 55.

Ophichthyoid apodals, with tip of tail free. Dorsal and anal fins well developed, the
former low, beginning far back. Teeth blunt, granular; vomer with teeth. Pectoral fins
present, small.

Of this genus, closely allied to Myrichthys, a single species has been found at consid-
erable depths in the western Atlantic. Four species from Indian seas are mentioned in
Giinther's "Catalogue," and he refers to a half-grown individual obtained from Grenada,
in the West Indies, which seemed to him identical with P. boro, the type of the genus.
/'. cruentifer, described by us below, is perhaps most closely allied to P. cancrivorm (Rich-
ardson), known from the East Indian Archipelago and Australia.

PISOODONOPHIS CRUENTIFER, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 166.)

Length of the head equal to one-fourth of the distance from the gill opening to the
vent, and the length of the body about two-thirds that of the tail. The cleft of the mouth
is rather wide, measuring one-third of the length of the head, counting from the end of the
upper jaw. The snout is conical, depressed. The head is snake-like in appearance, with
powerful muscular enlargements of the cheeks and a constriction behind the head some-
what like that of Derichthys. Eye moderate, its length half that of the snout, and one-
tenth that of the head. Teeth granular, in conspicuous bands, a small oblong patch on the
premaxillaries and a long band upon the vomer. The length of the pectoral fin is about
two-sevenths that of the head. It is broad, spatulate. The dorsal begins far behind the
tip of the pectoral, its distance from the tip of the snout being one-seventh of the total
length, or from gill opening to dorsal origin two-thirds length of head. Dorsal and anal
fins of moderate height.

Color uniform brownish yellow.

This species has been found in the following localities: Types, two specimens, No. 28938,
station 1035 of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, were taken in N. hit. 39°
57', W. Ion. G9° 28', in 120 fathoms. Another specimen was taken by the same steamer in
about the same locality, No. 30233, and three others, No. 31711, in N. lat. 39° 56', W. Ion.
70° 35', in a depth of 245 fathoms. The types of the description are lOg and 14^ inches
long.

The peculiar and savage physiognomy of this fish suggests at once the idea that it is a
parasitic boring form, and in confirmation of this we have specimens taken by the fishermen
on Jeffrey's Bank and also another from New Bedford, taken by Mr. J. H. Thompson from
the body of a fish. We have occasionally taken the dried and shriveled remains of a fish
apparently closely related to this from salted halibut and codfish.

MYRUS, Kaup.

Myrus, Kaup, Cat. Apod., 1856, 31.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm. 19.

Echehu, Kai im sque, Caratteri, etc., 1810, 64 (in part). — Blekkkh, Atlas Ichth. Murenes, 1864, 30. — Jordan
& Davis, Rep. U. S. F. O. 1888 (1891), 64.

Body elongate, subterete, with tail longer than rest of body. Dorsal origin well for.
ward, close behind base of pectoral. Nostrils on, or very close to, the margin of the upper

148 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

lip ; the anterior tubular, the posterior lobed. Vertical and pectoral fins well developed ;
caudal rays very short. Teeth in jaws on cardiform bands subequal in size. Vomer den-
tigerous.

MYRUS PACHYRHYNCHUS (Vaiixant) Jordan and Davis. (Figure 167.)

Jilyrus pachyrhynchus (Vaillant), Exp. Scient. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 11, pi. v, figs. 1, la, lb.
Echelus pachyrhynchus, Jordan and Davis, loo. cxt.

A Myrus with a short, thick snout, elongate body, and with a comparatively elongate
pectoral (its length 2| in that of head). Origin of dorsal behind tip of pectoral. Length of
tail three-fifths of total length. Height aud thickness of body 33 in total length. Length
of snout one-third of total length of the head; diameter of eye and of interorbital space
equal to one-fifth of same. Lateral line distinct. Color gray; fins paler. Gill openings
black.

Myrtis pachyrhynchus is the abyssal representative, not very remote in its affinities, of
Myrus myrus (L.), a well-known Mediterranean form and M. uropterus (Schlegel) from
Japan. It has been found oft' the Morocco coast, 1,050 to 1,435 meters, aud also at the Cape
Verdes in 460 fathoms.

Family NETTASTOMID^E.
Nettaetomidw, Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891), 649.

This family, as understood by us, contains a few species of deep-sea eels closely allied
to the Murcenesocidce in technical characters, but more resembling the Nemichthyidos in
appearance, form of the head, and in dentition. The family, which is a provisional one, may
be thus defined.

Enchelycephalous eels without pectoral fins, with the tongue not free, the posterior
nostrils remote from the Up, the gill openings small, separate, and subinferior, the vent
remote from the head, the tail ending in a slender tip <>r filament, the dorsal and anal tins
moderately developed, aud the jaws produced, slender, and straight, the upper the longer,
and both, as also the vomer, armed with hands of sharp, close-set, recurved, subequal teeth.

Three genera are known, deep-sea fishes with fragile bodies and the thin skin charged
with black pigment. (Jordan and Darin.)

KEY TO THE GENERA OF NETTASTOMID.E.
[After Jordan and Davis.]

I. Dorsal fin low, beginning nearly above gill opening.

A. Nostrils nearly superior, the posterior above and in front of eye, the anterior at tip of bony portion

of snout; head with numerous mucous pores.

1. Snout without a fleshy proboscis, the anterior nostrils mar its tip Nettastoma

2. Snout, with a long, slender, fleshy tip or proboscis, at the base of which are the anterior nostrils

Venefica.

B. Nostrils lateral, the posterior slit-like and placed just in front of eye; snout without fleshy tip.

C'hlopsis
NETTASTOMA, Rafinesque.

Xtttastoma, Rafinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Oeneri, etc., 1810, 66 (type, Nettastoma melanura, Raf.). —

Gunther. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., vm. 48.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 54, note.
Hyoprorus, KOlliker, Verhandlung Phys. Med. Gesellsch. Wiirzburg, iv, 1854, 101.

Body scaleless, with tail tapering into a point. Snout much produced, depressed,
its anterior nostrils near its tip and nearly superior, the posterior above and in front of
eye. Jaws and vomer witli bands of cardiform teeth, those along the median line of the
vomer being somewhat the larger. Vertical fins well developed. Dorsal commencing
behind gill opening; pectorals absent. Air bladder present. Gill openings moderate.
(Jordan.)

Nettastoma parviceps, a small-headed species, most resembling V. melanurum, from a
specimen LMiJ, inches long, dredged by the Challenger oft' Japan, in 345 fathoms. (Gunther,
Challenger Report, xxn, p. 253, pi. lxiii, fig. A.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTKIBl I ION. 149

NKI PASTOW \ MELANTJRUM, Ra] [NESQl I -

Nettaatoma melanura, Rafinesqi e, Caratteri, 1810,66, pi. xvi, fig. 1.— Kai p, Apodes, 119, fig. 75.— GUni
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., \m, 18.— Challenger Report, \\n, 253.— DOderlein, Att. A... Soc, 1877, 58.—
Giglioli, Eleneo, 1880, 17.— Vincigi erra, Ann. Mus. (iv. Genoa, 1883, 585.— Vaullant, Exp. Scient.

Travailleui it Talisman, l'nissuns, S3, pi. \, tins 2, 2a, 21>.
Mum inijiliis saga, Risso, [ehth.,Nice, 1810, fig. 39.
Hyoprorus messitii nets, Km i [KER, lu<: <it. — X uixant, op. cil., 95.

A Nettastoma, with stunt upper jaw. slighth projecting beyond the lower and without
prominent cutaneous flap; with mouth cleft not extending behind the vertical from tin- orbit.
Teeth strong. Tail three tilths the length of the body. Diameter of the eye three-twen-
tieths the length of the head. Pins margined, with black posteriorly.

This form is found in the western Mediterranean, where it has nol yei been traced to
any considerable depth. It doubtless is more common in the deep than in the shallow
waters, for its bathybial distribution has been demonstrated in adjoining Atlantic waters.

Nettastoma brevirostris, Facciol$ (Naturalista Sicihano, vi, L887, ICG, pl.m, flg. 3) is
apparently a closely allied form.

Yaillant believes that he has recognized, in two small individuals of (»."> and 142 milli-
meters, respectively, the young of Nettastoma, and probably of this species, and dissents
from the views of those ichthyologists who regard the Leptocephalus form — Hyvprorus mes-
sinensis — as the young, or transformed, Nettastoma.

VENEFICA, Jordan and Davis.
Fenefica, Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. P. C, 1888 (1891), 651.

Closely allied to Nettastoma, but with snout prolonged in a slender fleshy proboscis, with
the anterior nostrils at its base. The type is N. prat rum, Goode and Bean.

VENEFICA PROCERA, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Davis. (Figure 168.)

Nettastoma procerum, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 22-1. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Am.

1885, 55. — GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 253.
Fenefica procera, Jordan and Davis, toe. <it.

A Nettastoma with body very elongate, compressed, tapering to a very slender atten-
uate point; its greatest height contained nearly 4 times in the distance from the gill open-
ing to the tip of the lower jaw, and equals half the length of the snout. Head slender,
conical; jaws somewhat depressed; the upper jaw heavier and thicker, and projecting
beyond the lower a distance equal to the diameter of the eye. Length of snout equals the
distance from the posterior margin of the orbit to the gill opening; the cleft of the mouth
extends behind the eye to a distance equal to the diameter of the orbit. On each side of the
upper jaw, and in advance of the eye, are twelve pores; behind each eye are three pores,
while on the median line, on the top of the upper .jaw, are several pores posteriorly arranged
in pairs, of which there are four, the ultimate pair being between the posterior nostrils.
There is also a pair of pores upon the nape, connecting the postorbital rows, and seventeen
on each side of the mandible. The mandibulary series is continued by another series
extending over the cheeks and nape. The snout is provided with a slender, filamentous tip,
whose length is equal to twice the diameter of the eye. The tongue is apparently absent in
the specimens examined by us. The teeth are arranged as in N. melanurum, but exceed
ingly small, and much less conspicuous than in the figures of Eaup and Risso.

Dorsal tin commences above the gill opening.

The anal fin is inserted under the seventy-third dorsal ray at a distance from the snout
equal fco3§ times the length of the head. The tail is twice as long as the body, head included.
The total length of the specimen is 727 millimeters, including I he nasal tip, which measures
7 millimeters.

Lateral line highly specialized, with numerous pores, corresponding in general charac-
ter to those upon the head, and arranged in a deep furrow, fcheir distances apart being about

150 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the same as in the case of those upon the head. Height of dorsal and anal fins about equal
to half the height of body.

Color, apparently, brownish; peritoneum black.

The types of V. procera were two fishes obtained at station 325, N. lat. 33° 35' 20", W. Ion.
76°, at a depth of 047 fathoms. Another mutilated specimen, about 190 millimeters long,
was taken at station 327. This species is in many respects closely allied to the Nettastoma
melanurum of the Mediterranean, but appears to differ from it in the greater length of the tail,
the much smaller teeth, and in the presence of a filamentous nasal tip.

VENEFICA PROBOSCIDEA, (Vaillant), Jordan and Davis
Nettastoma proboscideum, Vaillant, Exp. Sci., Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888,89, pi. vn, fig. 3.

A Xettastoma, with upper jaw projecting quite beyond the lower, and prolonged in a
proboscis like tip half as long as the upper jaw and 5 times the diameter of the eye, with
mouth cleft extending far behind the orbit. Teeth small, in cardiform bauds on jaws and
palatines. Tail one-half to three-fifths the length of body (head included). Diameter of the
eye one-twentieth the length of the head.

This, described from a single specimen obtained off Morocco, at 2,200 meters, is a
small-eyed form, with fine teeth and a nasal extension. The length of the nasal tip is,
essentially, an unreliable character, and the proportion of tail to body may prove to be sub-
ject to considerable individual variation.

CHLOPSIS, Rafinesque.

Chlopsis. Rafinesque, Ind. Itt. Siciliana, 1810, 58. — Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888, 650.
Saurenchelys, Peters, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1864, 397.

A genus closely allied to Nettastoma, having the nostrils lateral, the posterior one
slit like and placed near the eye. Body scaleless. Snout much produced. .Taws, vomer,
and palatine bones with several series of small, pointed teeth, those along the median line
of the vomer being somewhat the larger. Vertical fins well developed; pectorals none.
Nostrils lateral, the anterior near to the end of the snout, the posterior in front of the
eye. Air bladder and pyloric appendages absent. (Peters.)

Two species are kuowu, one, C. equatorial is, Gilbert, taken by the Albatross off the
coast of Ecuador, in 401 fathoms, the other, G. bicolor.

CHLOPSIS BICOLOR, Rafinesque.

Chlopsis bicolor, Rafinesque, loo. (it.. 59. — Jordan and Davis, loc < it.
Saurenchelys cancrivora, Peters, loc. <■;/. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., vni, 48.

Tail tapering into a point. Gill opening one -fifth more distant from vent than from the
end of the snout. Diameter of eye one-third of the length of the snout. Length of head
two-fifths of total length. Dorsal fin commencing immediately behind the gill opening.
Upper jaw the longer. Vertical fins with a black margin posteriorly. Peritoneum silvery.
( Peters.)

The unique specimen from which the above characters were taken was found by Dr.
Peters, in the Berlin Museum in a jar of fishes, chiefly from India. A crab found iu the
stomach led Dr. Peters to believe that the fish had been misplaced, and actually had come
from the Mediterranean or the Atlantic. Its resemblance to Nettastoma and the fact that
it is not known in any shallow- water fauna lead us to believe that it is probably a deep-
water form.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 151

Family NEMICHTHYID^E.

Nemichthyina, Gi N l in i:. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 1870, 21.

Nemichthyida, (in i , Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 1872, 20 (No. 203), nai hly.— Jordan and Gilbert,

Bull, xvi, r. s. v,i. Mm-... 365.— Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, L888 I 1891 , 652.

Body very slender, somewhal compressed, tapering into a long and very slender tail,
and a very long and slender neck. No scales. Lateral line consisting of pores in three
series, the upper and lower alternating in position with the median row, or of a single series
of widely set pores. Head resembling that of Belone, the head proper small, short, and
rather broad, with Hat top and vertical sides. Nostrils large, close together in front of the
eye, without tnbeor flap, .laws prolonged, beak like. Teeth in both jaws small, very mini
erons. close set, retrorse. (iill openings rather large, running downward and forward, sep-
arated by a narrow isthmus. Pectorals well developed. Anal tin beginning near the vent,
higher than the dorsal, becoming obsolete on the caudal filament. Dorsal beginning close
behind occiput, or not tar from end of pectorals. The soft rays of the fins are connected by
thin membrane, instead of being imbedded in thick skin, as in the eels. .Stomach not dis-
tensible. Muscular and osseous systems well developed. Abdominal cavity extends far
behind the vent.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF NEMICHTHYID.E.

I. Pectorals present. Hill openings separate and distinct. Jaws exceedingly attenuate; the upper the

longer, and bent upward NemiehthyintB

A. (oil-slits lateral, vertical. Vent close to the head. Dorsal rays slender and nearly free.

1. Lateral lino with three rows of pores. The tail ending iu a long filament. Color dusky, with

silvery reflections above Nemiciitiiys

2. Lateral line with Bingle row of pores. Tail probably filamentous (but truncate, and perhaps

mutilated, in all existing specimens). Color black Labkiithys

B. Gill slits separate, inferior. Vent remote from head and far behind pectorals.

1. Dorsal origin belli ml pectorals and above vent. Jaws mode rate Cyema

II. Pectorals present. Gill openings partly confluent. Vomerine teeth large Spinivomerince

A. Jaws very long, attenuate. Vomerine teeth conical Spinivomer

B. Jaws moderate (snout not longer than rest of head). Vomerine teeth lancet-shaped, close-set

Serrivoher

III. Pectorals absent, s : i 1 1 openings separate, but reaching nearly to middle line of abdomen. Snout spat-

ulate. Tail long and filiform Gavialidpitina

A. Vent somewhal remote from throat.

1. Teeth small, sharp, in double row in each jaw; teeth in vomer larger Caviai.iceps

NEMICHTHYS, Richardson.

Vemichthy8, Richardson, Voyage of the Samarang, Fishes, 1848, in .type. .V. scolopaceun).— Gcntiier, Cat.

Fish, lirit. Mus., vm, p. 21.— Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891) 656.
Leptorhynchus, Lowe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., x, 1852, 54.
Belonopsis, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. lvtersb. Sav. Ktraug., vn, 1854, 174.

Body very elongate, with slender, whip like tail, which tapers to a point. Vent under
pectorals, .laws greatly elongate, forming a long, slender bill, the upper formed by the

x^^^^^^

Lateral Line in v michthys.

vomer and intermaxillaries. Inner surface of the jaws covered with small, closely set teeth.
Eye large; nostrils close together in the hollow in front of the eye, without tube or flap.
< 1 il 1 openings wide, running downward and forward, nearly confluent. Pectoral and ven
fcral tins well developed. Lateral line with three series of pores.

152 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

NEMICHTHYS SCOLOPACEUS, Richardson. (Figure 170.)

Nemiehthys scolopaceus, Richardson, Voyage Samarang, Fishes, 25, PI. x, Figs. 1-3. — GOnther, Cat. Fish.

Brit. Mus., vin, 210; Challenger Report, xxu, 263.— Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, 485.—

Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 225. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bui. xvi, U. S. Nat.

Mus., 366. — Vaiixant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poiss., 93, PI. vn, Figs. 2,2a. — Jordan and

Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888 (1891)657.
Lejitorhynchus Leuchteniergii, Lowe, Mem. Sav. Etrangeres, St. Petersburg, VII, 1854, 171.
Belonopsis Leachtenbergii, Brandt, op. cit. , 174, figure.

Head comparatively stout, its depth one-seveuth its. greatest length. Eye moderate,
less than one-third the length of the head without snout. Length of pectoral fins slightly
less than height of the anal, which is less than the height of the body and rather more than
the greatest depth of the head. Pale above, belly and anal fin blackish, the color not
abruptly chauging, the back somewhat speckled.

This most remarkable species was first obtained by H. M. S. Samarang in the South
Atlantic in 1846, and a little later by the indefatigable Lowe at Madeira. In 1879, when the
Fish Commission had its headquarters at Gloucester, a third specimen was obtained by us
from a George's Bank fisherman, who had preserved it in a whisky bottle, and who was
induced to part with it in barter for a five-dollar bill.

In 1881, the Fish Hawk while at work in 2~>- fathoms off Newport, brought up a small
specimen, clinging by its long jaws to the outside of the trawl net. Since then, the Alba-
tross and the Blake have obtained numerous specimens, off the South Atlantic coast in 300
to 1,000 fathoms. Vaillant has a magnificent specimen, 650 millimeters long, obtained in
1888 meters on the Banc d'Arguin. The Challenger did not obtain a single specimen.

The following is a list of localities whence this species has been obtained by the Alba-
tross :

No. 35632, U. S. N. M., from station 2235, in 39° 12' N. lat., 72° 03' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 707 fathoms; No. 32674, U. S. N. M., from station 2002, in 37° 20' 42" N. lat., 74° 17' 36' W.
Ion., at a depth of (ill fathoms; No. 35401, U. S. N. M., from station 2181, in 39° 29' N. lat,,
71° 46' W. Ion., at a depth of 693 fathoms; No. 35617, U. S. N. M., from station 2203, in 39°
34' 15" N. lat,, 71? 41' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; No. 32649, U. S. N. M. (4
specimens), from station 2001, in :;7 10' 30" N. lat,, 74° W. Ion., at a depth of 519
fathoms; No. 35402, U.S. N. M., from station 2182, in 39° 25' 30" N. lat., 71° 44' W. Ion., at
a depth of 861 fathoms; No. 35459, U. S. N. M., from station 2187, in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 71°
10' W. Ion., at a depth of 420 fathoms; No. 33290, U. S. N. M., from station 2039, in 38° 19'
26" N. lat,, 68o 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 2,369 fathoms; and from stations 2023, in 37° 48'
N. lat., 740 01' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 377 fathoms; 2561, in 39° 38' N. lat., 71° 42' W.
Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms; 2530, in 40° 53' 30" N. lat., 66° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 956
fathoms; 2533, in 40° 16' 30" X. Int., 67° 26' 15" YV. Ion., at a depth of 828 fathoms; and
2528, in 41° 47' N. lat., 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 677 fathoms.

Specimens were taken by the steamer Fish Ha irk, as follows : No. 29066, U. S. N. M., from
station 1048, in 38° 29' N. lat., 73° 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; No. 29073, U. S.
N. M., from station 1049, in 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; No.
26100, U. S. N. M., from station 880, in 39° 48' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 225
fathoms; No. 28767 (2 specimens), U. S. N. M., from station 938, in 39° 51' N. lat., 69° 49'
15" W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms; No. 28854, U. S. N. M., from station 952, in 39° 55'
N. lat., 70° 28' W. Ion., at a depth of 396 fathoms; No. 28905, U. S. N. M., from station 1025,
in 39° 49' N. lat., 71° 25' VV. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; No. 28761, U. S. N. M., from
station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 616 fathoms; and No.28S97,
from station 997, in 39° 42' N. lat,, 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms.

Specimens were also taken by the Blake, from station cccin, in 41° 34' 30" N. lat.,
65° 54' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 306 fathoms; station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat., 68°
22' W. Ion., at a depth of 304 fathoms ; station ccevi, in 41° 32' 30" N. lat., 65° 55' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 524 fathoms; station cccxxx, in 31° 41' N. lat., 74° 35' W. Ion., at a depth

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 153

of 1,017 fathoms; and station cocxxxvm, in 38° 18' 40" N. hit,, 73° 18' 10" W. Ion., at a
depth of 922 fathoms.

A closely allied species, y. avocetta, lias recently been discovered off the Pacific Coast.

LAB1CHTHYS, Gill and Ryder.

Labichthys, Gill and Ryder, Pror. U. s. Nat. Mus., \ , 1883, 261. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Anier., 56. —

Jordan and Davis. Rep. I*. S. 1'. C, ls8S, 6.">5.
Avocettina, Jordan and 1>a\i>, Rep. U.S. ]■'.(.. 1888, 655.

Nemichthyids with the head behind the eyes contracted and with very attenuated jaws.
Lateral line with a single row of pores. Branchiostegal membrane connected with the throat
and the branchial apertures bmited to the sides. Small conical teeth in a band along the
vomer and otherwise dentition of Nemichthys. A black epidermis. Tail probably filamen-
tous, but abruptly truncated in all known specimens.

LABICHTHYS CARINATUS, Gill and Ryder. (Figure 171.)

Labichthys caiinatus, Gill and Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 261. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer.,
57.— Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888, 656.

The ridges that bound the median rostral sulcus converge and form a carina along the
median Hue in vertical from the anterior border of the orbit. The greatest height of the
body (at posterior third) of the type specimens (0.447 meter long) is 0.013 meter, and the
height behind pectorals is 0.0055 meters. Color black. (Gill.)

Radial formula: D. 208; A. 287; P. 13.

The type of this species (No. 33369, TJ. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross from
station 2076, in 41° 13' N. lat., 65° 33' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 906 fathoms.

A closely allied form, Labichthys Gillii, Bean, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 1890, 45) was
taken in 1888 by the Albatross in 1,569 fathoms off Alaska. It has the vent somewhat
remote from the pectorals, and the dorsal origin over their tips.

LABICHTHYS ELOXGATUS, Gill and Ryder. (Figure 172.)

Labichthys elongatus, Gill and Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., VI, 1883, 262.— Jordan and Davis, Rep.
U. S. F. C, 1888, 656.

The ridges that bound the rostral groove are not confluent backwards in a cariuiform
extension, but end in a vertical from the orbit. The greatest height of the body (at poste-
rior third) in the type specimen (0.542 meter long) is 0.015 meter. Color black.

Radial formula: D. 346; A. 309 + x. (The anal is destroyed towards its end);* P. 19.
(Gill.)

The type of the species (Cat, No. 33577, U. S. N. M.) was taken by the Albatross at
station 2100, in 39^ 22' X. hit., 68^ 34' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,628 fathoms.

LABICHTHYS INFANS, (GCnther), Goode and Bean. (Figure 173.)

Wemichtkys xnfans, GCnther, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 24, 1878; Challenger Report, xxn, 1884, 264, pi.

lxiii, figs, B, b', b", b'".
Avocettina infant, Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888, 655.

Body much less elongate and eye much smaller than in Nemichthys scolopaceus.
Vent twice or thrice as distant from the root of the pectorals as is the latter from the e.\ e.

This species was taken by the Challenger in mid-Atlantic, station 101, depth, 2,500
fathoms; one specimen 11 inches long; and off Pernambuco, station 122, depth 500 fathoms,
one specimen 74 inches long. The specimen was mutilated.

Besides these two specimens, the British Museum has received from the Mona Channel,
in the "West Indies, a third which was found attached to an old telegraph cable that had
been laid at a depth of 114 fathoms; it is 14 inches long, but had a greater part of its body
mutilated during life. This specimen, which is fairly well preserved, has been fully de

154

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

scribed by Giinther in the Challenger Beport. A copy of bis figure is reproduced. (Fig-
ure 174.)

CYEMA, Giinther.

Cyema, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878,251; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 265. — Jordan and
Davis, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1888, 65.

Tbis genus, says Giinther, combines tbe form of the snout of a Xrmii-hthi/s with the
soft, short body of a Leptocephalus; but tbe gill openings are very narrow and close together
on tbe abdominal surface. Vent in about tbe middle of the length of the body; vertical fins
well developed, confined to and interrupted at the extremity of the tail. Pectoral fins well
developed. Eye very small.

It is to be hoped that Dr. Giinther will publish his views more fully upon the relation
of this form to Leptocephalus. To a casual observer Cyema, as exhibited in the French and
English material, seems very like a young N~emichthys, with its jaws and tail mutilated and
partly repaired.

CYEMA ATRUM, Gunther. (Figure 176.)

Cyema atrum, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 251; Challenger Report, xxn, 265, PI. liv, Fig.
D. — Vaillant, Exped. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 91, PI. vn. Figs. 4, la. — Jordan and Davis,
Rep. IT. S. F. C, 1888, 654.

A specimen 4A inches longwas obtained by the Challenger in the South Pacific, station
215, depth 1,500 fathoms; another, 4§ inches long, at station 158, in the Antarctic seas,
depth 1,800 fathoms. The French explorers took another, identified by Vaillant with this
species, at station xxxvin, 2,210 meters, off the coast of Morocco. This specimen is thus
described by Vaillant :

This is a little fish, 110 to 120 millimeters long and scarcely 2i to •'! millimeters in thick-
ness; this form has justly been compared to Leptocephalus by the accomplished Keeper of
the Zoological Collections in the British Museum.

The head is swollen, forming about one-sixth of the total length; the muzzle forms
more than a half of the bead; the angle of the mouth is well behind the eye; the jaws are
armed with small serrated teeth disposed in quincunx and giving it the appearance of
a fine file as in Nemichthys. The upper jaw is in large part wanting, also the extremity of
the lower and their dimension can only be given approximately. It is not possible to dis-
cover the position of the nostrils. The eyes are small and the interorbital space rather
large, about one-seventh of the length of the head. The narrow branchial orifices are close
to the lateral line, but not confluent, and placed very near tbe pectorals.

The anus is situated behind the middle of the total length, at the union of the anterior
five-eighths with the posterior three-eighths. The skin is scaleless.

The dorsal and anal are nearly opposite, on the posterior part of the body, immediately
behind the anus. The manner in which these fins terminate is not quite clear; in the living
animal it appears to me that they are united, forming a semi-lunar fork, posteriorly wanting
the ordinary caudal fin of fishes properly so called, but I am not willing to affirm that the
extremity was absolutely intact, the action of the preserving fluid making the ascertain-
ment of tbe tact more difficult daily.

The color is a beautiful velvety black.

Millimeters.

Length 105

Height 7

Thickness 2i.

Head, length 17

Millimeters.
Tail, length 40

Snout, length 9!

Eye, diameter i

Interorbital width 2

The specimen is jSTo. 84-1007, in the ichthyological collection of the Paris Museum. It
was taken at station 38. Dr. Giinther states that the species has been taken in depths of
3,743 and 3,202 meters in the Pacific and Antarctic oceans.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TIIKIK DISTRIBUTION. 155

SPINIVOMER. Gill and Ryder.

Spinivomer, Qui and Ryder, Proo. IT. s. Nat. Mus. vi, 1883, 2fil. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 57. — Jordan
and Davis, Rep. I", s. r. C, 1888, 653.

Neiiiichthyids with a rectilinear occipito-rostral outline, with very attenuated jaws,
high mandibular rami, the branchial apertures nearly confluent, enlarged acute conic teeth
in a median row on the vomer, and with a silverj epidermis, and a filiform tail. (Oill and
Ryder.)

SPINIVOMER GOODEI, Gill and Ryder.

Spinivomer Goodei, Oill and Ryder, loo. cit.,253, 255, 261.

The rays are ensheathed in a tough membrane which renders it impossible at present
to enumerate them with exactitude. They are, however, it is to be noted, more distant
from each other, and consequently fewer than in Serrivomer.

The tish has a silvery sheen by which, as well as by the smaller eyes and deeper mandi-
bles, it may be at once recognized from its relations.

This is the smallest of the family, but a beautiful silvery form. The total length of
the only specimen found is 0.13 of a meter, and its greatest. height (at the branchial region)
is 0.0025 meter. ( Gill and Ryder.)

A single specimen (Cat. No. 33293, U. S. X. M.) was obtained by the Albatross at station
2039, in 38° 19' 26" X. bit., 68° 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 2,361 fathoms.

SERRIVOMER, Gill and Ryder.

Serrivcnner, Gill and Ryder, Proo. 1 . S. X. M., vi, 1883, 260. — Jokhax, Cat. Fish, N. A., 57. — Jordan and
Davis, Rep. U. S. F. ('.. L888, 653.

Nemichthyids with the head behind eyes of an elongated parallelogramic form, with
moderately attenuated jaws, branchiostegal membrane confluent at the posterior margin, but
with the branchial apertures limited by an isthmus except at the margin, and with lancet-
shaped vomerine teeth in a. crowded (sometimes doubled) row. (Oill and Ryder.)

SERRIVOMER BEANII, Gill and Ryder. (Figure 175.)

Serrivomer Beanii, Gill and Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 260, 261. — Jordan and Davis, Rep. U.S.
F. c, L888, 653.

The stoutest species of the family and withmuch shorter jaws than any other, and with
a very formidable vomerine armature. Thetotal length of the single specimen obtained was
0. 59 1 meter; its height at the vertical of the mandibular articulation is 0.016 meter, and the
greatest height of the body (just behind tin; branchial apertures) is 0.02 meter.

Radial formula: I). 157; A. 138.

The specimen (Cat. No. 33383, TJ. S. X. M.) was taken by the Albatross at station
2075, in 41° 40' 30" X. lat., 65° 28' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 8.".."") fathoms.

SERRIVOMER RICHAEDU, ( Vaii.i.axt), G< K and I'.i an.

yemiehthys Eichardi, Vm.i wi, op. tit., Appendix, 93.
Avocetiina Richardi, Jordan and Davis, Rep. t'. s. F. C, 1888, (1891) 655.

Nemiohthyt infant, Vaujlant, Exp. Sri. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 95, pL vii, li^s. 1, la (not N. infant
of ( tiinther).

The description of this species given by Giinther (Preliminary notice 1873, p. 251)
being very brief, the example dredged from the Talisman, on the other hand, leaving much
to be desired in the way of preservation, the affinity is doubtful.

The example, moreover, if we may be able to judge, is a Little more nearly cylindrical
in form. The muzzle is sharply conical, the teeth of the jaws rasp-like, similar to those of
Nemichtlvys scolopaceus, Richardson. The eye appears small, nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the branchial orifice.

156

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The vent is placed a little farther back than in the typical species of the genus; the
length of the tail, compared to the total length, is in that more than ten-elevenths and
only seven-ninths in the individual here described. The skin being for the greater part re-
moved, together with a portion of the fius, some important characters are wanting. I find
no trace of the dorsal, except au incomplete ray, which is a little behind the anus; the anal
commences immediately behind this last. It appears to have been higher than the dorsal.
The base, moreover, of the scapular bone, which supports the pectorals, alone enables us to
determine the location of these fins behind the branchial aperture.

Measurements {given hy M. Vaillant).

M illimeters. Hundredths

Length of bod; . . .
Height of body - - -
Thickness of body
Length of head . . -
Tengthof tail ....
Length of snout . .
Diametei of <
Interorl'ital spat e

240

1

3

1

a

1

34

14

187

78

13

38

14

4

1

3

"We find the principal character given to this species by Dr. Vaillant to be the
insertion of the anus at a distance from the pectorals double that which separates the
pectorals from the eye. As for the proportional elongation of the body, which is greater
in the Nemichthys scolopaceus, Richardson, than in Xemichthys infant, Giinther, in our exam-
ple the difference is less marked.

Serrivomer Richardii is represented as having the eye one twenty-fifth of the length of
the head; in 8. Beanii the eye is much larger, forming more than one-twentieth of the
length of the head. In 8. Richardii the origin of the dorsal fin, if correctly represented,
is distant from the gill-opening a space nearly equal to the length of the head, while in 8.
Beanii its distance from this point equals the length of the head. The gape of the mouth
also in S. Richardii is apparently much wider than in 8. Beanii, the angle of the mouth
being well behind the vertical through the eye in 8. Bichardi and below the posterior mar
gin of the eye in 8. Beanii.

Serrivomer Richardii was taken at station 131 of the Talisman, off the Azores, at a
depth of 2,995 meters.

GAVIALICEPS, Wood-Mason.
Garialiceps, Wood-Masox, with Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1SS9, 4(10.

Body elongate, compressed, with long, lash like tail. Head depressed, and snout a spat-
ulate or needle-like beak. Teeth small, sharp, in a double row in each jaw. Vomerine
teeth larger. Gill openings separate but reaching nearly to middle line of abdomen. Vent
somewhat remote from throat. No pectorals.

Two species are known from the Bay of Bengal, viz: G. twniola, Wood-Mason, 265 fath-
oms, and G. microps, Alcock, 1,045 fathoms.

Order LYOMERI.

Lyomeri, Gill and Ryder, Proe. 1". S. Nat. Mas., vi. 1883, 263.

Fishes with five or six branchial arches (none modified as brancliiostegal or pharyngeal)
far behind the skull; an imperfectly ossified cranium deficient especially in nasal and vom-
erine elements articulating with the first vertebra by a basioccipital condyle alone; only
two cephalic arches, both freely movable, (1) an anterior dentigerous one, and (2) the sus-
pensorial, consisting of the hyomandibular and quadrate bones, without opercular elements;
the scapular arch, imperfect (limited to a single cartilaginous plate), remote from the skull,
and with separately ossified, but imperfect vertebras. (Gill.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 157

Family SACCOPHARYNGID^, Gill.

Saccopharyngoidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxxn; (Family, 169).
Saccopharyngina, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., via, 22.

Saocopharyngidw, Gill, Ait. Fata. Fish., is;.'. 21 (No. 205); Nature, xxix, 1X84, 235; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mil-.. \ ii. 1884, 62 3.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, r. s. Nat. Mus., 365.

Lyomeri with the branchio-anal portion much longer than the rostro-branehial ; the
tail excessively elongated and attenuated; the cranium unknown; the eyes anterolateral;
with the jawbones moderately extended backward (in comparison with the Kuiypharyugicl;r
and apparently not closable against each other; with enlarged teeth in one or both jaws;
with the dorsal and anal fins feebly developed, and with pectorals small but broad.

Saccopharynx is considered by Dr. Gunther to consist of "deep-sea congers," but evi-
dently it is not at all related to the congers or any other allied fishes. (Gill.)

SACCOPHARYNX, Mitchill.

Saccopharynx, Mitchill, Ana. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., i, 1824, 86 (type, Saccopharynx JlageUum, Cuvier). —

Gi nthkr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vm, 22; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 255.— Gill, op. eit., 46.
Ophiognathus, Harwood, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc, 1827, 52.

Saccopharyngids with the dorsal and anal fins continued backwards and confluent with
a slightly developed caudal tin [ .'J, and with the lower jaw toothless.

Front View of Head of Saccopharynx.

We unite the various forms of Saccopharynx under one specific name, pending the
discovery of new material which may render an intelligent discussion possible.

SACCOPHARYNX FLAGELLUM, Mitchill. (Figures 178, 179, 180.)

Saccopharynx, Mitchill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, I, 1824, 82.

Saccopharynx flagellant, ("Mi rcHiLL.")— Cuvier, Regue Animal. 2d ed., 1829, n, 355. — Gunther, Cat. Fish.

Brit. Mus., vm, 22. — JOHNSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862, x, 279. — Gill, loc. oit., 64.
Ophiognathus ampullaceus, HARWOOD, Phil. Trans.. 1827, 52, pi. VII, Figs. 1-4.
Saccopharynx ampullaceus, RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americaua, 1836, in, 271. — Gunther, Challenger

Report, xxn, 1887, 256, pi. lxvi.

Both jaws are armed with slender, curved, widely set teeth, irregularly uniserial orbiserial,
their points being directed inward. The length of the jaws is from one-third to one-seventh
of the length of the body; that is, the distance from the vent to the extremity of the snout.
The dorsal fin commences a long way behind the head and a short distance in front of the
vent; like the anal it may or may not reach the end of the tail, which terminates in an
extremely delicate and thin filament. The small pectoral tin with some thirty very thin
rays. Gill-opening an elongate slit. A bluish-white line runs on the back along each side
of the base of the dorsal fin, and a similar line is sometimes distinct along the anal fin.
(Oiinther.)

Of this genus five specimens have been captured; described by Dr. Gunther as follows.
There may, of course, be two species, for it is not certaiu that Mitchill and Harwood both
saw the same form.

153 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

(1) The fish described by Mitchill in 1824, which was taken in 52° K lat., 30° W. Ion.;
it was discovered afloat in a helpless condition, having swallowed a fish 10 inches long. The
body of this specimen was 11 and the tail 58 inches long. It does not seem to have been
preserved.

(2) The fish described by Harwood in 1827, which was taken in 62° N. lat., 57° W. Ion. ;
it was discovered afloat in a helpless condition, "almost worn out by unavailing efforts to
gorge a fish of about 7 inches in circumference." This is the largest of the specimens known,
its body having been about 20 and the tail 34 inches long. It does not seem to have been
preserved.

(3) The fish described by Johnson in 18G2, which was taken off Madeira, under what
circumstances Johnson could not learn, but probably also floating on the surface; it had
swallowed another deep-sea fish about 9 inches long (Halargyreus Johnsonii), the stomach of
which was forced up into the mouth by the distended air bladder, showing how rapidly both
fishes must have ascended to the surface. The body of this specimen is 8J and the tail 23
inches long. It is preserved in the British Museum.

(4) A young specimen in the British Museum, the history of which is unknown; its
body is 3, its tail 8i inches long. It is much shriveled, having been preserved for a long
time, but supplies some valuable information on points in which the larger is imperfect.

(5) A single badly mutilated specimen, secured by the Blake from station cccxxxi, in
35° 44' 40" E". lat., 74° 40' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 898 fathoms.

Dr. Giinther's description applies, no doubt, to S. ampullaceus. His figure is repro-
duced in our figure 178.

Family EURYPHARYNGID^.

Niruvelle famille, Vaillant, Coniptes Rendns. Acad. So., Paris, Dec. 11, 1882, p. 1226 (not named).
Eurypharyngid<r, Gill, Science, I, 231, March 30, 1883.— Gill and Ryder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. vi, 1883, 264.—
Vai.liant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 193.

Lyomeri with the branchio-anal portion much shorter than the rostro-branchial; with
the tail very elongated and moderately attenuated backwards ; the head flat above, and with
a transverse rostral margin, at the outer angles of which the eyes are exposed; with the
palatine jaws excessively elongated backwards and the upper parallel, and closing against
each other as far as the articulation of the two suspensorial bones ; with minute teeth on
both jaws; the dorsal and anal fins well developed and continued nearly to the end of the
tail, and with minute, narrow pectoral fins.

The mandibular rami are exceedingly narrow and slender, but the jaws are extremely
expansible and the skin is correspondingly dilatable; consequently an enormous pouch may
be developed. Inasmuch as the slenderness and fragility of the jaws and the absence of
raptorial teeth (at least in Gastrostomies) preclude the idea of the species being true fish of
prey, it is probable that they may derive their food from the water which is received into
the, pouch, by a process of selection of the small or minute organisms therein contained.

The peculiar closure of the anterior half of the upper jaws upon each other, and the
coordinate joint between the hyomaudibular and quadrate elements of the suspensorium
are doubtless correlated with the mode of ingestion or selection of food. The skin consti-
tuting the pouch, it may be added, has a peculiar velvety appearance, and also reminds
one of the patagium or wing membrane of a bat. ( G ill and Ryder.)

EURYPHARYNX, Vaillant.

Eurypharynx, Vaillant, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sc, Paris, 1232, Dec. 11, 1882, (tr. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5), v, 11, p. 67; Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 197; Gill and Ryder, loc. cit., 274.

Eurypharyngids with the cranium greatly abbreviated, the dentigerous bones very
elongate, nearly one-half the length of the body; feeble granulations upon the jaws, and a
pah' of enlarged teeth on the lower jaw in front. Gill-opening remote from angle of mouth.

DISCISSION Or SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

159

No traces of a lateral line. Vent premedian.
in slender point.

Rays of vertical tins slender and flexible.

Tail free, termiuatin

EUBYPHAKYNX l'KI.ECANOIDES, Vaii.i.ani. (Figure 176.)

i: a r a i> luiiy n. i pelecanoides, Vaillant, Comptea Rendns Acad. Sc, Paris, xcv, 1226, Dec. 11. L882; Exp. Sci.

Triiviiillenr e1 Talisman. Ills. pi. xvii. — (in. L and Rydku, loo cit.
Siccopharynx pelecanoides, i;i nther, Challenger Report, xxn, L887, 262.

Both jaws possess merely t'eelile dental granulations, but the lower jaw is armed in front
with a pair of slender curved teeth (2 millimeters long). The. length of the jaws is about
one-half of that of the body. The origin of the dorsal tin is nearer to the end of the snout
than to the vent; neither the dorsal nor the anal tin reach the end of the tail (which termi-
nates in a small, skinny lobe). (Hll-opening a very small round opening. No bluish-white
line along the back. (GHmther.)

" This animal," writes Grill, "is about 0.47 meter long and 0.02 meter high at the most
elevated part and is of au intense deep-black color. The body, the form of which is masked
in front by the abnormal mouth, which will be mentioned further on, resembles that of
jUacrurm; it becomes regularly attenuated from about the anterior fourth, the point at
which the external branchial orifice is seen, and terminates in a point at the caudal extrem-
ity; the anus is situated at the junction of the anterior third with the posterior two-thirds
of the body.

"What gives this fish a very peculiar physiognomy is the arrangement of the jaws and
the structure of the mouth, which are even au exaggeration of what Mr. Ayres has described
in Malacosteus niger. Although the head is short (scarcely 0.03 meter), the jaws and the
suspensoriuin are excessively elongated; the latter did not measure less than 0.095 meter;
and from this it results that the articular angle is carried very far back, to a distance from
the end of the muzzle equal to about 3i times the length of the cephalic portion."

GASTROSTOMTJS, Gill and Ryder.
Gastro8tomii8, Gill aud Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1883, vi, 271-273.

Eurypharyngids with the cranium abbreviated and little or no longer than broad,
minute acute conic teeth depressed inward in a very narrow band on the jaws (no en-
larged teeth at the extremity of the mandible), and the tail with au eradiate membrane
under its terminal portion. Gill-opening close to angle of mouth.

GASTROSTOMIES BAIRDII, Gill and Ryder. (Figures 181,182.)

Gaslrostomus Bairdii, Gill aud Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 18S:!, vi, 271.

The cranium forms about one-thirtieth or less of the extreme length, and is as broad as
long; the jaws are excessively elongated, being nearly (in large) or more (in young) than
7 times longer than the cranium; there are about 100 rays in the dorsal fin and about
107 in the anal; the pectorals are very small, being only about as long as the diameter of
the eye, and little more than twice as long as wide at the base, and have about nine simple
rays. The rays of the unpaired tins are quite flexible in the small individuals, but quite
rigid and more perfectly ossified in the larger; they become obsolete toward the end of the
tail. The rays, which are rigid and well ossified anteriorly, become shorter, very slender,
and flexible — in fact, almost as limp as threads near the end of the tail. The vertebral
bodies become longer and more attenuated toward the end of the tail.

Meter.

Extreme length 47

Body :

Height at branchial region 035

Height at anus 025

Height at commencement of anal (in 02

Length of abdominal cavity 05

Meter.
Cranium :

Length 015

Width 015

Inten>rbital area 011

Orbit, diameter 003

160

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Jaw:

Upper, length 103

Lower, length 103

Suspensorium, length 102

Branchial aperture :

From snout 11

From dorsal 028

Interbranchial isthmus, width . , 0035

Dorsal :

From snout 07

Longest ray 0075

Meter.

Anal:

From snout

. . . .175

Longest ray

... .015

Pectoral :

Distance from branchial aperture

... .002

Distance from anus

. . . .04

Distance from snout

. .. .115

Lensrth

. . . . 0035

Width (at base) 0015

The following specimens were taken by the Albatross: Cat No. 33294, U. S. N. M., from
station 2047, in 40° 2' 30" N. hit., 08° 49' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 389 fathoms; Cat. No.
33295, U. S. N. M., from station 2043, in 39° 49' N. lat., 68° 28' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
1,407 fathoms; Cat, No. 33386, U. S. N. M., from station 2074, in 41° 43' N. lat, 65° 15' 20"
W. Ion., at a depth of 1,309 fathoms; Cat. No. 35407, U. S. N. M., from station 2179, in 39°
30' 10" N. lat., 71° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 510 fathoms; Cat. No. 35521, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2210, in 39° 37' 45" N. lat, 71° 18' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 99 L fathoms;
Cat. No. 35525, U. S. N. M., from station 2211, in 39° 35' N. lat, 71° 18' W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,064 fathoms; Cat No. 33545, U. S. N. M., from station 2090, in 39° 22' 20" N. lat, 70°
52' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,451 fathoms; Cat. No. 35621, U. S. N. M., from station 2202,
in 39° 38' N. lat, 71° 39' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; and Cat. No. 35528, U. S.
N. M., from station 2206, in 39° 35' N. lat., 71° 24' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,043 fathoms.

Doubtfully placed in Saceopliaryngina by AlcocJc.

(Apparently true Apodes.)
DYSOMMA, Alcock.
Dyaomma, Alcock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1889 (Nov.), 450; Bathybial Fishes of the Bay of Bengal, 35.

Soft tissues well developed; osseous tissues weak. Body high anteriorly and the
head much inflated. Tail tapering to a point. Vent situated immediately behind the gill
opening. Snout short, slightly overhanging the mouth, its surface with many pores. Eyes
minute, concealed beneath the skin. Nostrils large, lateral. Cleft of mouth wide. Minute
sharp teeth in a single row in each jaw; a row of larger teeth in the vomer. Tongue not
free. Four gills, communicating with the pharynx by wide slits. Osseous elements of the
gill-cover rudimentary or absent. Gill-openings separate. Heart situated between the
gills. No scales. Vertical fins fairly developed, the dorsal beginning just behind the occi-
put. Pectorals well developed. (Alcock.)

A single species, Dysomma bucephalus, Alcock, represented by one specimen, 8f inches
long, taken in the Bay of Bengal, in 193 fathoms, hit, 20° 17' 30" N., Ion. 88° 51' E., by the
Investigator, and another from station 120, in 240 to 276 fathoms.

DYSOMMOPSIS, Alcock.
Dysommopais, Alcock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6th ser.), vm, 1891, 137.

A genus allied to Dysomma, having a tail of great relative length, the vent being close
to the gill-opening. Eyes small, deeply subcutaneous. Snout studded with pores. Nos-
trils large, lateral. Mouth wide. Small sharp teeth in a single row in the lower jaw, and
in a double row in the upper jaw: a short row of enlarged teeth in the vomer. Four gills:
gill clefts wide; gill-openings small, situated close together near mid-abdominal line.
Heart between the gills. Skin scaleless. Vertical fins confluent, the dorsal beginning a
short distance behind the gill-opening. No pectorals. (Alcock.)

The genns is represented by />. muciparus, Alcock, obtained by the Investigator in the
Indian Ocean, station 120, in 240 to 276 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 161

Order CARENCHELYI.

Carenchelyi, Glu., MS.

Teleost fishes with the intermaxillaries and supramaxillaries developed and united by
suture, and immovably connected with the cranium; branchial apparatus as in A.podes;
scapular arch remote from the skull, and the body anguilliform. (Gill, MS.)

Family DERICHTHYID^E.
Deriehthyida; Qnx, American Naturalist, v, is, 433, 1884.

Body anguilliform, slender, with a neck-like contraction between the head and pectoral
fins, and submedian anus. Scales absent, the skin being perfectly smooth. Lateral line
commencing on the side, behind the head, near the back, but submedian behind.

Head oblong, oval. Eyes in the anterior half of the head. Nostrils lateral, in front of
the eyes; neither tubular. Mouth with the cleft little oblique, extending behind the eyes.
Jaws well developed, mamillaries approximated to the front of the vomer and attenuated
backwards. Mandible moderately stout; the dentary with the coronoid process moderate
and not far from posterior end. Teeth conic, in cardiforni bands on the jaws and vomer.
Lips moderate. Tongue moderate. Periorbital bones.

Opercular apparatus moderately developed; operculum inserted rather low on the hyo-
mandibular by a peduncle, horizontally oblong, with emarginate upper edge and convex
lower one; suboperculum curved and applied below operculum; interoperculum long, con-
nected in front with angle of jaw and behind with front of suboperculum; preoperculum
moderate.

Branchial apertures lateral; vertical slits in front of pectorals.

Branchiostegal rays in small number (about 6), rather slender and curved upwards
behind the opercula.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal confluent in an uninterrupted fin; dorsal commencing far
behind the head; anal commencing about midway between snout and end of tail or middle
of body; caudal pointed and reduced.

Pectorals inserted nearer the breast than back, narrow and rather long, with about
10 or 11 fine rays, and bent forward.

Branchial arches slender; glossohyal moderately long; urohyal very slender and
pointed; first basibranchial very long; second and third basibranchials moderate; epipha-
ryngeal reduced to a pair(?); hypo] iharyngeals long and closely appressed and superin-
cumbent on the rudimentary fifth arch.

DERICHTHYS, Gill.
Derichthys, Gill, American Naturalist, xvm, 1887, 433.

The generic characters arc included in the family diagnosis.

DERICHTHYS SEKPENTINUS, Gill. (Figure 169.)
Derichthys serpentinus, Gill, American Naturalist, xvm, 1887,433.

Body stout, somewhat compressed, especially behind the vent; its greatest height in
the region of the vent nearly equal to the length of the head; its postanal portion equal to
the distance from the vent to the posterior margin of the orbit.

Head small, snake-like, its resemblance to that of a serpent being enhanced by the con-
tracted neck-like appearance of the anterior portion of the body. Its anterior portion is
depressed, and the view from above abruptly truncate, the width of the tip of the snout
being considerably greater than the interorbital space. The lower jaw is narrower ami in
eluded, the upper jaw projecting beyond its tip a distance nearly equal to the diameter of
the eye. The length of the snout is one third that of the head. The cleft of the mouth ex-
tends behind the eye a distance equal to or slightly greater than the diameter of the orbit.

19868— No. 2 11

162 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Nostrils elongate, the exterior slit occupying the middle third of the space between the an-
terior margin of the orbit and the tip of the snout. Length of the neck four-fifths that of
the head, equal to the distance from the posterior limit of the nostril to the posterior por-
tion of the head. Pectorals inserted high up, almost in median line, and composed of two
or three flexible, filiform rays. Origin of the dorsal about midway between the vent and
the tip of the snout, the fin composed of flexible, delicate rays, not sufficiently differentiated
from the thin membrane as to be easily counted, those rays being longest in the region above
the vent.

Vent nearly median. Anal fin beginning immediately behind the vent, and similar in
height and appearance to the dorsal fin, which it apparently joins at the tip of the tail.
No ventrals.

Lateral line inconspicuous, with minute pores, though its location is emphasized by
the Amphioxus like arrangement of the muscular fibers. Length of type 8 inches; of head,
one-half inch; of region in advance of pectorals, 1 inch; greatest height, seven-sixteenths
of an inch. Color, in life, ruddy brown; in alcohol, light yellow.

A single specimen (Cat. No. 33523, U. S. N. M.), was obtained by the Fish Commission
steamer Albatross, from station 2094, in 39° 41' 30" N. lat., 71° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of
1,022 fathoms.

Order HETEROMI.

Notacanthi, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxm (in part).
Heteromi, Gill, American Naturalist, Nov., 1889, 1016.

Teleosts with the scapular arch formed by the proscapula and post temporal (or postero-
temporal), the latter detached from the sides of the cranium and impinging on the supraoc-
cipital; the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid coalesced into a single lamellar imperforate
plate; the actiuosts normal; the cranium with the condyle confined to the basioccipital
(ill defined); the exoccipitals coalesced with the epiotics and opisthotics; the vomer
obsolete; the opercular apparatus complete, but the preoperculum slightly connected with or
discrete from the suspensorium; the suborbitals suppressed; the jaw bones complete and
little aberrant; the palatines, entopterygoids, aud ectopterygoids well developed; the
anterior vertebras separate, and the ventrals abdominal. (Gill.)

All the heteromous teleosts have a subfnsiform, moderately compressed body with head
short and snout protruding, sometimes produced, proboscis-like (as in Polyacanthonotus).

Family NOTACANTHID^,

I Notaeantini, Rafinesque, Inrlice d' Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, 34.
Notaoanthini, Bonaparte, Cat. Metodico, 1876, 72.
Notaeanthoidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxm.
Notacanthi, Gcxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 1861, 544.

Notacanthida, Gill, Arr. Fam.Fish, 1872, 21; Johnson's Cyclopedia, m, 1883; Century Dictionary, 4022. —
Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 370.

Mouth moderate, transverse, inferior. Lower jaw normal, with rami immovably con-
nected at symphysis. Scales small on body and head; lateral line present. Teeth slender,
closely set, in single series in each jaw. Gill openings wide, the membranes separate and
free from the isthmus.

Dorsal fin median, with short and free dorsal spines, and with only one ray (if any)
behind. Anal fin long, rather high, extending from the middle of the body to tbe caudal,
with which it unites, and with numerous spinous rays. Ventrals abdominal, often con-
fluent,with 1-5 spines and 1-8 soft rays. Pectorals short and high up. Pseudobranchia^ none.

The elaborate anatomical description of Xotacanthus sexspinis, given by Giinther (Chal-
lenger Report, xxn, 213-8) with numerous excellent figures, applies in its general features
to all the members of this family. In the discussion of the genera and species below, little
attention has been given to the degree of connection of the ventral fins. In every in-

DISCISSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 163

stance they are connate or continent, but the degree of connection depends not so much
upon their proximity to each other as upon bhe extent of the connecting membrane in the
several forms, and we question whether the character can be so defined as to serve even for
specific distinctions. All the species examined by us have the peculiar modifications of the
posterior extremities of the maxillary, and the sharp spine more or less hidden by the fleshy
fold of the lips at the angle of the month on either side.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF N( >TA< ANI'lIII >.K AND LIPOGENYID^E.

I. Jaws normal. Dorsal spines separated. Teeth in both jaws Notacantiiii>.i

A. Dorsal spines ti-12. Teeth in upper jaw compressed and obliquely triangular. Ventrals connate or

confluent Votacanthina

1. Origin of spinous dorsal far in advance of vent. Mouth lateral « ith lip contiuous.. Ventral tins

connate or confluent N< i r.vc.vx i ins

2. Origin of spinous dorsal in vertical from vent. Mouth subinferior, crescentic, with lip absent

in middle. Jaws each with 22 teeth. Ventral tins united Gigliolia

B. Dorsal spines 27-38. Teeth in jaws erect, fine. Ventrals separated PolyaeanthonotiiuB

1. Snout proboscis-like. Dorsal and anal spines long, flexible, the latter not exceeding 30 in num-

ber. Lateral line strongly arched PolyacanthonotuS

2. Snout not very elongate. Dorsal and anal spines low and strong, the latter 50 or more in num-

ber. Lateral line straight MaCDONAIJMA

II. Jaws modified to form a suctorial mouth with separated rami. Dorsal spines close together, united by

membrane to form a high triangular fin. No teeth Lipogenyiiu:

A. Dorsal spines 5, with 5 soft rays.

1. Lateral line obsolete behind Lipogenys

NOTACANTHUS, Bloch.

Xotacanthua, Bloch. Abhandl. Bohm. Gesellsch, 1787. — Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1804. — Goode, Proc., U.

S. N. M.,1880, 535.
Aeanthonotus, Bloch, Ichthyologia, xn, 1797, 113, pi. ccccxxxi. (No description separate from that of

species A. nasus.)— Schneider, Bloeh's Syst. Ichth., 1801, 390, pi. xlvii.
Campylodon, Eabricics (fide GCnther).

Head and body much compressed, the body elongate, snout obtuse, rounded at its tip,
not proboseis-like. The cleft of the mouth inferior. Dorsal fin almost rudimentary, con-
sisting of 12-15 very short, flexible spines, remote from each other and not connected by
a membrane. Anal fin very long, its origin close behind the vent, which is situated nearly
midway of the length of the body; its anterior portion is composed of separate, tlexible
spiues, without membrane, resembling those of the dorsal; these gradually lengthen,
grading into the articulated branched rays. No caudal. Ventrals broad, with broad,
peduncle-like bases, closely contiguous, separated only by a slight groove at the base, situ-
ated near the vent. Teeth acicular, in single row upon maxillaries, in a double row upon
mandibulars, villiform and in double row upon the palatines. Scales very numerous, of
moderate size, round, thin, flexible. Branchiostegals about 8. Gills, 4.

Notacanthus sexspinis, Richardson, as figured by Giiuther in the Challenger Report, has
8 dorsal spines (the last with supplementary ray), instead of the <> indicated by its specific
name; and this is the case also with the New Zealand specimen in the National Museum,
preseuted by Dr. Gunther, and one from Cook Strait, New Zealand, in the Museum at Flor-
ence, which is 410 millimeters in length, and has a radial formula: D. 8; A. 13 126; P. 12:
V. 1/8; Co. These specimens do not show the inflation of the checks, figured in Dr.
Gunther's plate.

The results of Dr. Giinther's dissections seem to indicate thai this species at least of
Notacanthus does not live at a very great depth.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NOTACANTHUS AND GIGLIOLIA.

I. Origin of dorsal considerably in advance of that of anal. Lip normal, continuous Notacanthis

A. Body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals, and comparatively short.

1. Lateral line following profile of back in front of dorsal spines, then sinking to median line of
body. D. x-xi.

a. First dorsal spine behind vertical from axil of ventral. A. xm-xv. (xvu?) N. nanus

b. First dorsal spine in front of vertical from insertion of ventral. A. x vn A. unalie

B. Body little higher over ventrals than over pectorals, and comparatively elongate.

164 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

1. Lateral line inconspicuous, nearer to dorsal than to ventral outline throughout, not arched ante-

riorly. D. vi-viii.

a. Last dorsal spines over anterior part of soft anal. A. xn N. Bonapartii

b. Dorsal and soft anal not passing same vertical. A. xm-xiv AT. sexspinis

2. Literal line slightly arched above pectoral, sinking to median line of body in advance of first

dorsal spines. D. x.

a. Last dorsal spine over fifth from last anal spine. Fins low. A. xix X. phasganorus

II. Origin of dorsal opposite that of anal. Lip absent in middle portion Gigliolia

A. Body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals and comparatively Bhort.
1. Lateral line arched over ventrals and pectorals. D. vni.

a. Snout thick, swollen. A. x v-x vm G. Moseleyi

NOTACANTHUS NASUS, Bloch. (Figure 183).

Acanthonotus nasus, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, XII, 114. — Schneider, Bloch's Systema Ichthyologiae, 1801, 390.

Notacanthus nasus, Bloch, Fische, vil, 113, pi. 431. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vm, 467,
pi. ccxli.— Lutken, Vid. Med., 1878, 145. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Iirit. Mas., m, 544; Challenger Report,
xxu, 248. — Giglioli, Elenco, 94. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 317.

Campylodon Fabricii, Eeinharjt, Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., 1838, 120.

Notacanthus Chemnitzii, (Bloch, Abh. Bohni. Gesellsch. 1787). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.
Mns., 370.

A Notacanthus with elongate body, whose greatest height lies between the pectoral and
ventral tins and is contained about 41 times in the distance from the vent to the tip of the
snout. Head, short, compressed, its length not quite 3h times in distance from vent to snout.
Mouth large, extending backward to a point nearly under the eye, the maxillary nearly
to the vertical from the anterior margin of pupil. The mouth does not lie entirely on the
under portion of the head, but is sublateral. There are 35 teeth in the intermaxillaries on
each side. The distance between the upper profile of the head and the eye is about equal
to the diameter of the eye, ami the diameter is slightly greater than one-third the length of
the snout (certainly not more than one-half the length of the snout), and about one-eighth
the length of the head. (In this connection, it is taken for granted that the hole in the skin
of the head represents the size of the eye: if, however, we assume that the entire portion
free of scales is the eye, the diameter is greater and equal to one-sixth the length of the head.
It is, at any rate, considerably less than the width of the interorbital space.) The gill cover
appears to be divided to below the symphysis of the operculum (with hyomandibular), and
is free from the isthmus (the entire under portion of the head is cut open in the middle).

Scales are lacking only about the mouth and eyes; about 40 longitudinal rows of
small scales (2 millimeters broad. 4 millimeters long) between the ventral outline and the
lateral line; smooth, and imbricated.

Of the 11 dorsal spines, the first (overlooked by Bloch and Valenciennes) is very small
and only visible as a point; placed close to this (1 millimeter) is the second, which is also
very short and feeble. The third, though also short, is thicker. The vent lies behind
the fifth spine. Of the 15 anal spines, which have their origin immediately behind the
vent, the first (overlooked by Bloch and Valenciennes) is very small; it does not extend
beyond the profile; the second and third but slightly. The spines which are longest and
placed farthest back still bear traces of a connecting membrane and are probably only
worn-off rays. The pectorals are inserted somewhat farther back from the gill covers than
shown by Bloch; the end is surely broken off, but yet it can hardly be doubted that this
fin is too long in Bloch's figure; its base is less than one-sixth the length of the head.
The ventral fins, connected behind the median line by a membrane, terminate considerably
in advance of the vent (they are apparently worn off a little behind).

Radial formula: D. xi; A. 15 + 118 C. ?; P. 19; v, 3 + 7 (1), 8 (r).— Branchiostegals, vm,
(r)-ix (1).

Total length (restored) 85 centimeters. Length of head about 10.7 centimeters.
Height of body about 8 centimeters. Length of tail about 47.5 centimeters.

The full diagnosis given above was furnished by our friend Dr. Franz Hilgendorf, Cus-
tos of the zoological collections in the Royal Museum of Natural History, Berlin, who
also gave the following notes on the present condition of the types:

The original Bloch specimen (Oat. Gen., No. 1409) is still in existence (our Museum pos-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 165

Besses in addition to this only a single specimen of Notaeanthus — Wotac. sexspinis), but it is
in a very unsatisfactory condition. It was, perhaps, injured in transportation from Paris.
The jar lias not been opened for more than thirty years. Very likely Blocb received ii in a
poor state of preservation — a large cavity in the belly, between the pectorals and ventrals, a
dilapidated left cheek, injured eyeballs, intestines wanting, etc. In addition to this, there

are other defects of a later date, such as the loss of the caudal, the tip of the snout, the
macerati f the frontal bones. The gill arch is almost entirely gone: the intestines alto-
gether. The frontal bone is crushed and the first vertebra is disconnected. There is a long
gap in the dorsal tin.

The actual length is now 82 centimeters; in addition to tins should be added, at the
most, 1 centimeter for the snout and § centimeter for the caudal tin. This makes its former
length about 85 centimeters. (Bloch says 2A feet ; this would lie, according to the Rhenish
\i. i. Prussian] measure, only 78J centimeters. Perhaps Bloch used alonger foot, or hegave
only an approximate measurement.) As we have no other specimen which we might have
.•on founded with that of Bloch, and ours still bears the label (apparently in Troschel's hand-
writing) "ITotacanthus nasus, Iceland, Bloch," 1 have no doubt that No. 140!) is the type
specimen. Nor can there have been another in Paris.

How much of the end of the caudal is missing is difficult to say. The point of the frac-
ture is hard and the fin bones are soft. 1 f Valenciennes's account is accurate, the caudal fin
only is missing, and one or two rays of this are still attached. If Bloch's description is cor-
rect, there were 14!) — (13+8 or 10 ?)=126-128 rays in the anal: consequently, a caudal end,
with at least 10 rays, in addition to the caudal tin, was lost, and the fish would have been
somewhat longer than 85 centimeters. 1 presume there was an oversight on Bloch's part.

The material now classed by authors under the name of N. nasus is the following:
(1) A specimen described by Fabricius in 1798 under the generic name of Campylodon,
obtained in 1704 from Greenland: (2) Bloch's type in the Berlin Museum, believed by him
to come from the West Indies, described under the names N. Ghemnitzii (?), N. nasus, and
Acanthonotus nasus; (3) A specimen, obtained off Iceland by La Recherche and brought by
Gaimard to the Paris Museum, figured in the Eegne Animal, and said to have been figured
also in the Voyage in Scandinavia. This, as has already been stated, is possibly a typical
V. nasus; (4) A specimen, ■'! feet long, obtained in South Greenland, and brought in 1S77 to the
Copenhagen Museum. This also is possibly not a characteristic representative of the species.

Both Canestrini and Giglioli enumerate Notacanihus nasus among Mediterranean fishes,
but entirely without authority.

NOTACANTHUS ANALIS, Gill. (Figures 184 ; 191 A-B.)
Notaeanthus analis. Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., \'i, 1883, 255. — Gunther; Challenger Report, XXII, 248,
note. — Vaillant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 318, etseg. — Jokdas ami Gilbert, Cat. Fish. N.
Anier.. 1885, 58.

A N~otacanthus, with its body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals, and com-
paratively short, its height equal to one-third of the distance from the vent to the tip of
the snout, and nearly equal to the length of the head, the lateral line arcuate in front of
the dorsal spines, following profile of the back and then sinking to the median line of the
body. First dorsal spine in front of vertical from insertion of ventral.

The snout is compressed, pointed, much produced beyond the moderate mouth. The cleft
extends nearly to the vertical through the middle of eye. The length of the snout is li
times the diameter of the eye. The width of the interorbital area is slightly less than the
diameter of the eye. The projection of the snout beyond the mouth is equal to the diameter
of the eye or nearly so. The snout is compressed, not swollen. Mouth narrow, transverse,
its width about one fourth the length of the head. The eye is placed some distance below
the upper profile and in the line of the lateral line continued to the nostrils. Gill opening
wide; the membranes confluent and slightly in advance of the vertical from the upper end
of the gill opening; not attached to the isthmus. Scales very minute, imbricated, adherent.

All the dorsal spines are short, the anterior very short; the second and first nearly over
the origin of the ventrals, the fifth above the vent and the sixth slightly behind the ori
gin of the anal. The longest aboutone half as long as the eye. The last (eleventh), which is
followed by a single ray attached to it by membrane, is over the fifteenth spine of the anal.
The dorsal spines are distant from each other, and behind each is a narrow angular mem-
brane. The anal begins immediately behind the vent, and in its middle portion is consid-

166

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

erably elevated; the length of its longest rays is about equal to that of the snout, from
which point it slopes rapidly to the tip of the tail. The pectoral, placed high up in the
middle axis of the body, is inserted at some distance behind the gill openings, and is broad
and nearly oval in shape. Ventrals confluent, some distance in advance of the vent, stout,
broad, ovate in form, not extending to the vent, but separated from it by a distance equal
to half their own length. Color, uniform light brown.

Radial formula: D. xi; A. xviii.

This description is prepared from the types of Gill, (Cat. No. 3785G, IT. S. N. M.,) from
Albatross station 2677, K lat., 32° 39', W. Ion. 76° 50' 30", in 478 fathoms. The types, two
in number, measure 11J and 12 J inches, respectively. Auother specimen, Cat. No. 44246, U.
S. N. M., was obtained by the Albatross from station 2676. in 32° 39' X. lat, 70° 01' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 407 fathoms.

NOTACANTHUS BOXAPARTII, Eisso. (Figure 185.)

Notacanthus Bonaparte, Risso, Wiegm. Archiv f. Naturgesch., 1840, :!7ii. pi. x.

Notacanthus Bonapartii, De Fit.ippi A- Vkraxy, Mem. Ace. Sci. Torino, xvm, 1857, 180. — Caxestpixi, Pesci

d'ltalia, 118.— Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, 1881, 161.— Gigi.ioi.i, Elenco, 33.
Notacanthus mediU rraneus, De Fii.ippi and Veraxy. Menior. Accad. Sci. Torin., 2ndseries, xvm, 1859. 190 (nota

supra); Alcuni Pesci de] Mediterraneo, L837, 3. — GCxtiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in. 515. — Caxestrini,

Pesci d'ltalia, 1872, 118.— Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, 1881, in, 158 (woodcut).— Vaii.i.axt, Exp.

Sci. Tray, et Tal., 317, 325; pi. xxvii.

A Notamnthnx, with body slender, comparatively elongate, little higher over ventrals
than over pectorals ; with its lateral line inconspicuous, nearer to the dorsal than to the

Facsimile of figure of Notacanthui Bmaparti in Risso's MS. — From tracing by Professor Giglioli.

ventral outline, not arched anteriorly. Snout produced and compressed. Palatine teeth
in a single series. Ventrals joined by a membrane of considerable width between the
internal rays. The height of the body is about one-thirteenth of its length ; its thickness
about one-twentieth. The tail does not appear to be in the least truncated, though so
described by certain authors, one of whom in his figure shows a tail carried to an acute
point, making the length of the body considerably greater in proportion to its height than
is indicated in his own description. Color, yellowish, with silvery reflections; the limb of
the operculum, the margin of the orbit, and the mouth darker.

Radial formula: D. vi-vn; A. XII-100+; Y. ii, ni-6 (iv-8 according to De FUippiand
Verany).

This form was carefully figured and described by Risso in 1840. He had a single speci-
men, 148 millimeters long, which he recognized as an inhabitant of abyssal depths (Sejour
abi/mes marines vaseux). By some error, his description and figure, otherwise perfectly con-
sistent, disagreed in respect to the number of spines in the dorsal fin, the figure showing
seven, the description nine. Misled by this. De Filippi and Verany redescribed the same fish
in 1859, and to justify their course proposed the theory that Risso's description and figure

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 167

wore based on different specimens, a theory accepted without criticism by later writers, but

which we can not believe a true one.

Kisso was a careful and experienced worker, and it would be unjust to the memory of
one of the best Italian ichthyologists to admit that he could be guilty of such an error.
Then, too, he states positively that he had only a single specimen. It is much more prob-
able that the German typesetter, in the office of Wiegmann's Archiv, mistook a " 7" for a
"9" in Risso's manuscript.

Bisso's figure is a good one of a young N~. mediterraneus, and his description agrees
with it perfectly with the exception of this one figure in the text.

The specimen described and figured by G-iinther under the name X. mediterraneus is
not a Mediterranean form, but one from the southern Pacific, and has been referred by us
to a new genus and species. Moreau is in error in referring the figures of Bloch and of
Cuvier and Valenciennes to this species (see discussion under NotacantUus nasus).

X. Bonapartii was describedunder the name X. mediterraneus, by DeFilippi and Verany
in 1857 from a specimen obtained at Nice, and preserved in the Zoological Museum at Turin.
Two others from the same locality, referred by Moreau to this species, are in the Museum
in Paris. The Travailleur and Talisman obtained four additional individuals: one from
the coast of Soudan, at a depth of 1,232 meters, and another from the same region at 932
meters; two from the Banc D'Arguin at 1,495 meters. These last have been made the sub-
ject of an elaborate description by Vaillant, who also publishes a good figure.

This species is distinguished from X. sexspinis (Fig. 192 A, B), described by Richard-
son from Australian seas (Voyage Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 54, pl.xxxn, Figs. 4-11), and
subsequently described by Gunther, who also gives an excellent figure (Challenger Report
xxn, 243, id. lxi, Fig. a), by various characters, most striking of which is the difference
in the relationships of the position of the dorsal spines and the soft anal fin. In X. sex-
sjiinis the dorsal and soft anal do not pass the same vertical, whereas in JV. mediterraneus
the last three dorsal spines are placed over the anterior part of the soft anal.

The type of X. mediterraneus from Nice was examined by Giglioli at the Turin Museum
in 1882. Its total length is 203 millimeters, and its radial formula D. G/l; A. 12/132?: V.
3-4/8; C. .->.'.

Prof. Giglioli informs us that in his "Central Collection of Italian Vertebrata" at
Florence he has four specimens of X. Bonapartii, as follows:

a. Nice, August 11, 1882. Total length 153 millimeters. D. 8/1; A. 6-7/120; V. 3/6-7; p. 9-10; C. 3-4?. A

large, curved spine in upper corner of mouth on either side.

b. Nice, March 7,1891. Total length 205 millimeters. D. 7/1; A. 14-120; V. 3 7; P. 12; C. 4?. Buccal

spines hidden in skin.

c. Nice, June 15, 1892. Total length 203 millimeters. D. 7/1; A. 8?/140; V. 3/5-7; P. 10-12. Buccal spines

large and prominent.

d. Syracuse, 1855-60?. D. 7/1; A. 11/25; P. 9-10; V. 3/5.

Another specimen, collected by Bellotti at Messina, December 12, 1S82, and now in the
Museo Civico at Milan, was examined by Giglioli, who states that it was 104 millimeters
long, and had D. 7/1; A. 7/?; V. 3/6; P. 10-12; C. 51.

NOTACANTHUS PHASGANORCS. GoODE. (Figure 186.)

Xotacanthus phasyanorus, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in.. Big. 31. 535, Apr. 18, 1881. — Gunther, Chal-
lenger Report, xxn, 249. — Jordan and Gilbert, Hull, xvi, U. S. Nat. .Mus., 900. — Vaillant, Exp. Sei.

Travailleur et Talisman. 31S, <■/ s../.

A Xotarantlnis. with its body a little higher over the veutrals than over pectorals, and
comparatively elongated; with its lateral line slightly arched above the pectorals, sinking
to median line of body in advance of first dorsal spines, and its last dorsal spine over the
fifth from the last anal spine.

Its body is much compressed, it greatest width slightly more than one-third heigh! of
the body at vent. Scales round, thin, flexible, very small upon the head (not wider than
the diameter of one of the dorsal spines) but upon the anterior half of the body about three
times as large, decreasing in size upon posterior half, until upon tail they are smaller than

168 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

upon head. Number of scales in lateral line not far from 400 (in the. partially digested
specimen before me it is impossible to make an exact enumeration). Number between
lateral line and dorsal fin about i'0, between lateral line and anal fin about 36. Head
covered in every part, even the lips, with small scales, of which there are about 40 betweeu
eye and end of opercular flap. Scales deeply imbedded (iu life probably hidden beneath
a slimy epidermis).

Length of the head about 74, times in that of body. The bones are flexible, and their out-
lines are invisible without dissection, the whole being covered with a leathery skin. Width
of interorbital space appeals to be (in the mutilated head) somewhat greater than length of
snout, and about one-fourth length of the head. Diameter of orbit appears to be about
one-half width of interorbital space. Length of postorbital portion of head nearly 3 times
that of snout. Length of mandibular bone slightly exceeds twice diameter of eye; that
of upper jaw considerably greater. Teeth in upper jaw blunt, accicular, set side by side
like the teeth of a comb, about 32 on each side. In lower jaw shorter, slenderer, and in
double rows. Yilliform teeth upon palatines.

Dorsal fin begins at a distance from snout not far from 2% times length of the head,
and nearly over the one hundred and tenth scale of lateral line; it consists of 10 low, widely
separated spines, unconnected by any membrane. Distance between first and tenth spine
nearly double length of head.

Spines from fourth to ninth about equidistant, while other interspaces are shorter.

Distance from snout to anal fin equal to about four times length of head. Anterior
spinous portion of anal resembles dorsal and is devoid of connecting membrane. (The
membrane is also absent from the posterior half of the fin, but may possibly have been
destroyed. Anal rays extend to tip of tail and number about 130, the number of spines
being 19. Anal begins immediately behind vent, and its length of base is slightly less than
half that of body (less by a length about equal to the distance from the angle of the mouth
to the gill-opening).

Pectoral fin placed at a distance behind the gill-opening about equal to width of its
own base. (Its length is at least double this distance — how much, more can not be deter-
mined, but the fin is evidently short and rounded in contour, the upper rays longest). Its
base is stout, peduncular, and thickly covered with scales.

Distance of the ventrals from snout equal to that of the dorsal, though its insertion is
slightly in advance of that of dorsal. Ventrals closely adjacent, separated by narrow
groove, broad, with peduncle-like bases, thickly covered with scales and provided witt
two spines and eight or nine rays (as nearly as the specimen will permit determination).

Radial formula: D. x; A. xix (130); CO; P. (17); V. II, 8-9.

Color, yellowish brown.

MEASUREMENTS.

Millimeters.

Extreme length 968

Body :

Height at vent 110

Greatest width (40)

Head:

Greatest length 132

Width of interorbital area (34)

Length of snout , 30

Length of postorbital portion (measured

diagonally) 87

Length of upper jaw 40

Length of mandible 36

Diameter oforbit 17

Dorsal :

Distance from snout 350

Length of base 215

Length of first spine 2

Length of last spine 7

Millimeters.

Distance between first and second spines.. 7

Distance between second and third spines. . 19

Distance between third and fourth spines . . 22
Distance between fourth and fifth, fifth and
sixth, sixth and seventh, seventh and

eighth, and eighth and ninth spines 25

Distance between ninth and tenth spines.. 21

Anal:

Distance from snout 437

Length of base 525

Length of first spine 2

Pectoral :

Distance from snout 150

Length (40)

Ventral :

Distance from snout 350

Length 20+

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 169

The U. S. Fish Commission received the type from the schooner Gatherer, of Glouces-
ter, ('apt. Briggs Gilpatrick, which had been taken from the stomach of a Ground-shark,
[Somniosus brevipinnis), on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland.

GIGLIOLIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

A genus of Notaeanthidce, distinguished from Hfotacanthus by the less advanced position

of the dorsal, the first dorsal spine being placed in the vertical over the vent and (dose to
the vertical from the first anal spine. Dorsal spines 6-9; anal spines 1,1-18, these being
longer and more slender than in Nbtacanthtis, enveloped nearly to their tips in a membrane,
and grading imperceptibly in length and size into those of the anal, which is co? paratively
high. The greatest height of the body is in the region of the ventral tins, am .he lateral
line, which is conspicuous, is arched over the pectorals and ventrals, but follows closely the
dorsal outline until it passes beyond the dorsal spines, alter which it is directed in a straight
line to the tip of the pointed tail. Head comparatively broad, mouth interior, almost suc-
torial, with lip absent in the middle portion of mouth in front; teeth in each intermaxillary
20-22; snout thick, swollen, much produced, nostrils large, conspicuous, covered by a mem-
branous tlap. Pectoral short, broad, rounded. Ventrals placed low down and completely
united, extending to the vent.

In general appearance and proportions this form resembles the high-backed division of
the genus Notacanihus, to which belong V. nanus and N. Chemnitzii. Its mouth, however,
is placed more on the under surface of the head than even in N. sexspinis.

This genus is named in honor of Commendatore Enrico Ilillyer Giglioli, professor in the
University of Florence, and founder of the Central Museum of Italian Vertebrates, who has
been a leader in all the efforts of the Italian Government in deep-sea research, and whose
thorough works upon the geographical distribution of Italian vertebrates, both terrestrial
and aquatic, are of an importance which can not be overvalued.

The only species assigned to this genus is that obtained by the Challenger off the south-
west coast of South America, and referred by Giintherto Wotacanthus Bonapartii. This
form, represented by a single individual Hi inches long, from a depth of 400 fathoms at
station 310, we propose to designate by the specific name Moseleyi, in memory of the late
lamented Henry Xottidge Moseley, f. r. s., who was naturalist of the Challenger, and Liuacre
professor in the University of Oxford.

GIGLIOLIA MOSELEYI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figures 187, 193.)

Xolacanthus Bonapartii, Gcxther, Challi nj;er Report. XXII, 249, pi. LXI, Fig. c.

The following excellent description is that written by Dr. Giiuther:

Body moderately elongate, its greatest depth opposite the ventral fin and contained
2§ times in distance of the vent from the end of the snout; the length of the compressed
oblong head is contained 2£ times in the same length. The snout is thick, swollen, much
produced beyond the narrow transverse mouth, which is opposite to the front margin of
the orbit, and quite at the lower side of the head. Twenty teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. The eye is close to the upper profile, two-thirds of the length of the snout, one-fifth of
that of the head, and less than the width of the interorbital space. Gill-openings of mod-
erate width, the gill-membranes being confluent in the vertical from the upper end of the
gill-opening, and not attached to the isthmus.

The whole body and head are covered with minute, smooth, imbricate, and adherent
scales.

All the dorsal spines are short, the anterior very short, the second opposite to the vent.
The anal spines commence immediately behind the vent, and increase in length posteriorly.
passing into the flexible rays, which are of varying and indefinite number. The pectoral is
inserted at the usual distance from the gill-opening, and has a base of moderate width.
Ventrals united and extending to the vent.

Eadial formula: D. vm-ix; A. xv-xvin, 150+ ; C. 3; P. 9: V. I, 7; Cwc. pyl. 5.

170 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

POLYACANTHONOTUS, Bleeker.

Polyacanthonotus, Bleeker, 1875. — Gujjther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 243 (as subgenus).
Zanotacanthus, Gill, Johnsons' Cyclopaedia, 1876, in, 883.
Paradoxichthys, Giglioli, Nature, xxv, 535, 1882.
Teratichthys, Giglioli, loc. cit.

Notacanthids, with very slender, elongate body, and inferior mouth, and the snout pro-
longed into a proboscis-like tip, resembling that of Mastacembelus; its length at least one-
third that of the head. Dorsal fin represented by numerous slender, curved, flexible, dis-
joined spines, the first of which is placed some distance behind the vertical from the origin
of the pectoral. Anal composed of a smaller number of longer, slender, flexible spines,
passing at a point some distance behind the last of the dorsal spines into a low, short, anal
fin. Pectorals moderate, slender, placed above the median line of the body, and close to the
lateral line. Ventrals slender, entirely separate, not reaching to the vent. Scales incon-
spicuous or probably absent. Lateral line conspicuous, descending from the angle of the
operculum in a strong, broad curve to below the middle region of the body at a point not
far from the vent. Teeth very fine, in rows upon each jaw : stronger teeth upon the palate,
arranged in the form of a horseshoe. The ventral with one spine.

Type, Notacanthutj Eissoanus, Ue Filippi and Verauy.

POLYACANTHOXOTUS RISSOAXUS, (De Filiiti and Verany), Gunther. (Figures 188; 194 A, B.)

NotacaulhiiK lacerta, Risso, Unpublished Manuscript.

Noiacanthwt Bissoanus, Br. Filipiu and Veraxy, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, xvin, 1859, 187-99; Nota sopra
alcnni Pesci del Mediterraneo, 1857,3. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 545. — Camestrini, Pesci
d'ltalia, 118.— Giglioli, Elenco, 34; Nature, xxv, 535.— Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, 162.— Vail-
lant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 335, pi. xxvn, tig. 1.

Kotacanthus ( Polyacanthonotus) rissoanus, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 250 (description and figure re-
late to another species).

Paradox ichlhyx Garibaldianm, Giglioli, Nature, xxv, 535.

A Notacanthoid fish, slender and elongate in form, its greatest height, above the anus
and near the middle of the body, one-fifteenth of the length of the body; its height at the
shoulders about one-twentieth. The length of the head is about one-eighth of that of the

Kotacantliite laverta, Riseo.

FACSIMILE OF RISSO'S DRAWING, MADE BY PROFESSOR GIGLIOLI.

body. Snout very elongate, oue-third of the length of the head; as long as the height of
the body at the shoulders, and three times the diameter of the eye. In form resembling
that (if Mastacembelus. "The condition of the type," remarks Vaillant, "does not allow us
to estimate the size of the mouth, but its commissure does not reach tbe anterior edge of the
orbit. Its form is analogous to that in other species of the genus, that is to say, its inferior
teeth are exceedingly fine and closely set, in the jaws, while there are stronger teeth upon
the palate, where they are arranged in the form of a horseshoe."

Eye moderate in size, its diameter one-eighth the length of the head; interorbital space
very narrow, not one-half the diameter of the eye. Branchial opening large. Operculum
truncated posteriorly.

Vent in front of the middle of the body.

No traces of scales. The lateral line, however, is conspicuous, and it descends from the
upper angle of tbe operculum to the middle of the body, or a little below it, in the vicinity
of the region of the vent. The first dorsal spine is placed two thirds times its own length
back of the vertical from the axil of the pectoral, and its length is less than the diameter of
the eye. The highest dorsal spines, those in the posterior third of the fin, are twice as long
as the diameter of the eye. The spines are all slightly curved backward, and there is a soft,

DISCISSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 171

supplementary ray behind the last. The anal spines are longer than the dorsal spines, the
longest two anil one half times the diameter of the eye. The first, vrhich is somewhat longer
than the firsl dorsal spine, situated behind the \ent and under the eighteenth dorsal spine.

In the specimen figured and described by Yailiant there is a semblance of a minute.
separate caudal fin, but it is by no means certain that this exists. The pectoral is placed
a considerable distance from the operculum, nearly equal to the length of the snout, and
its lower axil is in the median line of the body, or nearly so. Its length is about equal
to 1 hat of the snout. The vent rals, situated at a distance from the snout equal to about
one-third of the length of the body, do not reach the anus, and are the same size as the
pectorals. In Vaillant's specimen they appear to be separate, and he was able to observe
but a single spine. The color, in fresh condition, was milky white; the head and iris black.

Radial formula, D. 29-37; A. 34-41.

This species was known to Risso, who had in his collection the specimen which after-
wards served De Filippi as a type and which is now in the Turin Museum. A sketch by
Eisso, of this fish, is here reproduced. The Turin specimen was examined by Prof. Giglioli
in 1882: it is 160 millimeters long and has the following radial formula: D. 29/1; A. 35.

Prof. Giglioli has three specimens in his collection at Florence. We are indebted to
him for the following details concerning them:

a. Nice, August 5, 1881 (typo of Paradoxichthya Qaribaldianw) : Total length, 199 millimeters. D. 32/0; A.
38/100; P. 9-10; V. 1-10; C. 4?. This specimen has a long, straight spine, pointed backwards, above the
maxillary bone on either side.
6. Nice. March 1, 1891: Total length, 186 millimeters. D. 30 1; A. 41/150; P. 10; V. 1/10C.4?. Found dead

and partly decomposed. The peculiar maxillary spine is small in this and in the following specimen,
c. Nice. January L'7. 1892 : Total length, 160 millimeters. D. 30/0; A. 34/?. Found partially digested in the
stomach of Galena canis.

In addition to these specimens, one other was taken by the French expedition off the
coast of Morocco, station 40, at a depth of 2,212 meters. Its radial formula was D. 37/1;

A. 27/1

MACDONALDIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Notacanthids, with elongate body and inferior mouth. Body and head covered with
minute, imbricated scales. Dorsal fin represented by numerous short, straight, robust and
disjoined spines, 27 to 34 in number, the first in advance of the insertion of the pectoral.
Anal as in Wotaccmthus, but lower, and with a longer portion of low, short, slightly curved,
disjoined spines, from 35 to 55 in number, which under the final dorsal spines pass into flexi-
ble rays. Lateral line straight, conspicuous. Pectorals moderate, placed far back, below
the middle line of the body, and remote from the lateral line. Teeth in jaws erect, small;
and also in series on the vomer and palate. A line of pores on the inner edge of the mandi-
ble. Ventrals moderate, entirely separate.

This genus is named in honor of Col. Marshall MacDonald, U. S. Commissioner of
Fisheries, in commemoration of his liberal policy in furthering ichthyological research.

MACDONALDIA ROSTRATA, (Collett), Goode and Bean. (Figures 189; 195 A, B.)

Noiacanthns rosiratus, COLLETT, Hull. Soc. Zool., France, 1889, 307.

The body is greatly compressed, its outlines tapering rapidly in both directions from
the origin of the vent. Its greatest height is contained 3i times in the distance of the vent
from the tip of the snout, or about four fifths the length of the head, which is contained 94
times in the total. The snout is compressed, pointed, snake like, produced beyond the mouth
a distance less than the diameter of the eye and contained 3 times in the length of the
head. The mouth is small; its cleft scarcely reaches to the anterior nostril. Each jaw is
armed with a series of minute teeth and a similar series on vomer and palate. The eye is
moderate in size, placed not far from the dorsal profile, distant about 2 4 diameters from
the end of the snout, more than 3 diameters from the end of the onercle. Gill opening wide.

] 72 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The body and head covered by minute, imbricated scales. A line of mucous pores extends
from the anterior end of the lateral line forward under the eye and to the end of the maxilla.

The dorsal spines are short, distant from one another, the first being over the end of
the opercle, the fifth slightly behind the vertical through the origin of the pectoral, the
twelfth slightly in advance of theorigin of the pectoral, the fifteenth almost over the origin
of the anal, and the last (twenty-eighth) a little behind the middle of the length of the tail.
In another individual the fourth spine is immediately over the pectoral insertion, the thir-
teenth over the ventral origin, and the whole number of spines is 30, but there is behind
the thirtieth a minute spine almost united by membrane. The anal begins immediately
behind the vent and after the fifth spine the height of the fin remains uniform until the
length of the rays gradually decreases near the tip of the tail. The pectoral is inserted at
a distance from the gill opening nearly twice its own length. The ventrals have a broad
base, are not confluent, and reach to the vent or slightly beyond it.

Eadial formula : — D. xxvm-xxxi; A. xlii-liii.

The types are number 35601, U. S. N. M. , and were obtained by the steamer Albatross
at station 2216, K lat. 39° 47', W. Ion. 70° 30' 30", in a depth of 963 fathoms. They meas-
ure 16i and 16 inches, respectively. Another specimen, 17 inches long, was obtained by the
same steamer at station 2553, N. lat. 39° 48', W. Ion. 70° 36', in a depth of 551 fathoms.
The Hirondelle took it off Newfoundland, in 1,267 meters.

Closely allied to M. rostrata is Xotacanthus challengeri Vaillant (=Xotacanthus Risso-
(iii us, Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 250, pi. lxi, Fig. B, not Filippi and Verany), re-
named by Vaillant in the report of the Travailleur and Talisman, p. 387. This is distin-
guished by the larger number of its dorsal rays, the less anterior position of the origin of
the dorsal, the lesser height of the body in comparison with the distance from the vent to
the snout, comparatively longer snout and larger eye, and the absence of the suborbital row
of mucous pores.

This form was obtained by the Challenger at station 237, south of Yeddo, in 1,875
fathoms.

Dr. Giinther states that although this is a matter of some uncertainty, the diagnosis of
H. Rissoanus '-applies sufficiently well to his specimen;" further remarking that ''since a
number of Mediterranean fishes are identical with Japanese, and at least one other species
of Notacanthus (A. Bonapartii) shows a wide geographical range, he should not feel justi-
fied in giving a distinct name to the fish described." We can not help feeling that Dr.
(iiiuther has departed from his customary cautious and scientific method in this case, and
are satisfied that he would not have done so had he seen the specimen obtained by the
French exploring expedition on the coast of Morocco, and described and figured by Vail-
lant. Coming, as it does, from the Mediterranean region, and having the proboscis-like
character of the snout, much more emphasized than in the Japanese form, the presumptions
in favor of its identity with A. Rissoanus are very strong. We therefore not only adopt the
identification of Vaillant in preference to that of Giinther, but accept the new name which
Vaillant has proposed for the Japanese form.

Family LIPOGENYID^.
IApogenyidce, Gill, MS.

Heteromes with a roundish, inferior, suctorial mouth ; imperfect lower jaw with its rami
separated at middle, connected with the corresponding sides of the upper jaw, and invested
in a thick, transversely plicated, horseshoe shaped lip, reflected upwards behind on the
cheeks; no teeth; short row of 4 or 5 partially connected graduated dorsal spines and 5 to
7 branched rays, forming a regular fin. (Gill.)

The anomalous and unexampled modification of the lower jaw and mouth deserves a de-
tailed anatomical examination, but the existence of only one specimen — for the present, at
least; — is deemed to render such an investigation inadvisable.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 173

LIPOGENYS, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Head and body compressed, the body elongate, as in Wotacanfhus. Snout produced,
compressed, obtuse al tip. Cleft of the mouth inferior, suctorial, circular in bout, sur-
rounded by rugose, contractile lip. with cleft posteriorly, flanked by wing-like flaps, con
taining the modified mandibular^ boms, which articulate with the end of the maxilla, and
are free behind. A concealed spine at the endof the maxilla. No teeth. Anterior nostril
in short tube, the posterior oblong, under a short flap. Dorsal tin short, but normal ami
well developed, with a distinct soft portion. Anal tin norma] in position, high, with many
Spines, and with some of the rays spine like, though forked. A distinct, though very small,
caudal tin. Ventrals normal, well developed, with several spines. Scales minute, very
numerous. Lateral line conspicuous anteriorly.

LIPOGENYS GILLII, Goodk and Bean, n. s. (Figures 190; 196 A, B.)

Body compressed, its greatest width one-half its height, which is about one-tenth of the
length. The length of the head is contained Sjf times in that of the body and twice in the
distance from the origin of the pectoral to the vent. The width of the interorbital space
is about equal to the diameter of the eye, which is one-fifth the length of the head. The
length of the snout is nearly one-fourth that of the head. The postorbital portion of the
head is twice as long as the snout. The peculiar form of the jaws and mouth has been de-
scribed under the head of the genus. The diameter of the circular opening is about one-
half the diameter of the eye. The dorsal fin begins at a distance from the snout equal to
about three times the length of the head. It consists of 5 graduated spines, of which the
first is minute and the longest as long as the snout, and 5 rays, of which the second is
longest, nearly one-half as long as the head. The spines and rays are all compactly
arranged in a strong, triangular tin. The length of the dorsal base equals one half that of
the head. The anal begins under the fourth spine of the dorsal; it contains -11 spines and
SS rays, of which the anterior ten are stiff, though articulated, and divided at the tip. The
longest ray is longer than the longest spine, about as long as the snout. The ventral con-
sists of 3 spines and 7 rays. The two fins almost meet in the median line, but are discon-
nected. The fin readies to the vent. Its distance from the tip of the snout is about 2J
times the length of the head. The pectoral is placed below the median line of the body, at
a distance from the head about equal to the diameter of the eye; its length is a little greater
than the postorbital part of the head. The lateral line is well developed anteriorly, becom-
ing obsolete at a distance from the end of the dorsal about equal to l!i times the length of
the head.

The color is uniform light brown. The under sideof the gill covers dark, showing dark
at the edges of the opercular bone.

The type measures 17 inches in length. It is No. 39212, and was taken by the steamer
Albatross at statiou 2742, in K lat. 37° 46' 30", W. long. 73° 56' 30", from a depth of 865
fathoms.

Order TELEOCEPHALI.

Teleocephiili, Gux, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, iv, 763, 1S77.

Skeleton more or less ossified; skull well developed, and its elements numerous, with
cranial bones as follows: Of cartilage bones, basioccipital, exoccipital, supraoccipital, basi-
sphenoid, alisphenoid, opisthotic, prootic, postfrontal, and prefrontal; of membrane bones,
parietals, frontals, nasals, vomer, paraspheuoid, superorbitals, intermaxillaries, and super-
maxillaries; the suspensory arch of the lower jaw has a well developed quadrate bone, with
which, on the one hand, is articulated the pterygopalatine arch, consisting, generally, of
the ectopterygoid, entopterygoid, mesopterygoid, and palatine bones, and, on the other, the
hyomandibular and symplectic; the branchihyal apparatus consists of a median series of
bones (glossohyal, basihyal, ceratohyal, epihyal, and stylohyal), with the posterior of which
are connected four branchial arches and a modified pharyngeal, and with the anterior of the

174 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

branchiostegal arches, bearing, generally, 3 or more (most generally C or 7) rays on each
side; the lower jaw is composed <>f a dentary, and, behind, of an articular, angular,
and suraugular; the scapular arch has an undivided proscapula (to the inner side of which
are apposed at least a hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid), and is connected with the cranium
by postero-teinporal and post-temporal bones; the brain is differentiated, according to the
current nomenclature, into (1) a cerebral part, consisting of cerebral hemispheres and optic
lobes, and, in front, small, olfactory lobes; and (12) a cerebellar part, cerebellum, which is
moderately developed, covered, and simple. {Gill.)

Family BERYCID^E.

Berychlw, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1839, 76; Hist. Fishes of Madeira, p. 48, 1843 (also p. vin).— Gun-

ther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., i, 1859, 8.
Berycidw, Gill, Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 1872, 10 (No. 161) (=Giinther's BrrycUhv, genera v-ix, Joe.

cit., pp. 12-50).— Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 157.
Holocentroidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xix (in part).

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, with scales ctenoid, cycloid, foliate, or granular.
Head large and thick, not exceedingly cavernous. Mouth wide, oblique. Eye lateral and
large. Maxillaries large, premaxillaries protractile; suborbitals narrow. Teeth villiform,
in one or more bands, sometimes with a few pairs of fangs, as in Caulolepis. Opercular
bones usually spinous, and the other bones of the head usually strongly serrated. Branch-
iostegals vii- vin ; gill membranes separate, 3; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudo-
branchiae present; gill-rakers moderate. A single dorsal; anal with but few spinous rays;
ventral fins thoracic, with (> or more soft rays; pyloric caeca numerous.

This family is characteristically bathybial, few members being known to occur in shal-
low waters, and, indeed, with the exception of the family Holocentridce, the whole of the
superfamily Berycoidea as proposed by Gill, including the families /.'(///'"'"'(except two
species of Beryx), Trachichthyidce, Stqphanoberycidce, and Anomalopidw, are found at very
considerable depths. Monoeentridce, known from Chinese and Japanese seas, are probably
also inhabitants of the region below 100 fathoms. As Giinther has shown, this group are
found only in the sea, and are provided with highly developed apparatus for the secre-
tion of superficial mucus, thus fitting them for living at a greater depth than any other
allied group. "They have,'' wrote Giinther, "a world-wide distribution in all tropical seas."
In this connection the geological history of this group is particularly significant. " Fossil
Berycoids," says Giinther, "show a still greater diversity of form than living; they belong
to the oldest Teleosteous fishes, the majority of Acanthopterygians found in the chalk being
representatives of this family. Beryx lias been found in several species, with other genera
now extinct: Pseudoberyx, with abdominal ventrals, from Mount Lebanon; Berycopsis, with
cycloid scales; Ilomonnti/s, stcnustontu, Sphenvaplndus, Acanus, Soplopteryx, Platycormtw,
with granular scales; Podocys, with a dorsal fin extending to the neck: Acrogaster, Macro-
lepis, and Bhacolepis, from the chalk of Brazil. Species of Holocentrum and Myripristis
occur in the Monte Bolca formation."

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF BERYCID2E.

I. Scales ctenoid. Teeth villiform on jaws, palatines and vomer Berycinw

A. Muzzle short; chin projecting.

1. Preoperculum spineless ; opercular bones serrated.

a. Anal spines, 4; ventral rays, 7 or more Beryx

II. Scales cycloid; teeth villiform on jaws, palate toothless; head large and thick; cleft of mouth wide,

oblique, ventrals I, 10 MelamphaincB

A. Teeth in bauds. Scales large.

1. Anal far behind dorsal.

a. Anal with 2 spines and 6 rays; dorsal with 6 spines; ventral with 7 rays. Teeth in single
rows Melamphaes

2. Anal origin under posterior end of dorsal.

a. Eye moderate. Anal with 1 spiue and 8 to 9 rays; dorsal with 3 spines; ventrals with 7 rays.
Teeth sometimes in double rows Plectromus

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND T1IEIK DISTRIBUTION.

li

b. Eye minute, rudimentary. Dorsal and anal short (number of spines not known); ventrals with
lo rays. Teeth in single bands in jaws Scopelog

B. Teeth in single, villi form bands in each jaw ; palate toothless ; scales moderate, exceedingly thin, de-

ciduous. Month wide. Lateral canal distended. Caudal emarginate, with basal folds.
Ventrals, 5 Malacosarcos

C. Teeth small, cardifbrm, in the upper jaw present onlj in the short premaxillary; lower jawpro-

jecting.

1. Scales thin; body short, .(impressed, seopeliforui ; ventral rays, 7-8 POROMITRA

III. Scales minute, irregular; teeth irregular, palatines toothless; mouth very wide and oblique.

Anoploga&trina

A. Scales reduced to uiiuute asperities; teeth villiform in the jaws, with several somewhat larger in

the lower jaw AN0PL0GA8TEB

B. Scales small, leaf like, pedunculated ; teeth ( illiform, with two pairs of long, fang-like teeth above

and three below Caulolepis

EERYX, Cuvier.

Beryx, Cuvier, Eegne Animal, 1829, n, 151 (type, B. decadactylus).— CwtER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. m, 226. — Gi'NTtiKK, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 12. — Lowe, Hist. Fishes of Madeira, is.

Body oblong, compressed; abdomen trenchant, not carinated. Scales ctenoid, ar-
ranged regularly. Head large, angular, with thin bones, and large, but not conspicuous,
muciferous cavities. Eye very large; mouth wide, oblique; teeth villiform in jaws, and on
vomer and palatines. Brauchiostegals, yn-x. Gill opeuings broad. Preoperculum spine-
less. A single dorsal fin, its anterior portion composed of a few inconspicuous spines.
Anal spines, iv; ventral rays seven or more. Caudal deeply forked, with an anterior group
of spinous rudimentary rays above and below. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric cceca, 20-30.

Of this genus four species are known in addition to the immature Beryx delphini
described by Cuvier and Valenciennes* from a specimen taken out of the stomach of a
dolphin in the Western Indian Ocean (lat. 22 S., long. 51 E.), which seems most closely
related to B. decadactylus. B. liiwatus and B. affinis of Gunther belong to the Australian
fauna, and are said to occur in water of no very considerable depth. The other forms
range to a depth of 400 fathoms or more, but the young of one them at least occurs about
Madeira not far below the 100-fathom line.

BERYX DECADACTYLUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Beryx decadactylus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m, p. 222. — Lowe, Trans. Zocil. Soc. Lon-
don, in, 1. — Webb and Berthelot, Iehth. des lies Canaries, xm, 1836, pi. iv. — Guntiiek, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mns., i, 16; Challenger Report, xxn, 33. — Steindachxer. Denkschr. d. k.Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, xlvii,
220.

Beryx borealis, DttBEN and Koren, Kon. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1844, p. 33, pi. II. — Collett, Vid.
Selsk. Fork., C'hristiania, 1884, I, pi. I. — Lilljeborg, Sverig. och Norg. Fisk., 76.

Body oblong, considerably compressed, its height greatest at the origin of the dor-
sal; contained 2£ times in its length, and equal to the length of the head. The upper
maxillary bone reaches almost to the middle of the orbit. The eye is very large, its diam-
eter about 21 times in the distance from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the
operculum, its upper limb impinging upon the upper profile of the head. The distance of
the insertion of the pectoral from the snout is equal to the length of the base of the anal.
The insertion of the anal is approximately in the vertical from the tenth to the twelfth
dorsal ray, and its middle is slightly behind the ultimate ray of the dorsal. The ventral is
inserted under the axil of the pectoral. The scales are sharply ctenoid, with a strong middle
keel; the number in the lateral line is 64 to 65, and there are said to be from 34 to 35 in
the transverse row, although the published figures indicate about 18 below the lateral line,
and pet Imps half the number above.

Radial formula: D. IV, 16-19; A. IV, 28-29; V. 1-10; P. 14 (t).

This species was first described by Cuvier from a dried specimen in the Museum at
Lisbon, which at the time was supposed to have come from Madeira, but which is more likely
to have been from the coast of Portugal, since Capello finds it not infrequent in the markets

*Hist. Nat. Poiss. IX, 454 ; Ri-gne Animal, m, pi. xiv, Fig. 3.

176 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

of Lisbon from January to April, where it i.s known as the Im/perador. It was afterwards
found at Madeira by Lowe. who. unaware of the existence of two species in those waters,
figured it in the Cambridge Transactions under the name of B. splendens, and it has since
been found to be almost as abundant about Madeira as Lowe's subsequently described
species. It is known by the Madeiran fishermen as the Alfonsin a casta larga, and it
is more brilliantly scarlet, though it has a paler mouth. It is obtained at a depth of from
300 to 400 fathoms, at from 1 to 2 leagues from the shore, and attains the weight of -I or

5 pounds. The Challenger obtained specimens from the Sea of Japan at a depth of 345
fathoms. Dr. Doderlein also obtained specimens in Japan in 1881.

The type of B. borealis was taken at Borna^s, near Bergen, March S, 1839. Two addi-
tional examples, referred to this species, were secured near Bergen in 1871; these are men-
tioned in "Norges Fiske," 1871, and again by Lilljeborg in his " Skandinavisk Fauna" in
1881. Lilljeborg admitted it as a species doubtfully distinct from B. decadactylus.

Collett has compared the type of B. borealis with an adult specimen of B. decadactylus
from Madeira and with Steindachner's descriptions of examples of this species from Lisbon
and the Canaries and those taken by Doderlein in Japan. The type of B. borealis is only
280 millimeters long, and Collett is satisfied of its identity with B. decadactylus. He has
critically studied the chief diagnostic characters relied upon by Diiben and Koren, namely,
the greater height of the body and the number and size of the nasal spines.

We present below a translation of the essential parts of his discussion:

Lowe, in 1840, and Steindachner, in 1877, showed that the character stated by Cuv.

6 Val. (copied by Giinther) of the body height in li. decadactylus equaling the length of
head, is erroneous. In this species the length of the head is always less than height of
body, and is contained in it from 1± to 14 times. In the Museum example from Madeira
the proportion between the head length and body height is as 1 to 1.33; in the type of />'. bore-
alis, winch is ouly one-half as long as the Madeira specimen, and thus should have a rela-
tively greater height of body, the proportion is as 1 to 1.43. No specific difference can be
based on tins character.

The number and size of the spines of the snout he found to vary with the size and age
of the fish, and he concludes that this character is unimportant. In Japanese examples of
/.'. decadactylus, measuring 370 millimeters, the preorbital spine is one-third as long as the
eye, almost exactly as in the typical specimen of B. borealis. The relative length of this
spine decreases with age.

In the radial formula and number of scales. /;. borealis and B. decadactylus agree.
There is no difference in their proportions, dentition, and other specific characters.

BERYX SPLENDENS, l.owi:. (Figure 197.)

Beryx splendens, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, 142; Cambridge I'liil. Trans.. VI, 197 (the figure rep-
resents li. decadactylus); Fishes of Madeira, 47. pi. vni— Gunthek, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878,
I, 485; Challenger Report xxn, 33. — Hilgexdokf, Sitzungsber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin,
1879, 78.— Stkndachni a:, loc. cit., 221.

Body compressed, elongate, its height equal to the length of the head, and contained
3i times in the total. The pectoral and dorsal fins, which are equal in length, are one-fifth
of the entire length of the fish; the ventral, one-sixth. The dorsal and anal fins are higher
than in B. decadactylus, and the insertion of the anal is under the end of the dorsal.
Caudal deeply forked. Scales large, the whole surface spinous, with short refiexed points or
prickles, giving a general roughness to the touch. Lateral liue nearly straight, following
the curvature of the back, inconspicuous, and with 71 to 76 scales, with 8 above and 20 be-
below the lateral line in transverse series. Its color is thus described by Lowe: uAt the
moment of capture, whilst this fish is yet alive, the whole body beneath the lateral line is of
a pure, resplendent, silvery white; the fins alone, and merely the ridge of the back and head,
the inside of the mouth, the lower jaw, and parts beneath the eye, beiug of the brightest
scarlet, contrasting strongly with the pure silver of the whole sides and belly, which only
after death turn iridescent-rosy, or sometimes rich golden scarlet. The hind parts of the
dorsal and the ventral fins are transparent ; the iris is pale scarlet. There is a watery trans-
parency about the scarlet of the back in this state perfectly inimitable by art.

DISCUSSION OF srECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 177

"The fishermen affirm correctly that this superior degree of « triteness when first c;i|.
fined is constant in this species, their Alfonsin d casta cumprida, as compared with /;.
deeadactylus, Cuv., their Alfonsin a casta larga, which is from the first more generally
scarlet or high colored. It is also remarkable that the pale-colored month is characteristic
of the outwardly richer colored species; while, in the paler, B. splendens, the mouth inter-
nally is full bright red."

Radial formula: D. iv, 13-15. A. iv, 25-29. V. i, 7 +.

This species, originally described by Lowe in 1833, was, as has already been stated,
erroneously represented in the t 'ambridge Philosophical Transactions, by a figure of the other
species. In Madeiran waters it is equallj abundant with Jl. deeadactylus, bul it has not been
identified from the Lusitanian coast. A single specimen was obtained by the steamer
Albatross at a depth of 424 fathoms from station 2415, in 35° 49' 30'' N. lat., 74° 34' 45" \V.
Ion., and the British Museum has lately secured specimens from Japan.

Lowe records the following singular observations: "One singular distinction which
exists between this fish and /.'. deeadactylus, Cuv., is the comparatively rapid decomposition
of the viscera. I have repeatedly had individuals of both sorts brought for examination,
which had been caught together, and while the whole contents of the abdomen in />. deea-
dactylus have been in the most perfect preservation, those of B. splendens, though in other
respects the fishes were quite fresh, have proved entirely decomposed. And 1 have only
been able to overcome this difficulty by going out in the fishing boats aud being present at
the actual capture of this latter species, the Alfonsin d casta cumprida of the fishermen;
which begins to be met with of small size at tin' depth of 150 or 200 fathoms, but is scarcely
taken in full size and plenty except with its congener. /.'. deeadactylus, Cuv., the Alfonsin
a casta larga, at the enormous depth of from 300 to 400 fathoms, and from 1 to 2 leagues
from the shore."

MELAMPHAES, Gunther.

Metopiaa, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Londou, 1843, 90 (type, M. typhlops). (Name preoccupied by a genus of

Coleoptera.)
Melamphaes, GOnthbr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 433; Challenger Report, xxn, 26.

Beryeine fishes, with a large and thick head, the superficial bones of which are largely
modified by the presence of wide, muciferous channels. Cleft of mouth large, very oblique;
lower jaw slightly protruding. Teeth villiform, in a single narrow baud iu each jaw ; palatine
toothless. Scales large, cycloid, somewhat irregular. A single dorsal with six spines aud
eleven rays (in type species). Vent far behind tlieend of the dorsal, and the anal fin occu-
pying a space midway between the vertical from the end of the dorsal ami the origin of the
caudal, having two spines and six rays. Brauchiostegals, viti; pseudobrancbise present.
Opereles not armed.

MELAMPHAES TYPHLOPS, (Lowe), Gunther. (Figure 198. i

Metopius typhlops, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1813, 90; 1850, p. 251.

Melamphaes typhlops, Guntiii.i;, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. v, 433; Challenger Report, XXII, 27, pi. v, tig. K.

The greatest depth of the body below the origin of the dorsal fin equals the depth below
the occiput, and is rather more than one fourth of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head being one-third. The head is but little compressed, but higher than
broad, aud longer than high; the snout is very obtuse, with the lower jaw scarcely project-
ing beyond the upper: maxillary extending to behind the vertical from the posterior mar-
gin of the eye; eye small, its diameter being one-sixth of the length of the head, and two
thirds of that of the snout; crown of the head very convex', divided by ridges (which
are angularly bent) into a central rhomboid portion and into a pair of lateral ones: the
skiu, extending from ridge to ridge and covering the muciferous channels, is finely and lon-
gitudinally plaited, and pierced at regular intervals by very small pores. The operculum
has a membranaceous margin; the gill membrane perfectly free from the isthmus, and not
united with that of the other side; there are four perfect gills, but the pseudobranchise arc
small. Head entirely SCaleleSS.
19808— No. 2 12

178 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The distance between the origin of the dorsal fin and the end of the snout is nearly
equal to that between the dorsal and caudal fins; its spines are very feeble, gradually in-
creasing in length behind, the second soft ray being the longest, but much shorter than the
base of the fin. The anal fin is small, with the spines very feeble ; and there arc not more than
two in the specimen from which this description is taken, while Mr. Lowe says that he has
found four spines in the first specimen which was discovered. The base of the. anal fin is
covered with rather large scales. Caudal fin small, forked, covered with scales at the base;
pectoral falciform, not quite as long as the head, and not extending on to the vent; ven-
trals much shorter, with the spine very feeble. The scales are large, especially on the
trunk, with the margin irregularly notched; they become smaller on the tail, but the tho-
racic region is covered with very large ones, especially one between the ventrals, being not
much smaller than the operculum. Lateral line none. Color, entirely black. (Giinther.)

Eadial formula: D. VI, 11; A. II, 0; V. I, 7; lat. line 25; transverse line 7.

Known only from Madeira. Lowe's type is said to be lost.

PLECTROMUS, Gill.

Plectromua, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI, 1883, 257, 258.— Bean. „p. cit., 1885, 73.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A.,

1885, 74.

Berycine fishes, resembling in form Melamphaes, with moderate cycloid scales. Head
large and thick, with wide muciferous channels, and often with conspicuous foliaceous con-
tinuations of the superficial bones. Cleft of mouth moderate, somewhat oblique. Jaws
nearly equal, though the under one is slightly the more prominent. Teeth villiform in the
jaws (in the type species, P. suborbitalis), arranged in two rows, of which those of the inner
row, at least in the lower jaw, are largest ; palatines toothless. A single dorsal, with 2 to 3
spines and 10 to 10" rays. Vent and origin of the anal under the last rays of the dorsal,
the anal fin with 1 spine and 8 to 9 rays. Ventrals thoracic, and with 7 rays as in Mel-
amphaes. Branchiostegals vni; pseudobranchiae present; opercles not armed. Caudal
forked.

The genus Plectromus, which has been united with Melamphaes by European ichthy-
ologists, is provisionally maintained in this work on account of certain apparently valid
characters, such as the more normal position of the anal fin, which is inserted under the
end of the dorsal rather than far back as in the typical Melamphaes; also by the much
smaller number of spines in the dorsal and the larger number of rays in the anal, which
appears also to have 1 instead of 2 antecedent spines.

Most of the Atlantic species described by Giinther appear to be more closely allied to
the Plectromus type than to Melamphaes typhlops, and arc provisionally placed in the genus
Pleestromus rather for the purpose of eliciting further discussion than as an expression of
positive opinion, for which the material at our disposal is not sufficient. Melamphaes eras-
sleeps, Giinther (of which a figure is given), appears, however, to be a very close ally of the
species described by Bean under the same specific name.

In addition to the several Atlantic species, M. in yzolcpis, Giinther (Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1878, II, 185, Chall. Beport, xxn, 28), obtained by the Challenger south of New Guinea
and off the Arroe Islands at 800 fathoms, and by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal at
1,310 fathoms (Aleoch, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept., 1890, 201), seems to have affinities
with Plectromus.

The following details concerning the genus Plectromus, as represented in the type
species, P. suborbitalis, are furnished by Dr. Gill:

Body little compressed, highest behind ventrals, with the dorsal outline describing a
slight sigmoidal curve and the abdominal almost rectilinear; the caudal peduncle long and
robust.

Scales moderate, imbricated, cycloid, and readily deciduous.

Lateral line apparently undeveloped.

Head oblong or longer than high, very declivous in front, and with the suspensorium
almost vertical; the cranium above with a naked skin extending from the nape forward to

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 179

the nasal region covering large, muciferons cavities separated by osseous bars and with lat-
eral crests simulating those of crested Scorpaenids.

Suborbital bones with the superficial area narrow and emitting sulcate spiuiform pro-
cesses; checks covered with skin as well as periorbital region.

Preoperculum with its inner fold parallel with but widely separated from the external
margin; the latter is rounded at the angle, the posterior limb is vertical, and a short hori-
zontal one is developed.

Operculum normally developed, with large cycloid scales, and, behind, radiating ridges;
suboperculum extending as a membranous border behind; interoperculum moderate.

Eye moderate (its diameter equaling a quarter of the head's length) and entirely in the
anterior half of the head.

Mouth with the cleft moderately oblique.

Upper jaw not protractile; the intermaxillaries protracted backwards almost as far as
the superiuaxillaries; the latter have normally dilated smooth ends.

Lower jaw quite deep, curved, with smooth skin, with the rami inclined inwards below
and nearly contiguous, and with a truncate chin.

Teeth rather small, curved, and pointed, in two rows iu each jaw, those of the upper
closing around the lower jaw, and the teeth of the external row (at least in the lower jaw)
smaller thau those of the internal.

Branchial apertures normally cleft.

Shoulder girdle emitting a spine on each side, behind the nape.

PLECTROMUS SUBORBITALS, Gill. (Figure 201.)
Plectromus eutorbitalis, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., vi, 1883, 254-7-8.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885, 74.

A species of Plectromus having the length of the head contained nearly 3 times in the
total without the caudal ; the height of the body 3§ times. The diameter of the eye equals
the length of the snout and is contained 54 times in the length of the head. Mouth oblique ;
the end of the maxilla reaches to below the hind margin of the orbit. Two spiues, one
on each side of the nape, springing forward from the shoulder bones, give a strange appear-
ance to the fish, and have gained for it the generic name Plectromus. The mandible projects
slightly. Gill membranes deeply cleft, free from the isthmus behind, gill-rakers moderate,
about 15 below angle of 1st arch. A single series of weak, somewhat scattered, curved
teeth on the iutermaxilla and mandible.

The dorsal origin is over about the sixth row of scales; the length of the dorsal base
equals length of head. The anal origin is under the seventeenth ray of the dorsal; the anal
base is nearly one-third as long as the head.

The pectoral is two-sevenths of the total length without the caudal. Theven tral origi-
nates under the base of the pectoral; these fins are imperfect.

Radial formula: D. in, 16; A. r, S; P. 14; V.i, 7. Scales about 30; transverse series, 6;
the exposed margins of the few scales present are marked with coarse concentric stria?.

Color, black.

The type of the species (Xo. 33271, U. S. N. M.), 3$, inches long without the caudal,
which is imperfect, was obtained by the Albatross from station 2030 iu 38° 52' 40" K lat.,
69° 24' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,735 fathoms. Another (No. 35451, U. S. X. M.) was
taken from station 21110. in 39° 40' 1ST. lat., 70° 20' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,800 fath-
oms; also two small individuals from station 2535, in 40° 03' 30" X. lat., 07°27' 15" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 1,149 fathoms.

PLECTIK >MUS BEANII, (Guxther), Goode and Bean-. (Figure 202.)

Pleetromu* cransiiipa. Bean, I'ruc. V. S. Nat. Mas., 1885, 73 (preoccupied). — Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 1885,74.
Melamphaes Beanii, GttNTHER, Challenger Report, xxn. 1887, 29.

Height of body two-sevenths of total length (without caudal); length of head one-third.
Diameter of the eye contained 44 times in the length of the head. The maxillary ex-
tends to or slightly beyond the vertical through the hind margin of the eye. The pec-

180 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

toral is equal in length to the head, and more than twice as long as the ventral, and its
tip does not extend quite to the vent. The scales are large, there being about 25 rows in
the longitudinal series.

Radial formula: D. n, 11-12; A. I, 8-9; V. I, 8; P. 15.

Color, nearly black; the fins somewhat lighter at the margins.

The type specimen (Cat. Xo. 33553, V. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross from sta-
ti®n 2099, in 37° 12' 20" X. hit., 69° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 2,919 fathoms, and is conse-
quently remarkable as coming from the greatest depth explored by the Albatross, and the
greatest depth from which any tish has ever been obtained. Its length is 18 millimeters,
and it is very badly preserved. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross as follows :
Cat. No. 33378, U. S. X. M., from station -075, in 41° 40' 30" X. lat., 65° 35' W. Ion., at a
depth of 855 fathoms; Cat, Xo. 33509, U. S. X. M., from station 2094, in 39° 44' 30" X. lat.,
71° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1022 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 34835, U. S. X. M., from station 2106,
in 37° 41' 20" X. lat., 73° 03' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,497 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35009, U.
S. X. M., from station 2209, in 39° 34' 45" X. lat., 71° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,080
fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35522 U. S. X. M., from station 2215, in 39° 49' 15" X. lat, 20° 31' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 578 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35412, IT. S. X. M., from station 2182, in 39°
25' 30" X. lat,, 71° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 801 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35533, U. S. X. M.,
from station 2208, in 39° 33' X. lat., 71° 16' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,178 fathoms; and
from station 2428, in 42° 48' N. lat., 50° 55' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 826 fathoms; station
2550, in 39° 44' 30" X. lat., 70° 30' 45" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1,081 fathoms; station 2572, in
40° 29' X. lat., 66° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,769 fathoms.

PLECTROMI'S ROBUSTUS, (Guntuer), Goode and Bean.
Melamphaes robustus, Gunther, Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 29.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal) ; the length
of the head a little less than two-fifths; the least depth of the tail is two-fifths of its free
portion. Head thick, with the usual muciferous cavities; snout short; eye very small, about
one-eighth of the length of the head ami one half of that of the snout. Posterior margin
of the preoperculmn subvertical; lower jaw slightly prominent; cleft of the mouth rather
oblique, wide, extending beyond the eye. .Maxillary dilated behind. Origin of the dorsal
fin midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal, somewhat behind the
base of the ventrals, which are distinctly thoracic, The last dorsal ray is opposite to the
first of the anal. Upper pectoral rays elongate and reaching to the vent; ventrals rather
short.

Radial formula: D. n (?), 11; A.i, 9; V. I, 7; L. lat. 33.

Color, uniform black.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Millimeters.

Total length 53

Depth of the body 12i

Length of the head 17

Diameter of the orbit 2

Length of the caudal tin 8

The Challenger obtained several specimens of this species, one from the mid- Atlantic,
southwest of Sierra Leone, station 106, at a depth of 1,850 fathoms; another from midway
between the Cape of Good Hope and Kergueleu Island, station 140, at a depth of 1,375
fathoms; and another north of Xew Guinea, station 220, at a depth of 1,100 fathoms. The
Xew Guinea specimen is 2% inches long; the one from station 146, 6f inches.

PLECTROMUS CRASSICEPS, (Guntuer), Goode and Bean. (Figure 200a.)

Scopelus erassicepn, Guntuer, Aim. and Mag., Nat, Hist., II, 1878, 185.
Melamphaes erassiceps, Guntuer, Challenger Report, xxn, 28, pi. vni, fig. b.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal); the length
of the head, one-third; the least depth of the tail is two-fifths of its free portion. Head
very thick with short snout. Eyes, small, one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES \ \ I > THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 181

half of that ni' the suniit: posterior margin of the preoperculum descending obliquely back-
wards; lower jaw slightly prominent; cleft of the mouth rather oblique; the maxillary
reaches to behind theeye, and is moderately dilated behind. < Origin of the dorsal lin aearer
to the extremity of the snout than to the caudal lin. and immediately behind the base of
the centrals; its last ray is above the anterior anal rays. Pectoral lin narrow, nearlj as
long as tin- head, reaching to or beyond the end of the anal tin. Black. (Qimther.)

Radial formula: D. in, 1l': A. i, 8-9; P. 14; V. i. 7; L. hit. 28.

The Challenger obtained one specimen, 2 inches long, from the mid-Atlantic (station
107) at a depth of 1,500 fathoms; another, -h inches long, oil' Pernambuco, station 120, at
a depth of (!7;"i fathoms.

PLECTROMUS MI'.UALol'S, Litkex.

itelamphaes megalops, Li'TKEX, Oversigt. K. D. Vid. Srlsk, ForhandX, 1877, 17(1, pi. v, figs. 1-3. —
GtJNTHBR, Challenger Report xxu, 27, pi. v, lii;. ;:.

Height of the body one-fourth of the total length, and not quite equal to the length of
the head. Eye rather large, its diameter more than one-fourth the length of the head, and
considerably greater than that of the snout. Interorbital space in its greatest width
equal to about half the greatest height of the body; in its least width, one-fourth the great-
est height of the body. The caudal peduncle is long and slender, its length equal to the
distance from the posterior root of the anal to the head; its height, immediately behind the
dorsal and anal tins, is equal to one half the greatest height of the body; its least height,
about midway between the dorsal fin and the caudal, .scarcely more than one-fourth of the
height of the body. The anal is inserted under the last rays of the dorsal, broadly trian-
gular in form, and owing to the rapid diminution in the height of the body under the dorsal
and anal, both of these fins present the greater portion of their upper margin toward the
posterior portion of the fish. The pectorals are long, leaf-like, extending beyond the roots
of the dorsal and anal. The ventral is placed entirely in advance of the root of the pecto-
ral, and is very broad and stout — almost spatulate at its extremity; its length equal to
that of the. pectoral, and its tip overlapping the anterior portion of the anal. The head is
very rough, foliaceous; lower jaw prominent and projecting. Color, black.

D. in, 11; A. I, 9; 1'. 10-11; V. i, 7; L. lat. 3i; L. trans. 9; B. 8.

This species was described by Liitken from the Atlantic, south of the Azores. Its pro-
portions are so peculiar that it seems quite possible that it may not belong either to Me-
lamphaes or Plectronms, as now characterized.

SCOPELOGADUS, Vaillant.

Scopelogadus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleu'r et Talisman, lsss, 140.
Melamphaes, Vaillant, loc. <//., 385. (part).

Berycine fishes resembling Melamphaes and Plectromus, but in general form strongly
suggestive of Myctophum. Scales moderate and cycloid, regularly arranged. Head thick
and comparatively short, with deep muciferous channels. Mouth moderate, somewhat
oblique. Jaws nearly equal, the lower slightly more prominent. Teeth upon the inter-
maxillary and the mandible: palate, vomer, and tongue toothless. Eyes minute, rudiment-
ary. A single short dorsal of about 12 rays (number of spines not determined, possibly
rudimentary). Vent under the middle of the base of the dorsal; origin of the anal under
the posterior fourth of the dorsal. The anal tin with 8 or more rays (number of spines, if any
not rudimentary, not determined). Ventral tins thoracic and with ten rays. Pseudobran-
chiae present. No swim bladder.

This genus, was founded by Vaillant upon the five specimens of a species described by
him under the name of S. coeles. The material studied by him was badly preserved, and the
diagnosis, especially of the vertical tins, is unsatisfactory. At first, led by superficial re-
semblance, the form was believed to belong close to the old genus Scopelus, and the unfortu-
nate name Scopelogadus is intended to describe a Scopelus-like fish with thoracic tins. In

182 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

an appendix to his great work, Yaillant expresses the opinion that he. had erred in forming
a new genus, and that it belongs properly to Helamphaes, of Gunther.

Scopelogadus is well distinguished from both Melampkaes and from Plectromus by vari-
ous characters, most prominent of which are the short head, comparatively small mouth,
rudimentary eye, and short dorsal and anal tins, which overlap to the extent of nearly a
third of the length of each.

SCOPELOGADUS COCLES, Yaillant. (Figure 199.)
Scopelor/adus codes, Valliant, Exp. Sci., Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 143, pi. xxvi.

Height of body one-fonrth of total length (without caudal); length of head three-
tenths. Eye minute, rndimen tary. Length of the maxillary half the length of the head;
length of pectoral equal to that of the head, its tip extending far behind the vent and to
the vertical from the ba se of the antepenultimate dorsal ray; length of the ventral about
half that of the pectoral, its tip not reaching to the vent. Scales large, about 21 in the
longitudinal series — 2 above and i below. Dorsal placed midway between the snout and
the base of the upper caudal rays (not the an teeedent rudimentary spines). Origin of the
anal under the base of the preantep cnultimate dorsal ray, the dorsal overlapping it nearly
one-half of its leng tli.

Eadial formula: D. 12; A. S+; V. 10.

A long description, accompanied by several figures of anatomical details, is given by
Yaillant. The species was described from four specimens obtained on the Banc D'Arguin
at depths of from 1,000 to 1,250 meters, and off the Cape Verde Islands at 3,655 meters.

MALACOSARCUS, Gunther.
Malacosarcus, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 30.

Head large and thick, with bones very thin, and with wide and deep muciferous cavi-
ties; also the canal along the lateral line is much distended. Cleft of the mouth wide,
obliquely descending backwards, with jaws nearly equal in front. A narrow band of villi
form teeth in both jaws; palate toothless. Eight branchiostegals, pseudobranchia? present.
The edges of the preoperculum and the lower edge of the mandible with minute and
distant spines. Scales extremely thin, not sculptured, deciduous, irregular, and of moderate
size. One dorsal; caudal emarginate, with broad basal fold above and below; anal spines
very feeble. Veutrals small, five-rayed, inserted at some distance behind the pectorals.
Gills four; gill-lamina' short; gill-rakers long, needle-shaped. (Giinther).

Although this fish is only a degraded form of Melamphaes, Giinther decided to make it
the type of a distinct genus, since otherwise the generic definition of Melamphaes would
lose much in precision.

This peculiar genus is represented by the single species M. macrostoma, Giinther (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1S7S, vol. n, p. 18(3; Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, p. 30), obtained in
the mid-Pacific, Challenger station 271, at a depth of 2,425 fathoms, 3i inches long; and
near the Low Archipelago, station 270, at a depth of 2,350 fathoms, 3i inches long. No
vestige of it has yet been found in the Atlantic.

POROMITRA, Goode and Bean.

Poromitra, Goode and Bean, Bull. M. C. Z., x, 1883, 214. — GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xxn, 34.

Body short, compressed, scopeliform, covered with thin, cycloid scales. Head very
large, nearly half the entire length of the fish to base of caudal, with scales upon cheeks,
suboperculum, and probably elsewhere. No barbel. Mouth very large, the lower jaw
projecting. Margin of upper jaw composed of a short intermaxillary and a long maxillary.
Teeth cardiforin, numerous, very small, on the intermaxillaries and mandibles: none dis-
covered on maxillaries, palatines, or vomer. Opercular apparatus complete.

Dorsal fin in the middle of the body, its origin not far behind that of the veutrals, the
spinous and soft portions subequal in length. Anal much shorter than dorsal, its middle

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THED3 DISTRIBUTION. 183

under the end of the dorsal, or nearly so. Pseudobranchise present. Gill openings very
wide, separate.

POKOMITRA CAPITO, Gooi.i: and Bban. (Figure 200.)

Poromitra napito, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Xnf . Mns., tss2, 215; Mull. .\lns. Comp. Zool., x, 215.— G1 \-

rm.K, Challenger Report, wii. :;i.--.lni:nx, ( ;it. Fish. .N. Amer., 1SS.">, 75.

Height of the body two sevenths of its length to base of caudal rays; its width about
one half its height. Scales as large as the pupil, with concentric stria', about twenty-four
in the lateral line and about ten in the transverse series.

Head about two-fifths of standard length, somewhat resembling in appearance that of
Mi I>iii-( jihiihi\ Bairdii. The eye is large, circular, located normally. The length of the
upper jaw is three sevenths that of the head; that of the lower jaw about one half. The
end of the maxillary is nearly in the perpendicular from the posterior limb of the pupil.
The length of the snout is about equal to the least diameter of the eye. The distance from
the limb of the preoperculum to the end of the opercular Hap is equal to that from the tip
of the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit. Teeth as described in generic diagnosis.
Dorsal flu inserted midway between tip of snout and origin of middle caudal rays. The fin
is mutilated and its outline can not be determined; it is composed of 7 or 8 spines and (!
soft rays, and the length of its base is nearly equal to the height of the body at its insertion.

The anal fin is inserted in the perpendicular from the base of the eighth dorsal ray. It
is composed of nine rays, and the length of its base is half that of the dorsal base.

The pectoral is inserted far below the axis of the body, and with a single scale between
its axil and the branchial opening. Its length is twice the distance of its insertion from snout.

The ventral is minute (apparently) and is inserted in advance of the pectoral; it has
about 7 or 8 rays.

The caudal is mutilated, but seems to be composed of 15 rays.

Radial formula: D. vii or Vin, 6; A. 9; V. 7 or 8; P. 12; C. 15.

Two specimens of this species were secured by the Blake; one from station cccxxviii,
in 34° 28' 25" N. lat., 75° 22' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,632 fathoms; the other from an
unknown locality.

ANOPLOGASTER, Gunther.
Anoploijaster, GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., 1, ls">9, 12; Challenger Report xxn, 25.

Body compressed, deep, with the scales reduced to minute asperities. Head large, with
thin bones and wide muciferous cavities. Cleft of mouth wide aud oblique; chin promi-

ANOPLOGASTER CORN) rCS— FRONT VIEW.

nent. Muzzle short, rounded, not protruding. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, with
several larger teeth in the lower jaw; palatine toothless. Bye large. Preoperculum entire.
Suprascapulary aud angle of preoperculum armed with a spine. Dorsal without spines
and with about 17 rays. Anal with 9 to in rays. Ventral with 1 spine and 0 rays. Air-
bladder small, pyriform. Branchiostegals, 8. < lill openings very wide.

184 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ANOFLOGASTER COENUTUS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes), GCnther. (Figure 203

Eoplostethus cornutus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 470.

Anoplogaster cornutus, Gt)NTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 12; Challenger Report, xxn, 25. — Lutken, Over-
sigt k. d. Vid. Selsk. Forhandl., 1877, 181, pi. v, rigs 4-7.

Height of body somewhat more than half the total length (without caudal); greatest
width a little more or less than half its height. Head a little more than one-third of total.
Eye nearly one-third of head; interorbital width nearly one-half that of the head. Sub-
orbital arch with seven cavities; the bony ridges of the head terminating in several olunt
points. Ventrals midway between tip of snout and base of caudal.

Kadial formula: D. 17; A. 9-10; P. 16; V. 7.

This species was described from three specimens, 32 to 43 millimeters in length, taken
from the stomach of an albicore, in 31° X. lat., 40° W. Ion. Another, 77 millimeters long,
was taken from the stomach of some other pelagic fish, in 25° N. lat., 31° W. Ion.

A specimen was obtained by the Albatross, in K lat. 39° 18' 30", W. Ion. 68° 24'.

CAULOLEPIS, Gill.

CaulolepU, Gill, Forest and Stream, xxi, August 30, 1883; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1884, 258, 259.— Jor-
dan, Cat. Fish. N.Amer., 1885, 24. — Guntiier, Challenger Report, xxn, 25.

Berycids with a laterally oval or broad pyriform contour, a compressed body covered
with small, pedunculated, leaf like scales, an abruptly declivous forehead, small eyes, a pair
of very long, pointed teeth in fronl of upper jaw closing in front of lower, a similar pair of
still longer pointed teeth in the lower, received in fovea' of the palate; on the sides of each
jaw two long teeth terminating in bulbous tips; a row of minute teeth on the posterior half
of the supramaxillaries, and a toothless palate.

This genus, closely related to Anoplogaster, is represented by a single Atlantic species.
The details of its structure are described more fully in the following notes communicated in
manuscript by Dr. Gill:

Body compressed, pyriform, highest in front, and with the dorsal and inferior outlines
converging to caudal peduncle, which is moderately Long and slender.

Scales small and not or scarcely imbricated, upraised by peduncles, and with the sur-
face extended and dentate behind.

Lateral line distinct and developed as a groove running parallel with the back and
continuous to the base of the caudal tin.

Head higher than long, with the cranial portion very declivous, and with the snspen-
sorial portion obliquely extended downwards and backwards; the cranium above with three
naked membranous areas, an anterior pair pointed forward and diverging to receive the
ascending process of the intermaxillaries and a median hastiform one behind; also with a
naked horseshoe-shaped area around the nape; the naked spaces being separated by the
bony bars limiting the large muciferous cavities; suborbital bones enlarged, sculptured, and
with small, erect spines; the first with three radiating bars; the second largest, sending
four depending processes, three forward or downward, and another articulating with the
preoperculum above its angle; the postorbital expanding distally and articulating with the
preoperculum above; the interspaces covered by a tense skin with the extension of the scales
imbedded in it.

Preoperculum angulated downward and backward, spinigerous at the angle and with
no horizontal lines: opercular apparatus much reduced ; the operculum extended downward,
with numerous stria' and ridges and with three more diverging ridges extended backwards
or downward into spiniform angles, one horizontal and the others oblique, leaving emar
ginated interspaces between; the inter- and subopercula small, the latter with several strise
pointed backward.

The eye moderately developed near the anterior profile. Upper jaw not protractile,
with the intermaxillaries extended far backward and the supramaxillaries lying behind and
above, and with wide oval extremities furnished with radiating ridges or striae.

Discission of SPECIES AND Mil. II; DISTRIBUTION.

1 Sf,

Lower jaw quite deep with an uppei and lower portion longitudinally striated and an
intermediate region provided with a naked skin, and with its angle emitting a spine back-
ward; chin flattened backwards to a median interior point; teeth enlarged and few, in a
single low in each jaw. (1) In the upper a pair slightly curved and regularly pointed, clos-
ing in front of lower jaw, and on each side two at intervals, behind much smaller and with
swollen blunt tips. (2) In the lower jaw a pair near the symphysis more separated than
those of the upper and fitting into fovea' of the palate on each side: two smaller teeth
nearly straight and with globular points, the first intermediate between the first and

see I of the upper, and the secoud behind the second lateral tooth of the upper jaw;

palate and tongue edentulous. (3) .V row of very small teeth around the posterior half of
the supramaxillai v.

Dorsal single, commencing above the upper axil of the pectoral, with LI spines and 17
bifurcate rays, the last of which is double; anal short, mostly behind the dorsal, with 2
spines, the first very short, and 8 bifurcate rays, the last double; caudal deeply emai fili-
ated, but with rounded lobes; pectorals obliquely inserted, of moderate size, with 1 simple
and about 14 branched rays; ventral fins subabdominal or decidedly behind the pec-
torals, withl spine and 6 branched rays. Branchial apertures deeply cleft; branchiostegal
rays, 8.

CAULOLEPIS LOXGIDENS, Gill. (Figure 204.)
Caulolepit longidens, Gill, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mas., vi. 2.~>9. -Jordan, loc. cM.-GOnther, lor. tit.

Greatest height of body one-half its length inclusive of caudal; length of head two and
four fifths times in length of body, and almost equal to the height of the body. Upper
jaw from the symphysis to the end of the supramaxillary contained 3i times in the total
length. The orbit contained 4 times in the length of the head. The front teeth of the
upper jaw are considerably longer than the diameter of the orbit; those of the lower nearly
twice as long. The scales are very peculiar, foliaceous anil pedunculate. Color, uniform
black.

Radial formula: D. IT, 17; A. it, 8; C. X-19-X; P. I, 14; V. I, 7.

MEASUREMENTS.

Inches.

Extreme length 4.7

Body:

Greatest height 51

Greatest width 18

Height at ventrals 49

Least height of tail 9.5

Head :

Greatest length 38

Greatest width 20

Width id' interorbital area 13

Length of snout 12

Length of upper jaw 34

Length of mandible 32

Diameter of orbit 8

Dorsal :

Distance from snout . « 47

Length of base 41

Length of longest ray 12

Length of first ray 4

Illl ll. -

Anal :

Distance from snout 73. 5

Length of base 9

Length of first ray 1.5

Length of second ray 4

Length of longest ray 12

Length of last ray 7. 5

Caudal :

Length of middle rays 11

Length of outer rays 20

Pectoral:

Distance from snout :!7

Length 2S

Ventral :

Distance from snout 27

Length 21

A single specimen (Oat. No. 33270, 0". S. N". M.), 4.7 inches in length, was taken by the

Albatross from station 2034, in 39°
fathoms."

-'7' 10" N. Lat., (i!t° .""><;' 20" W. Lon., at a depth of L,346

186 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family STEPHANOBERYCID^E.

Stephanoberycidcr, Gill, Standard Natural History, in, 1885, p. 182. (Name only.)

Body oblong, compressed, with scales of peculiar form, circular, having iu the center of
each, one or two erect, conspicuous spines, and in arrangement scarcely imbricated. Head
large, thick, oblong, cavernous, with short convex snout, and with thin osseous ridges, es-
pecially an inner U-shaped one on the crown, whose limbs diverge on each side of the
nape; also an outer sigmoid ridge ou each side above the eyes, continuous with a similar
ridge projecting from the nasal bone, the inner and outer ridges being connected by a cross
ridge opposite the anterior margin of the orbit. The mouth is very wide and somewhat
oblique. Lower jaw slender and slightly projecting. Mamillaries large; premaxillari.es
protractile; suborbitals narrow. Teeth small, in a single baud on the intermaxillaries and
dentaries; palatine toothless. Bones of the head usually serrated. Branchiostegals vii-viii;
gill membranes separate, 3; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchite present.
Gill-rakers moderate. A single dorsal. Dorsal and anal without spinous rays. Ventral
tins abdominal, farther back in the adult than in the young, with 1 spine and 5 rays.

STEPHANOBERYX, Gill.
Slephanoberi/r, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 258.-Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885, 74.

I '.erycids with an elongated claviform contour, body covered with cycloid scales, scarcely
imbricated, and armed about the center with one or two erect spines. An oblong head,
with a moderate, convex snout, and with thin osseous ridges, especially an inner U-shaped

STEPHANOBERYX MiiXi)- FRONT VIEW.

one on the crown, whose limbs diverge on each side of the nape, and an outer sigmoid one
on each side above the eyes, and continuous with one projecting from the nasal; the inner
and outer ridges connected by a crossbar on a line with the anterior margin of the orbit;
rather small eyes in the anterior half of the head, aud the teeth small, acute, and in a band
on the intermaxillaries and dentaries; palate toothless. Ventrals with 1 spine and 5 rays.

STEPHANOBERYX MON^E, Gill. (Figure 205.)

Stephanoberyx Monce, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 258.

The type of the species is a young specimen, about 2 inches long. For comparison
with S. Gillii we have used examples measuring 44 inches from Albatross station 231)2.

In one of these the eye is two-ninths as long as the head and nearly equal to the snout;
the head equals one-third of total length to caudal base, the greatest depth of the body
two-sevenths of the same length. The upper jaw is slightly loiiger than the postorbital
part of the head. Gill-rakers long and slender, about 25 below the angle on the first arch.
The distance of the anal origin from the end of the head equals two-thirds length of head.
The ventrals originate under the middle of the pectorals.

Color, brownish.

Radial formula: D. 14; A. 13-14; P. 10; V. I, 5.

The type specimen of this species (Oat. No. 33445, TJ. S. K M.) was obtained by the
Albatross from station 2077, in 41° 09' 40" N. Lat., 0!P 02' 20" W. Lon., at a depth of 1,255
fathoms. Other specimens were taken by the Albatross as follows : From station 23S5, in 28°

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 187

51' X. Lat., 88° IS' W. Lon., at a depth of 730 fathoms; station 2302, in I'S ' 17 30" X. Lat.,
,s7o 27' W. Lon., at a depth of 724 fathoms; station 2393, in 28 13' X. Lat., 87 ' I 1' 30" \Y.
Lon., at a depth of 635 fathoms; station 2384, in 28° 48' N. Lat, 88° 15' 30" \V. Lon.. at a
depth of940 fathoms; station 2117, in 15' 21' 10" X. Lat., 63°31'30" W. Lon., at a depth of
083 fathoms, and station 2110, in 17° 30' 10" X. Lat., tti Hi 05" W. Lon., at a depth of 966
fathoms.

The Blake also secured a specimen from station xcvi, off Guadeloupe, at a depth of
709 fathoms.

STKl'IIAM IBERYX GILLII, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 206.)

The type specimen is Xo. 33555, U. S. Nat. Museum, obtained from Albatross station
20!)'.); its Length is 0 inches. Two additional examples from Albatross station 2102 have also
been used lor the purpose of this description ; one of these is 1^ inches long and the other
5A inches.

The diameter of the eye equals length of snout and one-fourth length of head, which is
one-third of total length to caudal base. Greatest depth of body two-sevenths of total with-
out caudal. The upper jawis as long as the postorbital part of the head. Gill-rakers long
and slender, about 15 below the angle on the first arch. The ventral origin is behind the
end of the extended pectoral. The distance of the anal origin from end of head fully equals
length of head.

About 33 rows of scales from bead to base of caudal ; 9 rows above and 7 below the
lateral line.

Radial formula: B. 7; D. 11; A. 11; P. 13; V. i, 5.

Color, in spirits, pale, the back, in front of dorsal, showing traces of rose.

The species may readily be distinguished from 8. motive by its smaller number of dorsal
and anal rays and gill-rakers, the position of its ventrals, and the greater length of its
trunk.

Specimens were obtained from Albatross stations 2099 (2,919 fathoms), 2102 (1,209 fath-
oms), and 2190 (1,230 fathoms).

Family TRACHICHTHYID^E.

Traehiehthyoidei, Bleekei:, Tentamen, 18.~>9, xix. (Familia 73).

Body ovate, deep, much compressed, with small or moderate ctenoid scales. Abdo-
men protected by a dermal scute, forming a serrated edge. Head large, deeper than long;
superficial bones excavated, and with conspicuous muciferous cavities. Mouth very wide,
oblique. Villiforin teeth in the jaws and on the vomer. Suborbitals very broad, covering
the checks. Branchiostegals 8. Gill-openings wide; gill-lamimn very short. A single dorsal
tin, with a few anterior spinous rays. Ventrals with 6 soft rays.

In this family are included two genera: Trachichthys, with teeth upon its vomer, oper-
culum with spine, and with two anal spines, and Uoplostethus, with toothless vomer, opercu-
lum entire, and 3 anal spines.

TRACHICHTHYS, Shaw.

Trachichthys, Shaw, N':it. Misc. 1708, x, pi. 378.— Cuvieh and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m, 229.—
Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 55. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 10; Challenger Report xxii, 21.

Body compressed, more or less deep, covered with small ctenoid and generally rough
scales, which are rather it regularly arranged. Abdomen protected by dermal scutes, which
form a serrated edge. Head very large, the superficial bones being deeply sculptured to
receive wide muciferous cavities which are covered by thin skin only. Mouth very wide,
oblique; villiforin teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatine bones. Eight branchi-
ostegals; gill-openings very wide, gill-lainime very short. Suprascapular and angle of

188 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the preoperculum armed with a spine each. One dorsal fin, the anterior rays of which are
spinous; veutrals with G soft rays; pectoral symmetrical; caudal deeply forked. (Giinther.)
Eight species of Trachichthys are known, of which one is found in the Atlantic, and all
of these have been described from floating specimens, presumably originating in the ocean
depths. T. intermedins, however, was obtained by the Challenger near New Zealand, at a
depth of 275 fathoms, and by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal, 272 fathoms; and
previously by Hector, off Cape Farewell, New Zealand, in 400 fathoms. (Hector, Tr. New
Zealand lust, vn, 245, pi. xi, fig. 18 A. Giinther, Challenger Keport, xxn, 24, pi. v., fig.
D. Alcock, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889 (Nov.), 380.

TRACHICHYTHYS DARWTNII, Johnson. (Figure 207.)

Trachichthys Darwinii, Johnson, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, 1866, 311, pi. xxxn. — GOnther, Challenger Report,

xxn, 25.
Trachichthys japonicus, SteindaCHNEr and Doderlein, Denksehr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien, 1883, xlvii,

218, pi. n.

The height is two-fifths of the total length to base of caudal. The head is two-
sevenths of the total length. Mouth very large and nearly vertical. Its superior border
formed by the styliform iutermaxillary. A wide notch at the symphysis of the intennaxil-
laries. Maxillary long and stout, dilated below, with a large supplementary striate plate, as
in Beryx. The maxillary reaches the vertical from the middlle of the eye. Lower jaw
included, its bones strongly and deeply striate. Intermaxillary and mandible with narrow
bands of villiform teeth, the innermost row a little enlarged. Bands of villiform teeth on
the palate. A small round patch of similar teeth on the vomer. Nostrils close together
near the upper anterior part of the orbit, the posterior the larger. Eye nearly round,
placed high, but not reaching the profile, its length 4£ times in that of the head. Edge
of opercle irregularly sen-ate or sinuous. A spine at the lower end of the subopercle.
Large, imbricated, striate, bony plates (ten in the specimen) form a ventral keel extending
from the root of the ventral fin to the vent, increasing in size from each end of the series
to the middle. Dorsal origin behind the root of the pectoral; nearer the snout than the
base of the caudal. The fourth dorsal spine the longest. Soft dorsal higher than spinous,
the third and fourth rays longest. A series of large, rough scales, somewhat trapezoidal
in shape, at each side of the dorsal and anal tins. The pectoral does not reach nearly to
them, but to the vertical of the seventh dorsal spine. Ventral inserted under root of pec-
toral, consisting of a long, stout, striated spine and six branched rays. Caudal deeply
forked, membrane between its rays covered with rows of small scales. Lateral line on the
upper part of the body, not following the curve of the back. ,

The head and all the flusareof abrightred color; the back is of brownishred, passing
into gray on the sides; the belly is white, tongue black; also the iusidc of the mouth and
gill-covers. Sometimes the inside of the gill-covers is marked with black patches. Palate
red.

Radial formula: D. vni, 14; A. in, 12; V. I, 6; L. lat., 27. Pyloric caeca 13.

This species differs from the Antarctic one in having the bones of head more solid, nar-
rower, muciferous; a smaller eye and the spinous dorsal fin more differentiated from the
soft. The scales are small. Abdominal scutes ten. The height of the body is less than
half the total length (without caudal); the diameter of the eye two-ninths of the length of
the head. No projecting suprascapulary spine. The third and fourth dorsal spines are
the longest, and the seventh is shorter than the eighth.

Only one specimen, 19 inches long, was obtained off Madeira in the month of April. Mr.
Johnson adds that from the protruded stomach and inflated membrane about the eye, it
may be inferred that the fish came from a great depth. Like so many other Madeiran
fishes, this species occurs also in Japan, where it was met with by Doderlein, who seems to
have been unacquainted with Johnson's description. (Giinther.)

DISCUSSION ()F SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 1 89

HOPLOSTETHUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Eoplosteihus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Pois9., iv, L829, 169, pi. 97, bis.— GOnther, Cat. Pish.

Brit. Mils., i, 9.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bnll. 16, 1'. S. Nat. Mns., 158.
Trachichthya tin part i, Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 55.

Body deep, compressed. Scales moderate, somewhat ctenoid; lateral line present, its
scales enlarged; abdomen with a series of bony plates, each ending in a retrorse spine.
Head large, deeper than long, with very conspicuous muciferous cavities, covered by thin
skin. Eye verylarge. Mouth very wide, oblique; the jaws equal when it is closed. Jaws
and palatines with fine, villiform teeth: vomer toothless. A strong spine at the angle of
the preopercle; the long vertical limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill membranes
separate, tree from the isthmus. Dorsal tin single, short, the spines graduated, <> in mini
ber; anal with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; pectorals
symmetrical, rather long; vent nils I, 6, rather short. Air bladder simple. Pyloric caeca
numerous. Vertebras 11+15.

HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEANS. CUVIER and VALENCIENNES. (Figure 208.)

Hoploatethua mediterraneua, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 4(59, pi. xcvu. — Guichenot,
Explor. Alger. Poiss., 42. — GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit Mus., I, 9; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, I,
485.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. 16, U. S. N. M.. 458.— Moreau, Hist. Nat., Poiss. de la France, u, 322.—
Steindachner, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, 1883, xlvii, 218, pi. I.

Trachichthya specioam, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 18S!», p. 77; Fishes of Madeira, 55, pi. ix.

Hoploatethua japonicus, Hilgendorf, Sitznngsh, Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1879, 78.

Eye large, its diameter longer than snout, and about one-third the length of the head.
Abdominal plates 9 to 13 in number. Body above with very small roughish scales; sides in
young nearly or quite naked (example seen); scaly in the adult. Pectorals reaching first
soft ray of anal; ventrals to vent; fins rather low. Color silvery, rosy in life; fins scarlet,
peritoneum and inside of mouth black.

Radial formula: D. VI, 12-1.1; A. Ill, 8-11; V. I, 6; L. lat. 28-31.

Specimens of this species have been discovered at distant intervals of time at consid-
erable depth (the precise depth is not known) in the western parts of the Mediterranean,
off Madeira, and recently also in the sea of Japan. Dr. Hilgendorf was of opinion that
he could specifically distinguish Japanese specimens by a somewhat larger number of ab-
dominal scutes. This would have been a character insignificant enough, even if the Japan-
ese specimens had not sometimes the same number of scutes as the Mediterranean. A
more important difference seems to be the structure of the scales, which I find in Japanese
specimens, on the whole, less strongly ctenoid than the Madeiran. But even in this respect
there is no constancy in specimens from either of the two localities. (Giinther.)

Specimens have been obtained by the Albatross as follows: From station 2l2."i, in 11° 43'
X. lat.. 69° 09' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms; station 237G, in 29° 03' 15" N. lat.,
88 10" W. Ion., tit a depth of 324 fathoms; Cat. No. 35656, U. S. X. M., from station 2232,
in MSo 37' 30" N. lat., 73° 11' W. Ion., at a depth of 243 fathoms, and Cat. No. 35414, U.
S. X. M„ from station 217(1, in 39° 32' :w N. lat., 72° 21' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 302
fathoms. Also by the Fish Ha irk as follows : Cat. No. 28879, U. S. N. M., from station 1026,
in 39o 50' 30" N. lat., 71° 23' W. Ion., at a depth of 182 fathoms; Cat. No. 28906, U. S. N.
M., from station 1025, in 39° 49' N. lat., 71° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; Cat.
No. 29052, U. S. N. M., from station 1045, in 38° 35' N. lat,, 73° 13' W. Ion., at a depth of
312 fathoms; Cat. No. 30277, U. S. N. M., from station 998, in 39° 43' N. lat., 71° 32' W.
Ion., at a depth of 302 fathoms, and Cat, No. 26726, U. S. X. M., from station 897, in 37 25'
N. lat., 74° 18' W. Lou., at a depth of 157A fathoms.

HOPLOSTETHUS ATLANTICUS, Collett.
Hoploxtethii* atlanticua, COLLETT, Bull. Soc. Zool, France, 1889, 306.

Height of body contained 2.7 times in the total length (caudal included); length of
head 3 times. Diameter of the eye a little greater than the length of the snout ; contained

190 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

3£ times in the length of the head. The scales are very small (much more so than in H.
mediterrameus), the diameter of the scales of the body being one-seventh that of tbe scales
of the lateral line; they are nearly circular, and have a few little spines. Ventral keel in-
distinct. Dorsal and anal spines feeble. Yentrals extending scarcely to the vent.

Radial formula: D. vi, 17; P. i, 17; v. I, 0; A. n, 11; C. vn, 18, 8.

This species is distinguished from 11. mediterraneus by the relatively smaller size of its
eyes and scales, by the indistinct ventral cuirass, and by the greater number of rays in the
fins. The type was a single specimen taken off Flores in the Azores, July 30, 1888, by the
steam yacht Hirondelle at a depth of 1,557 meters.

Family BATH YCLUPEID^E.
Bathyclujieidw. Gill, MS.

Aeanthopterygians with a pneumatic duct to air-bladder, ventradiform body, cycloid
scales, straightish lateral line, flatfish excavated crown, long intermaxillaries extending as
far back as the supramaxilknies; short postmedian dorsal without spines; long anal with
one spine, and small, subjugular ventrals with a spine and five rays each.

This family shares with Berycoideans a persistent pneumatic duct. (Gill.)

BATHYCLUPEA, Alcock.

fiathyclupea, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vm, 1891, 130.

Aeanthopterygians with compressed head and body; head with large mucous cavities:
lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, palatines and vomer, small, villiform. Gill-openings
large. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchia? present, large. Scales cycloid, deciduous.
Lateral line distinct, nearly straight. Dorsal (in postmedian, with one or two spines and
eight or ten rays. Pectorals large, pointed, the upper rays the longest. Ventrals subjugu-
lar, small. Caudal furcate.

The type, B. Hoskynii, Alcock (loc. cit., fig. 4) was obtained from the Andaman Sea by
the Investigator at station 115, depth 188-220 fathoms, the largest of the four specimens
obtained being 8 inches in length.

BATHYCLUPEA ARGENTEA, Goode & Bean, n. s. (Figure 415.)

Head ami body compressed; the body covered with large, cycloid, deciduous scales.
Height of body at vent less than length of head, equal to distance from posterior margin of
orbit to end of lower jaw. Length of head contained in that of body (without caudal) .'!
times. Diameter of orbit 2?t times in length of head, and slightly greater than the distance
from its anterior margin to the tip of the lower jaw, the length of the snout being about
two-thirds the diameter of the orbit, and twice the width of the interorbital space. Mouth
subvertical, the length of the upper jaw slightly exceeding the diameter of the orbit. Teeth in
villiform bands on jaws, palatines and vomer. The dorsal fin placed at a distance from the
tip of the snout equal to twice the height of the body; its first ray inserted in the vertical
from the base of the seventh anal ray. Pectoral slender, its upper rays the longest, extend-
ing considerably beyond the origin of the anal. Ventrals small, fan-shaped, inserted almost
under the posterior margin of the orbit. Color, yellowish silvery.

Eadial formula: D. 9; A. 30; V. 6; L. lat. 35.

The type is a specimen, 13 inches in length, obtained by the Blake at station xxxvn,
off Neris, at a depth of 365 fathoms.

Family ANOMALOPIDvE.
Avomalopida, Gill, MS.

Aeanthopterygians with a compressed oblong body covered with small spinigerous
scales; continuous lateral line near back; scaleless head, with sculptured tubiferous roof
and infraorbital glands; nostrils large, not separated from the eyes by osseous inter-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

191

spaces;* seven branchiostegals; a first dorsal with about five weak spines, the second and
anal oblong, and normal thoracic ventrals (i, 5). (Gill, MS.)

This family is represented by a single species and a single genus — Anomalops palpe
bratus (Boddaert), Giinther, known only from eight specimens, four from Amboina and
Manado, one from the Fiji Islands, one from the Fauiuoto Archipelago, and two others
from the New Hebrides, the types of Ogilby's recent valuable paper, "Eedescription of
Anomalops palpebrarum." (Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, i, 1S90, 69-71.)

This form was placed by Giinther in the family Carangidas, but this assignment was
professedly provisional, since he had never been able to examine the specimens. The origi-
nal assignment by Bleeker and Kner to the Hcri/rida: was more nearly exact, but, as Dr.
Gill has shown, it seems to possess positive and distinctive family characters of its own.

ANOMALOPS, Kner.

Anomalops, Kner, Sitzungsberichto Akad. Wiss. Wien., lviii, 1868, p. 294, pi. I., Fig, 1.

Body oblong, covered with small rough scales. Snout very short and convex; mouth
very wide. Eyes very large; a glandular, elongate, and partly free, luminous organ occu-

ANOMAL0P8 palpebbatcs.

pies a hollow of the infraorbital ring below the eyes. Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the
palatine bones; vomer toothless. First dorsal short; second and anal moderately long;
caudal forked. (Giinther.)

According to Giinther, Anomalops palpebratus lives in great depths, and comes to the
surface at night or by accident only. "The peculiar organ below the eyes," he writes, "is
without doubt of the same nature and has the same function as similar structures on the
side of the head of other deep-sea fishes; as in Pachystomias, it is partly free, as if it could
be made to protrude out of the pit in which it lies."

Family CARANGID^E.

Carangini, BONAPARTE, Catalojjo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1876, 75.

Carantjoidci, Bleekeu, Teutameu, 1859, win. | Fain ilia 100). — G&NTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit Mils, ii, 1X6(1, 117.
Carangidw, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 430; Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 8 (No. 79); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v. ].. 187,1883.

This family is so little bathybial in its range that it may be passed over with a brief
allusion. The family includes perhaps two hundred species, many of which are semipe-
lagie in habit but which, so far as is at present known, live near the shores and in the upper
water. There is no evidence that any of them breed far from the coasts, except it may by
XaiicratfK. Most of them are probably restricted in range, so far as individual migrations

* "Nostril large, nut separate i'rnin the eve by au osseous interspace." Ogilby, Ioc. cit., i>. 71.

192 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

are concerned. Seriola, Oligoplites, Trachynotus, and some of the large species of Carcmx,
such as 0. hippos, are powerful swimmers, and are likely to make long journeys, at least
as far as from the West Indies to the Bermudas, where many of the species occur casually.
Others, like Selene, drift far and wide with the currents, and are found in mid ocean,
apparently under much the same conditions as in Xomens. Nomeus is, however, character-
istically a mid-ocean lish, and is not known to breed near the shores, but there is good
reason to believe that Selene does.

Seriola Dumcrilii, Risso, is said by Canestrini to occur everywhere in the Mediter-
ranean, but to dwell at great depth (a grande profondita), so that its capture is uncommon.
The young of Seriola are pelagic surface forms.

Garanx amblyrhynchus, C. & V. has been found several times under circumstances which
would seem to indicate that it came from very great depths, but it so closely resembles in
structure the other members of the genus that it is hard to believe that there is not some
error of observation. It was brought up by the Blake at station 324 (Lat. 33° 27", Ion.
75o 53' 30"), in G47 fathoms.

Porthmeus amia(Lichia am ia, Auctorum, in its adult form — Porthmeus argenteus, in young
state) is while young a pelagic form, and has been found off the west coast of Africa. The
young of Chorinemus and of Oligoplites are, according to Liitkeu, also pelagic (Spolia At-
lautica, p. 192 (600)). Two species belonging to this family have been taken in the deep-
sea nets, but it seems hard to believe that they were caught at the bottom.

Family SCOMBRID^E.

GU ScombrM, Rafixesque, Indiee d'lttioliogia Siciliana, 1810,

Scomhrini, Bonaparte, Cat. Metodico, 73 (Sub. fam. 228).

Scombroidei, Blekker, Tentameii, 1859, xxn, (Familia 95).

Scombridas, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18o2, 124 ; Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 8 (No. 78).— (Gcnther, Cat.

Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 349-373. — Trichiuridw, in part, and Scombrida; in part). — Jordan and Gilbert,

Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 422.

Physoclystous Aeanthopterygians, with body elongate, fusiform; the scales minute or
wanting (generally cycloid, but about the thorax larger ones, sometimes ctenoid, are
developed, forming the so-called corselet of the tunnies). Lateral line distinct, frequently
sinuous. Head subconic, poiuted anteriorly. Mouth rather large, with lateral cleft; upper
jaw not protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone; sharp teeth on the jaws and
generally on the vomer, sometimes on palatines, rreoperculum entire; operculum well
developed, unarmed; in the extremely young the preoperculum is usually armed witli
several radiating spines, subsequently absorbed and lost. Gill-openings large, confluent
below. Gill-rakers usually long. Pseudobranchire present, large. A slit behind the fourth
gill. Brauchiostegals generally 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first composed of rather slender,
spinous rays, depressible in a groove, the second with branched rays, the posterior ones
usually detached and separate, forming series of Unlets. The first dorsal is always either
elongate or widely separate from soft dorsal. Anal similar to second dorsal. Caudal
peduncle very slender, usually keeled, the caudal deeply forked, adapted for rapid propul-
sion. Ventrals moderate, thoracic. Vertebra numerous (more than 25). Pyloric caeca
well developed, numerous. Stomach sac-shaped. Air bladder frequently absent.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

I. Body fusiform, moderately elongate Scombrin.e, Gill

A. Spinous dorsal short (of less than 12 spines), with wide space separating it from second dorsal; pec-
torals high up ; caudal not carinated.

1. Vomer and palatines with teeth ; corselet obsolete Scomber

2. Vomer and palatines toothless ; corselet well developed Auxis

B. Spinous dorsal long (of more than twelve spiues), contiguous to the second; pectorals low; caudal
with keels ; pyloric ca'ca very numerous Orycnin.e, Gill

1. Corselet imperfect or obsolete- ; teeth of jaws strong.

a. 11 to 18 rays in spinous dorsal Scomberomorus

6. 25 rays in spinous dorsal; jaws beak-like Acanthooybium

DISCUSSION OK SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 1!>3

2. Corselet developed.

«. Palatine teeth strong; vomer toothless; vertebrae normal Sakha

h. Palatine teeth villiform.

Vomer with teeth : vertebral normal, the lower foramina small.

Lateral line single Orycni a

Lateral line double Grammatorcynus

Vomer toothless; abdominal vertebras with the lower foramina enlarged and a portion
bet wren the vertebral proper and the haornapophj aes developed in the form of a nel

work or trellis GYMNOSAKDA

II. Body very elongate, compressed.

A. Spinous dorsal long; pectorals comparatively low: caudal not keeled; pyloric casca rather
few Thyrsi us i

1. Ventrals well developed.

(i. Finlets present; teeth on palatines; hod} in greater part naked.

' Lateral line descending below posterior part of the spinous dorsal : body rather elongate;
dorsal and anal Unlets 6 (Type. Thyrsites tihin. South Africa and Van Diemen's
Laud) Thyrsites

* * Lateral line nearly straight; dorsal finlets 5, anal 1; body rather elongate. .Thyrsitops

* * * Lateral line absent; tin lets few; skin spinigerons ; abdomen keeled; bodj somewhat

elongate Ruvettus

6. Finlets absent ; palatines toothless ; scales minute.

* Dorsal iu two portions. Dagger-shaped spine behind vent NesiaRCHDS

* * Dorsal continuous. Two lateral lines Ei'Innci.a

2. Ventrals reduced to a single spine.

((. Finlets present; teeth on palatines, none ou vomer.

* Dagger-shaped spine behind vent. Body much eompressed, incompletely covered with

delicate scales NkaLOTUS

* * No dagger-shaped spine. Body slender, fusiform; lateral line descending in strongly

oblique line below front of spinous dorsal Promethichthys

b. Finlets absent; teeth on palatines and vomer.

* Ventral spine long, crenulate; preoperculum spinigerous Dicrotcs

B. Body very elongate (height 18 to 20 times in length); spinous dorsal very long, with numerous
spines, continuous with the second; caudal not keeled; pyloric caeca not numerous Gkmpyi.in i:

1. Body scaleless; no palatine teeth Gempyltjs

Subfamily SCOMBRIN^E.

Scombrids with fusiform, moderately elongate bodies, and short (less than lii spines) first
dorsal fin, separated by a wide space from the second dorsal. Pectorals nigh up. Caudal
nut carinated.

Several of the forms in the subfamily occur at times far out at sea, but this is no reason
for considering them properly pelagic. Like the common mackerel (Scomber scombrus),
which also is found in schools remote from land, they probably all breed near the coasts,
and depend for their food upon the shoals of small fishes and crustaceans, which are abund-
ant near the hind. Scomber spawns at. considerable depths, but probably never beyond
the KMi fathom line. It is probable that many of the ScombHdcB sink at times far below
the sin face strata, especially in the winter. These matters are but little understood, tow-
ever, and it is indeed probable that our knowledge of the bathic distribution of the mem-
bers of the mackerel family is no more imperfect than our supposed knowledge of their
geographic range and migrations. The remarks of Valenciennes in the "Histoire Xaturelle
des lies ( Janaries" (Poissons, p. 49), though written fifty years ago, are worthy of consider-
ation to-day.

Subfamily ORYCNIN^G.

Scombrids having a fusiform, moderately elongate body, ami spinous dorsal long, com-
posed of more than 12 spines, and contiguous to the second. Pectorals low. Caudal carinate.
Pyloric casca very numerous.

The tunnies, bonitoes, and horse mackerels composing this family are even more charac-
teristically pelagic than those oi I he preceding subfamily, but never have as ye1 been found
below 100 fathoms. There is every reason to suppose that at times they sink below the
upper strata.

1980S— No. 2 13

194 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Subfamily THYRSITIN^E.

Scombrids with elongate, subfusiform, more or less compressed bodies, and long spin-
ous dorsal. Finlets present or absent. Ventrals sometimes reduced to a single spine.
Pectorals comparatively low. Caudal not carinated. Pyloric caeca rather few.

THYRSITES. Cuv. & Val.

Thyrsites, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vm, p. 196.— Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, p. 126.

Body fusiform and rather elongate. First dorsal with less than 25 spines. Pectorals
equidistant from the back and breast. Teeth on the palatines. Spinous dorsal contiguous
to the soft, variable. Pectorals equidistant from the back and breast, or nearer the latter.
Tail not keeled. Ventrals I, 5. Dorsal and anal unlets developed. Lateral line present.
Dorsal and anal finlets (i. Lateral line abruptly declined behind the last spines.

No species of this genus as modified by Gill has been found in the North Atlantic, but
since it occurs in South African waters it is likely to occur farther to the north and the
diagnosis and figures are introduced for comparison.

Tkyrsites atun (Euphrasen) C. and V., is the only species. It is undoubtedly a deep-
water form.

THYRSITOPS, Gill.

Thyrsitops, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., L862.

Body fusiform, rather elongate. First dorsal with less Mian 25 spines. Spinous dorsal
contiguous to the soft dorsal fin. Pectorals equidistant from the back and breast, or nearer
the latter. Tail not keeled. Ventrals I, 5. Dorsal and anal finlets developed. Dorsal finlets
5, anal 4. Lateral line nearly straight.

THYRSITOPS LEPIDOPOIDES, CuviER and Valenciennes.

Thyrsites lepidopoides, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 205, pi. cexx. — Gunther, Cat. Fish.

Brit. JIus., ii, 350.
Thyrsitops lepidopoides, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat., Sci., Phila., 1862, 126.

A Thyrsitops with a somewhat robust body, having its height one-sixth of its total
length, its thickness two-fifths of its height. The lengi h of the head, as in pretiosus, is one-
fourth of the total length. Nostrils so placed that the anterior is midway between the orbit
and the tip of the snout, and the posterior midway between the anterior and the orbit.
Lower jaw passing the upper, but obtuse. Teeth in the jaws small, those in the roof of the
mouth anteriorly very large and conspicuous. A row of teeth on the vomer, and another
along each palatine bone, small, short, and sharp. Tongue smooth. Operculum deeply
emarginate, having two sharp points, flexible, intruding into the skin. First dorsal low,
uniform in height, 17 very flexible rays, the length of which is about one fourth of the
height of the body, the last being very small. The length of the base of this fin is one-
third that of the body. The second dorsal in its anterior part is twice as high as the first,
and its length is twice its own height. It is composed of 2 hidden spines and 14 rays, and
is followed by 4 finlets. The anal is similar to the second dorsal in position and size, is
composed of 2 spines and 15 soft rays, and is followed by 4 finlets, the last of which
looks as if it were double. The length of the pectoral is one-ninth of the total length.
Ventral two-thirds as long as the pectoral. The head and the most of the body appear
to be smooth, but toward the end of the tail some scales are visible. The lateral line is
nearly straight, and formed of a series of little, serrated scales. Color silvery, a little
darker on the back; the lateral line brown, fins gray, iris golden.

Radial formula : D. XVII, II, 14+IV; A. II, 15+IV.

The types of this species were sent to the Muse~e d'Histoire Naturelle from Brazil by
Delalande, and were a foot in length. The species is undoubtedly an inhabitant of consid-
erable depths.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRD3UTION. L95

THYESITOPS VIOLACEUS, Bean. (Figure209.)
Thyrsitaps violaccus, Bean, Proo. 17. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 513, 514.

A Thyrsitops with the body stout, itsgreatest width being exactly one-halfof the height
at the anal origin. The greatest height of the body is one-half of the length of thehead,
and is contained 8 times in the total length without caudal. The length of thehead is one
fourth of the standard length ; its greatest width is contained ££ times in its length. The
width of the interorbital area is slightly greater than the length of the eye, which is con-
tained nearly 7 A times in the length oft he head and :>\ times in the length of the upper jaw.
The least height of the tail equals the width of t He interorbital area. The length of the
snout equals twice the length of longest dorsal spine, ami one-half the distance from the
tip of the snout to the origin of the spinous dorsal. The maxilla extends to the vertical
through the front of the eye. The length of theupperjaw equals 3J times the width of
the interorbital space. The mandible reaches to the vertical through the hind margin of
the eye: its length, including the fleshy tip, is 5 times the width of the interorbital area.
The anterior nostril is smaller than the posterior; it is situated in advanceof the eye one
diameter of the eye. The posterior nostril is a narrow slit placed midway between the ante-
rior and the eye. Strong teeth on the intermaxillary and mandible. Three large fangs
anteriorly in the roof of the month; pseudobranchiae well developed; no trace of gill-rakers.
Thespinous dorsal begins at a distance from the snout which equals twice the length of
the snout; it is highest in the middle. The ninth and thirteenth spines are slightly longer
than the third spme and more than twice as long as the twentieth, their length equaling
one-half that of the snout. The soft dorsal is highest anteriorly, its longest ray, the fifth,
being nearly twice the least height of the tail. The caudal is forked; its middle rays about
one-half as long as the external rays. The anal origin is under the third ray of the soft
dorsal, its distance from the vent 2J times the length of the dagger-shaped spine. The vent
is directly under the end of the spinous dorsal. The anal rays are longest anteriorly, the
fifth ray being nearly as long as the corresponding ray of the soft dorsal. The dagger-
shaped spine in front of the anal equals one-half the least height of the tail. The ventral
is immediately under the third spine of dorsal; its first and longest ray equals three-fourths
of the interorbital width. The fifth ray is about two-thirds as long as the first. The pec-
toral begins under the second dorsal spine; its length equals 2i times the width of the
interorbital area. It extends to the vertical midway between the fifth and six dorsal spines.

The lateral line is well developed; it descends gradually from the upper angle of the gill
opening, reaching the median line of the body under the soft dorsal. The scales are irregu-
lar in shape, thin, elongate, cycloid, and deciduous.

Color, purplish. The spinous dorsal, pectorals, ventrals, and inside of mouth blackish.

Radial formula: D. XX, I, 19+2 Unlets; A. 17+3 finlets; V. I, 5; P. 13.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Millimeters. Millimeters.

Length to base of caudal (44 inches) 1,115

Greatest height of body 138

Height at ventrals 126

Height at anal origin 11-'

Least height of tau 40

Greatest width of body 56

Length of twentieth dorsal spine 25

Length of fifth dorsal ray 78

Length of last dorsal ray 20

Length of second dorsal Unlet 28

Caudal, length of middle rays -r>s

Caudal, length of external rays 116

Length of head 280 ' Pectoral, from tip of snout 255

Greatest width of head 62 Length of pectoral 100

Will th of interorbital area 40 Ventral, from tip of snout 285

Length of snout 117 Length of first \ entral ray 30

Length of upper .jaw 130 Length of fifth ventral ray 22

Length of mandible, with tip 203 Vent, from dagger-shaped spine 32

Length of mandibular tip 2:; Length of dagger-shaped spine 20

Length of eye '■'•' Anal, from vent 45

spinous dorsal, from tip of snout 2.'!:'. Length of fifth anal ray 72

Length of third dorsal spine 55 Length of last anal ray 20

Length of ninth dorsal spine 5s Length of last anal I Inlet 28

Length of thirteenth dorsal spin.- :.s

The type (Cat. No., I". S. X. M., 39287) was received by the National Museum from .Mr.
w. a. Wilcox, agent ofthe U. s. Fish Commission at Gloucester, Mass., and was caught by
Gapt. Thomas Thompson, schooner .1/. .1. Huston, on Le Have Hank, in 125 fathoms.

196 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

It is 44 inches long to the base of the middle caudal rays, it is more nearly related to
lepidopoides than to any other species; in fact, it is not very closely related to any of the
others. If we may trust the figures and descriptions of I. lepidopoides our new species has
a larger number of dorsal spines and rays and a much smaller number of dorsal and anal
Unlets. T. lepidopoides is said to be uniform silvery, the back somewhat plumbeous and
the fins gray. Our species is uniformly purplish brown, the spinous dorsal, pectorals, ven-
trals, and inside of the mouth blackish.

RUVETTUS, Cocco.
Suvettus, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia, xlii, 1829, 2.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126.

I !i idy fusiform and somewhat elongated. First dorsal with less than 25 spines. Spinous
dorsal continguous to the soft, variable. Pectorals equidisant from the back and breast, or
nearer the latter. Abdomen keeled. Tail not keeled. Ventrals I, 5. Dorsal and anal
unlets developed. Dorsal and anal unlets 2. Lateral line obsolete. Skin with bony,
oblique tubercles.

There have been two supposedly distinct forms described, one the Ruvettus pretiosus
from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and one, the Tfiyrsites scholar is of Poey,
from Cuba. It is probable that Dr. Giinther is right in believing them to be identical, al-
though no one except Poey has examined this accidental form, and the two have never been
placed side by side.

liurcttus is no doubt similar in its habits to the closely-related Thyrsitops, which de-
cends below the hundred-fathom line.

RUVETTUS PEETIOSUS, Cocco. (Figure 210.)
El Escolar.

Suvettus pretiosus, Cocco, in Giornale <li Scienze per la Sicilia, xi.n, 1829, 21; Nuov. Giorn. Lett. Pisa, fasc.
i. win. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Peso., pi. xlii. — Capello, Jorn. Acad. Sci., Lisbon I, 260; Cat.
Peixes, Portugal, 1880, 16.— Gill, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci., l'liila., 1862, P26— Poey, Synopsis, 363 ; Enumer-
ate, 74.— Steixdaciineu, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien., 1867, 102.

Tkyrsites pretiosus, Gcxtiikr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. n, 1860, 351; Challenger Report, xxn, 268.— Canestrini,
Pesci d' Italia, 189. — Giglioli, Elenco, 84.

Tetragonurus simplex, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, London, 1833, 143.

Jphtrus simplex, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc, London, n, p. 180.

Bovetus Temminkii, Cantraine, Giorn. Sci. et Litt. Pisa, 1883 (tide Poey.)

Eovetlus Temminkii, Valenciennes, in Webb and Berthelot, Poiss. Cauar., 52, plate.

Acanthoderma Temminkii, Cantilun'e, .lonrn. Acad. Sci. et Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, 1835, x, pi. I.

Thyrsites acanthoderma, Lowk, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1839, 78.

Thyrsites soholaris, Poey, Memorias, Hist. Nat. Cuba, i. 1S54, 372, pi. xxxii, fig. 1; 2-n, p. 16; Eepertorio
Fis. Nat. Cuba., n, 13.

A Scombroid, with elongate, fusiform, somewhat compressed body; its height is equal
to one-sixth of its length (without caudal); the length of its head about one-fourth. Ab-
domen with a denticulated keel. Body covered with bony plates, remote from each other,
and armed with spines. No lateral line. The maxillary extends beyond the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. First dorsal fin composed of 15 spines, IS rays, and 2
separate finlets ; the spinous portion received in a furrow. The second dorsal nearly simi-
lar and opposite. Two detached anal finlets. Caudal strongly forked, the upper lobe the
largest. Color, above, blackish brown ; below, dull white, the bony scutes being whitish
in color.

Eadial formula: D. xv+18+1+1; A. 17 + 1+1; P.15; V. I, 5; C.9 + 8; B. vn.

This form, first described from the Mediterranean, occurs about Sicily ; here it is so rare
at the present time that it does not appear to have a common name among the fishermen,
though Canestrini says that its flesh is delicious. Bonaparte refers to it as Rovetto, and
the fishermen of Catania call it Pesci Ruvetto. Dr. Anastasio Cocco first described it from
Messina. Giglioli has observed it at Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Malta, and Spalato (Dalma-
tia) and at Mce. It was subsequently found by Lowe at Madeira, and by Webb and Ber-

DIscrssioN of SPKelKs AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION.

197

thelot at the Canaries, tt occurs rarely on the Portuguese coast, where ft is failed Esco

lur, and doubtless also in Spanish waters. About the Canaries the fish is known as the
Escolar, a name which is said to be applied to members of the family Qadidas by Spanish
fishermen. The Escolar occurs in great schools about the Canaries in winter, and the
fishermen capture it with hook and line at a depth of a hundred fathoms or less, and its
flesh is highly prized. Cantraiue Btates thai it is taken at considerable depths about,
Malta. Lowe found it at Madeira at depths as great as 300 and 400 fathoms. It was found
by Poey in the waters of Cuba before 1854. Poey tells us that it is rarely seen in the
markets because of the difficulty attending its capture, for it can lie caught only at a depth
of 300 fathoms on dark nights in September and the early part of October. Poey further
states that when one of these fishes is brought to the surface it appears to be surrounded
by a globe of phosphorescent light. The Cuban fishermen go "a scholaring" (it escolarear)
after the fishing for the Spearfish [Tetrapturus) has ceased, and before that for the lied
Snapper (Lutjanus aya) begins. According to Canestrini it grows to the weight of loo
pounds in Sicilian waters.

In 1S91 a specimen (No. 43740, U. S. N. M.) 40 inches in length, was taken on Georges
Bank, in about 41° 40' N. lat., 67° 44' W. long., in September. It was obtained by the
schooner M. A. Boston, Capt. Thomas Thompson, of Gloucester, and was sent by the
captors to the C S. Fish Commission. Another individual, 6 feet long, was taken from
the same region a few weeks later. This also was sent to the Fish Commission, and was
transferred to the National Museum, where its skeleton is preserved.

NESIARCHUS, Johnson.

Nesiarchus, Joiin'sox, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1862, 173.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small scales. Eye of moderate size. Several
strong fangs in the jaws: palate toothless. First dorsal fin with about HO spines, separate
from the second. No detached unlets. Ventrals small, thoracic. Caudal fin present. A
dagger-shaped spine behind the vent.

NESIARCHUS NASPTUS.

The only species is ST. nasutus, obtained at Madeira in 1862, by Johnson, and which has
since been captured in dec)) water off Portugal.

NESIARCHUS NASUTUS, Johnson.

Nesiarchus nasutus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, 173, pi. xxn. — GOnthek, Challenger Report,

xxii. ISS7. 37.
Prometheus paradoxus, Cacello, .lorn. Sc. Acad. Lisbon, i, p. 260, pi. iv. fig. 5; ii, p. L54; <:<t. Peix.,

Portugal, 1880, 16.— Stkindachner, Sitz. Ak. Ui<>. Wien, L887, in::.

Body very elongate, covered with small, deciduous, cycloid scales. conspicuously marked
with concentric stria-: its height contained 13 times in its length. Bead compressed, its
flat cheeks covered with scales. A broad groove between the eyes and on the snout.

198 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Length of head in total 4^. Eye below the dorsal outline, its diameter contained 9i times
in the length of the head; the interorbital space slightly greater than the diameter of the
eye. Length of snout 4^ times the diameter of the eye; snout terminated by a large, coni-
cal, cartilaginous process, projecting far beyond the jaw. Mandible with a similar but
longer cartilaginous process, these projections giving to the head somewhat the aspect of
Sphyrcena. Mouth large. Dorsal tin inserted in advance of the base of the pectorals, rising
from a groove; its spines weak, distant and grooved, but not tubercnlated; higher behind
than in front. The second dorsal is separated from the first dorsal by a distance equal to
about one-fifth of the length of the head; the second dorsal is high, subtriangular in front,
its fourth and fifth rays the longest; the last 4 or 5 rays are short and much branched, the
List being elongated. Anal preceded by a stout, broad, two-edged spine, placed opposite,
similar in shape to the second dorsal. Pectorals pointed, inserted in the median lineof the
body. Ventrals thoracic, close together, slightly behind pectorals; small, composed of a
spine and 4 soft rays, the length of the first and longest ray one-eleventh that of the head.
Caudal well developed, fun ate, very broad below. The lateral line descends from the
shoulder to the middle of the body, thence straight to the caudal. Color, plumbeous, with
black fins; peritoneum black.

Radial formula: D. XX, 21, n; A.i,22; P.13; Y. 14; B. Til.

A single specimen, 36£ inches in length, was taken in April, 1S02, off the coast of
Portugal. It was again taken by Capello oft' Lisbon and Setubal in October, 1S77. Gapello
says that though very rare it is known to the Portuguese fishermen, who do not distin
guish it from Aphanopus carbo, calling them both by the common name, Peixe espado preto.

EPINNULA, Poey.

Epinnula, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1. 1854, 369, 371.— Gi' ntiiei:, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., n, 349.— Gill.
Proc. A.cad. Nat. Sci., Pliila., 1862, 126.

Body fusiform and moderately elongated. First dorsal with less than 25 spines.
Spinous dorsal continuous with the soft. Pectorals equidistant from the back and breast,
or nearer the latter. Tail not keeled. Ventrals, i, 5. Xo (inlets. Lateral line present,
double.

EPINNULA MAGISTEALIS, Poey. iFigure 211.)

Epinnula magistralis, Poey-, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i. 1854, 369, pi. xxxxi, figs. 3, 4; Syn. Pise. Cnbensium,
364: EDiimeratio Pise. Cubens, 75. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 349. -Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Pliila.. 1862, 126.

A Scombroid with body subfusiform, somewhat compressed. Scales minute, delicate,
deciduous. Vertical litis scaleless. Ventral fins behind the pectorals. Upper maxillary
extends to below the middle of the orbit. Operculum with an obtuse angle. Dorsal and
anal nearly equal in length, but the anal somewhat the shorter. Caudal furcate, the lower
lobe the smaller. Ventral under the lower angle of the pectoral. Coloration bluish, lighter
on sides and belly, fins reddish brown, dorsal opalescent, iris white.

Radial formula : 1). xv, I, 10; A. in, 13. V. t, 5; P. i-14; C. 8 + 7; P.. vii; Pyloric
caeca, 10.

Poey's Epinnula magistralis was known from a single specimen, 0S0 millimeters long,
obtained at Havana in September, 1853. It was not known to the fishermen, and nearly
forty years have elapsed since its capture. Everything would seem to indicate that it is a
dweller in the depths of ocean adjacent to Cuba.

The Albatross obtained a specimen (U. S. N. M., No. 37238), in the Caribbean Sea in
1885.

NEALOTUS, Johnson.
Nealotus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, Loudon, 1865, 434 (type, N. tripes, Johnson).

Body elongate, much compressed, incompletely covered with delicate scales. Cleft of
the mouth deep. Small teeth in the jaws and on the palatine bones; none on the vomer.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES \M> THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 199

First dorsal (composed of about 20 spines) continuous, extending to the second; Unlets
behind the dorsal and anal: a dagger-shaped spine behind the vent. No keel on the tail.

Caudal fin well developed. Ventrals reduced to a spine each. Seven branchiostegals.

NEALOTUS TRIPES, Johnson.

tfealotus tripes, Johnson, Proc. /."•>]. Soc, Lond., 1865, 134.— GUnthek, Challenge! Eeport, \\u, iss7, 35.

Body very elongate, with a few large, deciduous, simple scales of delicate structure
here and there apon its surface.

The height of the body is contained 9£ limes in its length; the length of the head IA
times. Head flattened above, concave in the interorbital region, with four low ridges, the
inner pair of which inclose an elongate, diamond-shaped space; lower jaw longest.

Eye round, lateral, its diameter equal to one-fifth of the length of the head; length of
the snout is lij times the diameter of the eye; opercle with two obtuse projections behind,
separated by a notch.

Spinous dorsal inserted in front of the root of the pectoral, its height slightly greater
than half that of the body; its length less than halt that of the body; placed in a groove.
supported by twenty-one simple slender spines; the second dorsal is placed close behind the
first, not SO high and less than half as long, with nineteen rays, and followed by two tinlets.

The pectoral origin is under the angle of the opercle; its length is equal to that of the
second dorsal fin. The spines representing the ventrals are inserted close together under
the hinder part of the roots of the pectorals; their length about one-fourth of the height of
the body. These spines are longitudinally grooved, and each appears to consist of two or
three spines coalesced together.

Vent very slightly posta edian; a flat, dagger-shaped spine, longitudinally grooved,
half as long as the height of the body, inserted close behind the vent. The anal fin is
inserted behind this spine at a distance about equal to its length, and is opposite to, but
rather shorter than the second dorsal. Caudal fin deeply furcate.

The lateral line descends obliquely from above the opercle to the middle of the length
of the fish, and then continues with a gentler obliquity along the posterior part of the
body to the tail, where it is inserted at one-third of the distance from the ventral to the
dorsal outline.

Radial formula: D. xxt | 10 | n; A. IS | III; P. 13; V. 1.

This species closely resembles Promethichthys atlanticus, from which it may be dis-
tinguished by the dagger-shaped spine in front of the anal tin, by the greater number of
spines in the first dorsal — -1 instead of IS — by the smaller number in the second dorsal —
lit instead of 21 — and by the longer anal, which has IS instead of 16 spines. It also has
the ventral spines under the posterior angle of the pectorals, instead of in advance of
them, and has iis lateral line descending more gently.

From Xcsiiirchiis it is distinguished by its ventral fins and by the absence of the car-
tilaginous prolongations of the jaws.

"This fish," remarks (lunther, "was known front a single example, 10 inches long,
obtained at Madeira in the month of December, and has been fully described by Johnson.
The Challenger collection contains a very young specimen, only 33 millimeters long, which
agrees so well with Johnson's description that it no doubt belongs to the same species. ( )nly
the dagger-shaped postanal spine is shorter than the ventral spines, and also the separation
of distinct Unlets can not be clearly made out, as might be expected in so young an exam-
ple. It was brought up in the dredge at Challenger station 10. in lat. 34° 51' X., Ion. 68
30' W., where the dredge had reached a depth of 2,675 fathoms. However, no part of the
organization of these Trichiuroids indicates that they descend to so great a depth, whilst.
on the other hand, young Trichiuroids are not rarely found near the surface. It is, there
fore, much more probable that this small lisli entered the dredge shortly before it came to
the surface.'' (Giuither.)

200 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PROMETHICHTHYS, Gill.

Prometheus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc, London, n, 181; Proc. Zoiil. Soc, London, 1839, 78; Fishes of Madeira,

141.— Gill, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126.
Promethichthys, Gill, Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 1893.

Scombroids with elongate, slender, fusiform body, long spinous dorsal, pectorals com
paratively low. caudal without keels, ventrals represented by a pair of minute spines,
unlets above and below, two in number, no dagger-shaped spine behind vent. Preoper-
culum unarmed. Lateral line descending in strongly oblique line, below the front of the
spinous dorsal.

PROMETHICHTHYS PROMETHEUS (C. & V.) Gill.

Till: BERMUDA CATFISH.

Gempylus promethean. Webu and Berthelot, Pnissons, lies Canar. , 51, pi. xi. — Cuvier and Valenciennes,

Hist. Nat. Poiss., vm, 213, pi. 222 (Saint Helena, (Jnoy and Gaimard).
Thyrsiteg prometheus, Gunther, Cat Fish. Brit. Mas., n. 351; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 268. (Madeira,

Rev. R. T. Lowe.) — Goode, Amer. Jour. Sci., xiv, 1877, 291 (occurrence in Bermuda).
? Gempylus prometheus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. cit., 213, pi. 222.
Prometheus atlanticus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Loudon, n, 181; Proc. Zool. Soc, 1839, Ts; Fishes of Madeira,

i, 141, pi. xx.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 126.— POEY, Synopsis. 364; Euuni. Pise. Cuben-

sinm, 74.
t Gempylus Solandri, Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. cit., 215 (on description by Solander of individual 3

feet long from New Holland).
Promethichthys atlanticus. Gill. loc. cit.

Height of body one-eighth of its total length; length of head two-ninths. Lateral line
curves downward under origin of first dorsal. Ventral represented by a single spine in
advance of the pectoral.

Radial formula: 1). 18 | 21 + n (in); A. 16 | n (in); V. 1.

Color, silver gray, the spinous dorsal darker.

This fish, the " Coelho " or Eabbit Fish of Madeira, lives habitually at the bottom, and
is taken at most seasons at a depth of from 100 to 300 or 400 fathoms, and in the summer
months, according to Lowe, it is generally one of the commonest and cheapest fishes in the
market, where it is sold in bundles, chiefly to the Portuguese. It breeds iu August and
September, and attains a length of 30 millimeters.

Several specimens were obtained in Bermuda in 1S77 by Dr. Goode. The fishermen
obtain it at a depth of 60 to 100 fathoms, and it is known to them as the "Catfish."

DICROTUS, Gunther.
Dicrotus, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 11,1860, 349. (Type, D. armatus.)

Body rather elongate, compressed ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal continuous,
with the spines of moderate strength, and extending on to the second; finlets none. Ven-
tral reduced to a long, crenulated spine. Preoperculum with several spines at the angle.
Body naked. Several strong canines in the jaws; minute teeth on the vomer and the
palatine bones. No keel on the tail. Seven branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiie.

The fishes assigned to this genus are always small. They will perhaps prove to be the
young of Prometheus or Gempylus.

DICROTUS ARMATUS, Gunther.

Dicrotus armatus, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 1860, 349.

The height of the body is 6£ in the total length, the length of the head 3£ The maxillary

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 2()1

reaches to below the anterior margin of the eye; preoperculuin with two spines al the angle;
operculum terminating in two obtuse points, separated by a notch. The dorsal spines are of

i lerate strength, and tubercular; the second to the fifth arc the longest, and as high as

the body; the posterior ones gradually decrease in length; caudal forked; anal spines
shorl : pectoral of moderate length. Bach ventral spine is inserted in advance of tlie pec-
toral; it is tubercular, very long, its length being equal to the height <>!' i he body. The
vent is situated far backwards, and its distance from the head is more than the length of
the latter. Scales apparently none; lateral line bent downwards anteriorly. Uniform sil-
very.

Badial formula: I). L8 | L8; A. ,-;,; V. 1.

The specimen described by Giinther is only 2i inches long, ami apparently young.
DICROTIC PARVIPINNIS, Goode and Bean, a. .-. (Figure 212.)

The steamer Albatross captured several examples of a species of Dicrotus in the western
Atlantic. One at station 2537,N. lat. •"-'.» 56' 45", W. Ion. 70° 50' 30"; another at station
2542, X. lat, WJ Hit' L5", W. Ion. TIP 41" 2D", and a third at station 2691, X. lat. 34° .">!>'
15", W. Ion. 75° 33' 30" off Cape Batteras. The first two were obtained in excursions off
Newport, R. I. The example from station 2G01, measuring nearly 1 inch in length, is
referred to in the description, the other two not being at the present time accessible to us.
We are led to refer this individual to the genus Dicrotus because of the absence of a dagger-
shaped spine behind the vent and because of the similarity in the number of dorsal spines.
we assume that Dicrotus of Giinther is the young of PromeihicMhys atlanticus. Our spe-
cies resembles very strongly the illustration by Dr. Liitken, in "Spolia Atlantica" of Nea-
lotus tripes, and as there is no indication of the presence of a dagger-shaped spine even in
an example of nearly 1 inch in length we can not believe that our individual belongs to Xea-
lotus; it possesses the characters of Dicrotus much more nearly and we shall refer to it under
that name. The length of the individual described is 21 millimeters to the base of the
caudal. The greatest height of the body(3i millimeters) is contained 6 times in the standard
length. The least height of the tail is one-half the length of the eye. The length of the
eye is one half the length of the postorbital part of head and somewhat more than one-sixth
of the tot al length of the head. The length of the head (9 millimeters) is contained 2J times
in the standard length. The upper jaw reaches to the vertical from the front of the orbit,
and the lower jaw to below the beginning of the postorbital third of the orbit. The nostril is
placed iu front of the eye a distance equal to two-thirds the length id' the eye. Three large
fangs in the upper jaw, a large fang uear the tip of the lower jaw, and 8 smaller teeth.
Three weak diverging spines on the border of the preoperculuin. The dorsal originates at a
distance behind the eye about equal to one and one-half times the length of the eye, or about
over the middle of the operculum. The spines are all serrated; the first five are about
equal, their length nearly equal to that of the postorbital part of the head; they diminish
gradually in size from the fifth, and the last is only about one-half as long as the eye. The
longest ray is scarcely more than two-thirds as long as the eye. The anal origin is under
that of the soft dorsal. The length of the anal base is about one-half that of the snout.
The soft dorsal base is not much longer thantheanal base. The first anal spine is one-third
as long as the eye; the second spine is one-third as long as the soft dorsal base. The long-
est anal ray is two thirds as long as the eye. The ventral origin is under the sixth spine
of the dorsal; the spine is strongly serrated; its length equal to that of fhe. ninth dorsal
spine, slightly more than one-eighth of the standard length. The ventral contains, also,
either a single bifid rayor two simple rays. The pectoral origin is under the third spine
of the dorsal. The length of the fin is one-fourth the length of the head. The caudal is
moderately forked; the middle rays one-half as long as the snout and about two thirds as
long as the external rays.

Radial formula: l>. xxi, II; A. n, 8; P. 12; V. i, I, or i. L'.
Color silvery; caudal peduncle and top of back at base of dorsal brownish.

202 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Subfamily GEMPYLINvE.

Scombridae with very elongate, compressed body, and elongate, spinous dorsal, which
is continuous with the second dorsal. Caudal not carinate. Pyloric caeca few.
In this subfamily is a single genus and a single species.

GEMPYLUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Gempyhts, Cuvier aud Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vni, 207.

Scombroidea with very elongate, slender, compressed body. Scales almost absent. Spi-
nous dorsal very long, with thirty or more spines, continuous with the second; six finlets
above and below. Veutrals minute, almost rudimentary. Caudal not keeled. Several
strong teeth in the jaws. Pyloric caeca not numerous.

GEMPYLUS SERPENS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Scomber serpens, Solander, MSS.

Gempylus serpens, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 207 (Antilles, from M. Plee). — Cuvier, Rigne
Animal, 111., Poiss., PI. xlix. Fig 2.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Sins., II, 1860, 350; Challenger Report,
xxii. 18S7. 41, and in Garrett's Fische der Siidsee, Hamburg, 1873, i, 106, Taf. lxviii, Fig. B.

Gempylus coluber, Cuvier and Valenciennes, hie. cit., L'l I . ("Haiti, coll. by Gamut and Lesson.)

Lemnisoma thyrsitoides, Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poiss., 160.

OKMFYLUS SERPENS.

A Gempylus with the veutrals reduced to a pair of very small spines. The height of the
body is contained from 15 to 17 times in its own length; the length of t lie head from 5 to
5£ times in the same distance. Body scaleless. Color uniform, the upper part of the dor-
sal fin black.

Radial formula : D. xxx-xxxi, 12-13, vi ; A. in, 12, vi.

Pyloric caeca, 9-10.

Giinther considers all known forms of this genus as belonging to a single species, includ-
ing G. coluber, C. & V., the Pacific form, which he has figured in his Fische der Siidsee, pi.
lxviii, fig. 15. It has been rarely obtained at the Canary Islands, in the Caribbean Sea,
and near the Society and Sandwich Islands. It is generally believed to be an inhabitant of
great depths.

Family LEPIDOPID^E.

Lepidopodidee, Gill, Standard Natural History, in, 1885, 206.
Lepidopidce, Gill, MS.

Scombroidea with elongate band-shaped bodies, a continuous or subcontinuous long
dorsal, a comparatively short anal, preceded by a considerable number of short detached
spines, no finlets, and a distinct forked caudal. Pectorals with some inferior rays longest.
Veutrals rudimentary or absent. A spine, or scute, or pair of scutes behind the vent.
Scales absent. Lateral line conspicuous, sinking rapidly anteriorly. Teeth lanceolate in
jaws, sometimes larger in front. No teeth in palatines. Air bladder present. Gill mem-

DISCISSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 203

branes separate, free from isthmus, Cills four, with a slit behind the fourth. Abdominal
ami caudal vertebra- numerous. Pyloric caeca in large numbers.

KEY TO THE CEXEKA OF I/I'.PIDOITD.E.

I. Dorsal continuous. Teeth on palatines. Ventrala present, scale-like, rudimentary. No post-anal spine

LEPIDOPIN i
A. Body high. Head with crest. Teeth in jaws lanceolate in single rows. Pectorals broad, furcate.
\ entrals inserted considerald\ behind pectorals.

1. Head rather long, with lateral occipital crests converging anteriorly. Orbit near to profile.

Maxillary curved and upper ja^i shorter than lower Lepidopus

2. Head rather short, lugh, compressed above into a trenchant edge. Profile convex, declivous, far

from orbit. Mouth somewhat oblique. Maxillary straight, .laws equal.... Evoxymetopon
li. Body low. Head crestless. Anterior teeth long, compressed, posterior ones aeienlar; a few minute

teeth outside of anterior long ones. Pectorals slender, rounded. Ventrala under root of
pectorals.
I. ilead rat her long, depressed, with orbits encroaching upon profile. Maxillary curved. Lower
jaw projecting Benthodesmi b

II. Dorsal in two Bubequal portions, closely contiguous. No teeth on palatines. Ventrals absent. A

dagger-like post-ana Ispine Apiianoi'IX.i:

a. Headlong, pointed. Eye very large, not close to profile. Upper jaw slightly curved, lower slightly
projecting APHAHOPTJS

LEPIDOPUS, Gouan.

Lepidopua, Gocax, Historia Piscium, 1770, 185. — Cdvikr and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vm, 218. —

GtlNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. n, 1860, 342; Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 37.
Vandellius, Shaw, Zoology, iv, p. 199.
Ziphotkeca, Montagu, Wern. Mem., i, 82, Pis. ii-m; n, 432.

Body very elongate, band-like, scaleless; head pointed, with lateral occipital crests con-
verging anteriorly: clefl of the mouth wide, the jaws being armed with strong lanceolate
teeth in a single series, larger ones in front; a series of minute teeth on the margins of the
palatines. Nodules oblique. Eyes large. Along the whole of the back one single dorsal
tin ; anal spines numerous, but minute or hidden beneath the skin; no post-anal spines;
caudal well developed; ventral tins rudimentary, inserted behind the pectorals. Two post
anal scutes. Eight branchiostegals; air-bladder present. Pyloric creca somewhat numer-
ous. Type, Lepidopu8 Goucmi, Bl.

LEPIDOPUS CAUDA I IS. (Euphrasen), White. (Figure213.)

Trichiurua caudatus, Euphrasen, Stockh. K. Vet. Acad. Nya. Hand!., 17sx. i\, 52, Tab. 9, Fig. 2.
Lepidopua caudatus, White, List of Brit. Pishes, 1851, 32. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. a, 344 (with
extended sj nonymy).

Height of the body 15J in the total length, the caudal deeply forked. Anal spines in
great number — minute, if visible. Color, uniform silvery.

Radial formula: D. 102-104; A. 24-5.

Caec. Pylor. 23. Vertebra 41+71. (G-iinther.) This form has been taken many times
during thecentury, from Norway to South Africa, and the Mediterranean. It evidently lives
at considerable depth and comes rarely to the surface. It has not been found in the West-
ern Atlantic. A specimen was obtained by John Xantns de Vesey at Cape St. Lucas, and
the species is also known as the u Frost-fish," about Tasmania and New Zealand, where,
according to Lendenfeld, it occurs periodically in great numbers, evidently coming up from
the depths to deposit its spawn near the shore.1

EVOXYMETOPON (Poey) Gill.

Evoxymetopon, < Poey,) (in.i., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1st;:;, l'l's.

Bodj very elongate, band-like; head with the supraocular portion compressed into a
trenchant edge, and the upper profile abruptly descending towards the end of the snout;
eye of moderate size, much below the upper profile. Cleft of the mouth wide: teeth lance

Zodlogiselier Anzeiger, 1883, 559.

204 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

olate, in single rows, with larger ones in front: a series of small teeth on the palatines.
Fins as in Lepidopus. (GHinther.)

EVOXYMETOPON TJENIATUS, Poey. (Figure 214.)

Evoxymetopon iwniatus, (Poey,) Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 228; Aim. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., II,
1873, 77, PL v.

The greatest height equals about a twelfth of the extreme length, while the head forms
about an eighth of the same. The head is oblong, trenchant above, elevated above the
eyes for a space considerably greater than the diameter of the eye, and decurved very
obliquely downwards to the snout. The diameter of the orbit enters about G times in the
head's length. The first ten dorsal spines are undivided; the rest split.

Radial formula: B. 7; 1). 87; A. 19; 0. 17; P. 12.

The color is silvery, with about six narrow reddish bands most distinct behind, the
first on the ridge of the back and the fifth along the lateral line. {Poey.)

The following table indicates the relative proportions of the Evoxymetopon tceniatus.

Measurements.

Millimeters.

Extreme length 100

Body :

Greatest height 8

Height at aims 6j

Height of tail between anus and caudal fin 5

Least height of tail \

Head :

Greatest length 12

Distance from snout tuna]"' 7

Length of snout \\

Length of operculum 4+

Length of lower jaw 5

Orbit:

Diameter 2

Distance from profile 2}

Dorsal :

Height at first spine 3

Height at second spine 3J

Height at ray above anus If

Height at ray between anus and caudal li

( 'audal :

Length of external rays 3J

Pectoral :

Distance from snout at upper axilla 14

Length ." 6£

Ventral:

Distance from snout 17^

Length 2f

A specimen obtained by Poey at Havana was presented by him to the National Museum
(No. 5735), and a figure of it is here given.

Evoxymetopon Poeyi, Giinther, from the Mauritius is a very closely related form.

BENTHODESMUS, Goode and Bean.

Benthodesmus, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., tv, 1881, 380, PL n. (type, Lepidopus elongates,
Clarke.) — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 910.

Body naked, much compressed, attenuate, tapering gradually from vent to base of
caudal. Caudal peduncle very slender, supporting a small but well developed caudal fin.
Vent considerably nearer to head than to tail. Lateral line simple, in a deep, wide furrow,
nearly straight, in front of the vent gradually ascending to the scapular region.

Head compressed, its upper profile nearly horizontal; snout gibbous near its end, as in

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION'. 205

Lepidopus. Top of head very flat, concave between the eyes, with no occipital crest. Inter-
orbital ridges not elevated. Eyes large, slightly postmedian. Operculum oblong, reaching
a little beyond the base of the pectoral tin. Nostrils horizontal, in front of the eyes.
Supramaxillary uot extending to vertical from front of eyes. Lower jaw with stout cutane
ous appendage.

Three very long, simple, compressed teeth on each intermaxillary in front; outside of
these a few minute teeth, and behind them a row of large acicular teeth. In lower jaw a
single row of moderately large acicular teeth, more numerous than in the upper jaw, largest
in the middle of the jaw. Palatine teeth minute.

Dorsal fin, beginning above the operculum, nearly uniform in height throughout its
entire length, and continuous almost to the caudal. Rays very numerous (over 150 in /.'.
ekmgatus). Anal beginning near the vent, preceded by a single scale like appendage;
spines very numerous (numbering with the rays about 100 in B. <jlt>n</afus, all except 28 or 30
being spines), minute and almost hidden; a short fin posteriorly.

Caudal small, normal, forked. Pectoral inserted almost horizontally, with lower rays
longest, and its upper outline rounded. Ventral tins represented each by a minute scale
like spine, inserted below the origin of the pectorals.

Pseudobranchiae present; gills 1, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-rakers short and spiny,
in a single series on the first and second arches, almost obsolete on the third and fourth.
(In Lepidopus caudatus all the arches are supplied with several series of rakers.)

Benthodesmus may be distinguished from Lepidopus and Evoxymetopon by the following
salient characters:

1. The slenderer, lower form of the body, the height of which in B. elongatus at the
vent is one-fourth the length of the head; in Lepidopus caudatus, nearly half the length of
the head.

2. In the location of the vent, which is considerably nearer to the head.

3. In the depressed form of the head, its fiat profile, the insignificance of the frontal
ridges, and the absence of the occipital crest.

4. In the much greater number of dorsal rays.

5. In the more advanced position of the rudimentary ventrals, which are situated in
Benthodesmus under the base of the pectorals.

0. In the ineseuce of a single small postanal scute, in place of the two larger ones in
]j<pid(>i>us.

10. In the characteristic arrangement of the gill-rakers.

BENTHODESMUS ATLANTKTS, GoODE and Bean, n. s. (Figure 215.)

Benthodesmus elongatus, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., IV, 1881,380-3, Figure. — Jori>an and Gil-
bert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 910.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, G7.

Body attenuate, its height at the vent contained four times in length of head, its width
being about one-third of its height at the point mentioned. Length of caudal peduncle
half of greatest height of body. Least height of tail one third width of interorbital area.

Length of head contained seven and a half times in length of body, its greatest width
one-sixth of its length; its greatest height nearly one fourth of its length; width of interor-
bital area (on the bone) one fourth of the height of the head. Length of snout contained
2i times in length of head. Upper jaw not reaching to vertical from anterior margin of
eye. and equal in length to the postorbital portion of head. Lower jaw in length equal to
about twice the greatest height of body. Mandibular tip nearly one-third as long as the
diameter of the eye. Eye slightly postmedian in location, the orbital diameter equal to half
the length of the snout.

Besides the three long teeth, there are on each intermaxillary 8 or 9 of moderate size;
on one side many small intermediate teeth are present. The number of teeth in the lower
jaw varies from 13 on the one side to 21 on the other.

The first branchial arch has 13 gill rakers, the longest of which measures about 2 milli-
meters. The second arch has about the same number, while on the third there are but 6 or

206 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIX.

7, very small, and present only in the angles, while in the fourth there are about the same
number, very inconspicuous.

The dorsal fin originates above the middle of the operculum, and at a distance from the
snout equal to twice the length of the snout.

The anal tin is composed of about 100 spines and rays. Owing to the mutilation of the
specimen it is impossible to determine how many there are of each, but there are supposed
to be about 28 rays, normally united by a membrane into a fin.

The caudal is also imperfect, but the middle rays are seen to be about half as lung as
the remnants of the external rays. The flu is supposed to resemble in shape that of Lepi-
dopus <■(< tela tits.

The pectoral originates under the tip of the opercular flap. Its outline is rounded
above instead of emarginate, as in Lepidopus eaudatus. Its longest ray equals in length
the postorbital part of the head.

The ventrals originate at a distance from the snout equal to that of the base of the
pectorals from the same point. They are rudimentary and represented by minute scutes,
the length of which is 3J millimeters in the specimen before us, and about equal to half the
interorbital width.

Eadial formula: D. 1.54: A. 100; P\ 12; V. i.

Csecal appendages 8, in the specimen examined. Some, however, may have been lost,
the abdominal viscera having been partly digested by the halibut in the stomach of which
it was found.

Color, uniform silvery, with traces of dark color upon head and tail.

The type of this description, a remarkable fish, taken from the stomach of a halibut
caughton the western edge of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland in 80 fathoms, was received
in 1887 from Oapt. Eoderick Morrison, of the Gloucester fishing schooner Laura Nelson.

Extreme length of type (No. 29116), 890 millimeters (35£ inches.)

A specimen was taken by the Albatross at station 2362, at a depth of 25 fathoms, and
another by the Blake at station vn, off St. Kitts, in 208 fathoms.

B. elongatus was first obtained by Mr. Clarke, who thus describes its caoture:

^77>7>'?y?>?^>^^

BENTHODESMUS ELONGATDS.

Collected by self, Hokitika beach, October 12, 1874, and the only perfect specimen of
some eight or ten which have come under my observation. All were in the same proportion
as the one above described, and varied but little in size, but were generally much mutilated
by attrition on the sand and shingly beach.

Besides the type of the genus, Benthodesmus elongatus, Clarke, known from New Zealand,
there is a Japanese species Benthodesmus tenuis, (Giiuther), from Inosoma, Japan,1 taken by
the Challenger in 345 fathoms, at station 232.

APHANOPUS, Lowe.

Aphanopus, LOWE, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1839, 79. (Type, A. rarbo, from Madeira . — Guxther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., Ii, 1860, p. 342; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 36.

Body very elongate, band like, scaleless; head long, pointed; cleft of the mouth very
wide, jaws armed with strong, lanceolate teeth arranged in single series and in common

1 Lepidopus tenuis, Gcnther, Annals Magazine of Natural History, Loudon, xx, 1877, 437; Challenger
Report, xxn, 1887, 37, pi. vn, fig. B. (Type 24 inches long, from Inosoma, Japan.)

I'isi I'SSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

207

alveolar groove; no teeth on palatine; eye very large; back occupied by a long dorsal lin,
divided in fcwosubequal parts. Anal spines numerous and feeble; a dagger-shaped spine
behind the vent. Caudal well developed, deeply cleft; pectorals moderate, rounded; veu-
trals absent; branchiostegals seven; air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages few.1

APIIANOPFS CABBO, Lowe. (Figure 216.)

Aphaiwpu* carbo, LOWE, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, 79. — GONTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n. 18(30, 343
(with description of skeleton). — Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 37, pi. VII, fig. A.— CAPKLLO, Jorn. Sci.
Ar;nl., Lisb., vol. I, tab. iv, fig. 1.

This species lias never been described, except in so far as its characters are included

in that of the genus. Lowe's original statement concerning it was as follows:

Of this most curious new genus a single individual only has yet occurred. The whole
fish is of a dark coffee color, approaching to black ('uniform black,' says (iiinther), and has
in form so close a general resemblance to Lepidopus argyreus, that it might well be taken
hastily for a mere variety of that lish.

It has been obtained only from Madeira aud the coast of Portugal, where specimens 4
or 5 feet long have, in rare instances, as stated by Capello, been caught on the long lines
used by the fishenneu for the capture of deep-sea sharks.

■• We have no information," writes Giinther, " as to the exact depth at which this lish
lives, but there is no doubt that it belongs to the deep-sea fauna. The large eye, the black
color of the body, and the thinness of the bones of the head and of the vertebne, are ad-
ditional evidence of the bathybial habits of the fish."

APHANOPUS MINOR, Collett.
Jphanojms minor, Collett, Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. C'hristiania, 1886, No. 19, 3.

A single specimen of a silvery-gray species of Aphtmoptts was taken July 4, 1886, off
the east coast of Greenland, lat. 6.3° N., Ion. 31° W., by Captain Pedersen, of Sandefjord,
Norway, who placed it in the University Museum at Christiania.

The following is Collett's diagnosis:

Dark silvery or steel- colored. The length of the head is about 2% in the length of the
body to the vent; diameter of the eye about 4t in the length of the head; 8 long teeth in
the intermaxillary, the two foremost "canines" the longest; 8 teeth in the lower jaw, a trifle
shorter; no teeth in vomer and the palatine bones. Ventrals, none; a strong dagger-
shaped spine behind the vent. Air bladder present; appendices pylorica?., 7.

Length from tip of snout to the vent (in the single specimen examined) 352 millimeters.

Radial formula: D. 41. + ?; A?; B. vn.

MEASUREMENTS.

Millimeters.

Snout to vent 352

Length of head 131

Length of head to tip of snout 126

Greatest height of head (above the eyes) 38

Eye to tip of under jaw 57

Length of snout 53

Diameter of eye T,

Postorbital part of head 46

Millimeters.

Length of intermaxillary 57

Length of mandible 82

Greatest height of body is

Height of body at anus 40

Distance of vent from anal fin 16

Distance of eye from nostril 8

Length of pectoral 50

1 The following is Lowe's diagnosis, as published in 1839: "Form as in Lepidopus, elongate, much com-
pressed, like a sword blade, naked, but with a short keel on each side toward the tail. Muzzle and teeth
as in Lepidopus (Gouan), but the palatines unarmed. Dorsal lins 2, nearly equal. Anal lin as in Lepi-
dopus (but w ith a strong, sharp spine instead of a scale before it), a little behind the vent. No trace or rudi-
ment of ventral tins."

208 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN

Family TRICHIURIDvE.

Trichiuriui, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 18-16, 78 (Subfam. 136).
Trichiuroidei, Bleeker, Euuin. Spec. Pise. Arch, lndico, 1X59, 64.

Trichiuridas, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 1860, 342.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Thila., 1S63, 221;
Arr. Fara. Fish. 1872, 8 (No. 77); Standard Nat. Hist, in, 1885, 206.

Scombroidea, with very elongate, compressed, scaleless body, tapering to a point, and
without caudal. Dorsal and anal long, low, continuous, confluent posteriorly. Pectorals
normal. Ventrals absent or rudimentary. Moutb wide; jaws armed with very strong, un-
equal teeth. Lateral line present. Air bladder present. Gills 4, with a slit behind the
fourth. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.

In addition to the typical genus Trichiurus, characterized by the absence of ventrals,
there is a Chinese form, Uupleurogrammus (with a single species, E. muticus), in which the
ventrals are represented by a pair of very small scales.

TRICHIURUS, Linnaeus.

Trichiurus, Linn.eus, Systema Naturae, Ed. x, 1, 246; Ed. XII, I, 429.— Ccvier, Rcgne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817,
246; Ed. 2, 1829, 218.— Cuvieb and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Pois>. \ in, 235.— Gl miier. Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus. ii, 346.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 212.

Upturns, ARTEDI, Spec. Pise, 101.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'Uila., 1862, 120.

Body very elongate, band-like, tapering to a fine point. Head long; cleft of mouth
wide; teeth very strong and unequal in the jaws: teeth on the palatines, none on the
vomer. Preorbital covering cleft of mouth posteriorly. A single dorsal along whole of
back; anal very long, of short detached spines, minute or hidden in the skin; ventral tins
reduced to scale-like appendages or absent; pectorals small. No caudal. No scales.
Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the belly. Vertebra', 30+120. Color, silvery.

TRICHIURUS LEPTURl'S, Linn.eus. (Figure 217.)

The Scabbard Fish.

Trichiurus lepturus, Linnvei/s, Syst. Naturae, ed. x, 1758, I, 246. GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 346;

Challenger Report, vi, 66; xxn, 39. — Jordan ami Gilbert, Hull. \vi, U. S. N. M., 422.
Trichiurus argenteus, Shaw, Zoology (Fishes), iv, 90, pi. XII.
Lepturus argenteus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126.

A Trichiurus with long, pointed, snout whose length is about equal to that of pectoral.
.Maxillary reaching nearly to vertical from middle of eye. Length of head, 7i times its
length; height of body, Hi.

Color silvery, with darker dorsal.

Radial formula: I). 135; A. ca, 100.

This is a well-known form, frequently found in shoal waters from Cape Cod to the
West Indies, and needs no description here.

The Challenger obtained the scabbard-fish off Inosima, Japan, at a depth of 345 fath-
oms. Young were obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission at station 2273, at 17 fathoms;
2289, at 7 fathoms; 2121-2, at 31-31 fathoms.

A commercial fishery of considerable importance exists at Jamaica. This species
enters the estuary of the St. Johns River iu Florida, and has been known to leap into row-
boats. Linnaeus wrote of it in 1758: Totus argenteus exiliens ex aqua saj>c in cymbani.
(Systema Naturre, ed. x, I, 240.)

Family CORYPH^NID^.

/ Corifenidi, Rafinesque, Imlicc d' Ittiologia Sieiliana, 1810, 29.

CoryphcenidoB, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1839, 80.— Swainson, Nat. Hist., etc., n, 1839. 177.— Bona-

tarte, Catalogo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1846, 76 (Fam. 64).— Gill, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 8 (No. 81,

name only). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 458.
Coryphanini, Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Italics, Pesci, 1842, Introduzione. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

ii, 404.
Coryphcenoidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxm (Familia 101).

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTEIBUTION. 209

Body compressed and elongate. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skull with
crest. A single, elongate dorsal; anal shorter; pectoral very small; ventrals thoracic.
Lateral line present. Gill membranes free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 7. No pseudo
branchise. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages numerous. Vertebrae more than 10+14.

CORYPHvENA, Linnaeus.

Coryphwna, Lixx i:rs. Syst. Nat., etl. x, 1758, I, 261. — CuviEB and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix,

l'i'iS. — (ii'-xTiiKit. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 404. — Jordan and Gilbert, loe. cit.
Lampugus, Crvn.ij and VALENCIENNES, op. cit., 317. — Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri., Phila., 1802, 127.

Body elongate, covered with small, cycloid scales. Cleft of the mouth >blique, the
lower jaw projecting. Gardiform teeth on jaws and vomer and palatines; a patch ofvilliform
teeth on the tongue. Skull-crest much more elevated in adult than in young. Dorsal
many rayed, low, extending from nape nearly to base of caudal; anal similar, but shorter;
both without distinct spines; pectorals small; ventrals well developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly
received into a groove in the abdomen; caudal fin widely forked.

Liitken has reviewed in his Spolia Atlantica the species of the genus Coryphwna, and an
abstract of his conclusions is here preseuted:

The genus Coryphcena, the "Dolphins" as they are called by sailors, is one of those
peculiarly pelagic in its characteristics, and it is an example, more remarkable than any
other, of the extreme confusion which has resulted from the fact that a numbe. of really
limited existing species has been divided into a great number of nominal species, based
only upon differences of age and sex, individual peculiarities, different geographical locali-
ties, carelessly made drawings, incomplete descriptions, etc., a confusion which has been
wrongly charged to Cuvier. The mistake of separating the species into two genera, Cory-
phcena and Lampugus, has already been rectified by competent authority, and the number
of species believed to be well founded at the same time was reduced from 19 to G. lie is now
of the opinion that the number should not be more than 2, or at the most 3. The two time-
honored species of Linnaeus, the large Dolphin, "La Petite Dorrade" (ft hippurus), which
reaches a length of nearly 6 feet; and the little Dolphin, "La Petite Dorrade" {G. equisetis),
which rarely exceeds 2£ feet. In Spolia Atlantica, Liitken gives an extensive comparison
of these two species, having special reference to the changes which they undergo with age,
and those which, like the length of ft equisetis, are sexual ; and these variations have been illus-
trated by figures of the head, which are reproduced in this work. Most of the species de-
scribed and figured can, according to Liitken, be very easily assigned to the two cosmopoli-
tan species referred to, which have been often brought in by sailors, the only ones, in fact,
from which he has been able to get material for study. Liitken hesitates in his opinion
concerning G.pelagiea (azorica, sicula) of the Mediterranean, which has been accepted by
most authors who have studied the Mediterranean fauna, but which very probably does
not differ specifically from ft hippurus; at least, he felt obliged to regard as a young speci-
men of this species a little " ft pelayicw" from the Mediterranean, which, under that name,
was sent to him for examination by a museum in Italy. In support of his opinion that
there are really only two species of Coryphwna, he mentions two circumstances — one, that
Giinther, although he formally acknowledges more, actually refers all the specimens in his
own custody to these two species arid has not recognized any others; and again, that Liit-
ken himself has been able without difficulty to divide numerous specimens of young Cory-
phcena, from 18 to 02 millimeters long, caught by Scandinavian fishermen, into two series,
representing two species, and to refer these series to the two species before mentioned, and
to no others, to wit, most of them to ft equisetis, and a fewer number to ft hippurus. The
little Coryphcena* are so dissimilar to the adults that it is very easy that they should have
given rise to mistake, and thus it has happened that the young ft hippurus has been de-
scribed by Pallas under the name of C. faseiolata. Liitken, in the work referred to, ui\cs
comparative descriptions of the young individuals of both species in their successive states
ami in relation to their adult forms, and gives figures illustrative of his ideas, calling at
teution to the fact that the greater length of the ventrals in ft hippurus, and their point of
1980S— No. 2 14

210

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

origin under the pectorals less farther backward than in C. equisetis, is one of the best means
of separating the young of the two forms, and corresponds also to one of the best distinc-
tive characters of the adult. The small individuals of both species uot only have the
preoperculuni provided with spines, but also a scapular spine and supraorbital spine on
each side. The larger specimens have the body very elongate, but are at the same time
less thick, without being compressed, as they are in advanced age. The dorsal is rela-
tively as low as in C. equisetis: in the adult, its origin at a point scarcely behind the anterior
margin of the eye; in the young, above the posterior margin of the preoperculuni j in those
still younger, between the preoperculuni aud the opening of the gills; in ('. hippurus, adult,
above the posterior margin of the pupil; in the younger specimens of the same species,
above the branchial opening, and so ou. The system of coloration is a marked character
in the different ages.

Family BRAMID^E.

Bromides, Lowe, Piac. Syn. Maderensium, etc. (1834); Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1*36, 197. — Gill, Arrauge-
ment Families of Fislies, 1*72, !»; Century Dictionary, 659. — Jordax aud Gilbert, Bull, xvi, IT. S. Nat.
Mus., 1883, 455 (in part).

Bramini, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1*46, 76 (Subfam. 132).

Bramosformes, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxn.

Scombroids with short, oblong, compressed body. Head rounded; snout, obtuse, con-
vex; mouth wide, oblique. Vertical fins, long, elevated, anteriorly continuous, with but
few spinous rays. Ventrals thoracic. Teeth on vomer and palatines. An exterior row of
strong teeth in the jaws. Premaxillaries protractile. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiie
present.

the POHFBET (Tiramft f!aii.)

A single genus Brama, of which Taractes (without spinous portion to dorsal and anal)
is the young.

They are strictly pelagic, and it would seem probable that they descend to considerable
depth.

BRAMA, Schneider.

Brama, Schneider, Bloch's Systema Ichthologia>, 1801, I. 98 (type, B. alropos Schn.). — Risso, Hist. Nat.Enr.

M6rid. in, 433. — Ccvier and Valexciexxes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., vn, L'81. — GPxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

II, 408. — Jordax and Gilbert, Bull. xvi, U.S. N. M., 455.
Taractes, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, 82.— Poey, Ah. Soc. Esp., v, 148. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

n, 410.
Pteryconibus, Fries, Vet.Akad. Handl., 1837.

Body compressed and more or less elevated, covered with rather small scales; cleft of
the mouth very oblique, with the lower jaw longest. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, the

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 211

former with 3 or 4, the latter with 2 or 3 spines; caudal deeply forked; ventrals thoracic,
with oncspine and five rays. The jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth; the teeth of
the palatine hones and of the vomer are easily lost. Opereles entire. Seven branchios-
tegals; air bladder, mine. Pyloric appendages in small number. (Gmther.)

A very elaborate study of Brama has been completed by Liitken, based upon a large
series, chiefly of young specimens. Concerning B. Bait he concludes thatit is quite cosmo-
politan in its distribution, occurring from the Faroe Islands to the Capo of Good Hope,
and is represented by closely similar, if not identical, forms on the coast of Chili (B.
chilensis and australis) and New Zealand (B. squamosa) and in the waters' of Japan. He
states that it has not yet been found in the West Indies or off the east coast of North
America, overlooking, perhaps, the fact that Brama Bali was observed at the Bermudas in
1880 by Dr. Goode. He considers B. orcini and B. Dussumicri and Taractcs asper to be im-
mature forms and gives a very doubtful acceptance to six species, claiming to be distinct
from B. Rati, described from various parts of the Atlantic:

Brama Agassizii, Poey (Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 1856-8, 201). Cuba.

Brama Brevoorti, Poey (loc. cit, 20G). Cuba.

Brama Saussurii, Lunel (Revision, etc., 185, pi. n). Cuba.

Brama longipinnis, Lowe (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, 82). Madeira.

Brama princcps, Johnson (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, 38, pi. vn). Madeira.

Brama Baschi Esmark (Forh. Vid. Selsk., Christiania, 1861). Fiumark, Iceland.

Serious discussion of these forms can not well be attempted without a large series of
specimens of all ages. In the meantime, it is most convenient to consider all the Atlantic
forms as members of a single species, quite variable in the proportions of the body and the
fins.

B. japonica, Hilgendorf, has the snout more convex than B. Baii, shorter vertical fins,
and smaller paired fins, and the lesser size of the scales in the axils of the pectorals.

Family DIRETMID^E.
Diretmidcr, Gill, MS.

Scombroideaus with a disciform body (suggestive of Priacanthus) preoperculum pro-
longed downward and separating the operculum from other bones; supramaxillaries wide
behind; a long dorsal and anal with simple (?) rays, and ventrals thoracic. (Gill).

DIRETMUS, Johnson.

Diretmus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 403.

Discus, Campbell, Trans. New Zeal. lust., xi, 1879, 297.

Gyrinomene, Vaillant (name only), Exp. Sci. Travailleni et Talisman, 1887, 355, 18.

Body much compressed, short and elevated, covered with small, coarsely spinous scales,
on which no lateral line can be traced; abdomen prominent and keeled. Mouth wide, ob-
liquely ascending, with projecting lower jaw. The jaws are armed with a very narrow
baud (which, posteriorly, becomes a single series) of small line teeth of unequal size. The
vomer and palatine bones are toothless. The maxillaries terminate at their upper and in-
ner extremity in a pair of short pointed processes, which form peculiar fang-like projections
in the inside of the mouth in front of the vomer. Bones of the head thin, with wide, mucif-
erous cavities, the lower limb of the preoperculum denticulated. Eyes very large. Dor-
sal long, without spinous division; anal similar in form and composition; interradial mem-
brane very fragile. Pectorals large; ventral fins thoracic, with more than 5 rays (f).
Branchiostegals 7; pseudobranchise. (Gimther.)

DIRETMUS AEGENTEUS, Johnson. (Figure 234.)

Diretmus argenteus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pi. xxxvi, tig. 1. — Vaillant, loc. cit., 355.

The specimen from Madeira, described in detail and well figured by Johnson, was the
only one known until the French expedition obtained another off the coasts of Morocco in
1,105 meters. Johnson ascribed to it, although with doubt, 10 ventral rays, but the rays

212 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

are much confused, broken, and split down to the base, and it is fortunate that Vaillant
has been able to make out the true ray formula to be 1, 5. The spine is enlarged into a thin
scalpel-shaped lamella and marked with numerous oblique stria?.

Giinther concluded, from the structure of the cranial bones, the immense eyes, the
black color of the cavity of the mouth and pharynx, and also from the extreme scarcity of
the fish, that this species belongs to the deep-sea fauna, and subsequent explorations proved
the wisdom of his prophecy.

Eadial formula: D. 27; A. 22-25; P. 18; V. I, 5.

Giinther remarks concerning D. aureus, Campbell:

I should be inclined to refer this fish, which is known from four specimens, 2J inches
long, cast up on Hokitika beach (New Zealand), to the same species as the Madeiran speci
men, but for the seeming absence of the enlarged ventral spine. This, of coarse, might be
also accounted for by the less advanced age of the specimens. All the other differences as
they appear in the description would probably disappear on a direct comparison of the ex-
amples. The perforations of the interradial membrane of the dorsal and anal fins, which
Campbell regards as an extraordinary character, may also be seen in the Madeiran type, and
are due to the extremely delicate structure of the membrane. The radial formula is D. 20;
A. 21; P. 17.

Family PTERACLIDIDyE.

PteracliiuE, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 1839, n, 178.
Pteraolidida, Gill, Arr. Families Fishes, 1872, 9 (No. 85).

Scombroids with oblong or short elevated body, compressed, covered with moderate
sized scales. Dorsal and anal high, composed of simple spines or rays. Ventrals jugular.

PTERACLIS, Gronovius.

Pteraclis, Groxovius, Act. Helvet., vn. II. 1772 (type, Coryphcena velifera, Pallas). — Cuvikr and Valen-
ciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 359. — GOntheb, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., n, 2, j>. 410. — Jordan and Gilbert,
Bull, xvi, V. S. Nat. Mus., 455.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate-sized scales. Snout obtuse convex,
compressed. Cleft of mouth wide, oblique. Eye large. Dorsal very elongate, much ele-
vated, extending from the forehead to the caudal, composed of filiform spines, unarticu-
lated, triangular in form ; anal similar in form and structure; ventrals jugular, of 4-6 slender
rays. Pseudobranchite present. Air-bladder very small.

This is a pelagic form, widely distributed, and but sparsely represented in museums.
The characters by which the four recognized species are separated are not of the greatest
diagnostic importance.

Pteraclis papilio, Lowe, was described in 1813 (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 83), from
Madeira. It has 41 rays in the dorsal, and 35 in the anal. Lowe believed that the last six
rays of the dorsal were detached from the rest.

Pteraclis oeellattts, C. & V. (Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, p. 363, pi. cclxxi) was described
from Mozambique material. It has a few more rays in the vertical fius (D. 45; A. 42).

Pteraclis carolinus, ('. & V., was described from a mutilated specimen, 4 inches long,
from the coast of South Carolina.

Pteraclis velifer, the Coryphcena velifera of Pallas, came from the Indian Ocean. Liitken
has seen fit to identify with'it several young individuals 7 to 15 millimeters long, taken with
dredge by Andrea and Joersen in the Atlantic, lat. 21° 29' N., long. 28° 36' W. (Spolia
Atlantica, 502 and 600, pi. iv, fig. B).

The single specimen obtained by the Albatross agrees sufficiently well with the descrip-
tion of P. carolinus and is assigned to that species for the present.

PTERACLIS CAEOLINUS, Cuvif.R and VALENCIENNES. (Figure 218.)

Pteraclis carolinus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 1833, 368. — Gi nther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., li, p. 411. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, IT. S. Nat. Mus., p. 455.

A Pteraclis with smaller mouth and larger scales than P. ocellatus, or P. trichypt^rus,
and with the fourth dorsal very perceptibly longer. (C. d; V.)

DISCISSION <>K SPECIKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 213

Radial formula: I). 52; A. 44.

Color, silvery.

The type was from the coast of Carolina, senl to Paris by M. Bosc.

Family STROMATEIDyE.

/ Stromatini, Rafinesqtje, [ndice d'lttiologia Sicilians, 1810, 39.

Stromateini, Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1846, 76 (subfam. of Coryphomida l.
Stromatinite, Swainson, Nat. Ili-t. Fishes., etc., is:;:!, n, 177.
Stromateina, oi \nn b, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n. I860, 397.

Stromateidce, Gili, Ait. Families Fishes, 1872, 8 (No. 83); Trims. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1884, 664.— Jordan and
Gilbert, Bull.xvr, O. S. Nat. Mas.

Scombroids, with body compressed and more or less elevated, covered with small or
minute cycloid scales. Profile anteriorly blnnl and rounded. Mouth small. Premaxillaries
protractile or not. Dentition feeble; no teeth on vomer or palatines; oesophagus armed

with numerous horny, barbed, or hooked teeth. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth, (oil
membranes either free or more or less joined to the isthmus, (lill rakers rather long.
Pseudobranchise present. Cheeks scaly. Preopercle entire or serrate. Lateral line well
developed. Dorsal fin single, long, with the spines few or weak, often obsolete; anal fin
Long, similar to the soft dorsal, usually with 3 small spines, which are often depressible
in a fold of skin; ventrals thoracic or jugular, normally I, 5, but sometimes reduced or
altogether wanting; caudal fin lunate or forked. Usually no air bladder. Pyloric caeca
commonly numerous. Vertebras more than 10+14.

The members of this family are, as a rule, surface-dwellers. Among them is the Rud-
der fish or Log fish, Deirusperciformis, common everywhere in summer, lurking under float-
ing spars ami drift wood, and often swimming under the keels of vessels. The liar vest fish,
Stromateus triacantluis, is also found near the surface, swimming under large Medus;e.
Apolectus is probably the young of Stromateus and Hoplocoryph is pn »bably that of Schedophi-
lus. In all warm seas the young of the various species of this family are sure to occur iu
the pelagic surface fauna.

CENTROLOPHUS, Laeepede.

CentroUphus, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 441. — Ccvier and Valencienes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 330. —

(iLNTiiEU, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 402. — Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, I, 110.
Pompilus, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soe., London, 1839, 81.
Acentrolopkus, Nardo, Prod. Iehth. Adr., 62.

Stromateids, with elongate body covered with minute scales. Lateral line arched an-
teriorly. Mouth moderate or small. Teeth small, in jaws only. Vomer, palatines and
tongue toothless. Epibranchial bone of fourth arch with long toothless processes. Dorsal
long, continuous, without spinous division. Anal with the tlm anterior rays uubranched,
resembling feeble spines. Ventrals thoracic, moderate. Pectorals moderate. Caudal
furcate. Bones of vertical fins scaly. Air bladder small. Pyloric appendages, nine or ten.

This genus is represented by two species recorded from the Atlantic. C. pompilus (Lac.)
C. and V., is not very unusual in the vicinity of Nice, though rare elsewhere in the Medi-
terranean, and has occasionally been taken in the Atlantic as far north as the British Isles
and south to Gibraltar and Madeira. G. britannicus, Giiuther, is known from a single speci-
men cast ashore on the coast of Cornwall in 1859. Both forms are well figured by Day,
pi. xl. The "Blackfishes" undoubtedly swim at times near the surface, but there is
ground for supposing that they live also at considerable depths, especially C. britannicus.

There are other species catalogued by the Italian and French ichthyologists under the
name Gentrolophus, but none of them appear to be other than surface-swimming forms.
They are all exceedingly rare and not well understood.

214 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

CENTROLOPHUS POMPILUS, (Gmelin), Cuyier and Valenciennes. (Figure 222.)

Conjphana pompilus, Artedi, Gen. Pise., 16, syn. 29.— Gmelin; Linn.. Syst. Nat., 1193.— Risso, Ichth.,

Nice, 180.
Centrolophus pompilus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, ix. 334. pi. cclxix. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

II, 103.— Day, loc. cit.— Giglioli, Elenco, 26.
Perca nigra, Gmelin, loc. cit., 1321.

Centrolophus niger, Lacei>ede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 441, pi. x, fig. 2.
Acentrolophus maculosus, Nakdo, Prod. Ichth. Adr., sp. 62.
Pompilus Bondeletii, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, London, 1839, 81.

A Centrolophus having height of body 4-5 in total length, and length of head 5.
Upper maxillary extending to below anterior margin of orbit. Dorsal origin above first
third of pectoral. Scales minute, forming sheath to basal third of vertical fins. Color,
brown, clouded with lighter.

Radial formula: D. 38-41; P. 21; V. I, 5; A. 23-25; C. 17.

The Blackfish occurs in the Mediterranean and along the coasts of Europe from Spain
to Yorkshire and Northumberland. Lowe observed it about Madeira.

A specimen, 9 inches long, was taken off Dennis, Mass., Nov. 23, L888, by the U. S.
Fish Commission.

This form is pelagic, like the pilot fishes, and is believed to be able to descend to con-
siderable depths.

SCHEDOPHILUS, Coeeo.

Schedophilus, Cocco, Giorn. Iunom. Mess. Ann. m. — Gcnther, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., n, 412.
Crius, Valenciennes, in Webb and Berthelot, lies Canar. I'oiss.. I."..

Body compressed, oblong, covered with minute scales; cleft of the month of moderate
width, with the jaws equal; eye moderate; preopercular margin spiny. One dorsal, com-
mencing behind the nape of the neck, formed by flexible spines and branched rays, extend
ing nearly along the whole, back; anal similar to the dorsal, but much shorter. Ventrals
thoracic (subjugular in Sch. maculatus), formed byl spine and 5 rays. A series of small
teeth in the jaws; palate smooth. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiae.

The species of this genus are pelagic; young examples, at least, are frequently captured
in the surface net in the open ocean. Some of the species, however, possess structural char-
acters which indicate bathybial habits; for instance, a singular want of firmness of the tis-
sues, especially of the bones. {Gunther.)

SCHEDOPHILUS MEDUSOPIIAIrls, COCCO. (Figure 223.)

Schedophilus medusophagus, Cocco, Giorn. Innom. Mess. Ann., iii, No. 7, 57. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italics,
Peso., C. fig. — Gi ntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 412; Fisch. d. Siidsee, 149; Trans. Zool. Soc, London,
XI, 1882, 223. pi. LXVli; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887. 46.

The body is strongly compressed, of an elongate, ovoid shape, its depth being con-
tained 2| times in the total length, fins not included. The head is small, as deep as
long, and less than one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). Interorbital space con-
vex, broader than the diameter of the eye, which is situated immediately below the upper
profile of the head, nearly as long as the snout, and one fourth the length of the head.
Snout obtuse, with projecting lower jaw and oblique mouth. Mouth of moderate width, the
cleft extending to below the front margin of the eye. Maxillary rather narrow, but
widening toward its extremity. Teeth minute, implanted in a single series on the sharp
edge of the jaws. The palate is toothless.

The preopercular margin is armed with short spines, which usually become a little
longeron the posterior margin; these longer spines have an oblique dorsal direction. Also
the interoperculum is spinous, the suboperculum less so. Operculum membranous; its
upper portion shows radiating osseous strhe, which project beyond the margin.

The gill rakers of the outer branchial arch are long, narrow, and rather widely set.
Gill openings very wide.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 215

Tlii' dorsal fin commences above the rout of the pectoral ami terminates at a short dis
tance from the caudal, the caudal peduncle being about as deep as long. This tin is rather
low, the longest rays, behind the middle of the tin. being noi erectile into a vertical posit ion.
The caudal fin (slightly injured) has a rounded margin, and is r ither shorter than the head.

The pectoral fin has a broad base, is more than half as long as the head, and has the
upper rays longer than the lower. Ventrals rather small, close together, and inserted in
advance of the pectorals.

The entire fish is covered with minute, cycloid scales; on the head they appear to be
present on the cheek only. The upper pari of the head is covered with a thick, spongj
skin, as in Centrolophus,

Radial formula: D. 38-50; A. 25-29.

The colors of a fresh fish are a pale greenish olive, marbled with darker, the markings
being in the form of spots on the upper, and of irregular longitudinal bands on the lower
half of the body. Also the vertical fins are spotted with blackish. The iris is nearly white,
and a ring of small white pores encircles the orbit.

The specimen described is \)h inches long and in good condition, with the exception of
the lower part of the abdomen, which is lacerated and shrunk in consequence of the loss
of the intestines. All parts of the body are in that state of softness which is peculiar to
many deep-sea fishes. (Giiittlicr.)

Adult specimens have, according to Giinther, been obtained in the Mediterranean, one
on the coast of Ireland, and another in the South Sea, near Samoa.

This is primarily a pelagic surface form, but it seems very possible that it inhabits the
middle or lower strata of the ocean as well. Dr. Giinther says that it is evident that at
least in the adult state it descends to some depths. The want of firmness in the tissues
seems to clearly indicate it as a deep-sea fish. He hazards the opinion that the depth to
which it may descend, probably does not exceed 10(1 fathoms. ( "ailing attention to the fact
that the young of the species are much more frequently found near the surface than the
adult, he mentions the habit of this and similar forms id' congregating around the floating
Medusae, and also questions the accuracy of the theory that fish ever feed upon .Medusa',
since he says the fish could draw but little nourishment from these animals. As a matter
of fact, many of our surface oceanic fishes feed voraciously upon various forms of Medusae
and upon Sulpn. We have often taken large quantities of this kind of food from the stomachs
of various surface Scombroids, as well as from Alutera and Mold.

I )r. Giinther's full description, which is quoted above, is taken from a specimen obtained
at Port Rush, County Antrim, Ireland, in August, 187S, captured in a salmon net. Mr.
Ogilby, who sent it to the British Museum, was very much impressed by the softness of the
flesh. "It was." lie says, "the most delicate adult fish 1 ever handled; so much so, that
within twenty four hours after its capture the skin of the belly and the intestines fell off
when it was lifted, and it felt in the hand quite soft and boneless." This is quoted to em-
phasize what has been said regarding the softness of its tissues, and its similarity in this
respect to the fishes inhabiting the abyss.

ICOSTEUS, Lockington. (Figure224).

Icosleus, Lockin-gtox, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mhs., in. L880,63.- -Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 618.

Body oblong, much compressed throughout, the head thicker than any part of the body.
Dorsal outline rising rapidly to the origin of the dorsal fin, thence more regularly curved;
the region at the base of the dorsal and anal strongly compressed ; caudal peduncle slender,
widened at the base of the fin. Mouth large, horizontal; maxillary narrow, reaching to
beyond middle of eye. Teeth in jaws in one row, slender, sharp, closely and regularly set,
those in the lower jart largest; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or pharyngeals. Gill-rakers
flexible, few ; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. liranchiostegals (i. 1'seudo-
branchise well developed. Lateral line conspicuous, continuous, decurved, groups of small
spines present along its entire length. No scales anywhere on body or tins. Fins rough,

21 G DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

with small spinules; a series along each ray, dividing as the ray branches; dorsal fin com-
mencing above the axil of the pectoral, composed of 50 to CO rays, which are all soft and
flexible, some of the anterior unbranched; the fin low in front, increasing in height behind;
none of the rays more than once forked; anal shorter than the dorsal, similar to it, of 35 to 40
rays; some of the anterior apparently undivided; caudal fin elongate, fan-shaped, the
middle rays produced ; accessory rays numerous, procnrrent; pectorals with a fleshy base,
fan shaped, the middle rays longest; ventrals thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals,
narrow, consisting of 1 short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air bladder large. Ver-
tebra} numerous, the vertebral column extremely flexible and soft. Cranial bones tolerably
firm; bones of the face and opercles very flexible. The entire body is characterized by a
want of firmness, as it. can be doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag. {Jordan
and. Gilbert.)

This genus is represented by a single species. I. enigmaticus, Lockington (Schedophilus
enigmatieus, Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 40, PI. xliv). The exact source of the types is
not known. They were bought in the San Francisco market in 1878, and the fishmongers
said that they were deep-sea fish. Lockington reports a small specimen in the museum of
the University of California, found off the coast of Washington. The fact that they have
not since been seen shows how unusual they are, and proves that they live at great depths
— if any proof other than their remarkable structure were required. Steiudachner also
had a specimen.

SCHEDOPHILOPSIS, Steindachner. (Figure 41ti).

Schedophilopsis, Steindachner, Sitzb. \k. Wis>. Wien. i.xxxiii, 1881,396; Ichth. BeHrage, xi, 4.

Acanthopterygians having the form of the body and the dentition as in Schedophilus.
Body scaleless, with the exception of the lateral line. Dorsal and anal fins long, the former
beginning on the nape. Branchiostegals 6; pseudobranchiffl present. The fin rays thickly
covered with sharp, nettle-like spines, visible to the naked eye.

The type of this genus is Schedophilopsis spinosus, Steiudachner (loc. cit.), obtained
by him at considerable depths off the coast of California, near San Francisco. The National
Museum possesses a specimen (Cat. No. 37327) obtained by Dr. August C. Kinney, at Astoria,
Oregon.

ICICHTHYS, Jordan and Gilbert. (Figure 226.)
Icichthys, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, 305; Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. II us., 621.

Body elongate, not elevated, not compressed at the bases of the vertical fins. Head
moderate. Byes lateral. Mouth terminal, little oblique, with small sharp teeth in one
series in the jaws only. PremaxiUaries not protractile. Gill membranes separate, free
from isthmus; gill-rakers long. Pseudobranchia- present. Branchiostegals 7. Body
covered with small cycloid scales. Lateral liue continuous, unarmed. Bases of fins with-
out spinules; dorsal and anal lius long aud low, composed of soft rays only; pectoral fins
moderate, their bases fleshy, as in Icosteus; ventral tins small, thoracic, I, 5. Pyloric caeca
about 0, large. Bones all very flexible, cartilaginous. (Jordan it Gilbert.)

Represented by a single specimen obtained at the same time and under the same cir-
cnmstances as Icosteus enigmaticus. This was described by Jordan & Gilbert under the
name Icichthys Lockingtonii. Dr. Giinther's catalogues it under Schedophilus (Challenger
Report, sxii, 46). This form is but doubtfully related to those which immediately |)recede.

Family ACROTID^E.
Acrotidm, Gill, MS.

Acanthopterygians with a long, compressed body, naked skin, long low dorsal and
anal, large caudal on slender peduncle, no ventrals, no palatal or pharyngeal teeth, and
numerous (about 70) vertebra}. (Gill.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 217

ACROTUS, Bean.
Aerotus, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1887,631.

Shape of body as in Tcosteus, from which it differs in the absence of ventrals and
spiny tubercles along (lie lateral line, and in having an emarginate caudal.

Head short; mouth moderate; eye small. Teetb minute, uniserial, on intermaxillary
and mandible; vomer, palate, and pharynx toothless. Gill openings wide, the membrane
not attached to the isthmus. Gills 4, a wide slit behind the fourth, (iill rakers short, soft.
and flexible. Pseudobranchia' well developed. Branehiostegals 6. Vent somewhat in
advance of middle of body. Caudal peduncle very slender. Ventrals absent. Caudal
large, emarginate. Skin naked. Lateral line without tubercles. Bones all soft and flexi-
ble. Size large.

The genus is represented by a single species, Aerotus Willoughbyi, Bean (loc. tit.), de-
scribed from a specimen nearly 0 feet in length cast upon the beach at Quinaielt Agency,
Washington, in July, 1887.

ACROTUS WILLOUGHBYI, Bean. (Figure 225.)
Arrotus Willoughoyi, Bean, loc. cit.

The greatest height of the body at the vent is contained 3^ times in the total without
the caudal. The caudal peduncle is very slender; its least beigbt little more than one-third
of its length and not much exceeding one-fourth the length of the bead. The length of the
head is about one-sixth of the total without caudal. The snout forms one-fourth, the eye
one-twelfth, and the interorbital width one-third the length of the bead. The maxilla
reaches to below the middle of the eye. The upper jaw is one-third as long as the head.
Gill rakers 15, of which 9 are below the angle; the longest about as long as the eye.

The origin of the dorsal has not been clearly made out; the first ray that can be seen
without dissection is nearly midway between the eye and the end of the dorsal, but dissec-
tion reveals 7 rays in advance of this. The dorsal begins much nearer the bead in Icostt us,
and dissection may show that rays are developed much farther in advance than we have
been able to distinguish them. Forty-one rays have been counted in the dorsal, the longest
of them little exceeding one-third length of head. The caudal peduncle is as long as the
bead without the snout. The caudal is large, emarginate; its middle rays four-sevenths as
long as the external rays and two thirds as long as the bead.

The vent is at a distance from the tip of the snout equal to 3 times, and from the base
of the caudal a space equal to 3J times the length of the head. The first evident anal ray is
at a distance behind the vent equal to one-sixth length of head. The anal has 38 rays, the
longest a little less than one-third as long as the head.

The pectoral is placed close to the head and nearly in the middle of the height; its
length is two-thirds the length of the head; it has 20 rays.

The lateral line has a slight curve over the pectoral and becomes median about half way
between the pectoral and the vent. Skin naked. Peritoneum very dark.

Color chocolate brown; inside of mouth and gill openings rich, dark brown.

The type of the species (catalogue number 39340) is o'.'ii inches long. The viscera are
wanting. The specimen was obtained at Damon, Wash., July 9, 1887, by Charles Wil-
loughby.

The following extracts from Mr. Willoughby's letter contain additional information
about the species:.

A few days ago I discovered a fish lying on this beach different from any that I have
ever seen before. It seemed to be perfectly fresh aud as if it had not been on shore more
than an hour. The color of the skin seemed to have been nearly all removed by washing
about on the sand. The [pectoral] fin and tail had been partly destroyed. The fish was
G feet long. The flesh of the fish is very white, fine grained, aud fat. The fish in color
and fatness resembles the black cod. Anoplopoma fimbria. The bones are extremely soft,
so much so that the fish can not bear a weight of 5 pounds pulling on it without severing
the head. The fish was a female, with a large roe well matured. None of the oldest Indians
of the agency have ever seeu anything like it.

218 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The fish was preserved in brine, and has now become so fragile that it must be given
to the osteologist to be prepared as a skeleton. Mr. Lucas has found in front of the rayed
portion of the dorsal fin numerous groups of cartilaginous plates representing iuterneurals,
but no rays can be found supported by them. He counted 70 vertebras and observed what
appear to be rudiments of a pelvis, but no traces of ventral fins.

Family GRAMMICOLEPIDIDjE.

Qrammicolepidida; Poet, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., II, 1873.

Scombroidea, having a compressed body covered with vertical, linear scales. Mouth
small, terminal; teeth minute, asperities on the jaws. Lateral line sinuous, unarmed. Two
dorsals, the first very short, triangular, anal preceded by two short, stout, separate spines.
Caudal vertebras numerous.

GRAMMICOLEPIS, Poey.

Grammicohpis, Poet, Anal. Soc Esp. Hist. Nat., II, 1873, 00. — Shufeldt, Journ. of Morphology, n, 1888,
272-296, with 13 figures.

Graminicolepids with body deep, compressed, large eye, small mouth, head and oper-
cula partly rugose ; teeth minute, and absent from the palatines. Pectoral short and rounded.
Dorsal, anal, and pectoral branched.

GRAMMICOLEPIS BRACHIUSCULUS, Poky (Figure 221).
Grammicolipis bruchiuaculus, Poey, loc.cit. — Shufeldt, loc. tit.

The length of this extraordinary fish is 470 millimeters. The head enters five times
into the total length of the body, and 2jj times into its greatest depth. The body is much
compressed, and quite deep. The very large eye is contained 2^ times in the length of the
head, and lacks the membrana adiposa.

The branchial apertures are deeply cleft, but I fail to find more than four branchiostegal
rays, without being able to assert that there may not be a greater number of them. The
snout is short. The prefrontal, the turbinal, and the anterior suborbital are extremely hard,
and covered with spiny rugosities. The preoperculum and iuteroperculum have rugose
borders, while the remaining opercular bones are entirely so. The mouth is small, sub-
vertically cleft; the premaxillary process is huge, and is lodged in a fossa of the cranium.
The maxillary is complicated. The teeth are simply a narrow row of minute prickles; they
do not occur upon the vomer nor the palatines.

The leading spine of the first dorsal series is rugose, as is the first ventral, the two
posl anals, and the external ones of the tail, which latter show the condition equally well in
either one.

The rays of the pectoral, second dorsal, and the anal tins are compressed, and do not
ramify at their extremities. The pectorals are very short and rounded. On the other
hand, the vertical fins, the dorsal, and anal are well developed.

The tail was injured and apparently cut; the membrane which unites its rays had dis-
appeared; the peduncle which supports it is large, and capable of communicating a power-
ful impulse to the act of progression. The thoracic ventrals unquestionably possess a
rugose spine and 0 flexible ones that are branched.

Aside from the frontal bones and the suborbitals where the skin abruptly terminates,
and the nasal portion of the snout, all the trunk and the head is covered with scales, includ-
ing the inferior mandible.

The scales in no way resemble those found among the acanthopterygian fishes. Their
length greatly exceeds their width; they have the appearance of parchment — transparent,
brittle when dry — overlap each other, and are strengthened longitudinally by a raised
lineal ridge.

Their contact with each other is so extremely intimate that it lends to the skin of
either side a very smooth appearance — so much so, that the rough borders of the scales
would not be suspected without the aid of the fingers.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 219

Thanks to the length of these scales, four, five, or six of them arc sufficient to span the
height of the trunk, one of such a series being crossed by the lateral line, where itspres-
ence is denoted by a raised ridge.

The leading scales on the body, above as well as below, arc shorter, and where carried
(in to the head are doubly as linn as those found at the fin rays.

Without having done more than counted the scales in a longitudinal line, I calculate
that the number is considerably above 200; those of the head, although shorter, have the
same form as those of the trunk. There are no scales upon the tins.

'flie caudal peduncle develops neither a cartilaginous nor an osseous plate at its sides.
Posterior to the anus the ventral keel is rough.

The cranium is more cartilaginous in structure than it is osseous, except the frontals,
which are rugose in line in the supraorbital region, and bristly in front, as are the turbinate
and suborbitals; these latter are four in number, the last three being very slender. There
are two supratemporals.

The inferior mandible is characterized by several rows of minute spines upon the den-
tary and articular elements. The vertebrae number 10 plus 30.

The anterior neural spine is not excavated, being lofty and smooth ; the five that follow
aii' short and inclined backwards. The remaining ones are slender, which applies also to
i heir heemapophyses. The last vertebra is without lateral spines.

The pleurapoplryses are inconspicuous, feebly developed, and have much the same size
and shape, as the epipleurals. I discover but one pseudo-interneural spine in front of the
one that supports the first dorsal fin ray. (Shufeldt.)

Eadial formula: D. (», 34; A. 2, 33; V. I, G; P. 15; C. 1, 13-1.

A single specimen of this remarkable fish was obtained by Poey, at Cuba, in 1872.

An elaborate anatomical study has been made by Dr. Shufeldt.

Family NOMEIDAE, Gunther.

Nomeina, Gunther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., n, 387.

Komi uUb, Gill, Air. Families Fishes 1872, 10 (No. 91). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 448.
A family of telencephalons fishes related to the mackerels. The body is oblong, enm-
[tressed, and covered with cycloid scales; the lateral line continuous and unarmed; the
head compressed; the opercula unarmed; the nostrils double; the mouth with a lateral
cleft, upper jaw scarcely protractile; teeth small and conical, on the palateas well as jaws;
branchial apertures extensive; branchiostegal rays 5 or <i; dorsal more or less divided,
and with the spinous portion shorter than the soft. The skeleton has numerous vertebra}
(in Womem 16+25); the stomach very numerous pyloric appendages.

This family has been constituted for the reception of several genera, at one time referred
to the Scombridae, viz, \'<>ui<iis, Gasteroschisma, Gubiceps, Seriolella and Platystethus. The
species arc all marine, and found in tropical or warm temperate seas. The last two are
represented only in the Australian and Polynesian waters.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Ventrala long, surpassing the pectorals.

Mouth narrow. — Ventrala long and broad, attached to abdomen.

Teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines Nomeus

Teeth on jaws only Ha lhyseriola

Mouth wide. Ventrala very long, receivable in abdominal groove. New Zealand.

[ Gajbi eroschisma I
lVi-toral- long, surpassing ventral s ; snout inflated; teeth small PSENES

NOMEUS, Cuvier.

Nomeus, Covier, Regne Animal, ed. x. ist7.ii. p. 315. — Cuvier a Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix>
242.— Gunther, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus., u, p. 887.

Body oblong, much compressed, with cycloid scales of moderate size. Lateral line
placed high, not armed. Head with occipital crest but slightly developed: cleft of the

220 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

moutli narrow. Teeth small, in a single series in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer and palatines.
The first dorsal continuous, with 10 or 11 spines; second dorsal and anal long, similar to
each other, with no detached flnlets; no separate anal spines; caudal fin not deeply forked ;
veutrals long and broad, attached to the belly by a membrane, depressible in a deep fissure
in the abdomen. Pseudobranchise large. Air-bladder present. Pyloric caeca very numer-
ous. Vertebras, 1(1+25. Branchiostegals, (3.

This form was for thirty years considered to be most closely related to the Gobies. Its
relation to the Scombroids was first pointed out by Cuvier in 1817.

NuMEUS GRONOVII, (Gmelin), Gunther. (Figure 227.)

Gobius Gronovii, Gvelin, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1788, 1205.
Nomeus Gronovii, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. n, 387.
Nomeus Mauritii, Cuv. and Val., ix, 243. — Gunther, ii, 387.

Maxillary reaching to below the front of the eye; veutrals reaching front of anal, pec-
torals still further. Color, black, tlie upper parts blue. Sides silvery white or milky white,
with about five black blotches, the first two, or more, of which are band like. Bach caudal
lobe with a black blotch at the base. Younger examples have the blotches fewer and
less defined. Veutrals with a broad black margin and with black along their inner edge,
the rest white, A black blotch on the anal base near the origin of the fin. Pectoral base
with a black blotch. Iris silvery white.

Radial formula: D. x-i, 2fl; A. in, 26.

Nomeus Gronovii is one of the most widely distributed and abundant of all pelagic
fishes, occurring as it does in the Tropical Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean. It has
been found as far north as the Bermudas (Goode). It abounds in the Sargasso Sea and
under Physalia. Ten individuals were taken in a dip net, from the deck of the Albatross,
off the Florida coast, all swimming under one Portuguese man-of-war.

The large fan-shaped veutrals are used as support in resting on the bottom, and in
swimming they are generally closed in their groove unless the fish is moving leisurely,
when they may be partly expanded.

BATHYSERIOLA, Alcock.
Bathyseriola, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist,, 1890, II, 202.

Body oblong and compressed, covered with small, deciduous, cycloid scales. Lateral
line apparently unarmed. First dorsal fin continuous, with rather feeble spines; the
second and the anal much more developed, and without finlets. Anal spines approximated
to ami continuous with the rest of the fin. Ventral with a continuous membranous attach-
ment to the abdomen. Cleft of mouth narrow; villiform teeth in the jaws only. Preoper-
cular border entire. Seven branchiostegals. Pseudobranchke, Pyloric appendages numer-
ous. No air bladder. Vertebra-, 10+14. (Alcoclc.)

The genus is represented by a single species, B. cyanea, Alcock, taken by the Investiga-
tor off the Madras coast, at station 00, in 98-102 fathoms.

PSENES, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Psenes, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 259.— GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 259. —
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 127; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 1886, 672.— Lctken, Spolia Atlan-
tic^, 105 (513).

Cubiceps, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 82. — Gcnther, luc cit. — Gill, loc cit. — Lutken, lor at.

Atimostoma, Smith, 111. Zoiil. S. Africa, Fishes, pi. xxiv.

Xavarchus, De Filippi and Verany, Mem. Accad. Sci. Turin, 2d ser., xvni, 7.

Trachelocirrus, Doumet, Rev. et Mag. Zoologie, 1-63, pi. xv.

Body somewhat compressed, clothed with cycloid scales of moderate size. Mouth-
cleft narrow, with short, swollen snout. First dorsal with 6 to 10 spines, second dorsal and
anal much longer, similar, without finlets, 1 to 3 anal spine? joined to soft part of fin. Pecto-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 221

rals larger than ventrals. Lateral line unarmed. Small teeth in jaws. Branchiostegals,
5 to 7.

The young forms <>t' this genus appear to have been found chiefly in East Indian and
Australian seas and in the Pacific, the adult tonus in the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Liitken, in his Spolia Atlantica, critically reviews the group in his usual masterly style.

PSENES PELLUCIDl'S, Li tki:n. < Figure 228.)

Psenes petliu-ultt*, LTtkkn, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 516 (108), fig. ; 601 (193).

A species of Psenes with a high, short, compressed body, nearly colorless and semi-
transparent, taken at the Strait of Surabaja, is recognized by Liitken as distinct.

Greatest height of the body (23 millimeters) contained 2J times in the total length
(without caudal); the length of the head (13 millimeters) is one-quarter of the total length.
Diameter of the eye, 5 millimeters; length of the snout, 3A millimeters. The pectoral tins are
9 millimeters long; ventrals 14 millimeters, extending considerably beyond the end of the
pectorals. The vertical fins are quite high (10 millimeters), and show a tendency to become
falcate posteriorly. Dorsal fin with 1- spines and 34 rays; anal with 3 spines and 34 rays.
Caudal fin furcate. Lateral line placed high. Scales small. Dentition as in the other
species of the genus; teeth in the maxillary are finer and farther apart than in the mandi-
ble; the end of the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the pupil.
(Liitken.)

A single specimen was obtained by the Albatross in 32° 24' N. lat., 76° 55' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 528 fathoms.

Liitken also describes another species of Psenes from the Atlantic, which he thinks
may possibly be distinct — Psenes maculatus, Sx>olia Atlantica, p. 110 (518). A specimen,
seemingly of this species, was obtained by the Albatross in the western Atlantic, N. lat.
27° 49', W. Ion. 76° 12', over a depth of 033 fathoms. The specimen was taken at the sur-
face. (Figure 229.)

Family LUVARID^E.

Dianidce, Gnx, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 9.
Luvaridm, Gill, 1885, Century Dictionary, 3549.

Scombroids, with a compressed, oblong body, covered with minute granular scales.
Mouth small; teeth in fine rows in the jaws. Vent thoracic. Dorsal and anal single, com-

LuvAitrs imperiai.is. young, i Aft. r Day.)

posed of unarticulated, widely-set spines. Yentrals absent, or subjugular, reduced, varying
from I, 4 to 0,2, closing over the vent. A keel at root of caudal in adults. Brauchioste-
gals, 5. PseudobranchiaB present.

Represented by a single genus and species.

222 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

LUVARUS, Rafinesque.

Luvarus, Rafinesque, Caratteri, Animali e Piante di Sicilia, 1810, 22. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

ii, 413. — Day, Fishes Great Britain, etc., I, 121.
Diana, Risso, op. cit., 342.

Ausonia, Eisso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.. 1X26, in, 267 (young).— Gunther, loc.cit.
Proctostegus, Nardo, Mem. " DeProctostego," 1827.
Astrodermus, Cuviei: and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 1833, 353 (young).

Luvarids, with body oblong, anteriorly enlarged, but compressed and attenuated pos-
teriorly. Mouth terminal, small. Teeth in a single row in jaw s. minute, finely pectinate (in
young also on palatines and tongue). A single dorsal, composed of unarticulated, flexible,
widely-set spines, much longer in adult than in young; in adult occupying only the last
half of the length of the body. Anal similar to dorsal. Yentrals thoracic, varying in
extent, sometimes absent. Caudal forked. A longitudinal keel along either side of root of
tail in adults. Vent below pectoral axils. Scales soft, deciduous, branny. Air-bladder
large; ca-cal appendages few. Bones soft and fragile.

LUVARUS IMPERIALIS, Rafinesque. (Figure 230.)

Luvarus imperialis, Rafinesque, loc. cit.; Ind. It. Sieil. 319, pi. I, fig. 1. — Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico,

No. 700.— Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 412.— Giglioli, Elenco, 26.— Moreau, Hist.

Nat. Poiss. France, n, 511. — Day, Fish. Gt. Britain and Ireland, I, 121, pi. xi.m.
Corgphana elegans, Risso, Mem. prrs l'lnst., 1814 (young).
Diana semilunata, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. M^rid., 1826, in, 341 (young). — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n,

413. — Steindachner, Ichth. Spain and Portugal, 1868, 31.
Ausonia Cuvieri, Risso, op. cit., 342, pi. xxvm. — Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1843, 1884.— Bonaparte,

op. cit. No. 679. — Gunther, op. cit., 414 ; Proc. Zool. Soc, 1886, 336, with figure of skeleton. — Canestrini,

Fauna Italica, Pesci, 108. — Couch, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1866, 332, figure. — Steindachner, up.

cit., 31.
Proctostegus proctostegus, Nardo, Prodr. Ohs. et Disq. Adriat. Ichth. in Diar. Phys. Chem. et Nat. Ticini, i,

1827, 18, 42.
Proctostegus prototgpus, Nardo, oj>. cit., with figure.
Astrodermus corgphwnoides, Cuviei; and Valenciennes op. cit., ix, 353, pi. ccixx.— Swainson, Fishes, n,

255.— Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840, 37; Trans. Zool. Soc, in, 7.
Astrodermus J'atcncicnnc«i. Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Lett. Art. Sic, 153, figure.
Astroderma plumVeum, Lowe. Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 1843, 83.

Astrodermus elegans, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, figure. — Canestkini, op. cit., 108. — Morf.au op. cit., 514.
Ausonia Cocksii, Couch, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvm, 1866, 424; Cornish Zoology, 1866, 500. — Bullmore,

Jour. Royal Institute of Cornwall, 1X66, No. vi, 61, figure.

This fish was originally described from a specimen 5 feet long seen by Eafinesque at
Solanto, Sicily, June 15, 1808. It has since been observed at Nice, in the Adriatic and
at Malta and Elba, and at Cette, whence came the beautiful specimen which we have seen in
the Museo Civico of Genoa.

Prof. Giglioli was the first to point out the interesting series of metamorphoses by
which Astrodermus and Diana develop into Ausonia and Luvarus.

Lowe observed both young and old at Madeira, and Steindachner found it on the coast
of Spain. Two were thrown ashore on the Cornish coast in 18G6, and from one of these,
45 inches long, Day had made the excellent figure for his ''Fishes of Great Britain and
Ireland."

Family LAMPRIDID^E.

Lamprididw, Gill, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 7 (No. 87); Johnson's Cyclopaedia, n, 1621.— Jordan and Gil-
bert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 453.

Scombroidea with an oval, much compressed body ; scales small, deciduous, mouth small.
Teeth absent in adults. Branchiostegal rays six; dorsal and anal fins long, undivided ;
ventral fins multiradiate, subabdominal. Pyloric cseca numerous. Air bladder large and
posteriorly bifurcate. ( G ill. )

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

223

LAMPRIS, Retzius.

Lampris, Retzius, Nya Handlnng, in, 1799, 91. — Cuvxbr, Rfegne Animal, 1st ed., L817, 325. — G1 other,

Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, p. 1 1 r. . — .Ihbdax and Gilbert, Hull. xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 45;j.
( hryaotosns, Lai 6pJ D] , Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 586.

Hotly compressed ami elevated, covered with very small deciduous, cycloid scales.
Mouth narrow, terminal, with no teeth. Dorsal single, very long, elevated, falcate, without
distinct spines; anal long, low, not falcate, both fins depressed in a groove. Ventrals
behind pectorals ( II to 17 rays), pectorals large, falcate; caudal tin moderately forked.
Lateral line present, much arched in front. Branchiostegals, 0. <HI1 membranes free from
the isthmus. (Esophagus not armed with spinous teeth. Air bladder large, bifurcate
behind. Pyloric appendages very numerous. Vertebrae 45.

LAMPRIS REGIUS, (Bonnaterre), Retz.

Zeus regius, Bonnaterre, Ichthyologie, ITss, p. 72, pi. \x\i.\, fig. 155.

Zeus gutiatut, BrOsnich, Dansk. Selsk. Skr., in, ITss. :;;i.s.

Zeus Inn, i, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, 1225.

Lampris lima, GCNTHER, op. 'it., n, 116.— Crv. ami Vai... op. ,11., x, 39.

Lampris lauta, Lowe, Fish. Madeira, 27.

Lampris regius.

Longest dorsal ray shorter than pectorals, which are nearly as long as the head. Anal
very low in front, a little higher behind. Head, 3^; depth, If.

Radial formula: D. 54; A. 40; V. 14-17; Vert, 23+22; L. 3-4 feet.

Color, a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the belly; everywhere with round
silvery spots; head, opercles, and back with ultramarine tints, jaws and fins vermillion;
flesh red.

This form, exceedingly rare in the Mediterranean, has occasionally during the last century
been found along the coasts of Europe as far north as Norway, also about Madeira and
Iceland; it hail been reported from off Newfoundland, Nova Scotia (?), and Maine; no
specimen from the Atlantic had been in the possession of any American museum, when a
specimen was taken by schooner Mildred V. Lee, Capt. William T. Lee, off Le Have ridges,
between 62° and 03" Ion. \V., 42° and 49° lat. N.

A specimen from Japan in the U. S. National Museum is apparently of the same
species. We are not aware that this has hitherto been recorded from the Pacific. There
is every reason to believe that the fish is at times an inhabitant of considerable depths.

224 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family ZEID^E.

Zenidw, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1839, 82.

Zenidw, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126; Arr. Families Fishes, 1872, 8 (Fam. No. 84).— Jordam

and Gilbert, Bull, xvi., U. S. Nat. Mus., 458.
Zeincc, Swalnson, Nat. Hist. Fish., etc., 1839, n, 176.
Zeini, BoxArARTE, Cat. Metodico, Pesci Europe, 1876, 75.
Zeoidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, XXIII.
ZihUi, Gill, MS.

Cyttina, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 393.
Vyttidoe, GCxtiier, Introduction to the Study of Fishes, 1880, 450.

Scoinbroidea, with a high, short, deep, much compressed, and elevated body. Lateral
line obscure, unarmed. Scales minute, absent, or replaced by bony protuberances. Mouth
large, terminal, with upper y.\w protractile, and teeth small, in narrow bands or single
series, on jaws ami vomer, and sometimes mi palatines. Eyes lateral. Opercles and other
bones about the head often armed with spines. Branchiostegals, 7 or 8. Gill membranes
little united, free from the isthmus. Gill rakers usually short. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Pseudobraucbise large. Dorsal emarginate, or divided, with strong spines an-
teriorly, the posterior part longer. Anal spiued or spineless. Ventrals thoracic, with one
spine and five to eight-Tays. Caudal usually not forked. Pyloric caeca exceedingly numer-
ous. Air bladder large. Vertebr;e about 32.

KKY TO THE GENERA AND DEEP-SEA SPECIES.

I. Bony plates along the bases of the vertical fins, and between ventrals and anal on median line of

body Zein.£

A. Plates at bases of second dorsal and anal. Anal spines 4 Zeis

B. Plates at bases of iirst and second dorsal and anal. Anal spines 3 ZENOPSIS

1. Ventral spines, 3 Z. ocellatus

II. No bony plates at base of vertical fins Cyttix.k

A. No bony plates on ventral line CyttoS

1. Ventrals receivable in sheath on abdomen.

a. Ventral spines, 2 Cyttus australis

2. Ventrals not receivable in sheath.

a. Ventral spines, 2 Cyttus ahbreviatus

l>. Ventral spines, 2 Cyttus hololepis

B. Bony plates between ventral and anal, on median line of body CYTTOPSIS

1. Body partially naked Cyttopsis roseus

III. Numerous large, conical, bony protuberances, symmetrically arranged Oreosomix.e

A. About four protuberances on the back and twenty below Okeosoma

ZENOPSIS, Gill.

Zcnopsis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 126 (type, Zeus nebulosus, Temminck and Schlegel, from Japan).

Body ovate, much compressed, without scales, not warty. Head deeper than long, its
anterior profile steep. Mouth rather large, upper jaw protractile; teeth small, on jaws and
vomer, none on the palatines. Various bones of the head and shoulder girdle armed with
spines. Series of bony plates along the sides of the belly and the bases of the dorsal and
anal, each plate armed with a strong spine. Eye large, placed high. Gill-rakers short.
Dorsal spines very strong, usually 10 in number. Anal spines 3. Ventral fins long,
mostly I, 7. Caudal peduncle slender, the tin not forked. Twro or three species known,
differing from Zeus, mainly in the presence of 3 anal spines instead of 4. Pelagic.

ZENOPSIS OCELLATUS, (Storer), Gill.

Zeus ocellatus, Storer, Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., vi, 888.
Zenopsis ocellatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126.

Color silvery, nearly plain; a black lateral ocellated spot in life, disappearing in
spirits. Body short, deep, compressed. Skin wholly naked, except for the bony bucklers,
which are armed each with a central spine hooked backwards and marked with radiating

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES A\D THEIK I>I>T!;ilil'TION.

225

ridges; 7 bucklers along the base of the dorsal, the fifth and sixth largest; 2 on the median
line in front of the ventrals, the second largest; one median plate, and •> pairs between
ventrals and anal, and 4 along the base of the anal. Top of the head with roughish
ridges, but without spines; a spine at the base of each dentaiy bone; the broad mamillaries
each with a supplemental bone; teeth nearly obsolete. Eye large, limeh nearer the gill
opening than the tip of the snout. (I ill rakers short. Caudal peduncle very slender, the
caudal tin short and rounded; pectorals very short; ventrals large, the rays I, 6, the first
soft ray closely appressed to the spine; anal spines short and stout, the soft rays, like
those of the dorsal, low; dorsal spines filamentous. D. IX, 26; A. Ill, 24. Pelagic; one
specimen taken at Provincetown, Mass. (Description from the original type,by Jordan.)

ZENOPSIS OCELLATUS.

Zeno})sis conch if o\ (Lowe), is closely allied to this species and is a pelagic form,
evidence has as yet been found of its occurrence below the surface.

No

CYTTUS, Gunther.
Cyttus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 1860, p. 396.

Body compressed and elevated, covered with very small scales; mouth protractile.
Two contiguous dorsal fins, the first with eight or nine spines, the anal with two short
spines. No bony plates along the base of the dorsal and anal fins. Ventral fins composed
of oue spine and six or eight soft rays. Minute teeth in the jaws aud on the vomer, none
on the palatine bones. Branchiostegals, eight.

The type is Cyttus australis (Capros australis, Kichardson), from Australian seas. C.
abbreviates, Hector (Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, p. 22, PI. x, fig. B), was obtained
in 400 fathoms some 200 miles off Cape Farewell, New Zealand. ('. hololepis, described
below, was obtained in 220 fathoms. It is fair to assume then, since two out of three
of the known species are found in deep waters, that G. australis also descends to the
depths.

CYTTUS HOLOLEPIS, Goodf, and Bean, n. s. (Figures 233, 233a, 2336.)

The greatest depth of the body, which is at the ventral origin, is two-fifths of the total
without caudal. The length of the head is three-eighths of the standard length. The eye
is very large, equal to two ninths of the length without caudal, and more than one-half the
length of the head. The width of the interorbital space, 9 millimeters, is two-fifths of the
length of the bead. The intermaxillary is protractile and when drawn out a deep horseshoc-
19868— No. 2 15

226 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

shaped groove is exposed between the orbits. The length of the intermaxilla (8 millime-
ters) is one-half that of the head without the snout. The maxilla is thin, broad, obtuse at
the extremity; its length (!) millimeters) equal to that of the interorbital area. The length
of the mandible (10 millimeters) is nearly one-half that of the head. The mouth is almost
vertical when closed. The quadrate bone ends posteriorly in a broad, obtuse spine; it has
several ridges with minute cirri. The supraorbital, also, has several minutely ciliated
ridges.

Teeth in the jaws so minute as to be indistinguishable except to the touch. The nostrils
are placed close to tlie front of the eye and somewhat above its middle; the posterior is
much the larger; it is a spear-shaped slit about three times as long as the anterior.

Pseudobranehipe well developed; 14 or 15 very small lanceolate gill-rakers below the
angle on the first arch. The gill-openings are very wide, the membranes very deeply cleft
and only narrowly attached to the isthmus in front. Branchiostegals 8.

The dorsal ami ventral origius are in the same vertical.

The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout is equal to the greatest height of the
body. The spinous dorsal contains 0 or 7 spines, the first of which is minute, about one-
fourth as long as the second, which is as long as the eye. The second spine is finely ser-
rated in the middle of its anterior margin and is dilated at the root so as to partly conceal
the base of the third spine.

The rays of the soft dorsal increase in size backwards, the first being only one-third as
long as the last, which is about one-fourth as long as the head. The longest rays of the
soft dorsal are about the nineteenth to the twenty -fourth; these are slightly longer than the
last. The caudal is almost truncate or very slightly rounded when expanded. Its middle
rays are nearly as long as the eye.

The vent is under the fifth ray of the second dorsal, and the anal origin under the sixth
ray. The anal rays, also, increase in size backwards but the longest are not more than
three-fourths as long as those of the dorsal. The rays of the soft dorsal and anal are all
simple and articulated. The length of the ventral spine is one-fourth of the standard
length; it exceeds that of the longest ventral ray. The ventral when fully expanded is sub-
triangular; the spine is minutely serrated on its anterior margin. The pectoral is sub-cir-
cular when expanded and is composed entirely of simple articulated rays, the longest, in
the middle of the fin, one-half as long as the eye. There are about 10 rows of scales between
the lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal, and about 07 in the lateral line.

Radial formula: D. Vi-vn, 2G; A. 23; V. I, 6; P. 10.

The types of the description are a single individual, No. 39296, taken by the Albatross
at station 2358, N. hit, 20° 19', W. Ion. 87° 03' 30", in 220 fathoms, off Yucatan, and two
specimens, No. 39297, from Albatross, station 2655, N. lat. 27° 22', W. Ion. 78° 07' 30", 338
fathoms, Little Bahama Bank.

The species is a true Cyttus, resembling the southern species, but with a single preanal
spine, fewer rays in the vertical tins, and with the body entirely scaled. The plates at the
dorsal and anal bases are well developed.

No. 3929G is 75 millimeters long, and the larger specimen of No. 39297 is 86 millimeters
long, while the length of the smaller is 80 millimeters.

CYTTOPSIS, Gill.

Cyttopsis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 126 (type, Zeus roseus, Lowe).

A genus of Zeidce without bony plates at the bases of the vertical fins, but with a series
of shields on the ventral hue between the ventral and the anal fins. Body much compressed,
elevated, partially naked. Teeth minute in bands, in the jaws, and on the vomer. Bran-
chiostegals 7. Ventrals I, 7.

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 227

CYTTOPSIS ROSEUS, I Lowe), Gill.

Zeus rosins, Lowb, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 85.

Cyttua rosette, GiMiu r, Cat. Fish, liiit. Mus., n, 1860, 396.— Vaillaxt, Exp. s.i. Travaillenr ei Tub

1888. 349.
Cyttopsis roseus, c.ii i., Joe. cit.

A Cyttopsis riesembling in general appearance Zeusfaher. Height of body one-half its
length; its thickness one eighth of the same; length of head two-fifths <>t' length of body.
Snout nunc than half as long as the head, though the maxillary, on account of its nearly
vertical position, reaches scarcely to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit.
Teetli small, in villiform hands on the intermaxillaries. mandible, and vomer. Bye very
huge, its diameter one third the length of the head; the upper orbital margin provided
with a scries of saw like teeth, pointed forward, nearly 30 in number, the live or six most
anterior more developed than the others, which can only be seen with the lens; inter-
orbital space slightly concave, striated, (iill opening wide. Vent slightly postmedian.
Scales present only in the lateral line and its immediate neighborhood. Three or four bony
plates between the ventrals and the vent, the anterior ones armed with very strong spines,
pointing backward. At the base of the dorsal and anal tins a series of little nodules, cone
sponding to the interspinous spaces.

Dorsal occupying a large part of the length of the back, its spines very robust; the
third, the strongest, is in length equal to one-third the height of the body; the first eight
or ten soft rays increase in size, the first being the lowest; they are farther apart than
those which follow them and are united by a membrane only at their base. Anal very
similar to the soft portion of the dorsal; the first spine stout and immovable. The caudal
peduncle is widened at its extremity and the caudal is abruptly truncate. Pectorals moder-
ate, obtuse, composed of 13 rays. Ventrals remarkably long, inserted nearly in the verti-
cal from the insertion of the pectorals, and extending behind the anal spine: the two
branches which form each ray are very distinct, even from the base, as in Trigla and similar
fishes.

Radial formula: D. vin, 27; A. I, 25; V. i, 7; Br. vn.

Scales iu lateral line 53, in transverse line 9-40.

Color silvery, passing into roseate above and below. Fins yellowish: the ventrals
have the membrane black and the rays milky white.

This species was originally described by Lowe from Madeira, and his specimen, eleven
inches in length, now in the British Museum, is believed to be the type. The Travaillenr
obtained two specimens from the coast of Morocco, Station lxix, at a depth of 410 meters

OREOSOMA, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Oreosonta. Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 515. — GONTHEB, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 214 ; n.
396. — Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, preface, xii.

Oueosojia (After C. i V.).

Zeids with an elevated body and 2 dorsal fins, the first with 5 spines. A long anal.
composed entirely of rays. Opercles unarmed; operculum with two ridges terminating
in fiat angles. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. No scales, but numerous
large, conical, bony protuberances, symmetrically arranged.

228

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

OREOSOMA ATLANTIC UM, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Ortosoma atlantieum, Cuvier and Valenciennes, hjr. <it., pi. xcix. — (JCntiier, loc. cit.

An Oreosoma, described as having 25 or 2G large, conical, bony protuberances, four of
which are on the back.

Radial formula: D. v, 29; A. 26; V. 1,5.

This remarkable form is known only from a single specimen, obtained by Peron, the
French navigator, in " the Atlantic Ocean." It was probably taken in the surface net. The
type is 16 lines in length. A full description is given by Cuvier and Valenciennes, who
refer to it as a little fish, whose height is equal to its length; covered with great cones, so
rugged and bold that a drawing of it resembles a map of a volcanic country.
Its affinities are believed by some ichthyologists to be Berycoid.

Family CAPROID^E,

(a inula, Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, XII, 1843. — Gill, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 9. (No.

90.)
Caproidte, Gill, Century Dictionary, 809.

Scombroidea with compressed and elevated body, covered with small, ctenoid scales;
upper jaw protractile; vertebra very numerous; dorsal in two parts; ventrals with 1
spine and 5 rays; teeth very small.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

I. Mouth very protractile; teeth in jaws, vomer, and palatines Capros

II. Mouth less protractile; teeth in jaws Antigonia

Capros aper (after Cuvier.)

CAPROS, Laeepede.

Capros, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 590. — Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, p. 29. —
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, p. 127.

Body compressed and elevated; mouth very protractile. Scales rather small, spiny.
Two contiguous dorsals, the first with 9 spines, the anal with 3. No bony plates along

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TUEIK DISTRIBUTION. 229

the base of the dorsal anil anal (ins. Ventral fins composed of 1 spine and 5 rays. Minute
teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones. Branchiostegals 5; air-
bladder large. Pyloric appendages in small number. (Ghimther.)

CAPROS APER, (Li.\.\.r.r.-0, Lacepede.

Zeus aper, I.ixx i is. Syst. Nat., ed. x. 1 758, i, 266.

Caprosaper, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv. p. 591.— (ii xtukr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., n, p. 496. — V.ullant,
Exp. Sci. Travailleur < t Talisman, Poiss., 1888, 353.

A Capros with upper and lower profiles of the snout concave, with small scales, with
strong spines in the dorsal and ventral litis. Adults usually brownish red; young, some
grayish, others red approaching Vermillion on the upper parts, silvery white below; iris
golden, with some red spots.

Radial formula: D. ix, 23 24; A. in 23: V. i 5; Cue. pylor. 2; Vert, 10-12 13.

The Boarfish of English authors is said to be common in the .Mediterranean, and has
also been found in the waters of Madeira; stragglers have a few times been taken on the
south coast of England and Ireland; the French explorers found it at various depths from
30 to 175 fathoms in the Gulf of Gascogne, on the coast ot Morocco, Soudan, and Spain,
and on the Banc D'Arguin. It is one of those forms which, while more especially charac-
teristic of the shore fauna, descends into moderately deep waters adjacent, and is by
courtesy admitted to the deep-sea lists, especially since the other members of the same
family are characteristic deep-water forms, and, in the opinion of Dr. Gunther, but rarely
come to the surface.

ANTIGONIA, Lowe.

Anligonia, Lowe, Prnc. Zoi.il. Soc. London, 1843, 85.

Caprophonus, Mi'i.i.ki; and Trosciiel, Horse Ichthyologies, in, 28.

Body very compressed and elevated, covered with rather small spiny scales; mouth
little protractile. Dorsal fin continuous, with 8 spines; 3 anal spines, remote from the soft
portion. Ventral fins composed of 1 spine, and 5 rays. Very small teeth in the jaws.
Branchiostegals 5 to 7. (Qiinther.)

ANTIGOXIA CAPROS, LOWE. (Figure 235.)

Antigonia capros, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loiul., 1843, 85. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii. 497; Chal-
lenger Report. \\i. 1NX7, u.— Steintiai finer, Denksc.hr. Akad. Wiss.Wieu, xlix, 1SS4, 187, pi. v.

Caprophonus aurora, Mi i.i.kr and Troschel, Hone Ichthyologies, III, p. xxvin. tat', v. tig. 1.

Hypsinotus ruhescens, Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 84, pi. xlii. tig. 2. — GOnther, Report on the
Shore Fishes, Chall. Report, part vi. 44. (Young.)

Antigonia Mullen, Klunzinger, Sitzh. Akad. Wiss. Wien, i.xxxm. 1879, 380, pi. v. tig 3.

An Antigonia witli the : height of the body five sixths of its total length, and averystrODg
striated ventral spine. Color red. (Giiuther.)

Radial formula: D. vm. 34; A. m, 32-33; V. i, 5; P.. 5-7.

Antigonia capros is a cosmopolitan form, first known from the mid-Atlantic, off Bar-
bados and Madeira; since obtained in Japan, near the Ki Islands and Manatlo. The
greatest depth at which it has been taken is 120 fathoms, off the Ki Islands.

Family TETRAGONURIDvE.

Let Tetragonurides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., m. 1829, 381.
Tetragouuridee, Bonaparte, Saggio, ls:;7: Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 72.
Tetragonurina, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., hi, 407.

Scombroidea with long, slender body, covered with hard, ciliated, grooved scales, which
are very adherent. A dorsal divided into two portions, closely connected, the soft pari
shorter and higher. Mouth subvertical; teeth in jaws in single series and on palate. Air-
bladder none.

230 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

TETRAGONURUS, Risso.

Tetfagonurus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 347; Hist. Nat., in, 381.— GOnther, loe. cit.— Moreau, Hist. Nat.
I'oiss. France, m, 178.

Body subcylindrical, elongate. Snout obtuse. Ventrals abdominal, placed below
middle of pectoral.

TETRAGONURUS CUVIERI, Risso. (Figure 417.)

Corvus niloticxs, Aldrovandi, De Piscibus, v, cap. 25, 28.

Tetragonurus Cuvieri, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810,347; Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 1829, in, 381.

Tetragonurus atlantious, Lowe, Fishes Madeira, 129, pi. xix.

Spinous dorsal low, receivable in groove. Scales each with 5 to G keels, each termi-
nating in a spine. Color, brown, with violet and yellow reflections.

Radial formula: D. xv-xxi, 1, 11-13; A. 10-12; L. lat. US/20.

This form was originally described from Nice. Risso says that it lives at great depths,
approaching the coast only in August at the time of spawning, and that its natation is
slow and feeble. It has since been found off Toulon and Marseilles, and by Lowe near
Madeira, where it was taken swimming at the surface. Lowe is also of the opinion that it
occurs at very great depths. Its flesh when eaten is a violent poison, as was demonstrated
by the personal experience of Risso himself. A single specimen was obtained by the U. S.
Fish Commission at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, November 10, 1890 (Cat .No. 41436, U. S.
N. M.).

Family CHILODIPTERID^E.

Chilodipteroidei, Sleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xx.
Chilodipterida, Gii.l, Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 1872.
Apogonina, GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., I, 1859, 57, 222.
Apogonidie, Jordan A Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 1883, 563.

Percoidea, with body oblong, more or less elevated, covered with large deciduous scales
(striated and ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid); cheeks scaly; cleft of mouth wide, oblique.
Villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, and sometimes on palatines (teeth absent in Brepho-
8toma); canines sometimes present; preopereulum commonly with a double ridge; its edge
entire or slightly serrated; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pseudobranchias
present; brauchiostegals 7, or less; dorsal fins well separated, the first with 6 to 9 rather
strong spines; anal flu short, with 1 to 3 (usually with 2) spines; ventral fins thoracic, I, 5.

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA GENERA OF CHILODIPTERID.E.
(Provisional — including some genera of doubtful relationship.)

I. Canine teeth at the outer side of the villiform bands in the jaws.

A. Preopereulum with a double serrated edge; aual with two spines.

1. Dorsal with six spines ; operculum unarmed (C'niLoniPTERts)

2. Dorsal with nine spines; operculum with two weak spines Parascombrops

II. Teeth all villiform; no canines.

A. Lateral line normal.

1. Palatiues with teeth.

a. Anal with two spines.

Preopereulum with double serrated ridge (Apogon i

Preopereulum with double entire ridge.

Scales large, 20-20 in lateral line (APOGONICHTHYS)

Scales small, 40 or more in lateral line Glossamia

b. Anal with three spines; bones of head cavernous.

Preopereulum denticulated; operculum with two feeble points.

Scabs small, 45 in lateral line Malacichthys

2. Palatines toothless.

a. Preopereulum with striated angle. Teeth moderate. B. vn EpiGONCS

b. Preopereulum with oue spine. Teeth rudimentary on jaws. "B. IV" PoMATOMICHTHYS

B. Lateral line beginning under origin of second dorsal.

1. Anal with two spines Microichthys

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 231

III. Teeth absent.

A. lle:iil larg«\ unarmed. Preoperculum with a double edge.

1. Anal with 1 spine Brf.PHOSToma

PARASCOMBROPS, Alcock.

Parascombrops, Ai.cock, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, i.vm. n. 1889, -97.

Ghilodipterids with body elevated and a wide, oblique mouth. Preoperculum with a
double border, the miter border recurved at its angle and strongly serrated ai this point,
as well as alongits horizontal limb; the inner bonier with •"> small spines at its angle.
Operculum arched, with 2 weak spines, and with a membranaceous extension of its angle.
Teeth villiform in jaws (in front), vomer, and palatines; 2 small canines in upper jaw, and
several large teeth in lower one. Tongue smooth. First dorsal with !> spines, anal with
2. Scales large, excessively deciduous (28 in lateral line in type species). Pseudobranchiae
present. Branchiostegals vn.

A single species. 1'. pelhtcidus, Alcock (loc. cit.), from theBay of Bengal, 9S to 102 fathoms,
and from near the Deir mouth of the Mahanadi Delta, in Go to G<S fathoms. Dr. Alcock says
that its facies is "decidedly bathybial."

GLOSSAMIA, Gill.

Glossamia, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82.

Chilodipterids with body somewhat elevated and an oblique month. Preoperculum
with a double, unserrated ridge. Operculum armed. Teeth uniform, villiform, on the .jaws
palatines and vomer. Tongue smooth. First dorsal with 6 or 7 spines; anal with 2 spines
and 7 to 0 rays. Scales small, deciduous, 40 or more in lateral line. No pseudobranchiae.
Branchiostegals 7.

The type is Apogon aprion, Bichardsou (Ann. Nat. Hist., 1842, ix, 16; Apogoniehihys
aprion, Giiuther, Cat., i, 217).

GLOSSAMIA PANDIONIS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 231).

Apoyon paniionis, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 160. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 564.

Body oblong, rather robust, its greatest width (behind the gills) being equal to half the
length of the head, and contained six times in the length of the body without caudal; its
greatest height contained about thrice and two-thirds in the body length. Least height of
tail almost equal to half the greatest height of the body. Scales small, cycloid, 45 in the
lateral line: '■'> longitudinal rows above and 0 below the lateral line; lateral line complete.

Length of the head one-third of the standard length of the body, its greatest width
equal to greatest width of body. Length of the snout 1£ times in length of head. Maxilla
extends to a point a very little behind the anterior margin of the pupil, the mandible to the
vertical from the middle of the eye. Length of maxilla equal to long diameter of the eye.
Preoperculum apparently unarmed. Operculum with two flexible points near its upper
angle. Gill-rakers long and slender.

Eye nearly circular, its longest diameter nearly equals half the Length of the head and is
contained 7 times in the standard body length, nearly horizontal. Width of interorbital
space equals two thirds the diameter of the eye. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw projecting.
Dentition in jaws hardly perceptible. Feeble teeth on the head of the vomer and on the
palatine 1 es.

Distance of dorsal from snout equal to twice the greatest width of the body; its longest
spine (fourth) equal in length to three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. Distance from
origin of first dorsal to origin of second dorsal equal to twice the length of the base of the
latter. Distance of anal from snout equal to twice the length of the head; the length of its
base is equal to two-thirds the length of the eye: of its longest ray to the length of the
maxilla. First anal spine minute, its length equal to one-fourth of the least height of tail:

232 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the second anal spine at least twice as long as tbe first. Caudal deeply furcate, scaled
upon the lower portions of the lobes.

Distance of pectoral from snout equal to length of head; its length equal to that of the
maxilla.

Distance of ventral from snout slightly greater than one-third of the standard body
length.

Radial formula: D. VII, 1, 9; A. II, 8; P. 16; V. I, 5.

Scales in lateral line, 45; above lateral line, 3; below. 0.

Color nearly uniform light, reddish brown, with no blotches. Scales finely punctulate
with black.

Our description is based upon Museum specimen No. 26228, taken by the Fish Hawk from
station 897, in 37° 25' N. lat., 74° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 157£ fathoms. Examples
were also obtained by the Albatross from station 2376, in 29° 13' 15" N. lat, 88° 16' W.
Ion., at a depth of 324 fathoms; and from station 2398, in 28° 45' N. lat., 86° 26' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 227 fathoms.

MALACICHTHYS, Doderlein.

Malakichthys, DSderleix, Penkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien. xi.vn, 1NXM, 210 (type, .1/. griseus, Inc. cit.,
pi. II, fig. 1). — GiNTHER, Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 15.

Form of the body oval, similar to Ambassis. The two dorsals united by a low mem-
brane; anal with 3 spines. Preoperculum denticulated; operculum with 2 feeble points.
Bones of the head very thin, cavernous; eye large. Very narrow bands of villiform teeth
in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones, without canines. Head nearly entirely scaly.
Mouth wide, oblique, with projecting mandible. Scales of moderate size, ctenoid, deciduous.
Seven branchiostegals; pseudobranchise. Lateral line complete; Pyloric appendages in
small number (4). Air bladder small. Abdominal cavity and pharynx black. (Giinther.)

The type species Malacichthys griseus is represented by several specimens taken near
Tokio, Japan, and said by Doderlein to be obtained at great depths.

EPIGONUS, Rafinesque.

Ejngonvs, Rafinesque, Appendice, 64.

Pomatomus, Risso, Iehthyologie de Nice. 1810, 301; Hist. Nat. Europe Me"ridionale, III, 387. — Cuvier and

Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 171.— GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 249. — Moreau, Hist. Nat.

Poiss., France, II, 385.

Chilodipterids with the body elongate, thick, covered with large, deciduous scales.
Head large, entirely covered with scales. No keels. Operculum with 2 feeble points.
Preoperculum with prominent, rounded and striated angle, but with its posterior limb
emarginate. Eyes very large. Teeth villiform. No teeth on the palatines. Two dorsal
fins, separated by an interspace; the first with 7 spines. Anal with 2 spines. The fins
more or less scaly. Pyloric creea numerous.

The name Pomatomus is preoccupied, having been applied by Lacepede to a fish
usually known to European ichthyologists as Temnodon.

EPIGONUS TELESCOPUS, (Risso), Goode and Bean.

Pomatomus telescopus, Risso, Ichthyologie, 1810, 301, PI. ix, fig. 31; Hist. Nat. Europe Meridionale, 387.—

Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe., n, 173. — Bonaparte, Cat. Metodico, No. 488.
Pomatomus telescopium, Cuvies and Valenciennes, Joe. cit., n, 171. PI. xxiv; vi. 495. — Cdvier, Regne

Animal, Illustne. PI. vn, a. fig. 1. — (iuiCHENOT, Explor. Alger. Poiss., 32. — Valenciennes, m Webb and

Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canaries. IchthyoL, pi. I. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 250. — Canes-

trini, Fauna Italiea, 179. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, n, 386.
Pomatomus Curieri, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. de Sicilia. vn, 1829, 143, figure.

The fish described in 1810 by Eisso was said to be so rare that during thirty years
previous only two specimens had been taken. "This rarity,'' says Eisso, "is due to the
fact that it never leaves those cold submarine valleys where our fishermen can only set
their long lines in the month of August, so that they are never taken except by chance."

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. L>33

•'Its chief characteristics," he continues, "are its globular eyes of extraordinary dimen-
sions, its large and strong fins, the powers of rapid swimming, and a generally vigorous
and active constitution. All these characteristics arc necessary for its defense against the
oceanic animals which frequent the marine abysses in which it customarily lives."

Jt has since been taken about Nice. Genoa, and Naples, and also at .Messina. Canes-
trini says that it spawns in the spring.

EPIGOXUS OCCIDENTALS, GOODE and BEAN, a. s. (Figure 236.)

The greatest height of the body at the ventrals (17 millimeters in the type specimen) is
contained a little oxer seven times in the length without caudal. The least height of the
tail (7 millimeters) equals the width of the interorbital space measured on the bone. The
length of the head (39 millimeters) is nearly one-third of the total without caudal. The
greatest width of the head (20 millimeters) is about one half its length. The long diame-
ter of the eye (17 millimeters) is contained seven times in the standard length and is nearly
one half the length of the head. The length of the snout (9 millimeters) is about one-halt
that of the eye. The maxilla reaches somewhat beyond the anterior margin of the orbit;
its length (1 1 millimeters) equals one-half the length of the head without the snout. The
intennaxilla is slant and thin, its length (9 millimeters) about equal to that of the snout;
its connection with the tip of the maxilla is ligamentous. The mandible reaches nearly to
below the middle of the eye: its length (18 millimeters) about equal to that of the eye.
The posterior nostril is very slightly in advance of the front of the eye; the anterior nostril
is a little nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout. Both pairs of nostrils arc superior
rather than lateral. The groove for the intermaxillary process is naked, narrow; its length
(5 millimeters) equal to twice its width. A weak spine on the operculum. The pseudo-
branchiae are well developed. Sixteen gill-rakers below the angle; the longest (5 milli-
meters) about one-third the length of the maxilla. Weak villiform teeth in very narrow
bands on the intermaxilliary and mandible. Vomer and palatines toothless.

The dorsal begins over the eighth row of scales; its first spine is minute; its length
only about one-eighth the length of the second spine, which is nearly as long as the base of
the fin; the third spine is a little longer than the second and fourth, and the last is two-
thirds as long as the fourth. The interspace between the dorsals is as long as the last
spine. The base of the soft dorsal is one third as long as the head; the longest ray is
slightly longer than the base of the fin. The distance from the soft dorsal to the beginning
of the caudal is about twice the greatest height of the body. The caudal is imperfect; the
middle rays appear to be about two thirds as long as the outer and a little more than oue-
t hi) d as long as the head. The anal originates under the seventh ray of the soft dorsal and
under the twenty-ninth scale of the lateral Line; the length of its base equals one-third of
its distance from the caudal; its first spine is very short, scarcely one-third as long as the
second, the length of which (7 millimeters) is one-half that of the maxilla. The longest ray
is as long as the base of the soft dorsal. The vent is under the twenty-third scale of the
lateral line and under the interspace between the spinous and soft dorsals. The ventral
origin is behind that of the pectoral and in advance of the spinous dorsal origin; it is also
under the sixth scale of the lateral line. The spine is a little more than one-half as long as
the first ray. The length of the tin is one-third that of the head.

The type of the description is the only specimen obtained; it was secured by the steamer
Blake, oft' Barbados, in '_';'>7 fathoms. The species is very readily distinguished from the
Mediterranean species (A', telescopus) by its more slender form and its large number of
rows of scales. The length ot the specimen to the base of the caudal is 120 millimeters, the
total length 137 millimeters. The caudal is somewhat imperfect.

Radial formula: I), vn, !>: A. ii, 9; V. t. ■".: I'. L9; B. 7. Scales I .V. 8.

Colors of the alcoholic specimen : Upper parts dark brown, lower parts light brown:
inside of mouth pale. At present there is an appearance of a dark band beginning on the
snout and continued behind the eye along the lateral line to the tail.

234 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

POMATOMICHTHYS, Giglioli.
Pomatomichthys, Giglioli, Elenco e Catalogo degli Amfibie edei Pesci Italiani, 1880, 20.

Similar to Apogon, but with 4 branchiostegal rays. Scales large, deciduous. Two
dorsal fins. Teeth in bauds, rudimentary on the jaws, wanting on the tongue and pala-
tines. Eyes enormous. Tail forked.

This genus is known only from a single species from the Straits of Messina.

POMATOMICHTHYS CONSTANCES, Giglioli.
romatomichthye Constancin*, Giglioli, loc. cit.

A Pomatomichthys with body whose height is contained 5 times in its length (tail
included), and the depth of the head 3 J. Diameter of the eye 2\ in the length of the
head. Preoperculum with a single spine, but without serrated ridges. Dorsal with 7
spines in its first division, and 1 spine and 9 rays in the second. Anal with 2 spines and
9 rays. Pectoral fins short. Ventrals longer, extending to the vent. Lateral line entire.
Scales upon caudal fin. Color brownish-yellow above, silvery below and on the operculum.

The type of this species is a single specimen, 14 centimeters in length, found at the
Straits of Messina, September 28, 1878, after a strong gale, which brought to the surface
in immense abundance the rarest species of Sternoptychidce and Seopelidce.

MICROICHTHYS. Ruppell.

Microichthys, Ri'rpPELL, Verzeieh. Mus. Senckenbergianum Anfgestell. Samnil. Fisehe, 1852, 1.

Apogonids, said to resemble in form and position of the fins Ambassis; lower jaw
somewhat the longer; teeth villiform, without canines, on the jaws and perhaps on pala-
tines and tongue. An acute ridge over the eye extending backwards over the opercles.
Scales large, deciduous, opercles naked. Lateral line commencing uuder the origin of the
second dorsal fin.

This genus is represented by a small specimen, obtained in the waters near Sicily;
and by another, in the Florence Museum, which we have examined, and which has the
general appearance of a deep-sea fish. Its scarcity would appear to point to the same idea.
This form was described by Ruppell under the name Microichthys Coccoi.

BREPHOSTOMA, Aleock.
Brephostoma, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 201, September, 1890.

A (Jhilodcpterid with body low, rather elongate, and with delicate tissues characteristic
of abyssal fishes. Head large, without keels or spines; preoperculum with a double edge.
Mouth small, oblique, weak, and without teeth. Eyes large, lateral. Two separate dorsal
fins, the first less developed, with 5 spines. Anal tin similar to second dorsal, with 1
spine. Ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 5 rays. (Jill opening very wide. Scales, large,
ctenoid, adherent. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobrauehia; present. No air-bladder. Pylo-
ric caeca long and in moderate number. (Alcock.)

This genus is represented by a single species, Brephostoma Carpenter!, obtained by the
Investigator in the bay of Bengal, in 16° 18' N. hit., 90° 40' E. Ion., at depths of 1,370 to
1,520 fathoms.*

Family ACROPOMID^E.

Acropomidce, Gill, MS.

Pereoidea, with a body somewhat elevated and a large head, forward vent, and teeth
villiform in the jaws, vomer and palatines. (Gill.)

' Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1889, 383; September, 1890, 201, PI. ix, Fig. 4.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

235

ACROPOMA, Temminck and Schlegel.
Acropoma, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 31.

Seven braBchiostegals. Teeth villi loin,, with canines in both the jaws; teeth on the
palatine bones. Two dorsals, the Qxstwith 7 (8) Bpines, the anal tin with 3. Operculum
produced into a long denticulated point, preoperculum entire. Anus nearer the root of
the ventrals than the origin of the anal. Scales moderate, deciduous, minutely ciliated.

One species of the single genus of this family, Acropoma philippmense, Giinther, (Chal-
lenger Report, Pari vi, ">1 : xxii, 15) was found near the Philippine Islands by the Challenger
at a depth of 82 to 102 fathoms.

Family SCOMBROPID/E.

Scombropida, Gill, MS.

Percoidea, with teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines, and long, strong canines in both
jaws, sometimes barbed. Bones of skull without deuticulations. Operculum with 2 weak
spines. Scales rather small, very thin, smooth. (Gill.)

SCOMBROPS, Temminck and Schlegel.

Scombrops, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, 118. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 249.
Latebrm, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 1858, 158.

Scombropids having 2 long canine teeth in the upper jaw and a series of similar teeth in
the lower. First dorsal with 8 spines; anal with 3 spines. Bones of the skull without
deuticulations. Spines feeble. Lower jaw longest.

Scombrops emu >dipteroides.

This genus is represented in the Japanese Sea by a single species, 8. chilodipteroides,
obtained by the Dutch naturalists and by the Challenger off Inosima, Japan, at a depth of
345 fathoms. The Challenger specimen was 1G inches long.

SCOMBROPS OCULATUS, Poey.

Latebrus oculatim, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 1858, 168, PI. xm, Figs. 11,12 (jaws with teeth); PI, xiv,
fig. 2 (outline). — GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 14.

Body elongate, its height contained 4jj times in its total length; the head 3J. The eye
is very large, its diameter contained 3i times in the length of the head. The nostrils have
vertical apertures, and are near the orbit. The length of the maxillary is four-fifths that of
the diameter of the eye. The suprascapular bone projects. The premaxillary bears about
12 canine teeth; there are 2 to 4 teeth longer than the others on its anterior portion on the
inner edge. The teeth of the mandible are a little longer than those on the maxillary.

'fhe first dorsal originates in the vertical from the lower base of the pectoral, and the
second over the vent but a little in advance of it. The second dorsal and the anal are
similar in form and height; they are triangular, with sharp angle, and emarginate. The
caudal is forked. The first spine of the dorsal is feeble, although nearly as high as the

236 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

second, which is the longest. The spinous rays of the second dorsal and the anal, and
those in the ventral, have their points covered. The scales are large, deciduous, from 45
to 50 between the shoulder and the tail; they are thin, with smooth edges; they cover the
entire body except the lips. The vertical fins are also scaly, except the first dorsal.

Radial formula: D. VII, I, 14; A. Ill, 12; P. 16; V. I, 5; C. 17.

Color brownish violet, lighter upon the belly.

This fish, according to Poey, is rare and inhabits great depths. In the month of
October he has seen individuals weighing 14 pounds.

Dr. Griinther remarks that, but for the barbed teeth, he would be disposed to unite this
species with Scombrops chilodipteroides, but we should hesitate to follow his lead, since the
scales iu the latter are considerably smaller, the body apparently more slender, the fins
longer and stronger, and the two dorsals more closely approximated, while the lower jaw
would appear to be longer, and the second dorsal planted (relatively to the vent) much
farther forward.

HYPOCLYDONIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

This genus resembles Scombrops in form and is closely related to it, but (1) none of the
vertical fins are scaly; (2) the tongue is toothless; (3) the soft dorsal and anal have few rays.

The body is covered with thin, deciduous, cycloid scales. The entire head is scaly with
the exception of the angle of the preoperculum, but the scales of the head are deeply im-
bedded in the skin and are covered by minute pores, so that their outlines are almost entirely
concealed. Eye large. Mouth moderately large; the upper jaw slightly protractile. Teeth
iu the intermaxilla minute in broad bands which are separated at the symphysis by a nar-
row, naked interspace. A pair of strong canines near the symphysis of the iutermaxilla-
ries. The mandible has a marked concavity in front on each side of the symphysis, this
concavity being armed with a band of minute teeth. Four small canine like teeth in an
irregular group at the symphysis; 5 additional canines on the mandible, increasing in size
backward and continued behind by a short, narrow band of minute teeth. Minute teeth on
the vomer in a triangular patch. Palatine teeth in bands, which are broadest in front.
Anterior nostril small, circular, not tubular. Posterior nostril in a long wedge-shaped slit.
Maxilla dilated posteriorly. The lower lip well developed, broadly attached to the under
surface of the maxilla. Preoperculum minutely serrated behind and below ; operculum with
two thin, flat spines.

Branchiostegals 7; gill-rakers in moderate number, rather stout; gill lamina? well
developed; a moderate-sized slit behind the fourth gill; pseudobranchiae well developed; a
glandular organ iu the upper angle of the gill opening; fins well developed, the spinous
dorsal longer than the second dorsal; dorsal with 9, anal with 2 spines; ventrals long; scales
large, thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line high up with a gradual curve nearly following
the outline of the back.

HYPOCLYDONIA BELLA, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 237.)

The largest specimen taken by the Alba'ross is 90 millimeters long. The greatest
height of the body is contained three and two third times iu the total without caudal. The
least height of the tail equals the length of the eye. The length of the head is one-third
of the total without caudal. The eye is two-sevenths as long as the head and a little
greater than the width of the interorbital space. The snout is two-thirds as long as the
eye. The maxilla reaches nearly to below the middle of the eye; its length is two-fifths
the length of the head. The upper jaw is contained two audoue-third times in the length
of the head. The length of the mandible is one-half the length of the head. The spinous
dorsal begins over the origin of the pectoral. The first spine is very short, less than one-
third as long as the second and not much longer than the last ; the third and longest spine
is as long as the postorbital part of the head. The interspace between the two dorsals is
very short. The longest ray of the soft dorsal is two thirds the length of the mandible. The
anal originates under the middle of the soft dorsal: the length of its base equals the length

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIfi DISTRIBUTION. 237

of the eye. The first spine is less than one-half as long as the second, which is about two
thirds as long as the eye. The anal spines are slender. The longest anal ray equals the
postorbital pari of the dead. The pectoral reaches to below the origin of the soft dorsal:
its length equals that of the head without the snout. The ventral begins slightly in ail
vance of the origin of the pectoral and it is nearly as long as the pectoral, its length one-
quarter of the total without caudal.

Radial formula: I). t\. i, '■'; A. iv. 7: V. i. 5; P. i, 15. Scales 2 20 7.

The colors have faded; traces of purplish brown on the upper parts and the head;
spinous dorsal with a dark triangular blotch on its upper portion extending from the second
to the sixth spine, involving less than half the height of the membrane.

Specimens were obtained by the Albatross from station 2314, in 32° 43' X. lat.. 77° 51'
W. Ion. (oft' South Carolina), at a depth of 15!) fathoms; from station 2397, in 28° 42' N.
lat., 86c •'!<>' W. Ion. (between the Delta of the Mississippi and Cedar Keys, Florida), at a
depth of 280 fathoms; from station 2401, in 28° 38' 30" X. lat., S.". 52' 30" W. Ion. (be-
tween the Delta of the .Mississippi and Cedar Keys, Florida), at a depth of 142 fathoms;
from station 2417, in 333 18' 30" X. lat.. 77 ■ 07 W. Ion. (off Cape Pear), at a depth of 95
fathoms; from station 2418, in 33° 20' X. lat., 77~ 05' W. Ion., at a depth of 90 fathoms;
from station 2425, in 36° 20' 24" X. lat., 74- 40' 30" \V. Ion., at a depth of 110 fathoms;
and from station 2426, in 30° 01' 30" X. lat.. 74^ 47' :50" W. Ion. (off North Carolina), in 93
fathoms.

Family SERRANID^E.

Serranidw. Richardson, Ielith. Erelms and Terror, 1848, IV (in part). — Gill, Arr. Fain. Fishes, 1872 (in
part.); Century Dictionary, 5573. — Jordan a Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 526. — Jordan and
Eigenmann, Hull. U. S. F. C, viii, 1888,329, 433.

Serranina, »•! niiikii, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, ~u, 81-212.

Percoidea with the body oblong, compressed, and covered with scales; the head com-
pressed, and the cranium normal. The premaxiilaries not retractile behind, under the sub-
orbitals. The spinous part of the dorsal tin about as long as the soft, or longer, and with
3 anal spines developed. (Gill.)

CENTROPRISTIS, Cuvier.

Centropristes, Cuvier, Regue Animal, ed. 2, 1829.

Centroprigtis, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 1829, 56. — Jordan- and Eigenmann, Bull. U.

S. Fish Coin., viii, 1888 (1890), 390.
Trilobunts, Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast U. S., 1861, 30.

Serranoid fishes, with comparatively elongate body. No supplemental bone to the max-
illary. Teeth small, in broad bauds. Top of head naked, supraoccipital crest prominent,
encroaching somewhat on the frontal region. No hooked spinules on the lower limb of the
preoperculum. Scales large. Dorsal spines slender, the third a little elevated; some of
them with dermal appendages or filaments. Caudal tin not lunate, ending in 3 bands, the
middle rays extending beyond the outer ones.

Two species of this genus have been found m deep water — one, Gentropristia pleuro-
spilus Giinther*,froin the sea between Australia and XewGuinea, near the Ki Islands, at a
depth of 110 fathoms; and Gentropristis investigatoris, Alcock,t from off the Madras coast,
in 100 fathoms.

ANTHIAS, Schneider.

Anthias, Bloi u. Syst. Ichth., 1792.— Ci'vier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., n, 249.— GOnther, Cat.

Fish. Iirit. Mus., I, 88.— JORDAN, Cat. Fish. X. Amer., 83.
Aylopon, Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 1810,52.

Serranoids with strongly compressed body, closely resembling Serranm, but having the
lateral line placed very high and concurrent with the back, becoming abruptly straight and

Challenger Report, I | Part \ i ), 37, pi. xvi. fig. D.
tAun. and Mag. Nat. Bist. (vi), September, 1890,199.

238 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

horizontal below last rays of dorsal. Snout blunt; mouth oblique; maxillary broad and
scaly. Fins with a tendency to filamentous production of the rays. Caudal forked. (Jor-
dan.)

This genus has been found in deep water in the Pacific. Anthias megalepis, Giin-
ther,* was taken off the Ki Islands, at 1-10 fathoms, in company with the Centropristis
already referred to, and Anthias eos, Gilbert,! taken in the Gulf of California at 112 fathoms.

A specimen (Cat. No. 37346, U. S. N". M.) obtained by the Fish Hawk, has been mis-
placed, and cannot now be fully described. The name Anthias aquilonaris has been pro-
posed by us for it. It is allied to Anthias oculatus, C. & V.

A note indicates that the length of its head was equal to the height of its body, which
is contained 2J times in the total length (without caudal). The diameter of the orbit is con-
tained 3^ times in the head. The maxillary bone was naked, rather than scaled as in A.
oculatus; and the scales numbered 53 in the lateral line, 7 above and 14 below. The radial
formula was D. x, 11 ; A. in, 8.

A small specimen, possibly of the same species, was obtained by the Blake, off Domi-
nica, at station cvi, in 521 fathoms; but since this is less than 2 inches long and the
subject of the above note was 9, it is impossible to confirm the identification in the
absence of the larger specimen.

POLYPRION, Cuvier.

Polyprion, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2nd ed., 1829, n, 145. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., n,
21.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 168.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 532.—
Gill, Century Dictionary, 1609.

Heetoria, Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Soc, Victoria, n, 1873, 151.

Serranoids having body oval, compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales; head
large, rough, with numerous crests and furrows: operculum spiniferous, with spine-tipped
crest; preoperculum, subopercuhun, and interoperculum denticulated. Snout short; mouth
large, oblique; teeth in villous bands upon the jaws, vomer, palatines and tongue. Bran-
chiostegals 7. Dorsal tin long, with 11 spines and 11 or 12 soft rays, the spines serrated.
Anal with strong spines. Tail rounded.

POLYPRION AMERICANUM, (Schneider), Jordan. (Figure 238.)

Le Mcrou de Cap Breton, Duhamel du Monceau, Traite" des Peaches, 1769, p. 38.

Amphiprion americanum, Schneider, Bloch's Syst. Ichth., 205. pi. xi.vn.

Polyprion americanum, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885 (1889), 83.

J-.'jiiiiipheliis tistitjiiwiiis, Schneider, op. eit, 301.

Polyprion oxygenius, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 532.

Seorpana maxxiliensis, Risso, Ichthyologie de Nice, 1810, 184.

Holocentrus gnlo, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Me'rid., 1826, in, 367.

Polyprion cernium, Valenciennes, Mem. du Museum, XI, 265, pi. xvil. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist.

Nat. Poiss., in, 21, pi. XLii, vm, 475. — Yarrell, Brit. Fish, 2d ed., I, 19, fig. (ed. 3) n, 124. — Swainson,

Fishes, II, 203.
Perca prognathus, Forster, ms.
Polyprion prognathus, Gunther, Ann. & Mag., Nat. Hist., 1887, 236.

Serranids with body robust, elevated, its height two-fifths of its length and somewhat
compressed. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to vertical from posterior margin of orbit;
lower jaw longer. Supraocular region, scapula, suprascapula, preopercle, and a ridge on
opercle spinigerous. Anal spines short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the longest.
Caudal rounded.

Eadial formula: D. XI, 12; A. in, 8.

Color, brownish gray, the caudal with a white margin.

This fish, the Cernier, Cerniola, or Stone Bass of Europe, is found along the coasts of

* Challenger Report, I, (Part vi), 37, pi. xvi, fig. G.

t Pronotogrammus eos, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xui, 62.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 239

Europe from Norway to the Mediterranean and the Cape of (rood Hope, and has also been
recorded from Madeira and the Southern Indian Ocean.
A specimen was obtained on the Grand Banks by one of the Gloucester fishing vessels.

Family LUTJANID^.
Luijanida, Gill. Proc. V. S. Nat. Mm*.. 1884, 351.

Acanthopterygiansofthe ordinary type with compressed bead and body, the supramax-

illary bones slipping under the preorbital, continuous lateral line, dorsal with spinous
part depressible in a groove. Pectorals with lower rays branched. Teeth all conical and
pointed, and canines more or less developed in jaws. Vomer dentigerons. Preopercle
senate. Dorsal tin continuous. Pyloric caeca few.

APRION, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Aprion, CuviEB and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 18, xx, 544, pi. clxviii.— GCntheh, Cat. FiBh.
Brit. Mus., i. si.— Gill, Proc. V. 8, -Nat. Mm-., 1881, 351.

Lutjanoids characterized by the presence of villiform teeth on the vomer, acute teeth
in the jaws; interobital area flat, separated by a line from the occipital region. Dorsal fin
continuous. Supraorbital margin eremite; periotic region much swollen outwards, and
with the bones thin and polished; preorbital moderate; frontals behind, with funnel-
shaped foramina; soft dorsal and anal scaleless; last rays of dorsal and anal produced.
(Jordan.)

APRION MACROPHTHALMUS, (MCller) Jordan and Swain. (Figure 314.)

Centropri8tia maerophthalmus, Miller and Trosciiel, in Schomburgh's Hist. Barbadoes, 666, 1848 (young).
Elastoma macrophthalmus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 468, 1869 (St. Martin's, New Providence, St. Croix).
Mesoprion vorax, Poet, Mem., n, 151, 1860 (Cuba I,
Platyinim runts, (Jill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862 (generic diagnosis). — Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cub.,

1868, 292; Enunieratio, Pise Cub., 1875, 31.
Aprion macrophthalmus, Jordan and Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 1884, 467.

An Aprion having the body oblong-elliptical, its height contained 3 times in length.
Mouth rather small, the canines feeble; tongue toothless; vomerine teeth in a A-shaped
patch. Scales large, regularly arranged, those above lateral line in series parallel with the
lateral line, which contains from 53 to GO scales, with 7 above, 14 or 1.3 below, and 52 pores.
Dorsal spines 10; last ray of dorsal and anal produced. Gill-rakers numerous, about 17
on lower part of arch. Color rose-red, with some pearly markings.

Radial formula : D. x, 11 ; A. in, 8.

This species, described from moderate depths off Barbadoes, St. Martin's, New Provi-
dence, St. < Iroix, and Cuba, was taken by the Blake at station CCLXi, in 23° 15' N. lat., 89°
10' W. Ion., at a depth of 84 fathoms.

VERILUS, Poey.

Verilm, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 1860, 125.— Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 355.— Jordan and
Swain. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 429,470.

A genus of Lutjanoids characterized by cavernous frontals (like those of Scia?noids),
with longitudinal osseous bars, leaving interspaces in front of transverse ridge and on each
side near the front; supraorbital margins smooth: prefrontals behind with simple foramina
for olfactory nerves; body comparatively short and deep; head scaly above and on jaws
and snout; soft dorsal and anal scaly at base; peritoneum and lining of gill cavity black;
caudal lunate.*

* This, as Jordan and Swain have pointed out, is evidently from its structure a true bathybial form.

240 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

VERILUS SORDIDUS, Poey. (Figure 232.)

Ferilus sordidus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 125, 1860. tab. 12, fig. 6 (Cuba); Repertorio, n, 157, 1867;
Synopsis, 291, 1868; Enumeratio, 1875, 32. — Jordan and Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, VII, 471.

Body oblong, compressed, rather robust; caudal peduncle short and thick; head large,
profile almost straight from suout to origin of spinous dorsal, and not at all steep. Snout
very short and blunt, 4 in head. Eye very large, 2J in head. Interorbital space flat, its
width 4| in head. Occipital keel very low. Preorbital very narrow, 7 in eye. nearly 20 in
head. Maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2 in head. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw
projecting. Upper jaw7 with a rather broad band of villiform teeth, the outer row scarcely
enlarged; two moderate canines in front of jaw, curved inward. Lower jaw with a single
series of teeth on the sides, this series giving place to a very narrow villiform band in
front, with two (sometimes duplicated) small canines directed nearly horizontally backward.
Vomer with a narrowly A-shaped patch of teeth, without backward prolongation on median
line. Tongue and pterygoids without teeth. Gill-rakers numerous, their length almost
half diameter of eye; 17 on the lower part of the arch well developed. Preopercle with
posterior margin weak and flexible, almost entire, becoming somewhat serrate at the angle
and on lower limb; no distinct emargination, but the angle salient, membranaceous.
Scales large, the rows horizontal below the lateral line; those above rather irregular, the
series running upward and backward. Head scaly everywhere, the scales generally smaller
than on body ; opercle with three rows of scales, very large, with one row on subopercle ;
cheeks with many rows of scales, those in the middle very small; one or two rows on inter-
opercle. Base of soft dorsal and anal somewhat scaly. Branchiostegals 7. Spinous and
soft dorsals entirely separate; first spine 44^ in second, which is 2£ in head, the spines
thence becoming gradually shorter to ninth spine, which about equals length of first spiue.
Last rays of dorsal and anal not produced; margin of soft dorsal slightly concave, the
anterior rays longest, 2^ in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its margin rather more con-
cave; first soft rays extending beyond tips of last rays, when the fin is depressed. Anal
spines moderate, the third slightly longer than second, 2f in head; caudal fin short, broad,
moderately forked, the upper lobe longer, its length scarcely twice that of middle rays,
which are 2f in head. Pectorals long, reaching to origin of anal, 1£ in head; ventrals 1§
in head.

Color in spirits dusky gray, slightly paler below; tips of spinous dorsal and ventrals
jet black, the fins otherwise colored as the body; posterior edge of caudal dusky; lining of
gill cavity, peritoneum, and posterior part of mouth jet black.

Radial formula : D. ix, I, 10 ; A. in, 7 ; Scales : 4-43-9 ; 41 pores.

" L'espece est rare," writes Poey, " ou la peche a de grandes profondeurs. On en prend
de cinq livres."

DENTEX, Cuvier.
Dentex, Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. i, 1817, n, 272; ed. n, 1829, n, 184.

Lutjanids with the body oblong, compressed, covered with ctenoid scales of mod-
erate size. Head large; teeth all sharp, in villiform bands, with canines to the number of
3 or 4 in each jaw. Preorbitals entire, broad. Preoperculum entire, with more than 3 rows
of scales; operculum not conspicuously armed. Gill openings broad. Branchiostegals 6;
pseudobrauchia? present. Dorsal with 10 to 12 spines and 9 to 10 soft rays; anal with 3
spines and 8 to 9 rays; the two vertical fins received in a furrow. Caudal more or less
forked.

This genus, which is found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic, the Mediterranean,
the Red Sea, the Sunda Sea, and the Sea of Japan, is represented in deep water by one
species, identified by Vaillant with 8. maorophthalmus.

DENTEX MACKOPHTHALMUS, (Bloch) Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Sparus macrophthalmus, Bloch, Ichthyol., pi. 272. — Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 250.
Oichla macrophthalma, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 337.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEHS DISTRIBUTION. 241

Dentex macrophthalmus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 227. — Guichenot, Explor. Sci.
Alger. Poiss., 51. — Valenciennes, in Webb & Bertbelot, 37. — Bonaparte, Catalogo, i.m.-cimiih;.
Cat. Fish. Brit. Sins., i. 370. Capkllo, Cat. Peix. Portugal, 17. — Canestrini, Fauna [talica, 83. —
Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, in, 59. — Vaillant, Exped. Sci, Travailleui el Talisman

A Dentex, with the height of its body a little less than length of head, and included 3.1
times in the total length. Eye large, its diameter contained three times in the length of
the head, and greater than the distance between the eyes. Second anal spine longer and
thicker than the third. Scales about 58 to HO in the lateral line; 0 above and 13 below.

Radial formula: I>. xii, 9-10; A. in, 7-8.

Color, uniform red.

The French explorers obtained in all 11 specimens of this species in considerable depths
of water; 0 from the Banc d'Arguin, 140-235 meters; 4 oil' the coast of Soudan, 130-410
meters, and 1 off the coast of Morocco in 120 meters. The identification of these specimens
with the Mediterranean form is accepted on the authority of Vaillant^ although the material
for the study of 1>. macrophthalmus is not very ample.

Family PRI ACANTHID^E.

Priacanihina, GOnther, Cat. Fish. ISrit. Mus., i, 1859, 215, 221.

Priacanthidw, Gill, Arr. Families Fishes, 1872, n (No, 112.)— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.

Mus., 514.

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with scales. Mouth large, oblique, lower
jaw prominent. Teeth villifonn on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Eye very large. Preoper-
cles less serrated, with one or more spines at angle; opercula short, with two or three points
behind. Scales Arm and rough, covering all parts of the body and head. Gill membranes
separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchkc large. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth.
Gill-rakers long. Branch iostegals 0. Lateral line continuous. First dorsal composed of
about 10 spines, depressible in groove; anal with.'! spines; soft part long, similar to soft
dorsal; ventrals thoracic, I, 5; pectorals small, rounded; caudal tin truncate or lunate.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Scales small. Body rather elongate, its depth less than half its length Priacantius

B. Scales large. Body rather short, its depth more than half its length Pseudopkiac inthi S

PRIACANTHUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Priacanthus, Cdvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 96. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 2ir>.—
JORDAN and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 514.

Priacanthids with body somewhat elongate, compressed, the height being less than half
the length. Scales small. Other characters included in the family diagnosis.

PRIACANTHUS CATALUFA, Poey.

Priacanthus macropththalmus, Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., m, 95 (not Anthias macrophthal-
mus, Bloch ).— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 215.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, IJ. S Nat. Mus.
Priacanthus catalufa, Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 182 (Parraa "Catalufa").
Priacanthus arenatus, Jordan and Gilbert, up. eit., 971 (not P. arenatus, Cov. and Vai..).

llody oblong, compressed, and little elevated. Its height three-eighths its length. Head
short, its length contained :>.', times in that of body. Gape of mouth subvertical, maxillarj
passing front of eye. Diameter of orbit about one-half length of head and more than 6 times
width of preorbital. Ventrals long, reaching front of anal; pectorals small, not longer than
eye. Lateral line with 85 scales, following the curve of the back.

Radial formula: D. X. 11; A. Ill, 15.

Color, uniform red, tins edged with dusky.

A specimen was obtained by the Blake at station CCXXXV, off Havana, in 243 fatl is.

This species is a member of the West Indian fauna. It is possible that i1 was taken nearei
the surface than the records would indicate.
19868— No. 2 16

242

DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN,

PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS, Bleeker.

Pseudojtriacanthus, Bleeker.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1887, 86.

Priacanthids, liaving the body rather short, compressed, its height more than half its
length. Scales comparatively large and rough. Posterior nasal aperture a curved slit.
Angle of preoperculum with strong spine. Dorsal and anal spiues striated. Anal rays
10-11; dorsal rays 12-13. Other characters included in the family diagnosis.

PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS ALTUS, Gill. (Figures 239, 240.)

Priacanthus altus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 132.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.

Mus., 545.
Pseudopriuvanthus alius, Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 1887, 86.

Body oblong, its length exceeding its height by one-half, compressed and elevated.
Head high and short, its length two-fifths that of body. Profile very oblique; snout
extremely short; gape of mouth very oblique, maxillary reaching to below orbit. Diameter
of orbit about one-half length of head. Spines stout. Scales rough and large, 45 in lateral
line, which runs obliquely upward in front, then abruptly turns downward. Ventrals large,
surpassing origin of anal. Preopercles and opercles coarsely serrate at angle and below;
angle of preopercle with two spines. Caudal tin rounded.

Radial formula: D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9.

Color, tawny red, the vertical tins dotted with black, and the ventrals black.

The type was obtained in Xarragausett Bay. September, 1860, evidently an estray from,
southern waters.

A large specimen. 5 inches long, was obtained by the Albatross at station 2316, X. hit.
24 25' \V., Ion. 81° 40' 45" in 45 fathoms, and two smaller ones at station 2606, in 25
fathoms: (Both of these are illustrated. Fig. 236 is 8 times natural size; Fig. 236 A,
4 times.) The species is not known to be abyssal, and has no claim to a place in this list,
except that it has been accidentally included in similar lists before, and should be ac-
counted for.

Family POLYMIXIID^E.

PolymixiidcE, Gill, Arr. Fam. Fish. 1872, name only (No. 99); Johnson's Cyclopaedia, 1323.

A family of teleocephalous fishes distinguished by the peculiar union of characters.
The body is rather elongated and compressed; the scales are not serrated; the lateral line

POLT.MIXIA NOBILIS.

is continuous with the back; head compressed and with a decurved profile; preoperculum
serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly horizontal cleft; teeth villiforin, on the jaws as
well as palate; branchiostegal apertures large; branchiostegal rays 4; dorsal moderately
elongated, with several spines, increasing backward; anal opposite the posterior portion of
the dorsal, armed with 3 or 4 spiues; pectorals with branched rays; ventral tins thoracic,
each with a spine and 6 or 7 rays. The skeleton has the vertebrae in increased number (29).
The family is distinguished by the combiuatiou of chin barbels, increased number of rays.
and small number of branehiostegals. Its affinities are doubtful, but on the wdiole seem to
be rather with the Mullidee. (Gill.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 243

POLYMIXIA, Lowe.

Polymixia, l.mvi . Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc, L838, vi. 198.— GUntheb, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,i, 16.
NcmoTyrama, V.u.i m ii \m,s, in Webb and Berthelot, [chth. Des Canai. Poiss., 10.
IHnemus, Poky, Mem. Hist. Nat., Cuba, n. 161, I860.

Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal. Bye large. Two barbels
at tin' throat. Opercles without armature. Scales of moderate size. One dorsal. Anal
with 3 or 4 spines. Caudal forked. Ventrals with 6 or 7 shorl rays. (Giinther.)

The fishes of this genus have according to Giinther, about the same bathymetricui
and horizontal distribution as Beryx.

POLYMIXIA NOBILIS, LoWE. (Figure 241.)

Polymixia nobilis, Lowe, Cambr. Phil. Trans.. ls:!S, vi, 198. (Specimens from Madeira). — GOnther, Cat.

Fish. Brit. Mas., i. IT; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 31. pi. i, tig. 31. — AiCOCK, Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1889 (Nov.), 381.
Nemoorama ffebbii, Valenciennes, in Webb A Berthelot, Iehthyoi. Il<s Canaries, 11, pi. vin (specimens

from the Canaries).
Polymixia Lowei, GOnther, op. eit.,i, 17.— Poky. Repert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, 11. 159.
Dinemus venustus, Poey, Mem. Hist, Xat. Cuba, 11, 1860, 161, 352, pi. xiv, fig. 1 ; Harbudo in Cuba). — Zoolog-

ical Record, 1868, 147.
Polymixia japoiiira, (ii'NTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, xx, 436 (specimens from luosima, Japan). —

Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1883, xlvii, 261, tab. iv, tig. 2.

A Polymixia, with compressed, elevated body, whose height is contained 3g times in
its total length, and is nearly equal to the length of head. Head with blunt snout and
slightly projecting upper jaw. Mouth wide, the maxillary ending beyond vertical from
posterior margin of orbit, and terminating posteriorly in a broad plate. Teeth in broad,
velvet-like bands, present on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, vomerines, tongue, and branchial
arches. Eye placed high, but below upper profile of head; its diameter contained about
3 times in the head's length. Opercles spineless. Scales oblique, irregular, completely
covering body and head; 48-54 in lateral line.

Eadial formula: D. v. 28-38; A. 111-IV, 16-18; V. 1, 6-7.

Color a soft violet, brownish, opalescent on the back and fins. Upper margin of orbit,
and two bands above the snout, golden green; maxillary roseate, inner margin of caudal
lobes whitish. Iris white, opalescent.

This species has been exhaustively studied by Dr. Giinther, who has access to speci-
mens from various parts of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, namely, near Madeira,
the < 'anary Islands. St. Helena, and Cuba. The Challenger expedition brought home speci-
mens from the Sea of Japan, where they were captured oil' Inosima at a depth of 345 fath-
oms. The Investigator took it in the Andaman seas, in 271 fathoms. The species has been

found by Poey at Cuba. The British .Museum in 1886 received a specimen IV Mauritius,

the first of its kind which the fishermen remembered to have seen. The wide geographical
range of this form is remarkable, although it is possible that it does not descend to veJ y
great depths or extend beyond the tropical or subtropical zones. From comparison of all
the materials in his possession, Dr. Giinther has become convinced that the differences
on which he formerly based his conclusion that there were three species, were really not
sufficiently marked to justify his conclusions.

Family POMACENTRID^E.

Pomacentridce, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1846, 81.— GCntiier, Cat. Fish., Brit. Mus.,

iv, 1862, 2.— Cii.i., Arr. Fain. Fishes, 1872, 7. No. 64.
Pomaeentroidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xvm.

Pharyngognaths with ctenoid scales, pseudobranehiae and .uills '.',.\. Teeth feeble; pal-
ate edentulous. Lateral line incomplete or interrupted. Dorsal in two nearly equal
portions, the first spinous. Anal similar to soft portion of dorsal. Ventrals thoracic, 1. 5.
Branch iostegals, v-vn. Pseudobranchiae present. Air bladder present.

The Pomacentrids live in warm waters, especially among coral reefs and usually neai

244 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

rivers and in very shallow water. Only one species has been found at considerable depths,
and it is probable that its occurrence out of the shallows was not positively determined.

CHROMIS, Cuvier.

Chromis, Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 1, n, 1877, 266.

Helioses, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 493. Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., i, 1815, 353.

Heliastes, GOnther, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., IV, 60.

Preoperculum not denticulated. Teeth small, conical, in a narrow band or irregular
series. Dorsal fin with 12 to 14 spines, anal with 2. Scales of moderate size; the lateral
line ceases below the posterior portion of the dorsal fin. Branchiostegals 5; gills 3.1;
pseudobranchiaj present; pyloric appendages 2.

A single representative of this well-known tropical genus, has been found under such
circumstances as to lead to the belief that it could live in deep water. This is C. roseus,
the Heliastes roseus of Giinther. Challenger Report, VI, 1880, 45, pi. xx, 1887, page 76. It
was taken at Challenger station 192, off the Ki Islands, in 140 fathoms.

Family SCORP^ENIDvE.

Let Scorpenides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meridionals, 1826, m, 109, 367.

Scorpamidce, SwainsON, Nat. Hist. Fish, etc., n, 1839, 180. — Gill, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 6 (No. 58).— Gun-

thkr, Zoological Record, vn, 1S70. 91; Challenger Report, xxn, 16. — Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, IV,

143. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U S. Nat. Mas., 650.
Scorpcenina, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n. 1860, 87, 95.

Cataphracti (part), Cuvier, Regne Animal, both editions. — MCller, Berlin, Abhandl., 1844, 201.
Sclerogenidw (part), Owen, Lectures. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, i. 19.
Triglidx (part), Kaup, Wiegmann's ArcMv., 1858,329.
Scorpwnoidei, Bi.keker, Tentamen, 1859, XXI.
Scorpeenini, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 61.

Scorpamoid1 fishes with body oblong, more or less compressed, head moderately
large, often inflated laterally, usually with one or more pairs of spine-tipped ridges
above, opercle usually with two, preopercle with five, spinous processes. Mouth wide, ter-
minal, with, villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Premaxillaries protractile. A
bony stay, extending from the suborbital to the preopercle. Branchial apertures ex-
tending forward, wide, separate, and free from isthmus. Scales ctenoid, or rarely
cycloid, sometimes nearly obsolete. Lateral line single, continuous, concurrent with the
back. Dorsal fin with 8 to 16 rather strong spines, and a similar number of rays, set closer
than the spines so that the soft portion of the fin is the shorter, the fin being sometimes
continuous and sometimes notched so deeply as to divide it into two parts. Anal rather
short, with 3 spines and 5 to 10 rays. Ventrals thoracic or post thoracic, with 1 spine and
4 to 9 rays. Soft fin rays all branched except lower rays of pectoral. Air bladder pres-
ent. Pseudobranchige large. Pyloric caeca few (less than 12).

KEY TO ATLANTIC DEEP-SEA GENERA OF SCORPAENID.E.

I. Dorsal continuous, though somewhat notched.

A. Dorsal spines XII; anal m, 5; vertebra 10-f-14.

1. Head naked above, with several series of spinous ridges. Scales cycloid. Cheeks smooth.
Opercles sometimes scaleless.

a. A square occipital pit. Cheeks and opercles scaleless. Scales on body small. Laciniae
present. Pectorals broad, rounded, procurrent Scorivena

6. "Wide, muciferous cavities in superficial bones of skull. Scales on lateral parts of head hid-
den in skin. Cleft of mouth very wide." Sea of Japan [Bathysebastes]

2. Head scaly above. Scales ctenoid, on cheeks and opercles, as well as on body.

a. No occipital pit. Pectorals not procurrent.

Pectoral rays in three groups, the medial ones of branched rays. Suborbital keel smooth,

or with a single anterior spine HelicOLENUS

Pectoral rays all simple. Two retrorse spines on each preorbital. Suborbital keel with three

strong spines Pontinus

1 Gill's superfamily Scorpwnoidea ,, including Scorposnidce, Synanceidee, Hexagrammidce, and Anoplopomidw)
is composed of mail-cheeked fishes 'having the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid bones normally devel-
oped, a complete myodoine, and post-temporals normally articulated with the cranium."

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 245

B. Dorsal xni. &-S; anal in. 6-9; vertebra 12+15.

1. Crania] ridges more or less developed. I lead more or less scaly.
a. Palatine teel li present.

Scales small i 'JO-UK) in lateral line). Lower jaw milch projecting. Cranial ridges low.
Anal III, 9 [SEBASTODES]

Scales moderate I 15-80. i Analm, 5-9 [Seb istichthys]

C. Dorsal spines w Sebastomi s and Sebastosomus

1. Anal in. 7-8; vertebra li-M l!l- Head scaly above, with one or two pairs of spine-tipped ridges.
a. Pectorals long, narrow. Ventrals posl thoracic. Scales ctenoid. Nolacinise Sebastes

2. Anal in. .">. Vertebra unknown.

a. Pectorals with Iowerrays prolonged in a linguiform lobe.
Ventrals under axils of pectorals, with outer rays produced, thick, uuhranched-.SEBAST0I.0BUS
II. Dorsal deeply notched, in two pints.
A. Dorsal spiles. \ | 1. Anal III, 5-6.

1. Pectoral with medial rays branched. Low. inconspicuous spines on the vertex Setarches

2. Pectoral simple. Head smooth, unarmed above [Lioscorpius]

SCORP^ENA, Linnaeus.

Scorp<rna, Artepi, Genera, 17, xx, 17. — Linn eds, Sj sterna Natures, ed. x, 1758, 266,(type, Scorpwnaporcus). —
i;i Niiiii:. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 107. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 678,679.

Scorpaenids having the body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head large, not much
compressed, naked above and armed with several series of spinous ridges, and with dermal
flaps. A quadrate pit at the occiput, month large, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws,
vomer, and palatines. Scales mostly ctenoid, of moderate size, often with skinny Haps,
cheeks naked, opercles sometimes without scales. Dorsal fin with 12 stout spines; anal
with 3 spines, the second commonly the longest; pectorals large, rounded, the base procur-
reiit; the upper rays divided, the lower simple in till our species; ventrals inserted behind
pectorals. No air bladder. Vertebrae 10+ 11.

This genus, which is widely distributed throughout the East Indian seas, is represented
in the shore faunas of the Atlantic basin by two European and two tropical American
forms. S. Plumieri, Schneider, occurs throughout the West Indies and north to the Ber-
mudas, and is always a shoal-water form. S. irasiliensis, C. & V., a smaller scaled form
with shorter body, is a shore form from the coast of Brazil. The European forms both
occur in the Mediterranean. The Italians have noted them from Genoa, Naples, and Sicily
and around to the head of the Adriatic, the French from Nice, Cette, and Marseilles, and
the Portuguese from Lisbon. Both have been observed in the Gulf of Gascony, at Biarritz
and La Itochelle. S. scrofa has not been seen on the coasts of Vendee or farther north,
but is abundant at Madeira, where there is also a local species, ,v. ustulata, to which it is
closely allied. S.porcus follows the French coast as far north as Dieppe. Cuvier was
entirely in error in supposing that it occurs in the western Atlantic, but appears to have
had specimens from Teneriffe. Lowe's remarks about Seorpcena scrofa and its habits at
Madeira are very important, lie notices the tendency of this form to become modified for
residence in deeper regions.

SCORP.ENA SCROFA OBESA, Lowe.

Seorpcena scrofa, Auctoeom, (in part).

Seorpcena scrofa, var. S. obese. I.owi:. Fishes of Madeira, lSPo, 105.

A Seorpcena with oblong body, whose height is 3J-4 times in its length, covered with

scales of derate size, there being 40-4G in the lateral line; the posterior ones are ciliated.

Head longer than high, its length about one-third of total, scaleless and smooth. Interor
bital space deeply concave. Occipital pit broader than long. Cirri upon head and trunk,
larger along lateral line Third dorsal spine nearly half as long as the head. Second anal
spine more than one-third as long as head.

Color yellowish red, the fins marbled with brown, a blackish blotch upon the body
under the space between the sixth and tenth spines.

Radial formula: D. XI, 1+9-10; A. III. 5; P. I. S-10; V. I, 5.

246 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The above description applies to the species as a whole. Lowe separates his variety
obesa on the following specifications: "Major, miniacea, pallida, maculis obsoletioribus;
corpore altiore s. obeso; oculisfere majoribus."

8. scrqfa obesa is a deep-water form, living "in profundioribus, a littori procul." The
fishermen of Madeira distinguish it, calling it Garneiro de Font, while the inshore type is
known as Garneiro de Bolo. They grow to be from 15 to 20 inches long, and have the
belly somewhat more prominent, and larger eyes, and lighter colors. Lowe is not posi-
tive that the two forms should be distinguished, even as varieties. We include obesa
among the deep-water forms in order to invite further investigation of the question whether
8. scrofa may not be dimorphic like Sebastes norvegicus.

Risso distinguished a color, or depth, variety in this species at Nice, which occurred in
the coralline zones, and was ••</' un brim rouge de laque, marbrle de brim, de blanc et de gris
couverte d'appendices denteUes et de cirrhes rougeatres" (Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., in, 371).
He also describes a pallid form under the name Scorpcena lutea. This is not recognized by
modern Mediterranean ichthyologists. Lowe suggests that it may be founded upon some
extreme state of his obesa,

Scorpcena scrofa is preeminently a Mediterranean species. It has been observed at
Nice, Cette, Genoa, Leghorn, Naples. Montecristo, Magdalena, Alghero, Cagliari (Corsica),
Messina, Catania. Malta. Venice, Trieste, Dalmatia. and North Africa. Also from the
River Niger, Lisbon, Gulf of Gascony, St. Jean de Luzon. Arcachon, Gironde, La Kochelle.
Also from Madeira and the Azores.

Scorpcena ustulata, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1S60, 36, is a Madeiran form of small size,
closely allied to 8. scrofa, but with cheeks aud opercles pustulate or granulated.

Two additional species are now added to the deep-sea forms of the Atlantic.

SCOEP.EXA CRISTULATA, Goode aud Beax. n. 8. (Figure 242).

The greatest depth of the body (50 millimeters) is one third of the standard length: the
least height of the tail (11 millimeters) equals the length of the snout. The length of the
head (68 millimeters) is contained 21- times in the standard length, and is about twice the
length of the upper jaw. The width of the iuterorbital space (8 millimeters) is one-fourth
the length of the upper jaw; this space is moderately concave and is incompletely scaled.
The maxilla reaches to the vertical from the posterior edge of the pupil; its length (30
millimeters) is one-fifth of the standard length. The mandible reaches to below the pos-
terior margin of the eye, its length (38 millimeters) slightly more than the postorbital part
of the head. Teeth in villiforni bands in the jaws and on the vomer and palate. A naked
space at the symphysis of the intermaxillaries. A pair of spines on the preorbital; six
spines on the suborbital carina: live on the border of the preoperculum, of which the up-
permost is the largest, and with a supplementary spine at its base. Nasal spines developed ;
three supraorbital spines on each side and three more on each side of the vertex aud nape.
A postocular spine, a tympanic and two humerals. Two thin flat spines on the operculum.
Almost all the spines of the head have short filaments behind them.

The length of the eye (20 millimeters) is contained nearly 3.J times in the length of the
head and equals two-thirds the length of the maxilla. The length of the snout (14 millime-
ters) equals the least height of the tail. The anterior nostril is nearer to the eye than to
tlie tip of the snout: it is tubular and has prolongations behind consisting of two dark col-
ored filaments. The longest filaments above the orbit are scarcely one-third as long as the
eye. The posterior nostril is scarcely tubular: the distance between the anterior nostrils is
one-half the length of tin- eye. The integument covering the suprauiaxilla is finely scaled.
The character of the gill-rakers is very different from those of Poniinas; they are short,
stout, and the club-shaped extremity is armed with minute spines. There are i developed
and 2 rudiments above the angle and S below, beside^ ."> sessile rudiments. Pseudobranchia;
present. The distance of the spinous dorsal from the tip of the snout (67 millimeters)
equals twice the length of the upper jaw. The length of the first spine (8 millimeters)
equals the width of the iuterorbital space; the length of the second spine is nearly twice

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIB1 WON. 2 1 7

that of the first; the length of the third (22 millimeters) is about one-third the length of the
head; the fourth is about equal to the third, the fifth is broken off, the sixth is slightly
shorter than the third, and the rest decrease gradually in size to the penultimate spine,
whose length (11 millimeters) is a little more than one-halt the length of the last i l'.i milli-
meters). The longest ray of the sofl dorsal (26 millimeters) equals one-half the length of

the base of the spinous dorsal. Length of the middle caudal rays (32 milli ters) is nearly

one half the Length of the head. The caudal is slightly rounded when expanded. The
anal origin is under the last spine of the dorsal. The length of the anal base (17 millimeters)
equals one-half of the postorbital part of the head. The spines are all stout, the length of
the first (10 millimeters) is aboul one-half of the second (21 millimeters) and exactly one-
half of the third (20 millimeters.) The length of the longesl ray (24 millimeters) is about
one third the length of the head. The ventral does not quite reach to the vent : its length
(31 millimeters) slightly greater than that of the maxilla. The pectoral extends to the verti-
cal from the tenth spine of the dorsal. It reaches, also, to above the vent. It has the
lower 8 or 9 rays simple; the first ray, also, is simple, and the intervening 13 rays are
divided.

Radial formula:— D. xn, 9; A. in, 5; V. I, 5; P. 23.

Sc;des in 8 rows between the origin of the second dorsal and the lateral line, and in 15
rows from the origin of the anal upward to the lateral line. About 35 tubes in the lateral
line. About 60 rows of scales can be counted from the upper angle of the gill-opening to
the caudal.

Color (in alcohol) light orange yellow ; a faint dusky blotch on the upper part of theoper-
culum. An irregular area of dusky under the second half of the spinous dorsal extending
downward about to the middle of the body; another ill-defined blotch two-thirds as long as
t he eye on the basal half of the soft dorsal. The membrane of the spinous dorsal beginning
behind the fourth spine is vaguely intermingled with dusky.

The type of the description is an example measuring 150 millimeters to base of caudal.
Catalogue number 393:26, from station 2415, steamer Albatross, N. lat. 30° 44', W. Ion. 79°
26' (off Georgia), in 440 fathoms.

SCORP^ENA AGASSIZII, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 243.)

The greatest height of the body (32 millimeters) is about one-third of the standard
length. The least height of the tail (9 millimeters) equals one-half the length of the third
dorsal spine and nearly one-half the length of the maxilla The length of the head (38
millimeters) equals the length of the base of the spinous dorsal.

The greatest width of the head (21 millimeters) equals one half its length without the
postorbital part. The width of the interorbital area (8 millimeters) is half the length of
the postorbital part of the head. The length of the eye (15 millimeters) is contained 2;;
times in the greatest length and 6 times in the standard length. The supraocular ridge is
elevated above the general profile, and the snout is abruptly declivous and very short;
its length (6 millimeters) is less than one-hall' the length of the eye. The maxilla reaches
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit, its length (20 millimeters) is one-half
the length of the head and two-ninths of the standard length. The mandible reaches
behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit; its length (22 millimeters)
equals nearly one-fourth of the standard length: it has a prominent knob at the symphy-
sis. The strong preorbital spines overhang the supra-maxilla. The nasal spines small.
Three spines at the top of the orbit, one in front and two behind. Two spines on each
side of the vertex and one on each side of the nape; a tympanic and a humeral spine.
Two spines on the operculum and five behind the border of the preoperculum, the lirst
with a small supplementary spine at its base. Suborbital carina feeble, with three small
spines. Topof head scaleless; sidesofhead incompletely scaled. Cephalic filaments all
small, the longest one above the orbit about one third as long as the eye. Six gill rakers
above the angle and seven below. The distance of t he spinous dorsal from the snout (37
millimeters) equals the length of its base. The leugth of the first spine (7 millimeters) is

248 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

about one-half that of the second; the third, fourth, fifth and sixth are about equal in
length, being about one-half as long as the head. The penultimate is about three- fourths
as long as tin' last, whose length (15 millimeters) is about equal to that of the orbit. The
longest dorsal ray (20 millimeters) is about one-half as long as the head. The caudal is
very long, its middle rays (31 millimeters) about one-third the standard length. The anal
origin is under the penultimate spine of the dorsal. The length of its base (16 milliit eters
equals the height of the body at the end of the anal; length of the first spine (7 milli-
meters) is one-half that of the eye; the second spine (13 millimeters) is nearly twice as
long as the first, and the third ( LI millimeters) is exactly twice as long as the first. The
longest ray of the anal (21 millimeters) equals the length of the upper jaw. The vent is
under the tenth dorsal spine. The pectoral is very long, reaching to above the end of the
anal; its length (11 millimeters) more than that of the head. The ventral reaches to the
origin of the anal, its length (21 millimeters) somewhat more than one-fourth of the stand-
ard length.

Radial formula: — D. xii, 9; A. in, 5; P. 20, the lower ten and the first simple.

Five scales between the lateral line and the origin of the soft dorsal; eleven between
the origin of the anal and the lateral line, counting obliquely upward and backward; 17
rows between the upper angle of the gill-opening and the caudal; 28 tubes in the lateral line.

Color above light orange yellow, creamy white below the lateral line; the fins all
pale.

The type of the description is a specimen measuring 90 millimeters to base of caudal.
From station OCLix, Blake, N. lat. 23° 13', W. Ion. 39° 10'.

BATHYSEBASTES, Steindachner and Doderlein.

Bathysebastes, Steindacheh & Doderlein, Denkschr. Akad. Wisa. Wien, xlix, 1884, 207.— (iC.xther,
Challenger Report, sxn, 19.

Scorpaenids with continuous, though somewhat notched, dorsal; twelve dorsal spines.
Head naked above, with several series of spinous ridges. Cleft of mouth unusually wide.
Bands of teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatines. Superficial bones of the skull
with wide, mucifcrous cavities. Scales very small, cycloid ; upper side of the head scaleless
(or with scales on the lateral parts of the. head hidden under the skin). Branchiostegals 7.

This genus has not been fully characterized, and it is difficult to see how it will finally
be separated from Scorpcena.

It includes a single species, Bathysebastes albescens, obtained from the Sea of Japan.
Gunther, though stating that " nothing definite is known about the depths which it inhab-
its," includes it in his list of deep-sea fishes.

HELICOLENUS, Goode and Bean n. g.

Scorpaenids with body oblong, somewhat compressed; large head, ctenoid scales on its
top, and on the cheeks and opercles. Several series of spinous ridges on the head, but no
occipital pit. Mouth large, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines.
Dorsal fin continuous, not deeply notched, with 10 stout spines and 10 to 12 rays. Anal
with 3 spines and (5 rays. Pectorals broad, fan-shaped, with rays arranged in three groups :
the first of two simple rays; the second of 8 or 9 branched rays; the third of 8 simple
rays, sometimes prolonged, with their tips tendril like and free from the membrane for half
their length or less. The second dorsal with tips free from membrane. Suborbital keel
smooth, or with a single anterior spine under the eye. Preorbital with the spiues so con-
spicuous in Pontinus, small and hidden beneath the skin. Vertebras 10 + 11. No air-
bladder.

The type is the Sebastes dactylopterus of De la Roche. The genus occurs in the Mediter-
ranean and adjacent parts of the Middle Atlantic, and off the coast of the United States
south of Cape Cod.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 2-49

HELICOLENUS DACTYLOPTERUS, (De n Rocm i Goode and Bean. Figure 244.)

Swrpwna dactyloptera, In n Roche, Ann. Mus. Paris, xn, 316, :>37. PI. xxn, fig. 9. — Risso, lehthyol-

ogiedeNice, 1810, 186 (Nice); Hist. Nat. Eur. Meridionale, 1826, in, 369.
Sebastes dactylopterut, 6t s'THKR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, II, 1860,99.

loplai dat tylopients, Good] and Bi ln, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., \. L'l 1. — .!■ hzhan. Cat. Fish. N. Amor. 108.
Scorpa mi i Pontinus) daciylopti rus, Jordan and Gilbi kt, BuU. \ \ i, I '. s. Nat. Mus. <>"'■*.

A Helicolenus with body and bead somewhat compressed, and back arcuate; its height at
the ventrals 2f in its total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head about 2£. The
second dorsal spine about equal in length to the fourth, and both shorter than the third.
Scales moderate, finely pectinate upon the margins, presenting a rough surface. No der-
mal flaps. Preopercular spines five in number, somewhat conspicuous, and uniform in
size, except the second, which is a little longer and sharper than the others. Upper margin
of the eye touching upper profile of head, its diameter 3 to 3i in length of head. Max-
illary long, somewhat curved, its posterior extremity reaching about to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the pupil. Lower jaw equal in length to the upper, or sometimes
passing slightly beyond it. Upper jaw notched, the lower with a median tubercle corres-
ponding to the notch.

The lateral line is distant from the dorsal outline a space equal to three-quarters the
diameter of the orbit, and follows a nearly straight line to the point below the end of the
soft dorsal, thence with a gentle curve to a point slightly above the middle of the base of
the caudal. The number of longitudinal rows of scales is hard to determine. There appear
to be about 50 and 28-30 of them are tube bearing.

The dorsal fin is inserted above the inner, upper angle of the opercular flap, and the
length of its spinous portion is considerably less than the length of the head. Its second,
third and fourth spines are the longest, the third slightly exceeding the other two; while
the following ones gradually decrease to the eleventh, which is considerably shorter than
the tenth, which is equal to the fifth. The soft dorsal is composed of 12 rays, the last
bifid; and its height at its middle is considerably greater than that of the third dorsal
spine, anil nearly equal to that of the postocular portion of the head; its rays project far
beyond the membranes. The anal is inserted under the origin of the soft dorsal, and is
nearly equal to it in height. The tip of the ventral extends beyond the vent, the lower
pectoral rays sometimes going to the same vertical. The base of the pectoral is equal in
width to the postocular portion of the head, and almost equal to its longest or median
rays, which reach to the vertical from the vent; the tin is broad and fan-shaped; its first
two raj s are simple, the nine following branched, the last eight simple ami slender, nearly
half of their extremities free from connecting membranes.

Color, red above, white below, with the color of the back extending in transverse
bands upon the sides. Dark blotches or bands on the opercles and dorsal fin.

Radial formula: D. xn, 12-13; A. in, 6;V. I, 0.

De la Roche states that at Iviga this form is found only at considerable depths, outside of
the regions commonly frequented by the fishermen; indeed, that it is very rare, or scarcely
at all known, in the markets of the towns where the fishermen are not in the habit of going
far out to sea. He saw many individuals taken off Iviga at a depth of 200 to 290 meters,
and in the vicinity of Barcelona saw the same species from a depth of 540 meters. At iviga
the species is known as the Strait imperial, ami at Barcelona as the Fanegal.

Risso says that the specimens seen by him at Nice corresponded perfectly with the
description and figure ofDela Roche, and thai it is very common in that part of the Medi-
terranean, where it is known as the Cardouniera; that itgrows to a length of 30 centimeters
and a weight of 2 kilograms; that it is obtained on rocky bottoms at considerable depths

throughout the entire year, and that he has observed females full of eggs in summer. Gi S-

trini identities it from Naples under the name Scor/ano difunal, and says it is known only
at great depths. His diagnosis corresponds fairly well with that of De la Roche, but we do
not know whether it is original or quoted. Giglioli identities the same from Genoa, Messina,
and Catania.

250 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Outside of the Mediterranean it has been identified by Capello from Lisbon, where he
says it is very rare and found only in summer.

Moreau says he has found it common at Marseilles, and identifies with the species in-
dividuals observed by him at St. Jean de Luz, where it is very cominou, and at Biarritz,
where it is known by the Basque name Grabra; at Valence and at Arcachon, where it is
exceedingly rare, M. Lafout having obtained a single specimen, trawled and brought to
market in February, 1871.

The species also occurs in the western Atlantic in numerous localities, having been
first discovered by the Fish Hawk, in 1880, oft' Narragansett Bay. The western form pre-
sents no characters by which it can be distinguished from that of the Mediterranean, except
that the lower rays of its pectoral tin are somewhat more prolonged in the example studied
by us. This also has a perfectly smooth suborbital keel, while most of the western speci-
mens have a small spine on the anterior portion of this keel. This character is of little mo-
ment. In some of our specimens the spiue is present on one side and absent on the other.

In comparing H. dactylopterus with //. maderensis, special attention should be paid to the
preopercular spines. The limb of the preopercuhun is much more nearly vertical in the
Madeiran type, and the spines are more prominent, and their axes (as shown in Lowe's figure)
are parallel with each other and with the central axis of the fish's body. This tendency to
parallelism is noticeable in some of our specimens of //. dactylopterus. The Madeiran fish
has a much more heavily armed head, and its coloration is different. The back part of the
mouth of 7/. dactylopterus is plumbeous in both Mediterranean and American specimens, but
it seems hardly probable that it can have been as conspicuously black as in that of Madeira.

In addition to the American specimens, we have had before us a specimen obtained by
President Jordan at G-euoa (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 29783).

HELICOLENUS MADEKENSIS, <■ e A Bean, n. s.

Sebaftcs imperialis, LOWE, Synopsis, Fishes of Madeira, 175: Fishes of Madeira. 171, pi. xxiv.

A Helioolenus, with body moderately compressed, as high at the origin of the anal as at
that of the dorsal, with its profile flatly arched to a height equal to about one-third the
diameter of the orbit. Its greatest height, at the origin of the ventrals, is equal to the
length of the head (measured from the tip of the snout), and slightly exceeds one-third the
length of the body; the thickness, which is greatest behind the eyes, about one-half of its
height.

Eye large, the upper limb of the orbit encroaching upon the upper profile of the head ;
its diameter equal to the length of the snout, but less than the postorbital portion of the
head, aud consequently less than one-third the Length of the head. The iuterorbital space
deep and strongly ribbed, its width scarcely one-half the diameter of the orbit; a promi-
nent depression in the occipital region. Suborbital equally feeble, aculeate, with generally
only one slight spiue. Preoperculum with five strong spines, equidistant and regularly
arranged, the uppermost, which is opposite the end of the suborbital keel, or sometimes one
below it, a little the most conspicuous, all having the same horizontal or parallel direction,
being nearly straight or but slightly hooking upwards. The scapulary aud two suprascapu-
lary spines small and crowded, forming the usual triangle. Two conspicuous spines upon
the upper part of the opercular flap, below its angle; spines upon the anterior suborbital
inconspicuous.

The teeth are not described by Lowe.

The dorsal begins slightly behind the upper anterior angle of the preoperculum, and
(as shown in the figure) the roots of the first and second spines seem very close together.
The second and fourth spiues are nearly equa', the third slightly exceeding them in length; the
fifth, sixth, and seventh are nearly equal; the eighth, ninth, and tenth slightly decreasing
from one to the other, the ninth as long as the first, which exceeds the twelfth by as much
as this exceeds the tenth, and the tenth exceeds the eleventh. This fin is less regular in
the diminution of the length of its spines than that in //. dactylopterus.

The anal begins farther forward than in H. dactylopterus, apparently in the vertical from

DISCUSSION OF KI'KCTKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 251

the base of the eleven! b dorsal spine. The third anal spine is somewhat stouter and Longer
than the second) the tip of the anal, when extended, does not touch the vertical from the
end of the base of the sofl dorsal.

The pectoral is broad and fan-shaped, the width of its baseabout equal to the diameter
of the orbit, the uppermosl of its branched rays the longest, its middle rays aboui equal in
length to the longest of the ventral, which, when extended, pass far beyond the vent, and
almost, it' not quite, to the origin of the anal. The rays of the pectoral are arranged pre-
cisely as in //. dactylopterm. Caudal simple and truncate.

Lateral line straighter than in II. daetylopterw, bul slightly curved in its course from the
head to the middle of the caudal ped ii mde, and twice as far from the anterior portion of the
soft dorsal as from that of the spinous portion of the tin. It consists of L'!) or .'111 scales,
each with a little spine like point, directed tow aril t he tail. The scales (as shown by the
figure) are larger than in the .Mediterranean form. Color pale scarlet, with darker or
brighter broad, irregular, scarlet bands, often subdued with dusky, running down the side
from the dorsal origin and disappearing alter reaching the ventral origin. Fins scarlet,
immaculate, the spiny part of the dorsal tin being mottled, and having its spines and fila-
ments tipped with white, and its soft portion, like, the front of the ventral and anal tins,
edged with white. Head bright scarlet, the operculum with a patch of bluish black. The
back part of the mouth lead color, the front of mouth and tongue whitish. Iris golden,
shaded with brown; pupil violet, opalescent.1

This species is taken by the Madeiran fishermen on rocky bottoms and at great depths,
with lines 225 to 350 fathoms in length. It is taken chiefly in spring and autumn, neither
of which times, according to Lowe, is its breeding season, so that he is inclined to believe
that like P. dactylopterus, as observed by Risso, the spawning time is in summer. The
Madeirans call it the Boca negra, or black mouth, in allusion to its conspicuous blaek throat,
and it is also called Pai <li goto, or "tomcat," a name which refers to the fact that the eyes
glisten strongly in the dark.

The name Sebastes imperialis has no significance. Cuvier and Valenciennes had no
specimens except the types of De la Roche, and renamed it from some whimsical desire to
utilize the vulgar name •■Scrofaini imperali" which the Sicilians use for some fish which the
French ichthyologists supposed to be identified with that described from Ivica.

Specimens of this species were taken by the Fish lldirl: as follows: Cat. Xo. 26723, U.
S. X. M.. from station 897, in 37 25' X. hit.. 71 is' W. Ion., at a depth of 157J fathoms;
Cat. No. 28954, V. S. N. M., from station 1083, in 30° 56' X. hit., 69° 24' W. Ion., at a depth
of is;; fathoms: Cat. No. 28827, C. S. X. M.,from station '.Ml. in 40 01' X. lat., 71 II 30
W. Ion., at a depth of 128 fathoms: Cat. No. 28847, U. S. X. M., from station 950, in 403 07'
X. hit.. 70 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 71 fathoms: Cat. X... 31658, U. S. X. M„ from station
L109, in 40° 03' X. lat.. 70° 38' W. Ion., at a depth of 89 fathoms; Cat. No. 29060, I '. S. X.
M., from station L027, in 40c X. lat.. 69° 19' W. Ion., at a depth of 93 fathoms; Cat. Xo.
28754, I'. S. X. M.,from station 939, in 39° 53' N. lat., 69° 50' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 264
fathoms: Cat. Xo. 28957, U. S. X. M., from station 103l', in 39c 56' X. lat.. 69 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 208 fathoms: Cat. Xo. 26627, U. S. X. M.. from station 897, in 87 25' X. hit..
71 IS' W. Ion., at a depth of 157J fathoms; Cat. No. 28998, U. S. X. M., from station lot;;.
in 38° .".'.»' X. lat., 73° 11' W. Ion., at a depth of 180 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 31871, 1*. S. X.
M., from station 1152, in 39° 58' X. hit., 70° 3.V W. Ion., at a depth of 115 fathoms: Cat.
Xo. 81S74, 17. S. X. M.. from station 1151, in 39° 58' 30" X. lat.. 70° 87' W. Ion., at a depth
of 125 fathoms; Oat. No. 29050, O. S. N. M., from station 1045, in 38° 35' N. lat., 73° 13 W.
Ion., at a depth of 312 fathoms: and Cat. Xo. 28980, (J. 8. X. M., from station 108s. in 39
58' X. hit.. 70° Ofi' YV. Ion., at a depth of 130 fathoms.

The Albatross also secured specimens from the following localities: Station 2402,in28c
36' N. hit., ^r,o 33' 30'' W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms; from station 2545, in 40° 01' X.

'Lowe states that in several large examples taken iu August the color was the most brilliant scarlet
imaginable, with the kinds deeper, bnt pure, intense scarlet. The eye was singularly beautiful. The anal

liu was ljiuadlv edged, in front with white.

252 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Int., 70° 23' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2544, in 40° 01' 45" X.
lat., 70° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 131 fathoms; from station 2204, in 37° 07' 50" X. hit,
74o 34' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 167 fathoms: from station 2540, in 39° 58' 20" X. lat.,
70° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 144 fathoms; from station 2548, in 39° 5(1' X. lat,, 70° 14' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 200 fathoms; from station 2109, in 35° 14' 20" X. lat., 74° 59' 10"
W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2205, in 37° 07' 40" X. lat., 74° 35' 40"
W. Ion., at a depth of 70 fathoms: from station 2397, in 28° 42' X. lat., si; 36' W. Ion., at
a depth of 280 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35087, U. S. X. M.. from station 2202, in 39° 54' 45" X.
lat,, 09° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 32805, U. S. X. M., from
station 2011, in 36° 38' 30" X. lat.. 74 > 40' 10" W. Ion., at a depth of XI fathoms; Cat, Xo.
35479, U. S. X. M., from station 2200, in 39° 53' 30" X. lat., 09° 43' 20" W. Ion., at a depth
of 148 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35472, U. S. X. M., from station 2184, in Id 00' 15" X. lat., 70° 55'
30" VV. Ion., at a depth of 136 fathoms, and < at. Xo. 32812, U. S. X. M., from station 2014,
in 36° 41' 05" X. lat., 74° 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms.

The schooner Josie Reeves obtained a single specimen (Cat. Xo. 28998, U. S. N. M.) in
40° 01' X. lat., 71° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 125 fathoms.

PONTINUS, Poey.

Pontinua, Poey, Mem. Hist, Nut. Cuba. 11, 185N, 172.

Sebastopliis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1863, 208.— Jordan, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1885 (1889), 679.

Scorpaenids similar in form and general structure to Helicolenus, but having the pec-
toral rays all simple and their tips only free: having six to nine rays in the anal; the
suborbital keel composed of three distinct, differentiated, fiat, knife-like spines, and two
prominent retrorse spines on each suborbital.

A yOUNO PONTINUS.

The type of this genus is Pontinua castor (Poey), which, with the allied species; P.
pollux, described at the same time, is probably a shoahvater form, peculiar to the West
Indian fauna. The genus is apparently precisely equivalent to QUY& Sebastoplus, described
by him in 1803, of which Sebastes Kuhlii was designated as the type.

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA SPECIES OF PONTINUS.

I. Base of pectoral broad; fill tan shape. Lateral line curved at its origin.

A. Second dorsal spine longer than fourth.

1. Second and third dorsal spines longest.

a. Five preopercular spines, "60 scales in longitudinal series" (Giinther). About 30 tubes in

lateral line P. Kuhlii

b. Four preopercular spines. "42 scales in longitudinal series " (Sauvage) P. Bihkoxii

2. Second dorsal spine much the longest.

a. Four preopercular spines (32 tubes in lateral line?) P. fii.ifer

B. Second dorsal spine shorter than or equal to fourth.

1. Scales small, finely pectinate, rather irregular. Laciniae on head. Preopercular spines irregular

a. Third and fourth dorsal spines longest.

'End of dorsal and anal opposite P. canarif.nsis

* * End of anal considerably in advance of that of dorsal. About 26 tubes in lateral
line P. FvATHBUNi

b. Third dorsal spine conspicuously longest. About 22 tubes in lateral line P. macrolepis

II. Base of pectoral narrow, and the fin slender. Lateral line straight.
A. Third dorsal spine longest.

1. Ventrals reaching vent. No lacinite. Scales regular, carinate P. longispinis

2. Ventrals not reaching vent. Laciniie. Pacific coast, N. A [P. sierra]

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 253

PONTINUS KUHLII, (Bowdich), Goode andBEAN.

Scorpoena Kuhlii, Bowdich, Excursions in Madeira, 1-':!.

Sebastet Kuhlii, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, n. 176; Synopsis Pishes of Madeira, 176; Folios of

Madeira, 115, pi. xvii. — GWnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., u. 102. — Capello, ■ I urn. Arc ad. Sci. Lisboa, 1;

Cat. Peix. Port ugal, 1880, 11. — Vaillant, Exp. Sri. Travailleur <•( Talisman. 370.
Scbastoplua Kuhlii. Gill. I'm, . Acad. Nat. s<'i. Phila., 1863, 208.

A Pontinus, having an oblong, somewhat compressed body, the height of which at the
origin of the ventral is contained about 3 times in its total Length (caudal excluded) ; the
length of its head 2 A times. The space between tin- eyes slightly concave, with two Ion
ridges, its width about one-eleventh the length of the head. Snout as long as the diameter of
the orbit; lower jaw projecting considerably; tin- vertex is much depressed and has several
prominent spines, ami there are long, lanceolate laciniae upon the margin of the orbil and
in front of it. The upper maxillary reaches about to the vertical from the middle of the
eye. There arc 3 prominent spines upon the suborbital carina, and a long, sharp spine in
continuation of them upon the preoperculum, with .'! or 4 less conspicuous spines below it
and one above. The dorsal is continuous and comparatively slightly notched, the twelfth
and ninth dorsal spines being nearly as long as any except the first, second, and third,
while the first, tenth, and eleventh are also about equal. The anterior dorsal ray is about
equal in height to the fourth spine, and the tin from that point curves sharply in a sub-
vertical, fan-shaped outline to the caudal peduncle; the second and third dorsal spines are
much longer than the others. Anal inserted under the second dorsal ray, with ."> stout
spines, of which the third is the longest, being longer than the fourth dorsal ray, and
with o rays, closely set together, and as long as the longest dorsal rays. Pectoral with
broad, cresceutic base, fan-shaped, when expanded reaching from the ventral line to the
lateral line. Ventrals as long as the longest dorsal spine, and inserted directly under the
pectoral base, the antecedent spine as long as the second spine of the anal. Color red,
irregularly blotched with brown.

Radial formula: D. XII, 9-10; A. Ill, o; V. I, 5; about 25 tubes in the lateral line.

This species, the Requieme, was first found in Madeira, and was named by Bowdich,
and described by Lowe. The fishermen take it about Madeira with lines of loo to 250
fathoms in length. It grows to be from 12 to 15 inches long, and to weigh from a pound to
a pound and a quarter. The British Museum has specimens from the Canaries, and Capello
records it from Lisbon. It has not as yet been found in the Western Atlantic or in the
Mediterranean though St bastt s Bibroni of Sauvage may prove to be the same. The French
expedition obtained it off the coast of Soudan in 670-1139 metres in the Banc d'Arguin,
17.~)-2330 metres, anil others, 520 millimeters long off Palinas. It may be readily dis-
tinguished from any other species of Pontinus by the great prominence of the second and
third dorsal spines. Vaillant has printed an elaborate description of its scales.

PONTINUS BIBRONII, (Sauvage), Goode and Bean.

Sebaste8 (Sebaatichlhyn) Bibroni, Sauvage, Nouvelles Archives du Museum, Paris, 1,1878, 116, pi. i.fig. 3 (scales).

A Pontinus, with the posterior extremity of the maxillary not passing beyond the ver-
tical from the center of the eye. Teeth in the middle of the upper jaw longer than the
others. Pharynx colorless. Four spines on the preoperculum, the upper one the longest;
2 spines, pointing backward, on the anterior suborbital. Eye small. Second anal spine
longer than the third. Anal extending to the base of the caudal. Pectorals a little longer
than the ventrals, which do not extend to the vent. Second and third spines of the dorsal
longer than the others. Scales rounded, the anterior limb Dearly entire, the posterior
Limb armed with numerous rows of little spines, of which those on the edge are long.
Color red, with numerous black blotches, arranged in three series, one along the back, and
two others above and below the lateral line.

Radial formula: I>. XII, 10; A.m.5; scales in lateral line 42; above l.'t, below 28.

This species is described from a specimen 20 centimeters long, collected itr Sicily by
M. Bibron. Though similar in appearance to Helicolenus doctylopterus, this species, as

254 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Sauvage declares, appears to be distinct. It is distinguished by the less oblique profile of
the head, smaller eye, shorter maxillary, colorless pharynx, the teeth iu the middle of the
upper jaw shorter, 4 spines on the preoperculuin instead of 5, the anal shorter, and the
scales different in character. Another distinctive character is the presence of 2 strong
spines on the suborbital.

The space between the posterior margin of the eye and the origin of the dorsal is more
arched than in the other species. The height is contained four times in the length of the
head; the opening of the mouth is more horizontal; the interocnlar space flatter and
narrower between the two crests, which are less conspicuous. The occipital pit is nearly
square. The suborbital crest has .'? spines, while in H. dactylopterus scarcely any spines
are visible.

The teeth of the vomer are arranged m the form of a A- with angles less divergent than
in the other species. Between the vomerine patch and the palatines there is a considerable
interval; the palatine band narrower anteriorly and more curved. The anterior edge of the
maxillary is less notched, the muzzle blunter. The preopercular space is shorter; the lateral
line is straighter iu its anterior portion. The space between the extremity of the dorsal
and the origin of the caudal is shorter. The second and third spines of the dorsal are much
longer than those which follow, while in 11. dactylopterus t he spines diminish regularly in
height. The fins are uniform brownish-red; the caudal lias a lew black blotches.

This species, which Sauvage considers allied to Helicolenus dactylopterus, does not belong
to the same genus. It is suspiciously close to Pontirius Kuhlii, but we deem it unsafe to
assume its specific identity in species from localities even so close together as Sicily and
Madeira. The description of Sauvage is therefore translated in full, and the. attention of
Mediterranean ichthyologists is especially directed to the desirability of obtaining further
material in regard to this genus in their waters.

PONTINUS FIL1FER, (Ww i:n( n nxe-i, Goodb and Bean.

Sebastts filifer, Vaij:n( ienms, in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Ilea Canarieimes, Poisaons, 1836, 21 pi. n,

fig. 2. '

A Pontinus with a comparatively low dorsal convexity, its heighl at the origin of the
anal about two-thirds that at the origin of the dorsal, which enters 2| into the total length
(without caudal) ; length of head about -h times in total length. Eye small, its diameter
about two thirds the length of the snout, and contained about four and one-half times in
that of the head; it touches but does not encroach upon the upper profile, and (as shown
by the figure of Webb and Berthelot) this profile is not deeply depressed, either in front
or behind it. Interorbital space nearly Hat, its width two thirds the diameter of the eye,
with two strong crests, each terminated by a spine. Suborbital crest sharp, composed of 3
nearly equal pointed spines. Posterior extremity of the maxillary extending about to the
vertical from the posterior limb of the orbit. Tongue free. Teeth in broad bauds upon the
jaws, longest in the middle. Vomerine teeth in the form of a A. with wide angle.

Dorsal flu planted far back, not far in front of the axil of the pectorals. The base of
the spinous dorsal is nearly one third as long as the body; its second spine is much the
longest, slender, recurved, its length about twice that of the fourth spine, which is about
equal to the twelfth and twice as long as the first. The spines followingthe fourth decrease
in very slow and gradual gradation to the eleventh, the seventh to the eleventh inclusive
being nearly equal; the third is midway in length between the secoud and the fourth; the
.soft dorsal is as high as the second spine.

The origin of the anal is in the vertical from that of the second dorsal: its end iu the
vertical from the preantepcnultimate dorsal ray, its first spine is similar in size and shape
to the first of the dorsal; its second to the fourth of the dorsal, though stouter; its third to
the fifth of the dorsal. The base of the pectoral is rather narrow, its width about equal to
the length ot the snout. Its rays are apparently all simple, the middle ones the longest
and nearly as long as the longest dorsal spine, and extending to the vertical from the origin
of the anal. The tips of all the rays are free, those of the middle ones most so.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 255

The anal is inserted under bhe axil of the pectoral, its single spine slender and longer
than the fourth of the dorsal, its longest rays exceeding those of the second dorsal, and
when extended backwards passing far beyond the vent and almost to the anal.

The lateral line is almosl straight, and (as shown in the figure) has 36 to 38 tubes.
This corresponds closely to Sauvage's account; he records 12 scales above and 29 below the
lateral line.

Scales broad, with three or lour rows of strong spines upon their posterior limb. Color,
body reddish yellow with numerous black blotches on each side of the lateral line; black-
ish on the back and on the head. Dorsal and caudal spotted with black, other litis light.

Radial formula: 1). xn, 10; A. Ill, 5.

This species, described by Vaillant from the Canaries, was obtained off those islands
by Webb and Berthelot, who record that it lives at a depth of 250 fathoms, in company
with Sebastes imperialis. It is called by the Canary fishermen Rascazio de fuera, while its
companion is the Riibio Colorado. This species is closely related to 1'. Kuhlii.

PONTINUS CANARIENSIS, (Sauvage), Goode and Bean.
Sebastes (Sebastichthys) canariensis, Sauvage, Nouvellea Archives du Museum, Paris, i, 1878, 117, pi. i, figs. 1,2.

APontinns, with its greatest height more than 2£ times in its total length (without
caudal i : the length of the head about _'.!,-. Eye moderate, its diameter about equal to the
length of the snout and contained 3§ times in the lengtn of the head. Its upper limb
encroaches strongly upon the upper profile, which is much depressed in front and behind it.
Interorbital space quite broad, with 2 low crests. Occipital region depressed, provided on
each side with 3 strong crests, the two posterior ones connected by an inconspicuous crest.
Two stron-' spines on the snout; two spines on the anterior suborbital. Preopereulum with
•1 spines (in the figure 3, of which only the two upper ones are conspicuous). A very
strong spine in the axil of the pectoral. The extremity of the maxillary extending almost
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. A suborbital horizontal crest, with
2 feeble spines at its posterior end. The maxillary, the lower part of the preopereulum,
and the under part of the mandible scaleless. The first anal spine short, stout, its length
about half that of the second anal spine, which is nearly as long as the soft rays of the fin.

Dorsal with 12 spines, of which the third and fourth are the longest, the fourth slightly
exceeding the third; the fifth, sixth, and seventh nearly equal; the eighth and the eleventh
somewhat shorter; the second and the ninth shorter still; the tenth still less, but exceeding
the twelfth, which in its turn is longer than the first. The length of the base of the spinous
dorsal about equal to the length of the head. The. soft dorsal with 9 rays (10 shown in the
figure), rounded, highesl at its middle, the longest ray being about equal to the third spine.
Original of anal under the second or third dorsal ray, and the extremity of its base oppo-
site that of the soft dorsal. Pectoral and ventral tins nearly equal in length, and when
extended their tips reach to the origin of the anal. The 10 lower rays of the pectoral
Simple, and with tips only free.

Scales broad in proportion to their length, with 3 rows of spines upon their upper
margin, the outermost the largest. Anterior limb straight. The figure shows 22 to 23
tubes in the lateral line. Sauvage's account of 57 scales in the longitudinal row signifies
little. He registers 15 above and 29 below.

Color red, with some brown blotches along the back.

Radial formula: D. XII, 11-10; A. ill, 5.

The type of this species was brought from the Canaries by Webb and Berthelot, and
was 18 centimeters in length. It is to all appearances a deep-sea form, and very closely
related to /'. Bathbuni, which follows.

PONTINUS RATHBUNI, Goode and Bkan, n. s. (Figure 215.)

flic greatest depth of the body (40 millimeters) is contained about 24 times in the
standard length. The least height of the tail (13 millimeters) equals the length of the eye.
The length of the head (52 millimeters) is nearly twice the length of the mandible (27 mil-

256 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

liineters), and is contained in the standard length about 2£ times. The greatest width of
the head (28 millimeters) equals the length of the middle caudal rays. The width of the
iuterorbital area (5 millimeters) is one-fourth of the iuterorbital part of the head; it is not
very deeply concave and has a few scales. The top of the snout, also, is fully provided with
scales. The length of the eye (13 millimeters) is one-half the length of the mandible. The
length of the snout (13 millimeters) is equal to that of the eye. The maxilla extends nearly to
the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye; its length (23 millimeters) is contained i'J
times in that of the head and equals one-half the greatest height of the body. The man-
dible reaches beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, its length (26 milli-
meters) equaling that of the postorbital part of the head and twice the length of the eye.
Eight developed gill-rakers below the angle and 5 rudiments, 2 above the angle and 5
rudiments. The gill-rakers are very slightly expanded at the end and the longest is a little
more than 2 millimeters in length. Pseudobranchise well developed. Teeth in villiform
bands in the jaws and on the vomer aud palate. A naked space at the symphysis of the
inter inaxillaries. The distance of the anterior nostril from the front of the eye equals the
distance from its fellow of the opposite side: it is in a tube which has an elongated narrow
extension behind, ending in two or three small filaments. The posterior nostril is scarcely
tubular aud is placed close to the anterior. A pair of recurved spines on the preorbital. a
pair between the nostrils, four spines forming the suborbital carina, four spines on the
border of the preoperculum, the uppermost with a supplementary spine at its base. The
first and third spines larger thau the others. A pair of compressed flat spines on the oper-
culum; a pair of spines at the front of the orbit above and a pair above the orbit on each
side posteriorly. A spine on each side of the vertex, and a pair on each side of the nape.
A single posterior spine on each side and two humeral spines.

A very short and slender filament above the orbit m front, a Large supraoecipital fila-
ment, which expands at the top into a semi-leaf-like tip. A small slender filament between
the nuchal spines, a combined filament behind the lower preorbital spine. The length of
the longest supraoecipital filament (19 millimeters) is about two thirds the length of the eye.

The head is entirely scaly above with an expansion of the integument covering the
supramaxilla.

The distance of the spinous dorsal from the tip of the snout (45 millimeters) is con-
tained 25} times in the standard length, and is equal to the length of the base of the spinous
dorsal. The length of the first spine (9 millimeters) is one half that of the second spine,
(18 millimeters); I he length of the third and longest spine (21 millimeters), equal to the
length of the upper jaw. The length of the penultimate spine (12 millimeters), equal to
one half the length of the upper jaw. The length of the last spine (13 millimeters) is equal
to that of the eye. The length of the base of the soft dorsal (30 millimeters) is one-fourth of
the standard length. The length of the third and longest ray (20 millimeters) is one-sixth
of the standard length. The length of the middle caudal ray (28 millimeters) is contained
4£ times in the standard length. The tail is nearly truncate when expanded. The anal
origin is under the second ray of the dorsal. The length of the anal base (16 millimeters)
equals two-thirds the length of the upper jaw. The length of the first spine (9 millimeters)
is three-fourths the length of the eye; the length of the second spine (23 millimeters)
equals the length of the maxilla; the length of the third (1!) millimeters) is about twice that
of the first. The length of the longest ray (23mm.) equals that of the second spine. The
last ray (15 millimeters) is nearly equal to the base of the fin. The vent is under the tenth
spine of the dorsal. The pectoral rays are all simple; the tenth is the longest, its length
(30 millimeters) equal to one-fourth of the standard length. The fin reaches slightly beyond
the vent when extended, but does not reach to above the origin of the anal; the ventral
reaches to the vent; the length of its spine (17 millimeters) is about one-third the length of
the head. The length of the second ventral ray (27 millimeters) is a little more than one-
half the length of the head.

Radial formula: D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 5; V. I, 5; P. 17.

General color light-orange yellow ; 0 dark blotches on the upper surface, the first of

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 257

which is on the nape, the second at the beginning of the spinous dorsal, the third under the
fourth spine < if the dorsal, the fourth beginning under the seventh spine of the dorsal, the
fifth at the origin of the soft dorsal, and the sixth near the end of the soft dorsal. The
largest of these blotches is about two-thirds as long as the eye. Soft dorsal with numerous
roundish dark blotches on the skin covering the rays. < laudal marked like the sofj dorsal,
other tins pale. In life the species was probably roseate.

The type of the description is an individual measuring 119 millimeters to base of
caudal. Catalogue number, 39325; from station 2298, Albatross, N. lat. 35° 39', W. Ion. 71
52 . 80 fathoms.

This species is closely related to /'. canariensis, but may l>e distinguished by the
greater number of scales in the lateral line, by the shorter pectorals, the ventrals, which
when extended reach to the line of the vent only. by the more advanced position of the
anal, the termination of whose base is under the base of the antepenultimate dorsal raj ;
by the greater length of the second anal spine, which is longer than the third, and nearly
three times as long as the first; by the character of the suborbital crest, which is high and
sharp ami has its surface notched into three portions, so that it appears to be composed of
three long depressed spines; by the presence of lacuna- in the occipital region; by the
more advanced position of the pectoral, whose base is almost hidden under the branchios-
tegal membrane, its anterior spine being close to the edge of the opercular flap.

The contour of the dorsal is much the same, save that the spines are more slender and
the notch less deep, the eleventh spine being equal to the tenth, and not much shorter than
the ninth.

Pontinus Rathbuni is dedicated to Mr. Richard Iiathbun, chief of the Division of Scien-
tific Inquiry in the U. S. Fish Commission, in recognition of his important contributions to
marine zoology.

PONTINUS MACROLEPIS, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 247.)

A Pontinus having pectoral rays all simple as in P.longispinis, I'. Kuhlii, and /'. castor,
and larger sealed than either of those. We have compared it with Pontinus castor of Poey,
and while it belongs to the same genus it is a much larger scaled species than Poey's and
the supraoccipital filaments are much less developed. The greatest depth of the body (30
millimeters) is about one-third of the standard length; the least height of the tail (8 milli-
meters) equals the length of the snout. The length of the head (41 millimeters) is equal to
one-half the total length to the end of the dorsal. The greatest width of the head (21 milli-
meters) is about one half its greatest length. The width of the interorbital area (4 milli-
meters) is about one-half the length of the snout. The interorbital region is deeply concave
and scaleless; top of snout also scaleless. The length of the eye (13i millimeters) is about
one-third the length of the head. The length of the postorbital part of the head to the end
of the opercular flap (L9 millimeters) equals one-half the distance from the tip of the snout
to the origin of the spinous dorsal. The maxilla reaches beyond the vertical from the
middle of the eye and the mandible to below the end of the eye. The length of the maxilla
(L'O millimeters) is one-half the length of the head. The length of the mandible (21 niilli
meters) equals the length of the ventral. Four rudiments and 2 developed gill-rakers
. above the angle; 9 developed below the angle. The*developed gill rakers have alittle knob
at the end. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws and on the vomer and palatine bones. A
naked space at the symphysis of the intermaxillary pieces into which is received a projecting
spur at the tip of the mandibles, mandible with a slight knob below and with three large
pores along the middle of its surface. I'seudobranchia- well developed.

A paii' of spines between the nostrils, a pair at the top of the mint in front, a pair of
supraoccipitals continued backward by two additional pairs on the vertex, two pairs mi
the nape. A tympanic spine. A pair of humeral spines. Twostout, flat spines on the pre-
opercle, -1 on the preoperculum, of which the uppermost is the largest and tin- third is larger
than the second and fourth. The uppermost, also, has a supplementary small spine at its
base. .Sub orbital carina consisting of 3 spines, 2 on the preorbital, botli of which bend
1980S— No. 2 17

258 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

backward. A very short filament above the orbit in front and another one behind, whose
length (4 millimemeters) is about one-third that of the eye. The head is entirely scaly
with the exception of the top of the snout, and the integument covering the supramaxilla
and the gill rakers has the same structure, The anterior nostrils are tabular, the tube
produced behind into a thin narrow nap; the anterior nostril is at a distance from the eye
equal to the interorbital width. The posterior nostril is not tabular. The distance of the
dorsal from the tip of the snout (3G millimeters) is twice the length of the maxilla. The
length of the first spine (10 millimeters) is about two- thirds the length of the the second (14
millimeters), the third and longest spine (1C millimeters) is one half as long as the head
without the snout. The penultimate spine (8 millimeters) is nearly as long as the first, and
the last spine (10 millimeters) is about one-half the length of the upper jaw. The longest
ray of the dorsal (12 millimeters) equals one-third of the distance from tip of snout to dorsal.

The length of the middle caudal rays (20 milimeters) is about one-half the length of the
head. The caudal is almost truncated behind. The anal originates under the second ray
of the dorsal; the length of its base (10 millimeters) is one quarter the length of the head.
The length of the first spine (7 millimeters) is about two-thirds the length of the anal base;
the leugth of the second (17 millimeters) is about one-fifth of the standard length; length
of third spine (13 millimeters) is about equal to that of the eye. The longest ray (10 mil-
limeters) is equal to the longest spine of the dorsal.

The longest ray of the pectoral (25 millimeters) equals the distance from the vent to
the origin of the ventral. Pectoral when extended reaches to the vent or to the vertical
from the penultimate dorsal spine. The ventral origin is under the base of the pectoral.
The fin reaches to the vent, its length (22 millimeters) a little greater than that of the
mandible. There are about 0 lows of scales, counted obliquely, from the origin of the
dorsal to the lateral line and about 1 0 below the line. There are about 22 tubes in the
lateral line.

Radial formula: D. xn, 10; A. in, ."»; 1'. 17: V. i, 5.

The colors of the alcoholic specimens have faded out, The type is now a very light
orange; fins all pale. There are faint traces of the existence of dusky blotches along the
back in life.

The colors of the fresh specimen were as follows: Uniform rosy intermingled with
pearly white; the light areas most conspicuous on the fins. Anterior part of anal more
intensely colored than any other part of the fish. Cephalic tentacles pale; the posterior
supraocular pair with a little band of rose a little below the middle of the height. Pupil
an intense blue. Iris golden above and below, overlaid with rosy, greenish golden an-
teriorly and posteriorly. Belly and throat pearly white. The light areas on the caudal
simulate bands.

The type of the description is a single small individual measuring 88 millimeters to
the base of the caudal; total length, 110 millimeters, from station 2354, Albatross, 2J. lat.
20° 59' 30", W. Ion. 8G^ 23' 45", off Yucatan, from a depth of 130 fathoms.

PONTINUS LONGISPINIS, Goode aud Bean, n. s. (Figure 246.)

The peculiar form of the spinous dorsal, noticeably in P. Kuhlii, is quite marked in
our new species — that is to say, the third spine is longer than the fourth, and much longer
than the first and second. The gill-rakers also are stout, rather short, and not numerous,
while the pectoral rays are all small. The species is not so deep-bodied as <S'. Kuhlii, the
greatest depth of the body (40 millimeters) being a little less than one-third of the stand-
ard leugth. The least height of the tail (12 millimeters) is one-fourth of the length of the
head. The leugth of the head (50 millimeters) is about two fifths of the standard length;
greatest width (27 millimeters) is a little more than one-half its length. The width of the
interorbital area (7 millimeters) is one-half the length of the eye, which is about equal
to the length of the snout. The length of the eye (15 millimeters) is contained 3J
times in that of the head, or li times in the length of the postorbital part of the
head. The maxilla reaches to below the middle of the eye; its leugth (23 millimeters) is

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. J.V.)

one-half the distance from the tip of the snout to the spinous dorsal. The mandible
extends slightly farther back than the maxilla, its length (26 millimeters] about one-
half the length of the head. Teeth in the jaws in villiforin bands. At the symphysis of
the interuiaxillaiics there is a slight interspace separating the two enlarged club-shaped
ends of the bone. The vomerine patch in a very narrow triangular band ; the palatine bands

also are very narrow : iiseinloliranelii;e well developed; 12 developed gill-rakers on tlie

anterior arch, of which 9 are below the angle besides the rudiments. A pair of spines
between the anterior nostrils; a pair of spines on the front of the preorbital; three forming
a ridge across the cheek; 4 on the preoperculum, of which the one at the middle of the
border is the largest; 2 on the operculum; a pair of spines above the front of the orbit; '!
small supraorbitals, 2 nuchal, 1 postorbital, and 2 at the origin of the lateral line;
no filaments about the head. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Scales on the nape and on the
top of the snout. The sides of the snout are naked, and there are no scales on the integu
nient covering the maxilla. The ridges of the spines of the head and of the scales are
exactly the same as in /'. Kuhlii and the gill-rakers have the same structure. The anterior
nostrils are tubular, distant from the eye about one-third the eye's diameter, and its dis-
tance from its fellow of the opposite side (7 millimeters) is nearly one half the length of t he
eye. The spinous dorsal originates a little in front of the base of the pectoral; its dis-
tance from the tip of the snout is twice the length of the maxilla. The length of the first
spine (9 millimeters) is one-half that of the fourth spine; the length of the second spine
( 13 millimeters) is scarcely more than one-half the length of the third spine (25 millimeters).
The fourth spine is considerably shorter than the third, and the spines gradually decrease
in length, so that the eleventh is a little shorter than the second. The length of the twelfth
spine (10 millimeters) is about equal to the length of the snout. The length of the longest
ray of the second dorsal (19 millimeters) is nearly one-half of the base of the spinous dor-
sal. The caudal is very slightly emargiuate; the length of the middle rays (31 millimeters)
is about one-fourth of the standard length. The anal origin is under the first ray of the
soft dorsal; the length of the base of the fin (16 millimeters) is nearly one-third of the
length of the head. The length of the first spine (8 millimeters) is nearly one-third that of
the second spine (20 millimeters). The length of the third spine (26 millimeters) is 2i times
that of the first. The length of the longest ray (22 millimeters) is li times that of the last
ray (15 millimeters). The pectoral origin is under the interspace between the second and
third dorsal spines; the fin reaches, when extended, almost to the end of the spinous dorsal
or to the thirteenth pore of the lateral liue. The ventral is under the pectoral; the length
of its spine (22 millimeters) nearly equal to the length of the maxilla. The fin reaches
about tc the vent when extended; the length of the longest ray (27 millimeters) is a
little more than one-half the length of the head. The vent is under the ninth spine of
the dorsal; its distance from the origin of the anal (9 millimeters) is equal to one-third of
its distance from the origin of the ventral.

D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 5; P. 16; V. I, 5.

Scales 7 | 49 | 13. 25 pores in lateral line.

Color of the alcoholic specimen, light orange. Caudal with a few small, dusky blotches;
the other fins pale.

This description is based upon an example measuring 126 millimeters to the base of the
caudal. It was taken along with two smaller individuals at station 2402 by the .steamer
Albatross, X. lat. 28° 36', W. Ion. 85° 33' 30", in 11L fathoms; another small example was
taken by the Albatross at station 2101, in X. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. s.v 52' 30 ', 142
fathoms.

SEBASTES, Cuvier.

Seba8tcs, Cuvier, R^gue Animal, 1820, ii, 1G6.— Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poira., iv, 326.— Gt N
thek, Cat. Pish. Brit. Mub., n, 95 (part).— Gnx, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1st;:;. 207.— Jordam and
Gilbert, Bull, xvi, I', s. Nat. Mus., 651.

Scorpaenids with head and body compressed: head scaly above and on sides, witli one
or two pairs of spine-tipped cranial ridges. Mouth broad, oblique, the maxillary reaching

260 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

below the eye, broad, short, and extended at its tip; lower jaw projecting, with the knob
at its symphysis dwindling into a notch in the upper jaw. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Eye very large, and close to the upper profile. Preopercle strongly armed
with 5 divergent spines; opercle with '2 spines. Supracapular spiues prominent.

Scales small, ctenoid, irregular. No latinise upon head or body.

Fins perciform. Dorsal moderately notched, with 15 spines and an equal number of
rays, more closely planted than the spines. Anal with 3 spines and 7 or 8 rays. Pectorals
long and narrow. Caudal emarginate. Branchiostegals, 7. Vertebra?, 12+19.

The type of this genus is Perca marina of Linnaeus, but the generic name was rather
whimsically derived from the common name borne in the Balearic Islands by a fish of
another genus, the Scorpmna dactyloptera of De la Eoche, already discussed.

SEBASTES MARINUS, (Linn.ecs), White. (Figure 248.)

Perca marina, LnowEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758,483; ed. xn, 290.— Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. X, ni, 258, pi.
xlviii; ed. 2, in, 34!i, pi. i.ix.

Sebastm marinus, White, Catalogue of British Fishes, 8.

Cyprinus pelagicus, Lixx.eus. Fauna Suecica, I, 1764, 320.

Perca norwegica, MOller, Zoologi* Danicae, I77!t, 46. — Fabricius, Fauna Graenlandiea, 167.

Sebastes norvegicus, Cuviek and Valenciennes, iv, 1829, 327. pi. lxxxvii. — Yarrell, Brit. Fish., ed.l, 73, cut;
ed. 2, i. 87; ed. 3, n, 72.— Jenyns, Brit. Vert.. 347. — Eichakdson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fish.,52.— Storer,
Rep. Fish. Mass., 26; Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 38, pi. VU, fig. 1.— DeKay, Zool. N. Y., Fish., 60, pi. IV, fig.
2. — KrOyer, Danm. Fisfce, 270. — Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, 82. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., u,95; Challenger Report, xxn, 17. — Malmgren, Ofvers. Sven. Yet. Akad. Forh., 1865,508. — Collett,
Norses Fiske, 19. — LiJTKEN, Vid. Medd., 1876, 358.— GoODE and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., xi, 14.— Day,
Fish. Great Britain and Ireland, i, 42, pi. xviii.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 651.

Helocentrus norvegicus, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 319.

Scorposna norvegica, Richardson, op. cit., 52. — Jenyns, op. <i/., 347. — Johnson, Berwickshire Nat. Club,
i, 1838,170.

Serranus norvegicus, Fleming, British Animals, 212. — Johnson, Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1833, 15.

Sebastes septentrionalis, Gaimard, Voy. Islande et Groenland, Poissons, pi. ix.

A Sebastes with compressed body, elevated dorsal outline and straightish ventral outline.

Top of head scaly: interorbital space concave, with two low ridges; cranial ridges
moderate, rather low and sharp; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic and occipital
ridges present, the latter with divergent tips; suprascapular spines sharp and prominent,
opercular spines long and sharp, subopercular spine prominent; preopercular spines slender
and sharp, the second longest. Suborbital stay not reaching preopercle; preorbital narrow,
with two spines.

Eye very large, more than twice as long as interorbital space, and one third as long as
head. Mouth large, oblique, with broad maxillary, which reaches middle of eye; tip of
lower jaw much projecting, with a conspicuous knob at symphysis; mandible and maxillary
scaly.

Pseudobranchire very large; gill rakers long, stiff, and strong.

Dorsal tin deeply emarginate, with sharp spines, the longest about equal to diameter of
eye; soft rays higher than the spines. Caudal narrow, moderately forked. Anal spines
moderate, graduated, the second a little shorter than eye. Pectoral with narrow base and
rather long, reaching vertical from vent. Ventral reaching to vent. Scales small, irregular,
not strongly ctenoid; about 40 tubes in the lateral line, and about 8.j scales in longitudinal
series.

Color: red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and about five vague
dusky bars on the back. Peritoneum brownish.

Radial formula: D. xv, 13; A. m, 7.

This well known form is abundant between the hundred fathoms line off the south
coast of New England, and has been found as low as 180 fathoms. It breeds abundantly in
late summer at these depths, and there is no reason to believe that the young rise to the
surface. The fry were caught by the bushel in the trawl net, and were eaten on the Fish
Hawk, cooked after the manner of "whitebait,"

DISCUSSION OF SPF.ciF.s AND Tlll.IR DISTRIBUTION. 261

The species was known from the western Atlantic as early as the time of Cuvier, who
had specimens sent from Miquelon, Newfoundland, by M. de la Pilaie. It was, however,
originally described from Norway by Linnaeus, and seems to have been mentioned by Olaf
sen about Iceland as early as 1774. Linnaeus ascribed it also to the Mediterranean, but, as
Cuvier has shown, it is very evident that the southern fish which he had in mind was Ser
ranus scriba (compare Systema Natures, L2th edition, pp. 483 and 486). [t has never been
found south of the British Channel, and the figure by Day was obtained by him from
I'treeht or Leyden, but he does not say whether or not it was from Dutch waters. Day
gives a number of Idealities of its capture about the British Isles, but it is rare south of
Faroe Islands.

It occurs on the southwest coast of Spitzbergen (Malmgren, loc. eit.), and on the Norwe-
gian coast it is found everywhere from Christ iania around to the Varanger Fiord. It also
occurs in Greenland, and from Labrador, as a shore form, as far south as .Maine (See Esses
Fishes), and in deeper water, as shown iu the accompanying list, as far south as 39° 48.' The
Norwegian expedition obtained it as deep as 147 fathoms, and American vessels down
to 179.

Specimens of this species have also been found by the steamer Albatross in the follow-
ing localities: No. 33370, U. S. N. M., from station 2067, in 42^ 1."/ 25" N. lat,, 65° 48' 40"
W. Ion., at a depth of 122 fathoms; No. 33501, U.S. N. M., from station 2088, in 39° 59' 15"
N. lat., 70° 36' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 143 fathoms; No. 33507, U. S. N. M., from station
2000, in 39° 59' 10" N. lat., 703 41/ io" w. Ion., at a depth of 140 fathoms; No. 33389, U. S. N.
M., from station 2061, in 42° 10' N. lat., 66° 47' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 11.") fathoms; No.
33381, U. S.N. M., from station 2053, in 42° 02' N. lat., 68= 27' VV. Ion., at a depth of 105
fathoms; No. 33409, U. S. N. M., from station 2063, in 42° 23' N. lat., (ill- 23' W. Ion., at a
depth of 141 fathoms; and from station 2430, in 42° 58' 30" N. lat,, 50° 50' W. Ion., at a
depth of 917 fathoms; station 2522, in 42° 20' N. lat,, 65° 07' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 104
fathoms; station 2560, iu 39° 48' 10" N. lat, 71° 48' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 114 fathoms;
station 2431, in 43° 00' N. lat., 50° 47' 30" VV. Ion., at a depth of 129 fathoms, and station 2580,
in 41° 25' 30" N. lat., 69° 01' W. Ion., at a depth of 83 fathoms. Others (No. 31536, C. S.
N. M.) were taken by the steamer Fish Hawk off Gape Cod at a depth of 55 fathoms. The
Speedwell also obtained ten specimens (No. 21814, U. S. N. M.) from station 138, in 42° 33'
N. lat,, 70° 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 59 fathoms.

SEBASTES MAKINUS VIVIPARUS, (Kroyer).

Sebasles viviparus, KR5YER,Naturhist.Tidsskr., 1, 1844-'45, 275. — Gaimard, Voy. Scaurl., Poissons, vi. — Gill,
Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1863, 333. — Gunther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., II, 9li; Challenger Report,
xxn, 18.— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, (4), 1, 1868, 312.— Goode and Bean, Hull. Essex Inst,, xi,
1879, 14.— Strom, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skril't. 1881, 73 ; 1884, 16.— Lilljeborg, Sveriges Fisk., 101.— Jordan
and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus. 632.

This form is recognized by certain Scandinavian zoologists and by Giinther in his later
writings as a distinct species. No very salient characters have been pointed out, save that
it is smaller, has a higher body, and longer head, a narrower interorbital space, longer
pectoral and ventral tins, and an additional soft ray in dorsal and anal. Jordan describes
its general color as brownish red, somewhat mottled, with a blackish blotch on the opercle,
and some other brownish spots ou the body, as if he had identified this form from American
waters. All those we have seen arc more like the »V. ririjinrns type, Giinther says that it is
found in Scandinavian waters at a depth of 300 fathoms. It is generally understood to be
more littoral iu its habits than 8. marinus.

SEBASTOLOBUS, Gill.

Sebastolobus, Gill, Report, Smithsonian Institution. 18S0 (1881), 375.

Scorpamids with vertebra' as in the typical species of Sebastes and characterized
by the pectorals having a wide base, produced back-wards near the upper margin, and not
medially, while the lower rays are thickened aud extend much beyond the rays next above

2G2 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ia a linguiforin lobe. The ventrals are directly under the axils of the pectorals, with the
outer rays produced, thick and branched.

This genus has as yet been found only in the Pacific. The type is Sebastolobus macro-
ehir (Giinther) Gill, (Challenger Report, i, 1880, part VI, 65, PL xxvii), obtained by the
Challenger off Inosiina, at a depth of 34.5 fathoms. Another species, 8. alascanus, Bean
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 44), was obtained by the Albatross at station 2853, off
Trinity Islands, Alaska, in N. Lat. 56°, W. Lou. 154°, at a depth of 159 fathoms.

SEBASTODES, Gill.
Sebastodes, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 207.

Scorpsenids with the dorsal continuous, though somewhat notched, and with thirteen
spines in the dorsal and nine rays in the anal. Skull thick and cranial ridges weak.
Lower jaw much projecting. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines.
Scales small, ninety to one hundred in the lateral line.

This genus is represented by a single species, S. paueispinis, (Ayres), Jordan and Gil-
bert, found on the coast of California " in rather deep water.'' Deep-sea representatives of
the genus should be looked for on our Northwest coast.

SEBASTICHTHYS, Gill.
Sebastichthys, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 207.

Scorpsenids with the dorsal continuous, though somewhat notched, and with thirteen
spines in the dorsal and live to nine in the anal. Skull thick and cranial ridges weak.
Lower jaw projecting but slightly. Teeth iu villiform bauds on jaws, vomer, and palatines.
Scales moderate, forty-five to eighty in the lateral Mne.

This genus is represented on the Northwest coast and adjacent deep waters by forty
or more species, nine or ten of these having been described as new by Gilbert,* from the
bathybial fauna explored by the Albatross in 1888. These occur outside the 100-fathom
line, and to as great a depth as 266 fathoms. As might have been expected, the genus
of bottom-living lishes most abundant in species and numbers along the shores of this coast,
has contributed the largest quota to the inshore deep-water fauna of the adjacent ocean.

SETARCHES, Johnson.
Setarches, Johnson, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1862, 176.— -Jordan and Gilbert, Ball, xvi, U. S. N. M., 682.

Scorpsenids with head and body compressed, the head flat between the eyes, with sev-
eral low ridges. Head scaleless, its bones cavernous. No transverse groove on the occiput.
Preoperculum and operculum strongly armed with straight, long spines. Eye moderate,
near but not touching the profile. Mouth terminal, broad, somewhat oblique, the posterior
edge of the maxillary extending to opposite the posterior part of the eye, and much
expanded. Lower jaw somewhat projecting, with kuob at symphysis received in rostral
notch. Villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines.

Opercles scaly. Scales cycloid, moderate. Lateral line a broad, scaleless groove, with
a series of skinny tubes. No lacinise.

Dorsal fin deeply notched, so as to appear in two portions; dorsal spines 10-1, the soft
portion of the fin shorter, and with rays fewer than spines. Anal with 3 strong spines
inserted under the end of the dorsal. Pectoral fin broad and long, with 20 or more rays,
of which a considerable number of the medial ones are branched. Branchiostegals 6 or 7.
Pyloric appendages few. No air bladder.

The type is Setarches GHintheri (Johnson), from Madeira, undoubtedly from deep water,
since only one specimen appears to have ever been taken. The genus Lioscorpius (Giiuther)
can scarcely be distinguished from Setarches.

•Proceedings, U. S. N. M., XIII, 48-126.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 263

MY 1 1 SPECIES 01 SETARCHES AND LIOSCOBPIU6.

I. Head with low, parallel ridges above, and a few inconspicuous spines Setarches

A. Bod; elongate (height at centrals less than length of head)

1. Snout long, spines on preorbital retrorse.

,i. Pectoral very elongate, extending beyond middle of anal S. GCnther]

■j. Snout nut much longer than eye. Spines on preorbital antrorse.

a. Pectoral fan-shaped, nol reaching to origin of anal S. fidjiensis

B. Body less elongate (height al centrals equal to or greater than length of .head).

l. mi. nit moderate. No spines on preorbital.

a. Pectoral elongate, placed high S. parmatus

II. Head smooth :ibove, ami with inueiiVnms cavities Lioscourirs

A. Bodj moderately elongate; head and snout very long.

1. Head without spmes, except three upon preopercle and two on opercle.

«. Pectoral moderate, its upper rays longest, not reaching to origin of anal L. longiceps

SETAECHES GUNTHERI, Johnson.

Setarches Giinther*, JOHNSON, Proo. Zoi'il. Soe., London, 1862, 177. pi. xxm.

A Setarches having body and head elongate; the height of the body over ventrals
equal to height under antepenultimate dorsal spine, and contained nearly 4 times in
length of body (without tail); length of head 2i in length of body.

Head not much compressed. Width of interorbital space 1} times the diameter of the
eye. which is somewhat below the profile. No conspicuous ridges upon the top of the head,
but two low, flat, occipital spines. Snout If times as long as the diameter of the eye.
Mouth wide, somewhat oblique; maxillary with a much expanded posterior extremity, reach-
ing nearly to vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Lower jaw projecting, with a strong,
bony tubercle at its symphysis. Sides of head strongly armed. Three slender, sharp,
closely set, parallel spines, of which the middle one is slightly the longest, at the angle of
the suboperculuni, and 2 smaller spines on its lower limb. Two long, strong spines upon
the opercular Hap. Two strong, retrorse spines upon the preorbital, their points projecting
down over the maxillary.

Head scaleless, except upon the opercle. Scales small, cycloid, there being about 86
in the longitudinal series. The lateral line passing with a broad, gentle curve under the
notch between the two dorsals, from a point very near the dorsal profile to the middle of the
base of the caudal. It has no scales, but conspicuous skinny tubes, of which the figure
indicates 28 to 30. Dorsal insertion in advance of that of pectoral, with the first spine about
half as long as the diameter of the eye, and separated somewhat from the second, which is
the longest, and more than twice the eye; followed by others which gradually and irregu-
larly decrease in length to the tenth, which is about equal to the first, which is followed
behind the notch by a slender one as long as the sixth. Nine soft dorsal rays, the longest
as long as the first dorsal spine, but the length of the base of this tin is less than half that
of the spinous dorsal. Anal inserted under the posterior portion of soft dorsal, with 3
spines and 5 rays. Ventral under the first dorsal spine, its longest rays equal to the exter-
nal caudal rays. Pectoral very broad at its base, which occupies nearly half the height
of the body, and with 22 rays, of which the first two and the last five are simple, the re-
mainder branched: the upper branched rays tire very long, one third as long as the body, and
reach beyond the origin of the anal. Caudal truncate, its middle rays as long as the soft
dorsal.

Color, uniform pink red. minutely dotted with black.

Radial formula: D. X-xi, I, 9; A. in, 5; P. 2 + 15+.-); V. I, 5; C. 4+7 + 4.

A single specimen, !• inches long, now in the British .Museum, was found by Johnson
at Madeira and named in honor of Dr. Giinther. The depth of its habitat was not at
that time observed, but from what is known of the habits of its associates, it can not be
doubted thai it is a deep sea form.

S. fidjiensis, Giinther, was obtained by the Challenger at station 17.".. oil' Matuku in the
Fiji Islands, at a depth of 315 fathoms, a single specimen .'1 inches long. It is shorter than

264 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

8. Giintheri,1 with a shorter and higher dorsal, a shorter, more rounded pectoral, with the
preorbital spines aatrorse and the preopercular spines slenderer, more uniform in size, more
divergent, and four in number. The four ridges of the vertex terminate each in ;. sharp
spine, visible from the lateral aspect.

SETARCHES PAEMATUS, Goode. (Figure 249.)

Setarches parmatus, Goode, Proc U. S. N. M., m, 480, Feb. 16, 1881. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., x, 1883, 213.— Jordan and Gilbert. Bull. x\ i. U. S. N. M., C.8.3.— Gi ntiier, Challenger Report,
xxii, 19. — Vaii.laxt, Exp. Sci., Travailleui et Talisman, 375.

A Setarches having head and body short and somewhat compressed; the height of the
body over ventrals greatest, and contained about 2A in total length (without caudal) length
of head 2£ in length of body.

Head somewhat compressed. Width of interorbital area equal to diameter of eye,
which is somewhat below the profile. Ridges on top of head low and inconspicuous; two
extending to the occiput, where they terminate in low, flat spines; two short ones over the
posterior margin of orbit, ending in spines slightly behind the orbit. Snout as long as the
orbit. Mouth wide, somewhat oblique; maxillary with a considerably expanded posterior
extremity, reaching nearly to the vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Lower jaw
scarcely projecting, and without prominent knob at symphysis. Sides of head lightly
armed, there being four slender, elongate spines on the preoperculum; the edge of the sub-
orbital is broadly scalloped with two points projecting in downward direction opposite the
anterior and posterior margin of the orbit. Spines on the operculum small and inconspic-
uous. Two slender spines upon the preorbital, the anterior one touching the opening of
the mouth. Head scaleless save upon the operculum, pre- and suboperculum. Scales
small, cycloid, each with several concentric furrows. Lateral line broad, scaleless, with
shinny tubes, of which there appears to be about 30 (an exact count not possible); the
lateralline is practically concurrent with the line of the back. Dorsal insertion in advance
of that of pectoral; the first spine more than half as long as second, and equal to ninth;
the second as long as the seventh; the third and fourth about equal, and a little longer
than the maxillary; the fifth, si \th. seventh and eighth gradually decreasing. There are
12 spines and 10 soft rays, the tin being deeply notched.

The type, as the drawing indicates, is somewhat deformed, owing to an accident in life,
but a comparison with the other related species enables us to judge very nearly of what its
shape must have been. Anal inserted under posterior part of soft dorsal, with 3 spines
and 5 rays, the longest of which — about equal to the last spine — are as long as the
second dorsal. Ventral in vertical from root of second dorsal spine, with 1 spine and
5 rays, its tip not reaching to vent, which is close to origin of anal. Pectoral broad at
its base, elongate, some of its median rays apparently branched, its tip extending beyond
the origin of the anal.

MEASFTCEMEXTS.

Current number of specimen.
Locality

Extreme length

Length tobaseof middle caudal rays
Body :

Greatest height

Greatest width

Least height of tail

Head :

Greatest length

Width of int.-rorbital area

Length of snout

Length of operculum

Length of upper jaw

Diameter of orbit

26084

Station 876.

Millime-
ters.

lOOths "f
length.

52

43

100

38

23

9

45
10
10
13
23
12

1 Giinther, Challenger Report, xxii, 19, pi. I, fig. C.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTKIBl I [ON.

MEASTXREMENTS— Continued.

265

< 'in i -ii t numher <>t specimen-
Locality

Station

Millime-
ters.

l distance from snout

Length of base

Greatest height :ii foarl li spin.-.

Height .11 first ipin<

Height at seoona spun'

Height at third spine

tS,,tt< I. [|_!ll m1 ll.iSi

Anal :

Distance from Bnout

Lengt h *>t base

Height atfirst spine

Height .it second spint

I [eight at third spin.'

Height at longest ray

< an. I.il

Length of middle ray*

P< i boral:

Distance from snout

Length

Ventral:

Distance from snout

Length

Dorsal

Anal

LOOth -I

*2
:u
2 :
in
18
■si
Mutilated

Ml

12
1
14
14
15

24

44
44

44
25

in

XI. I

III, 6

The steamer Blake obtained two specimens <>t' this species, 53 millimeters and 52 milli-
meters long', respectively, from station cccxxvn, in 34° 00' 30" X. lat., TIP 10' 30" W. Ion.
at a depth of 178 fathoms; and two specimens from station xcvn, off Barbadoes, at a depth
of _'09 fathoms.

Specimens were taken by the Albatross from station 2397, in 28° 42' X. lat., 86° 36'
W. Ion. at a depth of 280 fathoms; and from station 2426, in 36° 01' 30' 1ST. lat., 74° 47' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 93 fathoms.

LIOSCORPIUS, Gunther.
LioBCorpius, GONTHER, Challenger Report, I. Part vi, p. 40, pi. xvu, rig. C.

Scorpsenids with head and body compressed, the former with muciferous cavities
above, and with scarcely any ridges or spines. Occiput without groove, naked. Three
strong sharp spines upon the preoperculum and two upon the opercular flap. The mouth
very large, the snout elongate, thecurve of the mouth being downward. Orbit encroaching
upon upper outline of head. Body covered with small scales, and with a wide, naked lat-
eral line with about 28 skinny tubes. Dorsal tins separate; the first low, with eight or
nine spines, the first, second, and third evenly graduated. Pectoral tin long, lanceolate, with
simple rays. Teeth villiform in bands in the. jaws and ou the vomer and palatine bones.
Bran chios tegals vn.

The type of this genus is Lioscorpiiis longiceps, Gunther, loc. cit., pi. xvn, fig. C, which
closely resembles Setarches parmatm in form, except that its head and snout are longer,
and the upper jaw curves downward. The genus seems well enough separated from
Setarches by the smooth, grooveless occiput and the simple character of the rays of the
pectoral.

Family COTTID^E.

( . ,11m, I. a , RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1836, 36.

Cottidce, Girard, Cottidte of N. America, 1858, 1.— Gill, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 6 (No. 55), Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mas. m. 1889, 590.
Cotlini, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 62. — GtiNTnER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., n, 152.

Gottoids with a well developed myodome; uninterrupted cranial valleys behind. Body
fusiform or compressed. Enterocular space usually narrow. A bony stay connecting sub-
orbital and preopercle, usually covered by skin; upper angle of preopercle usually with one
or more spinous processes. Teeth in villiform or cardiform bands on jaws, and (usually) on
vomer and palatines; preinaxillaries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone.

266 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Gills 3i or 4; slit behind the last gill small, or obsolete; gill-rakers short, tubercle-like, or
obsolete; gill-membranes broadly connected, often joined to the isthmus. Body naked, or
with scales, prickles, or plates, but never uniformly scaled. Lateral line simple. Dorsal
fins separate or somewhat connected, the spines less than thirteen in number, usually slen
der, the soft part elongate, longer than spinous portion; caudal rounded; anal similar to
soft dorsal, spineless; pectorals large, with broad, procurrent bases; ventrals thoracic
(rarely entirely wanting), the rays usually less than i, 5. Pseudobranchiae present, at least
in all our species. Pyloric cseca usually in small number (4-8); air-bladder commonly
wanting.

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA GENEEA.

I. Spinous dorsal not concealed.

A. Gill openings extending below at least to the base of the lowest pectoral ray COTTIN.E

1. Slit behind last gill obsolete.

a. Gill membranes free from isthmus, or else forming a broad fold across it; head well armed.

Palatines toothless. No true scales on body G'ottus

Palatines with well-developed teeth. Body more or less scaly.
Upper preopercular spine hooked, bifurcate.

Body with some scales or plates Icelus

Body naked Artediellus

Upper preopercular spine with 3-5 hooked processes Icelinl'8

2. Slit behind last gill evident.
Palatines toothless.

Gill membranes free from isthmus; series of plates along back and along lateral line.

No plates on head; space between lateral plates prickly Tkiglops

Plates on snout and opereles Prionistius, Bean = PAi>ruxrs, Gilbert

II. Spinous-dorsal little developed, continuous with soft dorsal, the spines slender, concealed in the loose

nakedskin; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus; no slit behind last gill Psychrolutin.e

A. Vomer and palatines toothless Psychrolutes

B. Vomer with teeth.

1. Gill membranes attached to isthmus.

a. Teeth on vomer and palatines. Dorsal continuous Cottunculus

6. No teeth on vomer and palatines. Dorsal in two parts Maxacocottus

2. Gill membranes free from isthmus.

«. Vomerine teeth in two patches, none on palatines. Dorsal in two parts [Dasycottus]

COTTUS, Linnaeus.

Coitus, Linn.eus, Syst. Nat. Ed., x, 1758, i, 207, ed. 2, 1766, 1,451.— GI'nther, Cat. Fish. Brit.Mus. n, 155 —

Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 700.
Acanthocottus, Girard, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, in, 1858.

Cottids with body rather slender, subfusiform, covered with thick skin, in which are
sometimes embedded prickly plates, especially along lateral line: deciduous granular tuber-
cles also sometimes present, but no true scales. Head large. Mouth terminal, large, the
lower jaw included; villiform teeth on the jaws and vomer, none on the palatines; sub-
orbital stay strong; preopercle with 2 strong straight spines above, directed backward, and
1 below, directed downward and forward; opercle, nasal bones, orbital, rim, and shoulder
girdle usually armed; gill membranes forming a fold across the rather narrow isthmus; slit
behind last gill small or wanting, often reduced to a mere pore; vertebra} about 28. Branehi-
ostegals mostly 6. Dorsal fins 2, separate, the first short, its spines rather slender; ven-
tral rays usually I, 3. — (Jordan and Gilbert.)

Several species of this genus are found at a depth of 10 to 15 fathoms on c ir Xew England
coast. None have, however, been taken below the 100-fathom line, saving C. bathybius,
Giinther, from south of Yeddo, Japan.

ICELUS, Kroyer.

Icelus, KrOyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., I, 253, 1844 (type, Icelus hamatns, Kroyer).— GCntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., n, 172.— Jordan and Gilbert. Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus , 689.

Cottids with body fusiform, covered with rough scales or plates. Mouth rather large;
teeth on vomer and palatines. Head naked, usually with cirri; preopercular spine hooked,

DISCUSSION or SPECIES AND THEIR DISTIJII'.FTiON.

2G7

bifurcate or multifurcate. Grill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus, no slit
behind fourth gill. Ventral rays i, '■'>.

In addition to the type sj Les, an Arctic form, descending in the North. Atlantic below

the Inn fathom line, there arc two or three others, found in moderately deep water off the
California coast. Jordan unites with this genus Artedius, but we prefer, for the present
at Least, to consider it distinct.

ICELUS BICORNIS, (Reixhakivt), Jordan and Gilbert.

Cottua bicornis, Reinhabdt, Vid. Selsk, Natur og Math. Al'h.. via, lxxv.

Centridermichthya bicornis, GOnther, Cat. Pish. Brit. Mus., n. 172.

I, tins bicornis, JORDAN and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, II. S. Xat. Mus., 693.

Icelus hamulus. Ivroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskr., 1844, i, 253. — GDnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, 172; Chal-
lenger Report, xxn, 03. — Collett, Norges Fisk.. 35; Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ., 1880, 14; Norsk Nordh.
Esped. Fisk., 34, tal>. i. fig. 8; \yt Mag. f. Naturvid, xvm, 1884, 56. — Li'tken, Kara-Havets lisk. in
Dijmphna-Togtet, 123; Vid. Med. Nat. For., 1876,92.— StrOm, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift., 1884, 18.— Lill-
jeborg, Sverig. och. Norg. lisk., 104.

Icelus furoiger, Malm, Forhandl. Skand. Naturf., 9 Mote, 1805, 410.

Coitus poluris, SABINE, Parry's First Voyage, 213 {fidr Liitken).

Head naked, its length 3 times in that of body. Preoperculum with 4 spines, the
upper 3 hooked, the uppermost bifurcate; two blunt, occipital spines. Interocular space
narrow, its width 4 in eye. Dorsal separated; pectorals shorter than head. No air-blad-
der. Gill-membranes broadly joined, free from isthmus.

Radial formula: D. ix, 20; -V. 10; V. i, 3.

Color, yellowish, with many brown spots.

This form, first described from Spitzbergeu, has since been found also in Alaska. It
is common in Arctic seas at small depths; of late years it has been frequently found on
the Norwegian coast in 50 to L'.IO fathoms. Liitken examined numerous examples from 46
to 100 fathoms, obtained in the Kara Sea.

ARTEDIELLUS, Jordan.

Arlediellus, Jordan*, Cat. Fish. N. America, 1887, 110; Rep. U. S. Fish. Couim., xm (for 1885), 1887, 898 (type,

Cottus uncinatus, Reinhardt i.

This genus or subgenus differs from Tcelus proper, apparently its nearest ally, in having
the skin naked and smooth. Centridermichthys, Richardson, an Asiatic genus to which this
and other American species have been sometimes referred, has the skin prickly and a large
slit behind the fourth gill, the gill membranes being fully united to the isthmus.

ARTEDIELLUS UNGTNATUS, (Reinhardt), Jordan. (Figure 255. 1

Cottua unoinatua, Reinhardt, Vid. Selsk. Natur. och Math. At'handl., 1833, 44. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus.. ii. 172; Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 62.
Centridermichthya undnaiua, Collect", Noisk. Nordh. Exped. Fisk. ,23. tal>. i. fig. 7; Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ..

1880,14; Nyt Mag. I'. Naturvid.. XVIII, 1884,54. — LOtken, Kara-Havets Fisk. in Dijmphna-Togtet, 124. —

LLLLJEBORG, Sverig. och Norg. Fisk., 161.
h i lut unoinatua, Kroyer, Nat. Tid., 1844, 253. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. xvi. U. S. Nat. Mus., 693.
Cottus bicornis, ReixhaRdt, hie. oil., vni. 75.
Artediellua uncinatus, Jordan, loc. <it.

Body fusiform, its height contained 4J times in its total length. Head broad, its length
one-third that of the body; lower .jaw included. Palatine teeth well developed. Maxillary
extending to opposite middle of pupil. Byes very large, separated by a narrow ridge;
occiput with two blunt ridges, in front of which the vertex is concave; upper preopercular
spine large, strongly hooked upward, more than half length of eye; downward -directed spine
onpreopercle long and sharp; skin perfectly smooth. Pectorals reaching front of anal;
spinous dorsal rather high; vent midway between snout and middle of caudal. (Jordan
and Gilbert.)

Radial formula: D. vm, 13; A. 11.

"An Arctic littoral species," writes Q-iinther, "more or less common in the sea between
Greenland, Spitzbergeu, Nova Zembla, and Norway, extending in the western part of its

2G8 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

range southwards to the coast of New England. The Norwegian North Atlantic expedition
has obtained specimens down to 223 fathoms (off Bear Island), and therefore the species
is included in this report. As bathyhial characters, the width of the pores of the mucifer-
ous system and the relatively large eye may be mentioned."

It has been identified by Dawson from the Pleistocene of Ottawa (Dawson, Canadian
Record, iv, 86.)

Specimens of this species were taken by the Speedwell from station 156, in 42° 35' N.
lat, 70° 31' W. Ion., at a depth of 42 fathoms; station 222, in -123 33' N. lat., 70° 31' W.
Ion., at a depth of 40 fathoms; station 211, in 42° 38' N. lat., 70° 28' 30" W. Ion, at a depth
of 68 fathoms; station 213, in 4-2° 38' N. lat,, 70° 28' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 68 fathoms;
station 233, in 42° 30' 30" N. lat,. 70° 38' W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms; station 234, in
420 30' n. lat,, 70° 38' W. Ion., at a depth of 43 fathoms; and No. 21069, U. S. N. M., from
station 33, in 42° 30' N. lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 00 fathoms.

The Fish Rawlc obtained specimens (No. 31809, U. S. N. M.) from station 1088, off Cape
Cod, at a depth of 110 fathoms, and No. 31807, U. S. N. M., froins tation 1125, in 40° 03' N.
lat.. 68° 56' W. Ion., at a depth of 291 fathoms. A specimen was collected by the Gloucester
fishermen on the fishing banks in 1878.

Additional specimens were secured by the Albatross in the following localities: Station
2431, in 43° 00' N. lat,, 50° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 129 fathoms; station 2463, in 45°
44' N. lat., 54° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms; station 2450, in 46° 45' N. lat., 50° 02'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 11 fathoms; station 2119. in 46° 37' N. lat., 49° 50' 30" \V. Ion., at
a depth of 39 fathoms; station 2506. in 14 26' N. lat.. 62° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 127
fathoms; station 2522, in 12° 20' X. lat,, 65° 1)7' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms;
station 2490, in 45° 27' 30" N. lat., 58° 27' 45 " \V. Ion., at a depth of 50 fathoms; station
2466, in 45° 29' X. lat., 55° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 67 fathoms; station 2520, in 42° 41' N.
lat., 64° 55' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 62 fathoms; station 2191, in 45° 24' 30" N. lat,, 58°
33' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 59 fathoms; station 2151, in 46° 58' N. lat., 60° 34' W. Ion., at
a depth of 67 fathoms; station 2477, in 41° 29' 30" N. lat.. 57° 11' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of
114 fathoms; station 2486, in 44° 26' N. lat., 57° 11' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 190 fathoms;
No. 33476, U. S. X. .M.. from station 2068 in 12 03' N. lat., 65° 48' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of
131 fathoms; and No. 33420, U. S. X. M., from station 2062, in 42° 17' N. lat., 66° 37' 15" W.
Ion., at a depth of 150 fathoms.

ICELINUS, Jordan.

Icelinus, Jordan-, Vat. Fish. N. Amor., 18X7, 111, note. — Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xm, 1890, 84 (with
key to species of Icelinus).

Cottids, with body slender, fusiform, having lateral line with a series of spinous plates,
above which along the back is a double series of spinous plates placed at an angle; the
upper plates with free edge downward and backward, the lower plates with free edge up-
ward and backward, the skin otherwise perfectly smooth. Top of head uneven; interorbital
area concave. Head without developed scales. Upper preopercular spine long, with 5
hooked processes.

The type of the genus is Artedius quadriseriatus, Lockington. The type species is
not found in very deep water, but four other species have recently been described by Gilbert
from the coast of California, taken by the Albatross between 100 and 150 fathoms.

TRIGLOPS, Reinhardt.

Triglops, Reinhardt, Vid. Selsk. Natur. och Math. Afh., v, Hi.— Kroyer, Nat. Tid., 1, 1814, 260. — Gunther,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 173.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 711'.

Cottids with body rather elongate, with slender tail. Head moderate, rather com-
pressed, prickly, but without scales. Mouth moderate; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer,
none on the palatines. Preopercular spines small; simple. Bows of plate-like bones along
lateral line and at base of dorsal fin; the space between these densely prickly. Lower half

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 269

of body crossed at short intervals by transverse undulating folds of skin, (lie edge of the
fold with minute rough scales, causing it to appear sharply and finely serrate. Gil] mem-
branes united, free from isthmus. Dorsal spines rather high and slender; ventrals appar-
ently I, 3.

TRIGLOPS l'INGELII. I!i ■iN-iiAia.-r. (Figure 256.)

Triglope Pingelii, Reinhardt, Vid. Selsk. Natur. och Math. A.fhandl., 1838, 114-118.— GOnther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mas., ii. 17:'.; Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1877, 175: Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 63.— Coixett,
Norgea Fisk.,36; Norsk. Nordh. Exped. Fisk.. 38, PI. I, Figs. 9, in. — i.n i.n boro, Sverig. oeh Norg. Fisk.,
X68.— Goods & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., 1879.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 715.

Triglops pleiirosHctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,81.

Head very slender, its length 31 in that of body. Eye large, placed high, but lateral;
its diameter one third the length of head, longer than snout, and 3 times width of inter
orbital space. Preopercular spines t, short. Maxillary extending to below middle of orbit.
Nasal spines sharp. Ventral tins rather short; pectorals extending to front of anal. Tail
very slender, its diameter less than the eye. Anal papilla of male large.

Radial formula: D. ix, 21; A. 21.

Color olivaceous, somewhat variegated with darker; fins barred; a series of dusky spots
along sides; an ocellated black spot on posterior part of spinous dorsal.

An Arctic species, found off Greenland, Nova Zeiubla, Norway, and extending in the
Western Atlantic southward to the latitudes of New England.

Specimens were taken on the American coast by the steamer Albatross from the follow-
ing localities: Station 2466, in 453 29' N. lat., 55° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 67 fathoms; sta
tior 2446, in 4<P 20' N. lat., 49° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 40 fathoms; station 2501, in 44° 27'
N. lat., 60° 20' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 26 fathoms; station 2440, in 43° 38' N. lat., 49°
49 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 33 fathoms ; station 2402, in 45° 22' N. lat,, 58° 43' 45" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 75 fathoms; station 2440, in 40° 37' N. lat,, 49° 50' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
.■!!» fathoms: station 2438, in 43° 36' N. lat,, 50° 03' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 37 fathoms;
station 2441, in 45° 27' N. lat., 49° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 34 fathems; station 2445, in
40° 00' 30" N. lat., 49° 48' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms: station 2444, in 45°59'N.
lat., 49° 45' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 39 fathoms; station 2520, in 42° 41' N. lat,, 64= 55' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 62 fathoms; station 2058, in 41° 57' 30" N. lat., 67° 58' W. Ion., at a
depth of 35 fathoms; station 2451, in 46° 5S' N. hit., 50° 34' W. Ion., at a depth of 67
fat horns; station 2450, in 46° 45' N. lat., 50° 02' 30" W. Ion.; at a depth of 44 fathoms.

COTTUNCULUS, Collett.

Cottuncuhis, Cou.ett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 20 (type, Cottuncnlus microps, Collett). — Jordan and Gillbert,
Bull. xvi. U. S. Nat. Mus., 687.— Gunthek, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 60.

Tadpole shaped, the head extremely large, the body tapering from shoulders to the
slender tail; mouth rather large, terminal, oblique; villiform teeth in the jaws; a double
patch on vomer; no teeth on the palatines; no spines on the head, the tubercular surface
of the skull covered by skin; skull thin, its bones not firm. Gills 3i, no slit behind the
last arch; gill-membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, their union extending to above
the lower edge of the base of the pectorals. Pseudobranchiae very small; no cirri, scales,
or prickles; the skin thin and movable, smooth, or roughened with small warts. Spinous
dorsal little developed; the two fins usually continuous; spines very slender, flexible, em-
bedded in the skin; pectorals short, procurrent below; ventrals very short, well separated,
their rays I, 3; caudal rounded. (Jordan ami Gilbert.)

COTTUNCULUS MICROPS, Collett. (Figures 257 and 261, A, B.)

Cottuncuhis microps, Collett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 20, pi. I, figs. 1-3; Meddelelaer om Norges Fiske, Aarena,
1815-18, ls7'.t. 11; Forh. Vid. Setek., Chriatiania, 1880, 11; Norsk. Nordh. Exped., 18, pi. i. figs. 5.6: Nyt.

Mag. !'. Naturvid., xvm. 1884, 53.— Strom, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift., 1880,75.— G >e, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1880, 479.— Goodk and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. x. 1883, 212.— Liixjebobg, Sverig. och
Norg. Fiskr. 113.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvr, I". S. Nat. Mus.. 689 (description quoted below from
full-grown specimens). — Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1SS7, 60, pi. ix, fig. A.

270 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Head very large, its length, breadth, and depth nearly equal; the greatest depth at
the nape; four bony tubercles on top of head and some at the sides, all covered by the skin ;
lower jaw included; maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye, which is equal to
the snout, and about 44 in head; suborbital stay and the roughish edge of the preopercle
both covered by smooth skin; chin and preorbital with pores. Skin everywhere thin,
somewhat movable, its surface roughened by small, blunt warts. Dorsal fin coutinous, the
feeble spines lower than the soft rays; pectorals barely reaching anal; caudal long. Head
25} ; depth 3$. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

Eadial formula: D. VI, 19; A. 10.

Color, pale, with three broad, dusky cross bands on body and fins, one on head, one
through spinous dorsal aud pectoral, one through second dorsal and anal, besides a small
baud at base of caudal.

This species was first described from a specimen measuring 15 millimeters, dredged by
Prof. G. O. Sars at Hasvig, near Haminerfest, iu 200 fathoms, August, 1871; another, 50
millimeters long, near Trondhjemsfjord, in 1878, by Mr. Strom, at a depth of ISO fathoms;
again, at a depth of 191 fathoms, 18 miles northwest from Hammerfest (72° 27' N., 20° 51'
W.), in temperature 3° .5 C, and at a depth of 159 fathoms; 15 miles westward of north-
western Spitzbergen (79° 59' N., 5° 40' W.), with temperature of 1° C.

The Blake secured a specimen of this species from station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat.,
68° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 301 fathoms; and two examples from station cccx, in 39° 59'
16" N. lat., 70° 18' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 200 fathoms.

Specimens were taken by the Fish I In irk as follows: No. 26087, TJ. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 880, in 38° 48' 30" X. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 2524 fathoms; No. 31760, TJ. S.
X. M., from station 1142, iu 39° 32' N. lat,, 72° 00' W. Ion., at a depth of 322 fathoms; No.
28728, TJ. S. N. M., from station 025, in 39° 55' N. lat., 70° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 229
fathoms; No. 28798, TJ. S. N. M., from station 947, in 30° 53' 30" N. lat., 71° 13' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 319 fathoms; No. 28771, V. S. X. M., from station 938, in 39° 51' X. lat., 09°
49' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms: No. 28814, TJ. S. N. M., from station 946, in 39°
55' 30" N. lat., 71° 14' W. Ion., at a depth of 217 fathoms; No. 29077, TJ. S. X. M., from
station 1049, iu 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; No. 28936, TJ. S.
N. M., from station 1031, in 39= 57' N. lat., 69= 19' W. Ion., at a depth of 255 fathoms; No.
28922, TJ. S. N. 31.. from station 90S, iu 39° 43' N. lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 302
fathoms; No. 26176, TJ. S. X. M., from station 895, in 39° 56' 30" N.lat., 70° 59' 45" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 238 fathoms; No. 26107, TJ. S. N. M., from station 892, in 39° 46' N. lat,, 71°
05' W. Ion., at a deptli of 487 fathoms; and also from station 894. in 39° 53' N. lat,, 70° 58'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 365 fathoms.

Additional specimens were obtained by the A Jhatross as follows: No. 33310, TJ. S. N.
M., from station 2028, in 39° 57' 50" N. lat.. 70° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 209 fathoms; No.
33465, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2063, in 42° 23' N. lat., 66° 23' W. Ion., at a depth of 141
fathoms; Xo. 33514, TJ. S. X. M., from station 2092, in 39° 58' 35" N. lat, 71° 00' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 197 fathoms ; Xo. 33479, TJ. S. X. M., from station, in 42° 15' 25" N. lat., 65° 48'
40" W. Ion., at a depth of 122 fathoms; and Xo. 35461, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2187, in 39°
49' 30" N. lat., 71° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 420 fathoms.

COTTUNCULUS THOMSONII, Glnther, (Figures 258, 262 A, B.)

Coitus Thomsonii, Gixther, Proc. Royal Sop., Edinburgh, XI, 1882, 679.
Cottuncalus Thomsonii, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 61, pi. ix, fig. B.

Cottunculus torvus, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., in, 1880, 479; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 212, 213.—
Jordan aud Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 688.

Head and body smooth, scaleless, covered with a tough, lax skin. The length of the
head is nearly one-third of the extreme length of the body, including the caudal; its
greatest height, one fourth of the body without the caudal. The greatest width of the
head is twice the length of the maxilla. The distance of the vent from the insertion of
the anal equals the length of the maxilla. The eye is close to the dorsal profile. The

DISCUSSION OF SPECIE8 AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 271

length of the orbit is about equal to that of the snout, and is contained about U times in
the greatest length of the head. The intermaxillary is long and slender, its length con-
tained slightly more than 3 times in the distance from the tip of the snout to the insertion
of the first dorsal (34, times in the length of the head). The maxilla is very slender, except
in its posterior third, where it is considerably expanded. The mandible is very stout, pos
teriorly widened, its length contained nearly 24, times in that of the head. Teeth in broad
villiforni bands on the intermaxillary and the mandible. Two short, separate, .similar
bands on the vomer. None on the palatines.

Head armed with blunt spines, as in ('. microps.

The distance of the dorsal from the tip of the snout is nearly equal to one-third of the
total length, caudal included. It consists of ti spines and 17 rays.

The anal fin is located midway between the tip of the snout and the end of the caudal
fin; it consists of L3 rays.

The length of the upper pectoral rays is equal to that of the postorbital portion of
the head. The pectoral rays diminish rapidly in size, the lowest being exceedingly short.
The number of rays is 22. The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout is one-
third of the total length without the caudal. The length of the free portion of the ventral
equals that of the eye. The fin consists of 1 spine and 3 rays.

The caudal consists of 10 developed rays.

Color light brown, the tins somewhat darker.

Specimens were obtained by the Blair from station ccevi, in 41° 32' 50" X. lat., 65" 55'
W. Ion., at a depth of 524 fathoms; station CCCXLin, in 39° 45' 50" X. lat., 70° 55' \Y. Ion.,
at a depth of 732 fathoms: and station cccxxvi, in 33° 42' 15" X. lat., 76° 00' 50" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 404 fathoms.

Also by the Albatross from the following localities: No. 35405, U. S. N. M., from station
2181, in 39° 29' N. lat., 71° 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 0!):'. fathoms; No. 35547, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2202, in 39° 38' N. lat., 71° 39' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; No. 35404,
l". S. X. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523
fathoms; No. 35005, IT. S. N. M., from station 2213, in 39° 58' 30" N. lat., 70° 30' W. Ion., at
a depth of 384 fathoms: No. 35483, U. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 52' 15" N. lat., 70°
55' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 353 fathoms; No. 35489, U. S. N. M.,from station 2189, in 39°
49' 30" N. hit., 70 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 600 fathoms; No. 35423, U. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; No. 33390, U.
S. N. M., from station 2072, in 41 53' N. lat., 65c 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858 fathoms; No.
32076, U. S. N. M., from station 2004, in 37° 19' 45" N. lat., 74° 26' 00" W. Ion., at a depth
of 105 fathoms; and from station 2552, in 39° 47' 07" N. lat., 70° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of
721 fathoms: station 2553, in 39° 48' N. lat,, 70° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms; sta-
tion 2115, in 35° 49' 30" N. lat., 74° 34' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 843 fathoms; station 2529,
in 41° 03' 30" N. lat., 60° 14' W. Ion., at a depth of 602 fathoms; and station 2528, in 41° 47'
N. hit., 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 677 fathoms.

Additional specimens were secured by the Fish Hawk as follows : No. 28951, U. S. N. M.,
from station 1029, in 39° 57' 06" N. lat., 69° 16' W. Ion,, at a depth of 458 fathoms; No.
30270, U. S. N. M., from station 998. in 3!> i.i< N. hit., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 302
fathoms ; No. 26140, U. S. N. M., off Newport, R. I. ; No. 29075, U. S. N. M., from station 1049,
in 38° 28' N. hit., 73° 22' YV. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; No. 28850, U. S. N. M., from
station 952, in :«P 55' N. lat., 70 2S< \V. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms; No. 288S8, U. S. N.
M., from station 994, in 39° 40' X. hit., 71 - 3(1' W. Ion., at a depth of 368 fathoms; No. 28916,
U. S. N. fit., from station 994; and an individual from statiou 892, in 39° 46 ' N. lat,, 71° 05'
W. Ion., at a depth of 487 fathoms.

MALACOCOTTUS, Bean.
\falaooeottu8, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., xm, 1890, 12.

Shape similar to that of Cottunculus. Head large; body tapering rapidly to the slender
tail; mouth terminal; jaws subequal. Minute villiform teeth in broad bands on maxilla

272 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

and mandible; vomer and palate toothless. Preoperculum armed with short, stout, simple
spines. Bones of the skull thiu. Gills 3J; no slit behind the last. Gill openings wide;
the membranes broadly attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers tubercular, in moderate
number. Spinous dorsal low, separated by a deep notch from the soft dorsal. Pectorals
procurrent in front. Ventrals small; caudal rounded. Vent distant from the anal origin.
Head and body naked. Lateral line consisting of a series of large pores.

This genus is represented by seven examples of the type species, M. zonunis, Bean,
taken by the Albatross on August 9, 18S8, from station 2853, off Trinity Islands, in 56°
N. lat., 154^ W. Ion., at a depth of 159 fathoms.

Family CYCLOPTERID^E.

Cyclopteridw, Bonaparte, Cat. Metodico, 1846. 64. — Gill, Arr. Families of Fishes, 1872, xxx ; Century Dic-
tionary, 1434. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, u. S. Nat. Mus., 744. — Gill, Proc. 1T. S. Nat. Mus.,xin,
366, 1891.

Cyelopterina, Gcntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Ill, 154.

Cyclopteroidea, with a feebly ossified skeleton and ventricose body, covered with thick
skin, which maybe either smooth, tubercular, or spinous. Head short, thick; suborbital
stay present, thin and flattish. Mouth small, terminal; jaws lateral, with slender teeth in
bands; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill openings narrow, membranes broadly joined
to isthmus and shoulder girdle. Branchiostegals 6\ Dorsal fin long, its anterior portion
of flexible spines, sometimes hidden in adult by a fleshy hump, sometimes wanting. Soft
dorsal small, opposite and similar to anal. Caudal rounded. Ventral rudimentary, form-
ing the bony center of a thoracic sucking disk. Pectorals short, low, with bases broad and
procurrent. Pyloric creca numerous. Vertebrae 1l'-(-16.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF CYCLOPTERIDW.
(From Jordan and Gilbert, rearranged. |

I. Spinous dorsal present, sometimes disappearing with age; skin tubcreulate.

A. Dorsal spines in adult hidden in a ileshy bump. Ventral disk small C yci.optercs

B. Dorsal spines not bidden in adult; gill opening a small slit; ventral disk large EUMICROTREMUS

II. Spinous dorsal wanting; skin smootn or nearly 30 [Cycloptekk hthys]

Genus EUMICROTREMUS, Gill.

Eumierotremus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 190.— Collett, Norsk. Nordb. Exp., 67.— Goode
and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst, xi, 12. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 957.

Cyclopterids with a spinous dorsal, which is sometimes in adults hidden in the skin,
though never disappearing with age. Skin thick, armed with series of bony tubercles.
Gfll opening a small slit on level of eye. Ventral disk large.

EUMICROTREMUS SPINOSUS, (Miller), Gill. (Figure 250.)

Cyclopterus spinosus, MCller, Prodromus Zoologiie Danice, 1777, IX.— Gaimard, Voy. Skand., Poiss.,
pi. iv, fig. 2— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 1861, 157; Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1877, 293,
fig. (young); ibid., 475; Challenger Report, xxil, 1887, 66.— Malmgren, Ofvers. K. Vet. Ak. Forh.,
1864,489, sp. 6.— Frisch, Peterm. Geogr. Mittb. 1865, Erg. Heft. Nr. 16, 35.— HEUGLIN, Fauna ami Flora
in Geologic Spitzbergen in Novaja Semlja, 1874, 211.— Jordan and Gilbert, BuU. xvi, U. S. N. M., 746.

Lumpus spinosus, Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1846, 230.

Eumierotremus spinosus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 190. — Collett. Norske Nordh. Exped.,

Fisk., 67, pi. ii, fig. 13.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., xi, 12.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi,

U. S. N. M., 957.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 116.

Body orbicular, cuboid anteriorly, its height nearly one-half of its length, which is 3
times the length of the head; base of spinous dorsal and body behind vent abruptly com-
pressed; teeth in narrow bauds; gill openings on a level with eye. slightly narrower than
orbit. Spinous dorsal not hidden, covered with rough tubercles, similar to those on body,
but smaller; width of ventral disk slightly less than its length, and somewhat less than

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

■IT.)

length of head. Body coven >d with irregular, roundish, conical plates, varyingmuch in size,
some of the larger with a central point, turned backward; all the plates with small tuber-
cles and slender flexible prickles; small plates along bases of all the fins; a series oft; large
plates extending backward from above eye to opposite the interval between dorsals; a
sci us of 5 on each side of middle of Lnterocular space from snout to nape, t hese increasing
much in size posteriorly; a series of 3 along opercular margin; along base of spinous dor

sal a series of 4, not connected with that of interorbital space; a single large plate on each
side of the interval between dorsals; two longitudinal series of 4 large plates each, begin-
ning above base of pectorals and behind gill slits, terminating under the space between dor-
sals; the largest plate on body is immediately behind axil of pectoral; a smaller one below
it, and two others between it and origin of anal; two series of smaller plates below eye;
many small plates interposed between the series of large oues; very small plates on under
side of head and middle of tail; no plates between ventral disk aud vent; none in axil of
pectorals.

Radial formula: D. vn, 11; A. 10; C. 10.

Color, olivaceous, the skin between the plates thickly punctate. (Jordan and Gilbert,
from an Alaska specimen.)

One specimen was dredged by the D". S. Fish Commission 6 miles off Half Way Eock,
Salem, Mass., August 10, 1877, in 35 fathoms. Two specimens were dredged in 1801 by
Prof. Verrill, off xVnticosti in 10 fathoms, and another was taken by the IT. S. Fish Com-
mission at Eastport, Me., in 1872.

It was also obtained by the Albatross from station 2456, in 47° 29' N. lat., 52° 18' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 86 fathoms; from statiou 2450, in 40° 45' N. lat., 50c 02' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 41 fathoms; aud from statiou 2445, iu 46° 09' 30" IT. lat., 49° 48' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 39 fathoms.

Collett's specimens were from the northeastern Atlantic and from a depth of 129
fathoms.

Family LIPARIDID^E.

Family Discoboli, group Liparidina, (H.vther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ill, 1861, 154.

Liparitlidtc, ( Jin., Ait. Families of Fishes, 1872, 5 (No. 48) ; Century Dictionary, 3471. — Jordan and Gilbert,

Bull., XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 738 (full description).— Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 370, 1891.— Garman.

Discoboli, 1892, 43.

Body anteriorly broad, rounded, somewhat depressed, compressed behind, covered with
smooth skin, which is usually very lax. Head obtuse, broad, the snout wide and blunt;
suborbital bone styliform behind, joined to the opercle, as iu the Oottoids. Mouth terminal.
Jaws with villiform bands of small teeth, tricuspid to simple; no teeth on vomer or pala
tines. Premaxillaries protractile, little movable. Opercular bones unarmed; iuteropercle
slender, ray-like, overlying the branchiostegals. Grill-openings small, above base of pec-
toral, with membranes joined to the broad isthmus, and to the humeral arch below. Grills
34, no slit behind the last. Pseudobranchi;e rudimentary or wanting. Pyloric caeca nu-
merous. No air-bladder. Dorsal fin long, with feeble and flexible spines, similar to the
soft rays. Anal long, similar to the soft dorsal. Ventrals, when present, completely united,
and forming the bony center of an oval sucking-disk, but sometimes entirely wanting.
Pectorals very broad, the base extending forward under throat; the outline usually einar-
1US08— Xo. 2 18

274 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ginate, some of the lower rays being produced; tail diphycercal. Caudal elongate, distinct
or confluent with dorsal and anal. Stomach siphonal, and intestine elongate.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF LIPARIDID^E.

1. Ventral disk present _ Liparidin.e

A. Caudal more or less distinct. Teeth tricuspid. PseudobrancMse.

1. Vertebrae less than 40. A strong curved frontal ridge, convex in front, crossing inter-

orbital space Liparis

2. Vertebra) more than 45. Frontal regions broader, and without prominent transverse

ridge [Carelipakis]

B. Caudal indistinct, tenuous. Teeth simple (in adults).

1. Skull higher than in Liparis; frontal ridge moderate Careproctus

2. Ventral disk absent Amitrin.e

A. Pseudobrauchia? present.

1. Pectoral simple, with (six) lowest rays prolonged Amitra

B. Pseudobranckia absent.

1. Pectoral in two distinct lobes Pakaliparis

2. Pectoral fringed posteriorly, and with (eight) lowest rays free, but not forming distinct

lobe.. HlLGEXDORFIA

LIPARIS, Artedi.

Liparis, Artedi, Synonimia Piscium, 1788, p. 117.— Scopoli, Introductio, 1777.— Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed.

i, 1817, p. 227.— Guxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., in, p. 158.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.

Mus.,p. 738.— Garmax, Discoboli, 1892,45.
Xcoliparis, Steindachner, Ichth. Beitrage, in, 1875, 54 (type, L. mucosas).

Body tadpole-shaped, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed and tapering posteriorly,
enveloped in smooth skin, usually somewhat loose. Head short, broad; snout short, blunt;
mouth horizontal, with lower jaw included. Teeth numerous, in cardiform bands; usually
tricuspid on interinaxillaries and mandible, simple on pharyngeals. Dorsal and anal fins
with rays feeble, flexible, those anterior scarcely differentiated ; more or less confluent with
caudal. Pectorals broad, eniargiuatc, procurreut under throat, some of the lower rays
produced. Ventrals transformable into a well-developed disk on the breast, its front below
or behind the middle of the head, about midway between sucking-disk and anal fin. Pseu-
dobranchia; present.

LIPARIS LINEATUS, (Lepeculnt),Kr6yer.

Cyclopterus liparis, LixN-EUS, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, 1766, i, 414.

Liparis liparis, Cuviep, Rogue Animal, ed. I, 1817, ii, 227. — GCntiier, Chalk Rep., xxn, 1887, 67.— Garmax,

Discoboli, 57.
Cyclopterus lineatus, Lepechin, Nov. Com. Petropok, xvm, 1773, 522, pi. v, figs. 2, 3.
Liparis lineatus, KrOyeb, Nat. Tidsskr., n, 1847, 284. — Jordan and Gilbert. Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus.,

742. — Collett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 65.
Liparis vulgaris, Fleming, Phil. Zobk, 1822, 387; British Auimals, 1828, 190.— GCntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus., in, 159. — Kroyer, Nat. Foren. Vid. Med., 1860-61, 243. — Collett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 65. —

Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., xi, 1879, 11.
Liparis barbatus, Ekstrom, Vet. Akad. Handl., 1832, 168, pi. v.
Lijmris stellatus, Malm, For. Sk. Nat., 1865, 412.
Liparis Ekstromi, Malm, 1v<: eit.

Body thick, covered with thin loose skin, its height two-sevenths of its length ; head
obtuse, with swollen nape, its length one-fourth that of the body ; snout broad, not depressed ;
lips thickish; posterior nostril tubular. Diameter of orbit one-seventh length of head.
Gill-openings vertical slits surpassing root of pectoral; no pseudobranchiaj. Tail truncate
at base of caudal. Dorsal and anal confluent with caudal. Ventral disk rather longer than
broad, half length of head, its margin with about 13 papillae.

Radial formula: D. 33; A. 28.

Color, yellowish, striped with dark brown or purplish; the color very variable.

Giinther records the capture of a specimen, probably of this species, from the cruise of

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 275

the Porcupine, in ISO fathoms, north of Shetland. The form to which he refers is doubtless
that known to American students as L. lineata.

This species was often taken by the Fish Commission vessels off the south coasl of New
England, in 30 to 60 fathoms, parasitic in the shell of a large scallop, Pecten tenuicostatus,
iu company often with a crab of the genus Pinnotheres, closely related to the '• oyster crab."

CAREPROCTUS, Kroyer'.

Careprortii.i, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsakr., I, 257, 1862 (type, Liparis Reinhardti, Kroyer). — Garman, Discoboli,
1892, 72.

Liparidoids with body elongate, covered with thin lax skin, translucent. Mouth oblique,
with projecting lower jaw. Teeth simple, hooked (tricuspid in young). Ventral disk small,
under head, the vent a little behind ventral disk, but far iu front of anal fin.

Garinan shows that the head of Gareproctus is higher posteriorly than in Liparis; the
body deeper in front of the dorsal fin; the caudal region longer, slenderer, more tapering;
the dorsal and anal having more rays, and more completely joined with caudal; the ventral
disk reduced in size ; and the suborbital process less developed.

CAREPROCTUS GELATINOSUS, (Pallas), Kroyer.

Oyolopterw gelatinosus, Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, vn, 1769, 19, pi. in, tig. 1.

Liparis gelatinosus, Cuvier, Regno Animal, ed. 1, 1817, n, 227. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 163;

Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 57. — Reinhardt, Oversigt, etc., 1844, lxxvii.
Careprocttis gelatinosus, Kroyer, loc. cit. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 740. — Garman,

Discoboli, 76.
Liparis Reinhardti, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., i, 252.
Careproctus Eeinhardti, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., I, 1862, 252.— Collett, Norsk. Nordh. Exp., Fiske, 57, pi.

ii, ligs. 15, 16.

Ventral disk very small, supported by a bilamellate cartilage descending from the
throat; vertical fins continuous. Body oblong, compressed, semitransparent, soft, and gelat-
inous; head thick, flat above; cleft of mouth nearly vertical, as in TJranoscopus; a series
of pores along upper lip; jaws, palate, and pharynx rough with teeth; skeleton very weak.

Radial formula: D. 50; A. about 45; C. 6; P. 30. C;eca 48. Vertebne 64.

Rose-colored with vertical fins violet; gill cavity black. (Giinther.)

An Arctic circumpolar species, first described from the* North Pacific (Bering Strait),
afterwards found on the Greenland coast, and recently discovered by the North Atlantic
Expedition about Jan Mayen and Bear Island, and off Arendal, at depths varying between
263 and 638 fathoms; also found in the Kara Sea.

Gareproctus spectrum, Bean, from Alaska (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. xin, 40), is an allied
form.

CAREPROCTUS RANULA, Goode and Bean. (Figures 251 and 251 A, B.)

Liparis ranula, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., n, 1879, 46.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S.
Nat. Mus.. 712.

A species with body thick, subcylindrical anteriorly, rapidly tapering to the tail, cov-
ered with a thick lax integument; its greatest height (.25) equals the length of the head
and is one-fourth of the total length of the body without caudal.

Head somewhat tumescent at the nape; its height (over the ventral disk and eyes) con-
tained something over six times iu the length of the body; its greatest width (.18) very
Brightly greater and equaling twice the width of the ventral disk. Snout broad, with promi-
nent vertical profile; its length about one-fourth that of the head. Cleft of the mouth hori-
zontal, not extending to perpendicular from the anterior margin of the orbit. Lips covered
with thick lax skin, the upper jaw extending beyond the lower.

Length of the upper jaw about one-third of length of head; that of mandible slightly
greater than length of ventral disk. Bach jaw armed with a band of villilbrm teeth: tongue
thick, obtuse. Eye is lateral, not interfering with the upper profile of the head; its diame-

276

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ter (.07) more than one-fourth of the length of the head, and contained about fourteen times
in the length of the body. Width of interorbital area is contained 2J times in length of
head. Nostril close to eye. Gill opening a vertical slit, extending upon upper part of root
of the pectoral.

Dorsal is inserted at a distance from snout equal to one-third of length of body. It
contains about 48 rays (though to count them is almost impossible). Anal originates at a
distance from snout equal to two-fifths of length of body, and in perpendicular from eighth
dorsal ray; it contains at least 48 rays. Pectoral moderately broad, with 15 long rays and
12 or 13 shorter ones; the long rays are twice as long as the ventral disk and extend nearly
or quite to perpendicular from vent.

Ventral disk slightly longer (.10) than its distance from snout (.09), which precisely
equals its width; it has 14 papillae.

Color is uniform whitish, almost colorless, aud translucent in life.

This species was taken in the large trawl net by the collecting party on the United
States steamer Speedwell, September 24, 1877, off the mouth of Halifax Harbor (station
117, 84 miles southeast from Chebucto Head). The depth at which it was found was 52
fathoms, the temperature at the bottom 35° F. The bottom was of fine sand aud mud, and
in the same haul of the net were taken the following species: Glyptocephalus cynoglossus,
Sippoglossoides platessoides, Sebastes mariwus (young), Phycis chuss, Aspidophoroides monop-
terygius, Triglops Pingelii, Gentridermichthys uncinatus, and Baia radiata.

Specimens of this species were also taken by the Albatross from station 2455, in 47° 21'
N. lat.; 51° 38' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of SI fathoms.

The species resembles, in the shape of its head, the Liparis Fabricii of Kroyer, but is
easily distinguished by its less elongate body and the greater number of rays in the dorsal
and anal fins. When first taken it was colorless, almost translucent, and was covered with
a thick tough integument. The preceding description is less complete than would seem de-
sirable, owing to the fact that the type specimen (No. 22310, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat.) was too
soft and tender to admit of the requisite manipulation. The specimen, Svbich is 50 milli-
meters in total lengt h (caudal included), is a mature female, having in the abdominal cavity
many large eggs.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Current number of specimen .
Locality

22310.
Station 117, off Halifax.

Length to origin of middle caudal rays.
Body :

Greatest height

Height at ventral disk

Head:

Greatest length

Greatest width

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Length of upper jaw

Length of mandible

Diameter of orbit

Dorsal :

Distance from anout

Anal:

Distance from snout

Caudal :

Lengt li of middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Length

Ventral :

Distance of disk from snout

Length of disk

Width of disk

Dorsal

Anal.

Pectoral

Ventral (number of papillae in disk) .

Millimeters.

52

48

(48)

15+12 or 13

11

moths of

lengths.

25
17

25
18
10
6
8
11
7

32

40

(8)

23
20

10
9

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. "277

CAREPROCTUS MAJOR, (Fabrii n s),Garman.

Cyclopterus liparis. var. major, Fabricius, Fauna Grcenlandica, L780, 136. — Walbacm, Art. Gen. Pise, L792,

189.— Var. b, Amersulak, Bonnat., Tabl. Encyol., 1788, 28.
Liparis major, Gill, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., I8t>4, 193.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bnll. \\ i, r. s. Nat. Mas.,

1882, 741.
Aetinochir major, Gill, Cat. Fish. E.C. N. A., 1.873,21.
Liparis ( Aetinochir) major, Jordan, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1885 I 1887), 903.
Liparis tunieata, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. (3), I, pt. 2, 1862, 236. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1864, 190 —

Collett, Norsk. Nord-Havs. Exp., Fiske, L880, 59. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bnll. xvi, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882,

711'.
Aetinochir tunieata. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila.. 1864, 190.
Liparis Fabricii, LOtken, Kara-Haveta Fisk., 1887, 14ti, pi. xv, figs. 4-6.— Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mns., xiii,

L891, pi. xxix (from LUtken).
Carrprootus majnr, (Iau.man, Discoboli, 18112.

Diameter of eye contained nearly 3 times in snout or interorbital space. Posterior
nostril not tubular. Pseudobranchise reduced to 2 lamellae. Vertical fins continuous; anal

beginning below tenth dorsal ray. Ventral disk longer than broad, half length of head.
Skin thin, loose.

Radial formula: I). 42; A. 34; C. 12; P. 34.

Color, yellowish, mottled with brownish.

Liitken states that he received a great number of specimens of this Arctic species from
the Kara Sea, where they were obtained at depths varying from 40 to 106 lath s.

This form is provisionally placed in Careproctus, but we are quite prepared to believe
that Gill's Aetinochir is a valid genus. The fish has a close external resemblance to the
species of Liparis:

CAREPROCTUS MICROPUS,(Gunther), Garman.

Liparis micropus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 66, pi. xn, fig. B.
Careproctus micropus, Garman, Discoboli, 1892, 72.

Head large and thick, about one-fourth of the total length, the caudal included. The
interorbital space equals in length the postorbital portion of the head. Eye entirely in the
anterior half of the head and one-fifth of its length. Nostrils not tubular. Cleft of the
mouth not extending to the front margin of the eye. Teeth simple, unicuspid.

Vertical fins continuous, caudal very narrow and pointed. The origin of the anal is
opposite to the eighth dorsal ray. Form of the pectoral typical, the foremost rays being
opposite to the anterior margin of the ventral disc. Ventral disc circular, small, one-fourth
of the length of the head, situated immediately behind the level of the eye. Vent very
close to ventral disc. Color light grayish or purplish. (Gunther.)

Two specimens, 2 and 34 inches long, were obtained by the Knight Errant at station 9,
from a depth of 608 fathoms; and also a single individual, 3i inches long, at station 8, in
540 fathoms.

AMITRA, Goode.

Amitra, Goode, Proc. II. S. N. M., in, sig. M0, 478, Feb. Iti, 1881.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S.

N. M., 739.
Monomitra, Goode, Proc. U. S. N. M., vt, 478-9. (July, 1883.)

Liparids with small head and an elongate, attenuate body, covered with thick, lax,
slimy skin. Ventral disk absent. Opercular stay present. Pseudobranchise present.
Gills ,'U, without slit behind last. Gill-openings closed below, restricted to small slits
tinder the very small operculum. Operculum very small, Strap-shaped. Lowerjaw included
within the upper. Teeth weak, paved. First five rays of the dorsal non-articulate, the
ol hers grading gradually into the tlexible rays. Pectoral simple, with low est rays prolonged.

278

DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

AMITEA LIPARINA, Goode. (Figure 252.)

Amitra liparina, Goode, Proc. U. S. N. M., in, 478, Feb. 16, 1881. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S.

N. M., 7-39.
Monomitra liparina, Goode, Proc. U. S. N. M., vi, 1889. 109.— Bean, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1882 (1884) 341.—

Jordan, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1885 (1887), 903.
Paraliparis liparinus, GKnther, Challenger Report, xxil, 1887, 62. — Garman, Discoboli, 82.

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, very thin at the tail, covered with a gelatinous,
las, transparent skin, which is separated from the body and the tins by a filmy, mucous
intertissue. Greatest height of body (.18) contained 5i times in its length, without caudal.

Head thick, convex between eyes, its greatest width (.11) nearly three-fourths its length
(.15), which is contained 6| times in the length of the body. Snout convex, protruding.
Mouth under the snout aud far back from its tip. Eyes lateral, in diameter (.03) about half,
the width of the interorbital area (.05). Nostril in front of eye. Pores along the upper lip
When the head is viewed from directly in front the opening of the mouth seems to be convex
upward.

The dorsal fin begins over the end of the pectoral, and the rays and outline of this, as
well as of the anal, are hardly visible through the thick, lax skin. The rays are thick, but
very flexible. The anal begins under the eighth to tenth dorsal ray. The dorsal and anal
rays lie closely connected with those of the caudal, "which are somewhat longer, and extend
in a pencil-like point.

The pectoral is broad, its lower base almost under the posterior margin of the orbit.
It is composed of twenty-three rays, the six lowest of which are prolonged beyond the lower
rays, contiguous.

Radial formula: D. G7; A. 51 ; C. 6; P. 23.

Color, yellowish white, dusky toward the tail and blackish upon the anterior part of
the head; abdominal cavity showing black through the skin.

MEASUKEjrENTS.

Current number of specimen .
Locality

26184.
Station 891.

Milli-
meters.

Extreme length

I.i iiL'th to base of middle caudal ravs.
Body :

Greatest height

Greatest width

Head:

Greatest length

Greatest width

\V idt b of interorbital area

Li ngth of snout

Diameter ot orbit

Dorsal :

Distance from snout

Greatest height

Anal:

Distance from snout

Height at longest ray

Caudal :

Length of middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout (below)

164
150

Length.

Dorsal .

Anal

Caudal. . .
Pectoral .

lOOths

of
length.

100
18

IS
11
5

4
3

30

0

37
5

8
10
67
54

6
23

The type specimen (Cat. No. 2G1S4, U. S. X. M.) was taken by the Fish Hawk from sta-
tion 891, in 39° 46' N. lat., 71° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 480 (?) fathoms. Additional ex-
amples were secured by the same vessel as follows : Cat No. 28S99, IT. S. N. M., from station
997, in 39° 42' N. lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. No. 28855, U. S. N. M.,
from station 952, in 39° 55' N. lat, 70° 28' W. lou., at a depth of 396 fathoms; Cat. No.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION". 279

28786, U. S. N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69 19' W. Ion., at a depth of 616
fathoms; Cat. No. 31758, U. S. X. M., from station 1140, in :','.\ :;i N. Int., 71 56' W. [on.,

at a depth of 374 fatl is; Cat. No. 28900, I'. S. X. M.. from station 994, in 39° 40' X. lat.,

71°30' W'.lon., at a depth of 368 fathoms; and Cat. No. 31594 | .'), I'.S.N. M., from station
1093, in 39° 56' X. lat.. tin l.v \v. ion., at a depth of 349 fathoms. Two other specimens of
this or a related species (Cat. No. 26179, I'. S. X. M.i were obtained by the Fish Hawlc from
station 894, in 3Qo 53' N. lat.. To :,> 30 W. Ion., at a depth of 365 fathoms, bat they are
in poor condition, and cannot at present lie identified. A single individual was taken by
the Albatross from station 2561, in 3!) 38' X. lat., 71 12' W'.lon., at a depth of 500 fathoms;
and four examples (Cat. No. 35562, U.S. X. M.) from station 2212, in 39° 59' 30 X. lat., 70
30' 45" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 428 fathoms.

PARALIPARIS, Collett.

Paraliparis, Collett, Vid. Selsfc. Forh. Christiania, ts7s. No. 11, 32 (as subgenus). — Gcntuei:, Challenger
Report, xxn, 1887, 68. -Gasman (part) Discoboli, 1892, 80.

Liparids with long, slender, compressed body, attenuate posteriorly, covered with loose
thin skin. Ventral disk absent. Pseudobranchia- absent. Pectoral fin in two portions.
Dorsal and anal confluent with caudal. Teeth minute, simple.

PARALIPARIS BATHYBII, Collett.

Liparis (Paraliparis) bathybii, Collett, Vid. Si'lsk. Fork. Christiania, 1878, No. 11,32.
Liparia bathybii, Collett, Norske Nordbavs Expeditiohen, Fisk., p. 52, pi. II, fig. 15.

Parliparis bathybius, GOnther, Challenger, Report, xxn, 1887, 68, pi. xn, fig. C. — Gin, Proc. U. S. Nat. Has.,
xin, 1891, 373.— Carman, Discoboli, 1892, 81.

Head short and globular; equal in length to the depth of the body, ami is to total
length as 1 to ~>.\ : eyes (orbitae) large, their longitudinal diameter being to the length of the.
head as 1 to 3A, and to width of interorbital space about as 1 to 1§; the dorsal and anal
tins covering two-thirds of the caudal; snout short, but slightly exceeding the diameter of
the orbit; the upper and lower divisions of the pectorals arc separated by a space furnished
with 3 to 4 rudimentary rays. (Coucerniug the eyes, the ventral disk, and the position of
the vent nothing is known. — Collett.)

Radial formula: D. 59; A. 51; P. 13 | 3 (4) [ 3; C. 8.

Color, brownish-black.

Length of body in the specimen examined (female) 208 millimeters. {Collett.)

Collett's type was obtained ins kilometers west of Bear Island, in 658 fathoms. The
Knight Errant collected it at station 8, 1882, iu 040 fathoms.

PARALIPARIS COl'EI, GOOSE and Bean, n. s. (Figure 253.)

This species has nearly the same number of rays in the dorsal and anal as are recorded
in P. bathybius, but the pectoral has 17 rays in the upper portion and 3 in the lower. The
jaws are shorter than in P. bathybius; the form is more elongate and the coloration is strik-
ingly different, our species having the anterior half of the body pale, almost whitish, while
the snout, chin, and anal origin are black.

The standard length, which is the total without caudal, of the specimen examined is
107 millimeters. The greatest height of the body (25 millimeters) is slightly greater than
the length of the head, which is contained 0* times in the standard length.

The snout is broad, obtuse, its length (7 millimeters) contained 3.i times in that of the
head. The length of the eye equals that of the snont. The interorbital width (11 milli-
meters) equals the length of the postorbital part of the head. The nostril is about midwaj
between the eye and the tip of the snout, in a very short tube. Five large mucous pores
on each side of the snout. 3 smaller ones on the cheek under the eye and 0 on the man-
dible and edge of the opercular bones. The teeth are minute, villi form, and in two series.
The gill-opening is a very small slit, edged with black at the upper angle of the pectoral.
The origin of the dorsal is distant from the snout 30 millimeters, or l.J. times the length of

280 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the head. The tip of the pectoral when extended is about under the second or third ray of
the dorsal. The anal origin is under the ninth or tenth dorsal ray. The length of the
middle caudal ray (16 millimeters) is contained 10i times in the standard length. The
longest pectoral ray (18 millimeters) ecpuals half the distance from the snout to the dorsal.
The longest ray of the isolated portion of the fin (10 millimeters) equals that of the middle
caudal ray. The distance of the vent from the tip of the snout (23 millimeters) is nearly
equal to the length of the head. The vent is directly under the base of the pectoral; it is
a narrow slit placed horizontally. Pyloric caeca 4 to (!.

Color: Auterior half of body very pale, whitish; posterior half very light brown;
snout, chin, and edge of gill-opening and region about the vent black.

Eadial formula: D. 60; A. 55; P. 17 + 4; C. 10.

The eggs of an example a little smaller than the type of the description have a diam-
eter of about 3 millimeters. At the same time the ovaries contain some eggs, which have
not reached maturity, whose diameter is only about one-half millimeter. The stomach is a
stout subspherical receptacle, its greatest width two thirds of its length.

The type specimen (Cat. No. 35637, U. S. N. M.) was taken by the Albatross on Sept.
13, 1884, from station 2232, in 39° 12' 17" N. lat., 72° 09'*30" W. Ion., at a depth of 520
fathoms. Specimens were also taken by the same vessel from station 2546, in 39° 53' 30"
N. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2187, in 39° 49' 30" N.
lat.. 71 10 W. lorn, at a depth of 420 fathoms; and fragments of an individual (No. 35479,
U. S. N. M.) from station 2186, in 39° 52' 15" N. lat,, 70° 55' 30" W. Ion., in 353 fathoms.

HILGENDORFIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Liparids with large, high, compressed head whoso bones are exceedingly thin, cavernous;
jaws even in front, Vertical tins represented by broad median folds, confluent at the pos-
terior end of the body, where the caudal is represented by two or three extremely fine,
slender terminal filaments. Pectoral very large, broad-based, with membranes fringed pos
teriorly and having several of the lower rays free, though not forming a distinct portion of
the fin. No ventral disk. Vent far advanced, opposite hind margin of orbit. Gill opening
as in Monomitra.

The type described by Giinther is only 60 millimeters in length, and he remarks
concerning it that it is uncertain whether it represents a form in which embryonic charac-
ters are persistent, or merely an early stage of development.

Its peculiarities seem sufficient to warrant its being set apart for further study before it
is merged with Paraliparis. It is named for Dr. Franz Uilgendorf, of the Royal Zoological
Museum, Berlin

HILGENDORFIA MEMBRANACEA, (Gi'vniER), Goode and Bean.

Paraliparis memhranaceus, Gcntiier, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, p. 69, pi. XII, fig. D.

Head very large, compressed, about as high as long, with the upper profile descending
in a parabolic curve. The abdominal cavity, black and transparent through the integu-
ments, is excessively short; the tail compressed and gradually tapering into a fine point,
The whole of the integuments are colorless, with minute scattered points of pigment, A
broad median dorsal fold rises from the top of the snout and is continued to the extremity
of the tail, gradually disappearing as it approaches the caudal fin, which is represented by
two or three extremely tine and rather long terminal filaments. The fold is highest above
the posterior portion of the abdomen; there also fin rays commence to be developed, which
on the anterior half of the tail are distinct enough, but become more crowded posteriorly
and almost indistinguishable. The anal has a similar structure; it also starts as a fold
from the vent, which is far advanced, opposite to the hind margin of the orbit; rays are
developed from the posterior end of the abdominal cavity, whence the fin is continued in
the same manner as the dorsal.

Pectoral fin very large, with a very broad base, extending from the upper end of the
gill opening forward nearly to the hyoid bone; its principal portion consists of an extremely

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 281

delicate membrane, in which rays are visible like fine striae, and which on its hinder margin
is provided with long Cringes. The eight lower or anterior rays are quite free, bu1 not sep
arated by an interspace from the remaining pari of the fin. The bonesofthe head are
extremely thin, forming cavities on the top and the snout. Tlie eye is of moderate size,
about two-sevenths of the length of the head, a little shorter than the snout, and consider-
ably less than the width of the interoi lutal space, which is very convex. .laws even in
front, the maxillary extending nearly to the hind margin of Hie orbit. (Oimther.)

Radial formula: D. ca. 70; A. ca. To.

One specimen, 2J inches long, was obtained by the Challenger off Gape St. Vincent,
station 310, at a depth of 400 fathoms.

GYMNOLYCODES, Vaillant.

(lymnolycodes, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 312. — Boulenger, /.mil. Record, 1888,
Pisces, 18.

Body compressed, tapering, ensiform; skin feebly adherent to the subjacent tissues,
and scaleless. Vertical tins confluent, pectorals enveloped in an integument; ventrals
jugular, .laws with line teeth in several rows, disposed in quincunx fashion; vomer and
palatines toothless. Branchial opening small and placed a little above the pectorals.

This genus, which Vaillant places in the family Lycodicke, while calling attention to its
resemblance to the Brotulids, has been assigned by Boulenger to the Discoboli, where we
provisionally leave it.

GYMNOLYCODES EDWARDSI, Vaillant. (Figure 254.)

Oymnolycodes Edwardsi. Vaillant. Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 313, pi. xxvi, fig. 3.

Body shaped much as in Bythites, its height nearly one- fifth of its thickness and one-
seventh of its length; the length of the head is two-ninths of the length of the body; its
form is globose (so far as Vaillant was able to judge from a distorted specimen). Length
of snout two-fifths that of head. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to the vertical
from the center of the eye. On the intermaxillary and mandible are small, smooth, pave-
ment-like teeth, similar to those which occur in certain Elasmobranchs, like Mtistelus, and
certain Kays; palate smooth. Eye moderate, diameter one-fifth of length of head; interor
bital width greater, the space equal to one-third that of the head. No barbel lias been ob-
served. The branchial orifice consists of a simple openiug. Opercular bones apparently
imperfectly developed. Branchiostegal membrane supported by rays which are relatively
long and strong, which, in the individual as it was captured, are bent, distending the mem-
brane in globular form. Vent a little in advance of the anterior third of the body.

It is impossible, says Vaillant, to know whether there was, or was not, a lateral line, the
skin, which is very loose, as in certain species such as Liparis, being absent from most
parts of the body. Skin absolutely devoid of scales, but studded with numerous pigmen-
tary dots which cover it nearly entirely — head, body, and fins.

The dorsal does not appear to commence very far forward, its origin being nearly in
the vertical from the vent; that of the anal considerably farther back. The two vertical
fins are similar in appearance and size; they are confluent at the posterior extremity of the
body, where, properly speaking, there is no caudal. Pectorals are completely enveloped in
the skin, and have from 11 to 1"> rays.

When taken out of the dredge the fish was entirely brown; dark upon the tins; belly
bluish-black; the inside of the mouth and branchial cavity brownish, witli some scattering
pigmentary spots.

A single specimen was obtained by the French vessels at station xxi. oil the coast of
Morocco, at a depth of 1,319 meters.

282 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family AGONID^.

Agonida; Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 1839, n, 181. — Gill, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, p. 6 (name only, to em-
brace Giinther, n, pp. 211-216). — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., p. 722. — Gill Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xi, 590, 1889.

Body elongate, or more or less elevated, angular, covered with about eight longitudi-
nal series of large, bony, plates, which form a coat of mall; head externally entirely bony,
the plates often spinous ; eyes large, placed high; suborbital stay cuirassing the check;
mouth terminal or inferior; barbels often present: teeth small, in villiforin bands on the
jaws, and often on the vomer and palatines also; gills 31, no slit behind the last; pseudo-
branchiae very large, usually extending down the inner side of the opercle; gill rakers
small; gill membranes united, free or joined to the isthmus; ventral tins thoracic, close to-
gether, imperfect, i, 2 or i, 3; spinous dorsal small, sometimes absent; anal short, similar
to soft dorsal, without spines ; caudal narrow, few-rayed ; pectorals entire, with broad base,
the rays mostly simple; pyloric caeca few; air bladder none. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA GENEKA OF AGONIDA.

I. Spinous dorsal present Agonin.e

A. Gill membranes joined to isthmus.

1. Bony plates of body not spiny.

a. Vomer toothless. No occipital pit [Agonus]

2. Bony plates of body spinous.

a. Vomer toothless Podotiiecus

b. Vomer with teeth.

Pectorals not notched. Bones of head thin and yielding Bathyagonus

Pectorals divided by a deep notch into ttt'o portions Xenochirus

II. Spinous dorsal obsolete.

A. Gill membranes free from the isthmus Aspidopiioroidin.e

1. Bony plates of body keeled but spineless AspidopiioROIDES

PODOTHECUS, Gill.

Podothtcu8, Gill, Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 259(type, Podotheeus pcrislethus, Gi\l=Agovu8acipen8erinus, Tiles.)
Body elongate, fusiform; head long, compressed, armed above; snout protruding much
beyond the small, inferior, U-shaped mouth; teeth very small, in villiforin bands; none on
vomer or palatines; lower parts of head with barbels; gill membranes united to the isth-
mus, not forming a fold across it. Plates of body armed with spiues; spinous dorsal
present. Ventral rays i, 2. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

PODOTHECUS DECAGONUS, (Schneider), Jordan. (Figure 259.)

Agonus decagonus, Schneider, Bloch's Syst. Ichth., 1801, 105. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 215;

Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 65.— Collett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 40; Norsk. Nordh. Exped., 44, pi. n,

figs. 11-12. — LiLLJEiiOHu, Sverig. och Norg. Fisk., 193.
Archagonus decagonus. Gill, loc. cit.

Aspidophorus spinosissimus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., i, 1844, 250. — Gaimard, Voy. Skand., pi. v.
Agonus spinosissimus, GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n. 211.
Leptagonus spinosissimus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 167.
Aspidophorus malar moides, Deslongchamps, Mem. Soc. Linn. Norm., ix, 1853, 167.
Brachyopsis decagonus, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 727.
Podotheeus (Leptagonus) decagonus, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Ainer., 1887, 114.

Body elongate, compressed; head depressed; jaws equal; a pair of spines above the
snout, a second above the orbits, a. third on the nape, the latter the largest; barbels very
short and thick; scales with very prominent spiues, 0 series of scales between the ventral
tins and the vent; 4 between the vent and the aual fin; pectoral fins much longer than
head, one-fourth total with caudal.

Radial formula: D. vi, 7; A. S; P. 14; L. lat. 41.

Color, yellowish brown, marbled with darker. (Giinther.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 283

This form, originally described from Greenland, has since been found also on the coasl

of Norway and about Iceland and Spitsbergen, (riinther states, on what authority we are
not aware, that it also occurs about Newfoundland. Although characteristically littoral, it
has been found at a depth of 250 fathoms.

BATHYAGONUS, Gilbert.

Bathyagonus, Gilbert, Prop. U. S. Nat. Mas., xn, 181)0, 89.

Spinous dorsal developed. Lower jaw the longer. Plates of body spinous. Gill mem-
branes united to the isthmus, not forming a fold across it. Teeth well developed on jaws.
vomer, and palatines. Pectorals not notched, the upper rays the longest, the lower becom
ing regularly shortened. Bones of head thin and yielding, the system of mucous canals
Very strongly developed. (Gilbert.)

This genus is represented by one species, Bathyagonus nigripinnis, Gilbert, obtained by
the U. S. Pish Commission steamer Albatross off the coast of California in 477 fathoms.

XENOCHIRUS, Gilbert.
Xenochirus, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, lstio, 91.

Spinous dorsal present. Jaws equal, or the upper the longest. Plates of body spinous.
Gill membranes united to the isthmus, the posterior edge sometimes forming a very narrow
free fold across the throat. Teeth well developed on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Pectorals
divided by a neep notch into two portions, the lower composed of greatly thickened rays,
which are. simple and frequently longer than those of the upper lobe. A series of small
spines on eyeball above pupil. (Gilbert.)

This genus, allied to Podothecus, is represented by two species recently taken by the
IT. S. Fish Commission steamerA Ibatross off the coast of California — X. triaeanthus, Gilbert,
from 77 to 115 fathoms, and X. pentacanthus, Gilbert, in 17S fathoms.

ASPIDOPHOROIDES, Lacepede.

Jspidophnroides, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 1802, 228,: (type, Aspidophoroides tranquebar, L&c.=Cottus

monopterygius, Bloeh).
Anoplagonua, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1861,167,259.

Body very long and slender, subterete, octangular, tapering into a very long six-sided
tail. Head slender, short, with large eye; mouth small, terminal; jaws and vomer with
villiform teeth. Dorsal fin single, without spines, very small, inserted nearly opposite the
still smaller anal; other fins small; bony plates of body keeled, without spines; gill-mem-
branes broadly united, free from the isthmus. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

ASPIDOPHOROIDES MONOPTERYGIUS, (Bloch). (Figure 260.)

Coitus monopterygius, Block, Ausliind. Fische, II, 156, taf. 178. — Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Fishes, 50.

Jgonus monopterygius, Schneider, Bloch's Syst. Ichth., 1801, 101.

Aspidophorus monopterygius, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 224; VI, 554, pi. clxix.—

GCxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 216.
Atpidophoroides monopterygiux, Goode and Bean, Araer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1877, 477. — Goode, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 480.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, IT. S. Nat. Mus., 725.

Body slender, elongate, its height 9 in its length. Head triangular, much narrowed
anteriorly, its length 5| in that of body; nasal spines very large, diverging, inserted aear
tip of snout; no other spines anywhere; eyes very large, longer than snout; supraocular
ridges very high; a ridge extending backward from eye along temporal region ; lower jaw-
slightly included; caudal peduncle very long and slender, forming about two lift lis the
length; breast with flat plates; dorsal ridges high anteriorly, the median line of back from
snout to dorsal tin concave. Head 5§; depth 9.

Radial formula: 1). 5; A. (i; L. hit. ca. 50.

Color brownish, obscurely banded with darker; pectorals, dorsal, and caudal mottled or
barred.

284 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Tip to the time of the visit of the U. S. Fish Commission to Salem in 1877 this species
had been very rarely taken south of Greenland, and that mainly from the stomachs of cod,
haddock, halibut, and other fishes. Several specimens were dredged by the Commission at
Portland and Eastport, Me. Many specimens were taken in Massachusetts Bay, often a
dozen coming up in a single haul of the trawl.

In 1871 the head of au individual of this species was dredged up on the ''Pecten Ground,''
off Watch Hill, R. I. This was the first instance of its capture south of Cape Cod.

It was subsequently taken at the following Albatross stations: 2502, in 44° 19' N". lat.,
G0° 39' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 54 fathoms; 2491, in 45° 24' 30" K lat., 58° 35' 15" YV.
Ion., at a depth of 59 fathoms; 2522, in 42° 20' 1ST. hit., 65° 07' 30" W.lon., at a depth of 101
fathoms; and 2450, in 46° 45' N. lat., 50° 02' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 44 fathoms.

A specimen, doubtfully assigned to A. Olriki, was taken at station 2450, in 40° 45' N.
lat., 50° 02' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 44 fathoms.

Family LATILID^E.

Latiloi&as, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1801, 514.

Latilida, Gill, Arr. Fain. Fishes, 1872, 9 (No. 97).— Jordan- and Gilbert, Ball. xvi. II. S. Nat. Mus., 023.

Acanthopterygians with body more or less elongate, compressed. Scales small, ctenoid.
Lateral line present, complete. Head subcorneal, the profile usually convex; suborbital
without bony stay; cranial bones not cavernous; opercular bones armed or not. Mouth
moderate, terminal. Teeth rather strong. Premaxillary (usually) with posterior canine,
protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under edge of preorbital.
Gill-membranes often adherent to the isthmus. Dorsal tin long and low, usually continu-
ous, the spinous portion much shorter than the soft. Anal fin elongate, with spines few
and feeble. Caudal fin forked; tail diphycercal. Ventrals thoracic or subjugular, perfect.
Pectoral fins normal. Vertebra', 35-50.

LOPHOL.ATIL.US, Goode and Bean.
Lopholatilus, Goode and Bean, Proc. 17. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 205 (type, Lopholatilus tfiamceleonticeps, G. & B.).

Dorsal and anal rays few in number. A large adipose appendage on the nape and a
fleshy prolongation upon each side of the labial fold, extending backward beyond the angle of
the mouth.

LOPHOLATILUS CIIAM.ELEONTICEPS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 205.)

The Tile Fish.

Lopholatilus chamaleonticeps, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. n, 1879, 205. — Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., in, 337. 482. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 624.— C'oi.lixs, Rep. U. S. Fish Comin.,
1882 (1884), 237-292.— Lucas, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Smithsonian Report), 1889, 647, with colored plate.

A Lopholatilus having a stout, somewhat compressed body, with its height contained
3J times in its length (without caudal), and the length of its head 3 times.

Maxillary reaching anterior margin of orbit; opercle and preopercle scaly, the latter
finely denticulate; upper jaw with an outer series of stronger teeth, behind which is a band
of villiform teeth; lower jaw with a few large canines and an inner series of small conical
teeth; vomer and palatines toothless.

Radial formula: D. vn, 15; A. n, 13; scales 8-93-30.

Detailed description. — The greatest height of the body (.306), which is at the ventrals,
is contained about 3;V times in the length to the origin of the middle caudal rays, and 4 times
in the extreme length. Its greatest width (.144) equals the length of the caudal peduncle
(.144) ; this latter being measured from the end of the soft dorsal to the origin of the middle
caudal rays. The least height of the tail (.0807) is contained 4 times in the distance of the
spinous dorsal from the snout.

The greatest length of the head (.33) is contained 3 times in the length to the origin of
the middle caudal rays. Its greatest width (.165) is slightly more than twice the width of
the iuterorbital area (.08). The length of the snout (.122) is contained twice in the length

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 285

of the pectoral of the right side (.244). The length of the operculum to end of flap (.11) is
.', of total Length. The length of the upper jaw (.15) equals A the height of the body al the
ventrals, and is contained -' times in the length of the head. The maxilla extends to the
perpendicular through the anterior margin of I lie orbit ; the mandible does not <piite reach
the perpendicular through the middle of the orbit; the length of the labial appendage is
slightly more than half the long diameter of the orbit and one-third the length of the first
peel oral ray. The length of the mandible (.lot!) slightly exceeds the distance from the sin nit
to the orbit (.15), and equals .'! times the long diameter of the eye (.052), which is contained
0A times in the length of the head. The operculum and preoperculum are scaly; the latter
is finely denticulated on its posterior margin. The distance of the posterior nostril from
the eye equals the length of the lirst anal spine; the distance between the anterior nostril
and the end of the snout is twice as great. The intermaxillaries are supplied with an outer
series of about 19 canine teeth, and behind these a band of villiform teeth, widest at the sym-
physis. The mandible has a few large canines and an inner series of small conical teeth
continued from a patch of similar teeth at the symphysis; vomer and palatines toothless.

The distance of the adipose dorsal from the snout (.206) equals nearly 3 times its height
(.07); its length of base (.123) equals the length of the snout. The height of the adipose
dorsal equals the distance from the tip of the ventral to the vent.

The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout (.347) equals the distance of the ven-
fcral from the snout (.317); its length of base (.114) equals the length of the caudal peduncle.
The first spine is imperfect — what remains of it is one-third as long as the third spine (.09).
The second spine (.08L') is about equal to the width of the interorbital ana. The fourth and
the sixth spine are equal in length (.097) and equal the distance from the end of the snout
to the posterior nostril. The fifth spine (.095) is a little shorter than the sixth. The last
spine, seventh, is contained 10 times in the total length. The length of the first ray of the
soft dorsal (.094) equals the distance between the anterior nostril and the end of the snout.
The thirteenth and longest ray (.147) about equals the length of the base of the spinous
dorsal. The last ray (.07) is half as long as the thirteenth. The thirteenth ray of the soft
dorsal extends to the origin of the external caudal rays.

The distance of the anal from the snout (.00) is about equal to twice the height of the
body at the ventrals. The length of the anal base (.318) is slightly more than twice the
length of the mandible. The first anal spine (.04) is half as long as the second dorsal spine.
The second anal spine (.075) is half as long as the upper jaw. The first ray of the anal (.102)
is as long as the last spine of the dorsal. The eleventh and longest anal ray (.134) is con-
tained 7.1 times in the total length, and nearly equals the length of the middle caudal rays.
The last anal ray (.078) is half as long as the mandible. The eleventh ray of the anal
extends almost to the perpendicular through the origin of the middle caudal rays.

The caudal is emarginate, the external rays being only 1A times as long as the middle
rays. The length of the superior external rays (.210), measured from the origin of the mid-
dle rays, equals 1A times the length of the spinous dorsal base.

The distance of the pectoral from the snout (.32) very slightly exceeds the length of
the anal base. The length of the pectoral of the right side (.244) equals twice that of the
snout. The pectoral of the left side is probably imperfect, its length (.216) being equal to
that of the superior external caudal rays. The right pectoral can be made to reach the vent ;
in its natural positiou it extends to the perpendicular let fall from the fourth ray of the
second dorsal.

The distance of the ventral from the snout (.347) equals 4 times the least height of
the tail. The length of the ventral (.183) equals twice that of the third dorsal spine, and
it extends to a point under the third dorsal ray. The distance from the tip of the ventral
to the vent equals half the length of the middle caudal rays. The vent is under the inter-
val between the fourth and fifth dorsal rays.

Color. — The following notes upon color were taken from a fresh specimen. The colors
are very beautiful, and in general appearance when taken from the water it is one of the
Loveliest fishes we have ever seen, no exception being made in favor of the brilliant parrot-
fishes or angel-fishes of the West Indian coral groves.

286

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASItf.

Back bluish, with a green tinge, iridescent, changing through purplish blue and bluish
gray to rosy white below, and milky white toward the median line of the belly. Head rosy,
iridescent, with red tints most abundant on the forehead, blue under the eyes, cheeks fawn-
colored. Throat and under side of the head pearly white, with an occasional tint of lemon-
yellow; this is most pronounced in front of the ventrals and on the anterior portion of
ventral fins. Back with numerous maculations of bright lemon or golden. Anal purplish,
with blue and rose tints, iridescent. Margin of anal rich purplish blue, iridescent like the
most beautiful mother of pearl; this color pervading more or less the whole fin, which has
large yellow maculations. The lower border is rose-colored like the belly, and the base of
the fin also partakes of this general hue. Dashes of milk-white on the base of the anal
between the rays.

Dorsal gray. In front of the seventh dorsal the upper third posterior to the upper
two-thirds dark brown. Spots of yellow, large, elongate, on or near the rays. Adipose fin
whitish brown or yellow; a large group of bright yellow, confluent spots at the base.

Pectorals sepia colored with rosy and purplish iridescence.

Viscera. — Stomach small, siphonal, barely more thau a loop in the very large intestine.
Alimentary canal short, stomach and intestine when stretched out at full length extending
from the diaphragm to the caudal. A loop in the intestine immediately posterior to the
stomach. Liver with two lobes, nearly equal in length, light chestnut-brown. Gall-bladder
large, pendent, pear-shaped, with long duct. Swim-bladder simple, with thick muscular
walls, strongly attached to roof of abdominal cavity by numerous root-like appendages,,
resembling somewhat those of Pogonias. Spleen two-thirds as long as gall-bladder.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

[The unit of comparison is the length to the origin of the middle caudal rays.'

Current number of specimen

Locality

Length to origin of middle caudal rays

Length tu end of middle caudal rays.

Body:

Greatest height (at ventrals)

Greatest width

Least height of tail

Length oi caudal peduncle

Head

Greatest length

Greatest width

Width of inter orbital area

Lengtli of snout

Length of operculum

Length of upper jaw

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to orbit

Long diameter of eye

Dorsal (adipose) :

Distance from snout

Length of base

Greatest height

Dorsal (spinous) :

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of first spine (possibly broken)

Length of second spine

Length of third spine

Length of fourth spine

Length of fifth spin.- (possibly broken)

Length of sixth spine

Length of seventh spine

Dorsal (soft) i

Length of base

Lengt h of first ray

Length of longest ray (thirteenth)

Length of last ray. . -

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of first spine

Length of second spine

Length of first ray

Length of longest' ray (eleventh)

Length of last ray

SO miles s. by E. of

Xonian s Land.

Millime-

lOOtllHOf

ters.

length.

692

788

212

30.6

100

14.4

60

8.67

100

14.4

230

33

114

16.5

56

8

85

12.28

77

11

105

15

108

15.6

103

15

36

5.2

143

20.66

85

12. 28

48

7

240

34.68

100

14.4

20

3

57

8.24

63

9.1

67

9.68

66

9.54

67

9.68

70

10

300

43.35

65

9.4

102

14.74

48

"'

416

60

220

31.79

29

4.2

52

7.5

71

10.26

93

13.44

54

7.8

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION.
table of measurements— continued.

287

22,889.

so miles S.by E.of
Noman's Land.

Current number of specimen

Locality <

Caudal*:

Length "f middle rays

Length of external raya <NU|>rnnr.

J ( interior ..

Pectoral:

Distance from snout

*-*"• {3f&?!:

Ventral :

Distance from snout

LfllL.'! ll

Branohiostegals

Dorsal

Anal

Caudal

Pectoral

Ventral

Number of scales in lateral line

Number of transverse rows above lateral line

Number of transverse rows below lateral line

This fish was first observed in 1879, when a Cape Aim schooner, the Wm. V. Hutchitujs,
while setting trawl lines for cod on Nantucket shoals, took several hundred specimens.
The capture of so large a fish so entirely unlike anything known in American waters excited
much interest, and it was at first thought that it might become of economic importance.
The genus and species were immediately described, and a popular name was proposed,
taken from the fourth syllable of the name of the genus.

In July of the same year, the schooner Clara F. Friend, while fishing for cod iu the same
region, obtained nine of them at a station 50 miles south by east of Noman's Laud, in N.
hit. 40° 10', W. Ion. 70° 55', at a depth of 75 fathoms, on very hard clay bottom. In Sep-
tember the Fish Commission steamer Fish Haiok went to the same region to search for

them.

The first trip of the Fish Hawk to deep water from Newport was on September 4, and
the nets were hauled as nearly as possible on the same grounds where Lopholatilus had
previously been taken. The second trip, ten days later, was to a region about 40 miles
farther west, and on this occasion six or more large individuals of this species were brought
up on a hand line ( ladder line) set from an open boat sent out from the steamer. None
were at any time taken in the trawl nets, though there is every reason to believe from the
success of the fishing vessels previously, and from the number taken on the hand line by
the men in the small boat, that they were exceedingly abundant in this locality, and proba-
bly for hundreds of miles in either direction, or at any rate to the south.

In 18S0 and 18S1 the Fish Hawk took tile fish on several occasions at depths of from
70 to 134 fathoms. The indications of the apparent abundance of a new and edible fish of
large size made Prof. Baird desirous of obtaining fuller knowledge of its habits and habi-
tat, iu the hope that it might readily be taken in large numbers and prove an important
addition to the list of food-fishes. Unfortunately the Fish Commission had not yet built
the schooner Grampus, so, having no vessel especially adapted for fishery research and pre-
pared to encounter all weather, it was necessary to charter a fishing smack for the work.
Unfortunately, too, bad or threatening weather seemed to have been chartered with the
smack, and only a brief and unsatisfactory trial could be made on the tile fish ground, so
that research was of necessity postponed until 1882. In the months of March and April,
lssi". vessels arriving at Philadelphia, New York, and Boston reported having passed large
numbers of dead or dying tish scattered over an area of many miles, and from descriptions
and the occasional specimens brought in, it was evident that the great majority of these
were tile fish. Naturally these fish were not evenly distributed over all the area in
which they were seen, some observers reporting them as scattering, and others as at times
so numerous that there would be as many as fifty on the space of a rod square. As one

288 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

account after another came in it became apparent that a vast destruction of fish had taken
place, for vessels reported having sailed for 40, 50, and 60 miles through floating fish; and
in one case the schooner TJTavarino sailed for above 150 miles through waters dotted as far
as the eye could reach with dying fishes. Computations made by Capt. J. W. Collins,
seemed to indicate that an area of from 5,000 to 7,500 square statute miles was so thickly
covered with dead or dying fish that their numbers must have exceeded the enor
inous number of one billion. Since there were no signs of any disease, and no parasites
found on the fish brought in for examination, their death could not have been brought
about by either of these causes; and many conjectures were made as to the reason of this
wholesale destruction of deep-water fishes, such as would ordinarily be unaffected by
conditions prevailing at the surface, submarine volcanoes, heat, cold, and poisonous
gases being variously brought forward to account for the loss of life.

Prof. Verrill has noted the occurrence of a strip of water, having a temperature of 48°
to 50° F., lying on the border of the Gulf- Stream slope, sandwiched between the Arctic
current on the one hand and the cold depths of the sea on the other. During 1880 and
18S1 Prof. Verrill dredged along the Gulf-Stream slope, obtaining in this warm belt, as he
terms it, many species of invertebrates characteristic of more southern localities. In 1882 the
samespecies were scarce or totally absent from places where they had previously beenabuud-
ant, and this taken in connection with the occurrence of heavy northerly gales and the pres-
ence of much iushore ice at the north, leaves little doubt that some unusual lowering of tem-
perature in the warm belt brought immediate death to many of its inhabitants. This is the
more probable, as it is a well-known fact that sudden increase of cold will bring many fish to
the surface in a benumbed or dying condition, and there are no indications of any shock or
earthquake having occurred at the time the dead fish were first noticed.1

For several years the fish was believed to have become entirely extinct, and so con-
vinced were naturalists of this that a chapter was devoted to it in a paper by Mr. Lucas in
the Report of the National Museum for 1889 upon "Animals recently extinct." Several
visits were made by Fish Commission vessels to the old Lopholatilus grounds, but all
attempts to obtain specimens were fruitless.

In the fall of 1892 Col. Marshall McDonald, the Commissioner of Fisheries, made
another attempt to discover the fish, and was successful, obtaining it from the following
stations: A single specimen on August 6, in 40° 06' X. hit., 71° 00' W. Ion., in 78 fathoms;
one specimen on August 18, in 40° 08' X. hit., 71° 08' W. Ion., in 78 fathoms; one specimen
on September 17, in 39° 26' X. lat., 72° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 74 fathoms; three speci-
mens on September IS, in 39° 20' X. hit., 72° 27' W. long., in 77 fathoms, and two speci-
mens on October 8, in 38° 40' X. lat., 73° 09' W. Ion., at a depth of 80 fathoms.

The tile fish then is restored to the list of existing species of our Xorth Atlantic coast,
and it is probable that in time it may attain to its former abundance. The temperature
investigations made by Col. McDonald have been carefully discussed by him, and he is
convinced that the destruction of Lopholatilus was due entirely to climatic causes.

Family PERCOPHID^E.

Percophhlw, Adams, Mauu.il of Natural History, 1851, 103. — Gill, Century Dictionary.

Acauthopterygiau fishes with elongate body, pointed head, a short first and a long
second dorsal, and complete thoracic ventrals, moderately approximated, ((fill.)

APHRITIS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Aphritis, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vin, 483.— Guntiieu, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., ir, 242.

Body cylindrical, elongate; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the lower jaw
rather longer ; eye lateral. Scales rather small, minutely ciliated. Two separate dorsals
(the first with 6 spines); ventrals jugular, with 1 spine and 5 soft rays; the lower pectoral
rays branched. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer (and the palatine bones), with-

1 Notes by F. A. Lucas.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

289

out canines. Operculum with a flat point: preopercnlum entire. Six branchiostegals.
Air bladder, none: pyloric appendages in .small Dumber. (Oiinther.)

This genus includes several tonus from Van Diemen's Land, the west coasl of Patago-
nia and South America, and is represented in the deep-sea fauna by the species A. gobio,
Giinther (Challenger Report, i. Dart vi, Sinn,' Pishes, L880, 21, PI. ex), obtained at Challen-
ger stations 307, in 147 fathoms, and 312, in 1(1-1.") fathoms; in the Antarctic fauna of
Magellan Straits, and the littoral archipelago on the western side of the extremity of the
South American continent. Specimens were obtained from 0 to ISi inches in length.

ACANTHAPHRIT1S, Gunther.
Aeanthaphritis, GttNTHER, Challenger Report, i. Pari \i Shore Fishes), 1880,43.

Head depressed, rail compressed. Cleft of the month subhorizontal, with the upper
jaw longer. Eye rather large, obliquely directed upwards. Scales large, ciliated. Two
separate dorsal tins, the first with live or six spines. Ventrals jugular, with 1 spine and 5
soft rays. The lower pectoral rays branched. Bauds of villiforni teeth in the jaws, with
outcauines; vomerine teeth in two small, widely separated patches. Opercles unarmed;
each preorbital with a horizontal spine pointing forward. Six branchiostegals. Gill-mem
branes entirely separate from each other, and from the isthmus. (Giinther.)

This genus is represented by a single species, A. grandisquands, Giinther (loc. cit., pi.
xviii, Fig. A), represented by specimens obtained by the Challenger at station 192, near the
Ki Islands, at a depth of 129 fathoms.

Family CH^ENICHTHYIDyE.

Ckcenichthyoidw, Gill, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 507.

duenichthyidm, Gill. Ait. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 9 (No.93); Century Dictionary, 907.

Acanthopterygian fishes typified by the genus Ghamichthys, and including those Perc-
opho idea which have the .snout produced and spatuliform, the body mostly naked, and two
dorsal tins, the first of which is short and the second long. (Gill,)

BATHYDRACO, Gunther.

Bathydraco, GOnthbb, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 18; Challenger Report, xxn, 48.

Body elongate, subcylindrical; tail tapering and very attenuated behind; head de-
pressed, with snout much elongate, spatulate; mouth wide, horizontal, with the lower jaw

BATHYDBAOO ANTABCTICUS.

prominent; eyes very large, vertical, close together. Scales very small, embedded in the
skin. Lateral line rather wide, continuous. One dorsal tin; ventrals jugular; the lower
pectoral rays brain lied. Teeth in the jaws In villiforni bands; none on the vomer or the
palatine boues. Opercles unarmed; ten branchiostegals; the gill-membranes free from the
isthmus and but slightly united in front. Air-bladder none. Gills 1. l'seudobranchke none.
Gill-rakers short.

The tyi f this genus is Bathydraco antarcticm, Gunther (loc. cit., PI. vm, Pig. A),

taken by the Challenger, south of Heard Island (station 102), at the depth of 1,260 fathoms.

19868— No. 2 19

290 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

HYPSICOMETES, Goode.

Hypsicometes, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in. 1880,347. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus.
808.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, tapering- posteriorly. Head very large, much depressed,
with snout elongate, spatulate; cleft of mouth very wide, horizontal, with the lower jaw
much the longer; the posterior margin of the maxillary wide, free, and with a long cuta-
neous flap. Eyes very large, close together, subvertical. Scales large, cycloid, deciduous;
lateral line conspicuous and continuous, with scales smaller than those of the body adjoining,
not granular, its line descending abruptly in a catenary curve in the region over the pectorals.
Teeth acicular; in bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatines, the largest being upon the pala-
tines, the vomer, and upon two pads on either side of the symphysis of the maxillary. A
sharp, short, strong scapular spine. Opercle with three feeble, sharp spines, each at the
end of a long feeble ridge; a long, skinny opercular flap extending far beyond the bony
portion, and covered with scales. Brauchiostegals, 0. Gill-membranes free from the isth-
mus, except far in front, where they are united fco it; the left-hand flap overlapping the
right at the point of junction. Psendobranchia? present. Gill-rakers short.

This genus resembles Ghcenichthys, in many particulars, in its general structure, though
distinguished by the presence of scales and the different position of the lateral line, which
descends in a ca tenary curve from under the tip of the opercular flap to the middle region
of the body, about halfway from the pectorals to the caudal; by the greater depression of
the head, the sharper snout, the smaller mouth, and the location of the eyes, which are
subvertical instead of lateral, and are separated by a very narrow interorbital space; and also
by the presence of teeth upon the vomer and palatines. It resembles Bathydraco in general
appearance, but is clearly distinguished from it by the presence of two dorsal lins, instead
of a single one, by the armed opercles, by the presence of scales upon the snout, by the
presenceof teeth upon the vomer and palatines, and by having 0 instead of 10 brauchios-
tegals.

HYPSICOMETES GOBIOIDES, Goode. (Figuro263.)
Eyj>sicomctes gobioidr*. Goode, Proc I". S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, 347.— Jordan and Gilbert, Joe. eit.

The greatest height of the body is about one third of the length of the head, which
(measuring from the tip of the snout to the tip of the opercular Bap) is contained a little less
than two and one-half times in the total length of the body (without caudal). Mouth very
wide, horizontal; the maxillary, which is expanded spoon-like posteriorly, reaching consid-
erably beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The diameter of the orbit
is contained 1A times in the length of the snout and i.\ times in the length of the head (flap
included), its location being considerably nearer to the tip of the snout than to the end of
the flap, and equidistant between the tip of the snout and the tip of the uppermost spiue of
the operculum.

The entire upper surface of the head is covered with scales, except upon the bony por-
tion of the snout, aud so are also the cheeks and opercula. The first d< >rsal tin is placed far
forward, not far behind the vertical from the axil of the pectoral; the interspace between
the termination of the first dorsal and the beginning of the second is equal to the diameter
of the orbit. This flu is composed of six spines, the first aud second of which are the long-
est, equal to the distance from the anterior margin of the orbit to the tip of the lower jaw,
and is triangular in form. The origin of the second dorsal is almost in the vertical from
that of the anal, and terminates a little in advance of the latter. The second dorsal tin is
highest in front aud low behind. The length of the caudal peduncle is a little less than the
length of the snout. Caudal rounded. Pectoral very broad at base, rounded, extending
beyond the vent aud nearly to the vertical from the origin of the anal ; lower rays branched.
Veutralsfar apart, horizontal, Trigla-Uke, composed of one flexible spine aud five branched
rays, their insertion far forward and far in advance of the base of the pectorals.

Kadial formula: D. VI, 15-17; A. 1G-1S; V. I, 5; P. 20; L. lat. 65.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 291

Color, grayish brown: lighter and yellowish below.

Species and genus were based Q] a very small specimen, and many of the importanl

characters were not discernible. This specimen (Cat. No. 26007, U. S.N. M.) was taken by
the FishHawk from station 871, in 40 02 54' NT. lat., 70 23' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 115
fathoms, and was much contracted and distorted from immersion in strong alcohol. Numer-
ous examples have since been obtained and the descriptions entirelj recast. II was taken
by the Blake from station lvi, off St. Vincent, in 95 fathoms, and from station li. off St.
Kins, in 208 fathoms; also by the Albatross from station 2402, in 28° 36' N. lat., 85 33 30
W. Ion., at a depth of HI fathoms; from station 2134, in L9 56' 06" N. lat.. 7.". 17 32 W.
Ion., al a depth of 254 fathoms; from station Z398, in 28 45' S. lat.,86 26' W. Ion. .at a depth
of 227 fathoms; from station 2403, in 28° 42' 30" X. lat., 85c 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 88
fathoms; from station 2399,in 28"= 11' N. lat., 86° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 196 fathoms; from
station 2376, in 29° 03' 15" N. lat.. 88 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 324 fathoms: from station
2378, in 29 1 1 30" ]ST. lat., 88° Oil' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of (is fathoms: from station 2397,
in 28 1- N. hit.. 86 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 280 fathoms; from station L'.'!77,iu 29° 07'
;j0" H". lat., SS° 08' W. Ion., at a depth of 210 fathoms.

CHAMPSODON, Gunther.

Champsodon, GSnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1867, 102; Challenger Report, i, Tart vi (Shore Fishes), 52.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with minute granular scales, and with two lateral
lines, each provided with lateral vertical branches. Cleft of mouth oblique, very wide,
the tii> of the maxillary extending very far behind the posterior margin id' the orbit. Eye
lateral, directed upward, (dose to the upper profile of the head, and comparatively small.
Two dorsal tins, the first composed of five rays; the second dorsal and anal similar in
shape and height, the anal slightly shorter than the dorsal, beginning slightly behind if
and ending slightly iu advance of its last rays. Caudal peduncle stout, long; caudal
furcate. Ventrals jugular, inserted somewhat in advance of the base of the pectoral and
extending almost to the vent. Pectoral median, very short. Teeth in jaws in a single
series, not closely set, of unequal size, those of the lower jaw longer than the upper ones;
vomerine teeth cardiform, iu two separate patches; palatine teeth, none. Gill-openings ex-
ceedingly wide. Angle of preoperculum armed with a long, lanceolate spine obliquely di-
rected upward, and with several denticulations on the hind margin of the same bone.
Preorbital with 1 or 2 spines. (From descriptions and figures of Gunther.)

The type of this genus and the only species is C. vorax (Gunther, loc. cit.; Challenger
Report, VI, PI. xxm, Fig. A . It occurs iu the China seas, and was obtained by the Challenger
in the Arafura Sea, near the Ki Islands, at station 192, in 12!) fathoms: and near the
Philippines, at station 204, iu 115 fathoms; also by the Investigator in the Pay of Bengal,
100 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, Nov., 381).

Family CHI ASMODONTID^E. Gill.
ChiasmodonHdoe, Gill in Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, II. S. Nat. Mus., tsSi', mil ; Century Dictionary, 953.

Acanthopterygians, with an elongate, subeyliudric or slightly tapering form and sub-
conic head. Skin naked. Two dorsal tins, tin- firs! of slender spines and short, the second
dorsal and anal long: ventrals thoracic and normal (I, 5). Mouth very deeply cleft, reach-
ing beyond the eyes, with numerous long, sharp, and (in front) movable teeth. Teeth on
palatines. Upper jaw not protractile, covered by an integument in common with the snout
anteriorly. Opercular apparatus very oblique and reduced.

CHIASMODON, Johnson.

motion, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, 408. — Jordan and Gilbert, Hull. xvi. U. S. Nat. Mas.,
810.
Chiasmodus, GUNTHER, Cat. Pish, llrit. Mas., v, [35, et alibi.

Body elongate, compressed, naked: belly pendent, its walls membranaceous, capable of
great dilation. .Mouth very large; lower jaw longer, no barbel: jaws with two series each

292 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

of large, pointed teeth, some of the anterior ones very large and movable; vomerine teeth,
none; palatines with teeth similar to those in the jaws. Gills, 4. Gill-openings very wide,
with membranes slightly joined to isthmus. Pseudobranchiae none. Dorsal fins, two; anal,
single; ventrals inserted below pectorals, with live soft rays. Tail not isocercal, truncate at
base of caudal. Caudal forked.

CHIASMI >DON NIGER, Johnson. (Figures 264, 264 A.)

CMaamodon niger, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, 108. — Johd.vx and Gilbert, loe. cit.

Chiasmodua niger, GtJNTHBR, »/'■ ' ''■■ 435; Proc. Zool. Soc, L866, 38; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 99. — Cak-
ter, Pro-. Zool. Soc, 1866, 35-39, pi. n.

Head compressed, elongate, the crown flat, its depth less than half its length, which is
two-sevenths that of the body; maxillary reaching angle of operculum; both jaws armed
with long, pointed wide set teeth, nearly all of which are movable; two anterior teeth of
upper jaw very long, crossing each other when depressed: three anterior pairs of teeth in
lower jaw likewise prolonged, the third pair the longest; palatines with a longer, fixed
tooth in front. Eye moderate, above the anterior part of maxillary, 4i in head, shorter
than snout, as wide as interorbital space. Lateral line in a longitudinal groove. First
dorsal of slender rays, its base 2£ in that of second dorsal ; anal commencing behind second
dorsal, its anterior rays without connection with vertebral column; posterior rays of anal
and dorsal very feeble; pectoral as long as head without snout: ventral half as long as

pectoral.

Radial formula: D. xi. 28; A. 27; P. 13; Y. :..

Color, entirely black. (Giinther.)

The first specimen of this remarkable fish was obtained at Magdalena (Madeira), at a
depth of 312 fathoms, in 1850, by Lowe, who, however, omitted to give a description of it.
The species was rediscovered at the same locality by Johnson twelve years later. A third
specimen was picked up from the surface, near the island of Dominica. A fourth example
was obtained by the Challenger in mid-Atlantic, at station 107, in 15<l() fathoms, on August
26, 1873. A fifth was obtained by the I'. S. National Museum from ('apt. Thomas F. llodg-
don of the Gloucester schooner Bessie W. Somers. It was found on Le Have Bank, floating
on the surface, in June, 1880.

It is evidently an inhabitant of very great depths.

PSEUDOSCOPELUS, Lutken.

Peeudoscopcliis, Lutken, Spolia Atlautica (2), 1892, 65; Vid. Selsk. Skr. (i>) Naturv. Og. Math., AM. B. n (6),
1892, 2S5. pi. 1, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Body fusiform, scaleless. Mouth and gill-openings very large. Eyes moderate and
mouth with slender teeth turned inward and placed close together. Ventral fins subtho-
racic. The first dorsal short; second dorsal as long as the anal. Prominent and conspicu-
ous lines of pores along the upper jaw and mandible; also a second line of pores in front
of the ventral fins; another line of pores unites the base of the ventrals and runs down
the inner ventral ray on either side. The median line of pores divides into two in front
of the vent and passes on either side of the anal tin, terminating at its posterior extremity.
A short median line on the underside of body in front of the root of caudal. The lateral
line runs almost directly from the upper angle of the gill-opening to the base of the caudal,
curving slightly upward.

PSEUDOSCOPELUS SCRIPTUS, Lutken. (Figure 266.)
Pseitdoscopelns scrip tus, Lutken, Spolia Atlantica, (2) 1892, 284, 285.

This is a little fish with the ordinary fish shape, whose greatest height (15 millimeters)
is contained 5| times in the total length (82 millimeters, caudal included), the length of the
head, the form of which shows no peculiarity, scarcely 4 times. The fine skin was evi-
dently altogether scaleless. The gill cavities are comparatively large; the gill membrane,
however, is not free from the isthmus in front. The upper jaw, which is formed by the in-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES ANT) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 293

termaxdlary alone, bears along its margin a series of small teeth, and inside of these is a
series which is directed inward toward the month, whose palate on botli sides is furnished
with numerous thin and feeble teeth, directed inward toward the mouth and arranged in
a cardiform band; the vomer, on tlie contrary, is toothless. The teeth of the mandible are
variable in size, some long, some short. The eye is of medium size, its diameter less than
its distance from the point of the snout. .Many ofthe scales of the bead — forehead and nuchal
regions — and the upper ridge of the shoulder girdle show well developed sculpturings. The
mucous pores of the head ipits and branches of the lateral line) are especially developed
on the forehead and temporal regions, behind the eyes, along the preoperculum, etc. On
many parts of the skin are seen sharply denned lines; series of closely placed pores — for
example, a series begins on the isthmus, close behind the angle formed by t he gill-opening,
and runs along the median line of the hods until about the ventral tins, then begins again
a little behind these and continues to the sent, where it is divided into two branches, the
first curved up on the side and so backward, running along parallel to. bul at some distance
from the anal tin on each side for its w hole length : finally there is a little posterior broader
portion in the middle line iu front of the caudal tin. Immediately behind the ventral tins
there is a short cross line of the same structure, and it is continued on each side at a right
angle along the innermost ventral ray. The lateral line consists of only a single series of
rather large pores, but the pore system of the above named species is found besides
along the upper and under jaws; as for the upper jaw, however, only along its posterior
portion; the mandibulary line of pores is divided into two parts. The ventral tins are
located immediately behind the pectorals, whose length is nearly 3 times as great. The
short first dorsal tin begins immediately over the ventrals; the second, longer dorsal fin
and the anal fin have an equal extent, and are separated somewhat widely from the caudal;
both are very low in their posterior half.

Radial formula: D. S+22 (?); A. ca. 22; P. 13; V. G.

PONERODON, Alcock.

Ponerodon, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, n, 203.

A.canthopterygians, with body elongate, naked. Eyes lateral. Two separate dorsal
fins, of which the second is much the longer, and equal, opposite, and similar to the anal;
ventrals thoracic; pectoral rays branched. Cleft of mouth extremely wide: jaws distensi-
ble and armed with canine teeth, as are also the palatines. Grill-openings very wide, the
gill-membranes united anteriorly; preoperculum with a (small) spine at its angle; 7 branchi-
ostegals; pseudobranchiae. Lateral line single, uninterrupted. Abdominal cavity enor-
mous. No air bladder. No pyloric ca-ca. No anal papilla. Vertebras 14/24.

This genus is represented by a single species [Ponerodon vastator, Alcock, <>/». eit,
203, pi. ix. fig. 5), obtained by the Investigator in 1890, at station 102, off the Madias coast,
at a depth of 090 to 920 fathoms.

Family URANOSCOPIDyE.

Uranoseopidce, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, m; Arr. Fam. Fish., 5 CNo. 1 1 ).— Jordan and Gil-

bert, Bull. wi. t\ s. Nat. Mns., 629.
I ranoscopina, Gttn i inc. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n. 225.

Body oblong, widest and usually deepest at the occiput. Scales adherent, small,
smooth, arranged in oblique series, Sometimes wanting. Lateral line near dorsal outline,
feeble or obsolete. Head cuboid, partly mailed above. Lyes vertical, small and anterior,
on the top of the head. Mouth vertical, with strong and prominent inaudible: lips more or
less conspicuously fringed; teeth moderate, on the jaws, and usually on the vomer and
palatines also; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, not
slipping under the preorbital. Gill-openings large; gill membranes free from isthmus,
nearly separate. Branchiostegals 6. Gills.;.;,, a small slit behind the last. Pseudobranchise
present. No anal papilla. Dorsal fins 1 or 2, spinous pari short, suit part elongate; anal

294 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

long. Caudal not forked. Pectoral fins with broad, oblique bases, the lower rays rapidly
shortened, most of them branched. Ventrals jugular, close together, i, 5, the spine very
short, the innermost rays the longest. Air-bladder generally absent. Pyloric e;eca in mod
erate number.

URANOSCOPUS, Linnseus.

Urannscopus, Linn.ecs. Systems NaturaB, oil. x, 17.">8. r, 250. — Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. i, 1817, n, 301. —
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in. 285. — Gunthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., n, 226.

Head large, broad, partly covered with bony plates; body somewhat cylindrical; cleft
of the mouth vertical; eye ou the upper side of the head. Scales very small. Twodorsals,
the first with three to five spines; ventrals jugular; pectoral rays branched. Villiform
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and palatine bones, without canines; generally a filament
below and before the tongue; opercular apparatus generally armed; cavity of the gills with
an opening above the operculum as well as posteriorly. Pseudobranchiae; six branchios-
tegals. Air -Madder none; pyloric appendages in moderate number. (Oilnther.)

Uranoscopus erassiceps, Alcock, a species with an immense inflated head (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 1890, n. 205), was taken by the In vestigator in the Pay of Bengal at station !)G, in
98-102 fathoms. One of the 25 specimens captured had in its stomach 7 specimens of Scop-
elus pterotm. It is very possibly a resideut beyond the hundred-fathom line.

Family BATRACHID^E.

Batraehidce, Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Fish, etc., 1839, n. 184, 282.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Rrit. Mus., in, 1GG.—
Gill, Ait. Fain. Fish., 1872. 5 (No. tl).— JORDAN and Gilbert, Bull. XVI, V. S. Nat. Mas., 750.
Body depressed in front, compressed behind; head large, depressed, with unarmed
cheeks and with conspicuous muciferous channels. Teeth strong. Premaxillaries protrac-
tile. Gills 3, a slit behind the last. Pseudobranchiae none. Gill-openings lateral, with
membranes broadly united to istlimus. Gill rakers present, moderate. Suborbital without
bony stay; post-temporal hone simple, undivided; scales small, cycloid, or wanting. Dor-
sal tins two, the first of 2 or 3 low. stout spines; soft dorsal elongate and similar to anal,
but shorter. Ventrals jugular, rather large (i, 2 or I, 3). Pectorals very broad, the rays
branched; pyloric cava none. Caudal distinct, rounded.

Genus PORICHTHYS, Girard.

Poriehfhys, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 111. — Guntiier. op. cit., 175. — Jordan and Gilbert,
op. cit., 751.

Body cottiform. Ilead rather broad, depressed, the lower jaw projecting: mouth wide
with conical teeth in jaws, and a canine on either side of vomer; operculum with single
spine. Skin naked, with several series of distinct mucous pores. Spinous dorsal with 2
minute spines. Pectoral broad. Branchiostegals vi. Air bladder in two lateral parts.
Vertebra? 11+31. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

PORICHTHYS POROSISSIMFS, (CUV. & Yal.),GCnther. (Figure 267.)

Batrachus porosissimus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xn, 501.
Porichthya porosissimus, Gunther, up. cit., in, 176. — Jordan and Gilbert, Inc. cit.

Depth of body one-sixth of its total length. Dead narrowed anteriorly, its length
3g-4i in total length. Head with several rows of fringed pores; 2 concentric series on the
abdomen, the outer extending forwards between bases of ventrals. Ventrals reaching
i k i ses of pectorals. Pectorals reach to vertical from sixth anal ray. Caudal not half as
long as head. Color olive-brown above, with coppery reflections, the belly brassy-yellow;
sides with irregular broad, vertical cross-blotches, most distinct in the young; dorsal gray-
ish with oblique dark bars; vertical fins sometimes margined with black; pores of lateral
lines bead-like, shining silvery; a white space below eye, with a black crescent below it.

Eadial formula: D. n, 37; A. 33; V. i, 2; P. 18.

This form, well known on the western coasts of tropical America, occurs in deep water in

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 295

the Carribean, having been found bythe BldkeaA station olxxvi, on theAlacran Shoals, at
a depth of 35 fathoms, and a1 station xvxiv. off Granada, ;it ;i depth of 92 fathoms; also by
the Albatross at station 2417, in 33 L8'30" N. [at., 77 07' W. Inn., at a depth of 95 fathoms;

at station 2418, in 33 20' N. [at., 77 05' W. [on., at a depth of 90 fat] s;a1 station 2121-2

ai a depth of from 31 to 34 fathoms; and at station 2122, in 10 •!7' X. hit., <»1 11 22" W.
Ion., at a depth of 34 fathoms.

(»ne individual lot (2121-2) correspond, in their dull coloration with /'. porosissimus as
described by Gunther. The others are nil colored in the manner described tor P.plectrodon,
Giinther.

Thalassophryne maculosa, Gunther, has been found al a depth of 42 fathoms, and pos-
sibly occurs at a si ill greater depth.

Family GOBIIDyE.

Le» GoKoides, Cuvier, Re^ne Animal, ed. i. 1817, n. 249; ed. L'. 1829, n. 236.

Gobiidw, Bonaparte, Saggio, 1832,35; Iron. Faun, [tal., [ntrod. ; Cat. Metodico, 1846, 63. — Swainson, Nat.

Hist, fisln-s. etc., 1839, 183, 278.— -GWnther, Cut. Fish. Brit. Mub., hi, 1.— Gill, Air. Fam. Fish., Is7i\ <;

(No. 52); Century Dictionaiy, 2560.
Gohioidei, Bi.eeker, Tentamen, 1859, 24.

Body stout, usually tapering from head to tail, sometimes more elongated, ovate, com-
pressed. Scales diversiform, ctenoid, cycloid, or wanting. No lateral line. Generally two
spinigerous dorsal fins, sometimes united in one. Ventrals thoracic (normally i, 5), usually
contributing to form a ventral sucker. An anal papilla.

GOBIUS, Cuvier.

Gobius, Cuvier, Regne Animal. — GOnther, (in part), Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 3. — Jordan ami Cilrert,
Bull. xvi. r. s. Nat. Mus., i;:«.

Body more or less elongate, compressed behind. Eyes high, close together. Mouth
moderate. Teeth conical, on jaws only, in several series, those in outer row larger. Isthmus
broad. Scales ctenoid; cheeks usually, and belly sometimes, naked. Dorsal usually with
li spines. Pectorals large. Ventrals completely united. Caudal tin obtuse.

Gobius eometes, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. L889, u, 208, pi. vm, tig. 2), occurs
below the hundred-fathom line in the Bay of Bengal, about 350 specimens having been taken
at Investigator station No. 90.

GOBIUS LESUEURII, Risso.

iioliiii* Lesueurii, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., nr. 1829, 284.— Cuvter and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
xii, 33.— Bonaparte, Cat. Met., No. 5(17.— Gon henot, Exp. Alger. Poissons, 77. — GOnther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus.. in, 12.— Canestrini, Arch. Zool., i, 143, pi. viii, fig. 2; Pesci d'ltalia, 174. — Vaillant, Exp.
Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 340. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, a, 219.
A Gobius, with a low first dorsal composed of <i fays, with orbital diameter greater
than width of iuterorbital space, with 14 rays in second dorsal, and caudal lanceolate and
a little longer than head, and with lateral line of about 26-27 scales.
I.'adial formula: D. VI, I, 14; A. I, 14.

This species, rare in the Mediterranean, where ii has occasionally been found near Nice,
was obtained bythe Travailleur oil' Villefranche, in 145 fathoms. It was also found off
i he Canaries in SO, and oil' .Morocco in 112 fathoms.

Family CALLIONYMID^E.

Callionymini, Bonaparte, Saggio, etc., 1831.

Callionymince, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., etc., n. 1839, lv::.

Callionymidce, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 69. Gill, Ait. Fam. Fish., 1872, 6 (No. 51).

Callionymoidei, Bl l eker, Tentamen, 1859, xxiv.

Callionymina, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. in. l:;s.

Gobioid lishes with two separate dorsal fins, and with the ventrals widely separated.

296 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

CALLIONYMUS, Linnaeus.

Callionymus, Lumsius, Systema Naturae, ed. x, 1758, I, 249 (type. C. lyra | : ed. xn, i, 433. — Gill, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sri. Phila., 1859, 125.

Gobioids with triangular depressed head, narrow mouth, protractile upper jaw, and gill-
opening reduced to a very narrow foramen on the upper surface of the head. Eyes mod
crate, looking upwards. Teeth minute, absent from palatines. Angle of preoperculum with
a strong spine. A single lateral line. First dorsal composed of a very few flexible spines.
Yentials normal, remote. Branchiostegals G. No air-bladder. Pseudobranchiae present.
Gills 4, with a slit behind the fourth.

"Callionymus has been restricted to species with a single lateral line, branchial aper-
tures on the sides of the nape, and perfect ventral fins. The ('. goramensis, Blkr., may be
regarded as a distinct type [Diplogrammus), distinguished by the double lateral line. Syn-
chiropw and Dactylopus areexcellent genera. and the last has been adopted under the name
Vulsus, the change of name having been made on account of the existence of the term Dae-
tylopoda, given by Von Meyer to a group of reptiles, as I have been kindly informed by the
author of the change. Such extreme views would necessitate very numerous changes in
the nomenclature, and are not recognized by naturalists generally." (Gill.)

CALLIONYMUS LYRA, Linxjeus.

Callionymus lyra, Linnetts, Systema Naturse, ed. X, 1758, i. 249; ed. XII, 1766, II, 133. — Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci.

Tiavailleur et Talisman, 349.

This well known European form, found along the entire coast of Europe from the Ger-
man Ocean to the Mediterranean, was obtained by the French expedition in the Gulf of
Gascony in 411 meters, off Spain and Portugal in !>'.» to 240 meters, off Morocco in 112
meters, and near the Canaries in 90 meters.

In addition to the three Atlantic forms named below, the Challenger took G. kaianus,
Giiuther, in 140 fathoms off the Kai Islands (station 192), C. calauropomus, Richardson, from
115 fathoms, near the Philippines (station 204 B).

The Investigator took C. carebares, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, n. 209, pi.
viii, fig. 8), in the Bay of Bengal (station 90), 98 to 102 fathoms, about 70 specimens.

CALLIONYMUS PHAETON, GCnther.

Callionymus festivus, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, Fasc. with figures of male and female (not C. festivus,

Pallas).
Callionymus phaeton, GOnther, Cat. Fish. P>rit. Mas., in, 1861, 147. — Vaii.i.axt, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et

Talisman, 349.

A. Callionymus having the preopercular spine bicuspid and the last dorsal and two
middle caudal rays filamentous in the male.

Eadial formula: D. IV, 9; A. 8; C. 10.

Color; reddish, variegated with green.

This form, not generally recognized by the Italian ichthyologists, is supposed to occur
in the Mediterranean, where Bonaparte obtained the specimen figured by him. Vaillant
had specimens from off the Azores, taken in 560 meters by the French Expedition (station
exxm).

CALLIONYMT'S 11IMANTOPHORUS, Goode and Bean, u. s. (Figures 268, 268, A. B.)

The body is slender, moderately elongate, the fins are all well developed, the tail taper-
ing and with some of its rays produced into a filament. The greatest depth is at the head
and the anterior portion of the trunk. The depth of the head equals the length of its post-
orbital portion and, also, the greatest depth of the body. The caudal peduncle is very slen-
der, the least height of the tail being scarcely more than one-fourth the greatest height of
the body. The profile descends very rapidly at the snout. The mouth is small and the

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 207

intermaxilla is \c\\ protractile, but may be almosl entirely concealed under the preorbitals.
The intermaxilla reaches to the fronl of the orbit. The maxilla is a roundish, slender bone,
extending backward to the end of the intermaxilla. The mandible is about as Long as the
eye; it extends in the vertical through the front of the pupil. Teeth in villi form hands mi
the intermaxillary and mandible. The interorbital spare is \crv narrow, less than a fourth
of the length of the eye, which is l.\ times as long as the snout and nearly one eighth of the
total wit liout caudal. The length of the head to the gill-opening is two-sevenths of the total
without caudal. There is a strong bifurcated spine at the angle of the preoperculum ex-
tending backward slightly beyond the gill-opening; the length of this spine at its upper
articulation is two thirds the length of the eye. The gill-opening is reduced to a small slit,
placed at a distance behind the eye about equal to the length of the eye and above the median
line of the body. Skin naked. The lateral line is abruptly arched over the gill-opening
and is connected across the nape with its fellow of the opposite side.

The spinous dorsal is somewhat elevated in front; the first spine is nearly twice as
long as the last, its length being about one-fifth of the total length without caudal. The
sixth and seventh rays are the longest, their length nearly equaling that of the base of the
fin. The caudal consists of four simple and eight divided rays. Of the divided rays in
the specimen described the fifth and sixth are the longest, the lower portion of the tilth
and the upper portion of the sixth being produced into a filament, making these rays as long
as the distance from the tip of the intermaxillary to the fourth anal ray. It is worthy of
remark that in another example of the same species and of about the same size as the type
the sixth of the divided rays alone contributes to form the filament; and in a young exam
pic. one about one-third as large as the type, the first dorsal spine when laid back reaches
to the cud of the soft dorsal. Some of the numerous examples of this species have none of
the caudal rays much produced, even in large individuals. The anal fin begins directly
under the third ray of the soft dorsal; its rays increase in length to the sixth, which is the
longest and twice as long as the first, its length being contained five and two-thirds times
in the total without caudal. All the rays are simple except the last, which is divided. The
pectoral begins under the middle of the spinous dorsal and extends to below the fifth ray of
the soft dorsal; its rays are all simple. The ventral base overlaps the lower extremity of
the pectoral base/ its origin is under the gill-opening. The fourth and longest ray equals
one-fifth of the total length without caudal. There is a small but distinct anal papilla.

Radial formula: D. iv, 8; A. 8; P. 19; V. I, 5.

Color, generally light brown, the back with numerous narrow streaks and blotches of
slightly darker brown. A dark blotch on the membrane between the third and fourth dor-
sal spines, in some cases occupying nearly all of the membrane; in other eases more limited
and nearly elliptical in shape. Anal with a broad subvertieal dark band, the tips of the
rays and a small area of the membrane behind each ray pale. The lower caudal lobe with
a narrow submarginal dark bind. Ventral with two indistinct narrow dark bands on its
outer half.

Specimens of this species were obtained by the Blake from station XXX, off Barbadoes,
at a depth of 209 fathoms; station CLXXX, in 24° 17' 30" N. Int., 82° 09' W. Ion., at a
depth of l.">7 fathoms; station xxxiii, off Santa Cruz, at a depth of 115 fathoms; station
ccxvi, in 20o 31' X. Int., 85° 03' \V. Ion., at a depth of 119 fathoms, and station CCXXX,
in 23° 13' N. lat.. 89 10' W. Ion., at a depth of SI fathoms.

Additional specimens were secured by the Albatross from the following 1 .calities: Sta-
tion 2359, in 20° 19' 10" X. lat., 87° 03' 30" \V. Ion., at a depth of 231 fathoms; station
2404, in 28 44' K lat., 85° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 60 fathoms; station 2314, in 32° 43'
N. lat.. 77 51' W. Ion., at a depth of 159 fathoms; station 2402, in 28c 3(1' X. lat., 85° 33'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms, and station 2400, in 28° 40' N. lat., 84° 49' W.
Ion., at a depth of 26 fathoms.

298 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family STICH^EID^E.

Stichwidw, Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc, Phila., 1864, 208.

Stichwidce, Gin.. Can. Nat., 1865, 247. 253; Ait. Fam. Fishos. 1873, 4.

Stichceince, Jordan ami Gilbert, Bull, xvi, LT. S. Nat. Mus., 755.

Blenuioid fishes with body low, elongate, and compressed, covered with cycloid scales.
Teeth usually well developed, but no molars. Suborbital ring not articulated with pre-
opercle. Dorsal long, continuous, and the entire tin made np of stiff or flexible spines.
Anal long, usually witli one or two small spines. Ventrals jugular, lew rayed. Branchial
apertures prolonged forwards and divided by a narrow isthmus. Pseudobranehise. Gills
4, with a slit behind the fourth. Vertebrae numerous. Pyloric caeca developed in small
number.

This family is chiefly littoral, and only one genus. Ohirolophus, has been found in any
considerable depth.

CHIROLOPHUS. Swainson.

CMrolophns, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish, etc., u, 1S39, 275.

Carelopkus, Kroyer, Nat. Tidskr. (2), I. 1844, 236.— Strom, Norsk. Vid. s,-lsk. Ski'., 1881, 7."..
Blenniop8, Nilsson, Skand. Faun, iv. 1853, p. 184.— GOnther, Cat. Pish. Brit. Mus.. m. 287; Challenger Re-
port, xxn, 71.

Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales; lateral line none. Snout
short; small teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only.
Ventrals very distinct, composed of 1 spine and several rays, distinctly jugular. Caudal
distinct. Gill openings of moderate width, with the gill-membranes connected with eaeh
other; pseudobranehise present; branchiostegals six; air bladder and pyloric appendages
none. ((Hi it titer.)

CHIROLOPHI'.- am AMI. (Walbaum), Goode & Bean.

Blennius Ascanii, Wai.ii.um, Art. renov., m. 17:;.

/;/. nniops Ascanii, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. in, 284; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1874, xni, 139; Challenger

Report, xxn, 71.
Carelophu8j4.8ca.nii, StrOm, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 1881, 7-">. — Coi.lett, Nyt. Mag. 1'. Natnrvid. Christ.,

win, 1884, 68.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and one-seventh of
the total. Snout short, with -the cleft of the mouth very oblique. A short tentacle at the
nostril; two pairs of fringed tentacles above the orbits, the posterior of which is about three
or four times the length of the anterior, and as long as the head is high. Neck with many
very small skinny flaps. Ventral fins small; the two anterior spines sometimes elongate,
and provided with skinny appendages at the top. Reddish brown, with several cross-
bands on the back. (Gunther.)

This Blenny was obtained during the cruise of the Porcupine between Shetland and
Faroe, in 180 fathoms, and is recorded by Strom from 140 fathoms in Throudhjem Fjord.

Family ANARRHICHADID^E.

Anarrhichini, Bonaparte. Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 7. (IS, (sul> fam.. 117).
AnarrMchaformes, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxv.
Anarrhichadida, Gill, Canadian Naturalist, 1865,247,252.

Blennioid fishes with molar teeth strong, on vomer, palatines, and sides of lower jaw;
dorsal of flexible spines only; scales minute; gill -membranes joined to the isthmus; no
ventral fins; air-bladder present; no lateral line.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTEIB1 TION. 299

ANARRHICHAS, Linnseus.

linarrhichas, Akiedi. Linn^us, Syst. Nat., od. x, 17.".*, i, l'17 (tj pe, Inarrhichas lupus, I-.): ed. xn, 1766, n,
130.— G&nther, Cat. Pish. Brit. Mus., in. 208.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U.S. Nat. Mns., 781.—
Bean, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., a, 1879, 212.

Body moderately elongate, covered with rudimentary scales ; head scalcless, without
cirri, compressed, narrowed above, the profile strongly decurved; mouth wide, oblique;
premaxillary noi protractile; jaws with very strong conical canines anteriorly ; lateral teeth
of lower jaw either molar or with pointed tubercles; upper jaw withoul lateral teeth: vomer
extremely thick and solid, with 2 series of coarse, molar teeth; palatines with 1 or 2 similar
series. Grill-membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; no lateral Hue. Dorsal fin rather
high, composed entirely of flexible spines, which are enveloped in the skin; anal fin lower;
caudal lin developed, tree from dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins broad, placed
low; air-bladder present; no pyloric ececa. [Jordan and Gilbert.)

A key to the species of Ana/rrhiehas, prepared by Dr. Bean, is given. In this no ref-
erence is made to A. denticulatus of Kroyer, because the slight descriptions which we have
of this species do uot serve to distinguish it from A. latifrons. The species known ou the
American coast as A. latifrons is evidently the latifrons of Steenstrup1 and Collett,2 and we
cau not see that it differs from A. denticulatus of Giiuther3 or of Kroyer.4

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANARRHICHAS.

A. Banded species.

b. Bluish gray, with 9-12 darker cross-bands. Vomerine teeth extend farther hack than the palatine.

A. LUPUS
bb. Greenish, with 11 deep green cross-hands; operculum having a green or blue spot; head, back, and
sides above mingled bluish ami red. Height of bod; contained about 5| times in its length.

[A. FASCIATUS]
AA. Species without bauds.
c. Spotted (in life).

d. Many large, round, black spots. Vomerine teeth extend nearly or quite as far back as the

palatine A. minor

cc. Gnicolored.

e. Brown; 1>. 84; C. 17; scales none; nostril midway between eye and mouth; head con-
tained 2b (!) times in total length; 6 cauiues in upper jaw [A. oiuentalis. Pacific]

ee. Darkhrown; \omeriue series longer than palatine, and extends farther back; D. 81; C.
20-121; scales few; nostril nearer eye than mouth; head contained 4 .J— if times in total

length; 1 canines in upper jaw [A. lepturus. Alaska]

dd. Brown, obscureh spotted with darker; vomerine teeth do not extend nearly so far back as the
palatine A. LATIFRONS

In the measurement tables which follow the hundredths of length are calculated from
the total length without the caudal.

ANARRHICHAS LUPUS, Lixx.uus. (Figure 269.)

AnarrhicKas lupus. Lixx.r.us, Syst. Nat., i, 1760, 430.— De Kav. Nat. Hist. X. Y., Fishes, 1842, 158, pi. xvi,

fig. 43.
Anarrhichat vomerinw, Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 99, pi. xvm, fig. 1.

This is a bauded species, with a general hue of bluish gray, with 9-1:3 darker cross-
bands. The vomerine teeth extend farther back than the palatines.

On the Xew England coast it is frequent in the deep waters and approaching the shore,
particularly in winter. It is associated with many deep-water forms.

1 Noget om Slsegten Soulv, etc., 1S76, p. 43 (Vidensk. Medd. fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobeu-
havn, 1S7H. p. 201, tah. m, figs. ::. :; . and 3").

-Chra. Vidensk.-Selsk. Forhaudl. 1879, No. 1, p. 16, pi. n, fig. 2.

'Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., Hi, 1861, p. 211.

'Gaimard, Voy. en Scaud., etc., Zoiil., Poiss., pi. xn, fig. 1 (no description).

300

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Species: Anarrhichas lupus.

Current number of specimen -
Locality

23364 a.

I. at 42° 511' N., Ion.
65° 50' W., 85 fath-
oms.

23364 b.

Lat. 42° 50' N., Ion.
65° 50' W.,85 fath-
oms.

Milli-
meters.

Extreme length

Length to origin of middle caudal rays-
Body:

Greatest height

Greatest width

Height at base "I* pectorals

Least height of tail

Head:

Greatest length

Greatest width

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Teeth

Length of upper jaw

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to orbit

Long diameter of eye

Dorsal :

Distance from snout

Greatest height

Length of first ray

Length of longest ray

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of first ray

Length of longest ray

Caudal :

Length of middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Length

Eranchiostegala

Dorsal

Anal

Caudal

Pectoral

107
94

19
12
19
4

25
13
5
4
(*)
13
14
64
8

24
S*

53
3i
6J

13

24
17
VII
75
45
21
19

lOOths of
length.

20
123
20

26J
14
5i

Milli-
meters.

123$
109

13

22

6

281
13J

5

5

14

15
7
8J

I1
10J

56g

4

7

251

18"

n

14
15
6J

7
12

59
4

8

14J

27
19
VII
75
46
21
20

lOOths of
length.

20
12
20
51

26

121
4.6
4.6

13
14

6

71

22

n
ii

54
3|

7J

131
25

m

* The vomerine series extends farther back than the palatines.
Species: Anarrhichas lupus.

Current number of specimen .

22249.

Locality Ipswich Bay,

Massachusetts.

Milli-
meters.

Extreme length

Length to origin of middle caudal rays

Body:

Greatest height

Greatest width

Height at base of pectorals

Least height of tail

Head :

Greatest length

Distance from nostril to anterior margin of orbit .

Greatest width

"Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Greatest height

Length of upper jaw J

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to orbit

Long diameter of eye

Dorsal :

Distance from snout

Greatest height

Length of longest ray

Anal :

Distance from snout

Length <>t first ray

Length of longest ray

Lenght of last ray

Caudal :

Length of middle rays

Length of external rays

Pectoral:

Distance from snout

Length

Bram-liiostegals

Dorsal

Anal

Caudal.

Pectoral

380
345

46

■Jii
20

lOOths of
length.

17419.
Bergen. Norway

Milli- lOOths of
meters, length.

191

H

18

24

2
13
34

17
12
13

64

5

22
61
10

50
5

7

23
15

570

522

19

9
18

5

23

21
11'.

*i

56
18
Hj
>?

33
21

23005.

C h r i s t i a n i a
Fjord. Norway.
K. Collett.

Milli-
meters.

639

585

12
50
"7.j

73
47
20
20

221
15"

VI

74
48
20
20

lOOths of
length.

211

191

221

2
10

44

H

19
101

121

101

491
3

53
34

94

81

22
14;

Coss wai n s
Ledge, July 25,
1874.

Milli-

meters.

1110
1020

72

41

21

lOOths of

length.

241
101

4

241

O

111

6

51
201
121
144J

61

3

21
'121
52

9

♦22

14}

* The pectoral extends to the 14th dorsal ray. t These measurements are taken from a cast.

I In No. 17419 the voiuerineteeth extend farther back than the palatine.

I •!-■> I'SSInX OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

301

A single small specimen, about 30 millimeters in length, was obtained at station 86(5,
in ti,"i fathoms, believed to be the young of Anarrhichas lupus, never before recorded south
of ( ape (Jod.

ANARRHICHAS MINOR, Olai sen. (Figure 270.)

I n,i i rhichas minor, ( >lafskn, Reise i Island, 1772. 6836, 592, tab. 12. — Steenstrop, Vidensk. Meddel. N'aturh.

I . .1.11. Kjobenhavn, 1876.— I)ka\, Proo. U. S.Nat. Mas., ii, 1879,217. I rr, Forhandl. Vidensk.

Selsk. Christiania, isso, 15. — Lllljeborg, Sverig. og Noigea Piske, 540. — GONTHER, Challenger Report,

wii, 1887, 70.
Anarrhichas pantherinus, Zuiew, Nov. Act. Petrop., 17s 1 , 271, tab. 6.
Anarrhichas karrak, Bonnaterre, Ichthyologie, 17S8, 38.
Anarrhichas leopardus, Agassiz, in Spix. Pise. Bras., 1829, 92, tab. i.i.

A species with many large, round, black spots. The vomerine teeth extend nearly or
quite a> far back as the palatine.

It occurs both along the shoresand in the deep water. The Fish Commission has speci-
mens from off the mouth of Gloucester Harbor and from Eastport, Me. It Las also been
found off Norway at a depth of 200 fathoms.

ANARRHICHAS LATIPRONS, Steenstrup and Hallgbimsson. (Figure 271. 1

Anarrhichas latifrons, Srr. and Hallgr., Forh. Skand. Naturf., 3dio Mote, 1842, 647. — Coi.lktt, Vid. Selsk.

l'orli.. Christiania, 1879, No. 1, 46, pi. n. — Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 1879, p. 218. — LlLLJEBORG,

op. cit. 540.— (ii n una.', Cballengei Report xxn, 1887, 71.
Anarrhichas (Lycichthys) latifrons, Gill, Baird's Ann. Rec. S. and I. for 1876 (1877), clxvii.
Anarrhichas denticulatus, Kroyer, Overs. Vidensk. Selsk. Kjobeuhavn, 1844, p. 140. — Gai.marp, Voy. en

Scand., etc., Zodl., Poiss., 1845, pi. 12.

A brown form, obscurely spotted with darker patches. The vomerine teeth do not ex-
tend nearly so far back as the palatines.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.
Species: Anarrhichas hitifrons, Stp.

Current number of specimen .

Locality

Collett's measure-
ments, Clira. Vid.
Selsk. Foil]., 1879,
No. 1, p. 51.

Oxfjord, West Fin-
mark.

21845

Banquereau.

Extreme length

Length (<> origin of middle caudal rays. . . .
Body:

Greatest height.

Greatest width

Distance of anus from snout

Height at anal origin

Ch ast height of tail

Head :

Greatest length

Greatest width

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Lengl l. of postorbita] part of head

i »th of upper jaw '

Length of mandible

Distance fi i Bnout to center of orl.it -

Diameter of eye

Dorsal :

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of first ra\

Length of longest ra\ (63d)

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length <>i lust ray

I i ngtl "i longi -.i :.i\ (38th)

Caudal :

Length of middle rays

Length of external rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Length

Dorsal

Anal. ....
' landal . .
Pei toral

Milli-
meters.

lOOths of
length.

Milli-
meters.

656
608

318
130
21

120
78
29
34
75
57

110

is

1 16
75
77
15
18
22

23.85

11 os
10-18

255
97

21.38
3.45

19.74

12 83

1.78

5.59

239
44

192
110
57
68

9.37

7.24
3.29

19. us

12. 34

101
111
85

27

205
875

590

455

20

52

60
53

220
126
77
46
17
26

ninths of
length.

24.33
9.25

23

4.19

18.32
11.05

5.44
6.49

9.64
10.59
8.11
2.58

19.56

2.10
6.49

1.91

4. 96

5. 73
5.06

21

12. 02

•lli. palatine series of teeth in No. 21845 extends much farther back than the vomerine and is nearly or quite twice as long
as the latter.

302 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

A resident of the deep waters in 200 to 400 fathoms on the offshore banks. Many
specimens have been received from the halibut schooners, and it has been taken in 100
fathoms off Finmark.

The Albatross obtained it from station 2429, in 42° 55' 30" N. lat., 50^ 51' W. long., at
a depth of 471 fathoms, and the National Museum has a specimen (Cat. No. 21845) taken
by one of the Gloucester fishing vessels in 1878 on the fishing- banks.

Family PTILICHTHYID^E.

Ptilichthyinm, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 369 (subfamily of Maatacembelidtr).
PtilichthyidcB, Gill, Standard Nat. Hist., vm, 1885, 259; Century Dictionary, 4827.

Acanthopterygians with very elongate, anguilliform body, tapering to a point; small
head, mouth oblique, with projecting lower jaw; branchial apertures restricted; dorsal very
long, with about 00 spines and 145 rays; anal long and ventrals absent. Scales none.
Gill-membranes broadly united.

PTILICHTHYS, Bean.

Ptilichthys, Bean, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881. 157 (type, Ptilichthys Goodei, Bean). — Jordan and Gilbert,
Bull, xvi, U.S.Nat.Mns., 369.

Body elongate, serpentiform, apparently covered with very thin, scattered scales.
Mandible little movable, projecting, with a skinny appendage at tip. Cleft of the mouth
narrow. Minute teeth in a single series in the jaws, becoming larger and slightly curved
posteriorly. Margin of the upper jaw formed entirely by the intermaxillaries. Maxilla
curved forward below. The gill opening extends up to the middle of the base of the pec-
toral; the membrane is slightly einargiuate behind and is free from the isthmus; 4 gills, a
slit behind the fourth. Gill-rakers stout and short, moderate in number. Spinous portion
of the dorsal consisting of many isolated spines, a narrow membrane behind each. Soft
dorsal and anal with many rays. End of the tail free. Neutrals none.

The type species, Ptilichthys <li>t»lri (Figure 304), was taken near the Aleutian Islands.
Everything seems to indicate that it is an inhabitant of deep water.

Family ZOARCIDyE.

ZoarcMdce, Swaisson, Nat. Hist, and Class. Pishes, 1839, n, 181, 283.

Zoarcidce, (Jill, Mem. National Acad. Sci., vi, 1893.

Lycodidn, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv, 1862, 319. — Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.. [V,319; op. cit.

1884, 179.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U.S.Nat. Mus., 783.
Lycodoidce, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 255.

Physoclystous fishes having body elongate, more or less anguilliform, naked or studded
with minute cycloid scales. Head large, unarmed; mouth large, with conical teeth in jaws,
and .sometimes on vomer and palatines. Gill-membranes broadly united to isthmus,
branchial apertures lateral, not confluent; pseudobranchiae present; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, continent around the tail, of soft rays only, or the
former with a few posterior spines covered with a thick skin; pectorals small; ventrals
jugular, rudimentary or suppressed. Lateral line obsolete or nearly so. Gill-rakers small;
pyloric cajca rudimentary ; vent not close to head.

KEY TO TnE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF ZOARCID.E.

I. Dorsal fin low behind, some of its posterior rays short and spine-like; ventrals small Zoarcina

A. Scales present ; teeth strong, conic, in jaws only [Zoarces]

II. Dorsal fin continuous l/yco&ina

A. Ventral tins present.

1. Vomer and palatines toothed.
a. Scales present.

I. Body moderately elongate Lycodes

II. Body very elongate.

* Spines of vertical tins normal Lycenciielys

** Spines laterally reenforced Lycodonus

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 303

b. Scales absent Lycodalepis

2. Vomer toothless, palatines dentigerons.

a. Scales present, imbedded Apkodon

:i. Vomer and palatines toothless.

a. Scales present Lycodopsis

I'.. Ventrals absent.

1. Scales present.

n. Vomer and palatines toothed [Maynea]

h. Vomer and palatines toothless [Bothrocara]

2. Scales absent.

a. Teeth moderate.

I. Jaws equal; body scaleless cymnelis

II. Lower jaw longest [Lyocara = Ubonectes]

h. Teeth in jaws and on vomer in a single series, very prominent.

I. Skin loose and movable Mi LANOSTIGMA

LYCODES, Reinhardt.

Lycodes, Reinhardt, Kongl. Danske Selsk. AfhandL, vn, 1838, 147.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv,
785.^JORDAN and Gilbert, Boll. xvi. V. S. Nat. Mas., 785.

Zoarceoid fishes with body moderately elongate, anguillifonn, tapering behind. Head
oblong; month nearly horizontal; lower jaw included. Teeth conical on jaws, vomerines,
ami palatines, those on jaws and palatines usually in single series. Vertical lins united.
Origin of dorsal behind base of pectoral; pectorals moderate; ventral rudimentary, of 3 or
I rays. Scales minute, imbedded, present on part or till of the body, the scaly area more
extensive in the adult than in the young. No air bladder nor pyloric caeca.

LYCODES VAHLII, Reinhardt.

Lycotlc* Palilii, Reinhardt, Kongelige Dansko Videnskabernes Selskabs naturvidenskabeligo og mathema-
tiske Afhandl., vn, lSlis, 153, tab. v. — Gill, Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast "I North America,
1861, ItJ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, 260, (Sept.); Catalogue, FishesofEast Coast of North
America, is?:;, 18.— Gunther, Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, iv, 1862, 319.

Height of body one-eighth of its length. Head nearlytwice as long as high, its length
four and one-third times in that of body ; snout long, the maxillary reaching to opposite
middle of eye. Distance of vent from ventrals nearly equal to length of head; ventral lins
less than one fourth as Long as pectorals; vertical fins scaly; body wholly scaly.

Radial formula: I). 116; A. 93; V. 4; Vert. 25+87.

Color brownish yellow, with 6 blackish cross bands extending on the dorsal tin and
confluent on the belly; the first cross band on and below the anterior dorsal rays, the second
above the vent; adults nearly uniform blackish.

This species is as yet known only from Greenland, whence was obtained this type of
Reinhardt.

LYCODES ESMAKKII, Collett. (Fig. 272.)

Lycodes Esmarkii, Collett, Norges Fiske, 1871, 95; Norske Nord-IIavs. Exp., 1880, 84.
Lycodes lulilii. Goode and Bean. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1S79, 209 (uot of Reinhardt ).

A Lycodes with body moderately elongate, its height one-eighth of its length. Length
of head two-ninths that of body; snout obtuse; maxillary not more than half as long as head.
Vertical fins, nape and body behind front of dorsal scaly. Lateral line indistinct, divided.
Length of pectorals eight times in that of body.

Radial formula: I). 110; A. 05; P.22; V. 4.

Color brownish black, with a whitish yellow patch on the nape, and 5 to 8 transverse
bands id' the same color across the dorsal and posteriorly across the anal, these bands becom-
ing broken into annular spots with age.

The V. S. Fish Commission received fromCapt. Z. Hawkins and ths crew of t lie schooner
(i<r * inh, I, a, of Gloucester, .Mass., a fine specimen of a species of Lycotlcs, obtained on La Have
Bank, in latitude -12"- 4.1' N.. and between the meridians of 62° 20' and 63< 30' \\\. at a depth
of 300 to 100 fathoms, the schooner having changed position while fishing. A second sped

304

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

men, **32 millimeters in length, was presented by Oapt. William H. Greenleaf and the crew
of the schooner Chester R. Lawrence, who secured it on the Grand Banks.

The dentition of the La Have specimen agrees exactly with that of L. Verrillii. The
lower jaw has the teeth in two series, with an imperfect series of smaller ones between. The
upper jaw has a single series of teeth, with a few smaller ones behind the symphysis. There
are about seven teeth on the vomer and a single row of about seven on each palatine. The
teeth are obtuse-conic, not curved, as in L. Verrillii. In the specimen of L. EsmarMi from
La Have the colors are somewhat less regular in distribution than those described and fig-
ured by Bernhardt; instead of showing (i light bands, the arrangement of light color upon the
dark ground of the body is as follows: One white spot on each side, above the posterior end
of the opercular flap, the spots not meeting on the dorsal line. The first saddle -shaped
marking begins on the back, under the eighth ray of the dorsal fin, and extends on either
side nearly to the middle of the body. The second saddle-shaped marking begins under the
twenty- seventh dorsal ray and extends nearly to the margin of the fin, involving the width
of about two rays and the connecting membrane, and extends also downward nearly to the
middle line of the body, increasing iu width as it descends. The next begins under the fifty-
fourth ray, and resembles the last in form and extent. The next begins under the seventy-
ninth, and, though smaller, resembles the others. The individual from the Grand Banks is
the largest yet recorded. The measurements are as follows:

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

22

491.

21,991.
La Have Bank.

Errand Banks.

type given h\
Bernhardt. *

ments of a type
specimen, t

Milli-
meters.

lllnths

of

length.

Milli-
meters.

lOOths

of
length.

Danish
inch) s.

lOOths

of

length.

Milli-
on tera

lOOths

of
length.

632

540

18

390

Body:

13

9

11
11

7

10
8

10}
12

13

39

20}

n

40
21

fcead:

21J
14}

20}

91

10*

lo"

10J
12}
9

»i

10

H

3}

9
6

5}
10}
9
9}

6}

7
5?

6

10}

91

11

8}
3}

24}

9

ca. 4

26}
3
5
6}
6
5}
2

2
24

4

Dorsal:

26}

5

5}

5}

5}

2}

5}

42
2}
4}
6
3}
0"

20
32
12

10
3

6}

41

Anal :

4}
5}

5}
3

5}

22
33}
11}

18

2}

4

2H

Pectoral :

12

18
2

14

Ventral i

16

1*

5

no

97

20

3

116-117

91-93, 95
19-20

23
3

* Dansk. Vid. Selsk. naturvid. og math. Afh., Deel vii, 1838, 153, pi. v.

t Norges Fiske, 1875, 99.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION, 305

Examples were also obtained by the Albatross from station 2470, in 1 1 17' N. hit., 66 33'
15 W. long., at a depth of 224 fathoms; and from station 2187, !u 39 19' 30 N. lai.. VI
10' W. long., ai a depth of 120 fathoms; and by the Fish Uawl (Oat. No. 28920, U.S. N. M.)
from station 998, in :;'.» 13' N. Int.. 71 li" W. long., ai a depth of 302 fathoms.

LYCODES RETICULATUS, Keinhardt. (Figures 273, 281, A. 11.)

Cycodes reticulatus, 1,'iimi wan. /,>■■. cit., 167. — Gi ntiler, Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus., iv, 320. -Gill, loo. cit., 260

( in i ki i, loo. cit.. 84.
Lycodcs Uotsi, Mm. Mian \. 1864. (Specimens from Spclzbergen ; fide Collett.)
Lycodes gracilis, Sars, Forliandl. Vid. Selsk. Christ., 1867, I11 15, tab. i. li;;s. 1 3(from Drobal
Ly codes perspicillum, Kk.'.mk. Daosk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhaudl., 1845, L':Ci. — i . i \nn k. /...■. til., 320. — Gill

Proe. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1863, 260.

Body moderately elongate; iis height al r one-eighth of its length. Length of head

twice the height of the body; snout long; the maxillary extending beyond vertical from
middle of eye; distance of vent from ventrals more than length of head. Body entirely
covered with scales; vertical litis naked.

Radial formula: T>. 94; A. 75; Y. 4; Pyl. csec, 2.

Color, brownish, with a network of black lines on head and body; those on the
body in five groups, the three anterior of which are partly visible on the dorsal tin: dorsal
dark-edged.

The Albatross obtained specimens from station 245.;. in 47' 10' X. hit.. 51 02' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 82 fathoms; from station 2452, in 17 04' X. lat., 58 18 W. Ion., at a depth
of 89 fathoms: and from station -'652, in 24 J 12' 30" X. hit.. 77 13' W. Ion.. ;it a depth of
1 lo fathoms; and the Fish HatoTi (Cat. No. 26357, U. S. X. M., and Cat. No. 26358, U. S.
Xat. .Mas.), from station 861, in Vineyard .Sound, Narragansett Hay, in 17 fathoms.

I.Yi ODES FRIGIDUS, Collett. (Figure 274.)
Lycodea frigidus, Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ., 1878, Nos. n. i:..

Color in adults, uniform gray-violet without bands or spots. Size large, reaching 500
millimeters and upward. Scales comparatively small, covering the entire body, but not
the head, nor the base of dorsal and anal; in the young the middle of the belly, the base
of the tins, and the (ins themselves are usually naked. Teeth present on the intermaxilla
and mandible, the palatines and vomer. In adults the height of the body is contained *'>.[
times, in the young as many as 9A times in the total length. The head is wide and flat,
its length contained from 4 to 4.} times in the total length. Lateral line low, extending from
the upper end of the gill-opening in a curved direction down toward the vent, from where
it runs close along the anal to the end of the tail.

B. 5; D. 93-98, (including one-half of caudal, 99-104); A. 80-8.5 (including one-half of
caudal, 85-90); P. 20-21 : Y. 3. (Collett, lot: cit.)

The Albatross obtained specimens from station 2110, in 35° 12' 10" XT. lat., 74° 57' 15"
W. Ion., at a depth of 516 fathoms; from station 2530, in 40c 53' 30" X. lat., 66° 24' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 956 fathoms; from station -'115, in .".52 49' 30" X. lat., 74° 34' 45" YV. Ion., at
a depth of si:; fathoms; from station 2116, in 35 ' TV 23" N. lat., 74° 31' 25" \Y. Ion., at a
depth of 888 fathoms; from station 2209, in 39° 34' 45" K lat., 71° 31" 30" VY. Ion., at a
depth of 1,080 fathoms; from station L'530, in 40° 53' 30" N. lat., 66° 2 V W.lon., at a depth
Of 956 fathoms; from station 2550, in 39° 44' 30" X. lat,, 70^ 30' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of
1,081 fathoms; Cat. Xo. ;i342'.t, U. S. X. .Al., from station 2072, in IT 53' N. hit.. 65 35' W.

Ion., at a depth of 838 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35582, l'.S.XT. M.,fr station 2106, in 39°35'N.

lat., 71 24' 30" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1,043 fathoms; Cat. Nos. 35569, 35571, and .15574, U.
S. X. M., from station 2203, in 39°34' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; Cat. Xo.
3543S, U. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" X. hit., 71 19' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 51':; fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35439, C S. X. M., from station 2182, in 39° 25' 30" X. lat.. 71 1 1.
W. Ion., at a depth of 861 fathoms; Cat. No. 35582, C. S. ff. M., from station 2115, in 35° 49'
30" X. lat.. 71 :;i 15 W. Ion., at a depthof 843 fathoms; Cat. No. 35552, U. S. N. M.. from
stat mn 2216, in 39 17 N. lat., 7o 30' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 963 fathoms; Cat. Xo.
19868— No. 2 20

306 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

35628, IT. S. N. M., from station 2229, in 37° 38' 40" N. lat,, 73° 16' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,42.; fathoms; Cat. No. 33309, U. S.N.M., from station 2052, in 39° 40' 05" X. lat., 69 21'
25" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,098 fathoms; Cat. No. 33521, U. S. N. M.. from station 2004. in
39o 44' 30" N. lat, 71° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,022 fathoms; Cat. No. 32813, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2018, in 37° 12' 22" X. lat.. 71 20' 04" W. Ion., at a depth of 788 fathoms; ( 'at.
No. 33304, U. S. N. M., from station 2051. in 39° 41' N. lat., 69 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,105 fathoms; Cat. No. 3553] , U. S. N. M.. from station 2208, in 39° 33' N. lat.. 71 - 16' 15"
W. Inn., at a depth of 1,178 fathoms; Cat, No. 35658, F. S. N. M., from station 2234. in 39°
09' N. lat., 72° 03' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 816 fathoms.

LYCODES MUCOSFS. Richardson. (Figures 275, 283, A. B.)

Lycodes mucosas, Richardson, Last of Arctie Voyages, 1855, 326; pi. xxvi. — Bean, Bull, xv, 1'. s. Nat.
Mus., 112.

The greatest height of the body tat the pectorals) is contained 8 times and its greatest
width (just behind the pectorals) 9 times in the total length. The width at the vent is con
tained 8 times in the length of the head and twice in the length of the longest dorsal ray.
The height at the ventrals about equals the height of the body at the pectorals. The height
of the body at the vent equals half the greatest width of the head, and is contained Hi
times in the total length.

The head is very large, its length being -^ of the total, and its greatest width contained
5£ times in the whole length. The distance from the tip of the snout to the nape is one-
fifth of total length, and four-thirds of the length of the mandible. The distance between
the eyes is contained 6 times in the length of the head. The length of the snout is one-third
of the length of the head. The nostrils arc much farther from the eyes than from each other,
their distance from the eyes being contained 4.', times in the length of the head. The length
of the upper jaw is contained 6| times in the total length; of the lower jaw, C<~ times; the
upper jaw slightly exceeding tin' mandible in length. The eyes are very small, close together,
and high, their long diameter being equal to one-eleventh of the length of the head.

The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dorsal fin is contained 3£
times in the total length. The first ray of the dorsal is contained 5| times in the length of
the head, and the longest, 4 times.

The distance of the anal from the snout is eleven-twentieths of the total length and
almost equals twice the distance of the pectoral from the snout. The first anal ray is con-
tained 9.', times in the length of the head, the longest 4.\ times. The vent is nearly in the
middle of the total length.

The distance from the tip of the snout to the base of the pectoral is contained 3i times,
and the length of the pectoral 6| times in total length. The length of the pectoral equals
that of the mandible, and only slightly exceeds one half of the length of the head.

The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout equals the length 1 if the head. The
length of the. ventral equals the long diameter of the eye.

Radial formula: D. (including half of caudal) 90; A. (including half of caudal) 71; P.
18; V. 3.

Colors: These agree, in the main, so closely with Richardson's description of them, that
it is unnecessary to say more than that the cross-markings are faint and narrow.

The gape of the mouth is very wide. The character and arrangement of the teeth agree
perfectly with the original description.

A single individual, 17 inches long, of this species, originally described from Northum-
berland Sound, was found by Lieut. Mintzer, and presented by him to the TJ. S. National
Museum.

LYCODES PALLIDUS, Collett.

Lycodes palhdus, Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ,, 1878, No. 14, 70.

Color (in young examples) pale yellowish gray-brown, with a series (5-6) of dark verti-
cal stripes on the dorsal, and a longer stripe toward the end of the anal. Scales compara-
tively large, covering the body up to about the base of the pectoral, while the head, nape,

DIS< USSION OF SPECIES AXlt THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

307

fins, and the middle of the belly arc naked. Teeth present on the Lntermaxilla, palatines,
and vomer. Beight of body contained 9£ times, and head nearly 4J times in the total
length (in young individuals). The lateral line runs downward from the npper angle of
the gill-opening in a curve under the median line of the body to about the vent, where it
ceases or becomes inconspicuous.

B. 5; I). 92-95 (with one half of caudal, 98-101); A. 79-S1 (with one-half of caudal,
84-86); T. 18-19.

Two young examples were taken in the middle of August off the north coast of Spitz
bergen, in about 80° north latitude. The first was obtained Angusl 14, from a depth of
45',) fathoms at station 362, about 15 miles west of Nbrskoerne; bottom temperature, — 1°
('.; the bottom consisted of bluish-gray clay. This individual was a little over G inches
long. The second, which was a young individual, -'<-\ inches long, was collected on the same
day at station 363, about 8 miles west of Norskoerne, in a depth of 260 fathoms. The bot-
tom temperature was +1.2C 0.; the bottom consisted of blue clay.

UKmett rs.

Millimeters.

93

164

'JO

161

10

17

(1

15

25

46

37

64

56

100

21

37

7

13

4

7

10

17

16

27

19

34

3

4

13

17

Total lentil

Length to base of caudal

Height at dorsal nriuiu

Beighl al anal origin

Xip of sin. iu it tarsal origin

Tip of snout from vent

Vont to base of caudal

Length of bead

Siiohi i in oxigin nt iris)

i i _ diameter of eye

Post-orbital part of head

Xip of lower jaw from ventral

Ventral from vent

Length of ventral

Length of pectoral

The lateral line begins at the upper angle of the gill opening, makes a slight curve
over the opercular flap, and thence proceeds in a curve, without any straight portion, about
down to the vent; from here, in the two specimens, it is inconspicuous, but can be partially
traced along the anal base toward the base of the caudal. The number of pores to the
vent is about -<i. {Collett, loc.cit.)

LYCODES PERSPICILLUM, Kkoyer. (Figures 278; 278 A. young. I
I/ycodea perspioillum, KrOyer, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., XI, lslo.

Distinguished by a light body color and dark bands, also two ocellated spots on the

forehead, which have suggested the specific name. Still further separated from the previ
ously known species of Lycodes by the smaller number of fin-rays, larger eye, etc. (Kroy< i .
Specimens were obtained by the Albatross from station 2491, in 15 24' 30" 2S\ hit., 58
35' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 59 fathom s, and from station 2450, in47c 20' N. lat, 52^ 18'
W. Ion., at a depth of 86 fathoms.

LYCODES SEMINUDUS, Reeshardt.

Lycodes seminudus, Reixiiardt, Kong. Dansk. Selsk., etc., 1838, 223.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv,
320.— Gill, Joe. eit., 260.— Collect, loc. cit., 113.

Body moderately elongate; its height, which is half the length of the head, one-seventh
of its length. Body naked in front of vent, scaly behind; linsnaked. Yentrals dislanf
from vent somewhat more than length of head.

Radial formula: 1). 91; A. 74; P. 21.

Color, uniform pale grayish brown, without spots or bands.

This species is known only from Omenak, Greenland, but is likelj to occur in deep
water.

LYCODES SARSII, Collett.

Lycodes Sarsii, Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ., 1871, 62 66, with a plate.

A Lycodes with the body lerately elongate; its height, which is more than half the

length of the head, about ouc-tcnth of the total length; length of the head about ~<\ times

308 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

iii tbat of the body; length of the maxillary less than the length of the head. Upper and
lower jaw with a series of round pores, uniting at the angle of the mouth, and continuing
backward over the operculum to the branchial aperture. Diameter of the orbit less than
the length of the snout, more than one-fifth the length of the head, and twice the width of
the iuterorbital space. Origin of dorsal lin nearer to the vent than to the origin of the
pectorals. Ventrals short, of 3 rays, the longest slightly more than one-fourth the length
of the pectorals. Pectorals lanceolate, their length somewhat less than that of head. Dis-
tance from vent to ventrals somewhat less than length of head. Scales lacking.

Radial formula: P. 18; V. 3.

Color, brown above, yellowish below.

The type, 41 millimeters long, was obtained in the Hardanger Fiord, Norway, at a depth
of 100-150 fathoms, in September, 1809, by Prof. Sars. The specimen was immature.

LYCODES ZOAKCHUS, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figures 276, 276 A (young), 283 C).

The greatest height of the body, 10 millimeters, is about one-ninth of the total length;
it is entirely covered with conspicuous imbedded scales which extend behind the dorsal and
anal, leaving only a narrow, naked margin around these fins. Head- and pectorals naked.
A lateral line begins slightly above the upper angle of the gill-opening, rapidly carving
downward and extending along the lower part of the body not far from the base of the anal
fin; it can be traced above the anterior two-thirds of the anal.

The length of the head, (iO millimeters, is contained Dearly 5§ times in the total. Its
greatest height, 32 millimeters, equals about one half its length. The iuterorbital distance,
measured on the bone, is only one-fourth of the length of the eye. The length of the eye,
15 millimeters, is nearly one-fourth the length of the head and is equal to the length of
the snout. The nostrils are placed close to the upper lip ami as far from each other as
from the eye. The maxilla reaches to the vertical through the middle of the eye.

The length of the upper jaw, 28 millimeters, is contained 2J times in that of the head.
The length of the mandible, 31 millimeters, is nearly one-half that of the head. The man-
dible has a conspicuous flap on each side, about as long as the eye, beginning at a distance
from the symiphysis equal to one-half the length of the eye. The inner edge of the man-
dible also has a slightly elevated ridge of skin. Length of intermaxillary series of teeth,
13 millimeters, equal to one-fifth of that of the head. Length of palatine scries, 12 milli-
meters, nearly equal to that of intermaxillary. Vomerines in a round patch. Mandibular
teeth in three series. Width of gill-opening, 25 millimeters, two-fifths length of head. The
ventrals are in front of the base of the pectorals; their length, s millimeters, equals one-
eighth that of the head. The distance between the lower angles of the gill-opening, 12 mil-
limeters, is nearly one fifth the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal is distant from
the head a space equal to one-third the length of the head; it is slightly behind the middle
of the pectoral. The pectoral when extended reaches to about the vertical from the sixth
dorsal ray. The longest ray of the dorsal is about one fourth the length of the head. The
anal orginates under the seventeenth ray of the dorsal. The vent is under the fifteenth
ray of the dorsal. The longest pectoral ray, 38 millimeters, is contained about 9£ times in
the total length.

Color, grayish-brown, lighter on the belly and under surface of the head; sides, irregu-
larly mottled with darker, a narrow dark edge at the tip of the first four dorsal rays.

In a youug specimen, No. 39299, the mottlings on the sides are band-like, the bands not
extending below the middle of the body entirely. This example is from N. lat. 11° 20', W.
Ion. 57° 11' 15", 190 fathoms.

D. 11G; A. 102; P. 19.

The type of the description is a specimen 366 millimeters long, catalogue number 39298,
obtained by the Albatross in X. lat, MP 46' 30", W. Ion. 59° 55' 45", 130 fathoms, off Nova
Scotia. This species has the same number of rays in the dorsal and anal as in some
specimens of L. paxillus, but the pectoral has 1!) rays instead of 16, the median lateral- line
is not developed as hi paxillus, and the form is very much stouter, the greatest height in

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 309

paxillus being only a fifteenth <>!' the total length, while in zoarchus it is one-ninth. The
head in pcucillus is one seventh of the total length, while in this species its Length is con
tained 5jj times. The coloration is also very different from thai of paxillus, t lie la iter being
a uniform brown, while zoarchus has a black blotch at the beginning of the dorsal, and the
sides are irregularly mottled with dark markings, which in the young specimen form more
or less complete bands, while iii adult specimens these bands break up into irregular
mottlings.

LYCENCHELYS, Gill.

Lyeenehelys, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi., Phila., L884, 180.

A genus closely allied to Lycodes, but baying a very elongate body, its length being
from twelve to twenty-four times its height.

LYCENCHELYS .MUM'.vy (( ollett), Gill.

Lycodes murwna, Collett, Forh. sdsk. Christ., 1878, X". it, 15.
Lyeenehelys murcena, Gill, loe. oit.

A Lycenchelys with body extremely elongate and slender; its greatest height cou-
t a hied about I'll times, length of head nearly 8 times in the total length. The long diameter
of the eye is contained about 4A- times in the length of the head. Body everywhere scaled,
head and tins naked. Ventrals comparatively close together, contained (> times in the length
of the pectoral. Teeth in a single scries in both jaws. Color (in the single young individ-
ual examined > uniform -ravish brown.

D. 111! (including one half id' caudal, L18); A. 95 (including one-half of caudal, 101);
P. 13.

Millimeters. Millimeters.

Total length Ill Long diameter of eye 4

Length of head is Vertical ilianieter of eye 3

Greatest height of bod) 7 Post-orbital part of head !i

Tip of snout from vent 39 Length of intermaxilla 7

Tip hi' sue mt from ventrals 15 Greatest depth of head 8

Tip of snout from dorsal - 1 Width of head over cheeks 8. 5

Length of snout 5 Length of pectoral 12

Lateral line present, but difficult to trace in its entirety. From the upper angle of the
gill-opening a series of rather closely placed, very small pores (connected by a narrow line),
descends in a curve to a short distance behind the vent; after having reached nearly to the
base of the anal, it runs for a short distance nearly horizontally, whereupon it ceases, or
can not be followed in the same direction with certainty. Another lateral line, however,
begins about over the vent, and runs horizontally along the median line, becoming obsolete
toward the end of the tail. The pores herein are very small and more widely separated, and
can be seen only by close observation ; the short whitish line which runs through each pore,
forms here no accompanying line.

Since the termination of the anterior descending lateral line is considerably behind the
origin of the upper horizontal lateral line, no connection appears to exist between them.
{Collett.)

One example, about 7 inches long, from the bank off Traenen, in Helgeland, Norway;
ice-cold water.

A, station 124, (iG° 41' K lat., G° 59' E. Ion. Depth, .".."iO fathoms, temperature, 0.8° C,
bottom, clay. June 19, 1S77.

LYCENXIIELYS VERRLLLH, (Goode and Beak i, .Ionian. (Figures 277, 277 A, Young.)

Lycodes Verrillii, Goode and Bean, Amer. Jour. Sci.and Arts, xvi, is77, 171; Cat. l'i-h.. Bases Co. ami Mass.

Bay, L879, 9.— Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, :;:;?. 177.
lycenchelys Verrillii, Jordan, Cat. Fish. X. Amer., 1885, 124.

Body very elongate, its height 12-13 in its length. Bead much depressed, its length
•r>'rJ in that of the body ; maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit; upper jaw much
the longer; profile very convex; snout obtusely rounded above.

Radial formula: I). 92; A. 88.

310 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Color, light grayish brown above; below, pearly white; sides with irregular brown
patches bisected by the lateral line; abdominal region livid blue; a spot of brown on the
tip of the tail.

L. Verrillii proves, as we have long believed it to be, a pygmy species, reaching
maturity at a length of from 5 to (1 inches. The old males are transformed almost beyond
specific recognition by an extraordinary development of the entire head in advance of the
eyes. The snout becomes shovel-shaped, its length equal to two-fifths that of the head,
while in the normal condition it is only one-fourth. We have examined specimens in inter-
mediate condition. The extension of the snout is accompanied by a corresponding enlarge-
ment of the muscles of the cheeks.

The Blale secured examples from station CCCix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat., 68° 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 304 fathoms; from station cccxxix, in 34° 39' 40" N. lat., 75° 14' 40" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 003 fathoms, and from station cccxxxn, in 35° 45' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' W.
Ion., at a depth of 263 fathoms. The Albatross obtained specimens from station 2547, in
39° 54' 30" N. lat,, 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 390 fathoms; from station 2299, in 35° 40'
N. lat., 74° 51' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 296 fathoms; Cat, No. 35563, U. S. IS. M., from
station 2212. in 39° 59' 30" N. lat., 7<>- 30' 45" W. Ion, at a depth of 428 fathoms; Cat. No.
35402, U. S. N. M., from station 2187, in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 71° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of
420 fathoms, and Cat. No. 35095, U. S. N. M., from station 2262, in 39° 54' 45" N. lat,, 69°
29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms. The Fish Hawk took it from station 870, in 40°
02' 36" N. lat,, 70° 22' 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 155 fathoms; from station 880, in 39° 48'
30" N. lat., 70° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 252J fathoms; Cat. No. 28894, U. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 987, in S9° 42' N. lat., 71° 32' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28904, U. S.
N. M., from station 1025, in 39° 49' N. lat,, 71° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; Cat.
Nos. 28919 and 28923, U. S. N. M., from station 998, in 39° 43' N. lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a
depth of 302 fathoms; Cat. Nos. 26730 and 2073s, V. S. N.M., from station 898, in 37° 24'
N. lat., 74° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 300 fathoms; Cat. No. 28886, U. S. N.M., from station
994, in 39° 40' N. lat., 71° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 368 fathoms; ( at, Xo. 28959, U. S. N. M.,
from station 1032, in 39° 56' N. lat,, 69° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms; Cat. No.
28736, U. S. N. M., from station 025, in 39° 55', N. lat,, 70° 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 229
fathoms; Cat, No. 29074, IT. S. N. M., from station 1049, in 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 435 fathoms; Cat. No. 28928, U. S. N. M., from station 1028, in 39° 57' N. lat.,
69° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 410 fathoms; Cat, No. 26180, U.S. N. M., from between 39° 52'
20" N. lat., 7ii 58' W. Ion., and 39° 56' 30" N. lat., 70° 59' 45" W. Ion., in from 238 to 372
fathoms; Cat. No. 28800, U. S. N. M., from station 940, in 39° 55' 30" N. lat., 71° 14' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 247 fathoms; Cat. No. 28797, U. S. N. M., from station 947, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat,,
71° 13' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 310 fathoms; ( 'at. No. 31586, U. S. N. M., from station 992,
in 40° 33' N. lat,, 70° 45' W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms; Cat. Nos. 26082 and 20093, U. S.
N. M., from station 880, in 39° 48' 30" N. lat., 70° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 252J fathoms;
Cat. No. 28902, U. S. N. M., from station 999, in 39° 45' 13" N. lat., 71° 30' W. Ion., at a depth
of 266 fathoms; Cat. No. 31532, U. S. N. M., from station 1090, off Cape Cod, at a depth of
110 fathoms; Cat. No. 31759, U. S. N. M., from station 1142, in 39° 32' N. lat., 72° W. Ion.,
at a depth of 322 fathoms; < 'at. No. 20160, U. S. N. M., from station 894, in 39° 53* N. lat,, 70°
5S' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 305 fathoms; Cat. No. 31597, U. S. N. M., from station 1002,
in 39° 58' N. lat., 69° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 202 fathoms; Cat, No. 28708, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 938, in 30 51' N. lat., 69° 40' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms; Cat. No.
26096, U. S. N. M., from station 879, in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 225
fathoms, and Cat. No. 26080, IT. S. N. M., from station 881, in 39° 46' 30" N. lat,, 70° 54'
W. Ion., at a depth of 325 fathoms. Several individuals were taken by the Speedwell from
station 172, in 42° 33' N. lat, 69° 57' W. Ion., at a depth of 115 fathoms; from station 199,
oil Thatcher's Island, at a deptli of 98 fathoms; from station 101, at a depth of 110 fathoms,
and from station 104, oft' Thatcher's Island, in 75 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 311

DYCENCHELYS PAXILLUS, (Goopf. and Bean) Jordan. (Figures 279; 282.)

Lycodes paxillue, Goode and Bean, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mns.. a, 1879, 11; Cat. Fish. Essex Co. and Mass. Ray,

1879, 9. — Goode, Proo. U.S. Nat. Mns. m, 477 (a kipper male).
l/ycenchelys paxillue, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885, 124.
Ly codes paxilloides, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool., 1883, x, No. 5, 207-8 (a normal, not sexually

distiii led. individual).

Body attenuate, its greatest height about half the length of the head, which is broad
flat above, with declivous profile; its length contained about eight times in that of body.
Upper jaw extending far beyond thelower; cheeks very full and protuberant. Teeth stout,
recurved, and sharply pointed, in a single series on both jaws, except at the symphysis; a
few teeth clustered at the head of the vomer; palatines with a single series; interorbital
space about one-fourth length of snout, which is about equal to that of eye, which is con-
tained 34 times in length of head. The tubular nostril is much nearer to the tip of the
snout than to the eye.

Origin of dorsal over end of the extended pectoral; its distance from the tip of the
snout is contained 4 to if times in the total length ; that of the anal from the snout .'i*. times
or less. Vent immediately in front of anal. The length of the pectoral equals one-half that
of the head, or a little more. The distance of the. ventral from the snout is contained 84
times in the total length. The length of the ventral is scarcely more than that of the
pupil. Scales very small, present everywhere except on the head and pectorals, extending
almost out t<> the margin of the vertical tins.

Eadial formula: I). 11G; A. 100.

Color, light brown, the head somewhat darker.

The form of L. paxillus is rounder and more terete than that of almost any other
described species. It is also easily distinguished by its very short head, by the peculiar
curvature of the strong jaw. and by the enormous development of the muscles of the cheek,
in the small number of pectoral rays it resembles L. polaris, Sabine, L. murcena, Collett,
and L. Verrillii, Goode and Bean.

The type of L. paxillus is a male in breeding form, such as is shown in figure 279.

L. paxilloides was based upon a normal individual, as shown in figure 282.

The first example of this form was obtained by ('apt. Joseph W. Collins and the crew
of the schooner Marion of Gloucester, from the gully between Le ITave and Sable Island
Banks, in lat. 42° 48' N., Ion. 63° 07' W., and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission for
the National Museum. The specimen, which is 143 inches in length, is in a dilapidated
condition, and was apparently taken from the stomach of a fish, probably a halibut. Fish-
ing in this locality is carried on exclusively with trawls or long-lines at a depth of 1,200 to
2,400 feet.

The Blake secured specimens from station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat., 68° 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 304 fathoms; from station CCCXII, in 39° 50' 4.5" N. lat., 70° 11' W. Ion., at a
depth of 4lili fathoms; and from station CCCXXxrr. in 35° 45' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' W. Ion., at
a depth of 263 fathoms; the Albatross from station 25G1, in 39° 38' N. lat., 71° 42' YV. Ion.,
at a depth of 500 fathoms; from station 254G, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at
a depth of 538 fathoms; Cat, No. 35400, IT. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat.,
71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; Cat, No. 33372, U. S. N. M., from station
2078, in 41° 11' 30" N. lat., 00° 12' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 499 fathoms; Cat. No. 35544,
U.S. \. M., from station 2202, in 39°38'N. lat,. 71° 39' 45" W.lon., at a depth of 515 fathoms;
(ai. .NO. 35663, U. S. N. M., from station 2238, in 39° 06' N. lat,, 72° 10' \V. Ion., at a depth
of 904 fathoms; Cat. No. 35515, IT. S. N. M., from station 2202, in 39° 38' N.lat.,71 39' 15"
W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; < 'at. Xo. 35G29, IT. S. N. M., from station 2233, in 38
36' 30" X. lat.. 73 Oil' W. Ion., at a depth of 630 fathoms; and Cat. Xo. 35612, U. 8. X. M..
from station 22ol, in 39° 39' 45" N. lat,, 71 • 35' 15" YV. Ion., at a depth of 5: is fathoms.
Examples were also obtained by the Fish Hawk as follows: Cat. No. 26181, U. S. X. M.,
from station 891, in 39° 4G' N. lat.. 71 10' YV. Ion., at a depth of 180( J) fathoms, and station
894, in 39° 53' N. lat., 70 :,<,' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth of 365 fathoms; Cat, No. 317G6, IT. S.

312 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

N. M., from station 1143, in :'.(•' 29' N. lat., 72° 01' W. Ion., at a depth of 452 fathoms; Cat.
No. 29070, U. S. N. M., from station 1049, in 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435
fathoms; Cat. No. 31703, U. S. N. M., from station 1140, in 39° 34' 1ST. lat., 71 50' W. Ion. at
depth of 374 fathoms; Cat. No. 28700, U. S. N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49' 25' N. lat.
69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms; Cat. No. 28929, U. S. N. M., from station 1028,
in 39° 57' N. lat,, 09° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 410 fathoms, and Cat. No. 28953, U. S. N. M.,
from station 1029, in 39° 57' 00" N. lat., 09° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 458 fathoms.

LYCODONUS, Goode and Bean.

Lycodonii*. Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comii. Zool., x, No. 5, 208. — Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn,

1887, 81.

Lycodoids with body blenniform, elongate. Scales small, circular, imbedded in the skin.
Lateral line very short, posteriorly obsolete. Eye moderate. Jaws without fringes. Upper
jaw longer than lower. Fin rays soft, articulated; those of the dorsal and anal tins sup-
ported laterally, each by a pair of sculptured ectodermal scutes or plates. Caudal distinct,
not fully connate with dorsal and anal, few-rayed. Ventrals present, jugular, each com-
posed of a few slender, deeply cleft, articulated rays. Gill opening rather narrow.
Branchiostegal membranes broadly joined to the isthmus. Teeth as in Lycodes. Pseudo-
branchiae apparently present. Branchiostegals apparently 5. Gill arches 4. Gill-rakers
rudimentary, in moderate number. Air bladder and pyloric caeca apparently absent.

This genus is in nearly every particular like Ly codes, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by the peculiar structure of the dorsal and anal fins.

LYCODONUS MIRABILIS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 280.)
Lyeodonus miralilis, Goode and I'.eax, Hull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1883, x, No. 5, 208, 209.

The body is shaped much as in Lycench lys Verrillii; its greatest height, at origin of dorsal,
contained about 18 times in the- length of the body. Scales as in Ly codes, the scales not
extending out upon the tins. The head and nape are also scaleless. Lateral line appar-
ently obsolete posteriorly, not extending back of the extremity of the pectoral.

The length of the head is contained about 7 times in the entire length. The diameter
of the eye is contained '2h times in the length of the head, and is about equal to the postor-
bital portion of the head. The eye is placed high, the width of the interorbital space
being less than the diameter of the pupil, and contained 3J times in the long diameter of
the eye. Nostrils immediately in front of the eye. The maxilla extends to the vertical
through the anterior margin of the pupil; the mandible, to a little behind the vertical
through the posterior margin of the pupil.

The dorsal tin is inserted slightly behind the vertical through the base of the pectoral;
the portion of the tin present in the mutilated specimen before us contains iSO articulated
rays. The first 10 or 11 scutes do not support rays, but whether rays were originally present
or not can not be ascertained. The longest dorsal ray is about equal to the longest anal
ray, its length being contained about 3 times in that of the head. The distance of the
vent from the snout is twice the length of the head; the anal begins immediately behind
the vent; it consists at present of about 70 articulated rays. The caudal rays extend be-
yond the tips of the ultimate dorsal and anal rays; they are about 9 in number.

The distance of the ventral from the snout is equal to twice the length of the upper jaw;
middle ventral ray is the longest, it being half as long as the postorbital part of the head.

The length of the pectoral equals three times that of the snout.

Eadial formula: D. S0+ ; A. 70+; C. 9; P. 18; Y. 3.

A single mutilated specimen, measuring 112 millimeters in its imperfect condition, was
taken by the Blake from station cccxxxvn, in 38° 20' .08" N. lat,, 73° 23' 20" W. long., at a
depth of 740 fathoms. The Albatross also obtained examples from station 2110, in 35° 45' 23"
N. lat,, 74° 31' 25" W. long., at a depth of SS8 fathoms; from station 2205, in 39° 35' N. lat.,
71° IS' 45" W. long., at a depth of 1,073 fathoms; from station 2083, in 40= 20' 40" N. lat.,
07° 05' 15" W. long., at a depth of 959 fathoms; from station 2115, in 35 a 49'30"N. hit., 74°

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 313

34' 15" W. long., at a depth of 843 fathoms; from station 2552,in 39° 17' 07" N. Lat., 70°
35" W. long., at a depth of 72] fathoms; from station 2550, in 39° 44' .".0" N. lat., 70° 30'
45" W. long., at a depth of L,081 fathoms; from station 2074, in 41° 43' N. lat., 65 21' 50"
W. long., at a depth of L,309 fathoms; Oat. No. 35517, I'. S. N. M.,from station 2209, in 39°
34' 15" N. lat., 71 30' 30" W. long., at a depth of L,080 fathoms; Oat. No. 33522, If. S. N.
M., from station 2094, in 39 II' 30" N. lat., 71° 01' W. Ions., at a depth of 1022 fathoms;
Cat. Nos. 33366 ami 33481, 0". S. N. M., from station 2077, in 41° 09' 40" N. lat., 66° 01" 20"
W. long., at a, depth of 1,255 fathoms; Cat. No. 35559, IT. S. N. M., from station 2210, in39o
37' 45" N. lat., 71 IS' 15" W. Ion-, at a depth of 991 fathoms; Cat, No.35519, U.S. N. M..
from station 2206, in 39° 35' X. hit., 71° 24' 30" W. lon.U'., at a depth of 1,043 fathoms; Cat.
No. 35554, U. S. N. M., from station 2216, in 39° 47' X. hit., 70 30' 30" W. long., at a depth
of 963 fathoms; Cat, No. 33380, U. S.N. M., from station 2072, in 11^ 53' X. hit., 65 35' W.

Ion-., at a depth of 858 fathoms; and Cat, No. 35,455, U. S. N. M., fr station 2191, in 39°

45' 30" N. lat,, 70° 17' W. long., at a depth of 961 fathoms.

LYCODOPSIS, Collett.

Lyeodopsis, Collett, rn>r. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 381 (type, Lycodet pacificm, Colleti i.
teurynnis, Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1x79, 326.

Zoarceoids with body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small, smooth, imbedded scales.
Head large; snout broadand long; interorbital space very narrow; month large, horizontal:
teeth conical, thoseof the upper jaw in a single row, those of the lower in a band in front,
the inner series enlarged, larger than the upper teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines.
Ventral fins very small: vertical tins continuous, without spines. (Collett.)

This genus is represented by one or two species from moderately deep water off the
coast of California, Oregon, and Washington.

GYMNELIS, Reinhardt.

Gymnelis, Reinhardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Scl.sk. Afhandl., vn, 131, is:;s (type, Ophidium viride, Fabrieius). —
GONther, Challenger Report, xxn, 18s", si.

Body elongate, naked. Vertical fins without spines; ventral fins none. Small, conical
teeth on the jaws, vomer, and palatines. Gill-openings very narrow. No air bladder; pylo-
ric creca none; no anal papilla. Size small. Arctic seas.

GYMNELIS VIRIDIS, (Fabricius), Reinhardt.

Ophidium viride, Fahricics, Fauna Gronlandica, 141.

GymnelU viridis, Reinhardt, K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., vn, 1838, 131.— Gaimabd, Voy. Scand.
l'oiss., pi, xv.— GDnther, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus., 1 v, ls<;i>, 323; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, s2.—
Collett, Norsk. Nordh. Exped. Fisk., 123, pi. iv, fin. 32.— Kroykr, Nat. Hist. Tidsskr., 1862, 1, 258.—
LOtken, Kara-Havets, Fisk. in Dijmphna-Togtet, 125.

Gymnelis pictu8, GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus., IV, 1862, 324.

Height of body one-half the length of the head, which is contained about 0J times in
the total length; snout subcorneal, longer than the eye; jaws equal; mouth oblique; maxillary
reaching beyond eye; teeth rather small, conical, in a single series on each side, forming a
patch anteriorly; distance from snout to vent 2J times length of head.

Pectoral rounded, inserted low, its length less than half that of the head. Dorsal com
mencing over posterior third of pectorals.

Radial formula: D. 100; A. 80.

Color, brownish, usually with dark transverse markings, but sometimes unspotted.

This species has been found in abundance in the Arctic seas, from Alaska to Nova Scotia.

MELANOSTIGMA, Gunther.

Melanostigma, GOnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, lssi, 20; Challenger Report, xxn, 1877,82.

This genus agrees with Gymnelis and Maynea in the absence of ventral fins, and tech
nically may be distinguished from both by the much more elongate teeth, which in the jaws,

as well as on the vomer and palatines, stand in a single scries. However, there are other
striking differences, which will be mentioned in the subsequent description.

314 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

MELANOSTIGMA GELATINOSTJM, GtlNTHER. (Figure 284.)

Melanostigma gelatinosum, Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, 21, pi. n, fig. A; Challenger Report,
xxn, 1887, 82.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool.. 1883, 209.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer.,
1885, 125.

Body is enveloped in a loose, delicate skin, as in Liparis. Head large, deep, compressed,
with obtuse snout. Eye large, two-sevenths of the length of the head and longer than tin-
snout. Cleft of the mouth rather oblique, but the lower jaw does not project beyond the
upper. Lips not fleshy. Inside of the mouth, gill-openings, and vent black. The gill-
opening is reduced to a very narrow foramen above the base of the pectoral fin. The origin
of the dorsal fin and the root of the pectoral arc enveloped in the loose skin of the body.
The dorsal fin seems to commence above the middle of the pectoral, is low at first, but
becomes considerably higher posteriorly. Pectorals very narrow, consisting of a few rays
only. Upper parts tinged with a purplish gray; sides marbled with the same color, v> hich
toward the end of the tail becomes more intense, almost black.

Total length of the specimen 5| inches; distance of the snout from the gill-opening
seven-eighths inch, from the vent 1; inches.

The type specimen was obtained on January L6, 1880, by l>r. Coppinger, of II. M. S.
Alert, at Tilly bay, in the Straits of Magellan, in 24 fathoms.

The Blake secured an individual from station cccxxxiv. in 38° 20' 30" X. lat.. 73°
26' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 395 fathoms; and the Albatross obtained specimens from
station 2003, in 37° 16' 30" X.lat.. 74" 20' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 641 fathoms: from station
2549, in 39° 51' 30" X. lat.. TIP IT' W. Ion., at a depth of .'.71 fathoms; from station 2540, in
39° 53' 30" X. lat.. 7o 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 32007, U. S. N.
M., from station 2003, in 37° 10 30 N. hit.. 71 20' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of Oil fathoms;
Oat. Xo. 35611, U. 8. X. M., from station 2201, in 39° 39' 45" X. lat., 71° 35' 15" W. Ion., at
a depth of 538 fathoms. The Fish ffawlc took additional specimens from station 994, in 39°
40' X. lat.. 71- 30' W. Ion., at a depth of .°.0S fathoms; Cat. No. 28762, I'. 8. X. M., from
Station 937, in 39° 49' 25" X. lat., 69° 49' W.lon.,at a depth of 010 fathoms: Cat. No.28901,
F. S. X. M., from station 995, in 39° 40' 30" X. lat., 71° 31' W. Ion., at a depth of 358
fathoms; Cat, Xb. 28813, TT. S. X. M., from station 947, in 39° 53' 30" X. lat,, 71° 13' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 319 fathoms: Cat. Xo. 28853, U. S. X. M„ from station 952. in 39° 55'
X. lat., 70= 28' W. Ion., at a depth of 390 fathoms.

Family BROTULIDvE.

Brotulince, Swainson, Nat, Hist. Fish, 1839, n, 188,301.
Brotuloidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 859, xxiv.
Brotulidce, Adams, Man. Nat. Hist., 1854, 101.
Brotulina, Gunthkr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv. 1862, 371.

Ophidioidea, with body naked or covered with small scales. Dorsal and anal fins confluent
with caudal. Ventrals jugular, reduced to one or two rays. Gill-openings wide, the gill-
membranes tree, Vent in anterior half of body. Barbel present or absent. Lateral line
interrupted, or partially oi completely obsolete.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF BROTCLID.E.

(Not strictly according to affinities, and for purposes of identification only.)
Barbels present on snout and lower jaw.

I. Ventrals a pair of bifid filaments [Brotula]

II. Ventrals a pair of simple filaments [Nematobrotola]

Barbels replaced by cilia or tubercles.

I. Eye absent or rudimentary. Cave dwellers.

A. No teeth on palatines; villiform teeth in jaws [LUCIFUGA]

B. Strong teeth on palatines, and on mandibular edge [Stygicola]

No barbels, cilia, or tubercles.

I. Caudal differentiated, with distinct stem.

A. Ventral filaments single. A fiat opercular spine.

1. Head scaly [Dinematichthys]

2. Head naked [Brosmophycis]

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. .">1">

II. Caudal not folly differentiated, and often confluent.

A. Ventrals inserted on isthmus, nol far from humeral symphysis Bythitin i

1. Pectorals simple. Byes present.

a. Lateral line present posteriorly, 1ml broken in middle.

i. Palatines dentigerous. Ventrals a pair of lilaments, each of two closely united rays.

I ; j 1 1 1 1 1 1 -
ii. Palatines toothless. Ventrals a pair of simple rays Grammonus

b. Lateral line obsolete poBtei iorlj .

i. Ventrals a pair of simple rays.

* Lateral line- distinct on front of body.

t Palatines with teeth. Preoperculum unarmed.

a. Head scaly (except -i i i. Lateral line indistinct.

1. Operculum with a single spine. Venl median c.\ i i rv\

is. Head naked. Lateral line on trunk only.

1. Operculum without aspine. Vent postmedian Saccogastek

2. Operculumwithtwospines. Ventpremedian .. . .Diplacanthopoma
tt Palatines with teeth, Preoperculum strongly armed.

a. Head partially naked. Lateral line obsolete posteriorly.

1. Operculum with one spine, preoperculum with :i-4 Dicromita

• Lateral line obsolescent , almost or (|iiite invisible.
t A feeble spine on the operculum.

a. Head smooth. Eyes small 1; \ss, i/i m -

li. Head crested. Eyes largo GLYPTOPHIDIUM

1 1 Acute spines on head-bones and opercles.

a. A long, tapering tail. No pyloric caeca DERM inu:i s

ii. Ventrals a pair of bifid rays.

* Caudal rays exserted, but confluent with those of anal and caudal.

t Head scaly.

A. Preoperculum with small spines at its angle.

1. ( Iperculum with one spine Nkobtthites

u. Preoperculum unarmed.

1. Two spines ou operculum. Ventrals close together. Benthocometes

2. One strong spine on operculum. Ventrals far apart BassogiGas

C. Preoperculum with crenulated limb.

1. Ventrals feeble, close together AXCOCKIA

tt Head nak.nl.

A. Lateral line not distinguishable.

1. Several strong spines on head Celema

n. Lateral line represented by a few large scales near shoulders.

1. Head smooth. Tail very attenuate McEBIA

Cauda] not continent with vertical (ins. but without distinct peduncle.
t Teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines in villiform bands.
a. Preoperculum unarmed. Head scaled.

1. A flat opercular spine.

a. Snout much produced and dilated. Lateral line very indistinct
(or absentf) Barathrodemus

2. Operculum with a bony ridge above, ending in a blunt point.

a. Snout not produced, broad, rounded, flattened at tip. Lateral
line obsolete posteriorly PYCNOCR 'SFEDUM

3. Operculum a triangular flap, unarmed.

a. Lower pectoral rays prolonged, the lowest filamentous.

Nematonus

c. Lateral line represented by three rows of pores, dorsal, lateral, and ventral.

i. Head spinigerous.

•Ventrals each of two distinct rays. < Opercular spine moderate, straight. Porogadi s
" Ventrals each of two united rays, i tpercular spine strong, curved Penopds

2. Pectorals simple. Eyes absent or rudimentary.

n. Body scaly. Eyes absent.

i. Ventrals bifld lilaments. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines Tatjredophidium

3. Pectorals with lower rays differentiated.

a. Preoperculum armed with three spines, operculum with one. Lateral line obsolete pos

let iorly.

i. Ventrals simple, not close together Pteri eras

ii. Ventrals bifid, approximate Di< RO] I ffl

316 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

b. Preopercnlum unarmed. A single spine on operculum. Lateral line absent(i)

i. Ventrals each a pair of filaments, closely united throughout, approximate. .MlXONUS

B. Ventrals inserted on humeral symphysis.

1. Lateral line continuous, indistinct.

a. Ventrals a pair of simple filaments.

i. Pseudobranchiae present Siijembo

ii. Pseudobranchise absent Monomitopus

2. Lateral line obsolete (in almost every case).

a. Ventrals bifid filaments.

i. Teeth in villifonn bands on jaws, vomer, ami palatines. Head strongly armed.

•Eyes minute. Snout armed Acaxthoncs

b. Ventrals simple filaments.

i. Eye rudimentary or absent.

* Body with small, deciduous scales. No lateral line.

t Eye not visible externally. Villifonn bands of teeth on jaws, vomer, and

palatines Typhlonus

' * Body naked. Notochord persistent.

t Eye visible through skin. A few fang-like teeth on vomer and mandi-
ble Barathronus

ttEycnot visible. No teeth on maxillary or palatines. Rudimentary teeth on
vomer. Small teeth on mandible APHYONTJS

C. Ventrals inserted under hyoid region.

1. Ventrals long bifid filaments.

«. Weak teeth, in jaws only ElIODICHTllvs

D. Ventrals absent. (Uncertain as to family ami subfamily.)

1. Eyes rudimentary.

a. Head and bodj scaleless.

i. Mouth vertical, vomer and palatines toothless Alexeterion

2. Eyes developed.

a. Head uncreated, scaleless. No lateral line.

i. Villifonn teeth in jaws, vomer, and palatines.
*Fin rays very delicate. 1!. 8.
t (i ill-rakers almost rudimentary Hephthocara

b. Head crested, scaly.

i. Lateral line of large, specialized scales LAMPROGRAMMUS

Genus BYTHITES, Reinhardt.

Bythitts, REixnAUDT, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Af hand!., vli, is ;s. 178.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., iv,
:;7."i. — Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 253.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xn, LT. S. Nat. Mas.. 795.

Brotulids having the body elongate, covered with minute scales, and with lateral line
interrupted over the vent. Head thick, naked, with cirri; month large and jaws equal.
A small spine at the angle of the operculum. Teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines. Eye moderate. Vertical fins continent; ventral tins, a pair of bifid filaments, each
composed of two rays closely united nearly to the tip. Branchiostegals 8; gill mem
branes closely united, free from the isthmus. Air bladder large. Two pyloric caeca. No
barbel. A thick, conical anal papilla (in the male).

BYTHITES FUSCUS, Reinhardt.

Sythites fasom, Reinhardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., vil, 1838, 17!i, pis. vn-vni. — GOnther, op.
cit., 375.

A Bythitts, having a body somewhat compressed, lipariform, its height about 4A times
in its length. Head thick and huge, its length more than one-fourth that of body, with
obtuse snout, naked, with minute cirri. Mandible, long, curved; it extends far behind
vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Eye small. Scales moderate, on body. Lateral
line complete, but interrupted over vent, the two parts slightly overlapping the same vertical.
Vertical fins confluent, enveloped in thick skin. Pectorals broad, lanceolate, with broad
base. Ventrals filiform, reaching behind origin of pectoral, as long as pectoral and two-
thirds as long as head. A conspicuous anal papilla in the male.

The only known specimen, now in the museum at Copenhagen, was obtained in Green-
laud half a century ago.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 317

GRAMMONUS, Gill.

Oligopus, SaCEPEDES. — Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 112.

Pteridium, Gunther Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i\, 1862,376 mot Scopoii1); Challenger Report, xxn, 105.—

I'AMsiKiM. Pesci d'ltalia, 191.— Moreai . Bist. .Vit. l'<>i~s., France, \ n. 228 I family Pterid
Grammonus, (in.i . ms.

Head and body compressed, covered with small scales, only the upper part of the
head and the snout being naked. The body is moderately elongate, the tail but little
attenuated. Snout obtuse, not swollen, with the jaws even in front, and with the mouth
obliquely ascending. Bones of the head firm, the muciferous canals narrow. Bye small.
Operculum with a short spine behind; preoperculum with two short projections near the
angle. Barbels none. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws and an open V-shaped band
on the vomer; some slightly enlarged teeth along the inner series of the mandible and on
the vote :. palatine teeth none. Vertical fins confluent; ventrals close together, reduced
to a p of fine simple filaments, and inserted somewhat behind the isthmus, below the
middle of the operculum. Lateral line interrupted, dills 4: pseudobrauchia- none.
Branchiostegals 8. Pyloric appendages 2. {Giinther.)

GRAMMONUS ATER, (Risso), Goode and Bean.

ler, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 142, pL xi, fig. 11.
ptw ni,j,)\ Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meridionale, 1826, in, 338.
apsis ,,t,r, De Filippi, Siebold and Kolliker, Zeitsch. JViss. Zoiil., 1855, 170.
Pteridium alrum, I)e Filippi and Verany, Mem. Accad. Sci., Turin (2), win. Supra Alcuni Pesci (separate
from last), 11, fig. 6. — Gunther, ?«<■. cit. — Canestkini, loc. cit.— Moreau, loc. cit., Sg. 173.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, its height 5 to 6 times in total length. Head
large and long, its length 4 times in that of body. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary
extending beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Jaws nearly equal. A row of
sharp teeth, far apart and few in number, in the midst of others which are closely set and
very small. Vomer with 2-4 large, recurved teeth, in addition to several small ones.
Tongue smooth. Eye round, small, its diameter scarcely one-eighth the length of the
head. Lateral line interrupted, sometimes for a certain distance double.

1 >orsal origin in vertical from middle of pectoral, ventrals filiform, closely approximated,
each composed of two short rays.

Radial formula: D. 64; A. 41; P. 20; V. 2.

Color, blackish, sometimes with a reddish tint.

This form is very rare, having been recorded only from the Mediterranean off Nice,
where it lives at considerable depths, approaching the shores in August to deposit itseggs
in the crevices of rocky ledges. It is not positively known to inhabit the region beyond
the hundred-fathom Hue.

Giinther has studied the lateral line in a single specimen, lately acquired by the Brit-
ish Museum, and reports that it is rather indistinct and interrupted, and that, in his judg-
ment, the fact that the ends of the two portions overlap each other has given rise to the
statement that the lateral line is double along a portion of the tail.

CAT^ETYX, Gunther.
Caketyx, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 104.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with very small and thin scales; lateral line in-
distinct, interrupted. Head oblong, with somewhat pointed snout, covered with very small
scales, only the anterior part of the snout naked; bones of the head rather firm, but with
the muciferous system well developed, the canals having wide openings along the infraorbi-
tal, and on the lower limb of the preoperculum. Eye rather small. Nostrils far apart, the
posterior in front of the eye and the anterior at the extremity of the snout. Operculum
with a spine behind ; no other armature on the head. Snout not swollen, hut the upper jaw

1 Pteridium of Scopoii (1777, page 151; is according to Gill, the equivalent ol PteraeUt of Gronovius.

318 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

slightly overlapping the lower; barbels none. Mouth wide. Bands of villiform teeth in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatines bones; a series of larger teeth along the sides of
the lower jaw. The tail is not much attenuated. Vertical tins confluent; ventrals close
together, reduced to a pairoi fine, simple filaments, and inserted somewhat behind the isth-
mus, below the middle of the operculum.

Gills 4, with short, broad gill-rakers and well developed lamina?. Pseudobranchiae none.
Branchiostegals 8. Pyloric appendages. [Gunther.)

CATiETYX MESSIERI.

This genus is represented by two species, Catcetyx Messieri, loc. cit., pi. xxin, Fig. B,
obtained by the Challenger in Messier Straits (Station 306 A), at a depth of 345 fathoms.

The Albatross took four specimens of another form, Catcetyx rubrirostris, in 205-35$,
fathoms off the coast of California.

SACCOGASTER, Alcock.

Sacoogaster, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, (Nov.), 389; Batbybial Fishes of the Bay of Bengal, 1889,
15; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vni, July, 1891, 30, pi. vn, Fig. 3; Proc. Z. S., London, 1891, 226.

Body compressed, little elongate, partly invested by minute, membranous, non-imbri-
cated scales. Abdomen large. Head with loose, scaleless skin. Snout a little inflated, not
projecting beyond the equal jaws. Bones of the head firm, without spines, the mucous
channels well developed, but without conspicuous external openings. Opercles unarmed.
No barbels. Eyes small. Mouth wide. Bands of villiform teeth in jaws, palatines, and
vomer, and an inner row of enlarged teeth in the mandible. Vertical fins confluent with
the caudal. Ventrals simple filaments. Four gills; S branchiostegals; no pseudobranehise.
No pyloric casca.

Represented by Sacoogaster maculatm, Alcock (he. cit.), from 103 fathoms, Bay of Ben-
gal, lat. 20° 17' 30" N., Ion. 88° 50' E., and from stations 120 of the Investigator, in 240-276
fathoms.

The name Saeeogastrr, which alludes to the distended abdomen, was based upon the ap-
pearance of the type described in 1881), which Alcock has since found to contain distended
ovaries, full of developing embryos. Sacoogaster is viviparous, and the males have been
found to have a postanal papilla which serves as an intromittent organ.

DIPLACANTHOPOMA, Gunther.

Diplacanilwpoma, (HVNTHER, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 15.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with small and thin scales; lateral line very in-
distinct; head rather depi'essed, naked, with thin bones and wide muciferous channels.
Eyes of moderate size. Nostrils far apart. The posterior widely open, in the front of the
eye, and the anterior at the extremity of the snout. Operculum with two spines, one point-
ing backwards, the other situated behind the angle of the preoperculum and pointing down-
wards; preoperculum unarmed. Snout not swollen, broad, depressed, the upper jaw slightly
overlapping the lower ; barbels, none. Mouth of moderate width; bands of villiform teeth
in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Tail attenuated; vertical fins confluent;
ventrals close together, reduced to a pair of simple filaments and inserted somewhat behind
the isthmus below the middle of the operculum. Gills, 4, with lanceolate widely-set gdl-
rakers, and well-developed lamina?. Pseudobranchia?, none. (Gunther.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 319

DIPLACANTHOPOM \ BRACHYSOM \. 61 mhi R.

Diplacanthopoma brachysoma, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxu, 115, PI. xxm, fig. C; Alcock, Ann. and

Mag. Nat. 1 list ., 1889, 385.
Sirembo mura nolepis, \'aii i am. Exp. Soi. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, p. 273, pi. xxm, lij;. I, la.

(Off Soudan).

The greatesl depth of the body is below the origiu of the dorsal 11 n, and contained twice
and one-third in the distance of the extremity of the snout from the vent. The head is
aliout as deep as broad, its Length being equal to the distance of the vent from the root of
the ventral tins, and more, than one-half of the Length of the body exclusive of the tail. The
vent is nearer to the snout than to the root of the caudal. Eye of moderate size, without
orbital fold, as long as thesnout, one-fifth of the Length of the head and equal to tlie width
of the flat interorbital space. Mouth of moderate width, the maxillary extending somewhat
behind the eye and being slightly dilated behind. All the teeth are in narrow villit'orin
bands, that of the vomer being opeu and ^-shaped. The superficial bones of the head are
thin, and those of the infraorbital ring and of the mandible dilated for the reception of the
wide mucous canals. Of the opercular spines the horizontal is remarkably Long, much
Longer than the lower vertical one.

The vertical lins are completely united, and, owing to the great attenuation of the tail,
no caudal portion can be distinguished. The rays are very thin, closely set, and of mod-
erate length. Origin of the dorsal tin immediately behind the root of the pectoral, and
that of the anal immediately behind the vent. Pectoral tins rather narrow, inserted on a
short, broad, and partly free pedicle; they are Longer than the postorbital portion of the
head; ventrals half as long as the distance of their root from the vent.

The scales arc rather small, thin, cycloid, and rather deciduous; if a lateral hue is
present, it is confined to the trunk.

Upper parts of a uniform light brownish color; the lower parts and the tins colorless.

The type, 1A inches long, was taken by the Challenger off Pernambuco, Brazil (station
122), in 350 fathoms. Dr. Alcock has identified with the same species a female 1A inches
long with gravid ovaries, taken by the Investigator in the Andaman sea, 7J miles east of
North. Cinque Island in 190 fathoms (=D. Alcockii, G. & B. See p. 523, below).

DICROMITA, GOODE and Bean, n. g.

Brotulids resembling in form and general appearance Catcetyx and Diaplacanthopoma,
having the lateral line obsolete, or interrupted posteriorly; ventrals a pair of simple, tine
filaments ; and teeth upon the palatines. It has, however, three or four small spines upon
the preoperculum, as well as a sharp spine upon the upper angle of the operculum; and
the lateral line, though indistinct, is traceable for half or three fourths the length of the
body, which, like the upper part of the head, is covered with small, deciduous scales, the
opercular region being apparently scaleless, and the bones of the suborbital region almost
uncovered, with conspicuous sinuses, which show through the transparent texture of the
surface. The head is oblong, the snout being somewhat produced, depressed and turgid,
resembling, though in a less degree, that of Barathrodemus. Eye moderate, conspicuous.
Mouth wide; teeth villiform, in bands on the jaws and palatines, and very minute upon the

v '>'• which has a roughened, knob like enlargement at its angle. Vent premedian.

Vertical fins continent ; ventrals rooted very dose together, each reduced to a fine, flexi-
ble, simple filament, planted somewhat behind the isthmus and below the middle of the
operculum, dills 1, with well developed lamina' and rather long, slender gill-rakers.
Branchiostegals 8. Pseudobranchise apparently absent.

DICROMITA AGASSIZH, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 286).

Body elongate, much compressed, its height about one-fifth of its total length; its
width about half its greatest height. The length of the head is slightly greater than the
height of the body, ami equal to twice its own width. Mouth very Large, the maxillary,
which is curved and much dilated at its extremity, reaching far behind tin' \ci in sal from

320 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the posterior margin of orbit. Jaws nearly equal, the snout being considerably produced
and dilated, its length equal to the diameter of the eye and one fourth the length of the
head. Teeth very fine, villiform, in bands on jaws and palatines, and also present on
vomer, though very small, especially upon the rounded, globular process at the angle.
Lateral line very indistinct, interrupted, but extending behind the vent at least one-third
of the way to the tip of the tail. Dorsal origin nearly in vertical from the axil of the pec-
toral; ventrals very slender, villiform. closely approximate at their roots, and less than half
as long as the head.

Color, brownish.

A specimen was obtained by the Blake, off Granada, station xciii, at a depth of 291
fathoms. This specimen, from which the shaded figure was made, has evidently had its
tail broken off and the damage repaired. The collateral type was obtained by the Albatross
at station 2374, in 29° 11' 30' N. lat., 85° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 26 fathoms.

DICROMITA METRIOSTOMA, (Vaillaxt), Goode and Bean.

Sirembo metriostoma, Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 270, pi. xxm, figs 3, 3a, 3ft.

Body elongated, compressed, elevated anteriorly, its height equal to one-seventh of its
length. Head length about one-fifth that of body. Snout oblong, rounded, its length
one fifth of head. The upper jaw is slightly the longer, and extends back to the verti-
cal from the posterior margin of orbit. Teeth in villiform bauds on the jaws, vomer, and
palatines.

Xostrils small, circular, in same horizontal line. Eye. circular, its diameter slightly
greater than the length of the snout, 1.J times in length of head and equal to width of inter-
orbital space. A strong horizontal spine on the operculum, and two or three at the angle
<>f the preoperculum, hidden under the skin.

Vent premedian, separated from the origin of the ventrals by a distance slightly greater
than the length of the head. Origin of dorsal slightly behind vertical from base of pectoral.
Anal origin near vent. Pectorals half as long as head, simple. Ventrals reduced to a pair
of simple filaments which surpass the pectorals.

Scales small, distinct, not so deciduous as in many similar forms, about 151 in longi-
tudinal and 33 in vertical series. Lateral line obsolete in its posterior half.

Color, grayish, with blackish belly and darker edges to the vertical tins.

The French explorers obtained one specimen from the Banc dArguin (station XCV),
1,230 fathoms, two from off the Azores and from station cxxi, in 1,412 fathoms, and one from
station cxxvn, in 1,257 fathoms.

DICROMITA MICROPHTHALMIA, (Vaillaxt), Goode and Bean.

Sirembo miorophthalma, Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman. 275, pi. xxiv, fig. 4.

Body moderately compressed, anguilliform, its height one-thirteenth of its total length.
Head elongate, its length one-fifth that of the body. The snout is four-elevenths of the
head, and somewhat spatulate. The upper jaw extends somewhat beyond the lower one.
Mouth inferior, half as long as the head; the maxillary passes the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit. Teeth small, in villiform bands upon the jaws, vomer, and palatines.
Eye very small, nearly hidden in the skin, but distinct; its diameter about one-twentieth
that of the head, while the interorbital space is one-fourth. Branchial opening very wide.
Opercular bone indistinct. The preoperculum has four strong spines at its angle; the oper-
culum has 1 spine, strong, somewhat curved upward, prominently projecting. Head naked,
except upon the cheek and the opercular flap.

Vent at a distance from the base of the ventrals greater than the length of the head.
Scales exceedingly small, scarcely visible to the naked eye, imbedded in the skin, more dis-
tinct in the veutral region than on the rest of the body; lateral line represented by a series
of inconspicuous elevations, which are not noticeable in the latter half of its length ; it is near
the dorsal outline.

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 321

Origin of dorsal over the middle of pectoral; that of the anal immediately behind the
vein. The anal (ins arc low. The pectoral is composed of L3 rays,halfas Long as the head,
lanceolate, tin- two lower rays detached without being inure developed than the others.
Ventrals still smaller i perhaps mutilated in the specimen figured 1 >y Yaillant ).

Color white, except bluish-black upon the head and abdomen, and the pectorals a deep
brown.

Three specimens were obtained by the French Expedition at station ci, off the Cape
Verde Islands, at a depth of 3,200 meters. The fish is very remarkable by reason of the
smallness of its e.vcs and the peculiar character of the scales.

DICROMITA ONCEKOCEPHALA, < Vaii.i.am i, Goode and Bean.
Sin mho onet rocephalut, Vaili.axt, Exp. Soi. Travailleui et Talisman, -77, PI. xxiv, Fig. <>.

Body elongate, compressed, its height one-ninth and its thickness one-third of its
length. Length of the head two elevenths of the length of the body; it is rounded. Snout
hemispherical, occupying three-elevenths of the length of the head and projecting beyond
the mouth. Mouth moderate, although the maxillary extends behind the eye; the mouth
does not extend to the middle of the length of the head. The two jaws, the vomer, and
the palatines are armed with line teeth in villiform bands. Bye small, inconspicuous, hid-
den in the integuments, its diameter one-fifteenth of the length of the head; interorbital
space live times as wide as the diameter of the orbit. Branchial opening wide. The bones
composing the opercular tlap are hidden in the mucous integument which covers the head,
and indistinct; only one flexible spine can be seen on the operculum. A few scales upon
the vertex, and more upon the jaws and opercular flap. Vent at a third of the distance
from the snout to the tail, and separated from the origin of the ventrals by a distance a
liltle greater than the length of the head. Scales very minute, imbricated; no lateral line
is perceptible.

The origin of the dorsal is a little in advance of the branchial opening; the anal im-
mediately behind the vent, both quite high posteriorly, their height nearly half that of the
body. Caudal rays prominent (Vaillant says "assez distincte," but the figure shows the
vertical tins to be continent). Pectorals short, a little more than half as long as the head,
composed of L'l rays. Ventrals as long as the pectoral.

Color, pure white ; head entirely bluish-black, as is also the abdomen, though not so
dark.

A single specimen was obtained by the French explorers from station ci, off the Cape
Verde Islands, in 3,200 meters.

Bathyonus glutinosus, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept., 1890, 210, from off the
Madras coast, 98-101' fathoms, is possibly of this genus.

BASSOZETUS, Gill.

Bathyneetes, GCnthek, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878,20; Challenger Report, x\n, iss7, 1(19 (nanio pre-

occupied in carcinology).
£<i8soc<7«8, Cii.l, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., VI, 1883, 259.
Bathyonus, Goode ami Bean. Proc. U. S. Nal. Mas., vin, 1886, 603.

Brotulids with body compressed and long tapering tail, covered with deciduous, thin
scales of moderate size. Bones of head very soft and cavernous; a feeble spine at upper
angle of operculum, which is expanded backwards, a thin membranous plate, nearly as
long as high and not at all excavated. Preorbital membranous, not excavated, ami ex
panded on the closed supramaxillaries. Operculum spineless. Shoulders unarmed. Snout
obtuse, scaleless; the jaws uearly equal in front. Mouth wide: teeth in villiform bands on
the jaws, vomer, and palatines. Barbel none. Eyes small. Pectoral fins simple; caudal
rays confluent with those of dorsal and anal, but somewhat exser ted. Ventrals close to-
gether at base, each a single simple filament, and inserted below the rounded angle of the
prcoperculum.

1<J8GS— No. 2 21

322 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Branchiostegals, S. Gills, 4; gill-iaminse short; gill-rakers long and stiff on the first
branchial arch. Pseudobranehhe, none. Pyloric appendages, none

Bassozetus glutinosus (Alcock), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, n, 211, was taken by
the Investigator at station 93, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 1,310 fathoms.

BASSOZETUS NOEJIALIS, Gill. (Figure 287.)

Bassozetus normalis, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 259.

Body much compressed, its width in the region of the vent not more than one-third of
its height, which at the same point is about one-ninth of the total length. The greatest
height of the body, over the origin of the pectorals, is about two-thirds the distance from
the base of the pectorals to the vent, the vent being about twice as distant from the base
of the caudal rays as from the snout. Head moderately compressed, Hat above; with snout
obtuse, rounded, turgid; lower jaw considerably included. The length of the head con
tained nearly six times in the total length.

The bones of the head not completely ossified, very cavernous in the alcoholic speci-
men, the head showing many deep sinuosities and depressions. Eye very small, its diame-
ter about one-fourth the length of the snout, and situated about midway between the tip of
the snout and the vertical from the posterior end of maxillary. Teeth all small and short,
densely set, forming narrow, villiform bands; vomerine band open V-shaped. The dorsal
fin begins far in advance of the origin of the pectoral and above the upper angle of the gdl-
opening; the rays are longest in the region over the vent. The anal begins immediately
behind the vent; its rays are not quite so long as those of the dorsal. Pectoral with broad
base, short, not extending much more than half way to the vertical from the vent, its length
considerably less fhan that of the postorbital portion of the head. Ventral rays very slen-
der, villiform, reaching almost to the vent, far beyond the pectoral; their length almost
equal to that of the head. Scales moderate, very deciduous, extending upon the cheeks
and on the top of the head almost to the tip of the snout. No evidence of a lateral line.

Radial formula: D. L16; A. 90.

Color light, the head and abdomen blackish; the inside of the mouth purplish-brown.

The i>^( Ac secured specimens from station ccrv,in24c 33' N. lat., 84° 23' W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,920 fathoms; and from station lxxxiv, off Dominica, in 1,131 fathoms. The Albatross
also obtained examples, Cat. No. 49416, IT. S. N. M., from station 2380, in 28° 02' 30" N. lat.,
87° 43' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,430 fathoms; Cat. No. 33306, U. S. N. M., from station
2042, in 39° 33' N. lat., 68° 26' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,555 fathoms.

BASSOZETUS COMPP.ESSUS, (GOnther), Goode and Beam.

Bathyneetes fonqnrssus, Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1878, 20.
Bathyonus compnssus, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, xxii. Fig. A.

The greatest depth of the body is above the end of the gdl-cover and about one-half of
the length of the trunk, the vent being twice as distant from the extremity of the tail as
from the snout; consequently, the tail is but moderately attenuated. Head compressed
like the body, and about two-thirds of the length of the trunk ; the superficial bones form
large muciferous cavities, which, when full, must give to the head a much more evenly
rounded appearance than in the preserved state, when the supporting bony ridges project
more or less from under the skin. The snout is slightly swollen, but the jaws are nearly
even in front, the wide mouth slightly ascending forwards. The maxillary has the form
usual in these Gadoid fishes, is dilated behind, and extends far behind the eye.

The eye is very small, one half of the length of the snout, and about one-eleventh of
that of the head; it is placed up on the side, and does not possess an orbital fold of the
integument. The interorbital space rather convex, and equal in width to three diameters
of the eye.

All the teeth are very small and short, densely set, and form villiform bands. The
broadest is that of the maxillary bone, and it is quite uncovered on the sides, no labial folds

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 323

being' developed. The palatine band is broader than the inandibulary, and the vomerine
band A-shaped, each arm being bent with the convexity inwards.

Gill-opening and cavity very wide and of an intense black. The gill rakers are much
longer than the lamina', 15 in number on the anterior arch, besides some rudimentary ones
above.

The dorsal tin commences above the upper end of the gill-opening, with short rays
partly hidden in the skin; the rays become longer in the middle of the tin, but remain of
moderate length, and the anal rays are still shorter. The pectoral has a rather narrow
base, is quite free, and composed of feeble rays; its length is only half that of the head.
Ventral rays very feeble, reaching somewhat beyond the root of the pectoral.

Only very few of the thin, cycloid, scales have been preserved} they are of moderate
size, there being about sixteen in a transverse series running from the vent to the dorsal tin.
The lateral line, if it was developed, can no longer be traced.

Radial formula: D. 166; A. 92; P. 23; V. 1. Color, blackish, with the tins, head, and
abdomen black. (Giintker.)

The species was obtained by the Challenger from the mid- Atlantic in 1,501) fathoms
(station 107), and also from the Philippines (station 205), at a depth of 1,050 fathoms.

BASSOZETUS TAENIA, (Guntiier), Goode ami Bean.
Bathyonus tcenia, GCntiier, Challenger Report, xxn, 1*87, 110, PI. xxm, Fig. A.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal tin and about one-third
of the length of the trunk, the vent being not quite thrice as distant from the extremity of
the tail as from the snout. Therefore the whole fish, and especially the tail, is much
attenuated. Head not compressed, low and long, forming four-sevenths of the length of
the trunk. Structure of the bones of the head as in Bassozetus compressus. Snout rather
swollen and broad, the upper jaw but slightly overlapping the lower. Maxillary extending
far behind the eye. which is very small, one-third the length of the snont. about one-four-
teenth of that of the head, and one-fourth of the width of the interorbital space. All the
teeth are very small and short, densely set, forming narrow villiform bands; vomerine band
open, V-shaped. Gill-cavity deep black; gill-rakers long and slender, sixteen in number,
with some rudimentary ones in front and behind.

The dorsal fin commences above the upper end of the gill-opening, with short rays
partly hidden in the skin; the rays become longeron the anterior third of the tail, but
remain of moderate length, and the anal rays are still shorter. The pectoral has a broad
base, is quite free, and composed of rather feeble rays; its length is equal to that of the
postorbital part of the head. Ventral rays very feeble, reaching nearly to the middle of the
pectoral.

The scales must have been extremely thin, and rather small ; there an- probably about
twenty in a transverse series running from the vent to the dorsal fin. The lateral line can
not be made out.

Eadial formula: D. 13S; A. 115; P. 30.

Light-colored (possibly pink in life), with the head and abdomen black.

BASSOZETUS CATENA, Goode and Bean. (Figaro 286.)

Bathjonns catena, Goode ami Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viu, 1885, 603. — GOnther, Challenger Report,
xxm. 1887, 111.

Body very elongate, much compressed, and tapering into a slender, whip like tail. Its
height (19 millimeters) is contained U times in length of head and V2.\ times in that of the
body.

Head without spines, very cavernous, not much compressed, higher than body, its
length (27 millimeters) contained S'^ times in that of body. Interorbital area somewhat
convex, its width (measured upon the bone) equal to the diameter of the eye and about
equal to that of the snout, and contained 5 times in the length of head.

324 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The inuciferous channel upon the infraorbital ring shows in its course several wide sub-
circnlar sinuses, closely approximated; a similar row upon the posterior edge of the pre-
operculum and continued forward upon the under surface of the mandible; the vertex also
has a semicircle of similar sinuses. To the chain like appearance of tliese rows of ducts
the specific name has reference. (The appearance of a spine over the eye, as shown in the
drawing, is due simply to the shrinking of the porous adjacent regions.)

The maxilla extends beyond the vertical through the posterior margin of orbit, its
length equal to that of postorbital part of head. Mandible two thirds as long as head and
equal in length to height of body. Jaws, vomer, and palate with bands of villiform teeth;
the vomerine band V-shaped.

Nostrils in front of the middle of the eye, separated by a slight interspace, the anterior
nearer to its mate than to the tip of the snout.

Brauehiostegals 8. Pseudobranchia? absent.

Gill-rakers long and numerous, the longest slightly exceeding in length the diameter of
eye; 15 developed below the angle of the first arch, besides several rudiments.

The dorsal origin is slightly behind that of the pectoral, its distance from the tip of
the snout (32 millimeters) about 7£ in total; rays well developed; in the anterior third of
the fin, in a space equal to the length of the head, were counted 20 rays, the longesl of
which is two-fifths as long as the head.

The anal origin is under the twenty-first dorsal ray; its rays are shorter than those of
the dorsal. The pectoral extends to the vertical from the eighteenth ray of the dorsal. It
is four-fifths as long as the head.

The ventrals are composed each of a simple filament, the origin slightly in advance of
the vertical through the pectoral origin, the length two thirds that of the head. They do
not reach near to the vent, the distance of which from the origin of the ventrals (.'50 milli-
meters) is slightly greater than the length of the head.

Color, brownish yellow. Head and abdomen blackish.

The types (No. 37341) are from Albatross station 2370, X. lat. 28c 00' 1."/', W. Ion.
87° 42', 1,467 fathoms. The length of the longest is 237 millimeters, of the other 227 milli-
meters.

GLYPTOPHIDIUM, Alcock.

Qlyptophidium, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 1889, 390; Bathybial Fishes of tbe Bay of Bengal, 17.

Head large, body compressed, with a long, tapering tail. Scales deciduous and very
thin. Bones of head soft and cavernous, with prominent outstanding crests. Operculum
small, with one feeble spine. Snout obtuse. Jaws equal in front. Mouth wide. Villiform
teeth in narrow bands in the jaws, palatines, and vomer. No barbel. Eyes large. Caudal
free. Ventrals simple filaments. Gills four, with short laminae. Brauehiostegals eight.
Pseudobranchiae. Pyloric appendages small.

The genus, which is separated from Bassozetm chiefly by the crests on the head ("in
spirit, frill-like, membranous, longitudinal"), is known from a single specimen of the species
O. argenteum, taken by the Investigator in the Andaman Sea, off Boss Island, in 271 fath-
oms. (Alcock, loc. tit.)

DERMATORUS, Aleoek.
Dermatorus, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (Gth ser.), vi, 1890 (Oct.), 298.

Body compressed, with long, tapering tail. Head with well-developed muciferous cavi-
ties and numerous spiuiferous bones. Snout compressed, with jaws coterminous in front.
Eye of moderate size. Mouth very wide; villiform teeth in bands on the jaws and pala-
tines, and fewr and scattered on the vomer. Gill-openings very wide. Brauehiostegals, 8.
Gills, 4. Gill-rakers well developed. Pseudobranchia' quite rudimentary. Scales small,
deciduous; lateral line undistinguishable. Ventral fins contiguous, each of a single sim-
ple filament. No pyloric caeca. No barbel. (Alcock.)

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 32o

The type species, /'. trichiurus^ Aicock, is represented by a specimen 7 inches long,
with the cud of the Mil missing, obtained by the Investigator at station 104, at a depth of
1,000 fathoms.

Another species. />. melanocephalus, was obtained from station 111, 1,644 fathoms,
and station 117, 1,748 fathoms, mature females aboul 8 inches long. [Aicock, Ann. ami
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891 (.July), 32.]

NEOBYTHITES Goode and Bean.

Tetranematopua, GOnther, Ms.

Veobythites, Goode and Bean, Proc. V. s. Nat. Mas., vm, 1885, (100. — GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn.
lssT. 100. — Vaim.avi, Exp, Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 282, (discussion under llylhites crassua).

Brotulids having the body elongate, compressed, covered, with small scales, and the

head also scaled. Lateral line incomplete, obsolete posteriorly. Eye i lerate. Snout

moderate, rounded, slightly produced, the lower jaw slightly included. No barbel. Teeth
villiform, in narrow bands in jaws and palatines. Vomerine teeth in V-shaped patch.
Two weak spines at angle of preoperculum, and a stronger one at the angle of the opercu-
lum. Gill-openings wide, the membranes deeply cleft and not attached to the isthmus.
Vertical tins united. Ventrals reduced each to a bifid ray. Branchiostegals, 8. Pseudo-
branchiae present, but small. Air-bladder present. Type, Weobythites Gillii.

NFOHYTIIITES GILLII, Goode and I'.f.an. ( Figure 289.)

Neobythites Gillii, Goode and Bean, Proc. I '. S.Nat. Mus., vm, 1885, 601. — (;i ntiiki:. Challenger Report,

xxn. 1887, I"-.
Neobythites ocellatua, G(Jnther, loc. cit. and PL xxi, Fig. li.

Body compressed, its height (17 millimeters) contained 4§ times in total length, and

less than length of head. Iuterovbital area convex, its width (5 millimeters) equal to diam-
eter of circular eye, 3| in length of head and 1A in length of snout in young.

Head compressed, deeper than broad, with wide sinuses, its length (18 millimeters)
contained 4A times in that of body; snout obtusely rounded, slightly produced. Mouth
large, the maxillary extending considerably behind the vertical through posterior margin
of eye, expanded posteriorly; the mandible still longer, its length (11 millimeters) about
2A, times in the height of the body. Luterorbital space convex. Teeth in villiform bands
in the jaws and on the palatines. Vomerine patch subcircular, with angles extended
posteriorly.

Gill-rakers moderately long and slender, somewhat numerous, the longest about two-
thirds the diameter of the eye; eleven developed and three rudiments below the angle.
Pseudobranchise absent. Gill opening wide, the membrane deeply cleft, free from the
isthmus behind.

A single long, flat spine attached to the posterior portion of the operculum, high up,
extending back along to its edge; a small hidden spine at lower angle of preoperculum.

Nostrils small, the anterior one in a very short tube, almost upon the tip of the snout :
posterior nostril slightly larger, not tubular, immediately in front of middle of eye.

Scales moderate, upon head and on body, in 88 vertical rows, 7 rows between dorsal
origin and lateral line, which becomes obsolete in its posterior half; 10 or 17 from vent
forward to lateral line.

Dorsal origin behind that of ventral and pectoral. Its distance from snout (l'l milli-
meters) contained Mimes in total length. Its rays moderately long. Anal origin under
the eighteenth dorsal ray; its distance from snout (34 millimeters) contained 2£ times in
body length. Kays rather slenderer than those in the dorsal. The caudal rays arc (I or 7
in number, their length (!i millimeters) contained '.» times in total length. They are not
differentiated from those of the adjacent fins. Pectoral origin well forward, its base some-
what concealed by the flap of the operculum; its length (13 millimeters) about equal to
two thirds that of head. Ventrals each a bifid ray, the inner filament the longer, inserted
slightly in advance of the base of the pectoral and not far from humeral symphysis, and

326 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

reaching nearly to the vent. Its length (15 millimeters) nearly equal to height of body.
Distance from origin of ventral to vent slightly greater than height of body.

Color, light yellow, with silvery reflections, with clouding of brown above lateral line
and numerous black chromatophores; a series of irregular brown blotches above the
lateral line, with one or two, much darker, extending up on the dorsal fin. In many speci-
mens the color is uniform yellow, with simply the dark ocellfe showing.

The type (Cat. No. 37340, U. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross, from station
2402, in 28° 36' N. lat., 85° 33' W. long., at a depth of 111 fathoms. The Challenger took it
from station 122, off Pernambuco, Brazil, in 350 fathoms.

NEOBYTIIITES MARGINATIS. G E and Beam (Figure 290.)

Neobythiles marginatum, Goode and Bkan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xn, 1G2.

Body compressed, somewhat elongate; its height (18 millimeters) contained 5| times in
its total length, and less than the length of the head. Interorbital area convex, its width
(5J millimeters) greater than the diameter of the circular eye, which is 4.J millimeters.
The length of the head (22 millimeters) is contained 4| times in that of the body. Mouth
large, the maxilla extending considerably behind vertical through posterior margin of
orbit; its length equals half that of the head. The length of the mandible (13 millimeters)
is slightly more than two-thirds of height of body.

The teeth as in X. t/illii.

Gill-rakers slightly longer than half the diameter of the eye, 7 and '■'> rudiments below
the angle of the anterior arch. Pseudobranchise absent. A long, Hat spine upon the
upper edge of the operculum, extending back nearly to its margin. Two short, flat spines
upon the angle of the preoperculum. Nostrils as in X. gillii.

The scales small, very closely imbricated, in about 12.'! rows, 7 above and 29 below the
lateral line.

The lateral line obsolete in its posterior half.

The dorsal is composed of 101 rays; its distance rrom the snout is contained 4 times in
total length.

The anal originates under the fourteenth dorsal ray at a distance from the snout con-
tained more than 2§ times in the total length.

The caudal consists of about 8 or 0 rays very closely placed: its length is contained
about 10J times in the total length.

The pectoral is placed much as in Benthocometes, its length about equal to 2$ times that
of the head, extending to vertical through the vent.

The ventral, a bifid ray inserted in advance id' base of pectoral, not reaching to the
vent; its length (14 millimeters) considerably less than the height of body. The distance
from its origin to the vent (19 millimeters) slightly more than the height of the body.

Color light yellowish brown, an obscure narrow band of darker brown commencing on
the snout, interrupted by the eye, and extending backward two-thirds of the distance to the
tail; another beginning on the snout, extending over the eye and back as far as the first de-
scribed, interrupted posteriorly. Dorsal fin milky white at base in its anterior third; above
this a blackish band extending the whole length of the fin. A narrow white margin above.

The type is from the Blah' station lxxix, off Barbadoes, 209 fathoms.

Nedbythites macrons, Giinther [Challenger Report, xxvi, 102, PI. 10, Fig. A] is similar
in proportions and general appearance, and is blotched in color, though in a different pat-
tern. It is from Challenger station 173, off Matukee, Fiji Islands, at a depth of 310
fathoms, and from the Investigator, in Andaman Sea, in 265 to 271 fathoms.

La 1S91 twenty specimens were taken in the Andaman Sea, Investigator station, 115,
188 to 220 fathoms. Their length varies from 4 to 8£ inches. [Alcock, op. cit., 1891
(July), 30.]

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 327

\r.or.l rHITES CRASSUS, < Vaillant), (loom: and Bean.
Bythites erassus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur el Talisman, 279, pi. \\v. Pig. 1.

In genera] form resembling Bythites fuscus. The heighl of (lie body a little more than
one-fifth of its length, and its thickness one-ninth; the length of the head isabouttwo
elevenths of the length of the body; it is thick, with an in Hated snout. Month moderatelj
wide, the maxillary extending slightly beyond the vertical from the posterior limb oJ the
orbit. Fine villiforni teeth on tin' two jaws, the palatines and the vomer, and a lew- teeth
upon the tongue. Eye small, its diameter about one-eighth the length of the head; inter
orbital space much greater, contained about two and three-fourths times in the length of
the head. Branchial openings very wide. Branchiostegal membranes free from the isth-
mus. Opercula enveloped in thick skin, which obscures their outlines. Opercular spine
distinct, strong, flattened; preoperculum probably obtusely denticulated, though hidden
in the integument. Scales small, denticulate, extending upon the liases of the vertical fins
and even of those of the pectorals, about 156 < .' ) in longitudinal series and 7(1 in vertical
series. A lateral line parallel with the back about one-third of the distance from the
dorsal to the ventral outline, indistinct posteriorly.

Origin of dorsal behind base of pectorals: the fin is low, its height hardly one-third
that of the body, its base buried in the skin. The anal is similar to the dorsal, and begins
immediately behind the vent. The caudal is confluent with the vertical fins. Pectoral
short, about half as long as the head: rounded. Yentrals each of two rays, closely united
at their base; the length of the inner one exceeds half the height of the body, the outer one
three tilths of the same.

Color, reddish-brown, deeper upon the fins. ( Vaillant.)

A single specimen was obtained by the French expedition at station cxxxvi, at a
depth of 4,255 meters.

BENTHOCOMETES, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Brotulids, similar in appearance and structure to Neobythites and Bassogigas, distin-
guished by two short, Hat spines upon the anterior portion of the operculum, placed at
some distance from each other, and by the absence of spines upon the preoperculum. The
lateral line is complete, and extends without interruption to the posterior fourth of the
body, where it becomes obsolete. The vomerine teeth are bunched in a circular patch
instead of being arranged in triangular form. The head is comparatively short, with the
jaws in front nearly equal; the snout not produced, but obtuse, rounded, and almost
declivous in its outline.

Two species have been assigned to this genus — Neobythites robustus, Goode and Bean,
and Sirembo murcenolepis, Vaillant. The latter is not, as Vaillant supposed, related to
Dvplacanthopoma, which, though it has two spines upon the preoperculum, and is very sim-
ilar in general appearand', has the. ventrals single rather than double.

BENTHOCOMETES ROUCSTITS, (U ::u.<1Bean. (Figure 288.)

Neobythites robustus, Goode and Dean, Bull. Mua. Comp. Zool., mi. 161.

Body rather short and deep, its greatest height (16 millimeters) nearly 4'r| in total length
and about ecpial to length of head. The interorbitaJ area is convex; its width (6 milli-
meters) is greater than the diameter of the circular eye (5 millimeters) and 14 times the
Length of snout (4 millimeters). The length of the head (19 millimeters) is about 4 times
the diameter of the eye. The mouth is moderate, the maxilla extending to the vertical
through the posterior margin of the eye, the mandible a little beyond, its length (10 mil-
limeters) equal to that of postorbital part of head. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws
and on the palatines. Vomerine teeth bunched in a circular patch. (Jill rakers moderate,
the longest a little more than twice in diameter of eye, 1 above angle of first arch. 1 1 below.
Pseudobranchia' rudimentary. Gill-opening wide, the membrane deeply cleft, behind free
from the isthmus. A pair of short flat spines upon the anterior portion of the operculum.

328 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The nostrils ire small, the anterior as close to the snout as the posterior ones are to
the eyes. No apparent cirri. The scales are minute; the lateral line is obsolete on the last
fourth of the length of the body.

The dorsal origin is behind that of the ventral and pectoral; its distance from the
snout (24 millimeters) is contained 3{} times in length of the body. The height of the
fin is moderate; the longest ray is contained about 3 times in the length of the head.

The anal origin is under the eighteenth ray of the dorsal; rlie height of the tin about
equals that of the dorsal. The vertical fins arc not connate with the caudal, which consists
nf 12 or 13 very slender rays, its length nearly equal to half that of head.

The pectoral with a broad base, close to gill-opening, its length nearly two-thirds that
of the head.

The ventral a single bifid ray, inserted in advance of the vertical through the base of
'In- pectorals, and not far from the humeral symphysis. It reaches nearly half-way to the
vent, the distance of which from the origin of the ventral is equal to the length of the head.1

Color, yellowish brown.

The type of this species, a specimen 88 millimeters in length, was taken by the Blake
from station xciv, off Moro Castle, Cuba, at a depth of from 250 to 400 fathoms. A col-
lateral type specimen (Cat. No. 29057, O. S. N. M.) was obtained by the Fish Haiti; from
station 1043, in 38° 39' N. hit.. 7!: 11' VY. Ion., at a depth of 130 fathoms.

BEXTHOCOMETEs MIK.EXOLEPIS, (Vaillant), Goode and Beak.

Sirembo muroenolepis, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav. et Talisman, l'73. pi. xxm, Fig. 4. 4«.

This species does not appear to be very unlike the preceding, but without examination
of the type we hesitate to pronounce it identical.

Two specimens were obtained by the French explorers at station lxix, oil' the coast of
Soudan, in 410 meters.

BASSOGIGAS. Gill.
Bassogigas, GlLL, Ms.

Brotulids having the body elongate, compressed, covered with a thick, heavy skin,
which upon the head covers anil obscures all the angles of the skull. Scales small, cover-
ing body and head completely. Lateral line indistinct for tliegrcater part of its course, but
apparently extending at least two-thirds of the way from the operculum to the tail. Eye
moderate. Vertical tins completely united; ventralsa pair of bifid filaments inserted behind
the humeral symphysis, and remote at their bases, short, rather stout. Snout without
barbels, slightly produced, the lower jaw being barely included. Villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and palatines; vomerine patch V-shaped, but with its arms broadly
expanded and thicker at the angle, so that it is almost triangular. Operculum with a long,
sharp spine; preoperculum unarmed. Branchiostegals eight. Air-bladder present. Pseu-
dobranchiae small.

B.pterotm (Alcock) = Neobythites pterotus (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 1889,11,
210) is characterized by long feathery peduncles reaching beyond the vent. One specimen
was taken by the Investigator at station 07, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 1,310 fathoms.

Neobythites stelliferoides, Gilbert, obtained by the Albatross in 712 fathoms off the west
coast of Lower California, is perhaps not remotely related to this genus.

BASSOGIGAS GILLII, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 291.)

Head rather short and broad, with snout slightly overlapping the lower jaw. Diameter
of the eye scarcely one-third of the length of the snout, and about one-twelfth of that of the
head; the maxillary extending far behind the eye, the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit nearly bisecting it; its length half that of the head, and its posterior margin
ending in a broad, triangular dilation. Teeth normal. Anterior and posterior nostrils

1 In one of the Albatross specimens the pectoral extends to the vertical from the eighth ray of the
second dorsal.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 329

separated by a space greater than the diameter of the eye. Preoperculum with a square,
rounded angle; no armature; operculum with ;i si num. sharp spine above, the tip of which
projects slightly beyond the opercular flap. Distance of the vent from the root of the pec
toral slightly more than the length of the bead; as far removed from this point as is the
anterior nostril.

Scales moderate, covering the entire head. Lateral line somewhat conspicuous, obso-
lete in its posterior third.

The dorsal and anal litis enveloped in thick, scaly skin. The origin of the dorsal is in
advance of the middle of the pectoral. Pectorals rounded, broad, and very short ; less than
half as long as the head, and extending about half the distance from their origin to the ver
tieal from the vent. Yentrals inserted somewhat behind the angle of the preoperculum,
and extending to the vertical from the axil of the pectoral, and about one-fourth of the dis
tance from their origins to the vent; each ventral lilauieut is bilid, the inner part being
the longer.

Radial formula: Vertical tins, 83+6+G7.

Color, uniform grayish-brown; tins darker.

The type was obtained by the Albatross from station 2684, off Cape ITenlopen, Dela-
ware, in 39° .'!•">' X. hit., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,106 fathoms.

This form resembles so closely the figure, of Weobythites grandis, Gunther, (('hall. Rep.
xxii, 1(10, pi. xxi, fig. A), that the species was provisionally identified as the same, but a
more careful study shows that it differs in certain particulars, especially in the more distinct
lateral line, the rather shorter body, and the fact that the vent is considerably farther back
(more than twice the length of the pectoral from the gill opening), while the ventrals do not
reach more than one-fourth of the way to the vent. The rays in the vertical fins will prob-
ably be found to be fewer, though Gunther has not enumerated those in his type.

ALCOCKIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Brotulids resembling Neobythites in the general form of the body, with no continuous
lateral line, though traces can be distinguished at various parts of the body, and with a
head and snout similar in appearance to those of Bassozetus, though the former is peculiarly
shaped. Bones of the head rather thin, with large, somewhat conspicuous sinuses. Sharp,
well-developed spines upon the operculum and preoperculum (which has a crenulated
margin), behind the eye, upon the superciliary crest, and behind the posterior nostril,
which is separated from the orbit by a short, spinous projection, as in Bathybrotula. Mn
eiferous channels ample, that of the frontal bone opening in front by a wide aperture on
each side of the rostral projection, and each mandibulary canal opening in front immedi-
ately behind the symphysis by a slit in the skin. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity
in two folds, forming together a longitudinal pad with a linear base. Teeth in villiform
bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; the vomerines open V-shaped and much narrower
than the palatine band. Pectorals narrow and feeble. Ventrals each composed of two
filaments, short, very feeble and close together, inserted on isthmus, some distance from
symphysis. Scales cycloid, persistent, irregular. Gill-lamina' short: gill rakers stiff, far
apart, and but few in number. Branchiostegals 8. Pseudobranchia' represented by two or
three small lobes.

This genus is provisionally proposed for the Porogadus rostral us of Gunther (Challenger
Report, xxii. 1887, lb">, pi. xxiv. fig. B) obtained by the Challenger from station 198, north

Of Celebes, at a depth of 2,150 fathoms.

The genus is named in honor of A. Alcock, M. !'>.. surgeon-naturalist to the II. M.

Indian marine survey steamer Investigator, who has made so many important additions to
our knowledge of the bathybial fauna of the Indian Ocean.

CELEMA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Brotulids closely resembling in appearance Mcebia, though with the rays of the
vertical tins apparently less abbreviated on the posterior part of the caudal Unlet, and
without the short row of specialized large scales beginning above the angle of the gill-

330 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

opening. Head very cavernous, with the sinuses very conspicuous in preserved specimens,
and with numerous, rather strong spines upon the upper part of the opercular apparatus
and the head. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. No traces of scales upon the head.
Character of lateral line unknown. Dorsal beginning somewhat behind the vertical from
the axil of the pectoral. Anal close to the vent; its distance from the base of the pectoral
is about equal to the length of the head. Pectorals broad, very feeble. Ventrals feeble
and short, each composed of two rays, the inner one the more abbreviated.

This genus is provisionally proposed for the reception of the two species referred by
Vaillant to our Porogadus, to which they evidently do not belong, being separated not only
by the structure of the head and the shape of the body, but by the absence of the triple
row of pores, which replace the lateral line in that genus and Penopus. The characters
presented are gleaned from the descriptions of Vaillant, and are. in the absence of specimens,
offered only as tentative.

CELEMA NUDA, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean.

Porogadus nudus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 262, pi. xxiv, figs. 2-2b.

Body much elongated, its height one-twelfth, and its thickness one-fifteenth of its
length. Length of head one-seventh of that of body; in the specimen as preserved in spirits
it is rough, bristly with spines, and has a median crest (the position of these is described
at length by Vaillant, but is sufficiently well indicated in the figure). Snout round, liat,
its length two-sevenths that of the head. The mouth large, the maxillary passing con-
siderably behind the eye. Teeth very line, in villiform bands upon the jaws, vomer, and
palatines. Eye conspicuous, its diameter one-fifth the length of the head and equal to the
width of the interorbital space. Suborbital distinct, rough. Branchial opening very wide.
Preoperculum with a double. margin, each portion of which has three obtuse spines; oper-
culum with a single spine. No scales upon the head, the mucous sinuses being very much
developed, particularly in the suborbitals and on the margin of the preoperculum Caudal
peduncle large, attenuated, nearly filiform posteriorly. Vent a little in front of the limit
of the anterior third of the body, and at a distance from the origin of the ventrals greater
than the length of the head. Dorsal origin a little behind the base of the pectorals. Anal
origin immediately behind the vent. These fins are moderately high, and confluent with
the caudal, which is not very long. Pectorals moderate, their length a little more than
two-thirds that of the head. Ventrals a little longer than the pectorals, the inner ray
slightly shorter than the outer one. Scales almost entirely absent, a few visible in the
vicinity of the branchial opening. No trace of lateral line distinguishable.

Color rosy-white, with the lower parts of the body, sides of head, and the opercular
region bluish-black.

Three specimens were obtained by the French expedition at station xcvui, on the
Banc d'Arguin, at a depth of 13,321 meters, and at station ci, off the Cape Verde Islands, at
3,200 meters.

CELEMA SUBARMATA, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean.

Porogadus suoarmatus, Vaillant, Exp. Scient. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, LT>r>, p], xxiv. figs. 3-3r.

A species closely allied to C. nuda. but with a shorter head, its length only one-eighth
that of the body. Interorbital space wider, its width being two ninths of the length of the
head, and a little more than the diameter of the eye, which is contained in the length of the
head only 5J times. The head is less spinous. The space between the ventrals and the
vent a little greater than the length of the head. Scales very deciduous, and lacking on
almost all the specimens studied. Vaillant describes the form of one which he found near
the opercular opening, evidently an intracutaneous cycloid scale.

Color like that of ('. nuda, the opercular flap and the abdomen presenting a blackish
tint on account of their transparency, the mucous membranes within being exceedingly
dark.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 331

Eleven specimens were taken by the French expedition at station n, off the Cape
Verde [stands, at a depth of 3,200 meters. They wore evidently spawning, for red eggs were
protruding from the abdomen.

MCEBIA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Brotulids resembling Bassozetus in general form, excepting that the tail is prolonged in
averyslender filament, the dorsal and anal rays being extremely short posteriorly, hut
positively confluent with the caudal rays, which are much longer and much oxserted. Ven
rals each bifid, instead of a single ray as in Bassozetus. He id very cavernous, the sinuses
large and conspicuous on the infraorbital ring, on the mandible, and the preoperculum. A
single, short, feeble spine on the shoulder, but none upon the operculum or preoperculum,
though certain projections seem to show above the eye, doubtless due to the shrinkage of
the integument upon the underlying projections of bone. Mouth very wide, the extremity
of the maxillary much dilated. Posterior nostrils very wide, and separated from the eye
b\ a small, spinous projection of bone. Teeth in narrow bands, that on the vomer V-shaped
with the two arms straight. A few very large scales in a row starting from the upper
angle of the gill-opening and terminating over the axil of the pectoral. Gill-rakers on
outer arch rather numerous, long and slender. Pseudobranchife represented by t wo minute
globules.

This genus is founded upon Bathynectes gracilis of Giinther (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1878, ii, 21; Challenger Report, xxu, 112, pi. xvi, tig. B), provisionally referred by G-iinther
to our genus Porogadus.

It is named in honor of Prof. Karl Moebius, Director of the Royal Zoological Museum in
Berlin, who has added much to our knowledge of marine life by his noble work Die Fauna
der Kielerbucht, and by numerous other writings.

It is but right to say that at the time its reference was made, no figure of Porogadus
had been published, and some of the most salient characters, which we tried to bring out
prominently in our generic diagnosis, seem not to have been sufficiently emphasized, so
that both Dr. Giinther and Dr. Vaillant were misled as to the real affinities of our species
Porogadus miles, the type of the genus.

Mn hiit gracilis was obtained by the Challenger af station 184, south of New Guinea,
at a depth of 1,400 fathoms.

BARATHRODEMUS, Goode and Bean.

Baraihrodemus, Goode and IIk.vm, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zi>;>l.. x, 1883, 200. — Jordan. Cat. Fish. N. Amer., tss.-!,
127. — GOnther, Challenger Report, \\n, 1887, 99.

Brotulids with body much compressed, elevated; head considerably compressed, with
mouth moderate (in the type species extending to the vertical through the middle of the
eye). Eye moderate. Head spineless, except a short flattened spine at the upper angle
of the operculum. Snout long, projecting far beyond the tip of the upper jaw, its extrem-
ity much swollen. Jaws nearly equal in front. Teeth minute, in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines. Barbel, none. Anterior pair of nostrils open and situated at the
outer angles of the dilated snout, circular, each surrounded with a cluster of mucous tubes.
Posterior nostrils near anterior upper margin of orbit. Gill openings wide, membranes
not united. <lills I, with a slit behind the fourth; gill laminae moderate in length, (lill-
rakers also moderate; not numerous. Pseudobranchia' absent; caudal fin not connate,
lint without distinct peduncle.

Dorsal and anal tins long. Branchiostogals, s. Body and head covered with small,
thin scales, those on the body scarcely imbricated. Lateral line absent. Ventrals a pair
of bifid rays close together, on the isthmus.

332 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

BARATHRODEMUS MANATINUS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 294.)

Barathrodemus manatinus, Go : and Bean, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 200. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N.

Amer., 1885, 127.— GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 09.

Body much compressed. Dorsal arid anal outline approaching at an equal angle the
horizontal axis. The height of the body is contained 7i times in its total length without
caudal, and 8J times with caudal included. Scales small; about 175 rows between the
branchial opening and the tail; and about 34 rows, counting upward and forward obliquely
from the origin of the anal to the dorsal line. Lateral line apparently absent.

Head considerably compressed, with rounded upper surface, its length contained about
six times in total body length; its width contained 2 J times in its length; its greatest
height equals two thirds its length. Snout slightly longer than the horizontal diameter of
the eye, and projecting beyond the tip of the upper jaw a distance equal to the vertical
diameter of the eye; much dilated and swollen, the anterior pair of nostrils being situated
at the most salient angles; the snout in general form resembling that of a manatee, whence
the specific name.

Mouth moderate ; its cleft extending to the vertical from the center of the orbit. Length
of the the upper jaw equal to twice the horizontal diameter of the eye, and contained 2A
times in the length of the head. The posterior portion of the maxilla is considerably ex-
panded. The maxilla is largely included within a skinny sheath. When the mouth is
closed, the lower jaw is entirely included within the upper. Vomer and palatine with
bands of teeth more than twice as broad as the bands in the intermaxillaries and on the
mandible.

Eye elliptical in form. Its vertical diameter two-thirds of its horizontal, the latter being
equal to the distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior nostril, and contained 5]
times in the length of the head. The distance of the eye from the dorsal outline is equal
to half its horizontal diameter, and to one-fifth of the height of the head in a perpendicular
through the center of the eye. Interorbital space rounded; its width equal to the horizon-
tal diameter of the eye.

Dorsal fin inserted in the vertical above the insertion of the pectoral, at a distance
from the end of the snout equal to that of the insertion of the pectoral.

Anal inserted under the twenty-first to tweuty-third dorsal ray, and at a distance from
the snout about equal to one-third the body length. The height of the dorsal and anal tins
is about equal to half the height of the body at the insertion of the anal. Their bases ex-
tend almost to the insertion of the caudal.

The caudal is composed of 9 rays, the 5 medial ones almost equal in length, though the
tip of the tail is slightly rounded, about equal to the height of the body midway between
the branchial opening and the base of the tail.

The ventrals are inserted almost under the middle of the operculum; in length about
equal to half the length of the head.

The pectorals are inserted under the origin of the dorsal, and at a distance behind the
branchial opening equal to two thirds the vertical diameter of the eye. The length is equal
to the greatest height of the body.

Radial formula: D. 106; A. 86; C. 2 + 5+2; P. 18-20; V. \.

Scales in lateral line about 175.

Color, grayish brown, abdominal region black.

The types of this species, GJ inches in length, were obtained by the Blake at station
ecoxxv, in :5.'5:' :;.V 20" N. lat., 76° W. Ion., at a depth of 647 fathoms. The Albatross also
secured examples from station 2105, in 37° 5(1' N". hit., 73° 03' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of
1395 fathoms; and from station 211G, in 35° 15' 23" N. lat., 74° 31' 25" W. Ion., at a depth
of 888 fathoms.

DISCUSSION i >F SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 333

PYCNOCRASPEDUM, Alcock.
Pycnocraapedum, Ai.cock, Aim. ami Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., L889, 386.

Bead Large, body compressed, both covered entirely with small, thin, smooth, rather

deciduous scales. Head bones and opercles spineless. Snout short, broad, and not over
hanging the jaws, which are equal in front. Bye of moderate size. Mouth very large; teeth
in villiform bands in the jaws, palatines, and vomer. No barbel. Gill-openings wide, gill
membranes entirely separate; i gills; 8 branchiostegals; no pseudobranchise. Lateral line
incomplete on the tail. Vertical tins invested with thick, scaly skin. < Jaudal free, united wit h
the vertical tins at its extreme base only. Pectoral tins entile. Ventral fins in the form of
bifid filaments.

The type and only species is /'. squamipinne, Alcock (loc. tit.), taken in I'M fathoms in the
Bay of Bengal, in lat. 20 17 30" N., Ion. 88° 50' E.

NEMATONUS, Gunther.

Nematonus, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 114 (type, Bathyonus pectoralis, Goode and Bean).

Body compressed, with long, tapering tail. Bones of head soft, muciferous channels
moderately developed, and with integument very thin or absent on the upper portion and
snout. Operculum cartilaginous and Hat; a broad process near its upper angle correspond-
ing to the opercular spine in some of the related genera; the head otherwise unarmed,
though irregular by reason of the bareness of the cranial bones. Snout much depressed,
broad, rounded. Jaws equal in front; mouth very wide; bands of villiform teeth in jaws,
on vomer and palatines. Barbel none. Eyes small. Vertical tins continent: ventrals a
pair of bifid filaments close together, on the isthmus, close to the humeral symphysis. Gills
lour, with very short laminae and rather short, incurved, acicular gill-rakers on the first
arch, and much shorter, less numerous, spatulate ones upon the three other arches. Pseu
dobranchise rudimentary. No traces of a lateral line, though the bodyis covered with scales
of considerable size, almost as large as the eye, and the cheek with others still larger.

Nematonm differs from Porogadm not only in the absence of spines upon the head, as
Gunther has indicated, but in the much less ossified opercular apparatus, in the shorter and
thicker head, in the absence of the three series of pores simulating lateral lines, and in the
tendency to prolongation in the lower rays of the pectoral, which increase from the upper
most to the lowermost in Nematonus, while Porogadus has a lanceolate fiu, and also in the
extreme exsertion of its caudal rays.

NEMATONUS PECTORALIS, (Goode and ISeax), Gunther. (Figure 295.)

Bathyonus pectoralis, Goode and Bean, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1885, vin, 604.
Nematonus pectoralis, G&ntheb, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 114.

Body moderately elongate, much compressed, the tail much shorter and more robust
than in Ba880zetv& catena. Its height (1!G millimeters) equals 1J times the length of the
head and one seventh that of the body.

Head stoutish, not much compressed, lower than body, its length (34 millimeters) con-
tained o:\ times in the body length. Snout compressed, broad at its tip, its length (0 milli-
meters) exceeding the diameter of the circular eye (.3 millimeters). Interorbital area
slightly convex, its width (11 millimeters) slightly exceeding twice the diameter of the eye,
3 times in length of head.

Maxilla extending far behind the eye, its length (19 millimeters) less than that of pre
orbital portion of head. Mandible as long as postorbital portion of head (-2 millimeters),
.laws, vomer, and palatines, with narrow bauds of villiform teeth, normally arranged.
Branchiostegals 8. Gill lamellae very short. Gill rakers long and numerous, 18 on first
arch below- the angle, 5 above, 4 of which are rudimentary. Pseudobranchise present, but
very rudimentary.

Anterior nostrils on the top of the snout and near the median line of the head, near
its tii>, separated by a space about equal to the diameter of the eye. Posterior nostrils in
front of the eye.

334 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Muciferous pores large, arranged much as in B. catena.

Dorsal origin in the same vertical with that of the pectorals, its distance from the tip
of the snout (38 millimeters) contained 5 times in total and equaling twice the length of
the maxilla. Eays well developed in the anterior third, the longest two-thirds of head's
length.

The anal origin is under the twentieth dorsal ray; its rays are nearly as long as those
of the dorsal. The pectoral has its penultimate ray produced, extending to the thirteenth
ray of the anal; it is nearly twice as long as the head. Ventrals originating in advance
of the vertical through the pectorals, and each a bilid filament. Distance of the ventral
origin from tip of snout (26 millimeters) equaling length of ventral and about three-fourths
as long as the head. Distance of origin of ventral from vent (42 millimeters) considerably
greater than length of head. Distance from tip of ventral to vent equal to half the length
of the head.

Number of scales in transverse series from vent to dorsal about 23; from the upper
angle of the gill-opening to the vertical through origin of anal, 32.

Color, brownish yellow. Head and abdomen blackish.

Eadial formula: D. 93; A. 73; P. 17; V. 2.

The type (37342, U. S. N M.) was taken at Albatross station 2380, N. lat. 28° 02' 30",
W. Ion. 87° 43' 45", 1,430 fathoms. It is 183 millimeters long to caudal base, 215 with
caudal. Another young specimen 70 millimeters loug was taken at Blake station, xcv, off
Dominica, 330 fathoms.

POROGADUS, Goode and Bean.

Porogadus, Goode ami Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, vm, 602. — Gunther, Challenger Report, xxu,
1887, in.

Body brotulif orm, much compressed. Head with numerous spines on interorbital space,
two pairs on the shoulders, one at angle of operculum, and a double series on angle of pre-
operculum. Head with numerous mucous pores, as in liassozetus. Mouth large. Snout
moderate, not projecting much beyond upper jaw.

Jaws nearly equal in front. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws and on vomer and pala-
tines. Barbel none.

Gill-openings wide, membranes narrowly united, not attached to the isthmus. Gills 4.
Gill-laminae short. Gill- rakers moderate, numerous. Pseudobranchiaj absent. Caudal tin
of few rays, on a very narrow base, not prolonged, scarcely differentiated from the vertical
fins. D orsal and anal fins well developed. Pectorals simple, moderate. Each ventral a
single bifid ray, close to the humeral symphysis. Branchiostegals 8. Scales small. Lateral
line apparently triple, or replaced by three series of pores, one close to ventral outline,
one median, and another along base of dorsal.

Type, Porogadus miles, Goode and Bean.

POROGADUS MILES, Goode and Bean. (Figure 292.)

Porogadus miles, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, mi, 602. — Gunther, Challenger Report,
xxu, 1887, 113.

Body much compressed, elongate, tapering to a very slender tad, its height (15 milli-
meters) nearly 10 times in total length.

Head loug, moderately compressed, subcorneal; the profile gradually ascending in
nearly a straight line from the tip of the snout to the origin of the dorsal. Its length (23
millimeters) 6i times in that of body. Interorbital space slightly convex, spiny, its width
(15 millimeters) 4f times in length of head, and slightly greater than diameter of eye.

Eye oval, its greatest diameter (4 millimeters) 5f times in length of head. Opercles
and head generally covered with numerous and strong spines, as described in the generic
diagnosis.

Mou th very large and wide. The maxilla extending far behind the eye and much ex-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 335

panded at its tip; its length (13 millimeters) more than halt that of head. Length of man
dible (15 millimeters) equal to greatest height of body, .laws, vomer, and palatines with
narrow bands of villiform teeth, none of which are enlarged. Gill rakers, 15 on anterior
arch below tin' angle, ■'< rudimentary ones above.

The anterior pair of nostrils are nearly on top of the snout, and somewhat nearer to
its tip than to the eye, separated by a very narrow space, and placed immediately in front
of the middle of the eye. Behind each posterior nostril is a strong spine projecting out
ward and backward. Tores of the head arranged much as in Bassozetus.

Scales minute. Lateral line not clearly to be made out. Three rows of minute pores
on each side dorsal, median, and ventral, beginning near the head and extending well to-
ward the extremity of the tail.

Dorsal origin slightly behind vertical through pectoral base; its distance from the
snout (25 millimeters) marly <> times in length of body. -Its rays are moderately long, the
longest about as long as the snout (one-fourth of head), and very numerous.

Anal origin in vertical from twenty-second or twenty-third dorsal ray; its distance
from the snout ( 11 millimeters) 3J times in length of body. Its rays about as longasthose
of the dorsal.

Pectoral imperfect, its length in the type equals one-half that of the head.

Ventral a bifid filament, placed close to the humeral symphysis, well in advance of the
pectoral; its length (15 millimeters) equal to height of body. Distance from origin of ven-
trals to vent (22 millimeters) nearly equal to length of head The ventral does not reach to
the vent by a distance equal to leugth of snout.

Color, blackish brown.

The type (No. 35625, U.S.N. M.) is 153 millimeters in length; it is from Albatross
station 2230, N. lat. 38° 27', \V. Ion. 73° 02', at a depth of 1,168 fathoms.

PENOPUS, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Body stout in front, tapering behind. Tail not greatly exceeding the length of the
rest of the fish. Head scaly, thick, its top surface flat, with depressed and moderately
projecting snout. A pair of minute postnasal spines; a strong and much curved spine on
the operculum ; several weak spines at the angle of the preoperculum, and several at the
posterior angle of the suboperculum. Mouth moderately large, the lower jaw included.

Several narrow slit-like pores along the margin of the preorbital and suborbital.
Two minute pores on the under surface of the mandible near its symphysis, and not far
behind them two long slit-like pores.

The anterior nostril is in a long slit, the posterior is larger, oblong in shape, and half
concealed by a fold of skin. Eye small. The teeth appear only as minute asperities; the
intermaxillary band much wider in front than behind. Mandibulary band narrow through-
out. Vomerine band very narrow V-shaped. Palatines in a long broad band. Gill-open
ings wide, deeply cleft in front, narrowly joined to the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. No
pseudobrancbise. The gill-rakers are long and slender; not numerous. Gill-lamina' moder
ately loug. A long slit behind the fourth gill. Scales very small. Lateral lines, three.
Caudal tin consisting of few rays, well differentiated from the dorsal and anal. Dorsal
beginning not far behind the head. Ventrals slightly in advauce of the pectorals and
composed of two rays, united by membrane, which forms a margin around them.

Pectoral normal; several of its upper rays simple. The vent is not much in advance
of the middle of the total length.

This genus agrees with Porogadus in nearly every respect except in the scarcity of spines
on the head and in the structure of the ventrals. Porogadus has the ventrals composed of
two distinct rays which are separated throughout their entire length, but in Penopus the
two rays are inclosed in a membrane which connects them and forms a margin around
them. In Porogadus, also, the suboperculum has a smooth margin and the opercular spine
is weaker than in Pmopus, and it is not curved.

336 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. -

PENOPUS MACDONALDI, Goode AND Bean, n. s. (Figure 293.)

The greatest height of the body (35 millimeters) equals the length of the postorbital
part of the head arid about one-ninth of the total without the caudal. The greatest width
of the body anteriorly is about two-thirds of its greatest height. The head is stout, its
greatest width equaling three-fourths of its greatest depth and more than one third of
its length. The width of the interorbital space (14 millimeters) is about one-fifth the length
of the head. The eye is very small, its length (0 millimeters) less than one-half the width
of the interorbital space. The distance from the eye to the tip of the snout (24 millimeters)
equals the length of the iutermaxilla. The distance of the anterior nostril from the tip of
the snout equals the length of the eye. The distance of the posterior nostril from the eye
is slightly less than its distance from the tip of the snout. The maxilla is expanded behind
and reaches somewhat behind the eye; its length (25 millimeters) equals the length of the
snout. The mandible extends much behind the eye, its length (36 millimeters) equal to
postorbital part of head. The dorsal begins over the middle of the pectoral; its rays are
well developed, those in the middle of the fin longer than the anterior ones. It contains
137 rays. The anal begins under the twenty-seventh ray of the dorsal; it contains 102
rays, those about the middle of the fin longest. The length of the pectoral (32 millime-
ters) is nearly one-half the length of the head and about equal to the distance of its tip
from the vent. The length of the ventral (27 millimeters) is about one-third of the distance
of its origin from the origin of the anal.

Lateral lines, three; the uppermost beginning at the upper angle of the gill opening
quicky approaching the top of the body near the base of the dorsal and merging into the
dorsal base about the middle of the tail; the median lateral line begins a little behind the
head and extends almost to the root of the caudal, becoming very faint posteriorly. The
lowermost lateral line has its origin under and not far from the base of the pectoral. It
extends along the lower side of the tail and merges into the base of the anal fin somewhat
beyond the middle of the length of the tail.

Color, yellowish brown; operculum, opercular flap and branchiostegal membrane, pec-
toral, and ventral dusky.

The siugle specimen obtained is 315 millimeters long, catalogue number 39433. It was
obtained by the steamer Albatross, September is. 1886, at station 271G, N. lat. 38° 29' 30",
W. Ion. 70° 57', in 1,631 fathoms.

ACANTHONUS, Gunther. (Figure 296, A.)
Acanthonus, GCNTHER, Ann. ami Hag.. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 22; Challenger Report, xxn, 116.

Head excessively large and thick, armed in front and on the opercles with strong-
spines; trunk very short, the vent being below the pectoral, tail thin, strongly compressed,
tapering, with the caudal distinct. Eye small. Mouth very wide, with the teeth in villi-
form bands in the jaws, on the vomer, and palatine bones, and along the hyoid. Barbel
none. Ventrals each reduced to a bifid filiment, placed close together on the humeral
symphysis. Gill-membranes not united. The gill-laminse are remarkably short; the ii i 1 1 -
rakers long, lanceolate, stiff. Scales extremely small. Bones of the head soft, the super-
ficial ones supporting large cavities. (Giinthcr.)

The genus is represented by a single species found by the Challenger in 1,050-1,070
fathoms in the Middle Pacific, station 205, off the Philippines, and station 218, north of New
Guinea, The type species is A. armatus, Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 117, pi. xxiv,
Fig. A.

TAUREDOPHIDIUM, Aleock. (Figure 296, B.)

Tauredophidium, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), VI., 1890, 212. (Type, T. Hextii, Joe, eit.,pl. vm. tig. 1.)

Head large and thick, armed on the opercles with strong spines ; body compressed.
Snout broad, not overhanging the large mouth. Eyes, none. No barbel. Villiform teeth
in the jaws, vomer, and palate. Gill membranes rather broadly united; 4" gills; 8 branch-

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION.

337

iostegals; qo pseudobranchi®. Small, deciduous scales on body and head; lateral lines
indistinguishable. Vertical tins confluent; pectorals entire; ventrals widely separated.
each consisting of two filaments.

This genus is known from a single species taken in tbe Kay of Bengal, off the Madras
coast in 1,310 fathoms, — '/'. Hextii, Alcock {Xnn. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 1890, vi, 213., pi. via,
fig. 1) from Investigator station 97.

PTEROIDONUS, Gunther.

Vtcroidonus, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 106.

The lower pectoral rays are incompletely united with the upper part of the fin and are
prolonged. Body elongate, compressed, covered with small scales; lateral line incom-
plete, close to the dorsal profile. Head oblong, thick, covered with scales. Eye small.
Vertical tins united, hut the narrow caudal projecting beyond the short anal and dorsal
rays. Ventrals reduced to a simple filament, inserted behind the humeral symphysis, and
somewhat distant from each other. Snout broad with rounded profile, including the lower
jaw, without barbel. Mouth wide; hands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and
palatine hones. Operculum with a straight spine; preoperculum armed. Eight branch-
iostegals. Gill-laminae rather short; gill-rakers rather long, lanceolate and widely set ;
pseudobranchise none. (Giinther.)

I'TI'.KOII MINTS QUI.\«(l"AKIUS.

This genus is represented by a single specimen, of a species called by Gunther, Pteroi-
donas quinquarius [hie. cit.), PI. XXII, Fig. B, 14J inches long, obtained by the Challenger

off the. coast of Japan (station 235), at the depth of 5<>o fathoms.

DICROLENE, Goode and Bean.
In, ml, iic, Goode and Bean, Bull Mns. Comp. Zoiil., x, 202.— GuNTnr.R, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 107

Brotulids with body moderately compressed; head somewhat compressed, with mouth
large (in the type species extending nearly to the posterior margin of the eye). The tip of
the maxillary much dilated. Eye large, placed close to the dorsal profile. Head with supra-
orbital spines; several strong spines on the preoperculum, and one long spine at the upper
angle of the operculum. Snout short, not projecting beyond the upper jaw. Jaws nearly
equal in front. Teeth in narrow villiform bands in the jaws, on the head of the vomer, and
on the palatines. Barbel none. Gill-openings wide; membranes not united. Gills four;
gill laminae of moderate length. Gill-rakers rather long, not numerous. Pseudobranchise
absent. Caudal not continent, but without a. distinct peduncle. Dorsal and anal tins long.
Pectoral rays arranged in two groups, several of the lower ones being separate and
much produced. Ventral tins close together on the isthmus, a pair of bifid rays. Brauch-
ioMegals eight. Body and head covered with small scales. Lateral line close to the base
of the dorsal tin, apparently becoming obsolete on the posterior third of the body. Stomach
siphonal. Pyloric <;eca few, rudimentary. Intestine shorter than body.

Paradtcrolene, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 1889, .">S7), is so close to Dierolene that
we are unable to distinguish it. It is represented by a single species, ]>. multifilis (Alcock),
he. cit., from the Bay of Bengal, lit:; fathoms, lat. L'(P 17' 30" X., Ion. 88 50' lv, and from
the Andaman Sea, east of Port Blair, 271 fathoms, and offthe Coromaudel coast.
19S6S— Xo. 2 22

338 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Alcock states that in young individuals the lower (free) rays are very much less clearly
separated from the rest of the flu and from each other than in the adults. (Aim. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 1872, 348.)

Another species, D. nigricaudis, was obtained from the Andaman Sea, Investigator
station 115, in 188 and 120 fathoms. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, July 31.)

Alcock has also identified a third species, taken in the Laccadive Sea, with the form
described and figured by Vaillant as Dicrolene intronigra, Goode and Beau, proposing for
it the name Paradicrolene Vaillantii. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890 (Oct.), 297). We are
of the opinion that Vaillant's fish and ours are conspecitic.

The erroneous printing of " P for "8" in our description of the branchiostegals of
D icrolene has •unfortunately misled Mr. Alcock.

DICROLENE INTEONIGRA, Goode and Bean. (Figure 207, 207 A, B.)

Dicrolene intronigra, Goods and Bean, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool., x, 1883, 202. — Gunther, Challenger Report,
xxii, 1887, 107.— Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 258, pi. xxin, fig. 2.

Body moderately compressed, its dorsal and aual outlines approaching at an equal angle
the horizontal axis, and tapering to a narrow point, which forms the base of the caudal fin.
Scales small, about 110 rows between the branchial opening and the tail, and about 27 trans-
verse rows counting upward and forward obliquely from the origin of the anal. The lateral
line rudimentary, running near the base of the dorsal tin at a distance from it less than the
diameter of the eye, and apparently becoming obsolete on the posterior third of the body.
Body height one-sixth of standard length.

Head somewhat compressed, with ilattish upper surface, which is encroached upon by
the upper margins of the orbit. At the posterior upper margin of each orbit is a strong
spine pointing backward and upward; a long sharp spine at the upper angle of the opercu-
lum, its exposed portion as li »ng as half the diameter of the eye. Preoperculum, on its lower
posterior border, with three equidistant spines, much weaker than that of the operculum.
Large muciferous cavities in the bones of the head; a row of large cavities extending back
ward from the upper angle of the orbit, and continuous with those on the lateral line. Mouth
large, its cleft considerably longer than half the length of the head, and the maxillary
extending behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. The posterior portion
of the maxillary much expanded, its width at the end equal to three-fourths the diameter
of the eye. Upon its expanded tip are scales. Eye large, one-fourth as long as head, and
as wide as the interorbital space. Length of head one -fifth standard length.

Dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the snout equal to two-ninths the length of the
body.

Anal inserted under the vertical from the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth dorsal ray. The
height of the dorsal and aual fins is about equal to the diameter of the eye. Their bases
extend almost to the insertion of the caudal.

The caudal is composed of 0 or 7 rays; its length equal to half the distance from the
snout to the insertion of the dorsal.

The ventrals inserted almost under, but slightly posterior to, the posterior limb of the
preoperculum, in length about equaling the upper jaw.

Pectorals inserted close to the branchial aperture; the eight lower rays being free and
much prolonged, the longest and most anterior being nearly one-third as long as the body,
and more than three times as long as the contiguous posterior ray of the normally con-
structed portion of the fin, which is, however, about equal to the last of the free rays. The
free portion of the pectoral being longer and composed of fewer rays than the normal portion,
the fish has the appearance of bearing two pectoral fins of the same general shape, the
lower of which is the longer. The length of the normal portion of the fin is contained
about four times in the length of the body.

Radial formula: D. 100; A. about 85; C. G or 7; V. |; P. 19+7 or 8. L. lat. 110-120.

The Talisman obtained it off the coast of Soudan, from stations lxxx, lxxix, and lxxix,
bis, at depths of 1,139, 1,232, and 1,250 meters, respectively, and on the Banc d'Arguin, from

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 339

stations lxxxviii, lxxxvii, and \< in, at depths of 888, 1,113, and 1,495 meters, 28 speci-
mens having been taken from the last named locality.

The Blake secured specimens from station cccxxyi, in 33° 42' 15" N. lat., 7i; 00' 50"
W. Ion., at a depth of fill fathoms: from station OCOXXV, in 33° 35' 20" N". lat., 76 W.lon.,
at a depth of 647 fathoms; from station ci.xvi. off Guadeloupe, at a. depth of 734 fathoms;
ami from station \ci, offDominica, al a depth of 982 fathoms. Ami the Albatross fromsta
Don 2115, in 35° 49' 30" N. lat,. 7 1 ' 34' 45" W. Ion., al a depth of 843 lat horns; from station
IMS.",, in 28° 51' X. lat.. 88c 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 730 fathoms; from station 2553, in 3'.;
IS' N. lat.. 7(P 3d' W. Ion., at, a depth of 551 fathoms; from station 2140, in 17° 36' Hi" N.
lai., 76 Hi iir." W. Ion., at a depth of 966 fathoms; from station 2392,in 28° 47' 3H" N. [at.,
si 27' W. Ion., at a depthof 724 fathoms; from station 2393, in 28 13' N. lat.. 87 ' 1 I' 30"
\V. lun., at a depth of 525 fathoms; Oat. No. 33417. (J. S. 2ST. M., from station 2072, in II 53'
N. lat., 62° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858 fathoms; Oat. No. 35586, I . S. X. M., from station

2216, in 39° 47' X. lat., 70° 30' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 963 fat! is; Cat. No. 34906, U. S.

N. M.,from station 2117, in 15° 24' 40" N. lat., 63° 31' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 983 lath s;

Oat, No. 35657, V. S. N. M., from station 2234, in 39° W N. lat., 72 (13' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of Sill fathoms; Cat. No. 35553, U. S. N. M., from station 221(1, in 39^ 47' X. lat.. 70
30' 30" W. km., at a depth of 963 fathoms; and Cat, No. 35555, U. S. X. M., from station
2204, iu 39° 30' 30" X. lat., 71° 44' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth of 728 fathoms.

MIXONUS, GUnther.
Alixonuft, GONTHER, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 108.

The lower pectoral rays are free, not united by membrane with, hut inserted on the
same base as the upper part of the fin. They are but slightly stronger than the other rays
and prolonged. IJody elongate, compressed, covered with small, very thin and deciduous
scales. Head slightly compressed, broad and flat above, depressed in front, naked (with
the exception of the parts between the mandibles, and perhaps the cheeks). Bones thin,
with the muciferous system moderately developed, only one small spine above on the
operculum; preoperculum without spine. Eye small. Vertical fins united, but the narrow
caudal projecting beyond the short dorsal and anal rays. Ventrals each reduced to a
filament, which consists of 2 rays firmly bound together in their whole length; they are
inserted behind the humeral symphysis and close together. Snout broad, rounded, scarcely
overlapping the lower jaw. Mouth very wide; villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and palatine bones. Gill - lamina; short; gill-rakers long, not very closely set. Pseudo-
branchiae none.

" 1 have long hesitated." writes Gilnther, " to describe this fish under a distinct generic
name. The specimen is small, unique, and not in the best state of preservation, so that
several of the characters assigned here to the genus may have to be amended when other
specimens are obtained. Its pertinence to either Pteroidonus or Dicrolene seems to be doubt-
ful on accouut of the difference iu the shape of the head."

MIXONUS LATICEPS, Guntuer. (Figure 296, A.)

Bathyneetes latieeps, GttNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 5th ser., 20.
Mixonus latieeps, GCnthek, Challenger Report, xxn, issx, 108, pi. \xv, fig. 8.
Sirembo Gwntheri, Vaii.lant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1889, L'(i8, pi. xxiv, fig. 5.

Head slightly, body and tail more strongly compressed, low; the latter produced info
a moderately long filament. I've rather small, its diameter being one seventh of the
length of the head, two thirds of that of the snout, and two lift lis of the into orbital
space, which is convex. The posterior nostrils are wide; the muciferous channel of the
infraorbital ring shows in its course 5 or (i wide sinuses, and opens in front by a wide a per
ture. Mouth very wide, extending far behind the eye, with the extremity of the maxillary
much behind the eye, and much dilated. Vomerine band of teeth V-shaped, with the two
arms of the figure straight; palatine baud narrow.

340 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The Challenger obtained it in the mid-Atlantic (station 104), at a depth of 2,500 fath-
oms. The Talisman also secured examples from station ci, off' the Cape Verde Islands, at
a depth of 3,200 meters.

SIREMBO, Bleeker.

Sirembo, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Neerlandaises, m; Japan, iv, 22. — Giinther, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., iv,

373.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1863, 253.
Sirembo, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav. et Talisman, 267 (in widely different sense).
Broiellu, Kaup, Wieguiann's Arcliiv., 1858, 92.

Brotulids, with elongate body covered with small scales. Lateral line continuous, but
more or less indistinct. Eye moderate. Vertical tins united. Veutrals close together;
each a single simple filament, inserted on the foremost part of the humeral symphysis.
Teeth in villiforui bands on jaw bones and palatines. Upper jaw longer, rreopercuhuu
unarmed. No barbel. Branchiostegals 8. Pseudobranchiai aud air-bladder present.
Pyloric caeca 12.

The genus, as limited by Gill, includes one species, s. inermis (Schlegel) Bleeker, from
Japan and not certainly known to be bathybial.

The genus Hoplobrotula Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1803, 253) was established for another
Japanese form (Brotula armata, Schlegel), cited by Giinther in his catalogue under
Sirembo. It is not certainly known to be bathybial.

Vaillant enlarges the limits of Sirembo to include the forms here discussed under
Sirembo, Hoplobrotula, Catcetyx, Mixonus, Bathyonus, Porogadus, ITematonus, Diplacantho-
poma, and Neobythites. Vaillant's Sirembo is a congeries of heterogeneous forms, includ-
ing, probably, representatives of three subfamilies.

MONOMITOPUS, Alcoek.
Monomitopus, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, II, L".'7.

This genus differs from Sirembo in the character of its pseudobranchia?, which are
rudimentary — "really consisting of 2 small pinnules only on each side." It is represented
by a single species, obtained by the Investigator in the Andaman Sea, in 100 fathoms.
(Sirembo nigripinnis, Alcock, op. cit., 1889 (Nov.), 384.)

TYPHLONUS, Giinther.
Typhlonus, Ginther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 217; Challenger Report, xxn, 118.

Head large, compressed, with most of the bones in a cartilaginous condition; the
superficial bones with large muciferous cavities not armed. Snout a thick protuberance
projecting beyond the mouth, which is rather small, inferior. Trunk very short, the vent
being below the pectoral; tail thin, strongly compressed, tapering, without separate cau-
dal. Eye externally not visible, reduced to a minute rudiment hidden below the skin.
Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones. Barbel, none.
Veutrals reduced to simple filaments, placed close together on the humeral symphysis.
Gill openings very wide, the gill membranes being but slightly united in front. Gills 4;
gill lamina' rather short; gill rakers of moderate length; scales thin, deciduous, small.

The only representative of this genus is Typhlonus nasits, Giinther, (Challenger Report,
xxu, 119, PI. xxv, A.) obtained by the Challenger at station 181, northeast of Aus-
tralia, in 2,440 fathoms, and at station 198, north of Celebes, at the depth of 2,150 fathoms.

BARATHRONUS, Goode and Bean.
Barathronus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xn, 161.

Brotulids having the head stout, body and tail compressed, covered closely by skin,
scaleless. Vent far behind pectoral, included in a cleft. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 341

jaw projecting, [ntermaxiUary teeth rudimentary; several Fang-like teeth on the head of
the vomer, none on palatines. A few rather large, recurved, separated teeth in the mandi-
ble. Nostrils close together and small. Bye visible through the skin, partly upon the top
of the head, with or without dark pigment in the iris. Barbel, none. Gill-rakers very
numerous and slender, and rather long. Gill-laminae well developed on all the arches. No
pseudobranchiae. Head full of muciferous channels, Gill membranes nol united, but
covered by a fold of skin. Ventrals reduced to single simple rays, placed in advance of the
pectoralsand close to the humeral symphysis. Dorsal and anal placed far back.

Caudal scarceh differentiated, composed of rather numerous vcr\ slender rays upon a
somewhat narrow base.

BAKATHUONUS BICOLt >R, <; i: and Bean. (Figure 298.)

Barathronus bieolor, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., mi. No. r>, 164, 7.

Body much compressed, its greatest height (19 millimeters) contained <>i times in the
total length. Head much thicker than body, its greatest width equal to \ of its length (23
millimeters), which is contained 5| times in the total length. Eye concealed by the skin;
diameter of orbit about equal to width of interorbital area, and contained I | times
in length of the. head. Maxilla extends slightly beyond the perpendicular through pos-
terior margin of orbit; it is almost entirely concealed under the, preorbital, and is much
expanded at the tip, where its width is rather greater than that of the eye. Intermaxilla
very thin, broad, and slightly protractile.

Vomer very close to intermaxillary symphysis, its head somewhat raised and bearing 3
fang like teeth {'1 of which are off one side and 1 on the. other in the type, separated by a
moderately wide interspace). The mandible has five enlarged, separate, recurved teeth
upon each side, which increase in size posteriorly; its upper edge, posteriorly, is produced
above the level of the tooth-bearing surface, and is received under the expanded maxilla.
The longest gill-raker is about as long as the eye. The dorsal origin is distant from the
snout (54 millimeters), which is contained slightly less than twice in the total length. The

rays are well developed, numerous, long and slender, about 7l> in number; the longest <

tabled about •'! times m the length of head.

The anal originates in vertical from fourteenth dorsal ray, equidistant, from eye and
base of caudal. It contains 57 rays, about as long as those, in the dorsal.

The pectoral with a fleshy base, its length (18 millimeters) a little less than height of
body.

The ventral well in advance of pectoral, close to humeral symphysis, the rays being

placed very close together at their origin, the length of the fin (13 millimeters) < tained

about '•» times in the total length, about 3 times in distance from its origin to the vent.

The caudal has about 10 rays; its length is contained about 8 times in the total length.

Color, yellowish white, with a broad vertical band of black from the origin of ventral
nearly to the vent; another similar and narrower band above it upon each side.

The type is an individual, li'O millimeters long, from Blake station lxxi, off Guada
loupe, at a depth of 7(S!» fathoms.

APHYONUS, Gunther.

Aphyonus, GDnther, Arm. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, u. 22; Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 120.

Head, body, and tapering tail strongly compressed, enveloped in a thin, scaleless. loose
skin. Vent far behind the pectoral in nearly the middle of the total length. Snout swollen,
projecting beyond the mouth, which is wide. No teeth in the upper jaw; small conical
teeth in the lower, pluriserial in front and uniserial on the side. Vomer with a few rudi-
mentary teeth; palatine teeth none. Nostrils dose together, small. No externally visible
eye. Barbel none. Ventrals reduced to simple filaments, placed close together and near
to the humeral symphysis. Cillineinbranes not united. Four branchial arches, the pos
terior without gill lamina'; the anterior with very short gill rakers and with rather short

342 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

gill-laminae. Head covered with a system of wide muciferous channels and sinuses, the
dermal bones being- almost membranaceous, whilst the others are in a semicartilaginous
condition. Notochord persistent, but with a superficial indication of the vertebral segments
(as in some Leptocephaline forms). (Giinther.)

This genus is known from two species — A. mollis, Goode and Bean, and the type, A.
gelatinosus, Giinther (Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 120, pi. xxvi, Fig. A) from station 184,
between northeast Australia and New Guinea, at a depth of 1,400 fathoms.

APHYONUS MOLLIS, Goode and Bean". (Figure 299.)

Aphyonus mollis, Goode and Beajs*, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xn, 103.

The body is much compressed, its greatest height (14 millimeters), G in its total length.
Head thicker than body, its height (15 millimeters) slightly greater. Length of head 20
millimeters) about 4^ in total; width (11 millimeters) over half its length. Snout, 3 J in
length of head. Eye not externally visible. Diameter of orbit, as seen through the skin,
about one-fourth length of head. Maxilla extends to vertical through posterior margin of
orbit, the mandible somewhat farther back, its length (13 millimeters) nearly equal to height
of body. A few weak teeth ou vomer, palatines and mandible, and very rudimentary ones
in maxillary; not visible to the eye, but appreciable to the touch. Gill-lamina? on the fourth
and rudimentary gill-rakers, 8 rudiments and 4 developed below the angle. Dorsal origin
almost over posterior edge of operculum, its distance from the snout \ of total length; tin-
rays, more than 110 well developed, the longest 3 in head. Anal origin slightly nearer base
of caudal than to tip of snout, its rays shorter than those in the dorsal. Pectoral with a
fleshy base; its origin somewhat behind that of the dorsal, its length equal to width of head.
Ventral origin in advance of that of pectoral, close to humeral symphysis; the fin is a sin-
gle simple ray, whose length (11 millimeters) equals that of the pectoral: its tip does not
reach the vent by a space equal to height of head.

Skin not loose. Texture of body rather firm, not transparent, whitish.

The type is a specimen obtained at Blake station ccxxi, lat.L'4° 36' N., Ion. 84° 5' W.,
at a depth of 955 fathoms.

This species is closely allied to Aphy<mv& gelatinosus, Gthr.

RHODICHTHYS, Collett.
Rhodichthys, COLLETT, NorskeNordhavs Expect., Fiske, 1880, 153. — GCntiiei:, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 121.

Head thick, body and tail strongly compressed, the latter tapering behind, enveloped in a
thin, transparent, scaleless skin. Vent immediately behind the humeral symphysis. Snout
swollen, overlapping the wide mouth. A few series of weak teeth in the jaws, none on the
vomer or palate. Eye of moderate size. Ventrals reduced to two filaments, each bifid, and
inserted on the hyoid. Vertical fins continuous, but with caudal rays differentiated. Gill-
openiugs very wide. Pyloric appendages 10. [Giinther after Collett.)

RHODICHTHYS REGLNA. COLLETT. (Figure 303.)
Rhodichthys regina, Collett, Forh. Selsk., 1878, 99; Norske Nordhavs Exped., Fiske, 1880, 154.

The length of the head is to the total length nearly as 1 to 4, the extreme depth of the
body as 1 to 4|. Anterior part of the body deep, in the posterior region rapidly tapering;
tail at base long and slender. Upper jaw longer than lower. The dorsal tin originating
immediately above the branchial aperture; the caudal projecting to the extent of three-
tilths of its length beyond the dorsal and anal. Eyes small, their diameter being to the
length of the head as 1 to 7: interorbital space wide. The teeth exceedingly minute,
arranged in several series. Nostrils double. Pyloric appendages 10.

Eadial formula: D. CO; A. 57; P. 11-12.

Color a uniform bright red. (Collett.)

A single specimen, 207 millimeters in length, was obtained by the North Atlantic
Expedition in the open sea between Beeren Eiland, Jan Mayen, and Finmark.

DISCUSSION" OF SPECIES AND TIII'.IK DISTKir.l riuN.

343

ALEXETERION, VaillaiH.
Alexelerion, Vaim.axt, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 282.

Brotulids haying ;i scaleless body, head short; lower jaw curved up in front of the
upper one so that the mouth opens vertically; yery fine teeth on the jaws, vomer and pala-
tines toothless. Bye rudimentary. No barbel. Gill-opening yery wide. Branchiostegal
membrane free. Vent very far from the throal and uearlyin the middle of the length of
the fish. Vertical tins beginning far hack, the dorsal origin being over the vent an. I con
tiucnl at the tail. Pectorals broad, fan-shaped; ventrals absent.

ALEXETEBION PARFAITI, Vaillant. (Figure 300.)
Alaceterion Parfaiti, Vaillant, Exp. Soi. Travailleur et Talisman, 283, pi. xx\ . Figs. 2. 2a, 26.

Body elongate, compressed (especially posteriorly), its greatest height being scarcely
one sixth cif the thickness above the pectorals, and one-eighth of the total length.

Length of head one sixth of total length; its globular form gives it a very singular ap-
pearance, suggestive of Uranoscopus and Synanceia. The head appears as if it wen- truncated
Lnfront; the snout occupies the upper portion of the truncation. The mouth is shaped
like a horseshoe and is placed vertically, the lower jaw being entirely outside of the open
ing, while the two mandibles are strongly curved. The intermaxillary is narrow, nearlj
as long as the maxillary, which is expanded at its posterior extremity.

Teeth fine, uniform in size, upon the mandible and on the anterior portion of the inter-
maxillary. No teeth visible upon the vomer or palatines. The eye is rudimentary, very
small, its diameter about one-fifth of the length of the head, so that it looks like a black
pigmentary spot, and is scarcely visible in the fresh specimen. Branchial opening broad.

Vent near the middle of the body. No trace of scales in the lateral line visible.

Vertical tins confluent, the dorsal beginning in the vertical from the vent and nearly
opposite the origin of the ventral, the rays being excessively delicate. Pectorals extending
to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal. No ventrals.

Color, roseate while.

Measun mi »'•-.

Milli-
meters.

Length

Height

Thickness

Length of bead

Length of caudal lin

Length of snout

Diameter of eye

Width "!' interorbital spar,-

42

7

:.
7

7
3

(I.;
4

lOOths.

10
111
1(1
IG
43

A single specimen was taken at the French station cxxxvn, North Atlantic, at the
depth of J,U05 meters.

BELLOTTIA, Giglioli.
Bellottia, GIGLIOLI, Zoolop;isrlinr Anzrigpr, vi, 399 (July. 1883.)

Brotulids with the form and proportions of Pteridium; body covered with smooth.
adhesive scales of very small dimension. Byes small. Vertical fins united, ventrals absent.
Lower jaw with a band of small teeth, sharp and numerous, intermingled with a few coni-
cal ones, somewhat larger; upper jaw with a villi t'oini band of very minute teeth: sharp
teeth on the vomer and palate, disposed in a semicircular arch, .laws equal anteriorly, the
upper one expanded posteriorly as in Pteridium. No barbel. Branchial rays 1. Gills with
4 long branchial appendages; branchial aperture large. Air-bladder present.

344 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

BELLOTTIA APODA, Giglioli.

Belloitia apoda, Giglioli, Zoologisclier Anzeiger, vi, 399.

The vent equidistant from the tip of the snout and root of the tail. Dorsal origin in
the vertical from the middle of the pectorals, confluent with the caudal and the anal. Pec-
torals normal and small. Body covered with mucous pores particularly conspicuous upon
the head. Anal papilla sometimes present. Lateral line simple, slightly arched over the
pectorals, straight and median posteriorly. Two cutaneous folds parallel to the base of
the dorsal. The central rays of the caudal are the longest.

Radial formula (estimated): D. 90; A. 75; 0. 12.

Color, olive gray, with minute dots of black; lins black at the base, colorless and
transparent elsewhere.

The two types measure 28 to 30 millimeters. Five specimens of this form were taken
in the net in the Gulf of Naples in December, 1882, at the depth of 30 meters. Two of
them (the types of this description) are in the Italian collection of the Royal Zoological
Museum at Florence; two more in the Museo Civico at Milan; the fifth in the Zoological
Station in Naples.

Although not yet found at considerable depths, its affinities, in the opinion of Giglioli
and Viuciguerra, appear to be with the family B rot ul id a, and the genus is admitted to this
work not only for the purpose of comparison, but in the belief that it will eventually be
found in deep water.

HEPHTHOCARA, Alcock. (Figure 301.)
Bephthocara, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1892, 349. (Type, B. simian, loc. cit., pi. xvm, fig. 1.)

Head large, with thin, smooth, uncrested bones, scaleless. No armature but a weak
opercular spine. Body compressed, tapering, covered with deciduous cycloid scales. Eye
moderate. Snout not overhanging the jaws. Mouth with obliquely ascending cleft, and
with the lower jaw prominent. Yilliform teeth in the jaws, palatines, and vomer. No
barbel orhyoid filaments. Gill-openings wide; gill-membranes separate, 4 gills; no pseudo
branchiae; 8 branchiostegals. Lateral line indistinguishable. Vertical tins confluent;
pectoral fins entire; no ventral fins.

The type, //. si mn hi, was described from an immature specimen, 8 inches long, taken
by the Investigator off the Coromandel coast, in 902 fathoms.

LAMPROGRAMMUS, Alcock. (Figure 302.)
Lamprogrammxis, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vin, 1891, 32.

Head large, body compressed, both entirely covered with thin, smooth, deciduous
scales of moderate size. Head bones with prominent crest and wide, muciferous cavities,
unarmed except for a weak opercular spine. Snout not overhanging the jaws. Eye of
moderate size. Mouth large; teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, palatines, and vomer.
No barbel or hyoid filaments. Gill-opening wide; gill membranes separate; 4 gills, 8
branchiostegals, no pseudobranchiae. Lateral line very conspicuous, with much enlarged
scales, each of which bears a glandular (luminous) organ. Vertical fins confluent; pectoral
fins entire; no ventral fins. {Alcock.)

This genus is represented by the single species, Lamprogrammus niger, Alcock (loc. cit,
fig. 2), described from two specimens, 11| and 15 inches in length, obtained by the Investi-
gator in the Andaman Sea, at a depth of 5G1 fathoms, and another from 404 fathoms in
the same region. Alcock says of it: "This extraordinary form seems almost entitled to
rank by itself in a separate subfamily of the Ophidiidas. In general appearance and in
most of its structural details it has the closest resemblance to the typical lirotidituv; but
it differs from them all in its remarkable Halosaurus like lateral line and in the entire
absence of ventral fins."

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 345

Family OPHIDIID>£.

i, it in, ,i,in, I,' w immii e, [ndice d [ttiologia Sicilians, 1810, 34.

Ophidiida:, Bonaparte, Saggio, etc., 1832,38; Cat. Met., 41.— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 370 (part).—

Gn i.. Air. Fam, Fish., 1872, :i (No. 19); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ls.s;, 177.
Ophidioninat, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., etc., 1839, 11, 179.
Ophidini, .Mi'1.1 1:1:. Berl. Abhandl., 1840.
Ophidioidei, Bleeker, Teatamen, \\v (part).

Ophidioidea,witb chin centrals, represented by bifid, barbel-like filaments, and the anus
in the anterior hall' of the length. | Gill.)

KEY To THE GENERA OF < M'lll IM1D/E.

A. Outer teeth in jaws fixed.

1. Operculum unarmed [Ophidicm]

2. A sharp concealed spine on the operculum ( Itophididm

1:. Outer teeth in jaws movable. Top of head scaly Leptophidium

OTOPHIDIUM, (Jill.

Genyplenis, Phillipi, Wiegm. Archiv., 1857, 268.
Otophidium, Gill,, in Jordan, Cat. Fish, N. A., 1885, 126.

A genus with characters of Ophidium, ami also provided with a short concealed spine
on the opercle.

OTOPHIHIfM OM< >STIGMA, (Jordan and Gilbert), Jordan. (Figure ::i»:.. 1

Gcnypterus omosiigmu, Jordan and Gilbert, Froc. 1*. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 301 ; Bull, xvi, I*. S. Nat. Mus ,

963.
Otophidium omostigma, Jordan, Cat. Fish, N. A., 1885, 126.

Body comparatively short, highest at occiput; thence tapering rapidly to tip of tail;
upper profile of head very convex; snout blunt; mouth horizontal, the lower jaw included :
maxillary not quite reaching posterior bonier of orbit; teeth in jaws uniform, strongly in-
curved, in rather broad bands; a single series of small teeth in vomer; those on palatines
minute; maxillary 1 J in head ; eye large, 3 in head, much larger than snout, equaling twice
interorbital width; opercle terminating in a strong, compressed spine, the length of which
is about two thirds diameter of pupil; gill-rakers very small, 4 below on anterior arch.
Longest ventral filament half length of head; the shorter three-quarters length of longer.
Distance from origin of dorsal to tip of snout 3J in total length; distance from origin of
anal to snout 2£ in total length. Scales minute, imbedded. Pseudobranchhe not evident.
Air bladder short, thick, with a, large posterior foramen. Head 4.\- in length ; depth about fi.

Color light olive green, silvery on belly, cheeks, and lower side of head; sides above
with a few irregular, large, scattered, dark blotches; about '.» of these along base of dorsal
fin; an intensely black, round blotch on scapular region, rather larger than pupil; dorsal
with black blotches; anal largely black; upper half of eye black, lower half bright silvery.

A single specimen, 3£ inches long (No. 29670,IT. S. Nat. Mus.), taken from the stomach
of a red snapper, at Pensacola.

LEPTOPHIDIUM, Gill.
Leptophidium, Gill, Troc. Phil. Acad. Xat. Sci., 1863, 210.

I tody much elongated, moderately compressed, and with the back and abdominal regions
arched, more compressed and slowly decreasing in height backward to an abruptly rounded
point.

Anus toward the end of the first third of the length.

Scales regularly imbricated in quincunx, oval, with the nucleus in front of the center,
and with stria' radiating backward.

Lateral line concurrent with and near the back for about half the length, obsolescent
behind.

346 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Head with imbricated scales extending to forehead: opercula and cheeks moderately
compressed, oblong-ovate in profile, with the snout high, projecting forward and obtusely
rounded, armed above with a short, nearly concealed spine, directed forward and somewhat
downward. Cheeks somewhat inflated. Eyes large, subcircular, with comparatively small
pupils. Nostrils double; the anterior aperture a short tube directed forward and next to
the groove separating the preorbital from the nostril region; the posterior a longitndinal
groove, Opercula unarmed.

Mouth broader, with the cleft little oblique and moderate; thestiperinaxillary bones are
slender, terminate under the hinder part of the eye, and are almost wholly retractile under
the suborbitals.

Teeth of the jaws villiform, immersed in a mucous membraue, separated by an interval
from the longer ones in the outer row, which are pointed and movable.

Vomer not prominent, armed, as well as the palatine bones, with teeth.

Branchial aperture ample, arched above by the membrane, which is attached in front
of the axil of the pectoral fin.

Branchiostegal rays seven, the internal two small.

Dorsal fin commencing less than a head's distance from the nape, rather low and with
its rays simply articulated, blending behind, like the anal, with the caudal fin, whose rays
are longer than those of the dorsal and anal, and whose margin is produced.

Pectoral fins small or moderate, obliquely rounded behind.

Ventral fins bifid and articulated, and much abbreviated.

This genus is exceedingly distinct from Ophidium, having very few characters in com
mon, except such as would be found in the genera of the same subfamily. Its form at once
distinguishes it, its comparatively low and moderately compressed body and smaller head
contrasting strongly with the much compressed body and head of the true Ophidiidas. The
imbricated scales and peculiar dentition observed on closer examination corroborate the
generic distinction indicated by difference of form.1

KEY T(> THE SPECIES OF LEPTOPHIDIUM.

A, Body elongate.

1. Snout very short, sharp, armed with a spine.

o. Color brown, with white spots L. cervinum

2. Snout shorter than eye.

a. Color light rufous, the vertical tins margined with black L. profundorum

I'.. Bodj stoutish, anteriorly tapering.
1. Snout blunt, spineless.

a. Color yellowish, marbled with brown L. marmoratum

LEPTOPHIIHl'M CERVINUM, Goode ami Bean. (Figure 306.)

LeptopMdium cervinum, Goode and Beax, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vm, 1885, 422.

Body elongate, slender, its greatest height (25 millimeters in specimen examined) 10i
in its total length.

Head slender, somewhat compressed, its length (40 millimeters) (>J in total length.
Interorbital area broad, convex, its width equal to the length of the snout and 5§ in head's
length. Snout sharp, conical, armed with a short but sharp spine, and somewhat over-
hanging the mouth. Eye circular, its diameter (10 millimeters) 4 in head's length, and
much exceeding the length of the snout. Maxilla extending nearly to the vertical through
the posterior margin of the orbit, its length (15 millimeters) three-eighths of head's length.
Mandible extending behind the same vertical, its length (IS millimeters) equal to that of
head without its postorbital portion. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with narrow bands of vil-
liform teeth, some of which are noticeably enlarged (not movable). Pseudobranchiae present.

1 It is probable that the Ophidium brevibarbe, briefly indicated by Cuvier and Kaup, belongs to this
genus; by Cuvier it was simply alluded to in a foot-note of the Regne Animal, while by Kaup a short
diagnosis was given in the "Catalogue of the Apodal Fish." As the notice of the species by Kaup, like
most of the diagnoses by that gentleman, is only sufficient to distinguish it from species known to him, uo
clear idea can be obtained regarding its affinities. Gill.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 347

Gill rakers short. 8 below angle of first arch, t of which are rudimentary, the longest :!
millimeters) 5 in diameter of eye. (In L. profundorum the gill-rakers are slenderer and
longer, though about equally numerous <>n the first arch.)

Scales in about 1 1 rows from the origin of the dorsal to the median line of the bodj .

Vcntrals with length (13 millimeters) 3 in that of head.

Dorsal origin tar hack, at a distance from the snout (55 millimeters) 1 * in total length;
at a distance from the eye e |ual to bead's Length. (In L. profundorum this distance is two
thirds of the bead's length ami the first ray of the dorsal is nearly over the middle of the
extended pectoral; in L. cervinum, over its tip, or nearly so.)

Anal origin with distance from snout (84 millimeters) •"> in total length. Length of pee
toral (10 millimeters) 2 in head's length and 13 to 1 1 in that of body (lit in L. marmoratum,
11 in L. profundorum).

Scales ornamented with radiating stria-, covering densely all parts of the fish except
the snout and under surface of the head and the tins. Lateral line continued almost to the
end of the tail.

Color brownish-yellow, with numerous subcircular spots of white, with diameter half
that of eye along the upper half of the body. Vertical tins with narrow black margin.

The type (Cat. No. 28764, IT. S. K M.) 262 millimeters in length, was taken by the
Fish Eawk from station 941, in 40° 01' X. Int., 60° 56' W. Ion., at a depth of 711 fathoms.
A single specimen (Oat. No. 28955, U. S. N. M.) was obtained by the same vessel from sta
tion 1036, in 39° 58' X. hit.. 69' 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 04 fathoms. The Albatross also
secured examples (Oat. So. 37236, U.S. N. M.) from station 2309, in 35 13' 30" X. hit.. 7 1 52'
W. Ion., at a depth of 56 fathoms; (Cat, No. 32653, U. S. N. M.) from station 2004, in 37 10
45" X. Int., 74026' 06" W. Ion., at a depth of 102 fathoms; and (Cat. No. 37235. C. S. X. M.)
from station 2208, in 35° 39' N. hit,, 74° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of so fathoms.

EEPTOPHIDIUM PROFUNDORUM, Gill. (Figure 307.)

Leptophidium profundorum, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 211. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. America,

1885, 126.
Ophidiam profundorum, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull., xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 793.

The greatest height equals about a tenth of the extreme length, and is developed at
the pectoral region; it thence almost uniformly decreases to the end, and at the aims equals
one-eleventh of the same: the thickness behind the pectoral fins equals seven-tenths of the
height, and almost uniformly decreases to the end like the height. The anus is at the end
of the first third of the length.

The head forms rather less than a sixth of the length, and is transversely convex above
and moderately inflated on the sides; the greatest width equals half its length. The eye is
rather longer than the snout, subcircular, and its diameter slightly exceeds two-sevenths
of the head's length; its pupil is small, the diameter equaling only a third of that of the
eye. The width of the interocular region rather exceeds two ninths of the head's length.
The snpramaxillary ends behind under the hinder margin of the pupil.

The dorsal fin commences nearly over the middle of the pectoral fin, and with the sec
ond fifth of the length and is moderately high; the anal commences immediately behind the
anus, and is about as high as the dorsal: the caudal rays of the fin are the longest, 'flic
pectoral tin little exceeds half the head's length, and the longest branch of the ventral is
less than a third of the head's length, and three fifths greater than the shorter.

The color is a light rufous; the vertical tins margined with black.

'fhc following notes show the relative proportions:

Extreme length (7 inches), 100; length to end of middle caudal rays.

Body. — Greatesl beight, 1<>: greatest width, 7: heighl at anus, 9; width at anus, 7;
height between anus and caudal. 0.4.

Ilniil. — Greatest length, Hi: distance from snout to nape, 1 1 : greatesl w idth, 8; width
of interocular area, 3J; height of preorhital, 1 .', : length of snont. I: length of supra-
maxillary, 6.

348 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Eye. — Diameter, <U; diameter of pupil, 1&.

Dorsal (.spinous). — Distance from snout, 21 ; height over anus, 4; height near caudal, 5.
Anal. — Distance from snout, 33; height at middle, 4.1 ; height near caudal, 4.
Caudal. — Length of middle rays, r>i.
Pectoral. — Length, SJ.

Ventral. — Length of longer branch, 5; length of inner branch, 3.

A single specimen of this species, 7 inches in length, was obtained by Commodore
Eodgers, at the depth of 30 fathoms, off the coast of Florida.

LEPTOPHIDIUM MARMORATUM, Goodf. and Bean. (Figure 308.)
Leptophidium marmoratum, Goode and Bean, Proc 17. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 188.r>, 423.

Body somewhat elongate, stoutish anteriorly, gradually tapering, its greatest height
(27 millimeters) 7^ in total length.

Head thickish, its length (39 millimeters) 5 in total length. Intcrorbital area broad,
convex, its width nearly equal to length of snout, which is very slightly less than 5 in
head's length. Snout blunt, spineless. Eye circular, the diameter (10 millimeters) 4 in
head's length and somewhat exceeding the. length of the snout. Maxilla extends to the
vertical through the posterior margin of the orbit, the mandible far beyond, its length
equal to that of postorbital portion of head. Teeth on vomer and in the jaws in villiform
bands, the outer series in the latter slightly enlarged. Pseudobranchise present. Gill-
rakers short, 8 below angle of first arch, the longest less than one-half diameter of eye.
Branchiostegals 7. Ventrals with length (22 millimeters) as long as postorbital part of head.

Dorsal origin at distance from snout (44 millimeters) contained 4A in total length, with
28 rays in a space equal to length of head, counting from the origin of the fin.

Anal origin separated from snout by distance (76 millimeters) 2{j in total length.

Length of pectoral (19 millimeters) 2 in head's length, or 10 in total.

Scales closely imbricated, ornamented with delicate concentric, stria'. Lateral line
apparently complete, located about one-fourth distance from dorsal to ventral outline.

Color, yellowish .may, marbled along the entire upper half of head ami body with olive
brown. Dorsal and anal tins with black margins.

The type (Cat. No. 37237, U. S. X. M.), an individual L98 millimeters in length, was taken
by the Albatross from station 2350, in 23 10' 39" N. hit., 82° 20' 21" W. Ion., at a depth of
213 fathoms.

Family ATELEOPODIDvE.

Ateleopodoidei, Bi.eeker. Tentamen, 1859, 139.

Ateleopodidce, G&nther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus..iv, L862, 398.— Giia, Arr. Fam. Fish., 1872, 3 (No. 27) ; Century

Dictionary, 361.

Ophidioids with elongate compressed, tapering tail, vent antemedian, suborbitals
moderate, mouth inferior. One short anterior dorsal and no other; anal tin very long, con
fluent with caudal. Ventrals reduced to simple filaments, each of 2 rays, the inner of
which is rudimentary, inserted behind the symphysis of the clavicle.

ATELEOPUS, Schlegel.
Ateleopus, Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 255. — Gotjther, /<»•. cil. ; Challenger Report, xxn. 159.

Head with the snout much protruding and obtusely rounded, the cleft of the mouth
being at the lower side of the head : maxillaries protractile in a downward direction. Body
and tail compressed, elongate, naked. One short dorsal, the rudimentary second dorsal ot
the Macruridce having entirely disappeared; one long anal, continued on to the. caudal.
Ventral reduced to a filament which is composed internally of two rays, intimately con-
nected by a common membrane; this fin is inserted at the symphysis of the humeri. Teeth
in the jaws villiform, in bands; vomer and palatine bones smooth. (Gunther.\

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTBIBDTION. 349

The typical species, .1 teleopus japonicus, Schlegel, is known from two specimens. < me 9
inches Long, taken at Ooniura, to Japan, and another sent to the British Museum bythe

A IT.I.KolTS ,1 I.P0NICU8.

Tokio Museum. The Japanese call this fish Sjatefuri, and consider it extremely rare
Thej believe ii to be venomous, and to have electric powers. A indieus, Alcock, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, 123, was obtained by the Investigator in the Indian Ocean, in L88 to

220 fathoms.

Family LOPHOTID^.

Lophoteoidei, Bleeker, Syst. Nat. Pise. TentameD, 1859, xxvi.

Lophotidce, Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mils., m, 1861, 312; Challenger Report, xxn, 76.

Body elongate, compressed, blade-like, without scales, and with vent near the tip of
the tail. Bead elevated in a high triangular crest upon which is a very long and strong
spine, followed by a series of flexible rays, supporting the dorsal fin, winch extends the
entire length of the back to the base of the caudal. Anal very short and very far back.
Ventrals thoracic. Caudal minute. Snout short. Feeble teeth, in jaws, on vomer, and pala-
tines. Gill openings wide. Branchiostegals 6. Pseudobranchise present.

Gunther is of the opinion that the "Lophotas" are deep-sea fishes like the Ribbon
fishes, but that they do not descend to the greatest depths, their bony and soft parts being
firm and coherent.

LOPHOTES, Giorna.

Lophotes, ClORNA, Mem. Accad. Torino, ix, 1803. 17. — Cuvtek and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 405. —
GOnthkr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., m, 312.

Lophotids with the head elevated in a high crest, surmounted with a long spine, which

is followed by a very elongate dorsal fin. Vent near the extremity of the tail, with a small
anal fin behind it; pectorals moderate; ventrals thoracic, very small, with 4 or 5 rays;
caudal very small. Mouth not protractile, subvertical; with teeth pointed and feeble in
the jaws, on vomer and palatines. Eye very large. The abdominal cavity extends nearly
the whole length of the body. Air bladder present. Gills 4. PseudobranchlSB present.

LOPHOTES CEPEDIAN1 S, Giorna. (Figure 389.)

Lophotes Cepedianus, Giorna, Mem. Poiss. Esp. Nav., etc. (Bead Sept. 20, 1803). — Mem. Accad. Imp. Sci.
Torino, w i * 1809), 19, pi. n, fig. 1.— Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoisB, \, 405, pi. ccci. —
Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico,716. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., m. 312 : Challenger Report, xxn,
76. — Canestrini, Fauna Italica, Peaci. 193. — Giolioli. Elenco, 32. — Moreao, Hist.. Nat. Poiss., France.
ii,250.

La Lophoti lactpede, Cuvier, Ann. Musee, xx, 1813, 393, pi. xvn: Regne Animal,ed. 1, 1817, n. 2133.

Lophotus Lacipidr, Kisso. Ili^t. Nat. Europe Mfcridionale, 1829, 293.

A Lophotes with the height of the body contained 7 times in its total length; its thick-
ness 21 times. The skin, which is naked, is roughened by very minute furrows. The
vent is very far back, near the extremity of the body. The head is very singular in its form,
being elevated in front in a triangular crest] exceedingly sharp, and surmounted by a lone,
compressed spine, which corresponds to the first ray of the dorsal. Snout short; mouth
small, not protractile, subvertical. Teeth cardiform upon the, jaws, the vomer and pala-
tines being also dentigerous. Eyes very large, their diameter about one third of the length

350 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

of the head. The opercular bones are somewhat striated. The lateral line extends from
the crest to the caudal, describing a downward curve in front of the gill-opening. The
dorsal begins upon the top of the head and in advance of the eyes, and terminates near the
caudal, and contains more than 200 rays; the tins are very short and very far back. The
caudal is very small. The pectorals arc moderate, placed near the lower outline of the
body. Yeutrals minute.

Radial formula: 1). 230; A. 17; C. 17; P. 15; V. I, 5.

Color silvery gray, with rounded spots of silver,which arc brighter than the body itself;
fins a brilliant rose color.

This species was first described by Prof. Giorna, who brought it before the Acad-
emy of Turin in 1803. His description was not complete, but Cuvier in 1813 received one
from the Gulf of Genoa, and published a most exact description of it in the Annals of the
Paris Academy of Sciences, accompanied by a drawing by Laurillard, of which a facsimile
is here presented. The measurements of this specimen were as follows:

Meters.

Total length 1.34

Height of body 18

Length of head 17

Height of hoily at branchial opening 185

Height of body at base of nuchal spine 205

Specimens have since been taken in various parts of the Mediterranean. The Florence
Museum has a beautiful specimen, taken at or near Elba Island in 181S. Prof. Giglioli has
also seen individuals from Xice, Genoa, and Palermo.

LOPHOTES CRISTATUS, Johnson.

Lophotes cristatus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, 38.

A Lophotes with elongate, compressed, blade-like body, its height contained 5} times
in its length, its thickness over 30 times. The line of the unarmed belly is nearly straight.
The back curves upwards slightly for the first third of the Length of the fish and then slopes
gently to the tail. The body clothed with small scales, which arc buried in the skin and
set obliquely so as to give a reticulate appearance. Scales large and very delicate.

Padial formula: 1). ca. 255; A. 19; 1'. 13; C. 15; V. 5.

Color, uniform silvery gray, without spots.

This species was obtained by Mr. J. Y. Johnson in Madeira, and described by him in
1S63. The characters pointed out by him seem to indicate that it is specifically dist in
guished from L. Cepedianus, but the material available for study has been so slight that no
definite conclusion can now be reached. Since no figure of this species has been published,
the complete description is here included:

The head is short and unarmed; it bears a high fleshy crest, the horizontal line of which
is straight with the back. This crest carries the anterior portion of the dorsal fin, and it
projects at an acute angle beyond the vertical of the snout. At the angle rises a single
bony ray, which is equal in length to one-fourth of the total length of the fish. A fringe
of red membrane connects it with the dorsal fin, of which it appears to be the first ray.
The edges of the gill-covers are simple, the bones radiate-striate. The round eye is large,
its diameter being contained '■'< times in the head; the iris is silvery white, the pupil oval.
The space intervening between it and the front of the head above the jaw is much less than
a diameter; but the space between the edge of the capital crest and the superior part of
the head is considerably more than a diameter. The space between the eye and the snout
is reddish and scaleless. The mouth is oblique and rather small; the rictus about two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. and its width almost equal to a diameter. There are about
4 rows of small, conical-pointed teeth, which curve backwards at the front of the premax-
illary; and about 2 rows of similar teeth at the sides of the lower jaw, whilst in front they
are crowded i or 5 deep. Small teeth, very few in number, are planted on the vomer and
on the anterior extremities of the palatine bones ; but there are none on the tongue. Inside
the mouth, above and below, there is stretched a black membrane from side to side. The
maxillary is toothless and is much dilated below. It covers the premaxillary at the sides,
and reaches back to the vertical through the middle of the eye.

DISCUSSION' (>F sl'l'.cilis AM) THKIK I USTKIKL'iTON. 351

Tlic single dorsal I'm extends from die capital crest to the caudal I'm. from which it
is not easily distinguished. Behind the long, bony ray already mentioned it is low, the
middle portion being higher than the rest. The base is sheathed in transparenl membrane,

an extension of the skin. The pectoral tins are of moderate size, placed low down, anil at
a distance from the tip of the lower jaw equal to about an eighth of the total length of the
fish. The firs! raj is bony and very strong, but not longer than the rest, which are
branched. The ventral tins are very short, and are inserted a little behind the pectoral
fins, and only slightly below them. Only five slender, simple rays were counted in the
specimen. The anal tin is low, it is placed far behind, near the caudal I'm, and its first
three or four rays are short. The vent is placed just before the tin. The tail behind I he

anal fin has parallel margins, and is much < ipressed. It is low, and its lower edge is

finless, whilst its upper edge carries the posterior portion of the dorsal tin. The caudal
fin is short, and is not well distinguished from the dorsal fin; but there seem to be fifteen
rays, viz, Id below the lateral line and 5 above. The lower angle only projects. This tin
is not set bliquely, as in some of the genera of the family.

The unarmed lateral line descends at an angle of 15 from the angle of the capital
crest to behind the eye; it is then straight along the body to the base of the caudal fin.

The stomach is csecal, narrow, and tapers downwards. Numerous caeca are attached to
the intestine. The intestinal canal is long and straight; the egg-sac long and forked; the
liver of moderate size.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

I [i. ii. a

Pectorals:

Length :;

Distance from tip of lower jaw 6|

Distance from lower edge of body \\

\Y idth of base ,*„

Ventrals:

Length -i

Distance from root <>l pi-rou-als i7,.

Anal:

Height n,

Distance from caudal H

Tail, height

Caudal, length at lower angle 1 ,'0

Inches

Total length 50

Height (11 inches from snout) !'!

Height of head through the eye 7 :

Thickness for the greater part of body H

Head IU

Eye:

Diameter 2J

I list a nee from front of head D

Distance from edge of crest 3,"

Mouth:

Rictus H

Width 2

Teeth, length A

Maxillary, width below i

Dorsal :

Length of first ray 1-',

Height of middle portion 2

LOPIIOTES CAPELLEI, Temminck and Schlegel. (Figure 390.)

Lophote* Gapellei, Temminck and Sciilegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 132, id. i.xxi. — (GOnther, Oat. Fish.
Brit. Mils., hi, 312.)

A Lophotes having the length of the head equal to the height of the body, and con-
tained about 7 times in total length. The eyes very large, their diameter contained ■>\
times in the length of the head; the eye nearer to the throat than to the back. The angle
of the head in front somewhat less acute than in L. Cepedianus. The length of the snout
slightly less than the diameter of the eye. Mouth moderate, the tip of the maxillary
reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth similar to (hose of
the European species. Edge of preoperculum rounded, with a somewhat acute angle.
The operculum rounded, its upper edge a little emargiiiate. Opercular bones finely striate.
Body absolutely naked. The lateral line is straight, but in front of the eye ascends in a
gentle curve to the tip of the crest and the base of the first dorsal ray. Vent at the be.
ginning of the last eighth of the total length of the body; the anal I'm, placed behind it,
is rounded, and the length of its base twice as great as its height, the height being not
more than half the vertical diameter of the orbit. The caudal is small, its length being
one-third of the height of the body, it being considerably larger in proportion than in L.
Cepedianus. Dorsal confluent with the caudal (not confluent in /,. Cepedianus); its height
in the middle is equal to one-fourth of the height of the body, but it decreases in height
considerably posteriorly and anteriorly, so that over the eye the rays arc scarcely percepti-

352 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ble above the skin. The seven anterior rays are longer, however, forming a sickle-shaped
tin almost separate from the main dorsal fin in advance; the first ray is nearly 4 times as
high as the second, its height nearly equal to that of the body; this ray is spinous, and
thicker than the others, but smaller than in L. Cepedianus, and very sharp. The pectorals
are placed very low down, close to the gill-opening. The veutrals, as in the European
species, are very minute, and placed directly under the posterior edge of the pectoral.

Eadial formula: D. 9, 212; A. 3+18; C. 17; P. 1(5; V. 5.

Color, pale blue, becoming white on the lower parts and blackish blue upon the head;
the fins are pale blood red; the iris of the eye is silvery white, shaded with bluish.

This species seems to be well distinguished from those of the Atlantic and Mediterra-
nean, having a lower frontal crest; the first dorsal fin almost completely differentiated; the
dorsal confluent with the anal; the mouth much less vertical, and with very different
coloration. The species was obtained by Mr. Burger in Japan, and by him a figure and
certain notes appear to have been made. The figure has the appearance of being an exact
one, and it would seem impossible to reconcile it with the Atlantic forms.

The fish must be exceedingly rare in Japanese waters. We have been unable to find
any traces of it in the numerous drawings of Jaiiauese fishes by native artists which we
have examined.

Suborder ANACANTHINI.

Teleostean fishes characterized by spineless vertical and ventral fins, the latter jugular
or thoracic when present, and the air bladder, if developed, with no pneumatic duct.
The hypercoracoid imperforate. A foramen between the hypercoracoid and the hypocora-
coid. (Gill.)

Family GADID^E.

/ Gadini, Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810, 11.

Des Gades, Cuviku, Rogue Animal, ed. I, 1817, II, 211.

Des Gadoidcs, Cuviek, Rogue Animal, cd. II, 1829, n, 330.

Gadidoe, Bonaparte, Saggio, 1832, 37.— Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., etc., ix:>7. n. 183.— Bonaparte, Catologo

Metodlco, 1846, 42. — Owen, Lect. Comp. Anat. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iv. 326. — Cope, lsTO.—

Gill, Arr. Fain. Fish, 1872, 3 (No. 27).
Gadoidei, Muller, Berl. Abhandl. 1870.— Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859, xxvi.

Anacanthine fishes, with elongate, posteriorly concoidal body; isocercal tail; scales
cycloid and small, sometimes wanting. Head large, with terminal mouth. Gill-openings
wide; gill membranes usually free from isthmus. Vertical fins well separated. Dorsal
fin in one, two, or three sections, the latter — as well as the anal, which is also sometimes
divided into two — sometimes united with the caudal. Veutrals subjugular. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. No pseudobranchia;. Pyloric caeca usually numerous, but sometimes
few in number or absent.

There is a general resemblance between this family and the Brotulidce. Indeed Jordan
and Gilbert make the Brotulids a subfamily of Gadida: "We follow Gill for the present.

The Brotulids may be most readily distinguished by the veutrals which are always
narrow and jugular, and usually filamentous fin those Gadoids, which have narrow,
filamentous veutrals, there are always two dorsals] and by the almost universal confluence
of the dorsal and anal with the caudal. [In the Gadoids which have the vertical fins con-
fluent, there is always a separate first division of the dorsal.]

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA GENERA OF GADIDA.

I. Three dorsals and two anal fins.

A. Veutrals normal, with 5-7 rays GadHus

1. Lower jaw shortest.

«. Vomerine teeth present. Barbel well dereloped.

Lateral line pale. Maxillary reaching past front line of eye. Mouth large. Hypocoracoid

normal Gadus

Lateral line black. Maxillary not reaching eye. Mouth .small. Hypocoracoid swollen.

Melanogra»mmus
6. Vomerine teeth absent or exceedingly minute. No barbel Gadicul;u

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 353

I. Three dorsals and two anal tins — Continued.

2. Lower jaw longest. Barbel absent or rudimentary.

((. Vent in vertical from space between first and second dorsal.

Teeth of upper jaw equal POLLAl mis

onicr row of teeth in upper jaw largest Bobkogadus

6. Vent in advance of vertical from origin of first dorsal.

First anal very long. Second dorsal small Ml( R0ME6I8TH S

II. Dorsal tins two. anal one.

A. Neutrals narrow, filamentous, Id- or tri-radiate Vhiji inn

1. First dorsal with 8-10 rays I'iiyc is

L'. First dorsal of 5 rays :. .L.EMoxkma

H. Vontrals broad, with5-8rays.

1. Anal tin entire. Mouth terminal Lotinw

a. Vomer with teeth; palatines toothless. A barbel.

All teeth villiform.

Head not compressed. Ventrals narrow [LOTA.]

Head soinew hat compressed. Ventrals broad [Saulo i \ |

Vomer and mandibles with enlarged teeth M.OLVA

b. Vomer and palatines toothless.

Teeth in jaws villiform, equal. Barbel Phtsii

An outer series of strong curved teeth in each jaw. No barbel Uealeptus

An outer series of strong teeth in lower jaw. Barbel Dot i i i \

2. Anal deeply notched or In two parts. Mouth inferior or subinferior tforina

a. Anal in two parts.

Teeth eardiform, in hand in upper jaw Mora

b. Anal more or less deeply notched.

Teeth on vomer. Barbel.

Snout obtuse. Bones of head firm Lepidion

Snout produced. Bones of head cavernous, with large muciferous cavities.. Ajstimora
No teeth on vomer. No barbel. Anal in two connected divisions.

Snout obtusely conical. Mouth wide, nearly terminal HaLAJBGYREUS

C. Ventral rays 5 or more, elongate, exserted.

1. Ventral rays 5, very elongate, the three median ones with lanceolate tips.

a. A large abdominal cone Eretmophorus

2. Ventral rays 7, some of them slightly prolonged and with rounded heads.

b. No abdominal cone. Hypsirhynchus

III. Second dorsal and anal continuous with caudal. No barbel \felanonina

A. No teeth on vomer and palatines.

1. Jaws with hands of small teeth, with an outer row of larger ones Stuixsia

B. Teeth ou vomer and palatines iu narrow strips.

1. Jaws with teeth in villiform hands.

a. Tail loug and. tapering Melani inus

IV. First dorsal composed of a single ray and a baud of fringes. Second dorsal and anal distinct On inn

A. Barbels three.

1. Snout without cirrus Onus

B. Barbels four.

1. Snout with cirrus Khixcixkmis

V. Dorsal and annal tins single.

A. Ventrals well developed Brosmiina

1. Teeth on vomer and palatines.

a. Teeth in upper jaw in narrow hand. A barbel Brosmii 3

2. NTo teeth on vomer and palatines.

a. Teeth in jaws biserial. Xo barbel BROSMICULUS

GADUS, Abtedi.

Gadus, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 1788, xix. — Lixx.i:rs, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 252. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italics,
fuse. SA, 1838.

Gadoid fishes with 3 dorsal ami two anal fins, the anterior dorsal being but slightly

elevated. Head large, oblong-, runic, and pointed; the snout at least twice as long as the
eye, the maxillary reaching past the front line of the eye. Month large. Barbel well de-
veloped. Ventrals normal. Lateral line pale.
19868— No. 2 23

354 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Gadus morrhua, Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. x, 1758,252; ed. xn, 1766, 430 — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mas. iv, 328.
Gadus callarias, Linn.eus, lor. cit. — Gunther, loe. cit. — Jordan, Bull, xvi, U. S, Nat. JIus., 804.

A Gadus with large head, and maxillary which extends nearly to the middle of the
orbit; with strong teeth in narrow, cardiform bands, the outer row of the upper jaw and
the inner row of the lower jaw slightly enlarged. Snout more than twice as long as the
eye; obtuse. Height of the body less than the length of the head, which is two-sevenths
of the total (without caudal). Vent in vertical from anterior rays of second dorsal. The
two anal fins separated. Barbel as long as, or longer than, the eye, the diameter of which
is contained 7 times in the length of the head and twice or less in the interorbital space.
Color, greenish, brownish, or reddish olive, with numerous spots on the back and sides;
lateral line pale; fins dark.

Radial formula: D. 14-21-19; A. 20-18.

The species is subject to considerable modifications in form and color.

The time-honored name Gadus morrhua is retained. We can not assent to the sub-
stitution of the name G. callarias, which was based upon young specimens, and which,
having been printed upon the same page, is in no real sense a prior name.

The cod occurs in great numbers below the 100-fathom limit on both sides of the North
Atlantic, and has been reported by the New England fishermen on the off-shore banks at
a depth of 250 fathoms. The Albatross obtained it from station 20S2, in 41° 9' 50" N. lat.,
66° 31' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 49 fathoms.

MELANOGRAMMUS, Gill.

Melanogrammus, Hill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila., 1862, 280; 1863, 237.

Gadoid fishes with 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins, the anterior dorsal elevated at an angle.
Head large, oblong, conic, and pointed; the snout at least twice as long as the eye, the
maxillary not reaching the eye. Month small. Barbel well developed. Ventrals normal.
Lateral line black.

MELANOGRAJIMUS ^EGLEFINUS, (Linn.eus), Gill.

Gadus teglefinus, Linn i us, Systema Nature, ed. x, 1758, 251. xn, 1766, 435, 435.— Gunther, Cut. Fish Brit.

Mus., iv, 332.
Morrhua mglefinus, Fleming. British Animals, 191.
Melanogrammus mglefinus, Gill, toe. cit.

A Gadoid with compressed conical head and a long and narrow, somewhat compressed,
snout. Mouth small, maxillary scarcely reaching to the line from the anterior margin of
orbit. Length of head equal to or greater than the height of body, and contained three
and four-fifths times in the total length Teeth large, nearly equal in size, in a cardiform
band in upper jaw, in a single series in lower jaw and on vomer. Eye very large, its di-
ameter one-fourth the length of the head. Vent in vertical form oriein of second dorsal fin.
First dorsal fin triangular, its anterior portion much elevated, its length three-fourths that
of the head. The two anal tins separated by an interspace. Color, gray above, whitish
below, lateral line black; a large dark blotch above the pectorals; vertical tins dark.

A specimen of this species was obtained by the Albatro.ss, from station 2078, in 41° 11'
30" N. lat, 66">12' 20" YV. Ion., at a depth of 499 fathoms— or, at all eveuts, the specimen
examined by us bears that inscription. It is almost incredible however. Another (Cat.
No. 28743, U". S. N. M.) is said to have come from station 918 of the Fish Hawk, in 40° 20'
24" N. lat., 70° 41' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 40 fathoms.

GADICULUS, Guichenot.
Gadiculus, Guichenot, Explor. Alger. Poiss., 101. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 371.

Gadoids with body moderately elongate, covered with moderate scales. Cleft of
the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw rather longer than the upper. Jaws with a narrow
band of small teeth; vomerine teeth abseut or very minute; no palatine teeth. Eye large.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THE1B DISTRIBUTION. 355

Caudal separate: three dorsal and two anal tins; vcntralsol' seven rays. Branchiostegals,
seven. No barbel.

This genus has the general appearance of Gadus, but is distinguished by the absenceof

teeth on the vomer.

GADICULUS ARGENTEUS, Guichbnot.

Gadiculus argenteus, GuiciiEXof, Exploration Scientifique de 1' Algeria, Poissons, 1851, 102, pL vi, fig. 2. — Gcn-

THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 341.
Gadus argenteus, GOnthbb, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xm, 1874, 138; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 83.
Mi rUmgus argi nteua, Vaii.i.ant, Exp. Sci., Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 302, pi. xxv, fig. 7; pi. xxvi, li-. 5
(tail).

A Gadoid, having a body similar in form to that of Gadm; its height one-fourth of its
length, and its thickness one- seventh.

Length of head one-third of total length; snout short, its length less than one-fourth
that of the head. Mouth moderate, oblique; the maxillary extending a little beyond the
vertical from the anterior limb of the eye. The lower jaw is longest. Teeth in jaws in vil
litbrm bands; palatines and tongue without teeth. Vomer unarmed, except occasionally in
individuals which have two or three minute asperities upon its angles. Diameter of the
eye one-third that of the head; width of interorbital space one-seventh.

This species was taken by II. M. S. Porcupine off the west coast of Ireland (hit. 51 in
N"., Ion. 10° 59' TV.), at the depth of 183 fathoms. It had previously been found in the Med-
iterranean, but the Travailleur obtained it again in 1882 in the Gulf of Gascony (station
viii^ at 111 meters in great abundance, 50 specimens being brought in at one haul. The
Talisman got it off Morocco at 510-550 meters (stations vm and xvn) and off Soudan in
410 meters (station lxix). It is yet to be found in the Western Atlantic.

MICROMESISTIUS, Gill.

3Iicrome8istius, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 248.

Gadoid fishes with three dorsal and two anal fins, the dorsal fin separated by consid-
erable interspaces. Second dorsal short, anal long. Head much as in Gadus, but with
lower jaw longest and projecting beyond the upper. Teeth in outer series strongest.
Vomerine teeth. No barbel. Vent in or near the vertical from the anterior margin of
dorsal.

MICROMESISTIUS POUTASSOU, (Eisso), Gill.

Gadus merlangus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 115.

Merlangus poutassou, BlSSO, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., 1826, in, 287. — Collett, Norgea Fiske, 1875, 111. —

( ; I xm ii:. Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 82.
Gadus i)oula880ii, DCBEN and Koren, Vet. Akad. Hand!., 1814, 88.
Gadus melanostomus, NlLSSON, Skand. Fauna, iv, 1855, 556.
Mieromesistius poutassou, Gill, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1863, 248.

A Gadoid with body rather slender. Lower jaw longest and teeth in the outer series
strongest. The vent in vertical from origin of first dorsal. Dorsal tins separated by great
interspaces, the two anterior short. Anal fins very long. No barbel. A black spot in
axil of pectoral.

Radial formula: D. 12-13 +13-11 +24; A. 36-38+24-25.

This codfish occurs on the west coast of Norway up to the Polar Circle and beyond,
and as deep as 100 fathoms. It is numerous in October and November in the Christ iania
Fiord (hit. 60°), according to Collett. It has been found as far north as Bodoe (67°).
Strangely enough, ii has not yet been distinguished on the New England coast. It is more
than probable that it will yet be found among the captures of the cod schooners of the off-
shore banks.

356 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PHYCIS, Schneider.

Phycia, Schneider, Bloch's Systema Ichthyologia>, 1801, 56 (type, Phycis tinea, Schn.).— Cuvier, Rt'gue
Animal, ed. 1, 1817, n, 216— Gcntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 351.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 798.

Gadoids with rather elongate body, and with two dorsal fins, the first sometimes pro-
duced at the tip, and the second long, similar to the single anal. Head somewhat com-
pressed; mouth rather large, the maxillary extending beyond vertical from front of orbit;
lower jaw included; broad bands of Subequal, pointed teeth on jaws and vomer, palatines
toothless. Veutrals narrow, filamentous, each of 3 rays and widely separated. Gill mem-
branes slightly connected, narrowly joined to the isthmus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYCIS.

I. No filamentous ray in first dorsal.

A. First dorsal triangular.

1. Second dorsaltnearly as high as first, 130 scales in lat. line P. mediterraneus

2. Second dorsal much lower than first, 100 scales in lat. line P. blennioides

B. First dorsal falcate.

1. Lateral line gently arched, with white spots. Pectorals passing veutrals. Ahout 90 scales in

lat. line P. REGIUS

2. Lateral line strongly arched, broad over pectoral. Ventrals passing pectorals. About 155 scales

in lat. line [P. Earlii]

C. First dorsal rounded, not higher than second.

1. Lateral line gently arched in front.

a. Vent very far back. Ventrals attenuate, surpassing origin of anal. About 90 scales in lat.
lino P. CIRRATUS

II. A prolonged filamentous ray in first dorsal.

A. Ventrals less than half as loug as body.

1. Lateral lino gently arched. Ventrals surpassing pectorals.

a. Scales modi-rate, about 110 in lat. line P. eiir.ss

6. Scales small, about 138 in lat. line P. tenuis

B. Ventrals more than half as long as body.

1. Lateral line strongly bowed anteriorly. Ventrals very elongate.

a. Scales large, about 90 in lat. lino P. Chesteri

PHYCIS MEDITERRAXKrs, He La Roche.

Blennius phycis, LlNN-EtJS, Systema Natunr, ed. xn, 1766, 142. — Brunnich, Ichthyologia Massiliensis, 28.—

De la Roche, Ann. Mus., xiv, 1809, 280.— Risso, Ichth., Nice, 125.
Phycis mediterraneus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus., xm, 1808, 332; Memoires, 46. — Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,

222. — Guichexot, Explor. Alger., 103. — Costa, Fauna Napol. — LOWE, Fishes of Madeira, 191, pi. xxvu.—

Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 351. — Caxestrini, Arehiv. Zool., n, 364 ; Fauna Italica, 157. — Giglh hi.

Elenco, 336. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 289. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France,
m, 266.
Phycia limbatus, Valenciennes, in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies., Canar., 78, xiv, fig. 2.

A Phycis with its body 4 times the length of the head, which is slightly longer than its
greatest height. Snout obtuse, projecting, longer than the diameter of the eye. Origin of
first dorsal somewhat behind that of pectoral; its rays are not produced and it is scarcely
higher than the second. Ventrals somewhat prolonged, but their tips not passing theorigin
of the anal. Scales small, about 180 in the lateral line, and 11 or 12 series above the lateral
line below the first dorsal.

Eadial formula: D. 9-11 + 57-C3. A. 52-60.

Color brownish; dark upon the back, lighter upon the belly. Vertical fins with a black
margin and a narrow, white edge.

This southern European Hake is known from the Canaries and Madeira; at moderate
depths in the Mediterranean at Nice. Naples, and Sicily, and the coast of Algiers; and also
in the Adriatic at Trieste and Venice; and is rare everywhere. It was taken by the
Travailleur in 18S2 in the Gulf of Gascouy (station i) at a depth of 014 meters.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 357

PHYCIS BLENNIOIDES, l BrOnnk h i, S( hm im r.

Gadas blennioides, BrOnnich, [chthyologia Massiliensis, L768, 24.

Phycis blennioides, Schneider, Bloch's Systema Ichthyologia, 1801,56, pi. xi. — Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,

222. — Goicbtenot, Explor. Alger., 103. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i\, L862, 352 (description);

Challenger Report, \\n, L887, '89. — Canestrini, Fauna Halica, 156; Gadidi, pls.xiu xiv, figl. Giglioli,

Elenco, 36.— MoreaC, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, in, 264. — Strom, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift, 1881, 76;

1887, 35.— Collett, \yl. Mag. I'. Naturvid., 1887.
Gadus albidus, Omei.in. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1788, i. 1171.

Phycia albidus, Vaili \\i. Exp. Sci. Travailleur ei Talisman, 1888,288, pi. xxvi, Sgs. 1 and I \ 83.
Phi/vis tinea, Schneider, lor. ril.

Blennius gadoides, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vn, 334. — Risso, Ichth. Nice, 136
Batraohoides Gmelini, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 143, pi. vi, 6g. 6.
Phycis i: in' lini. Risso, op. cit., 223.
Phycis furcatus, Fleming, British Animals, 193, et ul.

APIii/ris with its body 4 times as long as its head, which is slightly longer than the
greatest heightof the body. Snout obtuse, slightly projecting, Dearly as long as the diame
tor of the eye Teeth in villiform bauds on jaws ami vomer. Origin of lirst dorsal directly
above that of pectoral, its second and third rays prolonged in a filament shorter than the
head. Ventrals filamentous, their tips passing the origin of the anal. Scales in lateral
line about 101), ami in ~> to 6 rows above lateral line under the first dorsal.

Eadial formula: 1). 9-11 + :>l-iY2. A. 52-55.

Color, silvery-gray, the pectorals ami centrals with brown dots; the second dorsal, the
anal, aud the caudal edged witli black; the first dorsal black in its anterior portion.

This, the "greater fork beard" of the English books, closely related to the hakes of
New England, is identified by Vaillant with various fishes found off Portugal at depths of
from 370 to 400 meters (stations XXV, xxvr, xxvit, lviii), and at Peuon de Velez (station
xxviii) at 370 meters. It has been recorded also from Nice, Naples, Corsica, and Sicily,
but never from deep water in the Mediterranean. Giinther admits it to the deep-sea fauna
on the testimony of Strom and Collett, who report it from 70 to 200 fathoms off the west
coast of Scandinavia.

PHYCIS REGIUS, (Walbaum), Jordan and Gilbert. (Figure 309.)

Blennius regius, Walbaum, Artedi, 179-'. 186.

Urophycis regius, Gill., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila , 1863, 240.

I'ligris regius, Jordan ami Gilbert, Proc. I*. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,371. — GooDEand Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
m,1880, pp. 70,476; Hull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xi, 1883, 204; Cat. Fish. Essex Co. ami Mass. Bay, 1879,
8.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, 70. — Jordan ami GILBERT, Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 79s.

Enchelyopusregalis, Schneider, Bloch. Syst. Ichth., i (cloth), 1801,33.

Phycis regalis, Kaup, Archiv. fur Naturg. 1858, 89.— Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast, N. A., 1861, 49. — Gcnthee, ('at .
Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 1862, 334; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 89.

" Gadus blennioides, Mitchill, Medical Register, 1814."

Gadus punctatus, Mnciin.i., ibid.

Phycis punctatus, DeKav, Zool.N.Y., Fish., 1842, p. 292, PI. xlvi, fig. 149.

A Plu/ris with its body 4£ times as long as the head, which is but very slightly shorter
than the greatest height of the body. Snout obtuse and but slightly projecting, much
longer than the diameter of the rather small, low set eye. Origin of the first dorsal above
or even slightly in advance of the vertical from that of pectoral; its rays are not prolonged
and it is no higher than the second dorsal. Ventrals prolonged, their tip reaching to the
vent, but not to the origin of the anal. Scales rather large, about 00 in the lateral line aud
about 5 above it under the first dorsal.

Eadial formula: I>. s + 43; A. 44-47.

Color, pale-brownish, tinged with yellowish, the lateral line dark brown, interrupted
by white spots; inside of mouth white; first dorsal largely black, this color surrounded bj
white; second dorsal olivaceous, with irregular round dark spots; caudal, anal and pecto-
rals dusky; ventrals and lower edge of pectorals white; two vertical scries of round dark
spots on the sides of the head.

358 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The distribution of this species is very puzzling. It has been found at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, and south as far the Cape Fear Eiver, where specimens were taken in shallow water
in March, 1880, by Col. Marshall McDonald. It has been found also in the York Eiver,
Virginia, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, but is nowhere abundant except about Long Isl-
and. It has also been found at considerable depths, as is shown in the following list: By
the Blake at station cccxxxm, in 35° -15' 25" N. lat., 74° 50' 30" YV. Ion., at depth of 65
fathoms; at station cccxiv, in 32° 24' N. lat., 78° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms;
and at station cccxxi, in 32° 4.3' 25" N. lat., 77° 20' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 233 fathoms;
by the Albatross at station 2418, in 33° 20' N. lat,, 77" 5' W.lon., at a depth of 90 fathoms;
at station 2417, in 33° 18' 30" N. lat., 77° 7' W. Ion., at a depth of 95 fathoms; at station
2309, in 35° 43' 30" X. lat., 71 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 56 fathoms; at station 2312, in
32° 54' N. lat., 77° 53' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms; at station 22G4, in 37° 7' 50"
N. lat., 74° 34' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 167 fathoms; at station 2421, in 37° 7' N. lat.,
74° 34' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 64 fathoms; at station 2205, in 37° 7' 40" N. lat., 71
35' 40" W.lon., at a depth of 70 fathoms; at station 2311, in 32° 55' N. lat., 77° 54' W.
Ion., at a depth of 79 fathoms; and at station 2307, in 35° 42' N. lat., 74° 34' 30" W. Ion., at
a depth of 43 fathoms.

Mr. A. Agassiz and the officers of the Blake had their attention forcibly attracted to a
singular power possessed by this fish of emitting electric shocks. This peculiarity has
never been noticed in this species save in deep water. The attention of observers is called
to this interesting point.

PHYCIS CIRRATUS, Goode and Bean, n. 8. (Figure 310. 1

The body is moderately stout ; its greatest height equals the length of the head without
the snout and is contained 5 times in the length to base of caudal. The length of the head
is one-fourth of the standard length. The eye is large, its length in the largest specimen
examined slightly more, and in the smallest individual slightly less, than one-fourth that of
the head. The width of the interorbital space is about one-half the length of the eye in large
examples. The maxilla does not reach to the posterior margin of the orbit in large speci-
mens, but in the smallest one it extends fully to that vertical. The mandible extends far
beyond the posterior margin of the eye, and its length is about equal to the postorbital part
of the head. The barbel is minute in all the examples examined; its length usually about
one-fifth that of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands in both jaws, the intermaxillary bauds
being wider than those on the mandible. Vomerines in a narrow, villiform band. Gill-
rakers 2+12. The largest ones club-shaped at the end: the longest one-fourth as long as
the eye. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus, but with a narrow, free posterior border.

The length of the pectoral equals about one half the distance from the ventral to the
anal origin. It reaches to about the twenty-sixth row of scales. The ventral reaches in
some specimens slightly beyond the origin of the anal. In one individual it reaches almost
to the middle of the anal fin. None of the dorsal rays are filamentous, the longest rays being
contained from 2i to 3 times in the length of the head. The length of the base of the first
dorsal is about equal to the length of the eye in most specimens; in smaller examples it is
somewhat greater, about one-third the length of the head. The vent is under the sixteenth
ray of the second dorsal.

Radial formula! D. 10+60; A. 57; Scales 6-93-20.

Color light brown; lower parts minutely dotted. Dorsals with narrow dark margins;
caudal with a broad dark margin; anal with a narrow dark margin in its posterior third.
Roof of mouth and interior of gill-cavity dark-brown.

Thetypeof thepresentdescriptiouisCat. No. 39059oftheU. S. National Museum. It was
taken bythe steamer Albatross from station 2370, in 29° 03' 15" N. lat,, 88° 16' W. Ion., at a
depth of 324 fathoms. The additional specimens employed in the description are Cat, No.
39294, U. S. N. M., from station 2377, in 29° 7' 30" N. lat., 88° 8' W. Ion., at a depth of 210
fathoms ; and Cat. No. 39295, IT. S. N. M., from station 2397, in 28° 42' N. lat., 80 - 30' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 280 fathoms. All the known examples are from the Gulf of Mexico.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TIIEIK DISTRIBUTION.

PHYCIS CHUSS, i VValbai m), Gn i . i Figure 311.)

359

Blennius chuss, \V\ir.\r\i. Artedi, L792, 186.

Phyeischuss, Gill, Proc. i.cad. N;ii . Sci. Phila., 1863, 237. -G K and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \

l'< i:;. — .!< m;i > \ n and Gilbert, Bull, w i. U. S. Nat. Mas., T'.i1-
J'hi/ris americunus, Storer, Hist. Pish. Mass., 38. -GOnthi r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., w , 353; Challenger Report

xxii. 1887,89.

EnchetyoptlS aiiiirictniHs. SCHNEIDER, Bloch's, Sy8t. Iclilli.. 1801,53.

A Phycis with the length of its body I feimes the length of its head, and 5 times its own
height. Snout obtuse, slightly projecting. Origin of lirst dorsal in vertical above the root
of pectoral, its first ray prolonged, its length about two sevenths thai of body. Ventrals
filamentous, their tips quite beyond the origin of tin- anal. Scales in lateral line about 110,
and with about 9 lows above the lateral line under the first dorsal.

Radial formula: D. 11 + 57; A. of).

Many specimens apparently of this species were obtained outside of the hundred-
fathom curve. The Blake secured examples from station cccxi, in 39° 59' 30" X. hit.. To
12' W. Ion., at a depth of 143 fathoms, and from station CCCXLVI, in 40 > 25' 35" X. hit.. 71
10' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 44 fathoms. The A Ibatross obtained specimens from station
2420, in 37° 3' 20" K lat., 74° 31' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; from station
2539, in 39° 59' 45" N. lat., 70° 53' \V. Ion., at a depth of 133 fathoms: from station 2537, in
39° 56' 45" 2*. lat., 70° 50' 30" W. Ion., a1 a depth of 134 fathoms: and from station 2540,
in 39° 58' 20" X. lat., 70° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 1 1 1 fath s.

This is a common species along the coast of the New England States from the shoals
south of Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It appears to bea bottom-living fish,rarely
changing locality. It is believed that they spawn throughout the summer, for the young
fish are found through all the summer months. Specimens taken at a depth of 37 fathoms
in a temperature of 41°F. contained well-developed ova and were apparently ready to spa \\ n.
The young are frequently taken swimming on the surface on the southern coast of New
England in the summer, and numerous individuals have been found off Block Island and
Watch ITill, seeking shelter between the valves of a large species of scallop (Pecten tenui-
costatus) at a depth of 20 to 40 fathoms. An extensive fishery is carried on in winter from
Cape Ann, in which sometimes as many as fifty vessels are engaged. In 1878, at Glou-
cester alone 5,000,000 pounds at least of this and the related species, P. tenuis, were
landed. Fishing is carried on at night with trawls in 10 to 50 fathoms. The species has
been found oft' the coast of Virginia at a depth of 300 fathoms.

PHYCIS TENUIS, i Mncim.i.i. De Kay. (Figure312.)

Gadus tenuis, Mitciiii.i., Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. \. V., 1814, 372.

Phycis tenuis, De Kay, Zo51. New York, Fishes, 1842, 293.— Giix, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 232.—

Goode and Beast, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo]., x. is*:;, 2u:i.— (Ji'siiiia:. (.'halli-n^er Report, XXII, 1887, 89.
Phycis De Kayi, Kacp, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, i. 1858,89.
Phycis furcatus, Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., i, lis.

A Phycis with its body about 5J times as long as its own height, and 4 [ times as long
as the head. Snout obtuse, slightly projecting, considerably longer than the diameter of
the eye. Origin of first dorsal somewhat further behind that of pectoral than in /'. chuss;
its second ray somewhat prolonged, about two-thirds as long as the head. Ventrals some
what prolonged, their tips not passing, and sometimes not leaching, the origin of the anal.
Pectorals more slender than in /'. tenuis, and scales smaller, there being about 140 in the
lateral line, and about 12 rows between the origin of the tirst dorsal and the lateral line.

Specimens of this species were obtained by the Blake at station CCCIX, in 40 11 in
X. hit., 68° 22' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 304 fathoms; by the Albatross, from station 2513, in
43 31' N. lat., 113 50' 30" W. Ion., al a depth of 1.11 fathoms; ami from station 2540, in
39° 58' 20" N. lat., 70° 52' YV. Ion., at a depth of 144 fathoms: and a single specimen
(Gloucester Donation, No. 422) by the Gloucester fishermen off the fishing banks

360

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PHYCIS CHESTERI, Goor.i: and Bean. (Figure 313.)

Phycia Chesteri, Goode and Bean, Prof. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 256; Cat. Fish. Esses Co. and Mass. Bay
187!t, 8; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xvn; Jan., 1879, 40. — Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., m, 337, 476. —
Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 799.

Head contained in body (without caudal) J^ times, height of body 5 times. Diameter
of orbit in length of head 3.1- times, maxillary twice. Barbel about one-third of diameter of
orbit. Vent situated under 12th ray of second dorsal, and equidistant from tip of snout
and end of second dorsal. Distance of dorsal flu from snout equal to twice the length of
the mandible; the third ray of the first dorsal is extremely elongate, extending to a point
(33d ray of second dorsal) two thirds of the distance from snout to tip of caudal, its length
more than twice that of the head, and more than four times as long as the rays imme-
diately preceding and following it. Anal fin inserted immediately behind the vent, its dis-
tance from the root of the ventrals equal to that of the dorsal from the snout. As in the
other species of the genus,' the ventral is composed of 3 rays, the first two much pro-
longed. The first is contained three times in the length of the body, the second is almost
three times as long as the head, reaching to the 40th anal ray or f of the' distance from
snout to tip of caudal; the third is shorter than the diameter of the orbit.

The pectoral is four times as long as the operculum. Scales large and thin, easily
wrinkling with the folding of the thick, loose skin, particularly in the median line of the
sides of the body. Lateral line much broken on the posterior half of the body.

Scales 7, 90-91, 28.

■Radial formula: D. 9 or 10, 55 to 57; A. 56; C. 5, is to 21, 5; P. 17-18; V. 3.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Current numbi r of specimen .

Locality .

'.'1,840.

Trawl 174.

42 miles E. j S.,
Cape Aim. 140

Jul hums. A u g -
27, 1878.

Milli-
meters.

lOOthsof
lengl a.

21,841.
Trawl 194

21. 842.
Trawl 194.

33 miles E. by S., Cape Ann, E. Pt.,
110 fathoms, Au». 31, 1878.

Milli-
meters.

lOOthsof Milli-
length. meters.

looths of
length.

Extreme length (exclnsive ••!' caudal)

Leiiurili t" end of middle caudal rays

Body:

i lieu test height. -

Greatest wi.lt li

Height at ventrals

Least height of tail

Head:

Greatest length

Length of barbel

Greatest width

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Length of operculum

Length of maxillary .

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to center of orbit.

Diameter of orbit

Dorsal (tirst):

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of tirst ray

Length of second ray

Length of third ray

Length of fourth ray

Length of last ray

Dorsal (second) :

Length of base

Length of first ray

Length of longest ray (40th)

Length of last ray

■J 12
280

49
28

39

143

KM

128

lis

20
114
16
4

50

23

0

2J

29

11}

10

•li

lo

6i

13

5*

28

UJ

32

13

24

HI

17

7

07

27J

17

7

15

6J

28

Hi

117

48

20

10J

3

H

142

58

11

6i
115

29

b

2A

30

1 A critical study of the ventral fins of Phycis compels us to believe that the ventral fin is composed of
3 rays covered at the base with a thick skin in such manner as to obscure the third, short one, and to join
the other two so that they appear like a single bifid ray. In young individuals of Phycis ohuss, the third
ray has its extremity protruding from the sheath, though in adults it becomes entirely enveloped, thus giv-
ing rise to the false definitions which have been given for this genus. An adult specimen of Phycis furcutits
Flem. (No. 17371 of the National Museum collection), has the third ventral ray protruding.

DISCTSSIOX OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION.
table of measurements — continued,

361

( in r. n! number <•! spec

I,... nlity

A Hill:

Distance from sum it

Length of I <.!"*<■

Lengt) Iral ray

Length of longest ray (37tU)

i engtli of laai ray

Caudal:

Lengtb of middle rays

Length of external raya

Pectoral:

Distance from snonl

Length

Ventral:

Distance from snout

Length of Hrsi ray

Length of filaments

Lengtb of second ray

BrancMostegala .*

Dorsal

Anal

Caudal

Pectoral

Ventral

Number "t* stales in lateral line

Number of transverse rows above lateral line
Number of transverse rows below lateral line

•J 1,840.

Trawl 171.

42 miles E. J s..
Cape Ann, ltu
fathoms, A u ^ .
27. 1878,

Milli-
meters,

i -i

length.

121
108

38

1(1

54

illi

165

15

VI 1

'.i V,

47

1-18-5

17

::

!!H

7

28

i
44

I
-

l.'J

1C

12j

1

:;;i
08

H

21 EMI.

Trawl 194.

21,842.

'Irani I'll.

33 miles I'., by s., Capo Ann. E. Pt.,
11" fathoms, Aug. 31, 1878.

Milli- ' 1 lis of Milli- lootlis of

li ngth. meters, length.

12

■J :
Jo

34

!

30

47

.-.1
HI
7
'.i- :,7
47

5-21-5

17

:•■

ca. 91

7

28

64

■JO
17

:;n
20

28

4'.'

70

8

7

In 56

47

'I ,
1-

3

ea. 90

7

ra. 28

Numerous specimens of this lish were taken at various depths. These collections con-
firm the view expressed after a study of the collections made by the Fish Commission in
tlic same year; namely, that Phycis Ghesteri and Macrurus Bairdii appear to be the must
abundant fishes on the continental slope from 140 to 500 fathoms, occurring in immense
numbers and breeding- copiously.

The Blal-e obtained examples from station cccxxxvi, in 3S° 21' 50" N. lat., 73° 32' W.
Ion., at a depth of 197 fathoms, and from station CCCIII, in 11° 34' 30" N. lat., 65° 54' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 30(5 fathoms. The Albatross from station 2500, in 44° 20' X. lat,,
62° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 127 fathoms; Gat. No. 33400, U. S. N. M., from station 205.'., in
42o 2' N. lat. 68° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 105 fathoms; Cat. No. 35655, from station 2232,
in 3S° 37' 30" N. lat., 73° 11' W. Ion., at a depth of 243 fathoms ; Cat. No. 35424, IT. S. N. M ..
from station 2175, in 39° 33' N. lat., 72° IS' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 452 fathoms; Cat. No.
35150, U. S. N. M., from station 2183, in 39° 57' 45" N. lat., 70° 50' 30" W. Ion., at.a depth
of 195 fathoms; Cat. No. 33388, IT. S. N. M., from station 2001, in 42° 10' N. lat., 00° 47' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 115 fathoms; Cat. No. 33576, U. S. N. M., from station 2091, in 40° 01'
50" N. lat., 70° 59' W. Ion., at a depth of 117 fathoms; from station 2109, in 35° 14' 20" N.
lat,, 74° 59' 10" W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2420, in 30° V 30" N. lat.,
74° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 93 fathoms; from station 2469, in 44° 58' 37" N. lat., 56°
20* 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 201 fathoms; from station 2479, in 44° 47' N. lat., 50° 33' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 224 fathoms; from station 2005, in 34° 35' 30" N. lat., 75° 15' 30" W.
lou., at a, depth of 32 fathoms; from station 2540, in 39° 53' 3(1" N. lat,, 70° 17' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2078, in 41° 11' 30" N. lat., 66° 12' 20" W. Ion., at a
depth of 199 fathoms; from station 2548, in 39° 50' X. lat., 70° U' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
200 fathoms; from station 2547, in 39° 54' 30" N. lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 390 fath-
oms; from station 2253, in 40° 34' 30" X. lat,, 69° 50' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 32 fathoms;
and from station 2027, in 39° :>*' 25" X. lat., 70° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of L98 fathoms. The
Fish Hawk also secured specimens as follows.- Cat. Nb.31870, U. S. N. M., from station 1152,
in 39° 5S'X.lat„ 70° 35' W.lon.,at a depth of 1 15 fathoms: Cat. No. -.'5902, 17. S. X. M., from
station 869, in 40° 2' 18" X. lat., 70° 23' 6" W. Ion., at a depth or 192 fathoms; Cat. X...
26204, U. S. N. M., from station 895, in 39 56 30" X. lat,, 70 59' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of
238 fathoms; Cat. No. 2S721, U. S.N. M., from station 925, in 39 '55' X. lat.. 7(1 4 7' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 229 fathoms.

362 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

L/EMONEMA, Gunther
Lcemonema, Guntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 356.

Body of moderate length, covered with small scales. Fins naked. A separate caudal :
2 dorsal fins and 1 anal, the anterior dorsal composed of 5 rays; ventrals reduced to a
single long ray, bifid at its end. Bands of villifbrm teeth in the jaws; a small gronp of
vomerine teeth; none on the palatine bones. Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals 7.
{0 'Anther. )

L^MONEMA YAERELLII, (Lowe), Gunther.

Phycis Yarrellii, Lowe, Syn. Fish. Mad. (Trans. Zool. Soe., n, 100); Fishes of Madeira, 43, pi. vn.
Lcemonema Yarrellii, GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. lirit. Mils., iv, 350 (with a full description).

A Lcemonema with slender body, and with the anterior rays of the first dorsal pro-
longed as long as the head. Ventrals prolonged, bat not reaching to origin of anal. Anal
emarginate, angular behind. Scales small, about 110 in the lateral line and 8 series above it.

Radial formula, D. 5, 59-60; A. 50-60.

Color, reddish-gray. Vertical fins black with white blotches.

This form is known only from Madeira, where it lives at great depf lis far from the shore,
and is exceedingly rare.

LiEMONEMA ROBTJSTFM. Guntiier.

Lfrmonema robustum, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1802, p. 357. — Vaili.ant, Exp. Sci. Truvailleur if
Talisman, 1888, 286.

A Lcemonema having the anterior rays of the first dorsal prolonged; ventral extending
to the eleventh anal ray. About 130 scales in the lateral line, and 13 series between the
anterior dorsal and the lateral line.

Radial formula, D. 5,53; A. 47.

This form, first obtained at Madeira, and described by Guntiier in 1862, was found by
the French Expedition at considerable depths off Morocco and the Cape Verde by the Tra-
vailleur, Station xxxvni, 1882 in 636 meters and the Talisman, Station ex, CXI, cxiii, in 460
to 760 meters.

L/EMONEMA BARBATULA, Goode and Bean. (Figures 315-315, A. Young.)

Lamonema barbntida, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 204.

A Lcemonema having head contained in body (without caudal) 4~ times; height of body
4i times. Diameter of orbit in length of head 3 times, upper jaw a little more than twice.
Barbel half as long as the diameter of the eye. Vent situated under the sixth or seventh
ray of second dorsal. Distance of first dorsal from snout equal to one-fourth st andard length
of body. The base of the first dorsal is half as long as the middle caudal rays; that of the
second, slightly more than 3 times the length of the head. The first dorsal is composd of 5
rays, the first of which is elongate, 3 times as long as the middle caudal rays; it extends to
the base of the twenty-fourth ray of the second dorsal. Anal fin inserted at a distance from
the tip of the snout equal to twice the length of the head, its distance from the insertion of
the ventrals being equal to the length of the head. The length of the ventrals is equal to
that of the pectorals, their tips not extending to the vent.

Scales small, very thin, deciduous, crowded anteriorly. Lateral line not well defined
on the posterior part of the body.

Radial formula: B. vii; D. 5-63; A. 59; P. 19; V. 2. Scales 13-140-31.

Color .similar to that of the various species of Phycis; the dorsal and anal fins have nar-
row black margins.

The length of the first dorsal ray is very variable in individuals, being slu irter in younger
specimens.

This species differs from L. Yarrellii by its much smaller scales, and from L. robustum
by the greater number of rays in the dorsal and anal fins and its much shorter ventrals.

discussion oi' srr.ru> and their i>isti;hh"tion.

MEASUREMl \ F8.

Extreme length

Length to base of middle caudal rays .
Bodj :

Greatest height

Greatest « i'lth

Ihi^lit :it ventrals

Least height of tail

lira,!:

Greatesl length

Greatest width ..

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Length of upper jaw

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to orbit

I liameter of orbit

Dorsal I first :

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of longest ray

Dorsal (see I):

Length of base

Length of first ray

Length of longest ray

Millni.

17-

1(50

36
18
32

I

33
20

7
7

15

17

9

11

40
!)

r,l

105
11
17

Anal :

I listance from snout

Length of base

Length of first ray

Length of longest ray

I length Of last ray

Caudal : Length of middli
Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Length

\ i nt rals:

Distance from snout

Length

Branchiostegals

I tarsal

Millii"

Anal

Caudal

Pectoral

Ventral - -

Number of scales in lati ral line ca.

Number of transverse rows above lateral line..
Number of transverse rows below lateral line..

G5
86

7
16

::

is

36
25

30

25

VII

5-63

59

19

2
140
13

:n

The Blake obtained examples of this species from station cccxxi, in 32c 43' 25" N. Lit.,

77 20' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 233 fathoms; from station CCCXV, in 32 L8' 20" N. [at.,
78° 43 W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms; and from station CCCXVI, in 32° 7' K hit., 78
37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1-'l".i fathoms. A single specimen was also obtained by the
Fish HawTc on October 10, 1881 (Cat. No. 12904G, TJ. S. H". M.), at station 1045, in 38° 35' N.
hit.. 73° 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 312 fathoms.

L^MONEMA MKLAXl'Rl'M, Goode and Bean, u. s. (Figure 316.)

The specimen described, catalogue number 38270, is 330 millimeters in length; it was
obtained by the steamer Albatross in X. hit. 30° 44'. W. Ion., 79° 20'. station 2415, in lid
fathoms.

The greatest depth of the body (1G5 millimeters) is contained 45} times in the length
without caudal. The length of the head (68 millimeters) is slightly more than the greatest
height of the body. The eye is very large, its length (25 millimeters) about one-third the
length of the head and equal to twice the width of the interorbital space. The length of
the snout (18 millimeters) is about one-fourth the length of the head. The maxilla ex-
tends to below the middle of the eye. The length of the intermaxilla (36 millimeters) is
nearly one-half the length of the head. The length of the mandible (38 millimeters) is slightly
more than twice the length of the snout. Teeth in the intermaxilla and mandible in villi-
form bands. Vomerine teeth in a small circular patch on the middle of the head of the
bone. The barbel (17 millimeters) is about as long as the snout. The distance of the first
dorsal from the tip of the snout is about 4 times the length of the snout. The length of
the first ray of the dorsal (54 millimeters) equals that of the head without the snout: the
last ray is scarcely more than one-fourth as long as the first.

The ventral consists of a single bifid ray; its distance from the tip of the snout is
equal to the length of the head; its length (52 millimeters) is nearly equal to that of the
dorsal and the pectoral when extended. It does not reach the vent by a distance equal to
the length of the snout. The length of the pectoral (54 millimeters) equals that of the
longest dorsal ray. and also equals the head without the snout. The seconddorsal is higher
anteriorly, anil posteriorly much higher, than it is in the middle; the longest anterior ray
(26 millimeters) is one half the length of the ventral, the longest posterior ray 16
millimeters) being one-half the length of the head. The vent is under the eighth my of
the second dorsal. Gill-rakers 5+15; the longest (4 millimeters) one-fourth as long as the
snout.

Radial formula: D.6,57; A. 55: P. 25; V.2; Mr. 7: Sc. L6-160-38.

3G4 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Color, very light brown, the dorsals and anal with a narrow dark margin. A conspicu-
ous large, triangular, dark blotch on the last rays of the dorsal and anal, and a dark blotch
occupying almost the whole of the caudal, leaving a margin of whitish around it.

In addition to the type, specimens of this species were obtained by the Albatross as
follows: Cat. No. 39269, IT. S. X. M., from station 2416, in 31° 20' N. lat, 79° 7' W. Ion., at
a depth of 270 fathoms; from station 2.370, in 29° 3' 15" N. lat., 88° 10' W. Ion., at a depth
of 324 fathoms; from station 2379, in 28° 15" N. lat., 87° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,407
fathoms; from station 2396, in 28° 34' N. lat., 80° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms;
from station 2397, in 28° 42' N. lat., 80° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 280 fathoms; from station
2125, in 11° 43' N. lat., 69° 9' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms, and from station
2219, in 39o 40' 22" N. lat., 09° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 94S fathoms.

MOLVA, Nilsson.

Molva, Nilsson, Skandinav. Fauna. 1832, iv. 573 (type, Gadus molva L.). — GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.
iv, 361. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 801. — Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland,
305.

Gadoids having the body elongate, nearly cylindrical. Bands of cardiform teeth in jaws
and on vomer, the lower jaw having some large ones, as also has the vomer; the palatine
and tongue toothless. Two dorsal fins, both well developed, the first with 10 to 1G rays;
and one anal. Ventrals narrow, composed of 0 rays. A barbel present. Scales very small.
Branchiostegals seven. Pseudobranchiai absent.

MOLVA VULGARIS, FLEMING. (Figure 317.)

Gadus molva, Linnaeus, SyBt. Nat., ed. x, 175s, 2.". I ; ed. xn, 17GG, 439.

Enchelyopus molva, Schneider, Bloeh, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 51.

I.uiu molva, Bonaparte, Catalogue, No. 367. — Moreau, Hist. Nat Poiss. France, in, 258.

Molva vulgaris, Fleming, British Animals, 192. — Guntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. .Mus., iv, 361. — Collett, Nyt

Mag. f. Naturvid., 1884, 84.— Lilljebokg, Sverig. och Norg. Fisk., 131.— Day, op. cit., 305.
Gadus raptor, Nilsson, Prodromus, 46.

A Molva having a body 7 or 8 times as long as its own greatest height, and 5 times as
long as the head. Upper jaw the longer, the maxillary reaching to below the middle of the
orbit. Teeth cardiform in the jaws, with an inner row of rather widely separated and larger
ones in the mandible; in a semicircular band on the vomer, among which a few larger ones
are interspersed. The first dorsal inserted over the latter half of the pectoral, its greatest
height two-fifths of that of the body below it. Pectoral about half as long as the head.
Anal insertion in vertical over seventh or eighth ray of second dorsal. Barbel longer
than eye, the diameter of the eye being about equal to the width of the iuterorbital space.
Scales small, covering the head, body, and fins.

Eadial formula: D. 13-10+03-70. A. 57-06.

Color, back gray, lighter on the sides and beneath; vertical tins edged with white.
A dark blotch at the posterior end of the first dorsal, and a more distinct one on the end
of the second dorsal.

This fish, the "Ling" of Europe, is found from Spitzbergen to the Gulf of Gascony,
where specimens have been taken very exceptionally at Arcachon and San Juan de Luz.
It is very rare, however, south of the British Channel, and most abundant along the coast
of Northern Europe and about Iceland, especially in the German Ocean and off Norway.
It is rare about Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, and has never been found in the
Baltic. It is said to have been found in the deep water oft' Newfoundland, but we have
been unable to find the specific record. Collett states that on the Norwegian coast young-
examples rarely occur at less depth than 100 fathoms, and according to Lilljeborg the
largest are caught in from 80 to 150 fathoms.

DISCISSION OP SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION 36.r)

MOLVA BYRKELANGE, Walbaum,

Volra byrlcelange, Walbatoi Artedi's Genera Pisciuw, 1792, m. 135. — StrGm. Norsk. Vid. Sclsk. Skr., isM.

35.- t "i ii ii Norges Fiske, Is7.">. lliii Nyl Mag. I. Naturvid., 1884, 84. — I.11.1..11 borg, Sverig. <»li Noil;.

FisU.. 139.
Molva abysBorum, Nil-son, Prodromus, 16; Skand. faun., iv, 577.— GCntiier, l nt. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv, 362.

A Molva which differs from .1/. vulgaris in having the lower jaw the longer, as well as in
longer second dorsal and anal fins. Strong raandibulary and vomerine teeth. Ventral tip
not extending beyond that of pectoral. The anal and dorsal terminate in the same \ ertical.

Radial formula: D. 14+76-78; A. 74-T5.

"This species," says Gunther, "descends to a si ill greater depth than the common 'ling,'
and is abundant between 100 and ."><n> fathoms on the coast of Scandinavia."

MOLVA ELONGATA, (Otto) Gunther.

Gadus elongatus, Otto, "Conspectus."

Lota elongata, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., 217, fig. xi.vii. — Bonaparte, Catalogue, No. 366.— Canes

trini, Archive Zoologique, ii, 367. — Moreau, Hist. Niit. Poiss., Prance, in, 260, fig. 17H.
Molva elongata, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 362. — Canestrini, Faun, [talica, 157.— Gigliou,

Elenco, 37.

A Molva characterized by the length of the pectoral fin, which extends further back-
ward than the ventral, while the anal extends further backward than the dorsal; also by
the comparative shortness of the first dorsal fin. The lower jaw is longer than the upper
one. The length of the barbel is not quite half the width of the interorbital space. The
anal is inserted behind the vertical from the origin of the second dorsal. The first three
rays of the ventral are elongated.

Radial formula: D. 10-11+77-81: A. 73-78.

Color above, ashy; below, silvery white. The dorsal and caudal are margined with
black; white at the edge. The second dorsal has on its posterior rays a very black spot.
The caudal is black at its lower posterior angle.

This form is found only in the Mediterranean, and is very common at Nice. It occurs
off the west coast of Italy, though it is not abundant. Giglioli also records it from Mes-
sina, where it is rare.

PHYSICULUS, Kaup.

Physiculm, Kaup, Wiegmann's Archiv., 1858,88. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 348; Challenger Re

port, xxii, 1887, 87.
Pseudopht/cis, GOnther, Cat. Pish. Brit. .Mus., i\, 350.

Gadoids Inning an elongate body. 2 dorsals and l anal fin, and a separate caudal.
Snout broad, obtusely rounded, projecting beyond the mouth, which is of moderate size.
Teeth small, villiform, of equal size, in bands in the jaws; vomerines and palatines tooth-
less. Scales very small, covering body and entire head. Ventrals narrow, with 5 rays, the
outer ones filamentous. Anal not notched. Caudal rounded, slender, tree. A barbel upon
the chin. Branchiostegals 7. (iill rakers of the outer branchial arch short.

Giinther, in his report on the deep sea fishes of the Challenger, combines his genus, the
Pseudophycis, with I'hysiculus, stating that in consequence of the discovery of several in-
termediate forms, a generic distinction between them cannot be .maintained ; and furthei
that most probably the transition from the perfectly developed many-rayed tin tothesingle
filament of Phycis, will be found to lie so gradual as to diminish the value of the structure
of this lin as a taxonomie character in this group.

In addition In the four species described below, two other species have been described —
P. breviusculus of Richardson ( = /'. baeehus, Forster), and P.barbatus of Gunther < = /'.
palmatus, KliLnzinger), but their bathic range has not been determined.

366 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PHYSICULUS DALWIGKII, Kaup.

Physiculus DalwigMi, KAur, loc. tit. — GCntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 348 (fall description) ; Chal-
lenger Report, xxn, 1*87, 88. — Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci., Travaillcur et Talisman, 1888, 290, pi. xxv, figs. 3-3c.

"Eleven series of scales between the anterior dorsal and the lateral line. Axil of the
pectoral black. D. 7/67: A. 69: V. 5." {Giinther.)

Giinther has studied 3 specimens from Madeira, the largest 10 inches long, and notes
that all have an exceedingly narrow base to the ventral fin.

The species is only known from Madeira and from off Soudan, where the Talisman ob-
tained it at two stations, lxii, 7S2 meters, and lxxi, 640 meters.

PHYSICULUS KAUPI, Poey. (Figore 318.)

Physiculus Kaupl, Poet, Repert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, 18G5, 186, pi. iv, fig. 1. — Gcntiier, Challenger Report,

xxn, 1887, 88, pi. xvii, fig. A.
f Physiculus japonicus, IIiuienuorf, SB. Naturf. Frcunde, Borliu, 1879, 80. — (fidt Giinther).

"This species," writes Gunther, "has constantly (as far as is shown by our specimens)
a broader base to the ventral tins than Physiculus dalwiglcii, and they are formed of 7 rays, of
which the longest may or may not reach the anal tin. The fin rays vary within proportion-
ate limits; they are: 1). 9-10 | 60-66; A. 60-70. There are 13 series of scales between the
anterior dorsal and the lateral line. The peduncle of the tail is shorter and less slender than
in the Madeiran form, but otherwise the two species are so similar as to scarcely deserve
specific separation."

Poey obtained a specimen at Cuba, and Melliss two at St. Helena. These are pro-
nounced by Giinther to differ in no respect from five examples found by the Challenger off
Inosima iu 343 fathoms, and 11 to 16 inches long.

PHYSICULUS PEREGRINUS, Gunther.

Pseudophycis peregrinus, Gunther, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, G69.
Physiculus peregrinus, Gi nthkr, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 88.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which is two-ninths of the
total (without caudal). Vent at only a short distance behind the base of the pectoral ; tail
tapering into a very narrow band, the extremity of which is surrounded by the caudal fin;
however, the vertical fins remain separate from one another. Head rather broader than
deep, its greatest width being two-thirds of its length. Interorbital space concave, its width
being less than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head, and
equals that of the snout. Snout broad, obtuse, rounded, with the upper jaw overlapping
the lower; the maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye. Barbel shorter than the
eye. Vertical fins of moderate depth, with very fine fin-rays; the first dorsal commences
opposite to the base of the pectoral. Pectoral as long as the head without snout. The
ventral filament is jugular, extending beyond the origin of the anal, and composed of one
longer and two shorter rays. Scales minute and deciduous.

Radial formula: D. 7 + iil! (ca.); A. 66 (ca.); V. 3.

Color reddish olive (iu spirits), abdomen black.

The British Museum has several examples of this species from Manado, one of which
measures 5 inches iu length.

Another species, P. palmatus, Kliinzmger, is from Port Philip, Hobson Bay — probably
not a deep-sea form.

PHYSICULUS FULVUS, Bean. (Figure 319.)

Physiculus f ulvus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, vn, 240.

A Physiculus with head broad and depressed, with a short snout; the length of the
head contained in the total length to the caudal base nearly 4 times. The height of the
body is about equal to the length of the head without the snout, and is contained 4ij times
in the total length without caudal. The eye is about two-sevenths as long as the head.

DISCUSSION OF SPEC IKs AM) TIIKIK DISTRIBUTION. 307

The length of the upper jawis about equal to the space between the ventrals and the anal
origin, and is contained 2| times in that of the head. The maxilla docs not quite reach the
vertical through the hind margin of the eye. The barbel is one-sixth as long as the head.

The teeth are in narrow bands in the jaws; there is no outer series of enlarged teeth, but a
tew in the middle Of the bands in both jaws are slightly larger than the others; all of the
teeth, however, are inconspicuous; the vomer and palate are smooth. The vent is situated
about under the third ray of the firs! dorsal. The distance of the lirst dorsal from the tip of
the snout equals 3 times the length of its base; its longest ray equals twice the length of
the snout, and slightly exceeds the length of the longest of the second dorsal; the length of
the second dorsal base equals ."» times the length of the pectoral, which is contained nearly
54 times in the total without caudal. The origin of the anal is about in a vertical let fall
from the base of the fifth ray of the lirst dorsal. The distance of the ventral from the tip
of the snout is contained about 5| times in the standard body-length. When the Neutral is
extended backward its tip will reach the base of the fourth anal ray. The length of the
middle caudal ray is one-third of the length of the head. The lateral line is very indis-
tinct, but it is situated rather high, and folli ws pretty closely the contour of the back.
The gill rakers are moderately short and not numerous.

Radial formula: D. 10+49; A. 54; V. 7; scales 0-01 to <i2-lG.

The general color is a light yellowish-brown with the under surface of the head, the
abdomen, the margins of the dorsal and anal fins, the lips, and the axil of the pectoral
\ c iv dark brown. There is, also, a dark brown blotch on the suboperculum. The inside
of the mouth and of the gill-membranes is white.

The type of this species (Cat, No. 287(16, U. S. N. M.) was taken by the Fish Hawk
from station 941, in 40° 1' X. hit,, 69° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 7!) fathoms. Specimens
were also obtained by the Blake at station ccxxxvm, in 24° 36' 1ST. hit,, 84° 5' W. Ion., at
a depth of 955 fathoms; and by the Albatross from station 235S, in 20° 19' N. lat., 87° 3' 30"
\V. Ion., at adepth of 222 fathoms; from station 2312, in 32° 54' N. hit., 77 53' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 88 fathoms; from station 2298, in 35° 39' X. lat., 7 1 52' \Y. Ion., at a depth of
80 fathoms; and from station 2402, in 28° 36' N.lat., 85° 33' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 111
fathoms.

URALEPTUS, Costa.
Uralrptu*, Costa, Wiegmann's Archiv., 1858, 87.— GtiNTiiER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv, 349.

Hody elongate, i tpressed and tapering posteriorly, covered with small scales. A sep-
arate caudal; 2 dorsal tins and 1 anal; ventral tins narrow, with flat base, c posed of 6

rays. Upper and lower jaw with an outer series of strong curved teeth. Vomerine and
palatine teeth none. Chin without barbel. Brauchiostegals seven. (Gunther.)

URALEPTUS MARALDI, i Risso), Costa. (Figure 320.)

Gadus Maraldi, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 123, pi. vi, fig. 13.

Merluoius Maraldi, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., 220.

Uraleptus Maraldi, Costa, Fauna Napol., pi. xxxvn, A. — Bonaparte, Cat. Metodico, No. 375. — Caxkstkini,

Arch. Zool.,1, 357; Pesci d'ltalia, 156. — GOnther, loo.cit.; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887,87. — Moreau,

lli-t. Nat. Poiss. France, m, 253.
Gadus gracilis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1813,91 (typo in University of Cambridge).

The head is rather thick, its greatest width being equal to its height, which is somewhat
more than one-half of its length; its length is one fourth of the total (without caudal). The
cleft of the mouth is oblique, wide, the maxillary extending to below the posterior margin
of the orbit. The lower jaw is received within the upper, but both are nearly equal in length
anteriorly; they are armed with a series of rather large, curved, widely set teeth, and there
is another series of small teeth within the outer in the upper jaw. Snout rather broad,
obtusely rounded, scarcely longer than the eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the
length of the head. The interorbital space is emarginate on each side by the upper part of
the orbit, and its width is somewhat more than the diameter of the eye. Nape of the neck

3G8 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

broad, scarcely elevated, with a spine on each side pointing outwards and covered by skin.
Operculum small, with a slender horizontal spine posteriorly, the part below the spine being
emarginate. Gill-membranes united below the throat by a rather narrow cutaneous bridge,
not attached to the isthmus. Gill-opening wide; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudo-
branchiae glandular. The trunk is rather low, its greatest depth being one-sixth of the total
(without caudal). Tail tapering into a very narrow band. The first dorsal fin commences
behind the vertical from the base of the pectoral, is somewhat higher than long, and not
higher than the second. The second dorsal commences immediately behind the first; its
rays increase somewhat in length posteriorly, one of the longest being half as long as the
head. The whole fin is naked. Caudal fin slender, slightly rounded, entirely free from
dorsal and anal, and nearly half as long as the head. The anal fin commences at some
distance behind the vent, which is situated vertically below the origin of the first dorsal;
it is very similar to the second dorsal. The pectoral is inserted somewhat below the middle
of the body, and its length equals the distance between the front margin of the eye and
the end of the operculum. Ventrals narrow, slender, with the outer ray produced into a
filament shorter than the pectoral.

The scales extend over the whole head, the chin and the thin lips being naked. (Giinther.)
This form, originally described from Nice, has since been found at Madeira by John-
son, and at Naples and Catania by Giglioli.

The Blalce obtained a poor specimen, apparently of this form, at station LXXXi, oil" the
Island of Nevis, in the West Indies.

LOTELLA, Kaup.

Lotella, Kaup, in Wiegm. Arch., 1858, p. 88. — Gi ntiif.r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 316; Challenger Report,
xxn, 1887, 80, pi. xiv, fig. A. (Lotella marginata.)

Body of moderate length, covered with small scales. A separate caudal; 2 dorsal fins
and 1 anal; ventral fins with a flat base and composed id' several rays. Teeth in the upper
jaw in a band, with an outer series of larger ones. Vomerine or palatine teeth, none. Chiu
with a barbel. Branchiostegals 7 (<»?). (GUnthcr.)

Five species of this genus are known: L. j>hycis (Schlegel), Giinther, from Japan; L.
rhachinus (Forster) Giinther, from Queen Charlottes Sound; 1j. fuliginosa, described by
Giinther from a specimen without locality in the British Museum; L. mawillaris, Bean,
doubtfully referred tu this genus, and L. marginata, Giinther, from 140-345 fathoms, off
the Pacific Coast of southwestern South America.

LOTELLA MAXILLARIS, Bean. (Figure 321.)

Lotella maxillaris, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 1889, 241. — Ginther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 86.
— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. America, 1885, 130.

A Lotella having the length of its moderately compressed head contained about 4£ times
in the total length without caudal; the height of the body 5 times. Snout short. The eye
is one third as long as the head. The maxilla reaches to the vertical through the anterior
margin of the pupil; its length equals that of the postorbital part of the head. The teeth
are in narrow bands in the jaws, the outer series being enlarged. The vomer and palate
seem to be without teeth. The vent is situated about under the eighth ray of the second
dorsal. The distance of the first dorsal from the tip of the snout is contained 4 times in the
total length, including caudal. The ventrals extend to about the vertical from the origin
of the second dorsal, and do not reach nearly to the vent. The longest ray of the first
dorsal is a little more than one-half as long as the head. None of the rays of the second or
of the anal are as long as the first ray of the first dorsal. The longest ray of the second
dorsal does not much exceed one half the height of the body. The longest ray of the anal
is about one-half the length of the ventral. The origin of the anal is about under the tenth
ray of the second dorsal. The ventrals are situated about under the beginning of the pos-
terior third of the head; their length equals one-fourth of the length of the second dorsal
base. The origin of the pectoral is somewhat in advance of that of the first dorsal. The

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 361)

fin is imperfect, but its length probably slightly exceeds that of the ventral. The caudal
is rounded.

Radial formula: 1). 5, :».">; A. 11: V. 10.

Owing t<> the condition of the specimen it is very difficult to counl the small scales, bul
there are about 7 or 8 rows between the origin of the lir-t dorsal and the lateral line, and
about 11 or 15 rows between the anal and the lateral line. The number in the lateral line
is at least L15 to the origin of the caudal.

The color of the type at present is a very light brown. The margins of the dorsal and
anal, in their posterior portions, are blackish.

A single individual was taken by the Fish Hawk, August 23, 1881, at station 952, in
N. lat. :>!> :,:,' and W. Ion. 70°28', in 396 fathoms. Thespecimen isonlj 2f inchesin length.
The catalogue number of the type is 29832. It is >«*o. l-l of the list of fishes published by
Prof. Verrill (Amer. -lour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. x\n, 1881, p. 296).

MORA, Risso.

Mora, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Me'rid., 1826, in, 221.— Guxtiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 341. — Moreau,

Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, III, 248
dsellw, Valenciennes, Nat. Hist. Des Canariennes, Poiseous, 76.
Pharopteryx, Ruppell, Verzeichn. Mus. Senckenb., Fische, 16.

Gadoids having moderately elongate, Phycis-like body. Dorsals separate, prominent;
a short anterior and a Ion- posterior dorsal, and the anal in two parts, widely separated.
Yentrals composed of t> rays. Scales moderate, covering body and head. Mouth large,
subint'erior; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines cardiform, equal, those in the upper jaw-
in a baud. Gill-openings large. Brauchiostegals 7.

MORA MKIHTEKEAXEA, Kisso. (Figure 322.)

Gadus muni, RISSO, Ichth. Nice, 1810, llii.

Mora mediterranea, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Meridionale, in, 224. — Bonaparte, Catalogue, No. :;7tj; Fauna
[talica, figure. — Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 91. — Canes') rini. Arch. Zoiil., it, 359, pis. xt-xii.
fig. 1; Pesei d'ltalia, 155. — Giglioli, Elenco, 36.— Gi'NTiiEi:. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. iv, 1862, 342; Chal-
lenger Report, xxii. 83. — Capeixo, Cat. Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 30, Xo. ill. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
France, ni, 248, tiu. 177.— Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisiuaii, 1888, 298, pi. x.\v, figs. 6, 6a.
Asellus canariensis, Valenciennes, Inc. cit., 7t>, pi. xiv, fig. 3.

A Mora having the upper jaw longer than the lower, and a slender barbel, whose
length is less than that of the diameter of the eye. Caudal forked. First ventral ray pro
longed in a slender thread, which reaches behind the tip of the pectoral. Scales small, 95
in the lateral line.

Radial formula : 1>. 7-S+p_'-4.->; A. 17-19+15-22; V. 6.

Color chestnut brown upon the hack, dark ash color on the belly, a blue spot upon the
tip of the operculum. The palate and tongue are dark blue, the hitter with black spots.
Dorsal and anal light blue at the base, darker at the tip. Pectorals light blue with black

spots.

This species, the Mora of Nice and the Verdone of Borne, was first found in the Med-
iterranean, where it has been recorded from Nice, Genoa and Leghorn. Risso said of it in
1S10 that it was very common in great depths of the sea oil' Nice, where it is taken in the
month of August. Giglioli, fishing at Genoa, July 26, 1*79, at a depth of 800 to 1,000
meters, captured ninety-seven. It has not been found in the Adriatic, but Brito Capello
records it from oil' the coast of Portugal, and Lowe, also from 300 to -100 fathoms nil Mag-
dalen, i, 5 leagues to the west of Funchal, while Webb and Berthelol obtained it at the Ca-
naries. The Talisman took it at the same region (station L) at 975 meters, as well as oil
Morocco (stations ix, xi, xxxiv, Xlvii, xj.viii) at depths of from 622 to 1,180 meters. The
Travailleur obtained it at Setubal (stations xxxiv and xxxv) in 1,307 meters, and in the
Gulf of Gascony in 614 meters. The Challenger obtained specimens also, but they wen
destroyed on shipboard and the record of locality lost. It has never been found in the
Western Atlantic.

19SG8— No. 2 24

370 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

LEPIDION, Swainson.

Lepidion, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., i. 1838, 318; n, 1839, 188, 300.

Haloporpliyrus, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862,358. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 800.

Gadoids having an elongate, compressed, hake like body. Scales very small, covering
not only the body but the entire head, even to the gill-membranes. Snout produced, de-
pressed. Mouth rather large, subinferior. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth; vomerine
teeth in a small roundish patch; palatines toothless. Dorsal composed of a very short and
a very long division. The anterior ray of the first dorsal filamentous and produced. Anal
deeply notched. Ventrals narrow, composed of 6 rays, one of them filamentous. Caudal
truncate. A barbel upon the chin. Branchiostegals 7.*

LEPIDION RISSOI, Swainson. (Figure 323.)

Gadus lepidion, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 118, pi. \i, fig. 40.

Lota lepidion, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., m, 1826, 218. — Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 44.
Lepidion Rissoi, Swainson, op. tit., i, 1838, 31!).
Lepidion rubescens, Swainson, <>p. lit., n, 1889, 307.

Haloporpliyrus lepidion, Giglioli, Nature, January 1, 1880. — VinCIGUERRA, Ami. Mus. Civ. Genoa, xvm, 558,
taf. in.— GfNTHER, Challenger K<i>ort. xxu, 91.— Canestrini, Pesci d'ltalia, 157.

A Lepidion having a broad, thick, flat head, covered with scales, and with an
occipital keel. The length of the head contained 4.1 times in the total length of the fish.
Snout depressed, short, obtuse. Mouth broad, its angle under the anterior portion of the
orbit. Upper jaw broad, longer than the mandible. Teeth small, cardiform, on the jaws
and vomer. Eye large, round, its diameter contained 3£ times in the length of the head,
and nearly equal to the length of the snout. Tip of maxillary extending beyond vertical
from the middle of the orbit. Scales very small, from 155 to 100 in the lateral line, and
about 11 longitudinal rows bet ween the first dorsal and the lateral line, which is a little curved
anteriorly, but straight after it passes the vertical from the origin of the anal. The first
dorsal placed far forward, in vertical from the insertion of the pectorals; it is composed of
only 4 rays, the first of which is much prolonged; its length two fifths the total length of
the fish. The second dorsal with a very long base. The median rays of the anal are much
shorter than the others, giving it a cresecntie emarginate outline. Caudal long, rounded.
Ventrals very long, their tips reaching the anus, but rarely extending beyond those of the
pectoral rays.

Eadial formula : D. 4+52; A. 40-48; V. (i.

Color, grayish-brown with a reddish tint. The second dorsal blue, edged with black;
the other fins more or less brown in alcoholic specimens. The caudal and anal blackish,
as are the opercles.

This species, originally described from Nice in 1810, was said by Risso to be very rare,
and only taken at considerable depths in the month of August. It has never been seen
elsewhere than at Nice, where Giglioli obtained specimens in September, 1870.

The Madeiran form identified with this by Giinther before he had had the opportunity
of examining a specimen, has since been determined to be distinct, and was renamed by
Gignoli, Haloporphyrm Gimtheri.

LEPIDION GtJNTHERI, (Giglioli), Goode and Bean.

Haloporphyrus lepidion, Gunthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 358. — Johnson, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862,

x, 166.
Haloporphyrus Ciintheri, GIGLIOLI, Nature, January 1, 1880. — Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, xvm,

558. — Gunther, Challenger Report, XXII, 90, pi. xvm, tig. A.

* According to Dr. Giinther (v. 4, p. 358), "the generic name Lepidion is preoccupied," but it is not stated
in what way. When it is remembered that Dactylopus was said to lie preoccupied because Meyer had named
a group of extinct reptiles Dactylopoda. It will he understood why as no record of an earlier use of Lepidion
than 1838 appears in the nomenclators, we must adopt it till further information is given as to the nature of
the supposed preoccupation. Savigny had given the name Lepidia to a genus of worms in 1817, and Lepelletier
had named Lepisia a genus of beetles in 1825, but those are sufficiently distinct from the Swainsouiau name.
—Gill.

DISCUSSION OE SPECIES AND TI1E1K DISTRIBUTION. 371

The diameter of the eye is one-sixth the length of the head (in specimens 20 to 2 I inches
long). Caudal peduncle rather slender, its depth being i wo thirds of the distance between
dorsal and caudal fins. Fifteen or 10 longitudinal scries of scales between the anterior dor-
sal (in and the lateral line, and 210 in the lateral line. The dorsal lilameut very thin, thread-
like. (Giinther.)

Radial formula : I). 4+52-56; A. 49-52; P. 21; V. 5.

Tins species lias, according to Giinther, been obtained oil' the coasts of Madeira and
Portugal, and also in the Mediterranean. One of the specimens in the British Museum,
that figured by Giinther in the Challenger report, was 2 feet long.

LEPIDION EQUES, (Gt)NTHER),G rand BEAN.

Baloporphyrua nines, GI'ntiier, Challenger Report, xxn, 91, pi. 18. fig. B.

The length of the head equals the distance between the root of the ventral tin and the
anal, and is rather less than one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The eye is very large,
one-third of the length of the head, longer than the snout, and nearly twice the width of the
intcrorbital space. Snout of moderate length, obtuse, with an undulated series of pores in
the preorbital region running toward the extremity of the snout. The mouth extends
nearly to below the middle of the eye. Barbel half the length of the eye. The caudal
peduncle very slender, its depth being two-fifths of the distance between dorsal ami caudal
iius. Fifteen or 16 longitudinal series of scales between the anterior dorsal tin and the lat-
eral line and 180 in the lateral line. The first long dorsal ray is compressed, moderately
strong, extending backward to the posterior fourth of the length of the dorsal fin. The
middle of the anal fin very conspicuously depressed. Caudal fin rounded, with its basal
rays extending for some distance along the peduncle. Pectoral fin as long as the head with-
out snout. The filamentous ventral ray, which, in fact, consists of two rays, free along their
distal half, does not exceed in length the pectoral fin. Caec. pyl. 10-11.

Eadial formula: D. 4+56-62; A. 49-54; V. 7; L. lat. 180.

Color, brownish with blackish fins; orbitwitha black ring; the cavities of the mouth,
gills, and abdomen black. Specimens of a much lighter color (probably albinos) are not
scarce. (Giinther.)

Young specimens (0 inches in length), says Giinther, do not differ essentially from older
ones of twice the length, but their eye is relatively still larger and the dorsal filament some-
what smaller. Numerous specimens were obtained by the Knight Errant, in the Faroe
Channel, in 530 fathoms, the largest being 12 or 13 inches long, at station 6, in August,
1880, and station 2, in August, 1882.

Giinther formerly believed that these specimens represented the younger stage of
the large specimen from Madeira (the oidy one known to him at the time) which he referred
in 1862 to Bisso'sfish; but examples received at a later period convinced him that the
present species may be constantly, at all ages, distinguished by a comparatively larger eye
and shorter head. However, the three European species, viz, Lcpidion Giientheri, Lepi-
dion liissoi, and Lepidion eques are most closely allied to each other.

LEPIDION ENSIFEEUS, (GOnther), Goode and Bkan.

Haloporphyrui ensiferus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, Inst, ill', pi. xix, lij;. A.

Distinguished by the very broad and compressed dorsal ray. The length of the head
equals the distance between the root of the ventrals and the vent. Eye rather large, two-
sevenths of the length of the head, a little longer than the snout, and in width much ex-
ceeding the intcrorbital space; pores of the preorbital region very small. Mouth compara-
tively narrow, only reaching beyond the anterior margin of the eye; barbel much shorter
than the eye. Caudal peduncle rather slender, its depth being rather more than one-half
the distance between dorsal and caudal fins. Scales very small, rather irregularly arranged;
about 18 longitudinal series between rhe firs! dorsal fin and the lateral line. The long dor-
sal ray is strongly compressed, broad, shaped like a blade of grass, ami extending backward
to the posterior third of the dorsal fin. It is so in 3 male specimens, but in a female the

372 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN,

ray is much less developed, scarcely extending beyond the anterior third of the dorsal fin.
Middle of the anal fin strongly depressed; caudal fin subtruncated; pectoral as long as the
head without snout, much shorter than tbe filamentous ventral fin, which, however, does
not reach the vent. (Giinther.)

Radial formula: B. 7; 13. 5, 52; A. 46; V. 8; Csec. pyl. 10.

Color, brownish, fins blackish, the posterior dorsal and anal rays whitish; cavities of
the mouth, gills, and abdomen black. (Giinther.)

This species was obtained by the Challenger, at station 320, off the mouth of the La Plata,
and is described and figured by Giinther (Challenger Report, xxn, 18S7, 92, pi. xix, fig. A).

ANTIMORA, Giinther.

Antimora, GCnther, Add. and Mug. Nat. Hist., 1878, u, 18; Challenger Report, xxn, 93.

Body elongate, covered with small scales. Upper part of the snout produced into a
pointed projection. A separate caudal; 2 dorsal fins, the first with i or 5 rays; one anal,
with a deeji depression along the middle. Ventrals narrow, composed of 0 rays. Jaws with
bands of villiform teeth; vomerine teeth in a small roundish patch; none on the palatine
bones. Muciferous channels on the side of the head well developed; bones of the cranium
wanting in solidity. Vent at the end of the abdominal cavity. Chin with a barbel. Branehi-
ostegals 7; pseudobrauebke none. Pyloric appendages long, in moderate number.

ANTIMORA VIOLA, (Goode and Bean), Jordan. (Figure 324.)

HaUporphyrus viola, Goode and Bean, I'roe. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, sig. 17, Dec. 17,1878, 257; Cat. Fish. Essex
Co. and Mass. Bay, 1879, 8; Bull. Mus. Coinri. Zoiil., x, lss.'i, 200; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XVII, 1879,
41. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 800. — Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., m, 470.

Antimora viola, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 129.— GCnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 94, pi. xv.

An Antimora with body resembling that of Phycis, though somewhat shorter, higher,
and more compressed, its greatest height contained about five times in its length (without
caudal), its height at the ventrals slightly exceeding one-eighth of its total length, its height
at the middle of the caudal peduncle one twenty-ninth of the same.

Scales arranged in about 115 vertical rows and about 38 horizontal ones, about 11 being
between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line and about 27 below the lateral line.
Lateral line slightly curved upward in the anterior fourth of its length.

Length of head contained more than four and one-quarter times in that of the body;
its width half its length and less than double that of interorbital area.

The barbel is short, its length being scarcely equal to half the diameter of the orbit and
about one-tenth the length of the head. The width of interorbital area is about equal to
the longitudinal diameter of the orbit, in the larger specimen slightly greater. The diameter
of the orbit is equal to or slightly greater than one-fourth the length of the head. The length
of the snout is equal to that of the operculum and less than width of interorbital area.

The maxillary extends to vertical from posterior margin of the orbit, its length about
equal to the greatest width of the head. Mandible equals one eighth of total length with-
out caudal.

Snout equal to operculum in length, obtusely pointed, much depressed, its lateral out-
line subcorneal, a conspicuous keel extending backward along the lower line of the orbit to
its posterior margin. The head and mouth closely resemble those of some species of Macru-
rus, except that the keel is covered with small, smooth scales and is not overhanging. Lips
scaleless.

Teeth in the jaws imperfectly serial, villiform, recurved; a small oblong patch of similar
teeth on the head of the vomer; none on the palatines.

First dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the snout somewhat greater than twice the
height of the body at the ventrals; its first ray is much prolonged, its length greater than
that of the head, and nearly as long as or longer (in the larger specimen) than the distance
from the snout to the beginning of the dorsal. The second ray is contained less than four
times, the third six times or less in the first, the fourth about ten times. The length of the
base of second dorsal is somewhat more than twice the distance of its insertion from the

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) TIN'.IK DISTRIBUTION.

373

snout; its greatest height, which is in the posterior fourth of its length (near the 40th ray),
is contained about six or seven times in the length of its base.

Tin- vent is situated at a point equidistant from snout and tip of caudal, under the 19th

ray of second dorsal tin. The anal tin is inserted at a distance behind it equal to length of

second anal ray. Its length of base is slightly more than half that of sec 1 dorsal. It

has a considerable depression in its middle outline. The last lays of dorsal and anal are of
equal length and are directly opposite each other.

'fhe caudal seems to be somewhat rounded. The length of the middle rays contained
more than !l times in total length without caudal, and more than 10 times in length includ-
ing caudal.

Pectorals narrow, inserted under the base of fust dorsal. In the smaller specimen they
reach to the perpendicular from the ninth ray of the second dorsal, in length equaling the
greatest height of the body.

Ventrals inserted at a distance from tip of snout equal to half the length of anal base;
the second ray nearly twice as long as the first, and in the smaller speeimeu, in which it is
unmutilated, nearly as long as the head.

Radial formula: D. 4, 53; A. 40; C. 5, 20 or 21, 5; P. 1, 19; V. 6.

Color, deep violet or blue.

Table of Measurements.

Curi nit Dumber .if specimen.
Locality

21,837 21,838

Edge of Le Have Rank.

Extreme length (without caudal)

Length to end of middle caudal rays

Body:

Greatest height

( Ireatest width

Heigh) of ventrals

Least height of tail

Length of caudal tied uncle

Head:

Greatest length

Length of barbel

Greatest width

Width of int. irorbita] area

Length of snout

Length of operculum

Leu -th of maxillary

Length of mandible

Oistancefr anoal to center of orbit.

Diameter of orbit (longitudinal)

Dorsal (first) :

Distance from snout

Lengtb of hase

Length of first ray

Length of second ray

Length of third ray

Length of fourth ray

Dorsal (second) :

Lengtb of base

Distance from snout

Length of first ray

Length <.t longest' ray (41st)

Lengtb of last ray

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

Length of first rav

Length of longest raj (26th)

Lengtb of last ray ..'

Caudal:

Length of middle rays

Pectoral i

Distance from snout

Lengtb

Ventral :

Distance from snout

Length of first ray

Length of second ray

Branchiostegals

Dorsal '.

Anal.

Caudal-

I 'eel oral

Ventral

Number of scales in lateral line

Number of 1 ransverse r<>\\ s above lateral line.
Number of trausyerse rows below lateral line.

Milli
meters.

435
480

. 83
44
55
15
19

100

10
50
27

4'.l
55
44

L'7

113
1«

107
25
19

10

273

13.1
27
32

8

266

142
111
35

104

<'■

71

4X

92

lOOths of
length.

19

10
12J
31

44

23

2i
US

61

6

G
II
121
10

«i

20

4
211

G

H

2J

024
30*

«i

7i

01
324.
2»

10J

23 ^
19

10

11

21

VII

l 53
Hi
5,2 21,

I 19

0

ea 115

ca. II
ca. 27

Milli-
meters.

545

003

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374 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The types of this species were brought into Gloucester August 24, 1 878, by Capt. Joseph
W. Collins, the skipper of the schooner Marion of Gloucester, having beeu taken ou a
halibut trawl on the outer edge of Le Have Bank at a depth of 400 or 500 fathoms.1

Other specimens were taken by ! he Fish Hawk on October 2, 1880, at station 893, in 39°
52' 20" N. lat., 70° 58' W. Ion., at a depth of 372 fathoms.

Other specimens were obtained by the Blake from station CCCV, in 41° 33' 15" N. lat.,
65° 51' 25" W. Ion., at a depth of 810 fathoms; from station cccvm, iu 41° 24' 25" X. lat.,
65° 35' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,242 fathoms; from station CCCVI, in 41° 32' 50" N. lat.,
65° 55' W. Ion., at a depth of 524 fathoms; from station cccxxv, in 33° 35' 20" N. lat., 70
W. Ion., at a depth of 347 fathoms; from station cccxn, iu 39° 50' 45" N lat., 70° 11' W.
Ion., at a depth of 40G fathoms; from station cccxxxvn, iu 38° 20' 8" N. hit., 73° 23' 20"
W. Ion., at a depth of 740 fathoms, and from station ccnii, iu 41° 34' 30" N. lat., 05° 54'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 30G fathoms; by the Albatross from station 2571, in 40° 9' 30"
N. lat,, 67° 9' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,350 fathoms; Cat. No. 35433, U. S. N. M., from sta-
tion 2181, in 39° 29' N. lat., 71° 4G' W. Lon., at a depth of 093 fathoms; Cat. No. 33373, U.
S. N. M., from station 2075, in 41° 40' 30" N. lat,, 65° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 855 fathoms;
Cat, No. 33275, U. S. N. M., from station 2035, in 39° 26' 10" N. lat,, 70° 2' 37" W. Ion., at
a deptli of 1,362 fathoms; Cat. No. 33440, U. S. N. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' N. lat.,
65° 35' W. Ion., at a deptli of 858 fathoms; Cat. No. 33412, U. S. N. M., from station 2074, in 41°
43' N. lat., 65° 21' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,309 fathoms; Cat. No. 35425, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2179, in 39° 30' 10" N. lat,, 71° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 510 fathoms; Cat.
No. 33375, U. S. N. M., from station 2072. in 41° 53' N. lat,, 65° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of
858 fathoms; Cat. No. 35431, U. S. N. M., from station 2171, in 37° 59' 30" N. lat,, 73° 48'
40" W. Ion., at. a depth of 444 fathoms; Cat. No. 35543, D". S. N. M., from station 2202, in
39o 38' N. lat., H° 39' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; Cat, No. 33014, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2030, in 39° 29' 45" N. lat., 71° 43' W. Ion., at a depth of 5S8 fathoms; from
station 2529, in 41° 3' 30" N. lat., 66° 14' W. Ion., at a depth of 062 fathoms; from station
2083, in 40° 26' 40" N. lat,, 07 5' 15" W. Ion., at a deptli of 959 fathoms; from station
2180, in 390 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; from station 2111,
in 35° 9' 50" N. lat., 74° 57' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 938 fathoms; from station 2563, in
390 IS' 30" N. lat., 71 23' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,422 fathoms; from station 2534, in
40° 1' N. lat., 07° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,234 fathoms; from station 2528, in 41°
47' N. lat,, 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 667 fathoms; from station 2429, in 42° 55' 30"
N. lat,, 50° 51' VV. Ion., at a deptli .»! 471 fathoms; from station 2530, in 40° 53'30"N. lat.,
66° 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 950 fathoms; from station 2562, in 39° 15' 30" N. lat., 71° 25'
W. Ion., at a depth of 1,434 iathoms; from station 2564, in 39° 22' N. lat., 71° 23' 30" W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,390 fathoms; from station 2550, in 39° 44' 30" N. lat., 70° 30' 45" W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,081 fathoms; from station 2549, in 39° 51' 30" N. hit,, 70° 17' W. Ion., at
a depth of 571 fathoms; from station 2540, in 39° 53' 30" N. lat,, 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2115, in :',:, 49' 30" N. hit,, 74° 34' 45" W. Ion., at a
depth of 843 fathoms; from station 255.!, in 39° 48' N. hit., 70° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of
551 fathoms; from station 2552, in 39° 47' 7" N. hit,, 70° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 721
fathoms; from station 2533, in 40° 10' 30" N. lat,, 67° 20' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 828
fathoms; from station 2531, in 40° 42' N. lat., 66° 33' W. Ion., at a depth of 852 fathoms;
from station 2532, in 40° 34' 30" N. lat., 66° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; from
station 2554, iu 39° 48' 30" N. lat,, 70° 40' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 445 fathoms; by the
Fish Hawk from station 1029, in 39° 57' 6" N. lat,, 69° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 458 fath-
oms (Cat. No. 28947, U. S. N. 31.); Cat, No. 20164, U. S. N.M., from station 893, in 39° 52'
20" N. lat., 70° 58' W. Ion., at a depth of 372 fathoms; Cat. No. 31865, U. S. N. M., from
station 1155, in 39° 52' N. lat., 70" 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 554 fathoms, and Cat. No.

'It was at this time, on the deck of Capt. Collins' schooner, that the authors made the acquaintance of
this most accomplished expert in the fisheries, who had never before had his attention called to the
opportunities lor investigation with which he was surrounded, and which he has since so fully utilized.

DISCUSSIOK OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. ."»7T>

26220, I . S. N. ME., from station 891, in 39° 16' N. lat., 71 LO' W. Ion., al a depth of 480( .',
fathoms. A single specimen, taken from the stomach of a Ghiasmodon niger,wa,$ received
from Gloucester in L880.

ANTTMOR V ROSTRATA, Gt nther.

Intimora roslrata, GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n. 1878, L8; Challenger Report, sxn, '.887, 92, p]
xvi, fig. A.

This species is readily distinguished by the peculiarly produced s t. which forms a

short, triangular, pointed lamina, sharply keeled on the sides, and overhanging the cleft
of the mouth.

The head is rather short, broad posteriorly, half as long as the distance between ventral
and anal tins. Bye round, rather large, its diameter one-fourth of the length of the head,
less than that of the snout, and nearly equal to the width of the Hat interorbital space.
Mouth wide-, the maxillary extending nearly to belo^ the hind margin of the eye. Teeth
in both jaws in narrow villifonn hands; a small group of teeth on the vomer. Posterior
extremity of the maxillary not much dilated. Nostrils dose together; the posterior are
wide semicircular openings, the anterior narrower and round. The vent is rather nearer
to the end of the operculum t han to the root of the caudal.

The entire head (even the gill membrane and the foremost part of the snout) and the
body are covered with small cycloid scales, of which only a few have been preserved : there
are about 10 in a transverse line between the first dorsal tin and the lateral line and 140 in
the lateral line.

The greater part of the dorsal and anal tins are covered with scales. The first dorsal
is subcontinuous with the second, and the firs! ray is produced into a filament about as
long as the head. The second dorsal and anal fins are rather low7; the latter so much
depressed in the middle as to present the appearance of a double anal. The free portion
of the tail is narrow, terminating in a comparatively small caudal fin, which is truncated
behind. Pectoral pointed, the upper rays being the longest; it is as long as or longer than
the head exclusive of the snout. The two outer ventral rays prolonged as two filaments;
the second being twice as long as the first, and not extending as far back as the pectoral.

Radial formula: D. 4, 51-50; A. 38-39; Y. 0.

Color, black: the cavity of the mouth, gills and abdomen deep black.

This form occurs midway between the Cape of Good Hope and Kergnelen Island, and
also east of the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. The Challenger obtained a specimen, 12A
inches long, at station 140, near Marion Island in 1,375 fathoms; and a specimen 2A inches
long, at station 320, off Montevideo, in 600 fathoms.

HALARGYREUS, Guuther.

Balargyrem, GOnther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Has., iv, 1862, 312. (type, //". Johnsonii, Gtlnther.)

Body elongate, covered with small scales (a separate caudal): L' dorsal and 2 anal
tins, the latter subcontinuous: ventrals composed of several rays, .laws with a baud of
minute villifonn teeth of equal size; no teeth on the vomer or palatine bones. No barbel.
Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchise glandular, rudimentary, covered by tin- membrane;
gill rakers of the outer branchial arch long, ((liuilhcr.)

HALARGYREUS BREVIPES, Vaili.ant. (Fig. 325.)

Balargyreus brevipes, Yaii.i.ant. Exp. Sci. Travailleur el Talisman, xxn, 1888, 295, pi. xxv, tig. 5.

A Halargyreus having (according to Vaillant), a general resemblance to Merlucius smi-

ridux, body being nearly cylindrical anteriorly, and its thickness nearly equal to its
greatest height, which is one eighth of its length. The length of the head is one fourth the
length of the body, and its width is a little less t han its height. Snout moderate, its length
about one third that of the head. Mouth rather large, although the maxillary does not
extend beyond the vertical from thi' center of the orbit. Lower jaw slightly longer than

376 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the upper one. Jaws covered with flue teeth in bands; vomer and palatines toothless.
Diameter of the eye one-fourth the length of the head; interorbital space much less, about
two-elevenths of the length of the head. No barbel. Vent nearly median. Scales small,
about 122 (as nearly as could be ascertained by Vaillant) in the lateral line; seven above and
thirty below. The lateral line is near the dorsal outline.

First dorsal inserted behind the vertical from the base of the pectorals and short; the
second placed close to the first, and extending almost to the base of the foremost rays of
the caudal. First anal under the vertical from the fourteenth to the sixteenth ray of the
second dorsal, terminating nearly under the tenth from the last ray of the same flu. The
anal is deeply notched, its twenty-seventh ray being longer than any of the preceding ones,
while the twenty-sixth is very short. The form of these two fins is best expressed by the
accompanying illustration. Pectorals moderate, ventrals exceedingly short.

Eadial formula: D. 8+56; A. 2G+22; V. 5.

Color reddish-brown ; silvery upon the cheeks and below. Pectorals dark. Mouth
and branchial cavity intense black.

A single specimen was obtained by the French explorers at station xxi, off the coast of
Morocco, at a depth of 1,319 meters. It was in very bad condition, and the description of
Vaillant is confessedly imperfect.

No figure of the other species, Salargyreus Johnsonii, has ever been published. Vail-
lant distinguishes his species from that of Giinther by the following characteristics: First,
by the shape of the head, which in II. brevipes is broader than high, in II. Johnsonii higher
than broad; by the longer maxillary in the latter, in which also the lower jaw does not pass
the upper one; by the more advanced position of the dorsal in the latter, which begins in
the vertical from the root of the pectorals; ami also by the prolongation of the first ventral
ray. The head of II. Johnsonii would appear, from the figure of Vaillant, to be shorter than
that of IT. brevipes.

It is very desirable, that more material should be studied before two species of Halar-
gyreus are fully accepted.

HALARGYREUS JOHNSONII, GCsntiier.

Salarfltjrewi Johnsonii, Guntiieh, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, IS, :U2 (Madeira, from stomach of Saceopharynx) ;
Challenger Report, xxii, 1S.<7, 83.

Head rather elongate and compressed, its length being equal to the distance between
the vent and the root of the ventrals; it is much higher than broad, its greatest height
being more than one-half of its length. The snout is obtusely conical, a little longer than
the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth
wide, the maxillary extending beyond the vertical from the middle of the eye. Upper jaw
without lip, that of the lower very thin; the lower is received within the upper, both being
equal in length anteriorly. A small bony tubercle, pointing obliquely forwards and down-
wards, occupies the lower part of the symphysis of the mandibles. The upper and lower
jaws are armed with a narrow baud of minute teeth of equal size. The interorbital space
is flattish, and its width rather less than the vertical diameter of the orbit. Preoper-
culuni rounded; operculum and suboperculum each terminating in a very small spine, both
spines close together. The caudal fin is separated from the other vertical fins by a free
peduncle.

Branchiostegals 7; gill openings very wide, the gill membranes scarcely united below
the anterior third of the orbit; gills 4, a clift behind the fourth; the first branchial arch
is provided anteriorly with long gill rakers, longer than the lamella? of the gills.

The greatest depth of the trunk is equal to the distance between the anterior margin
of the orbit and the end of the operculum. The anterior dorsal commences immediately
behind the vertical from the root of the pectoral, and is composed of very slender, simple,
and articulated rays, the anterior of which is the longest, half as long as the head. The
second dorsal commences immediately behind the first, and is not much lower, its base being
covered by a thin scaly membrane. The vent is situated iu the vertical from the ninth ray

DISCUSSION <)F SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 377

of the second dorsal, and i lie anal commences immediately behiudit. The fourth to seventh
rays arc the longest, the posterior decreasing in length to the seventeenl h, a tier « bicfa four
or five short raj s follow, preceding the stronger rays of the second anal. Base of the pec
torals narrow, its length being more than one-half of the length of the head; ventrals very
narrow, with flat base, the outer ray being produced into a very fine filament of moderate
length. The scales extend forward on the snout.

Radial formula: l>. 7+47— 57; A. 41— 16.

The color appears to have been a delicate red on silvery ground; pectoral and anal
transparent. Mouth and gill cavity black. (Giintker.)

Encbea.

[.irn .

2
2
3
4
Q

8

This species, of which a figure has never been published, was first described by Dr.
Giinther from a specimen collected by J. T. Johnson, at Madeira, from the stomach of a
Saccopharynx. He informs us that several specimens have since been sent to the British
Museum from New Zealand, where it is at times abundant.

ERETMOPHORUS, Giglioli.
Eretmophorus, Giglioli, Proc. Zool. Sue. London, iss'.i, :;i's itypr, I'., hleimnbergii, /«<•. ril.. I'l.xxxiv.)

A genus of Gadoidea having two dorsal fins and one anal, with 5 elongate, exserted,

ventral rays, the median ones with lanceolate tips; a large abdominal cone.

ERETMOPHORUS KLEINENI5EKGI, Giglioli.

Eretmophorus Kleinenbergii, (Jiglioli, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1889, 328, PI. xxxiv.

Body compressed, tapering toward the tail, but less so in the younger specimen, in
which the huge and singular abdominal cone is also less developed. The height of the
body behind the abdominal cone is contained between oh and C times in the total length
exclusive of the caudal fin. The lateral line extends nearly in a straight line from the
branchial cleft to the end of the root of the tail; it is merely marked as a furrow with
indistinct pits along its course; in the larger specimen at its cephalic end two slight fur-
rows run parallel with it above and beneath. The head is moderate, rather large; its
length is contained about 5 times in the total exclusive of the caudal fin; the snout is
short, nearly equal to the transverse diameter of the eye; its anterior contour is rounded;
there is a slight median gibbosity in front over the mouth. This is moderate, its aperture
hardly reaching the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Nostrils in front and a
little above the eye, the posterior aperture largest and oval. Eye moderate; behiudit,
and extending toward the nape and downwards along the preoperculuni, are two series of
conspicuous pores. The space between the eyes is nearly flat and rather broader than the
diameter of the eye; behind, the nape rises convex, presenting a median furrow in front of
the first dorsal in the older specimen. On the nape in the larger specimen are a number
of very distinct hyaline cylindrical warts, just like those of Bellottia except in shape; the
latter have been described by Prof. Emery' and are nearly hemispherical. In Eretmo
phortis they begin just behind the interocular space and appear to form a double series; in
the older specimen I counted eight, but a few more extend toward the head of the lateral
line; they are evidently sense-organs allied to those of the lateral Hue. In concluding I
I must state that these warts are not to be seen on the two younger specimens, in which
they appear to be represented by pores, more numerous and more distinct than in the oldei
and larger specimen.

1 ('. Emerj . "Contribuzioni all' Ittiologia," in Mittheil. a. d. Zool. Station zu Neapel, \ i. p. 157 tav. in,
11. is, in. Naples, 1885.

378 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The gill-openings are rather wide, the branchiostegal membranes are largely developed,
with robust rays; the opercular bones are smooth and very thin; the branchial cavities
contain fonr complete arches. The specimens are so very fragile that I did not dare to puisne
my investigations further.

The fins are those of an Anacanthine fish, but I could not see any transverse articula-
tions in the first ray of the first dorsal; they are not very distinct on the other median tins
except on the caudal, the only fin with slightly bifid rays; in the other fins the rays are
simple; at the. base of the long dorsal and anal fins the projecting heads of the interspinous
bones give rise to a serrated appearance. The first dorsal is small, but quite detached from
the second one in the two larger specimens; it rises just above the insertion of the pecto-
rals: its second ray is the longest and equals in height the commencement of the second
dorsal fin. This is greatly developed and maintains a nearly equal line throughout, but as
the body tapers toward the tail the fin increases in height in equal ratio. In size, shape,
ami development the anal is the exact counterpart of the second dorsal fin. The caudal
fin is quite distinct, its contour is lanceolate in the smaller specimen, nearly oval in the
older one, subtruncate with rounded edges in the oldest or biggest specimen. The pectorals
are distinctly lobate, which character is more marked in the smaller specimens; they are
of moderate size and broadly oval in contour. The ventrals certainly give the most striking
feature to this singular fish; they are inserted below and in front of the pectorals, at the
base, and on each side of the great abdominal cone. They are of great size, and the very
robust rays, ."i in number, are all elongated and considerably exceed the intervening mem-
brane, which only unites their basal portions; the internal and external rays are consider
ably less developed than the three median ones, the internal one is the shortest; both are
simple and without any trace of terminal dilatations. The three median rays all terminate
in a large beautiful lanceolate leaf like blade, through which, however, the ray continues
to the pointed extremity; they are all prolonged beyond the two first-mentioned rays, hut
the outer one is considerably shorter than the other Two; it is smooth and its terminal blade
is smaller. The third and fourth rays, counting from the outer one. are subequal, and bent
backwards extend very nearly to the root of the tail; at about the basal third of their
length they both present a singular angular dilatation, which looks like a thickened articula-
tion, but which is merely, so far as I can make out. a membranous dilatation. The great lan-
ceolate terminal blades are very large, being little less than one-fourth of the total length
of the ray which supports them; their edges are sinuous and they terminate in a fine point.
Judging from their length, strength, and development, these ventral paddles must be most
efficient for swimming; I know of no other fish possessing anything like them, and have,
therefore, thought proper to derive from so peculiar a character the generic name which I
have proposed for this singular fish.

The next remarkable feature of my Eretmophorus is the huge abdominal cone, the base
of which occupies the entire, space between the insertions of the ventrals and that of the
anal fin. This cone appears to deyelop with age. and it is certainly larger and more prom-
inent in my oldest and biggest specimen, equaling in height that of the body just behind
the pectorals, where it is greatest. This abdominal cone is quite smooth; its skin, devoid
of scales, is silvery. 1 have not ventured to open it in any of the three specimens yet dis-
covered, for fear of damaging to a certainty these rare and very delicate creatures; but
the supposition that it contains most of the alimentary canal can not be far from the truth;
at its apex, which becomes cylindrical, is an aperture, evidently the vent, and behind this
a slender conical papilla on which 1 could not distinguish anything like an opening.

The scales cover the whole body except the head and abdominal cone, which are, as I
have said before, naked. They are small, very adherent, cycloid, and marked with con-
centric lines. I have figured a few magnified (pi. xxxiv, tig. 1), to give an exact idea of
their characters; they are very similar to those of Hypsirhynchus hepatieus, Facciola. A
thin pellucid epidermal layer covers them.

Only three specimens of Eretmophorus Kleinenbergi have, so far as I know, yet been cap-
tured and preserved; they were caught alive with a hand-net along with other pelagic an-
imals on the surface at the mouth of the harbor of Messina as the current was flowing in.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 379

1 owe them to the kindness of my friend, Prof. Nicolaus EQeinenberg, director of the
Zoological Institute of the Messina University, to whom I owe many other ichthyological

rarities; and as a mark of my gratitude and esteem I have though! proper to give his name
to so singular a species, which is evidently as yet undescribed. These specimens air now
in the central collection of Italian vertebrata in the Royal Zoological Museum at Florence.
As they present differences in size and in other respects, 1 shall proceed to describe them
briefly.

My smallest specimen (pi. xxxrv, fig. 2) measures 28£ millimeters in total length; it
was caught on the Kith of .May, 1887. It is evidently much younger than the other two:
the two dorsals are yet muted and the larval median tin extends as a crest to the head.
The caudal is, however, quite distinct and remarkable for its lanceolate form. The abdom-
inal cone is comparatively smaller than in the two older specimens, and a membrane unites
its hinder portion to the anal tin. The lobe of the pectorals is very distinct, and the rays
look thickened at their distal ends. The ventrals have the characteristic form and develop-
ment. The color of the body is yellowish white (in alcohol); 8 very distinct broad black
hands cross the body transversely, being slightly oblique: tin; first occupies the base of (he
abdominal cone, the last the root of the tail; the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh are con-
tinued as a black blotch on the base of the, anal tin; the ventral paddles are tipped and
edged with black: the ray is, however, white; otherwise the litis are colorless. Looking
with a lens, these black bands and blotches result in an accumulation of dark points or
chromatophores; this is the case also in the other specimens.

The second specimen, according to size and age, measures OS millimeters in total
length; it is figured slightly enlarged (pi. xxxiv, fig. 3). It was captured alive near the sur-
face in the harbor of Messina on the 2d of June, 1888. It bears considerable resemblance
to the first specimen described, but has lost some of the larval characters above noted ; all
the median fins are well distinct; the caudal has an oval contour, but the abdominal cone,
covered with a slightly silvery skin, shows still a posterior membranous fringe which par-
tially unites it with the anal tin. The pores on the head and nape are very distinct. In
color this specimen is also very similar to the first one; the black transverse bands are
very well marked, but they are slightly fainter and the first one does not extend to the
abdominal cone, which is well developed. Ten very distinct black blotches extend along
the base of the anal flu aud three along the caudal end of the second dorsal; three addi-
tional blotches are on the back between the third and fourth, fifth and sixth, and sixth and
seventh transverse bands.

The third specimen has the aspect of an adult. It was caught also near the surface
at the entrance to the harbor of Messina at the end of April, 1884. It measures 78 milli-
meters in total length; head, 111 millimeters; from nape to apex of abdominal cone, 27 milli-
meters; height of body immediately behind the abdominal cone, 12 millimeters. I have
figured it once and a half the natural size (PL xxxiv, Fig. 4). It differs especially in color
from the two .younger and smaller specimens; the transverse dark bands on the body and
blotches along the median fins are faintly marked. The paddles of the ventral (ins arc
tipped with blackish brown, and were edged with violet in the fresh specimen, the general
color of which was a faint pink, with yellowish tinge along the basal half of the dorsal and
anal tins. The, abdominal cone is bright silvery; it has no trace of a hind marginal mem-
brane. The caudal is subtruncate; and, lastly, the cylindrical hyaline warts on the nape
are very prominent and distinct. (Giglioli.)

HYPSIRHYNCHUS, Faeeiola.

Hypnrhynchus, FACClOLi, Naturalista Siciliano, in, pi. u.

A genus of Gadoidea related to Eretmopliorus, but having seven ventral rays, slightly
prolonged, and with rounded, rather than lanceolate, tips. No abdominal roue.

380

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

HYPSIKHYNCHUS HEPATICUS, Facciola.

Hypsirhynclme hepaticus, Facciola, loc. cit.

This species was obtained at Messina by Dr. L. Facciola, and is also represented by a
Naples specimen in the Florence Museum. It has not been fully described, nor have we
seen even the partial description in the Naturalista Siciliano.

STRINSIA, Rafinesque. (Figure 32G.)

Strinsia, Rafinesque, Indice d' Ittiologia Siciliana, 1880, 51. — Gi'NTHEK, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 344.

This genus was briefly characterized by Rafinesque in the following terms :

"Gen. Strinsia. Due ale dorsali, una ala anale riunita all' ala caudale."

Giinther's fuller diagnosis would appear to have been drawn from a study of the
description and figure in the "Iconografia" of Prince Bonaparte, who seems to have had a
sight of Rafinesque's type.

Strinsia is known only from this one specimen, carelessly described, and probably care-
lessly preserved nearly a century ago. The careful work of later Italian and French ex-
plorers has not brought the form again to notice. Conservative, and careful writers like
Giglioli, who has systematically reviewed all of Rafinesque's collecting fields about Sicily,
are beginning to omit it from their fauna! lists. Something must be wrong.

What, then, is Strinsia, or rather, what was it? This is a question which we shall not
attempt to answer, except by a suggestion. May not Rafinesque's type have been a fish
belonging to some closely related genus, whose tail had been deformed or partially restored
after mutilations; or, indeed, may not Bonaparte's figure, as well as Rafinesque's diagnosis,
have been drawn from a badly preserved specimen, with the caudal rays and those of the
posterior parts of the dorsal and anal frayed out and imperfect?

The tail of Bonaparte's figure does not look natural. The figure, except for the tail,
answers very well to the description of Ralargyreus.

The only species named under Strinsia is S. tinea, Rafinesque (op. cit., 12, 52).

MELANONUS, GLinther.
Melanormi, CCntiier, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1878, 19.— Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 83, Fig. (M.
gracilis) pi. xiv, fig. 13.

This genus is represented by one species, obtained by the Challenger in the Antarctic
Ocean, at 1,975 fathoms, and thus characterized:

*S555S**

MELANONUS GRACILIS.

Head and body rather compressed, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, and
terminating in a long, tapering tail. Eye of moderate size; mouth wide, anterior and lat-
eral; both jaws with narrow bands of villiform teeth; vomer and palatines with very nar-
row bands of minute teeth. Barbel none. Dorsal fin with a short anterior and a posterior
division; the middle portion commences immediately behind the anterior, and has the ante-
rior rays well developed; the posterior division is confluent with the extreme caudal rays
and the posterior anal division. Anal like the dorsal, minus its anterior division. The
outer gill rakers of the first branchial arch strong and long, longer than the gill lamina.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIIJUTKJN. 381

Ventrals composed of several rays, slightly in advance of the pectorals, which arc narrow.
Bones flexible; mucous cavities of the head of moderate capacity. Pseudobranchiae nunc.
(Giinther.)

ONOS, Risso.

Onus, Risso, Hist. Nat, Eur. Mr-rid., 1826, in, 214 (type, G. mu8tellali.).—GihL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila.,
1863, 240. — Jordan & Gilbert, I'.ull., xvi, 1'. S. Nat. Mus., 796. — Collett, Vid. Sel.sk. Forhandl.,
Cliristiania, 1891, No. 11.

Motella, Cuvier, Regno Animal, ed. 2, n, isi>;l, 334. — GCntiier, Cat . Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 364.

Molvella and Motella, Kaup, Wiegm. Archiv., 1859, 90.

Gadoids with body rather elongate, covered with minute scales; head not compressed;
upper jaw longer; snout with 2 barbels and chin with 1 ; teeth on jaws and vomer in
bands; palatines toothless; dorsal fins 2, the anterior composed of small fringe like rays
concealed in a groove, preceded by a single long ray; second dorsal and anal long and
similar; caudal rounded or lanceolate; tail isocercal; ventral fins with from 5 to 7 rays;
chin with a barbel.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ONOS.
[From Collett.]

I. First raj "f first dorsal short (equal to or slightly longer than snout).

A. Pectoral rays about 11 [O. pacificus]

1. Pectoral rays about 17.

a. Longitudinal diameter of eyes equal to or less than width id' interorbital space.

' Height of body 7.1 in total length, v. 6 O. MEDITEKRANEUS

* * Height of body l>; in total length, v. 7 <). GUTTATUS

5. Longit udinal diameter of ej es greater than width of interorbital space.

* Head large, its length about 4+ in total [O. MACROPTHALMUS |

' "Head small, its length about 5 £ in total O. BISCAYENSIS

2. Pectoral rays 22 or more.

a. Longitudinal diameter of eve equal to or less than interorbital space,

First ray of first dorsal equal to diameter of eye O. VULGARIS

First ray of iirst dorsal greater than diameter of eye O. REINHAKDTH

b. Longitudinal diameter of eye great, larger than interorbital space O. carpekterii

II. First lay of lirst dorsal long (equal to head), color uniform salmon or brick red O. ENSIS.

ONOS ENSIS, (Reinhardt), Gill. (Figure 327.)

Mottllaensis, Reinhardt, Koii.Ved.Sel.sk. Math. Natura, Copenhagen, vi, 1837; ex. vn, 1838; 116, 128.— Col-
lett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Cliristiania, 187S, No. 17; Norske Nordhavs Exji., 1890, Fish, 134. — LtJTKEN, Vid.
Medd. Xatnrli. Foren. Copenhagen, 1881, 236.

Onos ensis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1863, 241. — JORDAN and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus-
797.— GONTHER, Challenger Report, xxti, 98.— Collett, Forh. Vid. Selsk, 1891, No. 11.

Onos rufiis, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \ t. L883, 259.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 128.

Head small, its length .">'-(> in total. Bye small, its diameter one-half the length of
the snout. Vent nearly median. First dorsal rays prolonged, its long as head. Teeth in
villiform bands, small and uniform.

Radial formula: D. 59; A. 44-46; P. 22-27; V. 8.

This form is known from Greenland, whence the museum at Copenhagen obtained 2
specimens, taken in 1836 from the stomach of a seal (Cystophora) at Otuenak (lat. 70° N").
Another was found in 1882 by the IT. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk in hit. 40°, off

the coast of New Jersey, in l.lllli fathoms.

The body is unusually high, the greatest height at anus contained 4.] times in length ex-
clusive of caudal. The head enters 5J times in the length to end of caudal peduncle and
(i times in total length; its width at cheeks equals two-thirds of the head's length.

The eyes are rather large, nearly as long as snout and the interorbital area, ami are
entirely in the anterior half of head, the posterior margin of the orbit nearly equidistant
betweeu the tip of the suoul ami the posterior margin of the operculum. The mouth is

382 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

norma]; the supramaxillary ends under the posterior margin of the pupil. The teeth are
in a narrow band in both jaws and some of those at least in the outer row of upper jaw arc
slightly enlarged and brownish colored. The teeth of the vomer forma short curved band in
two rows. The nasal barbel about equals the diameter of the eye. The chin barbel is
small and does not much exceed one-half the diameter of the eye.

The foremost ray of the first dorsal springs from the back above opercular margin.
The second dorsal tin is low in front but rises rapidly to the seventh or eighth rays behind
which it is nearly uniform for a long distance and the highest at posterior portion.

The anal fin is much lower than the second dorsal. The caudal is slightly emarginate,
almost truncate behind, and its median rays are about two-thirds as long as the head.

The pectorals are nearly three-fourths as long as head and are produced toward the
upper angles, the third ray being longest.

The ventral tins have their basis mostly in advance of the pectorals, and the longest
ray is filamentous and nearly equals the pectoral.

The lateral line is obsolescent.

The Albatross obtained specimens of this species from the following localities: Cat.
No. 33430, T. S. X. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' N. lat., 65° 35' \V. Ion., at a depth of
S5S fathoms; Cat. No. 35600, U. S. N. M., from station 2206, in 39° 35' N. lat., 71° 24' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 1,043 fathoms; Cat, No. 33297, U. S. N. M., from station 2051, in 39°
41' N. lat., 69° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,106 fathoms, and from station 2550, in 39° 44' 30"
N. lat., 70° 30' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,081 fathoms.

ONOS MACROPHTHALMUS, GCntiier.

Motclla macropthalma, GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., lstiT, \x, 2S0, pi. v., lij;. B.
Onus macrophthalmas, GCnther, Challenger Report, \\n. 96. — Collett, Hull. Soc. Zool. France, xv, 1890,
108; Vid. Sclsk. Forhandl., 1801. No. 11.

"Barbels, three. The length of the head is one fourth of the total (without caudal).
The diameter of the eye is one fourth of the length of the head, as long as the snout, and
much longer than the inter orbital space is wide. The maxillary reaches the hind mar-
gin of the orbit. Both jaws with teeth unequal in size, some being enlarged and canine-
like. Vent nearer to the snout than to the end of the anal. The anterior ray of the first
dorsal about as long as the eye."

Radial formula: I). 55; A. 55; P. 17; V. 5. Back with narrow brownish crossbars.

This species is known only from a single example, 3 inches long, obtained in 80 or 90
fathoms, near the Hebrides. Dr. Liitken gives it as his opinion that this represents the
young of Motella mediterranean but this view is disproved essentially by Collett.

ONOS UISCAYENSIS, Collktt.

Onus Uscayensis, Collett, Bull. Soc, Zool. Frame, xv, 1890, 107. — Vid. Selsk. Forhandl., Christiania, 1891,
No. 11.

Body elongate, its height 9 times or a little more in its length; head small, 5£ in total,
4J in total without caudal. Height of caudal peduncle 4 times in length of head. Eye
large, its diameter 3| in length of head, exceeding in length the width of the interorbital
space, the length of the snout, and that of the first dorsal. Barbels, 3 (two nasal, one man-
dibular).

Vent nearer to the tip of the snout than to the extremity of the anal by a space equal
to the. length of the snout.

Base of first dorsal twice in length of head and a little longer than distance of its origin
from snout. Pectoral reaches nearly to origin of second dorsal.

Intermaxillary teeth in bands, a single prominent canine on each side.

Color, brownish; second dorsal and caudal with brown bands.

Radial formula: D. 54; A. 44; P. 17; B. 0.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 383

Two young specimens (133 millimeters) were taken bythe Hirondelle, one in the gulf
i>f Gascony at a depth of 77 fathoms, the other off Cape Pinisterre in 200 fathoms. This
species resembles most closely 0. macrophthalmm, but 1ms a smaller head, and differs in
color and dentition.

ONOS RELNHARDTII, (Kroyer), Coixett.

Motella argentata, Reinhardt, Kgl. D. Vid. Selsk. Math. Nat. Copenhagen, 1837, ex.

M, ,i,iu i Reinhardti, Kroyer, Ms. of about L852.-Coi.lett, Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christ., L878, 83.

— LtJTKEN, Vid. Meddel, aat. Foren. Kj0benhavn, 1882, 236.
Onus Reinhardti, Collett, Norsk. Nordh. Exped., Fisk., p. 131, pi. rv. fig. 34; Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1891, No. 11,

Christiania. — GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, v. H7, pi. xix. Bg. B.

Barbels, 3. The length of the bead is contained 1 1 times in the total (without caudal),
the diameter of the eye 4§ or 5 times in the Length of the head ; it is shorter than the snout,
equal to, or less in length than the interorbital space. The maxillary scarcely extends to
the hind margin of the eye. Both jaws and the vomer with an outer series of larger teeth.
Vent nearer to the root of the caudal than to the snout. The anterior ray of the first dorsal
tin rather longer than the eye.

Radial formula: D. 53-59; A. 43-48; P. 22-2-1; V. S. Coloration uniform. {Gilnther.)
Several specimens were obtained in the Faroe Channel bythe Knight Errant in 540,
tius, and tilt) fathoms, and by the North Atlantic expedition in the open sea west of Bear
Island at a depth of 058 fathoms. Other specimens are known from Greenland.

ONOS CARPENTERI, GOnther.

Motella macrophthalma, GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1874, xiii, 139 (not 1867).
Onus Carpenteri, GOnther, Challenger Report, x.xn, 87, pi. xlii, D. — Collett, Vid. Selsk. Forhandl.,
Christiania, 1891, No. 11.

Barbels, .;. The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal): the
diameter of t'ae eye two-ninths of the length of the head, ashing as the snout, and longer than
interorbital space is wide. The maxillary reaches to a little behind the hind margin of the
orbit. Both jaws with teeth unequal in size, some being enlarged and canine-like. Vent
much nearer to the snout than to the end of the anal. The anterior ray of the first dorsal
tin about as long as the eye.

Radial formula: 1). 4!t; A. 45; 1\ L'3; V. 6. Coloration uniform. (Gimther.)
One specimen only is known, 44 inches long, obtained during the cruise of H. M. S.
Porcupine, in 180 fathoms, between Shetland and Faroe. Collett writes that he formerly
regarded this specimen as representing a more advanced stage of growth of Onos macro
j> lit halm us.

ONOS TRICIRRATUS, (Bloi h), Goode am. Bean.

Gadus tricirratus, Bloch, Ichthyologie, pi. ci.xv.

Motella irieirrata, Nilsson, Prod, is; Skand. Fauna, iv, 586. — Vaillant, Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 285.

Snout obtuse, broad, rather depressed, with 3 barbels, one at each of the anterior nos-
trils, the third at the chin. Teeth villiform and of equal size in the upper jaw. A series
of white dots along the lateral line (generally). (Giinther.)

The "Three-bearded rockling, " which occurs along the coast of Europe from Scandi-
navia to the Mediterranean, was found by the Talisman oil' Soudan at the depth of 640
meters (station lxxi), as well as by the Travailleur along the coast, of Morocco at 112
meters [station xxxiv).

RHINONEMUS, Gill.
Bhinonemus, Gijll, Proc. 1'. S. Nat. Mus., 18(53, 230. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull., xv, I", s. Nat. Mus., 7J7.

Onine gadoids having a barbel at the snout as well as one at each nostril and one at
the chin. Head high auteriorly and compressed. Mo large canines.

384 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

RHINONEMUS CTMBKIUS, (Linn.eus), Goodb and Bean. (Figure 328.)

Gadus cmbrius, Linn/icts. Syst. Nat., ed. xn, 1700, 440. — Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Toiss., n, 1801, 442.

Motella cimbria, Bell, Canadian Naturalist aud Geologist, IV, 1859, 209. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv,

1862, 367.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 241.
Onos (Rhinonemns) cimbrius, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878, 349 (with full synonymy); Cat.

Fish. Essex Co. and Mass. Bay, 1879, 8.
Enchelyopus cimbrius. Jordan, ms., in Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 476.
Enchelyopus cimbncus, Schneider, Bloch's Systema Ichthyologist, 1801, 50, pi. ix.
Motella cimbrica, NlLSSON, l'rodr. lehth. Scand.,48; Skand. Fauna, iv, 1855, 587. — Yakrell, Hist. Brit. Fishes,

2d ed., 1841, n, 274.
Motella caudacuta, Storeb, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ill, 1848, 5; Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci., L867, 111; Hist.

Fishes Mass., 1867, 183.
Rhinonemus caudacuta, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 241; Cat. Fishes E. Coast N. Am., 1873, 18. —

Goode aud Bean', Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xiv, Dec, 1877, 476.

Head oblong, compressed; the snout high, its anterior profile blunt; mouth large,
inferior; a barbel at chin, one at end of .snout, and one on each anterior nostril; maxillary
reaching much beyond eye. Teeth in narrow bands, some of them considerably enlarged.
Lateral line stitch like, developed at intervals. First (free) ray of dorsal as long as head;
veutrals about half length of head; caudal somewhat acute.

Eadial formula: D. 50; A. 43; V. 5.

Color brownish; posterior part of dorsal and anal and lower margin of caudal abruptly
black ; inside of mouth black.

This species is a resident of the deep waters of Massachusetts Bay, and has frequently
been found outside the 100 fathom curve at the bottom. Its young swim at the surface in
the latter part of summer aud fall, and have hitherto beeu identified with the little
Mackerel Midge, Ciliata argentata. We have examined numerous specimens which pur-
ported to be Ciliata, and have found them in every case to be the young of this species.
English ichthyologists, indeed, record Ciliata as the larval form of Motella, and if this be
uot the case we doubt if the genus Ciliata has ever been observed in the Western Atlantic.

A single specimen of Rhinonemus, apparently R. cimbrius, was taken by the Blake at
station ((('xxvii, in 34° 00' 30" N. lat., 70° 10' 30" W. lon.,at a depth of 178 fathoms. The
specimen was in poor condition.

The Albatross obtained examples from the following localities: Cat. Nn. 35080, TJ. S.N.
M., from station 2240, in -MP 27' 30" X. lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 44 fathoms; Cat.
No. 35681, U. S. X. M., from station 2241, in 40° 21' N. lat., 70° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of
50 fathoms; Cat. No. 35682, IT. S. N. M., from station 2230, in 40° 38' N. lat,, 70° 29' 45" W.
Ion., at a depth of 32 fathoms; from station 2426, in 36° 01' 30" N. lat., 74° 47' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 93 fathoms; from station 2513, in 43° 34' N. lat., 63° 56' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 134 fathoms; from station 2505, in 44° 23' 30" N. lat., 60° 44' 15" W. lou., at a depth of
93 fathoms; from station 2545, in 40° 01' N. lat., 70° 23' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 142
fathoms; from station 2559, in 39° 48' N. lat,, 71° 48' 30" W.lon., at a depth of 120 fathoms;
from station 2506, in 44° 26' N. hit,, 62° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 127 fathoms; and from
station 2299, in 35° 40' N. lat., 74° 51' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 290 fathoms.

The Fish Hawk obtained specimens, Cat. No. 2S862, TJ. S. N. M., from station 953, in 39°
52' 30" N. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms; Cat, No. 28917, TJ. S. N. M.,
from station 998, in 39° 43' X. lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 302 fathoms ; Cat. No. 28843,
TJ. S. XT. M., from station 951, iu 39° 57' N. lat., 70° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms;
Cat. No. 28890, TJ. S. N. M., from station 993, in 40° 28' N. lat,, 70° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 39
fathoms; Cat, No. 26107, U. S. X. M., from station 877, iu 39° 56' N. lat,, 70° 54' IS" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 126 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 31878, TJ. S. X. M., from station 1153, in 39° 34' N. lat.,
70° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms; Cat. No. 2S815, TJ. S. N. M., from station 940, in
39° 55' 30" N. hit,, 71° 14' W. lou.. at a depth of 247 fathoms; Cat, No. 33351. TJ. S. N. M.,
from station 1161, in 40° 28' X. lat., 70° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms; Cat. No.
33353, U. S. X. M., from station 1162, in 40° 32' X. lat., 70° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 45
fathoms; Cat, No. 33362, TJ. S. N. M., from station 1160, in 40° 24' XT. lat., 70° 35' W. Ion.,

DISCUSSION OF SrECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

385

at a depth of 41 fathoms; Cat. -33352, U. S. N. M., from station 1159, in 40° 20' K lat., 70
;;:.' W. Ion., at a depth of:.:, fathoms; Cat. No. 28994, U.S. N. M., from station 1043, in 38°
39' N. lat., 73 11' W. lou., at a depth of 130 fatlioms; Cat. No. l\s7G0, U. S. N. M., from
station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69° 49' AV. Ion., at a depth of 616 fathoms; Cat. No. 28823,
U. S. N. M., from station 948, in Buzzards Bay, Penikese Island, at a depth of 7 fathoms;
and Cat. No. 25857, U. S. N. M., from station 802, in Narragansett Bay, at a depth of li'A
fathoms. The Blue! it/lit captured three young individuals at stations 163 and 156, in Blue
Light Cove, at a depth of 2 fathoms, and station 182, in 15 to 23 fathoms.

BROSMIUS, Cuvier.

Brosmius, Cuvier, Regno Animal, ed. 2, 1827, m, 334 (type, (Indus brosme, Miiller). — GOnther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mvis., iv, 369.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1*63, 211.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S.
Nat. Mns., 802.

Gadoids having the body moderately elongate and a single dorsal fin, and a separate
caudal. Mouth moderately large. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; some of those on
the vomer and palatines enlarged; chin with a barbel; scales very small; branchiostegals
7. Ventral fins several rayed.

BROSMIUS BROSME, (Mcller), Gcntiier. (Figure 329.)

Gadus brosme, Mcller, Prodromus Zoologists Danicae, 41.

Brosmius brosmc, Guntiier, Cat Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 1802, 369; Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 1882,

680. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. — Lilljeborg, Sverige och Norg. Fiske, n, 202.
Brosmius flavescens, Hist. Stores, Fish Mass., 1867, 190. (A deformed specimen?)

Head flattened above; its length 4i times in that of body; upper jaw slightly longer
than lower; month large, oblique; maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Height of body 5J
times in its length.

Eadial formula: D. 98; A. 71.

Color, brownish, mottled; young uniform dark slate-color or with transverse yellow
bands; vertical fins bordered with blackish, and with a white edge.

The disk or Torsk lives on the offshore banks of northern New England. In Europe,
according to Giiuther, its range is from 30 to 120 fathoms, and an adult was obtained by
the Knight Errant, in 18S0, in the Faroe channel, at the depth of 530 fathoms. On the
New England coast it is a common resident of the inshore fishing grounds, where it occurs
in great abundance, lurking among the stones, but is soon caught up by the fishermen after
the discovery of a new bank. It occurs as far out as the 250 or 300 fathoms line.

BROSMICULUS, Vaillant.

Brosmioulus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Tavailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 1888, 292 (type, Brosmieulus imberbis,

Vaillant).

A gadoid, with elongated body, a single dorsal and anal; caudal distinct; ventrals
slender, 5-rayed. Teeth moderate, biserial in the jaws, none on the vomerines or palatines.
No barbel. No pseudobranchise.

This form is said by Vaillant to be near to Brosmius.

BROSMICULUS IMBERBIS, Vaillant.

Brosmioulus imberbis, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travaillour ot Talisman, Poiss., 1888,293.

A Brosmioulus having its body elongate, slender, its height one-fourth of its length
Its head is twice as long as the height of the body, a little higher than broad, with an ob-
tuse, truncated muzzle, whose length is one-fourth that of the head. Mouth moderate,
the maxillary reaching to the vertical from the center of the eye; the lower jaw slightly
the longer. Teeth in both jaws small, conical, in 2 rows; vomer and palatine without
teeth. Diameter of the eye one-fourth the length of the head; interorbital space three-
tenths. No barbel. Scales simple, 81 in the lateral line, 7 above and 23 below it. Head
completely scaly to the very extremity of the snout.
19808— No. 2 25

386

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Insertion of the dorsal fin behind the vertical from the base of the pectoral, and termi-
nating a slight distance from the caudal. The anal begins almost in the same vertical, and
is almost equal in length. Caudal rounded; caudal peduncle slender, somewhat elongate.
Pectorals placed rather high, their length less than that of the head. Ventrals jugular,
shorter than the pectorals, with slender base; second ray elongate and extending beyond
the origin of the anal.

BROSMICULU6 [MBERBIS

Radial formula: D. 58; A. 58; V. 5.

Color dull gray; light behind the head, posterior part of the back, and caudal peduncle.
Cheeks silvery. Vertical fins deep brown; pectorals and ventrals blackish.

Two specimens were obtained by the Freuch explorers at station ex, off the Cape Verde
Islands, at a depth of 400 meters.

Family MERLUCIID^E.

Merluciida, Adams, Manual Nat. Hist., 1864, 104.— Gill, Air. Fain. Fish., 1872, 3. (No. 25); Century Diction-
ary, 3719; Troc. Acad. Nat. s<i. l'hila. , 1884, 172.

A family of Gadoidea, having the caudal region moderate and coniform behind. Caudal
rays procurreut forward. Vent submedian. Frontal bones paired and excavated, with
divergent crests, continuous from the forked occipital crest. No barbels. Suborbital bones
moderate. Mouth terminal. Dorsal fin double, divided into a short anterior and x long pos-
terior portion ; anal tin corresponding in shape and position to the second dorsal. Ver-
tebrae peculiarly modified, with well-developed and closely packed neural spines. Ventrals
subjugular. Bibs wide, approximated and channeled below, or with inflated sides.

MERLUCIUS, Rafinesque.

Merlucciut, Rafixesque, Caratteii di alcuni nuovi generi, etc. 1810, 26 (type Aferluccius smiridus=Gadu»
merluccius, L.).— GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv, 344. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 808.

Stomodon, Mitcuill, Rep. Fish. N. Y.. 7.

Body elongate, covered with small deciduous scales. Head conical. Snout long, de-
pressed. Mouth large, oblique; mamillaries extending to opposite the eyes; lower jaw
longest. Teeth slender, in about 2 series on jaws, those of the inner row longer and
movable; vomer with five teeth; palatines toothless. Eye rather large; edge of preopercle
free; preopercle with channel behind crest, crossed by short radiating ridges. Branehioste-
gals 7. Gill rakers long; gill membranes not united. Ventrals well developed.

MERLUCIl'S BILINEAKIS, (Mitchell), Gill. (Figure 330.)

Stomodon bilinearis, Mitciiill, Rep. Fishes New York, 1814, 7.
Merlucius bilinearis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., l'hila., 1863,247.
Gadus albidus, Mitciiill, Journ. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 409.
Merlucius albidus. Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 363.

A Merlucius, distinguished from the common hake of Europe, M. smiridus, L., chiefly
by the larger scales, of which there are 100 to 110 in the lateral line (about 150 in M. smi-
ridus), and by the smaller size of its teeth. The pectorals and ventrals are long, the

DISCISSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 387

latter reaching three-fourths of the distance to the vent, their length about three-fifths
that of head (a little more than half head in .1/. vmiridvs).

Radial formula: D. 13+41; A. 40.

Color dark gray, dull silvery below; upper edge of pectoral blackish.

The whiting, or silver hake of the eastern United States ranges from New York to
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it is common, especially in the Hay of Chaleur, although
it has been rarely observed as far north as the Strait of Belleisle. It has been found at
considerable depths as far south as lat. 36° and 37°, as is shown in the following list of
stations. It appears to spawn in the fall, at a depth of 80-150 fathoms, off the mouth of
Xarragansett Bay, and there is no evidence that it ever breeds except at considerable
depths.

Specimens were taken by the Albatross from station 2513, in 39° 58' 15" X. lat., 70° 42'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 166 fathoms; from station 2500, in 39° 48' 10" X. lat.. 71 ' 18' 40"
\Y. Ion., at a depth of 114 fathoms; from station 2540, in 39" 58' 20" X. lat., 70° 52' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 144 fathoms; from station 2544, in 40° 01 15" X. lat., 70° 24' W. Ion., at a
depth of 131 fathoms; from station 2452, in 17" 04' X. lat., 50° 48' W.lon., at a depth of 89
fathoms; from station 2422, in 37° OS' 30" X. lat.. 74- 33' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 85
fathoms; from station 2425, iu 36° 20' 24" X. lat., 74° 46' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 119
fathoms; from station 2260, iu 40° 13' 15" X. kit., 09° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 40
fathoms; from station 2249, iu 40° 11' X. lat., 69° 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 53 fathoms;
from station 253s. in 39° 57' 30" X. lat., 70° 51' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 150 fathoms; from
station 2248, in 40° 07' X. lat., 69° 57' W.lon., at a depth of 67 fathoms; from station 2212.
in 40= 15' 30" X. lat., 70° 27' W. Ion., at a deptli of 58 fathoms; from station 2537, in 39°
56' 45" X. lat., 70= 50' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 156 fathoms; from station 2536, in 39° 56'
15" X. lat., 70° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 157 fathoms; from station 2426, in 36= 01' 30"
X. lat., 74 - 47' 3d" W. Ion., at a depth of 93 fathoms; from statiou 2514, in 40° 01' 45" X.
lat., 70 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 131 fathoms; from statiou 2420, in 37° 03' 20" X. lat.. 7 I
31' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; from station 2423, in 37° 10' 15" X. lat., 74° 32'
\Y. Ion., at a depth of 143 fathoms; from station 2424, in 36° 41' 37" X. lat., 74° 42' 15" W.
Ion., at a deptli of 85 fathoms; from station 2501, in 44° 27' X. lat.. on 20' 15" W. Ion., at
a depth of 20 fathoms; from station 2542, in 40° 00' 15" X. lat., 70 = 42' 20" W. km., at a
depth of 129 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33398, IT. S. X. M., from station 2053, in 42° 02' X. lat., 68°
27' \V. Ion., at a depth of 105 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33407, U. S. X. M., from station 2057, in IU
01' X. lat., 68° 00' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of SO fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33415, U. S. X. M., from
station 2058, in 41° 57' 30" X. lat., 67° 58' W. Ion., at a deptli of 35 fathoms; from statiou
2299, in 35° 40' X. hit., 74° 51' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 296 fathoms, and ( at. Xo. 32678,
U. S. X. M.. from statiou 2004. in 37° 19' 45" X. lat., 71 26' 00" W. Ion., at a depth of 102
fathoms.

The Blake obtained it from station cccxin, iu 32° 31' 50" X. lat.. 78 45' W. Ion., at a
depth of 75 fathoms; from station cccxi, in 39° 59' 30" X. lat., 70= 12' AY. Ion., at a depth
of 143 fathoms; from station cccxxi, in 32° 43' 25" X. lat., 77= 20' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 233 fathoms; and from station cccxliv, in 40= 01' X. lat., 70° 58' W. lou., at a depth of
ll'li fathoms.

Additional examples were secured by the Fish HawJc from station 945, Cat. Xo. 2SS09,
U. S. X. M., in 39° 58' X. lat., 71= 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 207 fathoms; Cat. Xo. i'5790,
U. S. X. M.. from station 792, off Newport, R. I., in IS fathoms; Cat Xo. 29061, U. S. X. M..
from station 1047, in 38= 31' X. lat., 73= 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 156 fathoms; Cat. No.
26182, C. S. X. M., from station 895, in 39° 50' 30" X. lat., 70° 59' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of
238 fathoms; ( 'at. Xo. 28826, U. S. X. M., from station 944, in 40= 01' X. lat., 71 11' 30' W.
Ion., at a depth of 128 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33344, U. S. X. M., from station 1157. in 40 1 t X.
lat., 70 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 02 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28974, V. S. X. M., from station
1038, in 39° 58' X. lat., 70° 06' W. Ion., at a depth of 14G fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28825, U. S. X.
M., from station 927, iu Viueyard Sound, at a depth of 11 fathoms; Cat. X. 2072s. C. S. X.
M., from station 897. in 37= 25' X. kit.. 71 is \Y. Ion., at a depth of 157A fathoms; and Cat.

388 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

No. 28857, IT. S. N.*M., from station 949, in 40° 03' N. lat., 70° 31' W. Ion., at a depth of 100
fathoms; also by the Speedwell from station 238, in 42° 30' 30" N. lat., 70° 38' W. Ion., at a
derjth of 43 fathoms; and from station 214, off Gape Ann, Mass., in 57 fathoms.

MERLUCIUS SMIRIDl'S, ( Kafinesque), Goode and Bean.

Gadits merluccius, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., i, 439.
Merluccius smiridus, Rai'INESQUE, loc. dt.

Merluccius vulgaris, Fleming, et al. — Gcntiier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862,344. — Vaii.i.ant, Exp. Sci.
Travaillcur et Talisman, 300.

As might have been predicted from the discovery among the American species, that
of Europe has been found to occur at considerable depths southward. The Travailleur took
it at 306 meters in the Gulf of Gascony in 1S80 (station xvn), and the Talisman off the
coast of Soudan in 640 meters (station lxiii), as well as in 99-118 meters, along the coast
of Spain, and by Vinciguerra, at 600 fathoms in the Gulf of Genoa.

Family BREGM ACEROTID^E.

Bregmacerotida>, Gill, Arr. Fam. Fish., 1872, 3, (No. 22); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Thila., 1884, 173; Century
Dictionary, I, 1889, 675.

Gadoids having a robust caudal portion, truncate or convex behind, almost without pro-
current caudal rays above or below; an antemediau anus; moderate suborbitals; terminal
mouth; jugular ventrals abnormally developed; an occipital ray; a continuous dorsal fin,
mostly confined to the caudal portion, and an anal nearly similar to the long dorsal. (GUI).

BREGMACEROS, Thompson.

Brcgmacerus, Thompson, in Charles-worth's Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, iv, 184. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv,

368.
Calloptilnm, Richardson, Voyage of the Sulphur, Fishes, 94.

Body fusiform, compressed posteriorly, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size.
Two dorsal fins; the anterior reduced to a single long ray ou the occiput; the second and
the anal much depressed in the middle, nearly divided into two; ventrals very long, com-
posed of 5 rays, the outer of which are very elongate. Minute movable teeth round the
margin of the mouth and on the vomer; none on the palatines. No air bladder; no pyloric
appendages. Gill openings very wide, the gill membranes being united below the throat,
not attached to the isthmus. Pseudobranchiaj none; 7 branchiostegals. (Gunther.)

The type species, B. Macclellandii, Thompson, is known from the China seas, the Pacific
near the Philippines, and the Indian Ocean. This genus has recently been added to the
Atlantic fauna in the form of a well-marked species.

Alcock obtained numerous young specimens of a species of Bregmaceros in the Lacca-
dive Sea, in 95 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1891, 29).

BREGMACEROS ATLANTICUS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 331).

Bregmaceros atlanticus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XII, 165.

The species agree very closely with B. Macclellnndii, Thompson, from which, however,
it differs in the lesser number of rays in the first anal, and in the greater height of the
vertical fins (judging from figures).

The type (cv) is 46 millimeters long to base of caudal. Form compressed, moderately
elongate. Body height (6 millimeters) 73} in its leugth. Interorbital area convex, its width
(2i millimeters) greater than diameter of eye (2 millimeters), which is 4 in length of head
(8 millimeters). Length of head 5| in total. Jaws even in front.

Maxilla reaches to vertical through middle of eye; the mandible to vertical through
posterior margin of eye.

Teeth on intermaxillary minute, apparently in a single series; mandibulary teeth
biserial, the inner teeth enlarged.

Scales large, about 10 in a transverse series, about 65 in a longitudinal series.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTE ).V. 389

Cephalic appendage reaches nearly to base of first dorsal, its length (lo millimeters)
■M in total.

Distance of dorsal from snout (17 millimeters) -h in total; thai of anal the same

Tin' dorsal ami anal (iiis received iii a groove formed by the scales along their bases.

Anterior portion of second dorsal and second anal Less elevated than in /»'. Macclellandii.
The differentiations between the developed and undeveloped rays of the anal arc so slight
thai the limits of the so-called anterior and posterior sections of tlie fin can not be
determined.

Length of the longest anal ray (22 millimeters) about 2 in body length.

Radial formula: 1). 1 + 15-16; A. 15-16 + a; (7 or 8) + 21-22.

Specimens were obtained by the Blake at the following stations: xcix, off Granada,
90fathoms; oxiii, off Neris, 305 fathoms; clxxxv, hit. 25° 33' N., Ion. 84° 21' W., 101
fathoms.

Family MACRURID^E.

Macruiidir, BONAPARTE, Nuovi Annali Sci. Nat. (857), 1838, 132; Catologo Motodico, 1876, 41. — Gunther,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., it, 390.— Gill, Arr. Fam. Fish., ls72, 3 (No. 16); Johnson's Cyclopaedia, n, 1614;
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'liila., 1864, 174. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 811.

LepidoUpridw, Swainson, Hist Nat. Fish., 1839, n, 179.

Lepidosomatidai, Adams, Man. Nat. Hist., 1861, 101.

Gadoidea with body terminating in a tapering, long, and compressed tail, and covered
by keeled or ornamented scales. Teeth villiform or cardiform, in bands in jaws. Premax-
illary protractile. First dorsal near the head, distinct and short; second of feeble rays,
similar to the anal, the two encompassing the tail. No differentiated caudal. Ventrals
thoracic or jugular and of several rays. Pseud obranchiae none. Air-bladder present.

SYSTEMATIC KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.

(After Gunther, modified and extended.)

I. A fold of membrane of gill-cavity across terminal portion of first branchial arch. Barbel present. 4
nil Is. No pseudobranchise Macruiinu

A. Teeth in villiform bands above and below, that of the lower jaw always broadest near the symphysis,

and sometimes tapering into a series on the side of the jaw.

1. Scales distinctly imbricate, without enlarged dorsal scales.

a. Scales Bpinigerous.

Mouth inferior; infraorbital ridge more or less distinct. Dorsal spine serrated... MACRURUS
Mouth entirely at the lower side of the head, a longitudinal ridge dividing the infraorbital
region into a vertical and subhorizontul portion. Dorsal spine smooth.

CCELORHYNCHU8

Mouth wide and lateral.

Dorsal spine finely barbed Coryph-ENOIDES

Dorsal spine smooth Hymenockpiialus (=Mystaconurus)

h. Scales smooth Lioxurus

2. Scales indistinct, the wholes skin covered with villosities TraCHON'URUS

3. A series of enlarged scales along the base of the dorsal ami anal tins Crn inurus

B. Intermaxillary heterodont. \\ ith an outer series of strong, widely-set teeth, anil an inner villiform

band; mandibulary teeth uniserial.

1. Dorsal spine Berrated Chalinura

L'. Dorsal spine smooth Optonurus

('. Intermaxillary teeth uni- or biserial; mandibular; teeth uniserial.

1. Dorsal origin m er origin of pectoral.

a. Ventrals short and weak, pectorals placed very high, opposite upper angle of gill-cleft; lat-
eral line originating at upper angle of gill -c left . Muei tenuis ea \ i ties wide. Dorsal

spine smooth. Scales small, bristly Malai ocephalus

2. First dorsal behind origin of pectorals. Mnciferous cavities small.

a. Dorsals separated by a considerable space. Dorsal and anal similar in height and appear

aneo NEMATONURUS

b. Dorsals subcontnuous. Anal much higher than second dorsal MOSELEYA

D. Intermaxillary teeth villiform ; mandibnlary teeth uniserial.

1. Dorsal, ventral and pectoral origins nearly in the same vertical. Pectorals very long, spatu-
late Abyssicola

3'JO DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

II. First branchial arch free Traehyrhynehina

A. Snout elongate, pointed.

1. A Bcalelees fossa on each side of the nape. Teeth in villiform bunds in jaws. A row of armed

scales at base of vertical fins anteriorly. Operculum very small. Barbel present.

Trachyrhynchus

2. Noscab-less fossa. Teeth biserial in upper jaw, with outer series enlarged ; uniserial in lower jaw .

No barbel.

a. No vomerine teeth. Bones of head firm, with narrow cavities. Mouth wide, lateral. Tail

not very elongate Mackuronus

b. Vomerine teeth. Bones of head 6oft and cavernous. Tail very long and flagelliform, Vent

very far forward. Anal fin with a distinct elevated portion Steindachneria

B. Snout short and blunt; jaws even in front. Teeth in jaws in villiform bands. Bones of head soft

and cavernous. 3i gills Bath ygadus

MACRURUS, Bloch.

Maerotirus, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., v, 1787, 152 (type, 31. rupestrk, Bloch and Fabricius = 31. berglax, Lacepede).
Macrurus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 390. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 811.
Macruroplus, Bleekek, Versl. Med. K. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam. VIII, 369 (type, M. setratus, Lowe).

Snout more or less produced, and conical or triangular; mouth inferior, rather small,

infraorbital ridge more or less distinct; teeth in villiform bamls in jaws, palate toothless.
Barbel present. Scales spinigerous, imbricated, lateral line slightly arched anteriorly. No
scalcless fossa on side of nape. Dorsal spine serrated. Other characters in common with
the other genera of Macrurince.

In addition to the Atlantic forms the following have been noted elsewhere:

Macrurus investigatoris, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889 (Nov.), 391, 111. Zool.
Investigator, I, pi. HI, tig. 4) from Andaman Sea, 205-490 fathoms; Bay of Bengal, 193-405
fathoms; Laccadive Sea, 188-276 fathoms. This is the common species of the Indian Ocean,
occupying the same place which .1/. Bairdii tills in the Western Atlantic.

M. semiquincunciatus, Alcock (loo. tit. 392), from the Bay of Bengal, near the Anda
mans, in 130-250 fathoms, and from the Laccadive Sea, 240-270 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and
Mag. Nat, Hist., vm, 1891, 121).

Macrurus Hoslcynii, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, II, 214), from the Bay of
Bengal, off Madias, Investigator station 97, in 1,310 fathoms. This is the deepest locality
for Macrurus yet found in the Bay of Bengal.

Macrurus Rextii, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., 1890, n, 299), from the Arabian Sea,
Investigator station 104, 1,000 fathoms.

Macrurus Wood Masoni, Alcock (loc. tit., 301). From same locality as last and in the
Laccadive Sea. 73S fathoms.

Macrurus Petersonii, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist,, vm, 1891, 121, 111. Zool.
Investigator, I, in, fig. 5), from the Laccadive Sea, in 188 to 220 fathoms.

Macrurus brevirostris, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, 393), from the Anda-
man Sea, 7i miles east of North Cinque Island, in 490 fathoms.

Macrurus macrolophus, Alcock (loc. tit.), from the Andaman Sea, southeast by south
of Ross Island, in 265 fathoms, and from the Laccadive Sea, 230 to 270 fathoms.

Macrurus lophotes, Alcock (loc. tit.. 111. Zool. Investigator, i, pi. in, fig. 2), from the
'•Swatch'' in the Bay of Bengal, 285 to 405 fathoms.

Macrurus polylepis, Alcock (loc. tit), from the Bay of Bengal, 193 and 272 fathoms.

Macrurus rudis, Giiuther (Challenger Report, xxn, 131, pi. xxvn), from the Pacific,
north of the Kermadecs, in 520 to 030 fathoms.

Macrurus nasutus, Giiuther (loc. cit., pi. xxx. Fig. B), from off Japan, 345 to 505 fathoms,
and from the Laccadive Sea, Investigator station 107, in 738 fathoms (Alcock. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., vm, 1891, 121).

Macrurus serrulatus, Glinther (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, n, 26), from northeast
of New Zealand, in 700 fathoms.

Macrurus asper, Giiuther (Challenger Report, xxn, 137, pi. xxxvi, fig. A), from south
of Japan, 1,875 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEEB DISTRIBUTION. 391

Macrurus carinatus, Gunther (loc. cit., pi. \\\iii. Pig. A,, from near Prince Edward
Island, in 310 fathoms.

Macrurus stelgidolepis, Gilbert (Proc. 0. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, L16), was taken bj the
Albatross off the coast of California in -t;7 fathoms.

MACRUEUS BEEGLAX, Lacepede. (Pigure334.)

Macrurus berglax, lari'iTin', Bist. Nat. Poisa. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. X. Amer., 1887, 131.

Macrurus Fabricii, Sundea \i., Wi. Akad. Ilandl.. 1840, 6. — Collett, Norges Fiske, is?:., 128— Liixjeboro,
Sverig. og. Norgea Fiske, l'Il'. — Goods and Bean, Cat. Fish. Esses Co. ami Mass. Bay, 1879, 7. — Gun-
ther, Challenger Report, xxu, 130.

Macrurus rupestris, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. iv, im;l'. 390.

Short sunlit, subtrihedral, pointed in front, much shorter than the large eye, which is
one-third or two-fifths the length of the head in adult specimens. Intermaxillary very short,
one-half length of maxillary, and not continued beyond its expanded vertical process. The
eye is oblong. The whole under-surface of the head below the suborbital and nasal ridge is
naked. Axil ofpectoral naked. Space between the veutrals scaled. Body scales each with a
single strong median keel, made ii|> of 5 or 8 spines directed backwards. Some scales, par-
ticularly of the head, have also 2 lateral keels. There arc U longitudinal scries of scales
between the first dorsal fin and the lateral line. The first dorsal spine indistinctly denticu-
lated towards the point. The length of the pectoral is nearly or quite one-half the length
of the head. The longest spine of the dorsal is very finely serrated along its anterior
margin, the serrations becoming obsolete near its base. Vent situated behind the origin
of the second dorsal fin. Gill-rakers very small, tubercular; 9 to 11 on the first arch. The
gill-membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus behind.

Radial formula: D. 12+124; A. 148; P. 18-19; V. 8.

This form, originally discovered on the coast of Norway, has been found abundantly as
far south as Georges Bank, where the halibut fishermen catch it, or som ■ closely allied
form, on their trawls. The first specimen seen by American naturalists was picked up
floating at the surface, off the mouth of New York Harbor. The Albatross obtained it from
station 2528, in 41 - 47' N. lat., 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 677 fathoms. Gunther
knew it from Finmark and Greenland, as well as from New England. He calls attention to
remarkable individual variations in the specimens examined by him. His critical remarks
in this connection are of great importance. (Challenger lleport, xxu, 130.)

MACEUEUS SCLEEOEHYNCHUS, Valenciennes.

Zepidoleprtca sclerorhynchus, Valenciennes, in Webh and Berthelot, Ichthyologie des lies Canaries, 1836-44,

80, pi. xiv, fig. 1.
Macrurus si lerorhynckus, Valenciennes, loc. cit. — GiJnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. iv, 394; Challenger Eeport,

xxu, 1887, 133, pi. xxxii. fig. A. — Vincigoerra, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiv, 1S79, 622, pi. n.— Vaillant.

Exp. Sci. Traveilleur et Talisman, 237, pi. xxu, tig. 3.

Snout conically projecting beyond the mouth, with sharp and smooth canthus rostralis;
a rough protuberance in front, and one on each side of the canthus. Mouth rather small,
situated at the lower side of the snout; infraorbital ridge sharp, prominent in its whole
length. The cleft of the mouth docs no! extend to below the center of the eye. Teeth in
villiform bands, in both jaws; those of the outer series of the upper jaw scarcely stronger
than the others. Barbel short and slender. Interorbital space flat, its width being equal
to the vertical diameter of the eye. The horizontal diameter of the eye equals the length
of the snout, and is two-sevenths of that of the head.

The scales are covered with very small spinelets, which are arranged in about nine series,
the middle series 1 icing some times more prominent than the others; only the terminal spine
lets id' the central series projects sometimes beyond the margin of the scale. There are
(i scales in a transverse series between the first dorsal spine and the lateral line. Second
dorsal spine somewhat produced, armed in front with rather closely set barbs. The dis-
tance between the 2 dorsal lins equals the length of the head, the snout not included.
The outer ventral ray produced into a filament. Color, brown.

Radial formula : D. 11: A. 95; P. 17: V. 7. (Gimther.)

392 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The form identified by Giinther with the Canarian species of Webb and Berthelot was
obtained 90 miles southeast of Cape St. Vincent, at a depth of 1,090 fathoms. He
believes it to be the same as the Mediterranean species placed under the name by Vincigu-
erra. The French explorers obtained 141 specimens off Morocco, Soudan, and the Canaries,
at 500 to 2,G00 fathoms.

Macrurus smiliophorus, Vaillant (242, PI. xxn, Fig. 1), is very close to M. sclerorhynchus,
as may be seen by comparison of his figure with that of Vinciguerra. The differences in
the squamation and in the form of the sagitta do not appear to be sufficiently demonstrated
to warrant the acceptance of his species. All his specimens were obtained from the region
region inhabited by M. sclerorhynchus, N. Atlantic, 4G0-1319 meters.

MACRURUS iEQUALIS, (Gunther), Goode and Rean.

Coryphcenoides cequalia, GCntiier, Ann. anil Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, n, 25; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 134,

PI. xxxii, fig. C.
Coryphcenoides eerratus, "Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, I, 118, fig. 3.
Coryphcenoides oegualis, Vaillant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, p. 228 — "certains individus."

[Desc. and fig. belong to C. subla-vis, Vaillant, op. cit., p. 386.]

Snout conical, projecting beyond the mouth, with rather obtuse and rough upper
edge; the left of the mouth extends nearly to below the center of the eye. The teeth of
the outer series are visibly stronger than the remainder. Barbel slender, but not so lougas
the eye. The upper profile rises rather suddenly towards the anterior dorsal spine. The
interorbital space is fiat, its width being considerably less than the diameter of the eye,
which conspicuously exceeds the length of the snout, and is one-third or rather more
than one-third the length of the head. The scales are equally rough over the whole
of their surface, the spiuelets being subequal in size, densely packed, but arranged in
from 8 to 12 series, the middle series not being more prominent than the others (as is
the case in Macrurus sclerorhynchus). The entire margin of the scale is spinous. There
are 8 scales in a transverse series between the first dorsal and the lateral line. Second
dorsal spine somewhat produced, armed along its anterior edge with barbs pointing
upwards and rather closely set. The second dorsal fin commences at a distance from the
first which is less than the length of the head. The outer ventral ray not, or but slightly,
produced. Lower part of the head and autero-superior portion of the first dorsal black.

1 D. 12; A. 90-118; P. 17; V. 9. {Giinther.)

The Challenger obtained 2 specimens, 8 to 9 inches long, Giinther's types, from 600
fathoms south of the coast of Portugal. The species is very close to M. rudis, Giinther,
from the Kerinadec Islands in the Pacific.

MACRURUS SERRATUS, Lowe. (Doubtful Bpecies.)

Macrurus serratus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1843,'91 (''a single specimen, which was not seen until
it had been partly dried.")

Macrurus pallide ciuereo-fnscus, scaber, squamis rectinato-striatis, inerinibus ecari-
natis: capite rostroque brevibus, simplicibus (uec ccelatis nee cariuatis); oculis rotundatis;
dentibus scobinatis; pinnae dorsalis prima} alta} radio priino valido spinoso-serrato; ven-
tralium in filamentum producto.

I™ D. 1-9; 2da D. 100 fere; A. 80-90; V. l-7v8; P. 19; M. B. 7. {Lowe, loo. cit.)
The description quoted above is very indefinite : Giinther places the name of Lowe doubt
fully in the synonymy of M. oequalis. It is closer, however, to M. sclerorhynchus, having a
filament at the tip of the ventral ray. Giinther states that the form of which Wyville
Thomson gave a figure under the name of Coryplucnoides serratus was M. aujualis.1

» Voyage of the Challenger. The Atlantic, I, 118, tig. 3. s Pelagos, 1889, 228.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 393

MACRURUS BAIRDII, Goode and Bean. (Figure335.)

Mm in r us Bairdii, Goode and Bean, Amor. Joum. Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877, 471-473 (Massachusetts Baj i; Cat.

Fish. Essex ('■>. and .Mass. Bay, 1879, 7; Ball. Mas. C p. Zoiil. six, p. 195. — Goode, 1'roc. U.S.N. M., in,

:s:'.7. 175.— <:i niiii:i:. Challenger Report, x\n, 1887, 135, PI. xxxn, fig. B.

Body tapering from first dorsal to tip of tail, much compressed posteriorly, its greatest
lieighl over origin of pectorals (0.037 meter) contained 8 times in length; its greatest width
at the same point (0.022 meter, contained 13 times in length.

Scales irregularly polygonal, the free portions covered with transparent, vitreous spines,
arranged in from 10 to 12 irregular longitudinal rows. On head and upper part ofbody,
in advance of first dorsal, the median row of spines is the most prominent, and presents
the appearance of a low median keel.

Lateral line nearly straight, formed by a smooth groove, whieh replaces two or three
median rows of spines of each scale. Number of scales in lateral line, 152; 6 transverse
rows above it and 10 or 20 rows below it, counting from vent obliquely backward.

Greatest length of head (0.045 meter) equals distance between first and twenty third
anal rays, and is contained Gi times in extreme length. Greatest height at posterior mar-
gin of orbit (0.028 meter), greater thau width at same, point (0.023 meter), If times in
length of head. Width of interorbital area (0.012 meter) equal to length of snout (0.013
meter) and length of maxillary (0.013 meter). Length of postorbital region (0.017 meter),
about equal to horizontal diameter of orbit (0.010 meter). Length of operculum (0.007
meter) about half the length of mandible (0.015 meter).

Snout sharp, a front view presenting four ridges radiating from the tip at right angles
to each other, the lower one being merely a fold in the skin of the under surface of the
head. The horizontal ridges are continued into the ridges upon the suborbitals. Ridge
extending backward from tip of snout upon top of head is lost in the interorbital space.
Branches of the horizontal ridges are continued upon the upper margins of orbits, and
there disappear. Nostrils immediately in front of orbit, the posterior pair much the longer.

Mouth situated entirely on lower side of head; symphysis of lower jaw in vertical from
anterior margin of orbit, and articulations of mandibles in vertical from posterior margin
of orbit; width of cleft of mouth (0.012 meter) equal to distance between symphysis of
maxillaries and line connecting their articulations. Upperjaw protractile vertically. Barbel
0.005 meter in length.

Teeth conical, somewhat recurved, of nearly uniform size, arranged in villiform bands.
Palate smooth.

Distance of first dorsal from snout (1.057 meters) about 4 times the length of its base
(0.014 meter), and from anterior margin of orbit equal to length of head. First spine very
short (0.002 meter,) not much longer than the teeth of the second spine. Second spine in
length (0.032 meter) twice horizontal diameter of orbit, stout, its anterior margin armed
from base to tip with 15 teeth pointing upward, the uppermost slender; its length to
tip of filament (0.03 meter) is almost equal to distance from origin of second dorsal (0.038
meter), this tip when laid back reaching almost to second dorsal. Hays decreasing regu-
larly in length, so that, whei the tin is upright, its shape approximates that of a right-
angled triangle, the liypothenuse of which is the second dorsal spine and its perpendicular
side a line touching the tips of t he rays.

Length of base of second dorsal (0.204 meter) less than that of the anal, its origin
over the thirtieth scale of lateral line. Length of longest ray (in posterior third) 0.004
meter, which is less than length of barbel. Ail rays very feeble. .Membrane scarcely
perceptible.

Distance of anal from snout (0.070 meter) 3£ times in its length of base, its origin under
ISth scale of lateral line. Length of first ray (0.006 meter) one half the Length of tenth
ray (0.012 meter), and 3 time.; the length of last, ray (0.002 meter), the length of rays increas-
ing to a point beneath anterior pail of lirsl dorsal, and thence gradual y d( ( leasing to tip
of tail.

( at. No., U. S. National Museum, 2101 1

i

394 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Distance of pectoral from snout (0.048 meter) 4 times width of interorbital area; its
length (0.029 meter) twice the length of inaudible. Insertion above the middle of the depth
of the body, on a level with center of orbit, its third ray longest, its tip reaching to vertical
from base of fourth anal ray.

Insertion of ventral behind pectoral and almost under that of first dorsal; its distance
from snout (0.053 meter) slightly exceeding twice its length (0.025 meter). Tip of ventral
filament reaches to base of third anal ray.

Radial formula: D. n, 11, 137; A. 120; F. 15; V. 7.

Color: Ground color, light brownish gray; under parts, silvery; belly, darker, bluish.
Under surface of snout, pink, as is also the first dorsal except spines. Spines of dorsal,
ventral and anterior anal rays, blackish. Throat, branehiostegal membrane and isthmus,
rich deep violet. Sclerotic coat, green. Eyes, very dark blue.

Spermaries well developed, but milt not mature. Individual apparently adult.

The species was dedicated to Prof. Spencer F. Baird, and was the first deep-sea fish
obtained by the Fish Commission or described by an American ichthyologist. It ranges
from 150 to 1,255 fathoms.

This species is distinguished by Giinther from his Macrurus aqualis, which it closely
resembles, (1) by its longer snout, which is nearly equal to the diameter of the eye; and (2)
the smaller number of the ventral rays (7).

Numerous specimens were obtained by the Blake from station ccciii, in 41° 34' 30" N.
lat., 05O 54' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 30G fathoms; from station OCCVI, in 41° 32' 50" N.
lat., 05° 55' W. Ion., at a depth of 524 fathoms; from station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat.,
68° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 301 fathoms: from station cccxn, in 39° 50' 45" N. lat., 70° 11'
W.lon., at a depth of 4GC fathoms; from station cccxvi, in 32° 07' X. lat,, 78° 37' 30" "W". Ion.,
at a depth of 229 fathoms; from station cocxvn, in 31° 57' N. lat., 78° 18' 35" W. Ion., at a
depth of 333 fathoms; from station cccxxv, in 33° 35' 20" N. lat,, 70° W. Ion., at a depth
of 647 fathoms; from station cccxxvi, in 33° 42' 15" N. lat., 76° 00' 50" W. Ion., at a depth
of 4G4 fathoms; from station cccxxix, in 34° 39' 40" N. lat., 75° 14' 40" W. Ion., at a depth
of 603 fathoms; from station cccxxxn, in 35° 45' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of
263 fathoms; from station cccxxxiv, in 38° 20' 30" X. hit., 73° 26' 40" W. Ion., at a depth
of 395 fathoms; from station cccxxxvi, in X$° 21' 50" X. lat., 73° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of
197 fathoms; from station cccxxxvn, in 38° 20' 08" N. lat., 73° 23' 20" W. Ion., at a depth
of 740 fathoms; from station cccxliii, in 39° 45' 40" X. hit., 70° 55 W. Ion., at a depth of
732 fathoms; from station lxxvii, oft' Neris; from station cclxxii, and from station
cccxxxn in 35° 45' 30" N. lat., 74° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 263 fathoms.

The Albatross secured examples from station 2396, in 28° 34' N. lat., 86° 48' W. Ion., at a
depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. No. 35506, U. S. N. M., from station 2178, in 39° 29' N. lat., 72° 05'
15" W. Ion., at a depth of 229 fathoms; Cat. No. 35085, C. S. N. M., from station 2262, in 39°
54' 45" N. lat., 62° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. No. 32656, U. S. N. M.,
from 37° 16' 30" N. hit., 74° 26' 36" W. Ion.; Cat. No. 32S08, U. S. N. M., from station 2014,
in 30o 41' 05" N. lat., 74° 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms; Cat. No. 33326, U. S.
N. M., from station 204S, in 40° 02' 68" N. lat,, 50° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 547 fathoms;
Cat. No. 33387, U. S. N. M., from station 2001, in 42° 10' N. lat,, 66° 47' 45" W. Ion., at a
depth of 115 fathoms; Cat, No. 33397, U. S. N. M., from station 2053, in 42° 02' N. lat.,
68° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 105 fathoms; Cat. No. 33406, U. S. N. X., from station 2064,
in 42° 25' 40" N. lat., 00'^ 08' 35" W. Ion., at a depth of 122 fathoms; Cat. No. 33410, U. S.
X. M., from station 20G3, in 42° 23' X. lat., 66° 23' W. Ion., at a depth of 141 fathoms;
Cat. No. 33418, U. S. N. M., from station 20G2, in 42° 17' X. lat,, G6° 37' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 150 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33450, U. S. X. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' X. lat,,
65° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858 fathoms; Cat, Xo. 33456, U. S. X. M., from station 2077,
in 41° 09' 40" N. lat,, 60° 02' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,255 fathoms; Cat. No. 33513,
TJ. S. N. M., from station 2092, in 39° 58' 35" N. lat,, 71° 00' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 197
fathoms; Cat. No. 35427, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; Cat. No. 35428, U. S. N. M., from station 2179, in 39°

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 395

30' 10 X. kit., 71°50'W. Ion., a1 a depth of 510 fathoms; Cat. No. 35430, U. S. X. M., from
station 2171, in 37 59' 30" N. lat., 73 is m W. Ion., at a depth of 444 fathoms; Cat. No.
35432, U. S. X. M., from station 2172, in 38 01' 15" X. lat., 73 11 W. Inn., at a depth of
568 fathoms; Cat. No. 35434, r. S. X. .M.. from station 2181, in 39c 29' X. lat., 71 16' W. [on.,

at a depth of 693 fat! s; Cat. No. 35487, I'. S. N. M., from station 2189, in 39 19' 30"

N. lat., To 26' W. Ion., at a depth of600 fathoms; Cat. No. 35503, C. S. N. M., from station
2176, in 39° 32' 30" N. lat.. 72 21' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 302 fathoms; from station
2125, in 11° 43' N. lat., 69° 09' .'ID" W. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms; from station 2307,
in 28° 42' N. lat., 86° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 280 fathoms: from station 2546, in :;'.» 53'
.30" N. lat.. 7o 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; ftwi station 2415, in 30° 44'
X. lat., 70 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 440 fathoms; from station 2522, in 42" 20' X. hit.,
65° 07' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of L04 fathoms; from station 2537, in 39° 50' 45" X. hit.,
70 :,o 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 156 fathoms; from station 2170, in I i 17' X. hit., 56° 33'
45" W. Ion., af a depth of 221 fathoms; from station 2171. in 44° 34' X'. hit., 56c 11' 45"
\Y. Ion., at a depth of 218 fathoms; from station 2546, in 39° 53' 30" XT. hit., 70° 17' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2552, in 39° 47' 07" X. lat., 70 35' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 721 fathoms; from station 2170, in 11 05' 45" X. hit., 57 111' 45" \Y. Ion., at
a depth of 120 fathoms; from station 2513, in 43° 34' N. lat., 65< 56'30"W. Ion., at a depth
of 134 fathoms; from station 2397, in 28° 42' N. lat., 86° 36' W. Ion., at, a depth of 280
fathoms; from station 2547, in 30 54' 30" X. lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 390 fathoms;
from station 2532, in 10° 34' 30" X'. hit.. 66° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms; from
station 2395, in 28° 36' 15" X. lat., 80° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms; from station
2025, in 40 02' N. lat., 70° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 230 fathoms; from station 2304, in
28° 38' 30" X. hit., 87° 02' W. Ion., at, a depth of 120 fathoms; from station 2130. in 42° 58'
30" X. hit., 50c 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 170 fathoms; from station 2533, in 10' Hi' 30"
N. lat.. 07 26 15 W. Ion., at a depth of 828 fathoms; from station. 2530, in 40° 53' 30"
N. hit., IK'. 21' W. Ion., at a depth of 956 fathoms; from station 2302, in 28c 47' .".0" X. hit,,
87 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms; from station 2553, in 39° 48' X. hit., 70 36'
W. Ion., at a depth of 551 fathoms; from station 2027, in 39° 58' 25" X. hit.. 70 37' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 198 fathoms; Cat. No. 33007, U. S. XT. M., from station 2030, in 39 20' 45"
N. lat,, 71° 43' W. Ion., at a depth of 588 fathoms; fat. Xos. 33006 and 33537, V. S. XT. M.,
from station 2028, in 30= 57' 50" X. lat,, 70° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 209 fathoms; Cat.
Xo. 33008, U. S. X. M., from station 2025, in 40° 02' X. hit., 70° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of
230 fathoms; from station 2528, in 11- 47' X. hit., 05 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
677 fathoms; from station 2180, in 30 52' 15" X. lat., 70 r,:>> 30" W. Ion., at a depth of
353 fathoms; from station 2532, in 10 ;;t' 30" X. hit., (id 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 705
fathoms; from station 2395, in 28° 36' 15" X. hit., sir 50' \Y. Ion., at a depth of .117 fathoms;
from station 2552, in 39° 47' 07" X. hit., 70° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 721 fathoms; from
station 2072, in 41° 53' X. lat., 65° 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858 fathoms; from station 2299,
in 35° 40' N. lat,, 74° 51' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 290 fathoms; from station 2170, in 44°
28' 50" X. hit.. 57° 10' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 200 fathoms; from station 2175. in 39° 33'
X. lat., 72 IV 30" TY. Ion., at a depth of 152 fathoms; from station 2540, in 39° 51' 30"
X. hit., 70° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 571 fathoms; from station 2554, in 39° 48' 30" N. lat.,
7o 10' 30" AY. Ion., at a depth of 445 fathoms; from station 2410, in 31° 26' N. lat., 79° 07'
W. Ion., at a depth of 276 fathoms: from station 2202, in .!'.» 54' 15" X. lat., 69° 29' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; from station 2115. in 30 II X. hit.. 70 20 AY. Ion.,
at a depth of 1 10 fathoms; from station 2110, in 35° 12' 10" X. hit., 74° 57' 15" W. Ion., at
a depth of 510 fathoms; from station 2420. in 42° 55' 30" X. hit., 50c 51' \Y. Ion., at a depth
of 171 fathoms; from station 2202, in 30 38' X. hit., 71 39' i^" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 515
fathoms; from station 2180, in 30 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30 W. Ion., at a depth of 523
fathoms; from station 2100. in 44° 58' 37" X. hit.. 50 20' 45" AY. Ion., at a depth of 201
fathoms; from station 2101. in \r>' 47' X. lat.. M L3'30" W. Ion., at a depth of 50 fathoms;
and from station 2202. in 30 51' 45" X. lat., 00 20' 15" W. km., at a depth of 25(1 fathoms.

396 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The fflsh Raul; secured specimens from the following localities: Cat. No. 26062, IT. S.
N. M., from stations 879-880, between 39° 40' 30" X. hit., 70" .'4' W. Ion., and 39° 48' 30" N.
lat., 70° 54' W.lon., at a depth of from 225 to 252A fathoms; Cat, Nos. 26163, 20160, 26187,
and 26194, IT. S. N. M., from station 893, in 39° 52' 20" X. lat.. 70° 58' W. Ion., at a depth of 272
fathoms; Cat. Nos. 2616S, 26194, 26217, and 20218, IT. S.N. M., from station 894, in 39° 53' N.
lat., 70° 58' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 365 fathoms; < 'at. Nos. 20191. 20195, and 26210, U. S.
N. M., from station 895, in 39° 56' 30" N. lat., 70° 59' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 238 fathoms;
Cat. No. 26193, TL S. N. M., from station S92, in 39° 46' N. lat., 71° 05' W. Ion., at a depth of
4S7 fathoms; Cat. Nos. 26212, 26217, and 2621S, IT. S. N. M., from station 891, in 39° 46' N.
lat., 71 - 1(1' W. Ion., at a depth of 4S0 ( ?) fathoms; Cat. Nos. 25924 and 26065, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 870, in 40° 02' 30" N. lat., 70° 22' 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 155 fathoms; Cat.
No. 26000, IT. S. N. M., from station 879, in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of
225 fathoms; Cat. No. 26103, IT. S. N. M., from station 881, in 39° 46' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W.
Ion., at a depth of 325 fathoms; Cat. No. 26110, D". S. N.M., from station 879, in 39° 49' 30"
N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms; Cat. No. 26126, IT. S. N. M., from station
880, in 39° 48' 30" N. lat., 70° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 352A fathoms; Cat. No. 26198, IT. S.
N. M., from station 894, in 39° 53' N. lat., 70 58' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 305 fathoms;
Cat. No. 26734, IT. S. N. M., from station 80S, in 37° 24' N. lat., 74° 17' W. Ion., at a depth
of 300 fathoms; Cat. No. 28722, U. S. N. M., from station 925, in 39° 55' N. lat., 70° 47' W.
Ion., at a depth of 229 fathoms; Cat. No. 28739, IT. S. N. M., from station 924, in 39° 57' 30"
N. lat,, 70° 46' W. Ion., at a depth of 164 fathoms; Cat. No. 28773, IT. S. N. M., from station
93S, in 39° 51' N. lat,, 69° 49' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 317 fathoms; Cat. No. 28787, U. S.
N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 616 fathoms;
Cat, No. 28S52, IT. S. N. M., from station 952, in 39° 55' N. lat., 70° 28' W. Ion., at a depth
of 396 fathoms; Cat. No. 28892, IT. S. N. M., from station 102(1, in 39° 50' 30" N. lat.,71°23'
W. Ion., at a depth of 1S2 fathoms ; Cat. No. 28S96, C. S. X. M., from station 997, in 39° 42' \.
lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. No. 2S903, IT. S. N.M., from station 999,
in 39° 45' 13" N. lat., 71° 30' W.lon., at a depth of 266 fathoms; Cat. No. 28909, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 1025, in 39° 49' N. lat., 71 - 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; Cat, No.
2S913, IT. S. N. M., from station 994, in 39° 40' N. lat, 71° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 368
fathoms; Cat. No. 2S931, U. S.N. M., from station L028, in 39" 57' N. lat., 09° 17' W. Ion., at
a depth of 410 fathoms; Cat. No. 29049, U". S. N. M., from station 1045 in 38° 35' N. lat.,
73° 13 W. Ion., at a depth of 312 fathoms: Cat. No. 29078, V. S. N. M., from station 1049,
from 38° 28' N. lat., 73° 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; Cat. No. 31746, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 1128, in Vineyard Sound, at a depth of 9 fathoms; Cat. No. 31770, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 1143, in 39° 29' N. lat., 72° 01' W. Ion., at a depth of 452 fathoms; Cat. No.
31855, 1'. S. N. M., from station 1153, in 39° 54' N. lat., 70°37'\Y. Ion., at adepthof 225
fathoms; and Cat. No. 31880, V. S. N. M., from station 1154, in 39° 55' 31" N. lat., 70° 39'
W. Ion., at a depth of 193 fathoms.

MACRURUS HOLOTRACHYS, Giinther.

Macrurus holotrarhys, Gfxther, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., 1878, II, 24.; Challenger Report, xxn, 00, PI.
xxvni, fig. b. — Vaillant, Exn. Sci. Trav. et Tal., 241, pi. xxn, fig. 3.

Snout moderately produced, as long as the eye, which is large, one-third of the length of
the head, its vertical diameter being considerably more than the width of the interorbital
space. Anterior edge of the snout with three rough prominences, one in the middle and
one on each side. Mouth inferior, lower side of the head naked. Each scale with a median
series of spinelets, and with two or more isolated spinelets besides; the medians are the
strongest, forming with their fellows continuous longitudinal lines on the body. Upper
and lateral portions of the head covered witli irregular, rough scales; lower naked. There
are five scales in a transverse series between the first dorsal spine and lateral line. Teeth
of the lower jaw in a very narrow band. Distance between the two dorsal fins scarcely
equal to the length of the base of the first, Second dorsal spine with small barbs anteriorly;

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 397

outer ventral ray produced into a short filament. Distance of the vent from the isthmus
equal to the length of the head without snout. Barbel very small. No bands or spots.

Radial formula: D. 11; A. 115; I'. 21; V. !>.

This species is known from a single specimen from off the mouth of the Rio dela Plata
at a depth of 000 fathoms. Vaillaut identities 1 individuals, taken oil' Morocco iu 2,115-
2,200 meters, with this form.

.1/. zaniapkortis, Yaillant (p. 245), is said by its author to resemble .1/. holotrachys and
also M. selerorhynchus. The types were in bad condition, and Vaillant seems to depend
upon the scales for his chief diagnostic character. In the absence of a figure we hesitate to
admit the species.

CCEL.ORHYNCHUS, Giorna.

Coelorhynchus, Giorna, Mom. Acad. Sci. Turin, xvi, 1803, ITS, pi. i, figs, :;. I (type, Caslorhinque La I ille, L.

coelorhynchus, Risso).
Ccelorkyneh.ua (subgenus), GOnther, Challenger Report, XXII, 121.
Paramacrurus, Bi.eeker, Versl. Med. K. Ak. Wetensch, Amsterdam, 1874, to:; (type, Lepidoleprus australis,

Rich).
Oxymacrurus, Bleeker, loo. tit. (type, if. japonicw, Sohl.).

A genus with characters of Macrurus, with teeth in villiform bands above and below,
imbricate and spinigerous scales, mouth completely inferior and a longitudinal ridge divid-
ing the interior region into vertical and subhorizontal portions. Dorsal spine smooth.

Coelorhynchus paraUelus, G-iinther (Challenger Report, xxn, 125, pi. xxix, Fig. A) was
taken off New Zealand, station 101), 700 fathoms; off the Kermadecs, station 170 A, 630
fathoms, and station 171,000 fathoms; and off Japan, station 232, 315 fathoms; south of
Japan, station 235,505 fathoms; and also by the Investigator in the Gulf of Manaar, in 597
fathoms.

Coelorhynchus quadricristatus, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, viii, 119, 111,
Zool. Investigator, I, pi. in, tig. 1) from the Indian Ocean, station 118, 105 fathoms.

Coelorhynchus scaphopsis, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xin, 1890, 115,) was taken by
the Albatross off the coast of California in 115 fathoms.

COELORHYNCHUS ATLANTICUS, (Lowe), Goode and Bean.

Coelorhynchus (Caelorhinque !.a Villi) Giorna, Mem. Accad. Imp. Turin, xvi, 1803, 178, pi. I, figs. 3-4.
Lepidoleprus ccelorhyndhns, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 200, pi. vn, fig. 22; Poissons Europe Meridionale, m,

1825, 244.
Macrourus coelorhynchus, Costa, Fauna Nap., 1829-'34, pi. xxxix. — Bonaparte, Fauna Italics, Pesci, 1832-'41

(with figure under name If. mysticetus); Cat. Metod., 1844, 41. — C'anesikini, Arch. Zool. Anat., II, 1862,

373; Fauna Italiea, Pesci, 159. — Gi nther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 392. — Vinciguerra, Ann. Mug.

t'urco, Genoa, xiv, 1879, 619 (n).— Vaillant, Exp. Scient. Travailleur et. Talisman, 247, pi. xxi, fig. 3

(scales).— Collett, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XV, 1890, 22:!.
Macrurus (Coelorhynchus) coelorhynchus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 128.
Oxyi ephae coelorhynchus, Swainson, op. cit., 261.

Macrurus atlanticus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, 88. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 392.
Macrurus rupestris, Lowe, Synopsis Mail. Fish., 190.
Krdhnius filamentosus, Coc< o.— Emery, Atti. Soc. Ital. Scienze Nat., xxi, 37 (larval form).

Gunther's revised description is as follows:

Snout moderately produced, angular in front, a little shorter than or equal to the eye,
the diameter of which is one third of the length of the head. Scales of moderate size,
covered witlt minute spines, giving a granular appearance to their surface. There are live
or six Scales in a transverse series, between the first dorsal iin and the lateral line. (A
naked space between the ventrals.) Dorsal spine smooth. Abdomen, that is, distance of
the vent from the isthmus, equal to the length of the head without snout iu specimens
about 12 inches long. Outer ventral ray produced into a short filament.

Radial formula: D. 10; A. 75-80; P. 20; V. 7.

This speeies is very closely related to Macrurus carminatus, Goode. It was originally
described from a specimen in the Turin .Museum, probably collected by Donati on his

["Praya" or Lagartixa do may." — M. fusco-cinercus, dorso cinoso, gatiuris umhilico pinnisque vaitralibua
atris: squamis-scaberrimus, echinalatis, ecarinatis, inermibus: oculis nuuimis. (Loue.)

398 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

expedition to Egypt and Arabia. It is known from the Gnlf of Genoa, the sea of Nice
(Risso), and about Sicily (Bonaparte and Diklerlein); and Gasco observed two from the
Gulf of Naples. Vaillant records it in 411-560 meters, bum the Azores, and Cape Verdes,
from off Soudan, the Banc d'Arguin, and the Gulf of Gascony. Collett obtained it from off
Bergen, in the stomach of a codfish, and numerous specimens have been taken off the coast
of Ireland in 250 fathoms. (Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec, 1SS9, 117.) Yin
ciguerra (loc. cit., 619) thoroughly reviews its history.

CCELORHYNCHUS CARMINATUS, Goode. (Figure 336.)

Macrurus carminatua, Goode, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., m, 1880, 346, 475. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Must. Comp.

Zool., x, 196.
Macrurus (Coelorhynchus) carminatus, Guntiier, Challenger Report, XXII, 129, pi. v, (ig. 13.

Tbe body is less elongate and stouter than in M. Bairdii, Goode and Beau, though its
greatest height (12.5) is, as in M. Bairdii, one-eighth of total length. The difference in
general appearance is the ventral contour retreats less rapidly in M. carminatus.

The scales are large, heavy, the free portions covered with long vitreous spines
arranged in 9 or 10 rows. These scales resemble the old-fashioned wool cards. Hence
the specific name, from carmen, a wool card. The spines are thicker and more closely set
than in M. Bairdii, and there is no specialization of the central row. The number of scales
in the lateral line can not be determined, though it probably does not exceed 100, but there
are about 5 transverse rows above it and 15 or 16 below it, counting from the vent obliquely
backward. In If. Bairdii there are 152 in the lateral line, 6 above and 19 or,20 below.

Length of head contained a little less than 5 times in total length. Width of interor-
bital area about equal to vertical diameter of orbit, and about one-fifth of the length of the
head. Length of snout, horizontal diameter of eye, length of postorbital portion of head
about equal. Length of operculum half that of snout.

Snout long, sharp, depressed, triangular, the lower surface more nearly parallel with
the axis of the body than in M. Bairdii. The lateral ridges are pronounced and are con-
tained in a straight line under the eyes and upon the preopercula. Strong horizontal
ridges continue from the supraorbital margins to the gill openings, parallel with the
subocular ridges. Nostrils immediately in front of the orbit. Barbel very short.

Teeth small, conical, somewhat recurved, arranged in villiform bands.

Distance of first dorsal from snout (23.5) about li times the length of its base (5), its
distance from anterior margin of orbit much less than the length of the head. First spine
very short, hardly perceptible above the skin. Second spine about half as long (11) as the
head, slender, unarmed. When laid back, its tip reaches the oi'igin of the second dorsal or
beyond. The decrease in the length of the spines is very gradual, the sixth being nearly as
long as the second, so that the fin is not so triangular in shape as in 31. Bairdii.

The second dorsal begins in the perpendicular from the seventh ray of the anal. The
anal is much higher than in .1/. Bairdii, nearly equal to half the width of the interorbital
area.

Anal fin inserted under the eighteenth scale of the lateral line (as nearly as can be
judged from the distorted specimen). It longest rays are as long as the width of the
interorbital area.

Distance of pectoral from snout equal to twice its own length (11), which is about
equal to the length of the dorsal spine. Its insertion is below the middle of the depth of
the body and below the level of the center of the orbit. Its tip does not reach to the
perpendicular from the origin of the anal.

Insertion of ventral behind pectoral and slightly in advance of the insertion of the dor-
sal. Its distance from the snout (22) is greater than twice its length (9). Its long filament
does not reach to the origin of the anal tin.

Radial formula: D. 11, 80 + ; A. 76 + ; P. 13; V. 7.

Color, silvery gray. The thick, closely-set spines are matted with oozy mud which can

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBtTMX

399

not be removed. This is doubtless the result of the hard usage experienced in the trawl
net.

i in i.iit aomber nt specimen
Locality

20.IKI7.
871.

Milli-

Extreme length

Both Greatest height under dorsal.
Head :

Greatest length

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Length of operculum

Length of mandible

Diameter ot orbit

Dorsal (spinous) :

Distance from snout

I ■ n irthol i>''

Height at lir<l spine.

Dorsal (soft) : Distance from snout . . .

Anil Distano fromsnont

Pectoral :

I distance from snout

Length

Ventral:

Distance from Mimit

Li ngth

1 >"i il

Anil

21-

12.

21
4

7

7

."»
11

21
II

Pectoral

Ventral

Number of Bcales in lateral line

i of transverse rowsabovolateral 1

N" umber of transvi rse rows below la (rial line .

in
i i v boh

T'i!
13

7

[ion]
(18)

The type specimen (Cat. No. 26007, 0". S. ZsT. M.), 248 millimeters in length, was taken by
the Fist Hawk September 4, at station S71, in 40° 02' 54" N. hit., 7(P 23' 40" W. Ion., al a
depth of 115 fathoms. It is very similarto Lowe's Maorurus atlanticus, and but forGiinther's
opinion that they are distinct, on account of the larger spines on the scales, ye should
have placed our specimens in that species.

Numerous specimens have been obtained by the American vessels jom 115 to Mil
fathoms, and the Challenger also collected it from the depths near the Bahamas. The
Blake secured examples from station CCCXXI, in 32' 43' 25" X. lat, 77 I'll' 30" \Y. Ion., at
a depth of 233 fathoms; from station cccxxvi, in 33° 42' 15" X. lat., 76° 00' 50" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 464 fathoms: from station CCV, in 24< 08' X. lat., 82° 51' W. Ion., at a depth
of 339 fathoms; from station lxxv off Barbados, at a depth of ISO fathoms; from stations
CCLXIX and CCLXXlii; and from station i.wiv, off Barbados, at a depth of 180 fathoms.

Specimens were taken by the Albatross as follows: Cat. No. 32S07, U.S. N. M., from
station 2014, in :!0 11' 05" X. lat., 74° 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms; Cat. No.
35476, U. S. X. M., from station 2183, in 39° 57' 45" XT. lat., 70° 56' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 195 fathoms; Cat. No. 35478, CT.S.N. M..from station 2200, Ln 39° 53' 30" N. lat., 69° 43' 20"

W. Ion., at a depth of 148 fath s; Cat. No. 35686, TJ. S. N. M., from station 2262, in 39c 54' 15"

X. hit., 69° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. No. 33543, 1*. 8. X. M., from
station 2089,in39< 58' 50" X. hit.. 70 39' 40" W. Ion., at a depth otitis fathoms; Cat. No.
33512, 1". S. X. M., from station 2092, in 39 58' 35" N. hit., 71° 00' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 107 fathoms; from station 2548, in 39c 50' X. hit.. 70" 14' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 200
fathoms; from station 2020, in 37^ 37' 50" X". hit., 71 15' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1 13
fathoms; from station2377, in 20 07' 30" N. lat., 88° 08' W. Ion., at a depth of210 fathoms;
limn station 2402, in 28 36' X. hit.. 85 33' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms; from
station 2397, in 28 12' X. lat., 86 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 280 fathoms; from station
2426, in 36° 01' 30" X. hit.. 71 t7'30"W.lon., at a depth of 93 fathoms: from station 2396,
in 28 34' N. lat., 86° 48' W. Ion., al a depth of 335 fathoms: from station 2545, in 40
01' X. hit.. 70 23' 15" YV. Ion., at a depth of 1 12 fathoms; from station 2398, in 28 45' X.
hit., Si; 20' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 227 fathoms; from station 2546, in 39 50' X. lat.. 7IP 14'
30" W. Ion., at a depth of 200 fathoms; from station 2310, in 35° 44' X'. hit., 71' 51' W. Ion.,

400 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

at a depth of 132 fathoms; from station 2426, in 36 °01' 30" N. lat., 74° 47' 30" W. Ion., at
a depth of 93 fathoms; from station 2424, in 30° 41' 37" X. lat., 74° 42' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 85 fathoms; from station 2297, in 35° 38' X. lat,, 74' 53' W. Ion., at a depth of 49
fathoms; from station 2125, in 11° 43' N.lat., 69° 09' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms;
from station 2395, in 28° 30' 15" 1ST. lat,, 80° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 347 fathoms; and
from station 2264, in 37° 07' 50" N. lat., 74° 34' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 167 fathoms.

Examples wen- also taken by the Fish HawTc from the following localities: Gat. No-.
211188 and 26197, T\ S. N. M., from station 895, in 39° 56' 30" N. lat,, 70° 59' 45" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 23S fathoms; Cat. No. 26001, U. S. N. M., from station S70, in 40° 02' 36" N.
lat., 70° 22' 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 155 fathoms; Cat, No. 28753, U. S. N. M., from station
937. in 39° 49' 25" N. hit., 69° 49' W. Ion., at a depth of 616 fathoms; Cat. No. 28807, U. S.
N. M., from station 945, in 39° 58' X. lat.. 71 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 207 fathoms; Cat.
No. 31775, IT. S. N. M., from station 1138, in 39° 39' N. lat., 71° 54' W. Ion., at a depth of 168
fathoms; Cat. No. 26192, U. S. N. M., from station 875, in 39° 57' N. lat., 70° 57' 30" W. Ion..
a1 a depth of 126 fathoms; Cat, No. 29054, U. S. N. M., from station 1040, in 38° 33' N. lat.,
73° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; Cat. No. 26718, U. S. N.M.,from station 897, in
in 37° 25' N. lat,, 74° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 157A fathoms; Cat, Xo. 29048, U. S. N. M.,
from station 1045, in 38° 35' N. lat,, 73° 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 312 fathoms; Cat, 31875,
TT. S. N. M., from station 1151, in 39° 58' 30" N. lat,, 70" 37' W. Ion., at a depth of 125
fathoms; Cat. No. 28958, U. S. N. M., from station 1032, in 39° 50' N. lat., 69° 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 208 fathoms; Cat. No. 28891, U. S. X. M., from station 1026, in 39° 50' 30" N.
lat., 71 2.'. W. Ion., at a depth of 182 fathoms; and from station 879 in 39° 49' 30" N. lat.,
70° 54" W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms.

CCELORHYNCHUS OCCA, GOODE ami Bean. (Figures 332, 333, 337.)

Macrurus <>cr<t, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vm. 1885, 595. — Gunther, Challenger Report, xxu,

11' I noteS.

A species with an exceedingly elongate snout, nearly twice as long as the eye, with a
black flap between the nostrils; with the angle of the month nearly reaching to the vertical
from the posterior margin of the oil lit ; the head contained -U times in total length and
equaling twice the greatest height of body. The ridge of the head is very strong and
continuous from the snout to the angle of the preopercle, having, also, strong supraocular
and occipital ridges.

Eye nearly round, its horizontal diameter j length of the head and equal to interor-
bital space.

The ventral originates under the middle of the first dorsal, and extends to the fourth
ray of the anal. The distance from ventral origin to vent is contained 3.J times in length
of head.

The second spine, of the dorsal is weak and smooth, its length equal to postorbital part
of head, its base slightly less than the distance between first and second dorsals.

Squamation excessively rough, each scale bearing about 5 large spines besides many
smaller ones, the median spine of the large series being much the largest. Five rows of
scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, 19 from vent forward to lateral liue and 12
backward.

Barbel one-fourth as long as snout.

M. occa appears to be a near relative of C. atlanticus, and is very close also to M.
japonicus of Vaillant (Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 254, pi. xxi, fig. 1),
identified by him, without adequate grounds, with M. japonicus, Scblegel.

This species has scales similar to those of Macrurus Fabricii, there being a strong
median keel formed by a series of 3 to 5 spines, of which the last is the largest. The surface
of each scale also contains about 4 or more lateral ridges formed by series of short spines.
In a much larger example, No. 37334, measuring 18 inches in length, the lateral series of
keels have greatly increased in number, the individual spines have become more prominent,
so that the median keel has become less conspicuous than in the type. In the larger spec-

DISCUSSION <>F SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 401

[men referred bo the nakedness of the under surface of the head is even more pronounced
than in the smaller, in which tlio under surface of the head beneath t i t < - suborbital and nasal
ridge is almost entirely naked. The. interm axilla has a very short bone similar in structure
and dentition to that of Macrurus Fabricii, that is to say. the intermaxillary teeth are in a
rather broad villiform band, and the outer teeth are not enlarged. The mandibulary teeth
are in a similar broad villiform band. The mouth is entirely interior and small. The gill
membranes are attached across the isthmus and are very little emargiuate and not deeply
cleft, in the large example the gill membrane is attached to the isthmus and not deeply
cleft, but there is a very narrow l'ree margin behind.

The gill rakers are very short, tubercular, and few in number, certainly not more
numerous than in Fabricii. In the large example only 8 little tubercles can lie seen on the
first gill arch.

Second spine of the dorsal in the type specimen is smooth, with the exception of two
weak spines near its tip, but in the large example there is no trace of serrations on the
dorsal spine.

The type specimen (Oat. No. 37334, U. S. N. M.), 450 millimeters in length, was taken

by the Albatross from station SVM\. in 28° 34' N. lat., 86° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 335

fathoms.

CCELORHYNCHUS CA.RIBB.dEUS, Gooi>e and Beau (Figure 338).

Macrurus caribTxBus, Goodb and Bean, l'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vm. 1885, 594. — GOnther, Challenger Report,
xxn, 121, note 3.

A Ccelorhynchus, in general appearance resembling M. carminatus, from which it may
be quickly distinguished by its sharper and longer snout, smaller scales, more advanced
second dorsal, and many less prominent characters. The body is normal in shape, its great est
height (44 millimeters in the type specimen) contained Gi times in its total length. Scales
moderate, strong, densely covered with minute spines, -without enlarged median keel, as in
Macrurus fabricii ; 124 in the lateral line, 0 series between origin of dorsal and lateral line,
and 15 or 10 series from vent forward to lateral line. The length of the head (07 milli-
meters) is contained nearly 4i times in the total length; interorbital area flat, its greatest
width (13 millimeters) about 5 times in the length of the head. Postorbital portion of head
(21 millimeters) contained about 3 times in its own length, and just as long as the eye,
which is oval (its horizontal diameter 21 millimeters), and If as long as its vertical diam-
eter (15 millimeters). Snout long, thin, diaphanous, with acuminate point, its general form
resembling that of .1/. carminatus. The nostrils are close to the orbit, the posterior ones
much the largest. Teeth in both jaws in villiform bands, minute. Barbel slender and
short, its length (7 millimeters) one-third that of the eye. The maxillary extends to the ver-
tical through the middle of the pupil. Length of upper jaw (19 millimeters) slightly more
than 3 times in length of head. Length of mandible (20 millimeters) contained 2i times in
length of head. The intermaxillary is a short bone as compared with the maxillary. The
miter series of teeth in this bone and the mandible not enlarged, and the teeth not becoming
nniserial. The gill membrane is narrowly attached to the isthmus. Gill-rakers minute,
tubercular, about 10 on the first arch. The suborbital ridge is very strong, and is contin-
ued almost in a straight line by the lateral ridge of the snout. The under surface of the
head, except the chin and branchiostegal region, is densely covered with small, spiny tuber-
cles. There is a naked space on the under surface of the snout; it occupies almost the entire
distance from the front of the month to the tip of the snout; the space is widest anteriorly,
l)iit its greatest width is only about one-fifth the length of the snout. The intermaxillary
is protractile in a nearly vertical direction, and the month is distinctly inferior and not
lateral.

First dorsal with 2 spines — the first minute, the second smooth, elongate — and 8
rays, the last double, inserted at a distance from the snout (72 millimeters) equal to one-
fourth of the total length; the second spine (39 millimeters long) reaching the fifth ray of
the second dorsal. The length of its base (15 millimeters) equal to three-quarters of the
space between the two dorsals. The second dorsal begins in the perpendicular from the
l'.iSOS— No. 2 20

402 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

seventh ray of the anal, and at a distance from the first dorsal (20 millimeters) about equal
to the diameter of the eye. The longest rays are not as long- as the barbel. It contains at
least 110 rays. The anal is inserted under the interspace between the two dorsals; its
height is equal to one-fourth the length of the head. It contains at least 110 rays. The
pectoral is inserted in advance of the origin of the first dorsal, its length (33 millimeters)
half that of the head. Its tip extends to the vertical from the fifth anal ray, and to about
the seventeenth scale of the lateral line. The ventral originates under the second spine of
the dorsal, its outer ray somewhat produced, extending slightly beyond the origin of the
anal. The distance of the vent from the origin of the ventral equals the length of the eye.

Color, silvery gray, with yellowish and lavender tints.

Many specimens were obtained by the Albatross. The type is selected from a number
obtained at station 2377, in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, 29° 07' 30" N. hit., 88°
08' W. Ion., at a depth of 210 fathoms. Its length is 290 millimeters. Others were obtained
from station 2113, in 9° 30' 45" N. lat., 76° 25' 30" W., Ion., at a depth of 155 fathoms; from
station 2100, in 28° 41' N. lat., 80° 07' W. Ion., at a depth of 169 fathoms; and from statiou
2401, in 28° 38' 30" N. lat., 85° 52' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms.

CCELORHYNCHUS FASCIATUS, (Gunther), Goode and Bean.

AIa< rurusfasciatus, Gunther, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, II, 24; Challenger Report, xxu, 129, pi. xxvn,

Fig. A.

Snout not much produced, shorter than the eye, which is very large, two -fifths of the
length of the head, its vertical diameter being considerably more than the width of the in-
terorbital space. Scales with from 8 to 10 subparallel keels. Upper and lateral portions
of the head covered with small rough scales, lower naked. There are four scales in a trans-
verse series between the first dorsal spine and lateral line; distance between the two dor-
sal fins equal to the length of the base of the first. Anterior dorsal spine smooth. Outer
ventral ray produced into a filament. Distance between the vent and isthmus shorter than
the head without snout. Barbel small. Whitish, with broad, irregular, blackish bands
across the back.

Kadial formula: D. 12; A. 62; P. 15; V. 7. (Giinther.)

The Challenger obtained it from stations 305A, 309, 309A, and 311, on the east coast of
the southern extremity of South America, at depths of 125, 10, 140, and 245 fathoms, respec-
tively.

The species is closely allied to Macrurus australis, but has (1) a narrower forehead,
(2) a larger eye, and (3) fewer keels on the scales. In the smaller and youuger specimens
the keels are fewer in number (5 to 6) and have a more divergent direction than iu the larg-
est example.

CORYPH/ENOIDES, Gunner.

Coryphcenoid.es, Gunner, Trondhj. Selsk. Skrit't., in, 50, pi. Ill, fig. 1 (typo, C. rupeatris, Gunner).
Coryphcenoides (as subgenus). Gunther, Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 124.

A genus with general characters of Macrurus, but with teeth in villiform bands above
and below, imbricate and spinigerous scales, mouth wide and lateral; snout short, oblique,
truncated ; barbel very small; anterior dorsal spine finely barbed ; outer ventral ray filamen-
tous.

In addition to the Atlantic forms, ft altiphtnis, Giinther (Challenger Keport, xxu, 138,
pi. xxxix), was taken off Japan at depths of from 565 to 1,875 fathoms.

CORYPH^ENOIDES RUPESTRIS, Gunner.

Coryphwnoides riipestris, Gunnerus, Trondk. Selsk. Skril't.. in, 1765, 50, PI. m, fig 1.— Collett, Norges

Fiske, 131.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo]., 1883, x, No. 5, 197.
Macrurus {Coryphcenoides') rupeslris, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 138.
Macrurus norweyicus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, Fisk., 600.
Macrurus Stromii, Reinhardt, K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., vn, 129.— Gaimard, Voyage Skand.

Poissons, pi. xi (magnificent figure).

Head short, rather compressed; snout short, obliquely truncated in front; cleft of the

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 403

month wide, lateral, extending to beyond the center of the eye; intermaxillary not much
shorter than the maxillary. Teeth in villiform bands in both jaws; barbel very small. In-
terorbital space convex, its width being considerably more than the diameter of the eye,
which in a specimen •'! feet long is equal to the length of the snout and one-fourth of that
of the head. The scales are equally rough over the whole of their surface, all the spinelets
being directed backwards; there arc 7 or 8 scales in a transverse scries between the dorsal
fin and the lateral line. Head entirely covered with small scales. Anterior dorsal spine
armed with numerous small closely set barbs; outer ventral ray produced into a long
filament. Distance between the vent and isthmus two-thirds of the length of the head.

Radial formula : J). 10; P. 19; V. 7. (Gunther.)

Coryphcenoides rupestris has 4+ 15 gill-rakers (=19). The gill membrane is entirely free
from the isthmus behind. The inter maxilla is continued beyond its vertical process and
extends almost as far back as the maxilla, these two bones being about equal in length.
The last third of the intermaxilla is toothless. The intermaxillary teeth are in a very nar-
row band, which is uniform in width, and the outer teeth are only slightly enlarged. The
mandible has villiform teeth in a broad bunch-like band at the symphysis and becoming
uniserial behind. The eye is nearly circular. The snout projects slightly. Gill-rakers
longer and less tubercular in character than in H. berglax and M. acrolepis. The sub-
orbital ridge is feebly developed and is very abruptly curved upward and narrowed in
front of the eye where it joins the nasal ridge. In M. berglax and M. acrolepis the sub-
orbital ridge is very strong and is continued almost in a straight line towards the nasal ridge.

Specimens of this tish were taken by the Porcupine and Knight Errant between Shet-
land and the Faroes in 200-500 fathoms. A single specimen was secured by the Blake from
station ccvi, in 41° 32' 50" K lat., 65° 55' YV. Ion., at a depth of 524 fathoms. The
Albatross obtained examples from station 2532, in 40° 34' 30" X. lat., GG° 48' W. Ion., at
a depth of 705 fathoms; Cat. No. 35661, U. S. X. M., from station 2238, in 39° 06' X. hit..
72 10' W. Ion., at a depth of 904 fathoms; Cat. No. 32657, U. S. X". M., from station 2003,
in 37° 16' 30" X. lat., 74° 20' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of 641 fathoms; from station 254(i,
in 39° 53' 30" X. lat., 70° 17' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; from station 2549,
in 39° 51' 30" X. lat., 70° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 571 fathoms; from station 2429, in
12 55' 30 ' X. lat., 50° 51' W. Ion., at a depth of 471 fathoms; from station 2078, in 41°
11' 30" X. lat., 66° 12' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 499 fathoms; Cat. No. 355G8, U. S. X.
M., from station 2202, in 39° 38' X. lat., 71° 39' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms;
from station 2528, in 41 ° 47' X. lat., 65° 37' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 677 fathoms; and
from station 2554, in 39° 4S' 30" X. hit., 70° 40' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 445 fathoms;
The Fish Hawk from station 1155, in 39° 52' X. lat., 70 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 554
fathoms; and Cat. Xo. 28943, U. S. X. M., from station 1029, in 39° 57' 05" X. lat., 69° 16'
W. Ion., at a depth of 45S fathoms. A single individual (Cat. 26347, U. S. X. M.) was
captured by the schooner G. P. Whitman off the southern part of Banquereau.

CORYPJL&NOIDES SULCATUS, Goode and Bean.

Coryphwnoides sulcattts, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 596.
Trachonurus ealcatas, GOODE and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 1893. tin.

The body is elongate, rapidly contracted behind the abdomen, the tail long and whip-
iike; greatest hight of body (25 millimeters) 9J times in total length.

Scales moderate, strongly armed, each with 8-10 spinelets irregularly placed, the spine-
lets less numerous in the young, which feel bristly to the touch, separated by wide deep
furrows (hence the specific name). More than 175 in the lateral line. Between origin of
dorsal tin and lateral line 7; counting from the origin of the lateral line the number of scales
in a distance equal to length of head is 33.

Armature of head similar to that of body, but the scales upon the snout, cheeks, ami
chin have very feeble spines. Length of head (32 millimeters) 11 times in total length.

Interorbital area nearly flat, its length (10 millimeters) equal to diameter of eye, and a
little less than one-third length of head. Postorbital portion of head (15 millimeters) 1£

404 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

times as long as diameter of eye. Eye circular, iu larger individual its diameter less than
width of interorbital space, 3'j times in length of head. Snout short, obtuse, scarcely over-
hanging the mouth, its length (7 millimeters) 4i times in that of head; in the larger indi-
vidual it is 4£ times in length of head.

Nostrils somewhat above level of middle of eye, the anterior one nearly upon the dorsal
outline.

Teeth in upper jaw iu two series, the outer series somewhat enlarged; in lower jaw in
a single series.

The end of the maxilla reaches to the vertical through the hind margin of pupil in the
large specimen, to that through the front margin of the same in the type. Length of
upper jaw, including maxilla (11 millimeters), about 3 times in length of head. Length
of inaudible (13 millimeters) equal to one-half the height of the body. Barbel (4 millime-
ters) 2J times in diameter of eye; iu the large specimen it is half as long as the eye.

Grill-rakers rudimentary: the attachment of the membrane to the first arch is very
extensive. Pseudobranchise absent.

First dorsal comparatively low, composed of 2 spines, the first rudimentary, the second
elongate, smooth, and with 8-9 rays. Its insertion is immediately over that of the pectoral;
its distance from the snout (30 millimeters) equals 1£ times the length of the head ; its length
of base (7 millimeters) equal to length of snout. Its longest spine, when laid backward,
reaches beyond origin of second dorsal, its length (15 millimeters) one-half to two-thirds
that of the head.

Second dorsal very low; its distance from first dorsal equal to one-third length of head;
in the type about one-fourth.

Anal much higher than second dorsal, yet very low, its longest ray equal in length to
diameter of eye; its distance from snout (51 millimeters) 4§ times iu total length, its origin
being nearly under that of the second dorsal.

Pectoral inserted under origin of first dorsal, its length about one-half that of head.

Ventral inserted behind the vertical from the end of the base of the first dorsal in the
type. In the mutilated larger specimen it appears to be under the posterior ray of the first
dorsal. The ventral extends to the origin of the anal, its length (10 millimeters) equaling
diameter of eye; in large specimen 1^ diameter of eye. Vent about midway between origin
of ventrals and anal.

Radial formula: D. II, 8-0; A. 120; Y. 7; P. 13.

In a distauce equal to length of head 32 rays were counted in the dorsal fin; iu the
anal fin 22.

Color brown, abdomen and lower part of head in young blackish.

The type of this species, 37335, is an individual 238 millimeters long, taken at Albatross
station 2394, with a large specimen (about 350 millimeters) badly mutilated, from Blake
station lxxiii, oft' Martinique, 472 fathoms, as a collateral type. (See page 409, below.)

CORYI'ILENOIDES CARAPINUS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 339.)

Coryphcenoides carapinus, Goode and Bean, Bull. JIus. Comp. Zool., 1883, x, No. 5, 195-198. — GOnther,
Challenger Report, xxil, 1887, 139.

The snout is acute, projecting beyond the mouth, its tip at a distance from the mouth
equal to or greater than the diameter of the eye. The bones of the head are very soft and
flexible, and its surface is very irregular, there being a very prominent subocular ridge, a
prominent ridge extending lroin the tip of the snout to the middle of the interorbital space,
and a curved ridge extending from the upper anterior margin of the orbit over the cavity
containing the nostrils to a prominent point at the side of and slightly posterior to the tip
of the snout. The barbel is two-thirds as long as the eye. The eye is contained in the head
4 times, and the length of the head in the total length <! times.

The interorbital space is almost twice the diameter of the eye, and is equal to the length
of the upper jaw. The preoperculum is crenulate.

The upper jaw extends to the vertical through the posterior margin of the pupil; its

lUSrl'SSKlX (IF SI'F.CIF.S AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION.

405

length equals half thai of the head without the snout. The mandible extends behind the
vertical through the posterior margin of the orbit; its length is contained ■'! times in
the distance from the tip of the snoul to the origin of the firsl dorsal. The teeth are in
villil'onn bands in intermaxillary and mandible; the mandibular? scries oniserial in about
the second half of its length.

The first ray of the dorsal is very short; the second compressed anteriorly ami ser
rated, with slender teeth closely appressed and bent upwards. Its length is equal to the
length of the head and is greater than the height of the body. This tin is seated upon a

humplike elevation of the back, and its base is as long as the snout. The second dorsal
begins over the tenth or twelfth anal ray. and at a distance from the end of the firsl dorsal
equal to the length of the head without the snout. The vent is located not tar behind the
vertical from the end of the lirst dorsal.

Scales 22 to 24 in a transverse series (the position of the lateral line can not be deter-
mined, but there appear to be4aboveit); the scales are oval, membranaceous, showing
several parallel ridges composed of . small spines and rather large, Gill membrane very
deeply cleft and attached to the isthmus. Gill-rakers short and stout, about 11 below
the angle on the first arch.

Radial formula: I), n, 8+11(0; A. 117; V. 10.

The Blake secured specimens from station cccvni, in 41° 24' 45" X. lat., 05° 35' 30" \Y.
Ion., at a depth of 1,242 fathoms; from station CCCXLI, in 39 38' 20" X. lat.. 70 50' W'.lon.,
at a depth of 1,241 fathoms; from station OCCXXXVIII, in 38° IS' 40" X. lat., 73° 18' 10" \V.
Ion., at a depth of 922 fathoms; and from station COCXLII, in 39° 43' X. lat.. 70 55' 25" W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,002 fathoms. .Most of these had their tails broken off, and all of
them were completely denuded of scales; a natural consequence of their passage in the nets
from the ocean depths. By a happy chance two scales were found attached to the base of
the dorsal tin of one of the larger individuals, thus enabling us to determine the general
character of the covering of the body.

The Albatross obtained examples from the following localities: Cat. Xo. 33273, U. S.
X. M., from station 2035, in 39° 26' 10" N. lat., 70° 02' 37" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,362
fathoms; Cat. No. 33314, U. S. X. M., from station 2052, in 39° 40' 05" X. lat., 00" 21' 25" W.
ion., at a depth of 1,098 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33566, U. S. X. M„ from station 2096, in 39? 22'
20" X. hit., 70? 52' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,451 fathoms; Cat, Xos. 33307 and 33315, U.
S. X. M., from station 2051, in 39? 41' X. lat., 69° 20' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,106 fathoms ;
Cat. Xos. 33395 and 33413, IT. S. X. M., from station 2074, in 41? 43' X. lat,, 05? 21' 50" W.
Ion- , at a depth of 1,309 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 33308, U. S. X. M., from station 2052, in 39? 40'
05" X. lat., 69° 21' 25" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,098 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35480, V. S. X. M.,
from station 2190, in 39? 35" X. lat., 69 44" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,230 fathoms; Cat, No.
33583, O. S. X. M., from station 2095, in 30? 29" X. lat,, 70? 58' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of
1,342 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 35510, V. S. X. M.. from station 2205, in 39? 35' N. lat,, 71? 18' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 1,073 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 45413, U. S. X. M., from station 2182, in 39?
25' .;<) ' X. lat., 71? 44" W. Ion., at a depth of 861 fathoms; Cat. No. 33437, U. S. X. M., from
station 2084, in 40? 10' 50" X. lat., 67° 05' 15" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1,290 fathoms; Cat. Xo.
3:;.".70, C. S. X. .M„ from station 2072, in 41° 53' X. lat., 05? 35' W. Ion., at a depth of 858
fathoms; Cat. No. 33505, U.S. N.M.,from station 2194, in .".0" 14' 30" X. lat., 71? 04' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 1,022 fathoms; Cat. No. 35466, U. S. X. M., from station 2195, in 39° 44' X. hit..
To 03' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,058 fathoms; Cat. No. 35470, C S. X. M., from station L'50l\
in 39? 15' 30" X. lat., 71 > 25' \V. Ion., at a depth of 1,434 fathoms; Cat. No. 33518, 0". S. X.
M.,from station 2094, in 39° 44' 30" X. hit., 71 '04' W. Ion., at a depth of 1,022 fathoms; Cat.
Xo. 35532, U. S. X. M., from station 2008, in 39 .i.:' N. lat., 71- 10' 15" \V. Ion., at a depth
of 1178 fathoms; from station 2501, in29° 22' X- lat., 71 23' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,390
fathoms; from station 2550, in 39° 1 1' 30" X. hit., 70° 30' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,081
fathoms; from station 25:;::, in |o 16' 30" X. lat., 07 20' 15' W. Ion., at a depth of 828
fathoms; from station 2532, in 40° 34' 30" X. hit., 66 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 705 fathoms;
from station 2530, in in 53' '.u X. hit,, 00 24' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 956 fathoms; from

406 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

station 2103, in 38° -17' 20" N. lat., 72° 37' W.lon., at a depth of 1,091 fathoms; from station
2102, in 3So 44" X. hit,, 72° 38' W. ion., at a depth of 1,209 fathoms; from station 2110, in 35^
45' 23" X. hit., 74 3 31/ 25" W. Ion., at a depth of 888 fathoms; from station 2529, in 41° 03'
30" N.lat,, 66° 14' W. Ion., at a depth of 662 fathoms; and from station 2115, in 35° 49' 30"
N. lat., 74o 34' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 843 fathoms.

HYMENOCEPHALUS, Giglioli.

Hymenocephalus, Giglioli, Pelagos, Genoa, 1884, 228 (type, //. italieus, with recognizable figure.)— Vaillant,

Exp. Sci. Travaillenr et Talisman, 210.
Mi/sliicoinirus (as subgenus), Gi'XTHER, Challenger Report, xxil, 1887, 124.

Allied to Goryphanoides, with smooth dorsal spine, with first dorsal broad, placed
far forward over base of pectoral; with second dorsal and anal origins nearly opposite, and
separated by a considerable space from the vertical from the end of first dorsal ; with vent
far from ventral origin. Head large, naked, soft, and cavernous; snout abrupt, perpendic-
ular or parabolic; month lateral, wide. Eye very large, orbital margin forming part of
profile of head. Barbel long. Pectoral rather narrow (10-16 rays). Scales thin, decidu-
ous, with fine short spines. Under parts in advance of ventral wholly or partly naked.

Hymenocephalus heterotopia (Alcock), occurs in the Andaman Sea, off Koss Island, in
205 to 271 fathoms, and in the Bay of Bengal, between Watts and South Sentinel Islands in
220 to 240 fathoms (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1S89, Nov., 390.), and in the Laccadive Sea,
188-220 fathoms. [111. Zocil. Investigator, I, pi. m, fig. 30.]

H. longibarbis ((iiinther), was taken by the Challenger at Station 173. off Matuku, Fiji
Islands, at the depth of 315 fathoms.

HYMENOCEPHALUS ITALICUS, Giglioli.

Malaeocephalus lams, Mokeavj (not Lowe), Hist. Nat, Poiss. France, 1881, in, 284, fig. 183.
Hymenocephalus itnli<->ts, Giglioli, Pelagos, 2_'s, isst (without description, but with fair woodcut). — Vail-
lant, Exp. Scient. Travaillenr et Talisman. 127. pi. xix. fig. 1.
Macrurus (Myetaconurw) italieus, GCnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 141.

Head deeper than broad, with vertical sides and wide nmciferous cavities; snout
obtuse, short, slightly projecting beyond the mouth, the cleft of which is oblique, anterior
and lateral, and extending to behind the middle of the eye. Teeth in both jaws minute,
of equal size, villiform, in narrow bands. Barbel small. Interorbital space as wide as the
eye, the diameter of which is one-third of the length of the head, and exceeding the snout
in length. Scales extremely thin, deciduous, spiny, of comparatively large size. Preoper-
cular margin not serrated. Anterior dorsal spine smooth, filamentous; the distance
between the two dorsal fins is but little more than the length of the base of the former.
Pectoral fin about half as long as the head. Vent far behind first dorsal but close to the
root of the ventral fins which reach it, and the outer ray of which is produced into a fila-
ment. Anal far back. A triangular scaleless space between the ventral fins, nearly
extending to the vent; a small round naked space, surrounded by spiny scales, in the
middle of the preventral region. Distance between the vent and the isthmus three-fourths
of the length of the head. Body and tail colorless; sides of the head and abdomen sil-
very; lower parts to the vent black. (GUnther.)

Radial formula: D. 12; T. 16; V. 10.

GUnther, who examined a young specimen from Nice, 5J inches long, says that there
can be no doubt that this is a juvenile form, and that if it were not for the dentition he
should not hesitate to refer it to Macrurus Icevis, with which it agrees in several important
characters. Moreau and Vaillant had no opportunity to examine larger specimens. The
French expedition obtained 118 specimens at depths of 265 aud 1,042 fathoms oft' the coast
of Morocco.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 407

HTMENOCEPHALUS GOODKI, (GWnthbb), Bean. (Figure 340.)

Macrurua aapcr. Goose and Bean, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., \, 1883, L96-7 (name preoccupied). — Jordan, Cat.

Fish. N. A i'.. 1885, L31.

Macrurua Qoodii, Gunther, Challenger Ri-port. xxn, INST, 13*;.
llijmenorephahia Goodei, BEAN, MS.

The relations of this species appear to be with .1/. Bairdii, from which it differs in (1)
its longer snout, (2) the locution of the vent, which is much farther back, and (3) the absence
of keels upon any of its scales.

The length of the specimen described is :>22 millimeters. The body is much stouter
than in .1/. Bairdii, its greatest height being contained 6J times in its length. The scales
are small, strong, the free portions covered by series of small vitreous spines arranged in
about six rows; there is no specialization of the central row, as in .1/. Bairdii, though the
median spine at the margin of the scale projects most strongly aud is longest, consisting of
7 or 8 spines. The number of scales in the lateral line is about the same, there being about
150; there are 7 above and 18 below the line.

Length of head contained 5§ times in total length. Width of interorbital area a little
greater than horizontal diameter of orbit and length of operculum, and contained 4 \ times
in the length of the head. Length of snout about equal to width of interorbital space and
about one-half the postorbital portion of the head. Snout triangular, depressed, its tip in
the axis of the body, and nearly on a level with the lower margin of the eye; its lower sur-
face forming an angle with the body axis, about equal to that formed with same by its
upper profile. The superior ridge is pronounced anteriorly, but ends in advance of the con-
cavity in the interorbital space. The lateral ridges are prominent, and continue posteriorly
to the eye, with strong angular projections in front of the nostrils. No ridges continued from
supraorbital region. Nostrils rather close to the eye. Barbel shorter than the eye. Tip
of lower jaw under anterior nostril; cleft of mouth under posterior margin of orbit. The
under surface of the head is naked, with the exception of a few minute, spiny tubercles on
the under surface of the mandible. The suborbital ridge is very slightly developed. The
intermaxillary is a long bone, nearly as long as the maxillary, and the mouth is large. The
teeth on the intermaxillary are in a double series, of which the outer contains much larger
teeth than the iuuer. The teeth in the inaudible are uniserial; the dorsal spine is strongly
serrated.

Distance of first dorsal from snout equal to nearly 4 times the length of its base, its
distance from the anterior margin of the orbit equal to the length of the head. First spine
minute; second spine strongly serrated as in M. Bairdii, nearly two-thirds the length of
the head, and when laid down is far from reaching to the origin of the second dorsal.
When the fin is erect, its superior margin is nearly at right angles to the plane of the back,
aud slightly convex. The distance between the two dorsals is twice the length of the base
of the first, the second beginning in the perpendicular from the fifth ray of the anal.

The anal is about 3 times as high as the second dorsal. The vent is under the thirtieth
scale of the lateral line directly in advance of the anal, and at a distance from the ventral
considerably greater than the length of that fin, in this respect differing widely from M.
Bairdii.

Distance of pectoral from snout slightly more than the. length of the head. Its length
is less than that of the dorsal spine, and slightly more than half its distance from the snout.
Its insertion (upper axil) is in the middle line of the body.

Insertion of ventral under that of pectoral, aud slightly in advance of that of dorsal.
Its first ray is not. greatly prolonged, and is about half as long as the distance of the tin
from the snout.

The branchiostegal membrane is narrowly attached to the isthmus, leaving no free
margin behind. The gill-rakers are very small tubercles, and there are only ten below the
angle on the first arch.

Radial formula: 1st D. n. 8-9j 2nd I). 105; A. 110; V. 20; V. 10; scales 7/150/18.

Color dark reddish brown, the spines upon the scales with a metallic luster. The young
have 3 stellate bosses upon the snout, one :it its tip, one at some distance upon each side.

408 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

This species belongs in the subgenus Xewafmntrus of Giinther. It resembles Macrurus
affinis, from -which it differs in its smaller eye (one- fifth as long as the head), and in having
the head contained 5§ times in the total length, instead of 5 times as in affinis.

The Blake secured specimens from station cccvin, in 41° 25' 45" K lat., 05° 35 30" W.
Ion., at a depth of 1,242 fathoms; from station cccix, in 40° 11' 40" N. lat., 08° 22' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 304 fathoms; and from station lxxvi, off Havana, at a depth of 154 fathoms.
The Albatross also obtained examples from station 25G4, in 39° 22' N. lat.. 71° 23' 30" W.
Ion., at a depth 1,390 fathoms; from station 2563, in 39° 18' 30" N. lat., 71° 23' 30" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 1.422 fathoms; from station 2534, in 40° 01' N. lat., 67° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 1,234 fathoms; from station 2562, in 39° 15' 30" K lat., 71° 25' W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,434 fathoms; Cat. No. 33392, U. S. K M., from station 2074, in 41° 43' N. lat., 65° 21'
50" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,309 fathoms; Cat, Xos. 33274 and 33276, IT. S. K M.,from sta-
tion 2035, in 39° 26' 16" N. lat., 70° 02' 37" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,309 fathoms; Cat. No.
33302, U. S. N. M., from station 2041. in 39 22' 50" N. lat., 68° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of
1,608 fathoms.

HYMENOCEPHALUS CAVERNOSls. Goon* and Bean. (Figure 341.)

Bathygndus cavernosus, Goode and Bean, Ptoc. I". 8. Nat. Mus., L885, ">!is. — GOnther, Challenger Report,
xxii. 1887, 156.

Body stoutish, its greatest height (23 millimeters) contained 7 times in total length.

The scales are moderate, deciduous, cycloid, with no visible armature, about 8 rows
under the base of the first dorsal.

Length of head (28 millimeters) about 6 in total length. The bones of the head are
very soft and cavernous, in many places without muscular covering, spongy. Interorbital
area doubly concave with a spinous medial ridge; its greatest width (10 millimeters) about
2| in the length of the head.

Postorbital portion of head (13 millimeters) about half its length, 1£ as long as eye.
which is circular, its diameter (10 millimeters) contained 2i times in the length of the head.

Snout broad, very obtuse, its width at nostril nearly equal to interorbital width, its
length (6 millimeters) 4§ times in that of the head. Nostrils normal.

Teeth in both jaws in villifbrm bands, very small; a naked space at the symphysis of
of the intermaxillary'; vomer and palatine toothless. Gill-rakers very short, minute, and
rather numerous; about 18 below the angle of the anterior arch. Pseudobrauchia- absent.
Barbel two fifths as long as the eye.

First dorsal composed of 2 spines, the first of which is minute, inserted at a distance
from the snout (2S millimeters) equal to the length of the head; the second as long as the
head without the snout, and 10 branched rays: its base (111 millimeters) equal to diameter
of eye. Second dorsal almost rudimentary, its rays remarkably short, about 133 in num-
ber; its distance from the first dorsal half the length of head.

Anal much higher than second dorsal, its distance from the snout (46 millimeters) con-
tained about 3 A times in the total length. About 27 rays in a space equal to length of
head. Anterior rays longest, in length about three fourths of the diameter of the eye.

Pectoral inserted under the first branched ray of the first dorsal, its length (20 milli
meters) equal to twice that of the eye and about two-thirds length of head.

Ventral slightly behind the pectoral, its first ray filamentous, reaching to the base of
the tenth anal ray; it consists of 11 rays.

Color, gray, with silvery tints on sides: the abdomen and lips dark.

Dr. Bean has reexamined the types of Bothy gadus cavernosus^ and is convinced that
Dr. Giinther is probably- right in his statement that it belongs to the subgenus Mysta-
conurus, but since the specimens are all young and have more rays in the ventral fin
than the described species, it can not be referred to M. longifilis, and must be called for the
present Hymenocephalus cavernosus.

The following revised data are presented: D. n, 10, 133; A. 27 rays in space equal to

DISCUSSION OK SPECIES AND ill ill; DISTRIBUTION. 40!>

length of head : V. 1 1 : P. 13; height 7 in total : head 6. Interorbital area 2| in head, equal
to eye. Snout 4§ in head. Teeth in villiform bands. <iill rakersverj short, minute, about
L8 below the angle. No pseudobranehiae. Barbel ~.\ in eye.

The type, number .'i7.">.">7. is ;i young specimen, 162 millimeters long, obtained by the
Albatross al station 2398, N. hit. 28 16 . W. long. 86 26', al a deptL of 227 fathoms.

LIONURUS, Guntrv i

lionurnt (as subgenus), GCnther, Challenger Report, wii. 124.

A genus resembling Macrurus, but with imbricated, smooth, and flaccid scales; soft,
cavernous bones; small eye: filamentous ventral ray; minute barbel, and projecting, pointed
snout. A characteristic bathybial type.

< liiutlier's Macrurus microlepis, (loc. cit.) from off Matuku, Fiji Islands, 315 fathoms, is
provisionally referred by him t<> this division, though based upon immature specimens.

Lionurus liolepis, Gilbert (Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 117), was taken bythe
Albatross, oft the coast of California, in <»0;$ fathoms.

LIONURUS FILICAl'DA. GCnther. (Figure 342.)

Corypliosnoides (Lionurus) filicauda, GCnther, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878; Challenger Report, xxn, 27,
pi. xxxiv. lig. B.

Snout considerably projecting beyond the mouth, pointed in the middle; it is twice as
long as the eye. which is unusually small, only half as wide as the interorbital space.
Mouth rather wide, extending beyond the center of the eye. Upper teeth villiform, in a
very narrow band, those of the inaudible very small, biserial. Barbel minute. Praeoper-
eulum with the angle produced backwards, broadly rounded and crenulated on the margin.
The terminal portion of the tail is prolonged into a long filament, more slender than in
any of the other species. Bones of the head soft.

Scales of moderate size, thin, cycloid, and deciduous; six or seven in a transverse
series between the first dorsal spine and the lateral line; snout and inferior half of the
infraorbital region naked. The second dorsal spine slender, with the barbs in front very
inconspicuous and sometimes entirely absent. The distance between the two dorsal fins is
less than the length of the head. The outer ventral ray produced into a short filament.
Distance between vent and isthmus less than the length of the head.

Head and trunk whitish, tail brownish, lower part of the head and gill-opening black.
[Ounther.)

Radial formula: D. 11; P. 20; V. 9; Case. pyl. 7.

The. Challenger obtained this species from the Antarctic Ocean and from the deep sea
on both sides of the South American Continent: from station 325, at a depth of 2,650
fathoms; from station 323, at a depth of 1,900 fathoms: from station 299, at a depth of 2,160
fathoms; from station 158, at a depth of 1,800 fathoms; from station l.">7, at a depth of 1,950
fathoms, and from station 146, at a depth of 1,375 fathoms.

Dr. Giinther holds that this species is clearly one of those of the family which extend to
the greatest depths, since the small eye, the soft bones, the lack of firmness in the scales,
and the filamentous tail indicate its abyssal abode.

TRACHONURUS, Giinther.
Trackonurus (as subgenus), GCnther, Challenger Report, xxn. 1887, 124.

A genus resembling Macrurus in form and dentition, but with incomplete squamation,
the skin being densely studded with elect spines, strongest at the bases of the vertical
fins, space between the vent and ventral scaleless; snout short, compressed; interorbital
ridge obsolete; mouth small, lateral.

In addition to the type species, .1/. oillosus, Giinther (Challenger Eeport, wii. 1 12, pi.
xxxvi, lig. B) from Japan, 345 fathoms, and the Philippines, 500 fathoms, our Malacocephalus
sulcatus appears to belong to this group.

410 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

TRACHONURUS SULCATUS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 343.)

Coryphwnoides sulcata*, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vm, 1885, 596; Oceanic Ichthyology, 403.
Maamrus ( Malacoeephalus) sulcatus, Gunther. Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 169.

The type of this species, Cat. No. 37335, is an individual 23S millimeters long, taken at
Albatross station 2394, in 420 fathoms, with a large specimen (about 350 millimeters) badly
mutilated, from Blake station lxxiii, oft' Martinique, 472 fathoms, as a collateral type.

Body is elongate, rapidly contracted behind the abdomen, the tail long and whip-like;
greatest height of body (25 millimeters) 9.J times in total length.

Scales moderate, strongly armed, each with 8-10 spinelets, irregularly placed, the
spinelets less numerous in the young, which feel bristly to the touch, separated by wide,
deep fmrows (hence the specific name); more than 175 in the lateral line. Between origin
of dorsal fin and lateral line 7; counting from the origin of the lateral line the number of
scales in a distance equal to length of head is 33. Between the anal and vent 21-22
(counting forward from vent, 10 counting backward).

Armature of head similar to that of body, but the scales upon the snout, cheeks, and
chin have very feeble spines.

Length of head (32 millimeters) 1\ times in total length.

Iuterorbital area nearly tlat, its length (10 millimeters) equal to diameter of eye, and a
little less than one-third length of head. Postorbital portion of head (15 millimeters) U
times as long as diameter of eye. Eye circular, in larger individual its diameter less than
width of iuterorbital space, 3§ times in length of head. Snout short, obtuse, scarcely over-
hanging the mouth, its length (7 millimeters) 4i times in that of head; in the larger indi-
vidual it is 4J times in length of head.

Nostrils somewhat above level of middle of eye, the anterior one nearly upon the
dorsal outline.

Teeth, two series in upper jaw in villiform bands, in the outer series slightly enlarged;
in lower jaw in a single series.

The end of the maxilla reaches to the vertical through the hind margin of pupil in the
large specimen, to that through the front margin of the same in the type. Length of upper
jaw, including maxilla (11 millimeters), about 3 times in length of head. Length of man-
dible (13 millimeters) equal to one-half the height of the body. Barbel (4 millimeters) 2.J
times in diameter of eye; in the large specimen it is half as long as the eye.

Gill-rakers very small, tubercular, almost rudimentary, about 10 below angle of first
arch; the attachment of the membrane to the first arch is very extensive, but the mem-
branes are tree from the isthmus. Pseudobranchise absent.

First dorsal comparatively low, composed of 2 spines, the first rudimentary, the second
elongate and smooth, and 8-9 rays. Its insertion is immediately over that of the pectoral;
its distance from the snout (30 millimeters) equals 1£ times the length of the head; its length
of base (7 millimeters) equal to length of snout. Its longest spine, when laid backward
reaches beyond origin of second dorsal, its length (15 millimeters) oue-half to two-thirds
that of the head.

Second dorsal very low; its distance from first dorsal equal to one-third length of
head ; in the type about one-fourth.

Anal much higher than second dorsal, yet very low, its longest ray equal in length to
diameter of eye; its distance from snout (51 millimeters) 4§ times in total length, its origin
being nearly under that of the second dorsal.

Pectoral inserted under origin of first dorsal, its length about i that of head.

Ventral inserted behind the vertical from the end of the base of the first dorsal in the
type. In the mutilated larger specimen it appears to be under the posterior ray of the first
dorsal. The ventral extends to the origin of the anal, its length (10 millimeters) equaling
diameter of eye; in large specimen 1J diameter of eye. Vent about midway between origin
of ventrals and anal.

Radial formula: D. II, 8-9; A. 120; V. 7; P. 13.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM' THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 411

In a distance equal to lengtb of head 32 rays were counted in the dorsal fin; in the.
anal fin, 22.

Color, brown; abdomen ;in<l lower pari of head in young blackish.

CETONURUS, Gunther.
Cetonurus (as subgenus), Gcntiikr, Challenger Report, x\n, 1887, 124, 143.

A Maerurus like form, with immense, thick, angular head, with cavernous bones; with
quadrate massive snout, and with trunk exceedingly short, running into a short, much
compressed, and low tail immediately behind the vent. First dorsal with aboul !<• spines,
inserted over or in advance of the origin of the pectorals; the second and longest spine
slender, obscurely serrated. Yenlrals moderate, inserted under or in advance of insertion
of pectorals. Head with dense, flaccid skin, thickly covered with small villous scales;
scales of body with a few long, slender, curved spines. No lateral line. A scries of larger
scales along base of second dorsal, which is weak and low. Bones thin and flexible.

The type of this genus or subgenus is Cetonurus crassiceju, Giinther (Challenger Report,
xxn, 143, pi. xxxvii; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., n, 1878, 2.3), taken by the Challenger north
of the Kermadec Islands, in 520 fathoms.

CETONURUS GLOBICEPS, Vaillant. (Fig. 344.)

Macrurm globiceps, Vaii.laxt, La Nature, 1884, No. 560.

ffymenocephalus globiceps, Vaillant, Exped. Scieut. Travailleui et Talisman, 214, 386.

Hymenoeephalus crassiceps, Vaillant, op. til., L'14, pi. xx, fig. 1.

Head and anterior part of body very large; the greatest height two-elevenths, its
greatest thickness one-twelfth of total length. Head globular in form, its length one tilth
that of the. body. Snout turgid, obtuse. Mouth moderate, inferior. Body greatly con-
tracted behind the vent, which is in vertical from posterior end of first dorsal.

Diameter of eye about one-fourth the length of the head. Width of the interorbital
space two-fifths the length of the head. Barbel small and slender.

Opercula covered by thick skiu, only visible upon dissection. Small rough scales cov-
ering entire head; those upon body also small, very rough; a row of much stronger ones
along the base of the second dorsal. Lateral line not perceptible. About 200 scales in
longitudinal rowT, 51 in vertical row.

First dorsal small, its second spine slender, covered with weak serrations. Second
dorsal low and with feeble spines, its origin separated from the end of the first dorsal by a
space equal to twice the length of the base of the latter. Anal much higher than the second
dorsal, its anterior rays much the longest; its origin nearly under that of the second dorsal.
Pectorals moderate, falciform, reaching beyond origin of anal. Yentrals small, in advance
of the pectorals.

Radial formula: I). II, '.) + .'; A. 103?; V. 10.

The French expedition obtained 17 examples in the Gulf of Gascony at l,600meters,

on tin ast of Soudan at 1,139 to 1,135 meters, and oil' the Azores at 2,995 meters. It

has not yet been found in the Western Atlantic.

CHALINURA, Goode and Bean.

Chalinura, Goode :\n<\ Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 199.
Chalinurus (subgenus), GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, ill.

Scales cycloid, fluted longitudinally with slightly radiating stria'. Snout long, broad,
truncate, not much produced. Mouth lateral, subterminal, very large. Head without
prominent ridges, save the subocular ones ami those upon the snout; the suborbital ridge
is not joined to the angle of the preoperculum. Teeth in the upper jaw in a villiform band,
with those in the outer series much enlarged ; those in lower jaw uniserial, large. No teeth
on vomer or palatines. Dorsal spine serrated. Pseudobranchiae present, but small. (Jill
rakers spiny, depressible, stout, in double series on the anterior arch. I'.ranchiostegal
membrane apparently free from the isthmus. Ventrals below the pectorals. Barbel present.

412 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

We protesl against the action of English ichthyologists in changing the form of the
generic name. It is properly and legitimately formed from XHXtvoq (a thong), and dopa (tail).

Chalinura fernandezianus, G-iinther (Challenger Report, xxn. 145, pi. xxxvin, tig. B)
was obtained by the Challenger at station 300, south of Juan Fernandez, in 1,375 fathoms.

Ghalinura liocephala, Giinther (loc. cit., 145, pi. xxxvm, fig. A) was taken by the
Challenger off Japan, in 1,875 fathoms, and in mid Pacific in 2,050 fathoms.

Chalinura Murrayi, Giinther (loc. cit., 140, pi. xxxiv, fig. A) was taken by the Challenger
off New Zealand in 1,100 fathoms.

Chalinura serrula, Bean (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xin (No. 795), 37) was taken by the
Albatross east of Prince of Wales Island, in 1,569 fathoms.

Chalinura hispida, Alcock, from the Bay of Bengal. 220-240 fathoms (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1889, Nov., 397).

CHALINURA SIMULA, Goode axi> Bean. (Figure 345 )

Chalinura Simula, Goode and I'.eax, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., \, 199
[faerurns sirnulus, Gcxtiiei:, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 143.

The most salient characters are (1) the very large mouth, (2) the long obtuse snout, and
(3) the very elongate first ventral ray.

The body is shaped much as in Coryphwnoides, but is rather stout, its greatest height
being contained 6 times in its total length. The back is somewhat gibbous in profile, the
dorsal outline rising quite rapidly from the. interorbital region to the origin of the first
dorsal, whence it descends almost in a straight line to the end of the tail.

The scales are rather small, but with indications, particularly on the head, of radiating
stria'. The number of scales in the lateral line is about 150; about 8 rows between the origin
of the dorsal and the lateral line, and 17 to 10 between that line and the origin of the anal.

Tlie length of the head is contained about 5 times in the total length of the body. The
width of the interorbital area is much greater than the long diameter of the orbit, which is
nearly twice that of the snout. The postorbital portion of the head is about three times as
long as the diameter of the eye. The length of the operculum is equal to hall' that of the
upper jaw. The preoperculum is emarginate on its posterior limb. The orbit is nearly
round, its diameter contained G times in the length of the head. The snout is broad, obtuse,
scarcely projecting beyond the mouth: its width nearly as great at the tip as that of the
interorbital space or as its own length. The median ridge is very prominent, gibbous in
outline when observed laterally; the lateral ridges start out almost at a right angle with
the median ridge, and are not continued upon the sides of the head. The suborbitals prom-
inent, forming broad subocular ridges. No supraorbital ridges. Nostrils in front of the
middle of the eye, and nearer to its anterior margin than to the tip of the snout. Barbel
longer than the diameter of the eye.

Teeth in the upper jaw in a broad villiform band, with the outer series very much
enlarged. The lower jaw with the teeth in a single series.

Distance of first dorsal from snout 4i times the length of its base, its distance from the
anterior margin of the orbit about equal to the length of the head. First spine very short,
second rather stout and with a simple serration anteriorly, the serrae closely appressed
to the spine; its length two-thirds that of head.

The second dorsal begins at a distance from the first about equal to the length of the,
upper jaw.

The anal is high, its average rays being about three times as long as those in the
dorsal. It is inserted slightly behind the perpendicular from the last ray of the first
dorsal. The pectoral is inserted over the base of the ventral (its rays are mutilated). The
ventral is inserted almost under the pectoral, but very slightly in advance; its distance
from the snout is less than the length of its longest ray, which is prolonged in a filament
which extends to the base of the eighteenth ray of the anal fin.

DISCDSSIOM OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 413'

Radial formula: 1). n, It, 11".; A. 118; P. 20; V. 9; B. vi.

The type specimen, 458 millimeters in length, was taken by the Blake from station
CCCVHi, in II 25' 45" X Int., 65° 35' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,242 fathoms. The Blake
also secured specimens, apparently belonging to this species, from station cccxvii,- in

31°57'N. hit., 78° 18' 35" W. Ion., at a depth of 333 fathoms; 1 from station occxxv, in

33 35 20 X. Lit., 7<i YV. Ion., at a depthof647 fathoms.

The Albatross obtained examples from station 2095, in 39 29' N-lat.,70 58 10' w. Ion..
at a depth of L,342 fathoms; from station 2105, in 37 50' X. lat.,73 03' W. Ion., at a depth
of 1,395 fathoms; and Cat. No. 33280, U. S. N. M., from station 2037, in 38° 53' N. lat.,
69 23'30" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1,731 fathoms.

rii \i.i\r i;.\ BREVIBARBIS, Goode and Bean, n. b.

The length of the specimen described is .'!45 millimeters. It is almost entirely denuded
of scales; those that remain have about six longitudinal ridges composed of small spines as
in the species of Macrurus. The first gill opening also is restricted as in Macrurus. The
teeth of the upper jaw are in a villiform band with the outer series enlarged. Mandibulary
teeth uniserial.

The greatest height of the body (54 millimeters) equals the length of the head without
the snout. The length of the intermaxilla is one-third the length of the head. The maxilla
extends to below the hind margin of the orbit. The length of the mandible is nearly one
half that of the head, whieh is 68 millimeters long, being about one-fifth of the the total
length. The barbel (S millimeters) is two-thirds as long as the eye and one-half as long as
the snout. The length of the eye (11 millimeters) is one-sixth the length of the head, and
one-half the width of the interorbital space.

The second spine of the dorsal (42 millimeters) equals the length of the postorbital
part of the head. The ventral when extended reaches to the sixth ray of the anal. The
distance from the ventral to the vent equals one-half the length of the head. The length of
the pectoral equals the postorbital part of the head.

D. II, 8; the first 31 rays of the second dorsal occupy a space equal to the length of the
head. Anal: the first 25 rays occupy a spaceequal to the length of the head. The longest
anal rays are nearly half as long as the pectoral.

The interspace between the first and second dorsals is one-half of the interorbital part
of the head. Ventral 9. Scales S— 140.

The type of the species, Cat. No. 33453, TJ. S. N. M., was taken by the Albatross on
September 4. 1883, at station 2077, in 41° 09' 40" N. lat., 66 02' 20" YV. Ion., at a depth of
1.255 fathoms. Examples were also obtained by the Albatross from station 2530, in 40°
53' 40" X. lat., (UP 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 950 fathoms; Cat. No. 33269, I'. S. X. M., from
station 20.57. in 38^ 53' X. lat.. 09^ 23' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth 1,731 fathoms; Cat. No. 35560,
U. S. N. M., from station 2210. in 39° 37' 45" N. lat., 71° 18' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of '.till

fat! s: Cat. Xo. 33396, U. S. N. M., from station 2077, in 41° 09' 40" X. hit., 60° 02 20"

NY. Ion., at a depth of 1,255 fathoms; Cat. Xd. 33272, I'. S. N. M., from station 2035. in 39°
20' 10" X. lat., 70 20' 37" AY. Ion., at a depth of 1,362 fathoms.

CHALINURA OCCIDENTALS, Goode and Bean.

Malacocephaliia oecidenlalis, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \ in, 1SS5, 597. — GOntheR, Challenger
Report, wii, 1887, 134, note.

A species which in general appearance and proportions resembles Malacocephalus
larois, Giinther. Anal fin commencing at a distance behind the vent equal to the length

of the snout, its distance from the origin of the ventrals being less than the distance from
the origin of the anal, which is distinctly behind the vertical through the posterior end of
the first dorsal. The ventrals originate under the middle of the first dorsal, ami the pec
torals under its origin. The ventral extends to, or slightly beyond, the anal origin. The
pectoral is as long as the head without its postorbital part. The diameter of the eye is

414 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

contained 2£ times in the length of the head. The barbel is slightly longer than the eye.
The snout is one-quarter as long as the head and equal to the interorbital space.

It differs also in the serrature of the second dorsal spine, and its length, which is
nearly equal to, if not longer than the head. In onr mutilated specimens the first branched
ray is nearly as long as the head. The gill rakers are rudimentary, there being 11 below
the angle of the first arch.

The types of this species are small and in very bad condition, making it difficult to
determine the dentition with certainty, but the intermaxilla has an outer series of enlarged
teeth and behind a villiform band <if smaller teeth. The mandibulary teeth are uniserial,
all small and unequal in size. The gill membrane is attached to the isthmus, but has a
narrow, free margin behind. The scales are studded with minute spines, but have no
median keel. The intermaxilla is protractile almost in a vertical direction ; it is a 'oug
bone, being continued beyond the vertical expansion.

D. i, 10; the long second ray coarsely serrated.

A single specimen, 141 millimeters in length, was obtained by the Blake from station
lxxxiii, off Granada, at a depth of 1G4 fathoms. The Albatross seemed an individual
from station 2474, in 44° 28' 30" X. lat.. 57° 10' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 133 fathoms;
and two small specimens, 154 and 203 millimeters in length, respectively, from station 2310,
in 35° 44' X. Int.. 74^< 51' W. Ion., at a depth of 132 fathoms.

CHALINUEA LEPTOLEPIS, Gixther.

Corypheenoides leptolepis, GUnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877. xx. 441.
Macrurus (Chalinurus) leptolepis, GOnther, Challenger Report) xxn, 111, pi. xxxi.

Head compressed. The snout is rather long, but its front projects but slightly beyond
the mouth, which is almost anterior. The eye is comparatively small, rather more than
one-half the length of the snout, or one-seventh the length of the head and three lift lis the
width of the interorbital space. -Mouth wide, lateral, extending to below the hind margin
of the eye. The teeth of the outer series of the upper jaw are widely set and much stronger
than those of the villiform baud. Mandibulary teeth in a single series. Barbel as long as
the eye. The preoperculum with the hind margin excised, and with the angle rounded
and produced backwards, naked ; its lower margin is not toothed.

Scales thiu and deciduous; most with 5 or 7 radiating keels, some, especially on the back,
nearly or quite smooth. There are 7 scales in a transverse series between the first dorsal
and the lateral line. Those on the gill-cover and in front of the ventral fins are quite
smooth; the front part of the snout and the lower half of the infraorbital region scaleless.
Second dorsal spine slightly produced, with barbs in front, which are rather distantly
arranged. The second dorsal fin commences at a short distance behind the first. The outer
ventral ray produced into a long filament. Distance between vent and isthmus equal to
the length of the head.

Eadial formula: D. 19; I*. IS; V. 9.

A single specimen was obtained by the Challeng< r off the coast of BrazU in 350 fathoms.

OPTONURUS, GOnther.

Optonurus (as subgenus), GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 117.

A genus or subgenus of Macruridce, distinguished from Chalinura chiefly by the absence
of denticulations from the first dorsal spine. The only species assigned by GHinther to this
group is O. (lenticutatus (Richardson), which occurs in moderately deep water off the coasts
of South Australia and New Zealand. The Challenger obtained it off New Zealand at a
depth of 275 fathoms, and off the Kermadecs, in 520 fathoms.

MALACOCEPHALUS, Gunther.

Malacocephalus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit, ilns., iv, 1862, 396; Challenger Report, xxn, 121, 148 (type, M.
Iwvil, Lcwe '.

Intermaxillary teeth biserial, mandibulary teeth uniserial. Mouth lateral; snout short,

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THKllt DISTRIBUTION. 415

obtuse [load wit limit prom incut ridges, with wide [nuciferous cavities. Dorsal tin planted
over origin of pectorals, its longest spine smooth. Pectorals placed high, opposite upper
angleofgill cleft. Scales small, bristly. Lateral line originating at upper angle of gill
cleft.

Malacocephalus occurs in the northeastern, southeastern, ami southwestern Atlantic,
the Mediterranean ami the Bay of Bengal.

The Macrurus macrochir assigned here by Dr. Giinther does not appear to us to lie con-
generic with Malacocephalus (a vis. We have therefore proposed for it a new genus under
the name Abyssicola, the diagnostic characters of which are given on page 117.

MALACOCEPHALUS L.EVIS, (Lowe), Gl Miner..

Macrurus lamia, Lowe, I 'oh. Zool. Soc., London, 1843, 92. '

Macrurus (Malacocephalus) lams, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1SS7, lis. pi. xxxix, lig. I!; Ami. and

Mag. Nat. Hist.. Dec, 1889, U8.-Ai.cock, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, 398.
Malacocephalus latvis, Gunther, tat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. iv. 397.— LOtken, Vid. Meddel. Nat. Foren., Kjohenhavn,

1872, L— Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, in. 284.

Head compressed, with vertical sides; muciferous cavities wide. .Snout obtusely coni-
cal, slightly projecting beyond the month, the cleft of which is oblique, anterior and lateral,
and extending somewhat behind the middle of the eye. Teeth of the upper jaw biserial,
those of the outer series much stronger than the inner; mandibulary teeth uniserial. Bar-
bel shorter than the eye. The interorbital space flat, its width being equal to or less than
the diameter of the eye. which is large, longer than the snout, and one-third or two-sevenths
of the length of the head. Scales very small, much deeper than long, covered with short
minute bristles. Praeoperculum with the posterior margin slightly excised above the angle,
and with the lower margin not serrated. The entire head is covered with minute, rough
scales. Anterior dorsal spine smooth. Pectoral flu about two-thirds of the length of the
head. The vent (Fig. b) is close to the root of the ventrals, which reach beyond it; it lies
at the end of an oval scaleless depression, and there is another triangular scaleless space
between the roots of the ventrals. Distance between the vent and the isthmus two thirds
of the length of the head.

Brownish above, sides silvery; axil, ventrals and the region in front of them black;
branchial cavity partly black, inside of the mouth white. [Giinther.)

Radial formula: I). 13-11; P. 17; V. !>.

The type, 1*» inches long, obtained by Lowe at Madeira, is in the British Museum, where
it was examined by us in 1883. Liitken has found the species on the coast of Denmark,
and Giinther records its capture southwest of Ireland in 250 fathoms and in the Medi-
terranean. The Challenger obtained a single specimen off the coast of Pernambuco (station
122) in 350 fathoms. The Investigator obtained a form supposed by Alcock to be identical
with this in the Andaman Sea in 265 fathoms, and in the Laccadive Sea in 188-220 fathoms.
It has not yet been observed in the northwestern Atlantic.

Giiuther's revised diagnosis is given above.

MALACOCEPHALUS OCCIDEXTALIS, Goode and Bean. (Doubtful species).

Malacocephalus occidentalis, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 1885, 598.

Small specimens, 37336, in imperfect condition were obtained from Albatross station
2310, north latitude 35° 14', west longitude 71° 51' (length 151 millimeters and 20:'. milli-
meters), at a depth of 132 fathoms, and from Blake station lxxxiii, off Granada, at a
depth of 164 fathoms (length 111 millimeters). They correspond in the main with Giiu-
ther's full description of Malacocephalus Icevis, but differ in the position of the vent, the
ventrals, and the anal tin; the latter commencing at a distance behind the vent equal to

1 Macrurus huh. M. pallidus, griseus, lacidus, laevigatas lissinis areolato-scaber, inermis; squamia
inconspicuis minutia; capite rostroque acuto abbreviatis, simplicibus (nee coelatia aeo carinatis); oculis
rotundati- : dent ibus in maxilla inferiore validis, uuiscriatis; pinnae duisulis prima; radio priwo iucrwi.

1 D. 1+9; 2. D. 6t. A. 8; P. 15; V. 1+7.

416 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the length of the snout, its distance from the origin of the ventrals being less than the
distance from the origin of the anal, which is distinctly behind the vertical through the
posterior end of the first dorsal.

The ventrals originate under the middle of the first dorsal, and the pectorals under
its origin. The ventral extends to, or slightly beyond, the anal origin. The pectoral is as
long as the head without its postorbital part. The diameter of the eye is contained 2\
times in the length of the head. The barbel is slightly longer than the eye. The snout is
| as long as the head and equal to the iuterorbital space.

It differs also iu the serratiue of the second dorsal spine, and its length, which is
nearly equal to, if not longer than, the head. In our mutilated specimens the first
branched ray is nearly as long as the head. The gill-rakers are rudimentary, there being
11 below the angle of the arch.

NEMATONURUS, Gunther. (Figure 3-16.)

Nematonurus (subgenus), Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 124,150.

Macrurid fishes, with comparatively short, thick, fusiform body; short, globular head;
very obtusely rounded snout, and with eye close to profile. Moutli entirely inferior, but
not far from tip of snout. Teeth uniserial in the jaws. Branchial opening very wide, the
brauchiostegal membrane adhering slightly (in N. gigas) to the isthmus. Head entirely
covered with large spinigerous scales, like those upon the body. Muciferous cavities not
greatly enlarged. Lateral line originating at a distance from gill opening, usually above
it. Pectorals placed medially, below upper angle of gill-cleft. Ventrals stout, with outer
ray filamentous. Dorsal origin behind that of pectoral, its longest spine serrated (though
but slightly in 2f. gigas). A considerable space between the two dorsals. Second dorsal
and anal not very unlike in height, the anal being somewhat further forward.

Three species appear to belong clearly to this group; N. armatus (Hector), from the
South and Middle Pacific, 400-2,425 fathoms (Challenger Eeport, xxn, 150, pi. XL,hg. A);
N. affinis (Gunther), from the east coast of South America, 1,900 fathoms; and N~. gigax
(Vaillant), from the North Atlantic, 2,082-2,128 fathoms.

Nematonurus is a thoroughly characteristic bathybial genus.

NEMATONUKUS GIGAS, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean.

Coryphanoides giija", Vaillant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 232, pi. xx, fig. 2.

Height of body one-sixth of its length; its thickness one-eighth, being stout, com-
paratively short, and, like the head and snout, inflated. Length of head about equal to
height of body. Mouth large, interior, under the eye. Teeth in jaws in a single row,
simple, conical, about 20 to 25 on each side of either jaw. Eye close to profile, its diameter
one-fifth the length of the head, and a little less than width of interorbital space, which is
one-fourth of head. Length of barbel equal to diameter of eye, which is about equal to the
length of the snout. Scales strongly spinigerous, with spines arranged in radiating rows.
Nme above and thirty-four rows below lateral line, which contains 138 scales. Head
covered with rough scales like those on the body. Limb of preoperculum concave.

First dorsal placed comparatively far bade, without elevation of the dorsal outline at
its base; its second spine almost smooth, but with a lew rugosities near its tip; its height
equal to about half that of the body. Distance of second dorsal from first equal to Hi times
the length of the base of the latter and a little less than the length of the head. Origin of
anal nearly under middle of interspace between dorsals. Its height similar to that of
second dorsal. Pectorals rather strong, with outer ray somewhat produced. Ventrals
slightly behind root of pectoral, far in front of origin of dorsal, rather strong, with outer
ray produced.

Color gray; brauchiostegal membrane and fins brownish.

D. 10 + 87; A. 107; V. 10.

Two specimens were obtained by the French expedition between the Azores and the
Trench coast in f,Lo5 and 4,255 meters.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTEIBUTION.
MOSELEYA, Goode and Bean, n. g. (Figure347.)

417,

Macruriils, having the dorsal sub-continuous; the anal much higher than the second
dorsal. Head and snout long, Qadus-Mke; mouth large, lateral, sub terminal. Scales small,
not spinigerous, but with about five feeble radiating keels. Ventrals in advance of pecto
rals. Vent Tar forward, almost under Last rays of first dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals
strong, falciform, the outer ray of each prolonged, that of the ventral exceedingly. Dorsal
spine feebly senate. Barbel minute.

This genus is proposed for the reception of Macrurus longifilis, Giinther (Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1S77. xx, 439; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 151, pi. XXXV), a species
obtained by the Challenger at station 235, south of Yeddo, Japan, at a depth of 565 fathoms.
The type is 28 inches long, and is admirably figured in the Challenger Report.

The genus is named in honor of Professor Henry N. Moseley, F. R. 8., of Oxford
University, whose contributions to natural history while naturalist of H. M. S. Challenger,
we desire to commemorate.

ABYSSICOLA, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Macrurids with villiform intermaxillary teeth, uuiserialmandibulary teeth. Dorsal, ven-
tral, and pectoral origins nearly iu the same vertical; pectoral very long, spatulate. Dorsal
tins separated by a considerable interval. Snout produced, tetrahedral. Interorbital space
fiat, wide. Mouth wide, lateral; the intermaxillary shorter than maxillary.

This geuus is based upon Macrurus macrochir, Giinther, obtained by the Challenger at
station 232, on the Hyalonema ground off luosima, Japan, at a depth of 345 fathoms (Giin-
ther, Anu. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, xx, -138; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 148, pi. xxix,
fig. B). The type, which was 27i inches long, is admirably figured in the Challenger
Report (Figure 348).

TRACHYRHYNCHUS, Giorna.

Trachyrincus, GlORNA, Mem. Accad. Imp. Turin, xvi, 178, 1803.

Trachyrhynehus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 152.

Lepidoleprus, Risso, Ichtli. Nice, 1810,197 (type, L. trachyrincus, Kisso).

Oxyeephas, BamNESQUE, Indiec d'lttiol. Siciliana, 1810 (typo, O. scabrus, 11af.=L. trachyrhincus, Risso).

Lepidosoma, Swainson, Nat. Hist, and Class. Fish., 1838, ii, 261.

Snout produced into a long depressed process, sharply pointed in front, and with a
rather sharp lateral edge, which is continued in a straight line across the infraorbital region.
Mouth horseshoe shaped, situated at the lower side of the head. Teeth in both jaws in
villiform bands. A barbel. A scaleless fossa on each side of the nape. The second dorsal
tin well developed from its begiuuing. Scales of moderate size, more or less spinigerous ;
a series of larger scales, ea.eh armed with a projecting ridge along each side of the base of
the anterior portions of the dorsal and anal fins. Of the gill-covers the operculum is par-
ticularly small. Gill membranes scarcely uuited in front. Four gills with well-developed
gill laminae. The first branchial arch is free and provided with short styliform gill-rakers.
(Giinther.)
Trachyrhynchus longirostris, Giinther, (Challenger Report, xxn, 153, pi. xli, fig. B), was

taken by the Challenger Northeast of New Zealand, in 1,700 fathoms.

TEACHYBHYNCHUS SCABRUS, (Eafinksque), Goode & Bean. (Figure 349.)

Myaticetus auctoria, Aldrovandus, De Piscibus, 1638, 312.

Trachyrincus (no specific name), GlORNA, Mem. Accad. Soi., Turin, XVI, 1805, 178, pi. i, figs. 1, 2.

Oxyeephas ecabnts, RAFINESQUE, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810, pi. i, figs. 1,2.

Lepidoleprus trachyrinchus, Risso, Ichth., Nice, 1810,197, pi. vn. fig. 21. — Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico,
1846, 12.— ( A\i.-n;i\i. Arch, per 1m Zool., 1864, 371, pi. xn, fig. 2.

Lepidosoma trachyrhynchus, Swainson, Xat. Hist, ami Class. Fish., 1838, II, 261.

Macrurus irachyrhynchm, GOnther, Cat. Fish. I'.rit. Mns.. iv, 1862, 315.— Canistiuni. Fauna Italica, Pesci,
315. — VlNCIGTJERRA, Ann. .Mns. Genov., XIV, til"; XVIII, 564; Crociere del Violante, lull. — Vaillant,
Exp. Sci. Travailleui et Talisman, 250, pi. xxi (scale.). — Capello, Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 32,

Trachyrhynchus trachyrhynchus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 152. pi. xn, fig. c.

Snout not quite twice as long as the eye, the horizontal diameter of which is much
10808— No. 2 27

418 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

greater thaii the vertical, about one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the
width of the interorbital space above the center of the orbit. Scales very rough, each
with 3 or 4 acute and prominent spines; 4 series between the first dorsal fin and the lateral
line; the crests of many of the enlarged dorsal scales are coarsely denticulated. The
entire abdomen covered with scales. Distance of vent from the isthmus equal to that of
the hind margin of the eye from the extremity of the snout. Barbel very small. Yentrals
small, inserted in front of the pectoral tin, with the outer ray produced into a short filament.
Anterior branchial arch with 22 very short, styliforin gill-rakers. (Giinther.)

This form, the Pizzune or Pesci sorici of the Sicilian fisherman, the Ealto of Cornigli-
ano, has been found in the vicinity of Nice and Genoa, as well as about Sicily, but not as
yet in the Adriatic. Vincigucria states that in the Gulf of Genoa it is more abundant
than Ccelorhynchus. With the long line at GOO fathoms, off Genoa, he obtained 10 speci-
mens of this form and none of the other. Both are taken at sea, some miles out from
Genoa, by the tishermen of Cornigliano, at depths of 300 fathoms or more. The French
ships took 01 specimens oil' the South European and African coast in 400 to 1,400 fathoms.

Canestrini gives a fair figure and Vinciguerra a better one.

TRACHYRHYNCHUS MURRAYI, Gintiiek.

Trachyrhynehtts Murrayi, Gi xtiier, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 153, pi. xli, Fig. A.

The large orbit is oval in shape, nearly one-fourth of the length of the head, contained
once and two-thirds in the length of the snout, and equal to the width of the interorbital
space above the middle of the orbit. Scales almost smooth, having 1, 2, or 3 small spines
developed on their hind margin ; they are rather irregularly arranged, in 4 series, between the
dorsal fin and the lateral line; crests of the dorsal scales simple, triangular, spines directed
backwards, without deuticulation. The abdomen between the vent and the roots of the
ventral fins scaleless. The distance of the vent from the isthmus nearly equal to that of
the hind margin of the eye from the extremity of the snout. Barbel minute. Ventral fin
very small, scarcely in front of the pectoral, with the outer ray produced into a filament,
which does not reach the vent. Pectoral as long as the postorbital portion of the head.
Anterior branchial arch with 22 very short styliforin gill-rakers.

Light yellowish (in spirits): vertical lius, ventral filament, interior of the mouth and
branchial cavity black. D. 9; P. 23; Y. 7. (Giinther.)

This species was discovered by the Knight Errant in the Faroe channel, station 4, at a
depth of 555 fathoms.

MACRURONUS, Giinther.

Macruronua, GUnther, Zool. Record, VIII, 1873. 103; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 157.

1 1 ead and body compressed, covered with cycloid scales; trunk not abbreviated. Bones
of the head rather firm, with narrow cavities. Bye large; snout rather pointed ; mouth wide,
lateral. Teeth in the upper jaw biserial, those of the outer series and those of the single
mandibulary series strong. Gill membrane slightly united in front; 7 branchiostegals; 4
gills with the gill-laminae well developed; the first branchial arch free, with long lanceolate
gill rakers. Bays of the second dorsal well developed throughout its length. Barbel none.

This genus includes a single species, Macruronus Nov(e-zelandi<e, (Hector), Giinther.
(Figure 350.) (Hector, Trans. New Zealand Inst., in, 130, pi. xvm, fig. 1. — Hutton, Fish.
New Zealand, 49. — Giinther, Challenger Beport, xxn, 18S7, 157.)

Of this fish Dr. Giinther examined specimens from New Zealand, Tasmania, and the
Messier Channel, the largest being nearly 2 feet long. "All of them," he writes, "seem to
have been caught near the surface and at no great distance from the shore, and it is not
probable that it descends to the same great depth as the other Macruri. Like Lepidopus,
it seems to live for the greater part of the year at a small depth, and to periodically
approach the shore at certain seasons. Hutton says that it is thrown up in large quanti-
ties on the shores of Cook Straits after heavy gales."

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 419

STEINDACHNERIA, <; >i: & lii:.\x, n. g.

Steindachneria, Goose & Beak, in Agassiz, Three Cruises of the Blake, n, j>. 26, 1888.

A genus of Macruridce, with large terminal mouth, compressed body, and tapering tail; a
short spinous dorsal and a long, soft dorsal fin, the two contiguous. Both dorsals elevated
anteriorly; anal tin consisting of a differentiated elevated anterior portion and a very long
low portion. Vent in the anterior third of the length. The intermaxillary and mandibular
teeth biserial, the outer scries much enlarged. Vomerine teeth present. Head of moderate
size, its hones soft and cavernous. Eye large. Gill openings wide, the membranes con-
nected anteriorly, but not attached to the isthmus; gill rakers slender, moderately numer-
ous. No pseudobranchise. Branchiostegals, 7. Pectorals and ventrals both immediately
under the spinous dorsal. Scales thin, cycloid, and deciduous.

Similar in appearance to Macruronus novcezelandice, from which it differs in several impor-
tant particulars: (1) The tail is much more tapering in Steindachneria; (2) the vent is in
advance of the end of the anterior third of the body; (3) the anal fin has a distinct elevated
portion; (4) vomerine teeth arc present; (5) the bones of the head are soft and cavernous.
This remarkable gen us is named in honor of Dr. Frauz Steindachner, Custos of the
Imperial Zoological Museum of Vienna.

STEINDACHNERIA ARGENTEA, Goode aud Beax, u. b. (Figure 351.)

The head and body are compressed and the tail tapers to a very fine point. Greatest
height of the body at the origin of the ventral (.30 millimeters in the type specimen) is
contained 7i times in the total length. The height at the anal origin (28 millimeters) is
contained about S times in the total length.

Scales are small, deciduous, cycloid, 0 rows between the lateral line and the origin of the
soft dorsal. The origin of the anal is about under the seventeenth row of scales. The
length of the head (42 millimeters) is contained 5£ times in the total length. The inter-
orbital area equals the length of the snout and nearly one-fifth the length of the head.
The postorbital part of the head (22 millimeters) is nearly twice as long as the eye, which
is (12 millimeters) slightly more than one fourth the length of the head. The snout is ob-
tuse, its length about three-fourths that of the eye. The nostrils are placed nearer to the
eye than to the end of the snout; the anterior nostril is nearly circular, the posterior much
longer aud slightly concave. No barbel. The maxilla is dilated at the extremity and is
somewhat produced downward into an obtuse poiut. It extends nearly to the vertical
through the posterior margin of the orbit, and can be concealed under the preorbital. Its
length (20 millimeters) is nearly one-half that of the head. The intermaxilla is slightly
protractile, much attenuated posteriorly, its length about equal to that of the maxilla.
The mandible extends slightly behind the posterior margin of the eye, its length (24 milli-
meters) equaling twice the length of the eye. Intermaxillary and mandibular teeth
biserial, the outer series enlarged and rather widely set. Some of the enlarged teeth are
slightly sagittate at the tip. Vomerine teeth well developed. Upper pharyngeals in two
broad, well-developed patches. Gill-rakers slender, about 19 on the first arch, 4 or 5 of
which are above the angle. The longest gill-raker is nearly one-half as long as the eye.

The distance of the first dorsal from the snout (44 millimeters) is nearly one-fifth of
the total length. The first spine is elongate, filiform, and when laid backward reaches the
fourteenth ray of the second dorsal. The base of the fin about equals the length of the
eye. The longest ray of the second dorsal (the second) is about two tilths the length of the
head. The rays diminish in size very rapidly, becoming minute at the extremity of the
tail. The anal originates under the sixth ray of the second dorsal, not far behind the
vent. The anterior elevated portion consists of 10 rays, all of which except the first are
divided. The second ray is the longest, its length (24 millimeters) being twice the length
of the eye. The last ray is only about one-seventh as long as the second. It is separated by
a small membrane from the remaining portion of the tin, which consists of very minute
rays, the longest of them scarcely more than 2 millimeters in length. The vent is under

420 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

the fourth ray of the second dorsal. The ventral is placed under the base of the pec-
toral and about under the third spine of the hist dorsal. Its first ray is filamentous, reach-
ing, a? ben extended, to the anal origin. The pectoral when extended reaches to below the
fifteenth ray of the second dorsal, its length (42 millimeters) equalling the length of the
head.

Radial formula: D. Vin, 123+ ; A. 10+113; P. 15; V. S. Color, silvery; upper parts
light brown; belly purplish; inside of mouth dark.

The type specimen, Cat. No. 37350, U. S. N. M., 233 millimeters in length, was obtained
by the Albatross from station 2378, off the delta of the Mississippi River, in 30° 14' 30" If.
lat., 88° 09' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 68 fathoms.

BATHYGADUS. Gunther.

Bathygadus, Gcntiier, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1878, 23; Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 154.

Radial formula: A genus of Macruridce with large terminal mouth, prominent nape, no
teeth, lanceolate gill rakers; free, notched branchiostegal membrane; high vertical tins;
first dorsal composed largely of branched rays; anal fin set far back.

Head large, fleshy, without prominent ridges, spiny armature or external depressions;
nape elevated, hump-like. Snout broad, obtuse, not produced. Mouth terminal, very
large; suborbital ridge very low, not joined to the angle of the preoperculuin. The max-
illary may be entirely received within a groove under the prefrontal and suborbital bones;
its tip narrowed and blade-like; intermaxillaries protractile downwards, separated ante
riorly, rib shaped, compressed vertically, very broad and without true teeth; provided pos-
teriorly with a short flange, which is received underneath the maxillary. Mandible received
within the intermaxillary bones, without true teeth, but with minute asperities, similar to
those in the intermaxillaries. Vomer and palatines toothless.

Barbel sometimes present. No pseudobranchise. Gill-rakers numerous, moderate,
lanceolate, with minute denticulations along their inner edge. Branchiostegal membrane
free from the isthmus, deeply cleft. Branchiostegals 7, very stiff. Gill-opening very wide.
Operculum with a blunt, spine-like prominence at its angle. Yentrals below the pectorals,
many-rayed, the anterior rays produced. Dorsal consisting for the most part of branched
rays. Scales cycloid, plain; lateral line strongly arched over the pectoral.
Bathygadus cottoides, Gunther, (Challenger Report, xxn, 154, pi. xlii, fig. A) was taken

by the Challenger between the Kermadecs and New Zealand in 520 to 700 fathoms.
Bathygadus multifilis, Gunther, (loc. cit., 155, pi. xlii, fig. B) a form near to B. longlfilis,

is known only from south of the Philippine Islands in 500 fathoms.

BATHYGADUS FAVOSUS, Goode and Bean. (Figure 352.)

Bathygadus favosus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., xii, No. 5,160.

The body is heavy, stout; its greatest height, at origin of first dorsal (57 millimeters in
type specimen), is contained a little more than 6 times in the total length. The profile of
the body descends gradually and in a slight curve from the first dorsal to the snout.

The scales are small, deciduous, cycloid, without armature, about 135 in the lateral
line, about 10 above and 10 below the lateral liue, the latter series counted from the vent.

The length of the head (G5 millimeters) is contained about 54 times in total length.
The interorbital area is slightly convex; its greatest width (22 millimeters) equals about
one-third of the length -of the head. The postorbital part of the head is 2§ times as long as
the eye, which is nearly round, its diameter equal to one-fifth the length of the head. The
snout is broad, oblique, its width at the nostrils (23 millimeters) a little more than the
width of interorbital area; its length (17 millimeters) slightly more than one-quarter that
of the head. The nostrils are close to and in front of the middle of the eye, the posterior
one somewhat the larger. No barbel.

The teeth in both jaws in villiform bands ; a naked space at the symphysis of the inter-
maxillaries. The intermaxillary bands are more than twice as wide as those on the inau-
dible. Vomer and palatine toothless. The longest gill-raker on the anterior arch is slightly

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 421

more than half as long a> the eye. The number of gill-rakers on tlii.s arch is 25, 20 being
below the angle.

Pseudobranchise present, very rudimentary in some individuals, in others wanting or
present only upon one side.

The first dorsal is distant from snout 68 millimeters, which is slightly more than
length of the head; the length of its base (24 millimeters) is abont equal to width of the
snout at the nostrils. The tin consists of - spines, the first of which is minute, and 9
branched rays. The length of the longest spine, which is armed, is contained twice in that
of the head (specimens examined impel feet). The second dorsal begins immediately behind
the first, the membrane being- continuous. The anterior rays are longest (apparently about
one-fourth the length of the head).

The anal is lower than the second dorsal; its distance from the snout (112 millimeters)
is about equal to one-third of the total length.

The pectoral is inserted under the anterior rays of the first dorsal and very slightly in
advance of the origin of the ventral. Its length is more than half that of the head.

The distance of the ventral from the snout (69 millimeters) is contained 5 times in the
total. This fin is inserted nearly under the base of the pectoral; the first ray is somewhat
produced; its tip reaches to the fourth ray of the anal fin.

Radial formula: D. n, 9, 125; A. 110; V. 9; P. 14; B. 7.

Color, bluish-brown, darkest upon head and abdomen, especially in Museum specimens.

The type specimen, 350 millimeters in length, was obtained by the Blake from station
lxxx, off Martinique, at a depth of 472 fathoms.

Collateral types were secured by the Albatross from station 2302, in 28° 47' 30" N. lat.,
87° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 724 fathoms; from station 2394, in 28° 38' 30" N. lat., 87
02 YV. Ion., at a depth of 420 fathoms; and Cat. Nos. 341110,34911,34918, and 34920, U.
S. X. M., from station 2117, in 15° 24' 40" N. lat,, 03° 31' 40" W. lou., at a depth of 683
tat horns. The Blake also captured an individual at station lxxxii, iu 23° 48' N. lat,, 86°
10' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 1,501 fathoms.

BATHYGADITS ARCUATUS, Goode and Beau.

Bathygadus arcuatus, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mns. Com]). Zool., xn, No. 5, 158.

The body is shaped much as in Chalinura Simula, but the nape is still more convex. Its
greatest height (57 millimeters in the type specimen )-is 5'^ in its total length. The back is
gibbous, the dorsal outline rising rapidly from the interorbital region to the origin of the
first dorsal, whence it descends gradually to the end of the tail.

The scales are moderate, cycloid, subovate, without armature; those of the abdominal
region and those above the pectorals the largest. The lateral line is strongly arched over
the pectorals; the length of the arched portion contained about 3^ times in the straight
portion; the greatest height of the arch is about one-fourth of the length of its chord.
The number of scales in the lateral line is about 140, eight rows of scales between the
origin of the dorsal and the arch of the lateral line, 13 or 14 rows of scales between the
vent and the lateral line counting backwards, 22 counting forwards. Scales cover all parts
of the head except the jaws and chin.

The length of the head is contained 5 times in total. Interorbital area flat, its width
(11 millimeters) equal to one-sixth length of head. Postorbital portion of head about 24
times diameter of eye. The operculum terminates in a Hat obtuse spine, its length, includ
ing the Hap, about equal to diameter of eye. I'l eopei culum entire, witli a prominent ridge
in advance of its posterior edge. The orbit is rounded, the least diameter of the eye equal
to the length of the snout, and contained 4 J, times in length of head (slightly less in the
larger specimen).

Snout very broad, obtuse, the intermaxillaries extending beyond it, its width at the nos
toils euual to about twice the length of the eye. Posterior extremities of the intermaxil
buy processes elevated, producing a decided hump upon the top of the snout. The ridge

422 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

formed by the prefrontal and suborbital bones terminates very slightly behind the posterior
margin of the orbit, and is not connected with the angle of the preoperculum.

Nostrils immediately in front of the lower part of the eye, not tubular, the anterior one
very small, pore-like, only about one-fourth as large as the posterior one. Distance of
anterior nostril from tip of snout about three-fourths length of eye. Length of barbel (51
millimeters) Of in length of body, and equal to length of head without snout (in the larger
specimen the barbel is as long as the mandible), more than 3 times as long as the eye.

There are no true teeth, the iutertnaxillaries and mandible being broad plates, covered
with minute asperities. A naked space at the symphysis of the intermaxillaries.

Distance of first dorsal from snout (77 millimeters) nearly 3J times length of its base; the
fin contains 2 spinous and 10 or 11 branched rays; the first spine is minute, the second (in
the types) somewhat mutilated, its length nearly 3 in length of head.1 It is not stouter
than the branched rays, and is entirely smooth.

The second dorsal is separated from the first by a very short interspace, equal to about
one third of the length of the eye. Its rays are long, subequal, the first slightly the
longest, its length equal to that of the base of tlio first dorsal.

The anal is much lower than the dorsal, the longest rays being in front, its third ray
about half as long as the first ray of the second dorsal; this fin is inserted under the
seventh ray of the second dorsal. About three of the terminal rays might be considered
caudal rays.

Pectoral inserted slightly in advance of the ventral, which is in about the same vertical
with the origin of the first dorsal. The second ray of the pectoral is slightly produced.
The length of the fin equal to that of the head without the snout.

Ventral insertion distant from the tip of the snout a distance equal to that of first
dorsal from snout. The first and second rays are filamentous, the latter slightly the longer,
and extending to the fifteenth (or eighteenth in larger specimen) ray of the anal fin.

Radial formula: D. II, 9-10 (135); A. (120); P. 25; V. 8.

Color, brown; vertical fins, bluish or black; peritoneum, black; inside of gill covers
and roof of mouth, bluish.

The type is a specimen, 325 millimeters in length, obtained by the Bit tie from station
LXXXix, off Martinique, at a depth of .ill fathoms. A much larger specimen, 580 millime-
ters in length, which is referred to as a collateral type, was taken by the Albatross from
station 2394, in 28° 3S' 30" K lat, 87° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 420 fathoms. The Blake
also secured a single specimen from station lxxxviii, off Martinique, in 470 fathoms,

UATHYGADUS LONGIFILIS, Goodk and Bean.

Bathygadue lotigifilis, Goode and Bean, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mas., vm, 1885, 599. — GOnther, Challenger Report,

xxn, 1887, 157.— Alcock, Ann. and Man. Nat. Hist., 1890, 302; 1891, 123.
Hymenocephalus longifilis, Vaillaxt, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 218, pi. xxm, fig. 1.

The body is more compressed than in B. macrops. Its greatest height (•">! millimeters
in the largest specimen examined) contained 7£ times in total length.

Scales small, cycloid, deciduous, about 142 in the lateral line, about 25 rows from the
vent upward and forward to the dorsal fin.

Length of head (40 millimeters) contained about 5f times in total length. Interorbital
area flattened, its greatest width contained 3| times in the total length of the head. Post-
orbital portion of the head (20 millimeters) twice as long as the eye, which is oval, its long
diameter (10 millimeters) contained four times in the length of the head, and equal to length
of snout.

Snout and nostrils normal.

The maxilla reaches somewhat beyond the posterior margin of orbit, its length (21 mil-
limeters) twice in distance from snout to origin of first dorsal. Length of mandible (20

'Judging from the larger specimen, this spine in a usual state would lie considerably longer.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES \M> THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 423

millimeters) is contained 2j times in length of the snont. Barbel slenderj long, its length
(15 millimeters) equal to 1A times orbital diameter.

Teeth in narrow villi form ha mis in both jaws. Nunc mi vomer or palatine bones. ( lill
rakers very Long and slender, numerous, .'55 on first arch (7 above angle), the largest (7 mil-
limeters) contained nearly i> times in the length ofthe head.

Pseudobrancbise absent.

First dorsal of 2 stout spines, the first minute, the second elongate, and 8-9 branched
iays. Its distance from snout (12 millimeters) 5J in total. The second or longest simple
ray (77 millimeters) is nearly 8 times the length <>!' the snout, and reaches to or beyond the
thirtieth ray ofthe, second dorsal. The second dorsal contains about 1 10 rays; it is almost
continuous with the first, its anterior rays longest and not diminishing rapidly in size
toward the tail.

The anal is inserted under the ninth ray of the second dorsal, its rays much shorter than
those in the dorsal, and situated about the same distance apart.

The pectorals are inserted under the anterior portion of the first dorsal, the first ray
much produced, extending more than halfway from its insertion to the tip of the tail.
Bays 13.

The ventral origin is slightly behind the origin of the pectoral, under the third branched
ray ofthe dorsal, its first ray much enlarged, extending more than halfway from its inser-
tion to tip of caudal. Its length (100 millimeters) is contained 2A, times in the total length.
Bays 8. Branchiostegals 7.

Color, yellowish-gray, abdomen bluish.

This form is closely allied to ]>. mnltifiJis, described by Giinther from off the Philippines
(Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 155, pi. xlii, tig. B). which, however, appears to have a
smaller eye, less elongate filaments, and ventral inserted in advance of the first dorsal,
while the anal appears to be further back, under the twelfth or thirteenth ray of the
second dorsal. Both species are provided with long, slender barbels. In other respects
they are closer to B. cottoides, the typical species, than to B. macrops.

The type specimens (Cat. No. 37338,U. S. N. M.), 225 and 233 millimeters in length, were
taken by the Albatross at station 2392, in 28° 47' 30" N. lat., 87° 27' W. Ion., at a depth of
724 fathoms. The Albatross also secured examples from station 2393, in 28° 43' 00" N. hit.,
87° 14' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 525 fathoms; and from station 2385, in 28° 51' N. lat., 88°
18' W. Ion., at a depth of 739 fathoms.

Alcock identifies with it a specimen, 8 incheslong, taken in the Arabian Seas at In rest i
gator station 65, in 740 fathoms and in the Laccadive Sea, in 683 fathoms.

BATHYGADUS DISPAR, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean.

Hymenocephalui dispar, Vaillant, Exp. Scient. Travailleur ot Talisman, 221, pi. xxiv, fi£. 1.

This form, obtained by the French explorers off the coastof Morocco ata depth of 1,105
fathoms, closely resembles the two preceding, but according to Vaillant its body is thicker,
its interorbital space comparatively narrower, the ventral filament shorter, and the barbel
stronger and longer. Since only one .specimen was studied there is scarcely sufficient evi-
dence that this is a well-marked species.

Vaillant's characters upon which Bathygadus ia separated from theheterogeneous assem-
blage formed by him in his supposed genus Hymenocephdlus are entirely superficial. The
presence of a barbel led him to separate this form from its near ally Bathygadus melano-
bronchus.

BATHYGADUS MACROPS, Goode and Bean.

Bathygadus man-ops, Goode and Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mua., vm, l«8r,, 598.— GOnther, Challenger Report,
xxii. 1887, 156.

The body is somewhat compressed; its greatest height (46 millimeters in the specimen
examined) is contained 6A times in the total Length.

424 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Scales smaHj deciduous,1 as nearly as can be counted 25 rows in an oblique line from
the vent to the dorsal tin, 24 from the upper angle of operculum to the vertical through the
origin of the anal.

Length of head (55 millimeters) contained 5^ times in total length. Interorbital area
nearly flat, its width contained 4 times in length of head. Postorbital part of head (20 milli-
meters) somewhat longer than diameter of eye, which is nearly round, its length (20 milli-
meters) contained 2% times in length of head. Snout broad, obtuse, its length (11 millimeters)
contained 5 times in that of the head. Nostrils close to the eye, the posterior nearly twice
as large as the anterior one. The maxilla extends to the vertical through posterior margin
of orbit, its length (30 millimeters) equal to that of head without its postorbital portion.
Length of mandible (34 millimeters) equals 3 times that of the snout. Intermaxillaries and
inaudible provided with narrow bands of villiform teeth, those in the mandible much
shorter.

A minute barbel, about one-third as long as snout. Vomer and palate toothless.

Gill-rakers lanceolate, elongate, 2C on first arch, 7 above the angle, the longest one-
seventh as long as the head. Pseudobranchke absent. The first dorsal consists of 2 short
spines and S branched rays, its distance from snout (62 millimeters) contained nearly 5 times
in the total length. The second or longest ray in the typical specimen twice the length of
snout. The second dorsal, which contains about 125 rays, is almost continuous with the
first, its anterior rays the longest, about 1 times in length of head.

The anal is inserted under the fourteenth ray of second dorsal. Its rays are all very
short. In a distance equal to length of head, counting back from insertion, there are 33 rays.

The pectoral is inserted under the first branched ray of the first dorsal; its length in
the most nearly perfect specimens equals the length of the head without the snout.

The ventral origin very slightly behind origin of pectoral under the third branched ray of
the dorsal, reaching nearly to the vent when laid back. Its length (35 millimeters) equaling
three times that of snout. Rays 8. Branchiostegals 7.

Color, yellowish gray, lighter below.

The type specimen (Cat. No. 37339, U. S. N. M.), 305 millimeters in length, was taken
by the Albatross from station 2306, in 28° 34' N. lat., 86° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms.
The Albatross also obtained examples from station 2395, in 28° 36' 15" N. lat., 86° 50' YV.
Ion., at a depth of 347 fathoms; and from station 2376, in 29° 03' 15" N. lat., 88° 16' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 324 fathoms. The Blake captured a single individual at station cclvi, in 28°
42' N. lat., 880 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 321 fathoms.

BATHYtJAlUs MELANOBRANCHUS, Vaillant.
Bathygadus melanobravchus, Yaiu.ant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur ft Talisman, 1888, 20C, pi. xvm, fig. 1.

Body compressed, its greatest height (at ventrals) one-seventh of its lengfh; its thick
ness one-eleventh of same. Length of head one-fifth of total. Snout blunt, its length one-
fourth that of head. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to or beyond vertical from
center of eye. Eye large, as long as snout; interorbital space very slightly less. No barbel.

Scales cycloid, unarmed, in about 24 horizontal and 140 transverse rows.

Distance of first dorsal from snout less than five times in the length of the specimen.
Length of its second ray nearly twice that of snout. Second dorsal with 102 rays, nearly
continuous with the first.

Anal inserted under the ninth ray of second dorsal (in B. macrops under the fourteenth).
Its rays are short (one-half diameter of eye), rather far apart; iii a space equal to the length
of the head, counting backward from the insertion, there are 26 (33 in B. macrops).

Pectoral inserted under the first branched ray of the dorsal; its length equal to dis-
tance from center of eye to gill cleft.

Ventral base entirely in advance of vertical from origin of dorsal, and so tar in advance

'Not one of our specimens lias scales, so their character can not be made out, nor can the lateral line be
described.

DISCUSSION OF SFECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 425

of the pectoral that a vertical from the axil of the latter would touch the inner ventral ray
about at its middle (as shown in Variant's figure). In B. macrops the ventral is behind the
vertical from base of pectoral; its length is ljj times thai of the snout (in />'. macrops 3 times.)

Radial formula: 1). ix+10-'; A. 97; V. 8.

Color, ruddy, silvery gray, with reflections; interior ofmouth and branchial cavity black.

Ninety-six specimens of this form were obtained by the French vessels, off the coast of
Morocco and Soudan and off the Canaries, in 834 to 1,590 meters.

It is similar to />. macrops, which, however, has a small barbel, more rays in its vertical
litis, longer veutrals— set behind pectorals, instead of in advance of them — and anal set
further back.

Family LYCONIDyE.

Lycnnid/r, OfNTUER, Chullongor Report, xxil, 1887, 158.

Body terminating in a long compressed tapering tail, covered with small scales. A
continuous dorsal fin occupies the back to the extremity of the tail, but a division into two
portions may be considered to be indicated by the prolongation of some of the anterior dor-
sal rays; anal long, extending from the vent to the end of the tail; no caudal; ventrals
thoracic, composed of several rays. Pseudobranchise present; 4 gills; 7 brancblostegals.

.Related to the Macruridce, but to be considered as a more generalized type. (Giinthcr.)

LYCONUS, Gunther.

Lyconus, Oi'NTnER, Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 158 (typo, L.pinnalus, lor. cit., pi. xlii, fig. C).

Head and body compressed, the former composed of thin bones, but with narrow mucif-
erous channels, except on the top between the eyes; trunk as long as or longer than the
head: eye large; snout short; cleft of the mouth wide, terminal, both jaws armed with a
series of widely set teeth, unequal in size; two in trout of the upper jaw being canine-like
but not so large as those of the lower jaw; vomer with a single canine-like tooth ou each
side. Scales very small, cycloid, deciduous. Gill-membranes uot united. Barbel none.
(Giiniher.)

This unique type of fishes is represented by a single specimen of the single species,
Lyconus pinnatus.

LYCONUS PINNATUS, Gunther.

Lyconue pinnatus, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 158, pi. 42, fig. C.

Head compressed, as deep as it is long, without snout. The interorbital space is rather
flat, narrower than the round eye, which lies immediately below the upper profile; its
.diameter is one-third of the length of the head and rather longer than the snout. The
mouth ascends obliquely forward, and extends behind the middle of the orbit; the jaws
are even in front. The teeth are but few in number, and besides the two long lateral fangs
there are only three shorter ones developed in the lower jaw. Opercular bones very thin,
and the infraorbitals narrow, separating the maxilla from the eye by a narrow space only.

The distance of the vent from the root of the ventrals is rather more than the length
of the head. The tail tapers into an exceedingly fine filament.

flic dorsal tin commences above the base of the pectoral, and is composed of very
delicate simple rays; there is no break in its continuity, but some of its anterior rays.
perhaps 3 or 4, are much prolonged, but as this portion is injured, no more precise informa-
tion can be given. The anal fin commences immediately behind the vent, and its rays are
considerably shorter than those of the dorsal. The pectoral has a narrow base, and is
directed obliquely upward; it consists of thirteen rays, aud is exceedingly elongate, the
middle rays extending far beyond the vent.

The ventral fins are mutilated; they are composed of 10 rays and situated below the
base of the pectoral.

Scales very small, thin, and deciduous.

426 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The total length of the specimen is 59 lines, of which the head makes 7, and the head
and trunk together 17.

This species was picked up in mid-ocean in the South Atlantic, and was purchased by
the British Museum from the Godeffroy Collection.

Order HETEROSOMATA.

Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow two orbits on tlie
same side, or one vertical and one lateral ; basis cranii not quite simple. Dorsal fiu long,
of jointed rays. Superior pharyngeals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the
inferior separate. (Cope.)

Family PLEURONECTIDyE.

/ Pleronetti, Rafinesqce, lndice <V Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, 14.

Pleuronectidw, Fleming, British Animals, 1828, 178. — Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodicodei Pesci Europei,
1846, 47.— Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 1839, II, 187.— Gcnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 399.—
Giix, Air. Fam. Fish., 1872, 2, (No. 15).— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 813.

Pleuronecteoidei, Bleeker, Tentamen, 1859. xv.

Body strongly compressed, more or less oval or rhomboid, and with one of its sides
(which is upward when the animal is reclining on its side) colored, and the other (which is
downward) generally colorless; the scales are variously developed (sometimes ctenoid,
sometimes cycloid, and sometimes wanting) ; the lateral line is continuous behind; the head
compressed, more or less rhomboid, and with the snout pointed; both eyes are on the same
side, one being on or near the forehead, the other comparatively low down; opercula
normal, unarmed, not concealed by skin ; mouth terminal, and with an oblique lateral cjeft and
of various extent; branchial apertures continuous below; branchiostegal rays 5 to 8; dorsal
elongated, extending generally from about the rostral region to near the caudal fin; anal fin
also elongated, and extending about as far back as the dorsal; both arc composed almost
solely of articulated rays ; caudal fin distinct from the dorsal and anal; pectorals on both
sides; ventrals jugular. The skeleton has numerous vertebra; ; pyloric cseca are generally
developed, but in small number.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND DEEP-SEA GENERA OF PLEURONECTIDW.
(From Gill & Jordan, modified.)

I. Mouth small; supramaxillary ending before or under front of eye; teeth largest on blind side.

Pleuroneclina
A. Teeth in one series.

1. Teeth rather large, bluntish or trenchant: eyes dextral (sometimes sinistra] in one species);
ventrals (usually) both lateral.

a. Dorsal fin with less than 80 rays; anal with less than 60. Eyes dextral.

Lateral line not arched. Scales not imbricated, usually ctenoid in male, cycloid in female.

Pleuronectes
Lateral line arched anteriorly. Scales ctenoid Limanpa

b. Dorsal fin with more than 95 rays; anal with more than 80; body unusually elongate.

Left side of skull with strong mucous cavities. Lateral line nearly straight. Anal spine
present. Eyes dextral Glyptocepiialus

Mucous cavities not present. Caudal subsessile; left pectoral only present; lateral Hue
present, arched on eyed side, straight on blind side. Eyes sinistral.

Monolenf.

II. Mouth large, supra maxillaries end under eye; ventrals lateral ; vomer and palatines toothless.

Hippoglossinw

A. Caudal fin lunate.

1. Lateral line arched in front; scales cycloid Hippoglossus

2. Lateral line not arched.

a. Teeth not arrow-shaped ; gill-rakers few, short Platysomatichthys

B. Cauda] fin not lunate, the middle rays produced.

1. Lateral line arched in front; body usually sinistral.

a. Dorsal fin single PARALlcnTms

b, Dorsal in two parts, its anterior rays, as well as sinistral ventral, much prolonged. Scales

ctenoid Notosema

2. Lateral line not arched. Body dextral HippoGlossoides

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 427

III. Month large; teeth Dearly equally developed on both sides of the month. Ventral tin of the left side

inserted nearly on the ridge of the abdomen. Body sinistral.

I'm I linn

A. Septum of gill cavity between fjill arches and tho termination of the shoulder-girdle with a large
foramen; the emargination below the shoulder-girdle near tho isthmus not
deep; lateral line with a strong arch in front; last rays of dorsal and anal
inserted more or less on the right Bide of the median line: teeth subeqnal in
bands.
1. Vomer with teeth.

a. Ventral of eyed side united to tho anal ; scales small, very rough; body ovate. [ZeUGOPTERUS]

6. Ventral tins free from the anal; scales ciliated, deciduous; body oblong, much compressed.

Lepidorhombus

li. Septum of gill cavity below gill arches, without foramen ; a deep emargination nearer the isthmus;
ventral tins free from anal.

1. l'eetoral tin of both sides present; dorsal rays less than 100.

n. Vomer toothless; ventral tins free from anal: caudal I'm suhsessile.

i. Lateral line with a distinct arch in front; teeth small, uniserial, or imperfectly biserial.
Interorbital area a narrow ridge, sometimes with a median groove,
t Scales weakly ciliated or cycloid, deciduous ; vertcbrre 10 + 28 =38; Bupr&maxil-

laries with a posterior process from the lower angle [AsNOGLOSSUS]

tt Scales strongly ctenoid, adherent; supraniaxillarios obliquely truncated behind.

Trichopsetta

* Interorbital space more or less broad, deeply concave; scales small, ctenoid, adherent;

body ovate (pectoral of left side usually filamentous in tho male); vertebra)

11 + 30=39 Platopiikys

ii. Lateral line without arch in front; scales ciliated. Teeth in both jaws uniserial; inter-
orbital space very narrow, the ridges coalescing between the eyes.
Mouth not very small, the maxillary more than one- third length of head.
t (Jill-rakers slender, of moderate length; scales thin, deciduous, ciliated; vertebra)
34 to 40.
a. Head much compressed, with the interorbital region flat and level with the
eye Citharichthts

* Mouth very small, the maxillary less than one-third length of head EtropUS

Hi. Lateral line without arch in front; scales cycloid. Teeth in both jaws uniserial, of

lower enlarged and largest on sides Cyclopsetta

2. Pectoral fin of blind side wanting.
A. Teeth small, uniserial; mouth moderate.

1. Lateral line of eyed side arched, that of right side less so or nearly straight.

a. Dorsal tin beginning on snout, its anterior rays not exserted, its rays all simple and very
numerous ; scales small ; body thin, very elongate Monolene

LIMANDA, Gottsche.

Limanda. Gottsche, Wiegmann's Archiv., 1825, 100. — Jordan and Gilbert (as subgenus), Hull, xvi, U.S.

Nat. Mus.,834.
Nemo-tops, (li niiif.h. challenger Report, vi, 57; xxn. Hit! (type, .V. microstoma, loo. tit., vi, 57, pi. xxiv,

lig. c).

A group of pleuronectoid fishes closely related to, if not a subdivision of, the genus
Ptcuronectes; having ctenoid scales, a lateral line strongly arched in front, and without an
accessory branch.

The type, Plctitonntin limn tula, Linnams (=I4manda vulgaris, Gottsche) is found along
the coasts of Europe from Iceland to the Gulf of Gascony. The British fishermen take it
on their deep sea lines, and it no doubt descends below the hundred fathom line, especially
in Bummer.

Limanda microstoma, (Giinther), is from the Admiralty Islands, at a depth of 152
fathoms.

LIMANDA FERRUGINEA, (Storfr), Goode and Beam.

Platessa ferruginea, Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass. isr>7, p. 198, pi. xxx, fig. 4.

Myzopsetta ferruginea, Gux, Cat. Pish E. ('oast X. A. 1861, 51 (genus not defined); Proc. Acad. Nat. Bel.

Phil. 1864, 217 (genus defined i. el alibi.
I'lt uioii, it, a ferruginea, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 18G2, 447. — Jordan St GILBERT, Bull, xvi, IT.

S.Nat. Mus, 834.

428 DEEr-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

TAmanda ferruginea, Goode & Bean, Cat. Fish. Esses Co. and Mass. Bay, 1879, 6. — Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Ill, p. 473.
I'latessa rostrala, H. R. Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v, 1857, 268, pi. viii, fig. 2.
Myzopseita rostrala, Gill, loe. cit.

Body strongly compressed, its height 2^ times in its length. Length of head one-
fourth that of body; snout projecting, forming a strong angle above upper eye with the
descending profile. Teeth conical, closely set, in a single series, on jaws. Gill-rakers mod
erate, weak, not toothed. Diameter of eye two-thirds of length of head; the lower eye
slightly in advance of upper; separated from it by a high, narrow ridge, scaled posteriorly
and continuing backward to beginning of lateral line. Scales imbricated: those on right
ctenoid, on left, nearly smooth. Lateral line simple, with low arch, whose depth is less
than two-fifths its length, containing about loo scales.

Caudal peduncle short, higher than long. Dorsal origin over middle of eye, its middle
rays longest; pectoral less than two-fifths as long as head; caudal fin rounded; a strong
anal spine. Concealed spine behind ventrals; ventrals of colored side partly lateral, that
of white side wholly so.

Radial formula : D. 80-85; A. 58-62.

Color, body and fins of right side brownish olive, with irregular, rusty spots; caudal
fin, caudal peduncle, and margins of dorsal and anal fins lemon yellow on the left side.

Specimens from the far North, as described by Storer (P. rostrata), are rounder in out-
line, have fewer rays in the vertical fins and a blunter, more prominent snout, and may
perhaps sometime be recognized as belonging to a distinct subspecies.

This species is found inshore on the New England coast in winter, but in summer
retreats to deep, cold water. Numerous specimens were taken by the Fish Hairk in 1874,
1S7">, and 1880, south of Cape Cod, in deep water. The most southern locality at that time
found was the Pecten ground off Watch Hill, Rhode, Island. Examples were obtained
from station 984, in 11=31' N. lat., 60° 28' W. Ion., at a depth of 33 fathoms; Cat. No. 28821,
U. S. N. M., from station 948, off Penikese Island, Buzzard's Bay, in 7 fathoms; and Cat.
No. 28818, LT. S. N. M., from station 927, in Vineyard Sound, at a depth of 11 fathoms. The
Albatross secured specimens from station 2440, in 43° 38' N. lat., 49° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 33 fathoms; Cat. No. 33425, U. S. N. ML, from station 2082, in 41° 09' 50" N. lat.,
00° 31' 50" W. Ion., at a depth of 49 fathoms; and Cat. No. 33416, U. S. N. M., from station
2058, in 4L° 57' 30" N. lat., 67° 58' VV. Ion., at a depth of 35 fathoms; and the Speedwell,
from station 57, in Halifax Harbor, at a depth of 16 fathoms; from station 75 in Halifax
Harbor, and Cat. No. 24026, IT. S. N. M., from station 196, off Thatcher's Island, in 20
fathoms. A single individual (Cat. No. 23767, U. S. N. M.) was also taken at Proviucetown,
Mass., on July 29, 1879.

LIMANDA BEANII, Goode. (Figures 355, A, B, adult; C, D, young.)

Limanda Beanii, Goode, Proe. U. S. N. M., hi, sig. 30, 473, Feb. 16, 1881.

Pleuronectea Beatiii, Jordan & Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M., 835. — Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885,
136.— GCinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 166.

Body elliptical, with angular outlines. Its height is three-eighths of its length, and
slightly more thau twice length of head. Its height at the ventrals (25) is one fourth of its
length and less than distance from snout to origin of anal. Its least height, at base of
tail (12), is half its height at ventrals. The body is thin, its greatest width (7) not exceed-
ing the diameter of the orbit.

Scales subcircular, small, strongly pectinate on the colored side, cycloid on the blind
side, where they are also larger, there being about fifty in the lateral line (behind the curve),
while on the colored side there are probably sixty. The lateral line on the colored side
makes a very abrupt, conspicuous, angular, high curve over the pectoral fin. The chord
of this arc is nearly as long as the head of the fish, its height half as great. The scales
in the lateral line are highly specialized, particularly along the curve, which appears to
contain about twenty-seven of them, while posterior to this, in the straight portion, there

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TIIKIK DISTRIBUTION.

429

are about sixty. The specialized scales of the lateral line extend far oul upon t ho caudal
tin. On the blind side the lateral line is little conspicuous, the scales \ ery slightly special
i/.ed, and it becomes obsolete in the region VI here, upon t he colored side, t he curve is located.
The scales extend tar out upon the caudal fin, but are not present upon the other tins.

Bead very short, its length (IS) contained about five limes and one-half in the total.
The snout is very short (2), one-fiftieth of the total, and the mouth is small, its clefl sub
vertical, and the maxillary extending very slightly behind the anterior margin of the orbit.
The teeth are inconspicuous, apparently iu two rows, stronger and mure numerous on the
blind side, barely discernable in upper jaw, absent elsewhere in the mouth.

Eyes large, prominent; their diameters (7) greater than the length of the maxillary (6)
and equal to that of the mandible (6). They are very closely set, the interorbital space
marked by a knife-like edge of bone. The upper eye, in its outline trenching upon the
dorsal outline of the head, is almost directly above its mate. Together they occupy nearly
three-fourths of the width of the head at the perpendicular passing through their centers.

The dorsal tin begins over the posterior part of the pupil of the upper eye. Its rays
are long, widely separated, and with their tips protruding beyond the membrane, giving to
this, as also to the anal, a ragged, irregular appearance. Its greatest height (8) is equal to
half the length of the head. The anal is inserted under the axil of the pectoral, and its
height is about the same as that of the dorsal.

The length of the caudal (20) is equal to one -fifth of that of the body, without including
caudal. It is broad, fan-shaped, acutely convex in outline. The distance of the ventral
from the snout (28) is about one third the length of the base of the dorsal. The arrange-
ment of these fins upon the ventral keel is much as in Limanda ferruginea, the right tin
being almost upon the median line. The pectorals are normal.

The color is grayish brown, mottled with darker patches. There is a conspicuous black
blotch upon the outer rays of the caudal on either side.

Radial formula: D. 63-6S; A. 54-56; 0.18; P.7; V.6; lateral line aboutSS; 27 in curve.

The extreme brevity of the snout and the elongate-elliptical form of the body render its
shape very uulike that of Limanda ferruginea of our own coast and Limanda platessoides of
t he Eastern Atlantic Iu its general appearance, however, except that the ventrals are not
both lateral, it resembles considerably the species mentioned above.

MEASUREMENTS.

< hit- ni nnmbei of specimen
Locality

Extreme length .-

Length to base of middle caudal rays
Bod]

Greatest height

Greatest width

Height at ventrals

Le.i^t height of tail

Head:

Greatest length

Width of interorliital area

Length of snout

Postorbital portion of head

Length of maxillary

Length of tii audi tile

Diameter of orbit

Dorsal :

Distance from snout

li of base

O imtest height

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

Caudal: Length of middle rays

Pectoral:

Distance in mi Bnont

Length

26102.
Stations 875-876.

Milli-
meters.

135
IU

Ventral:

Distance from snout.
Length

100th of

length.

38
7
25
12

18
5

2
9
6

7
7

9

s:i
8

28
70
20

17
9

17

9

430 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The type specimens (Cat. No. 26102, TJ. S. N. M.) were taken by the Fish Hawk from
station 875, in 39° 57' N. hit., 70° 57' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 126 fathoms, and from
station 876, in 39° 57' N. hit., 70° 56' W. Ion., at a depth of 120 fathoms. The Albatross
seemed examples from station 2398, in 28° 45' N. hit., 86° 26' W. Ion., at a depth of 227
fathoms; from station 2399, in 28° 44' N. hit., 86-= 18' W. Ion., at a depth of 196 fathoms;
from station 2143, in 9° 30' N. lat., 76° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 896 fathoms; from
station 2400, in 28° 41' N. hit., 86° 07' W. Ion., at a depth of 169 fathoms; from station

2401, in 28° 38' 30" N. hit., 85° 52' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms; and from station

2402, in 28° 30' N. lat., 85° 33' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms. The Blake obtained
individuals from station XV, off St. Kitt's, in 208 fathoms, and station xxn, off St. Kitt's,
in 250 fathoms.

GLYPTOCEPHALUS, Gottsche.

Glyptocephalus, Gottsche, Archiv fiir Naturg., I, 183.3, 156. — Bleekbu, Couvp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam,
xin.— Gill, Ph., . Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, 360.— Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 19.— Jor-
dan and Gilbert, Ball, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 837.

Dextral pleuroucctoids with body elongate, greatly compressed. Head small and short,
with many sinuses and mucous cavities in skull, as well as on mandible and preopercle on
blind side. Mouth very small; teeth iu single series, moderate, incisor-like, equal, close
set; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill rakers short, weak. Lower pharyngeals narrow,
with 1 or 2 rows of conical teeth. Lateral line simple, nearly straight; scales smooth,
small. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, with more than 90 rays iu the dorsal and more than
80 in the anal; caudal rounded; an anal spine.

GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNOGLOSSUS, (Li.nx.eisi, (Jill. (Figures 356 A, B.)

Pleuroncctes oculis a dextrin tolas glaber, Artedi, Gen. 11, X. :i; Mus. Ichth. No. 39; Synon. 31, No. 3.

Pleuroneetea cynoglossus, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, 17~.s. 269; ed. xn, 1766, i, 456. — Gcntiier, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus.. IV, 1S62, 419; Challenger Report, xxn, 1SS7, 166. — DAY, Fishes of Great Britain aud Ireland,
ii, 30, pi. cm.

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, 61. — Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., i, 19; Bull. Essex Inst., xi, 1879, 6; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, 1883, 195.— Jordan and Gil-
bert, loc. cit. — Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in. 475. — Collett, Norske Nord-llavs Exped., Fiske, 150;
Forliandl. Vidcusk. Selsk. Christiania, 1880, 82.-Strom, Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift., 1884, 39.

Platessa cynoglossus, Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, m, 296.

Pleuroiiectes p ola, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. (Suites a Buffon), 1819, IV, 401.

Platessa pola, Uuvier. — Parnell, Nat. Hist. Fish. Frith o£ Forth, 1838, 210, pi. xxxvui. — Yarrell, Hist.
Brit. Fish., 1841, II, 315.— COUCH, Fishes British Islands, in, 1864, 190.

Pleuroncctes saxicola, Faber, Isis, 1828, 877.

Glyptocepludus saxicola, GOTTSCHE, loo. cit.

Pleuronectes nigromanus, Nn.ssox, Prodr. Ichth. Scand., 1832,55.

Platessa elongata, Yarrell, op. cit. 318.— Guntiier, op. cit. 450. — Coucn, op. cit. 193.

Glyptocephalus clongatus, Gill, op. cit, 362.

Glyptocephalus acadianus, Gill, op. cit. 361, aud iu Baird's Report on Fisheries of South Coast of New Eng-
land, 1873, 794.

A Glyptocephalus, having the height of body 3 times (more or less) in its own length; the
length of the head about 5J times. Scales small; head scaly, except on snout aud ridge
between the eyes. Lateral line straight. Snout shorter than diameter of orbit, which is
one-fourth of length of head. Jaws subequal in front, the maxillary shorter than the eye.
Upper jaw with truncated incisor-like teeth on the blind side, in a close-set series of about
20. Eyes separated by a sharp ridge, the lower somewhat in advance. Origin of dorsal
tin about middle of eye, its distance from caudal somewhat less than half depth of caudal
peduncle. Middle dorsal rays longest, more than half as long as head; pectoral half as
long as head.

Eadial formula: D. 102—120; A. 87—102; L. hit, 125; Vert. 58.

Color, grayish-brown ; membranes of the fins with dark spots ; pectoral of the colored
side dark.

The pole-flounder is a well-known cold-water fish of Europe. It was obtained by Strom

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION 431

in the Trondhjetn Fiord at 200 fathoms, and by tin- Norwegian Expedition at 125-250 fathoms
off Kiinnark and the Lofoten Islands.

[t occurs also in the North Sea and around the British Island-, and France where,
however, ii is rare, especially on the west coast, though it has been found as far south as
Arcaehon.

On our own coast, though never found, near the shore, it is one of the si abundant

of the deep-water pleuronectoids.

The following statistics are the result of a careful study of numerous specimens
trawled in the deep water off Salem, Mass., ou La Have Bank, and on the coast of Nova
Scotia, off Halifax, in Halifax Harbor, and in Bedford Basin, Halifax. They are the
result of detailed measurements of 22 individuals, including authentically named European
specimens from the University of ('hristiania, and the Bonaparte Collection, the type of
(I. aeadianus, ."> specimens from Massachusetts Bay, 5 from La Have Bank, and 11 from the
vicinity of Halifax.

(1) Height of body. — This is stated to be about --, of length exclusive of caudal, and 3$
iu total length. In the series studied, the proportions of this element varied, stated in units
of hundredths of total length (including caudal), from 0.245 to 0.375, No. 12685 having it
30. An equally wide variation iu the European fish is recorded by Parnell.1

The Pleuroneetes elongatus of Yarrell is uot nearly so elongated as No. 2HMil« (the
figure of Couch has height about 0.275); and since no other diagnostic characters have been
described, we place it without hesitation in the synonymy of O. cynoglossus.

(2) Height of caudal peduncle. — This element is subject to very slight variation, meas-
uring usually!). 07 of total iu botli European and American specimens. The most elongate
slender forms have it slightly narrower. In No. 126S5 it measures 0.06, and 0.065 in No.
21001 b.

(3) Length of head.— This varies from 0.15 to 0.175. In No. 12685 the length is 0.15,
and in the European specimens 0.15 and 0.1575 (('hristiania specimen). The smallest pro-
portion is represented by specimens from Massachusetts Bay and Halifax.

(4) Teeth. — Iu number these are extremely variable. No. 12GS5, according' to Gill, had
on the blind side 17 above and 20 below, on the eyed side 6 above and 7 below. A Salem
specimen, larger and older, had on the blind side above 20, below 28, on the eyed side above
13, below 14. In young individuals the teeth present the characters described by Gill, hav-
ing the teeth on the eyed side conical and separated. This peculiarity disappears with age,
all large specimens showing closely set incisorial teeth upon both sides of each jaw.

(5) Length of pectoral. — This is extremely variable within limits of 0.09 and 0.14. This
measurement refers to the fin upon the colored side. Its shape is also variable; it is some
times pointed, sometimes obtuse, owing to difference in comparative length of the upper
rays. It is usually black, with a narrow whitish tip. The number of rays varies from 9
to 14.

(0) Length of rentrah. — This is also extremely variable on both sides. The range ou
the blind side is 0.0475 to 0.07, and ou the eyed side 0.056 to 0.0775. The difference be-
tween the length of the two fins upon the same individual varies from 0.0025 to 0.0155.

(7) Contour of lateral line. — Iu some individuals this is essentially straight, in others
considerably arcuated above the pectoral. This appears to be an individual variation.
The two European specimens show a perceptible difference in this respect. In his diag-
nosis of Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Dr. Giinther states that the lateral line is straight with
out curve.

(S) Position of the eyes. — Dr. Giinther states that in P. elongatus the upper eye is in
advance of the lower. This is doubtless epioted from Yarrcll. Neither the figure of Yar-
rell nor that of Couch indicates any such character.

(!l) .Vfvf/r.v in lateral line.— The number ou the blind side ranges from 109 to 150, on the
eyed side from 110 to 140, there being no relation between the different sides of the same fish.

'Fishes of tin; Firth < » t' Forth, p. L'lu, pi. xxxui, and iu Memoirs of the. Wernerian Society, VII, \i. 370.

432

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

(10) Radial formula. — In the dorsal this ranges from 102 to 120; in the anal from 87 to
100. There is no apparent relation between the number of rays and the relative propor-
tions of height and length of body. A large number of rays in the dorsal is usually accom-
panied by a relatively large number in the anal.

(11) Transverse rows of scales. — Their number above and below the lateral line is nearly
equal. The range is about from 10 to 50. There appears to be no relation of number of
transverse rows to comparative height of body.

The thermal range of the species appears to be defined nearly by the limits 31° and
45° F.

Dr. Giinther suggests that the fish first cited by Fabricius (Fauna Grcenlandica, p.
103), under the name of Pleuroneetes cynoglossus, and subsequently named by him Pleura
nectes pinguis (Afhandling, Kougel. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Naturvid. og Math.,
Copenhagen, vol. 1, 1821, p. 15), is probably identical with this species. The true relations
of the Greenland fish have already been pointed out by Professor Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1801, p. 218), as well as the curious misapprehension by which the synonymy of
P. pinguis and the halibut has been confounded.

The following tables give detailed measurements of 23 specimens:

MEASUREMENTS.

1 'urn nt nnmberof specimen
Locality '

10,008
Europe

Bona
parte
coll.

17,355
Chris-
tiania,
Swedish
coll

21,000 a

Massa-
chusetts
Bay.

21,000 b

Massa-
chusetts
Bay.

21,000 c

Massa-
chusetts
Ba3

12 n-:.

East

port.

21,901 a

I. .ill. IV.

21,001 b
LaHave.

21,001 c
LaHave.

21,001 d
Lallave.

21,001 e
LaHave.

LOOths.

lOlltlis.

lOOtha.

lOOths.

ninths.

ninths.

lOOths.

lOOths.

lOOths.

11.5
0.299

ninths.

lOOths.

Extreme length, in in- hes. -
Body:

15.75

0.315

0.07

0.15
0. 035

0.05
0.05

0.16
0.00

(0.19)
it, 05
0. 056
Wl
90
11
6

117
115

15.15

0.33
0.07

0. 158

0. 037E
0.05

0.05

0.16
11. 105

0.18
0.056

0. 062
10H
87
11

ti

114
116

17. 25
0.34

19
0.325

23
0.34

9.5

0.30

0.06

n 05
0.035

n 05
11. 05

0.16
0.10

0. 17
0.06

11. 005
1H7
96
12

6

128

118

9.9
0 S07

10.2

11. 295
0.065

0. 16

0.114
0.06

12
0.33

12.25

Least height of tail

Head :

0. 155

0.15

0. 166

0.16

0.16

0.165

Pectoral:

Ventral:

0.051

0. 057
110
03
11

6

138
133

0.055
0.057
110

91

13
6

130

134

0. 052
0.065
101

87

11
6

113
117

0. 005
115
97
11

6

112
119

0. 1147
0. 058
110

95

11
6

130

128

0. 055

11 111;,".

112

90
12
0

150
140

107
88
12

G

Number of scales in lateral

115
110

117

Current number of specimen

21,005 a
Halifax.

21.005 b
Halifax.

21,1117
Halifax.

21,047 a

Hali-
fax.

21,047 6

Hali
fax.

21,019 a

Hali-
fax.

21,019 6

Hali-
fax.

21.019c

Hali-
fax.

21,019 d

Hali-
fax.

2I,019e

Hali
fax.

21,032

Hali-
fax.

21,061 0

Hali-
fax.

lOOtha.

lOOtbs.

LOOths lOOths.

lOUths.

moths

lOOtbs.

lOOths.

lOOths.

lOOths.

lOOths.

lOOths.

Extreme length, in inches - -
Body :

15.75
0.37

10

0.35

16.25

0. 33G

19

n as

24.25
0.37

21.5

0.365
0.07

0.16
0.03
0.05
0.05

0.157
0.14

0.17
0.07
11.077
109
98
12
6

117
12

19

0.375
0.07

0.156
0.03
0.05
0.05

0. 160

0.11

n 17
0.057
0.067
113

99

11
6

130
130

20
0.316

20. 25
0.33

19

0.34

19.25
0.365

114 mm.

0 055

Head

0. 155

0.155

0.157

0. 155

0.175

0.152

0.155

0.15

0.175

0.06

0.06

Pectoral:

0.17

0.08

Ventral :

0.20

Length (blind side)

0.05 ;
0. 062
105
92

■s

109
115

0.047
0. 063
120

100
11

6

133

127

0. 055
0.06
106

90

12
6

125

128

0. 057
0.063
111

95

Id
6

27

125

0.047

0.06
106

92

12
6

117

1<)9

0.065
0.075
106

91
11
0

132
117

0.055
0.00
114

97

11
6

131

127

0.05
0.06

1112

87

11

6

119
115

0.067
0.077
106
90
11
6

129
125

11.055
0.05E
104

87

14

6

Number of scales in lateral

Mm I'sSlilN <>!•' slT.t'll.S A.NH TIllilR UISTRIBt HON.

433

< \ I v. I c • SPECIMENS IN NATIONAJ MUSEUM

Niim

Catalogue

h. i Ol

IlllMilii 1

p. . i

in. ii -

21000

1 :

21001

11

Jlii".".

'J

^11117

3

21019

20

2103i

1

•.'1H47

•>

2105B

4

21057

1

21058

■»

1

21060

1

21061

3

'.'11 Hi J

1

21063

1

L0068

1

17355

1

1268 i

1

Local

Massai husetts Bay, off Salem

I .1 Save Bank

Halifax

•jv miles south by weal from Chebui to II. ad
Halifax

.do

Halifax (trawl 113 and 114)

Massachusetts Bay

.... .do

Massachusetts Bay (trawl 32, ;»i fathoms) -

Halifax (trawl 54)

Halifax (trawl 4ii -

27 miles off Cbebucto (trawl 85) -

Halifax (trawl 106, ill fathoms

Bedford Basin (trawl 111, 87 fathoms)

Europe

Christiarua, Norway

Bastport, Ctfe

W ben col
I. . ted.

Aug

-, 1877

do

Sept 11.1877
Sept i I-..
Sept 11. 1877
Sept. 24, 1877
An- 6, 1877
...do

An: n 1877
Aug. 25, 1877
Aug. 21, 1877
Sept '■ 1871
Sept 20, 1877
S. |.i 21,1877

Aug.— , 1872

in. ii.

United States l i>li Commi

.. do

do

.. ..do ...

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Bonapai '< collection

N.iiu egian I >"•. ei niii.nl

United States Pish Commission

V..HHL;
Do
Hi.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

A single specimen of the pole flounder was obtained by the Blake from station 343,
39° 45' 20" X. lat., 70° 55' W. Ion., in 732 fathoms. The occurrence of this species at such
immense depths is noteworthy, since the Fish Commission in the same year obtained it at
a depth of 120 fathoms, in almost the same latitude, and within one minute of the same
longitude (station 876). Specimens were also taken by the Blalcefrom station cccxxxiv.
in 38 20' 30" N. lat., 73 26' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 395 fathoms ; from station ccoxxxii,
in 35 I.V 30" N. lat., 71 48' W. Ion., at a depth ot '263 (alliums; from station cccxxix, in
34 39' Hf" NT. lat., 75° 14' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 003 fathoms; and from station
CCCXXii, in 35 l.v 30" N. lat., 74° 4S" W. Ion., at a depth of 263 fathoms.

The Albatross secured examples from station 2528, in 41° 47' N. lat., 65° 37' 30" W.
Ion., al a depth of 677 fathoms; from station 2110, in 35° 12' 10" X. lat., 74" 57' 15" W.
Ion., at a depth of 516 fathoms; from station 2180, in 39° 29' 50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W.
Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; from station 2292, in 35° 27' 20" N. lat., 75° 16' 30" W.
Ion., al a depth of 17 fathoms; from station 2532, in 40° 34' 30" X. lat., 66° 48' W. Ion.,
al a depth of 705 fathoms; from station 2470, in 44° 47' N. lat., 56° 35' 45" W. Ion., at a
depth of 224 fathoms; from station 2499, in 44° 46' 30" N. lat., 59° 55' 45" W. Ion,, at a
depth of 130 fathoms; from station 2424, in 36° 41' 37" N. lat., 74° 42' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 85 fathoms ; from station 2171, in 37° 59' 30" X. lat.. 73 48' 40" W. Ion., at a depth

of ill fail s; from station 2553, in 39° 48' If. lat., 70° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 551

fathoms; from station 2513, in 43° 34' >'. lat., 63° 5(1' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 134 fath-
oms; from station 2505, in 44° 23' 30" N. lat., 61 44' 15" \V. km., at a depth of 93 fathoms;
from station 2560, in 39° 48' 10" N. lat., 71° 48' 40" W.lon., at a depth of 114 fathoms; from
station 2423, in37° 10' 15" X. hit., 74° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 143 fathoms; from station

2546, in 39° ,,;;' 30" X. hit., 70° 17' 30" \V. Ion., at a depth of 538 fathoms; fr station 2561,

in 39 38' N. lat., 71° 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 500 fathoms; from station 2556, in 39° 52'
15" N. lat., 71 ~ 32' W. Ion., at a depth of L80 fathoms; from station 2547, in 39° 54' 30" N.
lat., 70° 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 390 fathoms; from station 2549, in 39" 51' 30" X. lat,,
70° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 571 fathoms; from station 2552, in 39° 17' 07" X. lat., 70 35'
\V. Ion., at a depth of 721 fathoms; Cat. No. 3281 1,IJ.SJ.M,, from slati.ni 2018, in 37 12'
22" X. lat., 71 '20' 04" W. Ion., at a depth of 788 fathoms; < 'at. No. 33467, U. S. N. M., from
station 2067, in 42" 15' 25" N. hit., 65" 48' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 122 fathoms; Cat. No.
35484, C.S.N.M., from station 2186, in 39 52' 15" N. lat., 70' 55' 30" W.lon., at a depth
of 353 fathoms; Cat. Nos. 35549 and 35550, U.S. N. M.. from station 2202, in 39° 38' X. lat.,
71°39'45"W. Ion., at a depth of 515 fathoms; Cat. No. 35449, U. S.N. M., from station
2183, in 39° 57' 45" X. lat., 70 56' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 195 fat horns; Cat.No. 33587,
U. S. X.M., from station 2086, in 10^ 05' 05" N. lat., 70° 35' \V. Ion., at a depth of 69 fath
oms; Cat. Mo. .-.3384, U. S. X. M., from station 2072, in 41° 53' X. lat., 65° 35' W. Ion., at a
depth of 858 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 32680, V. S. X. M., from station 2003, in 37° 16' 30" N. lat.,
19868— Xo. 2 28

434 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

74° 20' 36" W. km., at a depth of 641 fathoms; Cat. No. 33554, U. S. N. M., from station
2092, in 39° 58' 35" N. lat., 71° 00' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 197 fathoms; Cat. No. 32654,
U. S. N. M., from station 2003, in 37° 16' 30" N. lat., 74° 20' 36" W. Ion., at a depth of
641 fathoms; Cat. No. 3347."., U. S. N. M., from station 2004, in 42° 25' 40" X. lat., 66° 08'
35" W. Ion., at a depth of 122 fathoms; Cat. No. 35410, U. S. N. M., from station 2179, in
39° 30' 10" X. lat., 71° 50' W. Ion., at a depth of 510 fathoms; Cat. No. 35697, IT. S. N. M.,
from station 2262, in 39° 54' 45" N. lat., 09° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms;
Cat. No. 35460, U. S. N. M., from station 2187, in 39° 49' 30" N. lat., 71° 10' W. Ion., at a
depth of 420 fathoms.

Specimens were also obtained by the Fish Ila ,wk from the following localities: From
station 1154, in 39° 53' 31" N. lat,, 70° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 193 fathoms; Cat. No.
28915, U. S. N. M., from station 994, in 39° 40' N. lat., 71° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 368
fathoms; Cat. No. 28785, U. S. N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49' 25" N. lat., 69° 49' W.
Ion., at a depth of 616 fathoms; Cat. No. 26725, U. S. N. M., from station 898, in 37° 24' N.
lat.. 74° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 300 fathoms; Cat. No. 28845, V. S. N. M., from station
951^ in 39° 57' N. lat., 70° 31' 30" W. Ion., at a deptli of 225 fathoms; Cat. No. 31869, TJ. S.
N. M., from station 1155, in 39° 52' N. lat, 70° 30' W. Ion., at a depth of 554 fathoms; Cat.
No. 26729, U. S. N. M., from station 897, in .17 :> 25' N. lat., 74° 18' W. Ion., at a depth of
157A fathoms: Cat. No. 26178, U. S. N. M., from station 895, in 39° 56' 30" N. lat, 70° 59' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 238 fathoms; Cat No. 31772, U. S.N. M., from station 1140, in 39°
34' N. lat., 71° 56' W. Ion., at a depth of .!74 fathoms; Cat No. 28949, IT. S. N. M., from
station 1029, in 39° 57' 06" N. lat., 69° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 458 fathoms; Cat. No.
2SS10, U. S. N. M., from station 945, in 39° 58' N. lat., 71° 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 207
fathoms; Cat. No. 28735, IT. S. N. M., from station 925, in 39° 55' N. lat, 70° 47' W. Ion., at
a depth of 229 fathoms; Cat. No. 28932, U. S. N. M.., from station 1028, in 39° 57' N. lat,
69° 17' W. Ion., at a depth of 410 fathoms; Cat. No. 28916, TJ. S. N. M., from station 1025,
in 39° 49' N. lat., 71° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; Cat. No. 28918, C. S. N. M.,
from station 998, in 39° 41' N. lat, 71° 32' \V. Ion., at a depth of 302 fathoms; Cat. No.
28161, IT. S. N. M., from station 894, in 39° 53' N. lat., 70° 58' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 365
fathoms; Cat No. 26113, TJ. S. N. M., from station 869, in 40° 02' 18" N. lat, 70° 23' 06" W.
Ion., at a depth of 192 fathoms; and Cat No. 26018, TJ. S. N. M., from station 870, in 40°
02' 36" N. lat, 70° 22' 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 155 fathoms.

HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuvier.

Hippoglossus, Cuvier, R^gne Animal, eil. 1, 1817, 11. 221; ed 11. 1829, 340. — Gi nther. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
iv, 403.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. X. M., sis.

Dextral pleuronectoids, having an oblong body, not strongly compressed. Month wide,
oblique. Teeth in two series on the upper jaw, one on lower; the auterior ones above and
the lateral teeth below, strong; vomer and palatines toothless; lower pharyngeal teeth in
two rows. Dorsal origin above eye, its middle rays longest, its posterior rays, like those of
anal, bifid; caudal crescentic; ventrals lateral. Scales small, cycloid; lateral line strongly
curved in front. Gill rakers short, compressed, wide-set, and few in number. Vertebra
16-34.

HIPPOGLOSSUS VULGARIS, Fleming. (Fig. 363.)

Pleuronecics hippoglossus, Linnjeus, Systema Naturae, ed. x, 1, 269.

Hippoglossus vulgaris, Fleming, British Animals, 199. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus., iv, 1862, 403.

Hippoglossus iiiiiiruanus, Gill, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 220.

Body comparatively elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesially, its height one-
third of its length. Head broad, its length 3^ in that of body. Eyes large, separated by
a very broad, flattish area; lower eye in advance of upper. Mouth large, the maxillary
reaching vertical from middle of orbit,

Eadial formula : D. 105; A. 78.

Color, dark brown; blind side, white.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 435

The halibut were once very abundant in Massachusetts Bay, but are now found chieflj al
a depth of 100-300 fathoms on the slopes of the outer banks, where they are soughl by a
large Beet of Gloucester fishing schooners. Individuals are occasionally taken near the
shore. In 1875 one weighing about 200 pounds was caught l>y a dory fisherman off Halt
way Rock, Salem Barbor, and one still larger in Gloucester Harbor, in August, 1878.

The New London halibut smacks obtain many halibut on the south part of Georges
Banks and the neighboring shoals. An individual was taken, years ago, on the outei side

of Fishers Island, Connecticut. The halibut may. in all probability, be found to be abun-
dant on I he edge of tin' ec nit i lien tal slope south of Cape Cod, since here have been recent ly
obtained nearly all the species most constantly associated on the northern halibut grounds
on the outer edges of La Have, browns. Sable Island, and other banks oft' the coast of
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

PLATYSOMATICHTHYS, Bleeker.

Reinhardtiua, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. ('nasi N. Amer. 1861, 50 (name only).
Platyeomatichtkys, Bleeker, Comptes Rendns, Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xm, 1862.

Dextral pleuronectoids, having the body somewhat elongate. Head and mouth large;
maxillary reaching beyond vertical from anterior margin of eye. Jaws with strong, un-
equal teeth; the upper with two series in front, which converge posteriorly, the lower with
a series of strong, distant teeth; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill rakers few in num-
ber, short and rough. Tins low, the caudal flu crescentic. Lower pharyngeal teeth in a
single row . Scales small, cycloid, the lateral line straight. (Jordan.)

PLATYSOMATICHTHYS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES, (Walbaum), Goode ami Bean. (Figure 364.)

I'h uronei tea cynogloasua, Fabricius, 17S0 (not Gronovius).

Pleuronectee Jiippogloaaoiih * , Wai.b.um, Artedi, Pise, 1792, 151.

Reinhardtiua hippogloaaoides, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N.Am., 1861,50; Prov. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila., 1864, 21*.

PlatysoiiKilii hilu/n hippogloasoides, Goode and IIi.an, Cat. Fish, Essex Co.. 1879, 7. — Jordan and Gilbert,

Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. .Mns., 819. — COLLETT, Norsk. Nordliavs. Exp. Fisk., 111'.
Pleuronectea pinguU, Fabricius, K. Vid. Srlsk. Nat. och Math. Afli., 1824, 13,
Hippogloasus pinguia, Gaimard. Vby. Skand. ct Lap. Poiss., pi. xxii.1

Platyaomatii hthys pinguis, Bleeker, Versl. Medelel. K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, xm, 1862, 426.
Uippogloaaua pinguis, Coi.i.ett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 135. — Gcnther, Challenger Report, xxii, 1887, 161.
Hippogloeaua grcenlandicus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 404.

Body elongate, its height one-third of its length, that of the head one fourth. Eyes
parallel: the diameter of the orbit is one-eighth the length of the head, and one half that
of the snout; interorbital space tlat, wider than the orbit. Lower jaw prominent, the length
of the maxillary two-fifths of head. Teeth conical, pointed, in two scries, convergent pos-
teriorly on the upper jaw, those of the outer series decreasing in size; a pair of strong
canines in the inner series in front, the others very small; a series of strong, distant teeth
on lower jaw. (iill rakers short, thick, and strongly dentate. Fins naked. Dorsal and
anal rays simple, the dorsal beginning over posterior third of the eye, its longest rays one-
third length of head. Scales small, not ciliated.

Radial formula: D. 100; A. 75.

Color, brownish, or yellowish gray.

An Arctic species frequently brought in by the halibut fishing schooners of Glouceoter.
Its range extends as far south as the gully between be Have and browns banks ami
Georges banks. A young specimen, 1 <»."> mm. in length (I). 91 ; A. 72), was trawled by the
.1 //»(/;■</.« at station 2431, in 43° N. lat., 57° 40' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 129 fathoms. The
species also occurs in deep water off Norway, and a young one was taken by the Norwegian
North Atlantic Expedition, southwest of bear Island, in 147 fathoms. Unlike adult indi-
viduals, the young have the blind side colorless.

436 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PARAL1CHTHYS, Girard.

Paralichthys, Girard, Pacific Railroad Survey Report, Fishes, 1858, 146. — Ginther, Cat. Fish. Krit. Mns.,

iv, 431.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 821.
Chcenopeetta, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer., 1861, 50.
Pseudorhombus, Bi.eeker, Compt. Rendus. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xm, 1862, Pleuronectidae, 5. — Gi nther,

op. fit., 423.
Xystreurys, Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 34.

Sinistral pleuronectoids, with body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each jaw with a
single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are more or less enlarged anteriorly;
no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill rakers various. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid; lat-
eral line simple, with a strong curve anteriorly. Dorsal flu single, beginning above or
before the eye; both ventrals lateral; caudal flu double truncate, or double concave, its
middle rays produced. No anal spine. [Jordan and Gilbert.)

PARALICHTHYS OBLONGUS, (Mitchill). Jordan.

Pleuronectes oblonga, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y.I, 1814(1815), 391.

Paralichthys oblomjus, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 824— GoODE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

in, 472.
Platensa quadrocellata, Storbr, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., n, 1847, 242; Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 203, pi. xxxi,

fig. 3.
Platessa quadrocularis, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coaal N. A.. 1861,51.

Body much compressed, elongate, its greatest height less than two-fifths of its length.
Head rather short, its length one fourth that of body. Eyes separated by a prominent,
narrow, sharp ridge, the diameter of the orbit nearly one-fourth of the length of the head.
Upper jaw with very numerous, small, close set teeth laterally, and 4 or 5 canines in front;
the lateral teeth abruptly smaller than the anterior; lower jaw with 7 to 10 teeth on either
side. Maxillary narrow, reaching past vertical from middle of pupil, its length two and
one-fourth times in that of head. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid, over 90 in lateral line.
Gill rakers thick and rather long, about 8 below angle. Dorsal low, beginning over front
of eye, some of the anterior rays exserted, the longest rays behind middle of fin, their
length not quite half that of head. No anal spiue.

Radial formula: D. 72-86; A. 59-76.

Color, brownish gray, mottled; 1 large black ocellse, each surrounded by a lighter mar-
gin; 2 behind middle of body, 1 below dorsal, and 1 above anal; 2 smaller spots near last
rays of dorsal and anal.

This is a well-marked species, known for many years as an inhabitant of moderate
depths along the coast from Florida north to Massachusetts. The northern limit of its range
is marked by the capture of a single small individual in 1877, off the mouth of Salem Harbor.

It is not properly a deep-sea species, but is included in the list on account of its occa-
sional capture at the hundred fathom line.

The Fish Hawk obtained a single individual (Cat. No. 20078, U. S. N. M.) from station
873, ia 40° 02' N. lat., 70° 57' W. Ion., at a depth of 100 fathoms; and the Albatross took it
from station 2307, in 35° 42' N. lat., 74° 54' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 43 fathoms; from
station 2313, in 32° 53' N. lat., 77° 53' W. Ion., at a depth of 99 fathoms; from station 2421,
in 37° 07' N. lat., 74° 34' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 64 fathoms; Cat. No. 28801, U. S. N. M.,
from Buzzards Bay; and a single specimen from station 2297, in 35° 58' N. lat., 74° 53' W.
Ion., at a depth of 49 fathoms.

Giinther enumerates other species of Paralichthys from deep waters, namely, Para-
lichthys Hectoris, (Giinther,) from 150 fathoms, off New Zealand; P. bbops, (Hector,) off
Cape Farewell, 400 fathoms; and P. ocellatus, (Gthr.,) Admiralty Islands, 152 fathoms.

DISCUSSION' OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 437

NOTOSEMA, Goode and Beau.
XotoHt -inn, lliionn :unl Be.vx, Bull. Mum. (' p. Zoo]., \. 1883.

Siuistral pleuronectoids with elliptical bodj and pedunculate caudal tin. Monti, i 1

erate in size, and beneath the centra] axis of the body. Eyes large upon left side, close
together, the upper one nearly encroaching upon the profile, the lower slightly in advance
of the upper. Teeth in single series in the jaws, about equally developed upon each side
Uiuch largest in front; absent OU vomer anil palatines. Pectoral tins somewhat unequal,

that upon the blind side about three fourths as large as its mate. The dorsal tin c -

indices slightly behind the anterior margin of the upper eye, and the first eight rays are
separated into a distinct subdivision of the fin, several of them being much prolonged.

Caudal tin pedunculate, rounded posteriorly. Sinistral ventral much elongated. Scales
small, strongly ctenoid on colored side of body. Lateral line prominent, strongly arched
over the pectoral, alike on both sides, Gill rakers moderately numerous, rather stout, sub-
triangular, pectinate posteriorly. Pseudobranchise well developed. Vertebra? '■'•'>.

NOTOSEMA DILECTA, <; .1: ami Bean, t Figures 365 A, B,362, young.)

Notosenui dilecta, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., \. 193.
Ancylopsetta dilecta, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. America, 1885, 134.

The height of the body is contained twice in its total length, without caudal, and is
equal to twice the distance of the origin of the \ entral from the snout. The height of the
caudal peduncle is one ninth of the standard body length.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the standard length, and three times the
diameter of the eye. Width of interorbital ana almost imperceptible. Mandible reaching
to middle of pupil of lower eye, its length equal to half that of the head. Upper jaw con-
tained LM times in length of head.

The dorsal tin, beginning almost over the anterior margin of the eye. is composed of
about 68 rays, the longest of which are the second and third, which are contained twice in
the greatest height of the body, and which are almost twice as long as the length of the
base of the triangular division of the tin to which they belong.

The anal fin is made up of 54-56 simple rays, of which the posterior ones are largest,
as they are also in the main portion of the dorsal. It begins close to the vent, at a dis-
tance from the snout equal to the length of the elongated sinistral ventral.

The caudal is pedunculate, its middle rays somewhat elongate, giving it a wedge shaped
outline.

The pectoral of the colored side is subtriangular, its length contained live and one-
half times in the standard length.

The ventrals are composed of six rays, that upon the colored side much produced in
its anterior portion, its length more, than three times that of its mate.

Radial formula: D. 69; A. 56; P. 11; V. 6; B. 7. Lateral line 48 (in straight portion).

Color on the left side purplish brown, speckled with dark brown, and with three large
ocellated subcircular spots, nearly as large as the eye, with white center, dark iris, narrow
ligh.1 margin, and a brown encircling outline. They are arranged in the form of an isosceles
triangle, the spot mat king the apex being upon the lateral line, near the base of the can
dal peduncle, the others distant from the lateral line, on cither side, a space equal to their
own diameters, the lower one nearly reached by the tip of the elongate ventral. On the
blind side white. Fins blotched with dark brown.

The Blake Obtained 4 specimens from station CCCXIII, off Charleston. S. ('.. in 32 31'
50" N. hit., 78° 45' W. Ion., at a depth of 7."> fathoms, and a single individual from stal ion
CLXVIII, in 23° 13' N. hit., 89 ID' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 84 fathoms. Examples were also
secured by the Albatross from station 231 1, in :\2 '55' N. hit.. 77" 54' W. Ion., at a depth of
79 fathoms; from station 2313, in 32° 53' N. lat., 77° 53' W. Ion., at a depth of 99 fath-

438 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

oms; from station 2378, in 20° 14' 30" X.lat., 88° 09' 30" W.lon., at a depth of OS fathoms;
from station 2403, in 28° 42' 30" X. lat,, 85° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms; and
from station 2312, in 32° 54' X. lat., 77° 53' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms.

HIPPOGLOSSOIDES, Gottsche.

Hippoglossoides, Gottsche, Wiegmann's Archiv., t83">. His. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns., iv,405. — Jor-
dan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 405.
Psettichthys, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, 140.
Pomatopselta, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pbila., 1864, 217.

Dextral1 pleuronectoids having the body oblong and somewhat compressed; month
rather large, having a single row of sharp teeth on each jaw, and sometimes an inner row
of small ones in the upper jaw; vomer and palatines toothless; gill rakers long and slender.
Scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight, simple, or with accessory branch. Dorsal tin
low in front, beginning over or before the eye. Ventrals both lateral. Caudal double
truncate, produced.

HIPPOGLOSSOIDES PLATESSOIDES, (Fabricius), (Jill. (Figure 367.)

Plettroneelen platesftoides, Fabricii s. Fauna Grienlandicn. 1780, 164 (excellent description). — " Vidensk.

Selsk. Naturv. och Mathem. Afhandl., i, 50, pi, n. fig. 2."
Citharus plalessoides, Reinhardt, ibid, vn, 1838. p. 130. — Kroyer, in Gaimard, Voyage en Scandinavie, etc

pis. XXI (excellent figure).
Urepano (p) sella platessoides, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. America, 1861,50.
Hippoglo880ide8 platessoides, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. 1'hila.. 1864, 217. — Goodk :in<l Bean, Cat. Fisli. Essex

Co., Mass., 1879,7.— Collett, Norsk. Nordh. Exp. Fiske, 1875. 145. — Goodk, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.. in, 471.—

Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 161. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. N. M.,826.
/ 'In tessa di-nt ii I a i not Pleuroneeiei deniatus, Mitchill), Storer, Reji. Fisli. Mass. 1839, p. 143; Hist. Fish. Mass.

1867, 197. pi. xxx. fig. 3.
Hippoglossoides dentatus, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A.. 1861, 50. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. iv, 1862.

406.
Pomatopselta dentata, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1864, 217 i with def. of Pomatopselta, 216).
Hippoglossoides limandoides, Goodk and Bean, Ainer. Journ. Sci. and Arts. wii. 1876, 39.

Body moderately elongate, its height two-fifths of its length. Head short, its length
3£ in that of body. Mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary narrow, reaching to vertical from
middle of orbit, its length 2| times in that of head. Teeth moderate, conical; in one row
in each jaw, those in the lower jaw largest. Eyes moderate, the upper one largest and
longer than snout. Lower jaw included. Lateral line nearly straight, simple, containing
about 90 pierced scales. Interorbital space narrow, with a raised, obtuse ridge, entirely
covered with rough scales; mandible scaly. Gill rakers short and robust, smooth, about 10
below angle; the length of the longest less than one -third diameter of orbit. Fins covered
with small, rough scales. A strong pre anal spine. Pectoral not quite half as long as the
head.

Radial formula: D. 80-93; A. 64-75.

Color, ferruginous.

This species is not unusual in deep water off southern Massachusetts and Rhode
Island, approaching the coasts in winter. South of Spitzbergen and Bear Island it occurs at
depths of 120-220 fathoms. The A Ibatross took it from station 2453, in 47° 10' X. lat., 51° 02'
W. Ion., at a depth of 82 fathoms; from station 2499, in 44° 46' 30" X. lat., 59° 55' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 130 fathoms; from station 2430, in 12 58' 30" TS. lat., ",() 50' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 179 fathoms; from station 2498, in 44-' 54' X. lat., 59° 46' 45" W. Ion., at a
depth of G5 fathoms ; from station 2431, in 43° X. lat., 50° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 129
fathoms; from station 2452, in 47° 04' N. lat., 50° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 89 fathoms;
from station 2461, in 45° 47' X. lat., 54° 13' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 59 fathoms; from
station 2455, in 47° 21' X. lat., 51° 38' 30" \V. Ion., at a depth of 81 fathoms; from station

'In H. elassodon reversed individuals sometimes are found.

DISCISSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 439

2435, in 43° 12' X. lat., 50° 38' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of IT fatb 8; from station 2457, in

47^ 13' X. hit.. 52 24' W. Ion., at a depth of 86 fathoms; Cat. No. 33424, U. S. N. M., from
station 2080, in II 13' N.lat.,66 21' 50" W. Ion., ;it a depth of 55 fathoms; from station
2437, in I". 36' N. lat., 50°05' \V. Ion., at a depth of 37 fathoms; from station 2505, in 11
23 30" X. lat., 6] 44' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 93 fathoms; Cat. No. 33423, U. S. N. M..
from station 2079, in 11 13' N. lat., 66 21' 50 W. Ion., at a depth of 55fathoms; and Cat.
No. 33408, U.S. KM., from station 2057, in 42c 01' ST. lat., 68 00' 30 W. Ion., at adepth of
86 fathoms. The Fish Haick obtained the following specimens: Cat. Xo. 28911, U. S. X. M..
from station !i'.i2. in 40° 33' X. lat., 70° 45' W. Ion., at a depth of 36 fathoms; Cat. No. 28979,
I". S. X. M., from station 1038, in 39° 48' X. lat., 70° 06' W. Ion., at a depth of 140 fathoms;
Cat. Xo. 28726, I*. S. X. M., from station 917, in 10 22' X. lat., 70 k2' W. Ion., at a depth
of H fathoms; Cat. Xo. 2S744 IT. S. X. M., from station 918, in I" 20' 24" X. lat., 70° 41'30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 46 fathoms; ami from station 989, in 40° 40' X. lat., 70° 47' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 30 fathoms. The National Museum possesses an additional specimen (Glou-
cester Donation Xo. 234).

LEPIDORHOMBUS, Gunther.

Lepidorhomlus, (subg. of Rhombus), GtiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mhs.. iv, 1SH2. 407, 411.

Sinistral pleoronectoids with mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being more than
one-third of that of the head. Bach jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, without
canines; vomerine teeth; none on the palatines. The dorsal tin commences on the snout ;
nearly all the dorsal and the anal rays branched. Ventral free from anal; scales small and
ciliated. Gill membranes scarcely united at the throat; gillrakers well developed, lance-
olate, lirauchiostegals 7. {Gunther.)

LEPIDORHOMBUS MEGASTOMA, (Donovan), Gi nther.

Pleuronecies megastoma, Donovan, British Fishes, in, 51. — Vaillant, Exp. Sri. Travailleur et Talisman.

1888, 188.
Rhombus (Lepidorhombus) megastoma, GOnther, ('at. Fish. Brit. Mus.. i\. Isiil'. 111.

Tin- height of the body is contained 2^ in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head 3i. Scales rather small, with the posterior margin ciliated and rounded, cover-
ing nearly the whole head (the interorbital space and the maxillary included); interorbital
space very narrow; the diameter of the eye is two ninths the length of the head. Each
fin ray is accompanied by a series of minute rough scales. Lateral line with a sub semi-
circular curve above the pectoral. Lower jaw prominent; the length of the maxillary is
contained 2$ in that of the head. Teeth in the jaws in a very narrow baud, widening an-
teriorly. The lower eye is somewhat in advance of the upper. The dorsal tin termi-
nates at a distance from the caudal which equals the depth of the tree portion of the tail;
its longest rays are at the commencement of the posterior third of the fin, where they are
two-fifths of the length of the head, and somewhat shorter than the pectoral. Xo spine
before the anal.

Radial formula: B. 7: 1). 85—87; A. 07— 69; L. hit. 120. Vert. 11-30.

Color, yellowish brown. (Giintker.)

This form, occasionally found on the coasts of Greal Britain and Scandinavia, was
taken by the French deep-sea explorers at various points off the coasts of Spain tid
Morocco and the Azores, at depths of 60 to 560 meters (stations xvn (1880); vrn(lS82);
ii; IV; V; VI; xvu; cxxui). Out of 29 specimens. 24 were from inside the 100 fathom
line — those from the Azores (560 meters) and off .Morocco (5.10 meters) the deepest.

440 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

SCIANECTES, Alcock. (Figure 371.)

Sciaiit-ctes, Alcock, Journal Asiatic- Society of Bengal, i.viii (n), 1889, 284; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890
(Nov.), 398, 1890 (H), 216; Bathj bial Fishes, Hay of Bengal, 27.

Cleft of mouth narrow, the maxillary less than a third the length of the bead, denti-
tion more developed on blind side. Dorsal lin commencing before the eye. on the snout.
Body pyriform and delicate. Vomerine teeth. Eyes on the left side and close together.
All the rays of the vertical tins simple, elongated, weak, and filamentous. Scales minute,
membranous, and very decidous. Lateral line with a curve above the pectoral. Gill mem-
branes united at the throat, (iill rakers distant and short.

Represented by two species, 8. lophoptera, Alcock. mouth of Devi River, 68 fathoms
(loc. cit.), and 8. macropththalmus, Alcock, from Bay of Bengal, 40 miles southwest of
Akyab, in about 100 fathoms of water [loc. cit., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, n, 210),
and from station, 96, 98-102 fathoms.

TRICHOPSETTA, Gill.

Irichopsetta, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 603.

Psettines with the body oblong, rhombo-oval, covered with adherent ctenoid scales;
lateral line with au arch differentiated in front on eyed side, obscure but rectilinear on
blind side; profile incurved or rectilinear; mouth large; suprainaxillary bones obliquely
truncated behind; teeth small, somewhat enlarged and hooked in front, uniserial ; dorsal
and anal symmetrical behind, dorsal commencing on snout and deflected towards right
nostril; caudal subsessile and convex; pectorals very unequal, the left obtuse, the right
with the second and third rays extended and filiform; ventrals both free, very unequal; the
left tin on the abdominal ridge with a moderately broad base and G rays, the last of which
is attached by membrane to the ridge; the right tin with a narrower base (and in the males
with the inner 4 rays setiform, but in the female nearly similar to the left fin); inter-
branchial membrane imperforate; gill rakers slender and unarmed.

TRICHOPSETTA VENTKALIS, (Goode and Bkan), Gill. (Figure 372.)

Citharickthys ventralis, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vm, 1885, 592.
Tnehopsetta ventralis, Gill, toe. cit.

Extreme length of specimen described, 117 millimeters. No. 37343, Gulf of Mexico,
Albatross station 2380, 60 fathoms.

The height of the body (50 millimeters) is about 2L times in its total length (without
caudal), and is equal to about 4i times the height of the tail (11) and about 9 times its
thickness (54).

The scales are ovate, strongly ctenoid, the largest about 3 millimeters in diameter; the
diameter less than half that of the eye. The scales are firmly fixed; there are 06 scales in
the lateral line (on the colored side), 19-21 of these in the curved portion, which is bold and
sharply defined; and 19 above and 23 below the lateral line at broadest part of body.

The length of the head (29 millimeters) is one fourth that of the body, and 3{j times the
diameter of the eye (8); the interorbital space is very narrow, scaleless, its width equal to
one-eighth diameter of eye. The length of mandible (10 millimeters) is twice the diameter
of the eye; the length of maxillary (13 millimeters) less than half that of head.

The dorsal fin begins upon the snout, npon the blind side, and in advance of the. eyes;
its greatest height about equal to length of maadible. It is composed of 93 simple rays.
The anal begins under the axil of the pectoral, its longest ray (equal to longest in dorsal)
equals or slightly exceeds half the distance of its anterior ray from the snout. It is cum
posed of 73 simple rays.

The caudal is subsessile. composed of 17 rays; its length (24 millimeters) a little less
than half the height of body, and equal to length of head without snout.

The pectorals are inserted considerably below the origin of the lateral line, close to the

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 411

gill opening. That on tbe colored side is composed <>i n rays, its length (19 millimeters]
nearly one-sixth of the total length; lli;it of the blind side composed «>t* 7 or 8 rays, the
largest (28 millimeters), almost as long as head.

Radial formula: D. 93; A. 7.!: P. 11. 7 or 8; V. 6; I., hit. fit',.
Color, lighl 1 now 1 1 is] i gray, a dark blotch as 1mm' ;|n the eye on the anterior rays of i In-
anal; a few obscure ones on different parts of lighter hue at the junction of the curved and
straight portions of the lateral line.

PLATOPHRYS, Swainson.

Platophrya, Swainson., Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 1839, u, 302.

Rhomboidichlhya, Bleekeb, Art. Soo. Sc. [ado Nedere. i Maaad. and Makass., c,7. — 60NTHKR, Cat. Fish Brit.
Mas., iv, 131.

Mouth of moderate width, or small, the length of t he maxillary being one- third, or less
than one-third, of that of the head. Teeth minute, of equal size, in a single or double se
ries; vomerine and palatine teeth none. Eyes separated by a concave more or less broad
space. The dorsal commences on the snout; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales ciliated.
of moderate size (L. lat. 40) and deciduous; lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly.
Eyes on the left side. (Qiinther.)

PLATOPHRYS NEBULARIS, Jordan and Gilbert.

Platophrya nebularia, Jordan and Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 31, June 3, 1884.

Body ovate, deep anteriorly, the profile descending steeply, rendered abruptly concave
in front of interorbital space by the conspicuously projecting, short snout. Mouth very
small and oblique, the maxillary reaching vertical from front of lower eye, 3| in head; tip
of lower jaw entering the profile. Teeth tine, conical, in two series in the upper jaw, one
in the lower; those of the outer row in upper jaw larger and more widely separated than
those of the inner series.

Snout very short, about one-fifth head, equaling interorbital width. Interorbital space
narrow, deeply concave, closely scaled. Eyes large, the lower in advance of upper, its
diameter 3§ in head. Gill rakers obsolete, 7 rudiments on horizontal branch of anterior
arch.

Scales moderate, not extending on the tins, those on colored side ctenoid, those on
blind side smooth. Arch of lateral line short and high, its base contained 4A to 5 times in
the straight portion.

Dorsal beginning opposite anterior nostril, the rays nearly uniform in length, the long-
est about half head. Pectoral of colored side 4f in length. Ventral of colored side
beginning under middle of lower eye. with <> rays; the right ventral with 5 rays.

Head 4 in length; depth li.

Radial formula: I >. 85; A. 64; L. lat. To (pores).

Color, in life, light grayish with reddish tinge, covered with small round spots of darker
gray and with lighter rings inclosing spaces of the ground color. Vertical tins similarly
colored, with a small black spot near base of each ninth or tenth ray. Two black spots on
median line of body divide the length into nearly equal thirds; some other small black
spots scattered over colored side. [Jordan and Gilbert.)

The specimens before us agree in all particulars with Jordan and Gilbert's description,
save in trifling variations in number of tin rays and in the fad that in large specimens the
dilations of the scales are absent. In three specimens of medium size, the lirst ray of the
pectoral of the colored side is elongated, in one considerably so.

Specimens were taken by the Blake from station CCXLIII, in 21 I.".' N. lat., 83 25 W.
Ion., at a depth of :\1 fathoms; also by the Albatross from station 2318, in 24 25' is N.
lat.. 81 hi' W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms; from station 2405, in 28 45' N. lat.. 85° 02'
W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2406, in 28° 46' N. lat., 84° 49' W. Ion., at

442 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2414, in 25° 04' 30" X. lat., 82° 59' 15" W. Ion., at a
depth of 2C fathoms; from station 2407, in 28° 47' 30" X. lat., 84° 37' W. Ion., at a depth of
24 fathoms.

A closely related species, P. cornutus, was obtained by the Challenger from stations 122
and 122 B, off the coast of Brazil, at depths between 32 and 350 fathoms. (Ghnther. Chal-
lenger Report VI, 7, pi. II, fig. B; XXII, 165.)

CITHARICHTHYS, Bleeker.

Citharichthys, Bf.f.eker, in Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 420, 1862; and in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Amsterdam, xm, 1862 (type, Citharichthys rayennemis, Bleeker.) — Goode, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., in,
1880, 340.— Jordan and Oilbert, Bull. XVI, U. S. Nat. Mus., 816 (part).

Sinistral pleurouectoids with ovate body. Month large, the maxillary nearly half as
long as the head. Eyes sinistral, large, the uppermost not close to dorsal outline. Teeth
feeble, in single series, nearly equally developed on each side. Pectoral upou blind side
fewer-rayed, much longer than its counterpart. Ventrals asymmetrically placed, the sini-
stral one upon the median ventral line, that upon the blind side produced in the males.
Dorsal fin commencing in advance of the eyes upon the snout, and upou the blind side of
the dorsal line. Dorsal and aual rays simple.

Scales moderate, ovate, strongly pectinate, firmly attached. Lateral line of colored side
strongly arched over pectoral as in Limanda. Gill rakers short, rather stout, flexible.
Vertebra? 34 (in C. arctifrons). Gill membranes broadly united below the throat; gill rakers
lanceolate. Branchiostegals 5.

CITHARICHTHYS ARCTIFRONS, Goode. (Figures :!66, A, B.)

Citharichthys arctifrons, Goot>e, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, oil, 472. — Goode ami Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., x, 194.— GCnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 165.

The height of the body (37) is about three-eighths of its total length (without caudal),
and is equal to about 4 times the height of the tail (0) and about 5 times its thickness (7).

The scales are irregularly polygonal, cycloid; the largest about 6 millimeters in diam-
eter; the diameter (5) nearly equal to that of the eye. The scales are flexible, loosely
arranged, and very easily detached, so that it is difficult to secure a specimen in good order.
Small scales on the rays of the ventral fins. There are 40 scales in the lateral line (on the
colored side), which is sharply defined and straight, and 7 or 8 above and the same number
below the lateral line at the broadest part of the body.

The length of the head (24-24J) is about one-fourth that of the body, and A times the
diameter of the eye (0). The interorbital space (1) is very narrow, equal to the difference
in the distances from snout to lower eye (4) aud snout to upper eye (5). The leugth of man
dible (10-104J is about double the latter distance; the length of the maxillary (7-74J slightly
more than the greatest width of the body.

The dorsal fin begins niton the snout, above, the anterior margin of the upper eye. Its
greatest, height (13-15) is about three times the distance of its anterior ray from the snout.
It is composed of 82 to S3 simple rays. The anal begins under the axil of the pectoral, its
greatest height (14-15) equal to or slightly exceeding half the distance of its anterior ray
from the snout. It is composed of 67 simple rays.

The caudal is subsessile, triangular, of 16 rays; its length about equal to that of the
head. In dorsal, anal, and caudal the rays appear to project beyond the connecting mem-
brane half or two-thirds of their own length.

The pectorals are inserted far below the lateral line and close to the gill opening. The
pectoral on the colored side is composed of more rays (9-10) than that of the blind side (7),
its length (17-19) being about double that of its mate (7-9). The ventrals are composed of
4 rays.

Color dirty light brown.

Eadial formula: I). 82-83; A. 67; C. 16; P. 9-10, 7; V. 5; L. lat. 40.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM' Till-: IK DISTRIBUTION.

I i:i

< 'lit i. ut number of specimi d
Locality

ine length

Length to end of middle caudal paya...
Bodj

i ireatest height of middle floi

Greatest « idlb

Leasl beigbl of tail

II, id

i Ireati -i length

\\ nil h of iniiiuiliii.il area

Lengtb of snout i" upper eye

Li igtb "t maxillary

Lengl li "i mandible .

Distance from snout in lower eye..

Diameter of orbit, longitudinal - -
Dorsal (spii si

I listance from snout

Lengtb of base

Greatest heigbt, posterior J

Anal:

I listance from snout

Lengtb of base

Heigbt ai longest ray, posterior^.

Caudal Lengtb of middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Lengtb

Ventral

Distance from snout

Length

Dorsal

Anal.
Caudal .

Pectoral

Ventral

Number of scales in lateral line, from root of ventral obliquely back.
Wiiiiiiiec.i' transverse row s above lateral line

S7I

Milh lOOtbsol
in. i.ra. length.

137

li l

IS
7
'J

24

1

7.

111.

I

a

4.
96

15

28

71
It
25.

in

22

11

h:i
67

it;

in

5

40

Willi ih ■ ..I

meters, length.

122

liu

inn
37

-J I
1
5
7

III
4

13
27

15

III
67

40

1

The type (('at. No. 25908, U. S. X. M.) and another specimen (Cat. No. 26130, U. S. N.
M.) were taken by the Fish ffawh from station 871, in 40° 02' 54" N. hit., 70° 23' 40" W.
Ion., at a depth of 115 fathoms. Examples were also obtained by the same vessel from
station 897, in 37°25' X. hit., 74° is' W. Ion., at a depth of 157A fathoms; from station 941,
in Kl dl' X. lat., 69° 56' W. Ion., ai a depth of 79 fathoms; from station 923, in 40° 01' 24"
N. lat., 7i» Hi W. Ion., at a depth of 98 fathoms; from station 922, in 40° 03' 48" X. Iat,,
7(P4.V 54" \V. Ion., at a depth of 51 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 287-'!), IT. 8. X. M., from station
920, in Hi 13' N. lat.. 70° 41' 54" W. Ion., at a depth of 63 fathoms; Cat. No. 33349, I'. S. X.
M.. from station 1156, in 40- 13' X. lat., 70° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 60 fathoms; Cat. No.
26744, IT. S. N. M., from station 896, in 37° 26' X. lat., 74° 19' \V. Ion., at a depth of -".(i
fathoms; Cat. No. 26721, U. S. N. M., from station 901, in 37° 10' N. lat., 7.". 08' W. Ion., at
a depth of 18 fathoms: Cat. No.28977, I". S. X. M., from station 1038, in 39 58' X. lat.. 70
(1(1' W. Ion., at a depth of I Hi fathoms: ('at. No. 28731, U. S. X. M., from station 921, in 40°
07' 48" X. lat.. 7(i 13' 51" W. Ion., at a depth of (17 fathoms; Cat. No. 28779, I'. S. KM.,

It station '.Ml, in 40° til' X'. lat., 69° 56' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 79 fathoms; Cat. No.

33358, C. S. X. ,M., from station 1158, in IIP 16' X. lat., 70° 31' W. Ion., at a depth of 62
fathoms; Cat. Xo. 31872, IT. S. X. M., from station 1151, in 39 58' 30" X. lat., 70° 37' \Y.
Ion., at a depth of 125 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28721. U.S. X. M., from station 919, in 40° 16' L8
N. hit.. 7(1 11' IS" W. Ion., at a depth of 53 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28770, I . S. X. M., from
station '.iin.ii, :;'.i 54' X. lat., (ill 51' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 134 fathoms; Cat. No.28939,
U.S. X. M., from station 1035, in 39° 57' XT. Iat., 69° 28' NY. Ion., at a depth of 120 fathoms;
Cat. No.28971,U. S. X. M., from station 1039, in 39 59' X. lat., 70 00' NY. Ion., at a depth
of 130 fathoms; Cat. No. 29064, U. S. X. M., from station 1047, in 38° 31' X. lat., 7:: 21' NY.
Ion., at a depth of L56 fathoms; Oat. Xo. 20722, IT. S. X. M.. from station 899, in .'!7 22' N.
lat., 71 29' NY. Ion., at a depth of 57^ fathoms; Cat. No. 28741, U.S. N. M.. from station
'.12.;. in 10 01' 21" X. lat., 70 10' NY. Ion., at, a depth of !IS fathoms; Cat. No. 28846, I". S.
X. M., from station 950, in 40 07' X. hit, 70 ' 32' NY. Ion., at a depth of 71 fathoms; Cat.
No. 2012'.!, U. S. N. M.. from station 870. in 40 02' 36" N. lat.. 70 22 58 ' NY. Ion., at a
depth of 1-V> fathoms; Cat. Xos. 20100. 20101, 26117, and 2011'.!. U. 8. N. AI., from station
876, in. ".'.I .~>7 N. lat.. 70 ' 56' NY. Ion., at a depth of 120 tat horns; Cat. Nos. 201 IS and 20124,

444 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

U. S. X. M., from station 878, in 39° 55' N. lat., 70° 54' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 142J
fathoms; Cat. No. 26127, U. S. X. M., from station 873, in 40° 02' N. lat., 70° 57' W. Ion., at
a depth of 100 fathoms, and Cat. No. 26121, U. S. N. M., from station 877, in 39° 56' N. lat.
70° 54' 18" YY\ Ion., at a depth of 126 fathoms. Numerous specimens taken by the Fish
Hawk on September 4, 1880, ranged in length from 90 to 140 meters The females were
fall of ripe spawn. It is not probable, therefore, that the average size of the species is
much greater than that of the specimens described.

The Blake secured examples as follows: Eight young individuals, the longest measuring
2 inches, from station cccxni, off Charleston, S. C, in 75 fathoms; 3 specimens, badly mu-
tilated, from station cecxxxvi, in 38° 21' N. lat., 73° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 197 fathoms;
a large one from station COCXI, in 39° 59' 30" N. lat., 70° 12' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 143
fathoms; and others from station crcxiv, in 32 = 24' N. lat., 78° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of
142 fathoms, and from station cccxxxv, in 38c 22' 05" N. lat., 73° 33' 40" W. Ion., at a depth
of X'.i fathoms. The peculiar elongated snout, similar to that of Macrurus, is characteristic
of the larger individuals.

The Albatross took it from station 200, 4in 37° 19' 45" N. lat., 74° 24' 06" YV. Ion., at a
depth of 102 fathoms; from station 2421, in 37° 07' X. lat., 74 34' 30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 64 fathoms ; Cat. No. 2261, in 40° 04' N. lat., 09° 29' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth of 58 fathoms ;
< !at. No. 33500, U. S. N. M., from station 2087, in 40° 06' 50" N. lat., 70 = 34' 15" W. Ion., at
a depth of 65 fathoms; from station 2204. in 37 = <»7' 5(1" X. lat., 74 34' 20" YV. Ion., at a
depth of 167 fathoms; from station 2309, in 35= 43' 30" N. hit., 71 52' \V. Ion., at a depth
of 56 fathoms; from station 2420. in 37° 03' 20" N. lat., 74° 31' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of
104 fathoms; from station 2177, in 39° 33' 40" N. hit., 72 OS' 45" YV. Ion., at a depth of 87
fathoms; from station 2021, in 37° 36' N. lat., 74° 15' \V. Ion., at a depth of 179 fathoms;
from station 2213, in 40° 10' 15" N. lat., 70c 20' W. Ion., at a depth of 63 fathoms; from
station 2425. in 36 20' 24" N. lat., 74° 46' 30" YV. Ion., at a depth of 119 fathoms; from
station 2031, in 39° 29' N. lat., 72° 19' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 74 fathoms; from station
2032, in 39° 29' N. hit.. 72° 19' 55" YV. Ion., at a depth of 74 fathoms; from station 2298,
in 35° 39' N. lat.. 74° 52' YV. Ion., at a depth of so fathoms; from station 2405, in 28° 45' N.
lat., 85° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2420, iu 37° 03' 20" N. lat., 74°
31' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; from station 2423, in 37° 10' 15" X. hit., 74° 32'
W. Ion., at a depth of 103 fathoms; from station 2559, iu 39=48' N. lat., 71° 48' 30" YV. Ion.,
at a depth of 120 fathoms; from station 2542. in 40° 00' 15" N. hit., 70° 42' 20" YV. Ion., at
a depth 129 fathoms; from station 2560, in 39° 48' 10" N. lat,, 71° 48' 40" YV. Ion., at a
depth of 114 fathoms; Cat. No. 35675, U. S. N. M., from statiou 2249, in 40° 11' N. lat.,
69 52' W. Ion., at a depth of 53 fathoms; Cat. No. 35678, U. S. N. M., from station 2248, in
40° 05' 15" N. hit., 70 23' YV. Ion., at a depth of 67 fathoms; Cat. No. 35679, U. S. N. M.,
from station 2241, in 40° 21' N. lat. 70° 29' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 50 fathoms; Cat, No.
35676, U. S. X. M., from station 224S, in 40° 07' N. lat., 69° 57' YV. Ion., at a depth of 67
fathoms; Cat, No. 35677, U. S. N. M., from station 2242. in 40° 15' 30" N. lat., 70° 27' W.
Ion., at a depth of 58 fathoms; ( 'at. No. 32809, U. S. N. M., from station 2014, in 36° 41' 05"
N. lat., 74- 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms; Cat. No. .'.2652, U. S. N. M., from
station 2004, in 37° 19' 45" X. lat.. 74° 26' 06" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 102 fathoms; Cat. No.
35674, U. S. N. M., from station 2247, in 40° 03' N. lat,, 69° 57' YV. Ion., at a depth of 78
fathoms; Cat. No. .15 174. IT. S. N. M., from station 2199, in 39° 57' 30" N. lat,, 69° 41' 10"
\\ . Ion., at a depth of 78 fathoms; Cat, No. 33541, U. S. XT. M., from station 2080, in 40° 05'
05" N. hit., 70° 35' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 69 fathoms; and Cat No. 32818, U. S. N. M., from
statiou 2016, iu 37° 31' N. hit,, 74 = 52' 3.0" YV. Ion., at a depth of 19 fathoms.

CITHARICHTHYS UNICORNIS, Goode. (Figure 369, A, B.)

Cilharichthys unicornis, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mas., in, 1880, 342; ibid, 472.— Joki.an and Gilbert, Bull,
xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 818. — GDnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 166.

The greatest height of the body (47) is slightly less than its length, and is about 4J
times its least height at the tail (11). The body is much higher than in G. arctifrons, its

I'lxTSSION OF SPECIES AND THE1K DlSTMliUTION.

445

greatest lieighl over the pectorals, Hie contours then descending in almost straight lines to
the base of the tail. The' thickness of the body (6) is less than in ft aretifrons, being con-
tained Dearly 17 times in the standard length.

The scales are thin, deciduous, smaller than in ft aretifrons. There arc about in

scales in the lateral line, which is slightly curved over the pectoral, and, as nearly as can

he determined in the denuded specimens before me, about 12 rows above and 12 below the
lateral line at the broadest pail of the body.

The length of the bead (25) is one-fourth of the standard length and about 3 times

the diameter of the eye i!)), or the distance from the snout to the upper eye (9). The inter
orbital space is w ide | 1 1, equal to the length of the snout, and diagonally crossed by a strong
ridge, a continuation of two ridges which form the upper boundary of t he lower and the
lower boundary of the upper orbit.

The length of the maxillary (11) is less than half, that of the inaudible (13) more than
half, that of the head. The teeth are minute, in single rows, closely set in the jaws, some-
what stronger upon the blind side. A strong short spine above the snout, at the anterior
termination of the ridge at the' lower margin of the upper eye. Hence the specific name
unicornis.

The dorsal fin begins at the side of the preorbital spine, its anterior rays being slightly
crowded over upon the blind side. It is composed of 73 to 75 simple rays. Its greatest
height (13) is half the length of the head.

The distance of the anal from the snout (33) is one third of the standard length. The
number of rays is (ill; their longest (13) equal in length to the longest dorsal rays.

The caudal is pointed, triangular, subsessile; its length (22) twice that of the maxillary
(11) and two thirds the distance from the snout to the anal (.'>•'!). The pectorals are inserted
far below the lateral line. The pectoral of the colored side is twice as long (18) as the
diameter of tin' eye, that of the blind .side as long (13) as the longest dorsal rays. The for-
mer is composed of 10 rays, the latter of 4.

The length of the ventrals (11) is half that of the caudal. They are asymmetrically
placed, as is described under the generic diagnosis.

Radial formula: D. 73-75; A. 60; 1*. 4, right, 10, left; L. hit. 40.

Color, ashy gray, with dark lateral line. Byes black.

( torrent number <■( specimens
Locality ...

26,003
870 and 871.

Milli
meters.

Extreme length

Length t iginol niitlul.-r.nHl.il rays..

l;..il\

Greatest height

Least height of tail

Head:

Greatest length ■

DistaiK-i' !i > l to uj.|.. i . .

Distance from snout to low >-i < \ e

Width of interorbital area.

Length of si t

Lengt ii "i max illary

Length of mandible

Diameter of orbit, longitudinal

Dntsal :s}»iinMi>i

Distance from snout

Greatest height

A, Ml.

Distance from snout

Height at longest ray

Caudal: i,«'hl*i Ii of middle rays

Pectoral:

Distance from snout

Length

Ventral :

Distance from snout on colored side.

Length

Dorsal

Anal

Pectoral

Number of scales in lateral line

100tll8Of

I - Dgth

47
11

25
9
f.
4
4
II
13
9

5
13

:i3
13
22

28
18-13

Jii
11
, ,
i,ii

I i: , in I.
40

446 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The type specimen (Cat. No. 26003, IT. S. N. M.), 69 millimeters in length, was taken
by the Fish SawJc from station 870, in 40° 02' 36" N. lat., 70° 22' 58' W. Ion., at a depth
of 155 fathoms, and from station 871, in 40° 02' 54" N. lat,, 70° 23' 40" W. Ion., at a depth
of 115 fathoms. The A Ibatross obtained examples from station 2318, in 24° 25' 45" N. lat.
81° 46' W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms; from station 2401, in 28° 38' 30" N. lat., 85 52;
30" W. long., at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2402, in 28° 36' X. lat., 85° 33' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms; from station 2404, in 28c 44' N. lat., 85<: 16' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 60 fathoms; and from station 2417, in 33° 18' 30" X. lat., 77: 07' \Y. Ion., at
a depth of 95 fathoms.

CTTHAKIt'HTIIYS MICROSTOMUS, Gii.l.

Citharickthys microstomus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 223.

Citharichthys spilopterus, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. xvi. 1". s. Nat. Mus., 817 mot iHinther.)

The height of the body enters about 2§ times (.36-.37) in the extreme length; that of
the caudal peduncle about 11 times. The head forms a tilth of the length, is rather
abbreviated, scarcely sinuous above the eves, blunt at the snout, which scarcely exceeds a
seventh of the head's length, and the rostral area is rhombic and not higher than long.
The eyes are even; the longitudinal diameter contained about .'!-; times (.l»5Ai in the head's
length. The mouth is rather small, the length of the upper jaw only equaling one fourth
of the length, and that of the lower two tilt lis of the head's length. The teetli are very
small and close together, larger in front. The dorsal commences above the front of the
orbit and is highest and convergent near the fortieth ray, which equals about one tenth of
the total length; the anal is highest at about the twenty-fifth ray, and is as high or even
higher than the dorsal. The caudal is rounded behind and forms about one-sixth of the
length. The pectoral tins are unequally developed, that of the dark side being prolonged
and contained only 6sj times in the total length, while that of the white side only equals
one-tenth of the same; the rays are also simple. The ventral tins are also unequally
developed, the rigid being on the abdominal ridge at its origin, rather in advance of the
opercular margin, ami with its longest rays contained about 14 times in the total length;
stretched backwards it extends to the second anal ray ; the tin on the white side is more
advanced, wider, and its rays longer, contained less than 12 times in the length, and
extends backward to nearly the third anal ray.

Eadial formula: D. 81; A. 58; C. 4, 6, 5, 3; P. 10; V. 6.

The scales are large, angular behind, covered with smaller ones, especially near the
point of conjunction of contiguous ones, where alone they are developed on the blind side;
the scales of the eyed side are mostly minutely ciliated behind, unarmed, however, near
the lateral line, the scales of which last are quadrate and mostly covered; the scales of
the blind side are less angular behind and unarmed. The lateral line runs through about
42 scales, while of longitudinal rows there are 10 above and 14 below the lateral line.

The color is uniform reddish brown. A single specimen, little more than 3 inches
long, was first obtained by Prof. Baird at Beeseley's Point. It is especially distinguished
from its California relative, 0. sordida, by the shorter snout, small mouth, and large settles,
0. sordida having about 58 scales pierced by the lateral line and 18 rows above the lateral
line. Notwithstanding this great disparity in the size of the scales and mouth C. micro-
stomus appears to agree in most respects with the California fish, as well as generically
with Citharichthys spilopterus of Giinther, a species inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico.

As the name Citharichthys was probably introduced a short time before Orthopsetta, pro-
posed for the Psettichthys sordidus, anil was framed for a species related to that type, that
name must be adopted if the 0. sordida is not regarded as generically distinct.

We may here remark that, although I have referred the Platessa quadrocularis of Storer
to the genus Ckcenopsetta (C. oblonga), it is possible that it may not truly belong to that
genus, as the dorsal and anal fins are represented as increasing backwards till near their
ends, and the anterior dorsal rays are free at their ends; but as the species agrees so

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 447

closely in Other external characters we feel eoinpelled to retain it in that genus for the pres-
ent at least.

A specimen (D. 77; A.. 61; 7.6; L. lat. 10) was taken by the Albatross from station
I'll 7. in 33° 18' 30" N. lat.. 77 i>7' W. Ion., off Cape Fear, at a depth <>t' 95 fathoms.

CITHARICHTHYS SPILOPTERUS, GCntuer. (Fignre370.)

Oitharichtkya spHopterut, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 421.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of
i In' head two-sevenths. Seales of the lateral line subquadr angular; lateral line nearly
straight, gently descending anteriorly. Snout with the .jaws equal in front, rather longer
than the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the Length of the head. The maxilla i \ .
the length of which is contained twice and two-thirds in that of the head, extends beyond
the middle of the orbit. Anterior teeth in the upper jaw widely set, much larger than the
posterior, which are close together and very small; the lower jaw with seven or eight dis

taut teeth of i lerate size on each side. Eyes separated by a very narrow scaleless ridge,

their front margins being nearly on the same level. Fin rays scaly. The dorsal commences
a little before the upper eye. and terminates close by the caudal; its longest rays are be-
hind the middle, and one-half of the length of the head. Anal spine none. Caudal rounded;
its length is one sixth of the total. The pectoral is rather longer than half the length of
the head; ventral much shorter, extending beyond the origin of the anal. Gill rakers
lanceolate, pointed, one-third as long as the eye.

Radial formula: D. 7(i-7S; A. liO-03; L. lat. 47-50.

Color, grayish olive (in spirits); a series ol distant blackish spots along the basal
portions of the anal and dorsal tins.

The species has been taken on the Atlantic coast of tropical America and on the west
coast of Africa. A single specimen was taken by the Blake from station ccxliv, in 23° 13'
X. hit., 89° 10' W. Ion., at a depth of si fathoms.

(I I It AI.'K IITHYS DINOCEROS, Goode ami Bean.
Citharichthys dinoa ros, Goode and Beam, Bull. Mas. t'omp. Zool., xn. No. .">. 157.

Greatest height of the body (lb millimeters) is contained 2.3 times in the total length,
and equals about 4 times the. least height of the tail.

Scales thin, deciduous, cycloid, large, 48 in the lateral line, which is slightly curved
over the pectoral; 14 above and lb below the lateral line.

The length of the head (27 millimeters) is contained 3J times in the total length, and
ecpials about 3J times the diameter of the eye (8 millimeters). The iuterorbital space is very
narrow, its width less than one-fifth diameter of eye; ridge rather prominent, narrow, sharp.

The upper eye distant from profile by a space (2 millimeters) about one fourth of the
orbital diameter.

The length of the maxillary (12 millimeters) is less than half the length of the head ; that
of the mandible (10 millimeters) more than half, and twice the diameter of the eye.

The teeth uniserial in both jaws, those in the front much the largest. A strong spine
upon the snout overhanging the upper lip (much lower than in ('. unicornis). Above this
there is a second, shorter spine.

The dorsal tin begins upon the snout in advance of eye upon blind side. It is composed
of 91 rays, the longest somewhat behind the middle of the tin; its height (13 millimeters),
about equal to half the length of the head.

The anal fin originates about under the origin of the pectoral; its distance from the
snout (3b millimeters) equals one third of the total length. It is composed of 73 rays, and
is as high as the dorsal.

Caudal subsessile, pointed, its length (17 millimeters) contained about 5* times in total
length, and equaling twice the diameter of the orbit.

448 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The pectorals originate immediately behind the branchial opening, far below the lateral
line. The third and fourth rays of the tin upon the eyed side elongated. Its length (38
millimeters) is contained 2h times in total length. This tin has 10 rays; that of the blind
side contains (! rays; its length (12 millimeters) is less than one-third that of its mate, and
is less than half the length of the head.

The ventral on the eyed side originates upon the ventral rid.ue at a distance from the
snout (27 millimeters) equal to the length of the head; it contains 5 rays, the length of the
first (6J millimeters) contained 4 times in length of the head. The ventral of the blind side
has G rays; its length is contained 2{j times in length of the head.

Radial formula: D. 91 ; A. 73; 1'. 10/6; V. 5. L. hit. 48; L. fcransv. 14 1<>.
Color, grayish brown above, white below.

The type specimen, 92 millimeters long to base of caudal, was taken by the Blake from
station xxi, off Guadaloupe, in 175 fathoms. Additional examples were obtained by the
same vessel from station xxvi, oft Ste. Lucie, in 110 fathoms; and from stations xix, XXVIII
and xxix, off Barbados, in 310, 863, and 9.">5 fathoms respectively.

CITHARICHTHYS I'.KTll.rs, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Gilbert. (Figure373.)

Hemirhombus postulus, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Sig. 26, Sept. 12, 1882, 111 (specimen from
Pensacola, Florida). — Jordan, op.cit., 304, quoting "BeanMSS." { from stomach of redsnapper, Pensacola.)

Citharichthys poetulus, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, V. S. Nat. Mus., :m>4.

Citkarichthys (Aramaca) pwtulus, Jordan and <;<>^s, Cat. Pish. N. Aruer., 1885, 133.

Citharichthya aramaca, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. \vi, [T. S. Nat. JIiis., si6 (not Hemirhombus aramaca,
Auctorum).

Body sinistral; general form that of an ellipse, the caudal extremity being considerably
produced. Its height is contained 2j times in its length,2| times in itslength to the end of
the caudal fin, and is 4 times the height of the tail at its lowest portion. Its height at the
ventrals is 3 times as great as at the tail. Its greatest width is equal to the diameter of the
upper orbit.

The scales on the cheek of the blind side are arranged in 13 series; those upon the
nape and hiterorbital space of the eyed side are smaller than upon the body. The scales on
the body arc large, thin, deciduous, and cycloid. There are 57 scales in the lateral line,
54 of which are tube-bearing. Lateral line straight, and over the axis of the body, save in
its anterior fourth, within which it slightly ascends witli a very gentle curve, to the upper
angle of the gill opening. Above the lateral line are 13 scales; below, 22. The vertical
tins are scaly two-thirds of the distance to their tips.

The head is short, its length being contained 3jj times in the standard body length, 4 \
times in the total length, and lij times in the greatest height of body. The snout is short;
its length, slightly less than the diameter of the lower eye, is contained 5 times in the length
of the head. Mouth rather large, the upper edge somevt hat curved, its cleft very oblique,
the maxillary extending to below the middle of the lower eye. The lower jaw extends to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the upper eye. Length of the upper jaw equals one-
third the distance from the snout to the insertion of the anal. The lower jaw equals the
distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the lower eye and is contained
2J times in the length of the head. Teeth moderate, equally developed on both sides, in two
rows in the upper jaw, those of the outer row upon the blind side of the upper jaw and the
anterior portion of the eyed side considerably larger than those in the inner row. The teeth
of the lower jaw uniserial, almost as large as in the outer row of the upper jaw.

The eyes are large, prominent, and far apart. Their longitudinal diameter equals the
length of the snout, and is contained 5 times in the length of the head. Their vertical
diameter is about three-fourths as great as their longitudinal diameter. The lower eye is
far in advauceof the upper, the vertical from the anterior margin of the upper orbit cutting
the lower orbit at a point about two-thirds the distance from its anterior to its posterior
margin. The upper eye is close to the dorsal profile, separated from it by a distance equal-
ing about one-half its longitudinal diameter. The iuterorbital space is rlattish and uneven,

DISCISSION OF SPECIES AND THEIS DISTRIBUTION. 449

its width being contained I times in the length of the head. A prominent ridge extends
from the upper posterior margin of the lowereye to the lower posterior margin of the upper
eye. i hence widening and curving downward to the upper angle of t he branchial aperl lire.
The margin of the preoperculnm is also somewhat elevated. The length of the operculum
is very slightly greater than the width of the interorbital space.

There are 1 1 short and thick gill rakers ou the anterior arch, the Longest equal in Length
to one-tin rd tlic diameter of t he eye.

The dorsal tin begins on the blind side of the body in advance of the anterior margin of
the lower eye; its anterior lays are almost lice, the longest lays behind its middle, its
greatest height equal to the Length of the upper jaw.

The anal is inserted under the. anterior angle of the pectoral axilla. Its anterior rays
are less free than are those of the dorsal, about t wo thin Is of I heir length being extruded
from their membrane. Its outline similar to that of the dorsal, lint greatest height some
what less, being one-third the length of the head.

'fhc greatest Length of the caudal equals the Length of the head without the snout, and
one- fifth of the body length. Its middle rays are somewhat Longer than t he outer rays, giv
ing to the posterior margin the outline of an obtuse angle.

The pectoral is inserted at the tip of the opercular flap; its second and third rays much
produced in a filamentous extension. Its greatest length slightly exceeds \h times that of
the head. The pectoral on the blind side has no prolonged rays; its greatest length equal-
ing that <>f the upper jaw.

'fhc ventral on the eyed side is inserted on the ridge of the abdomen slightly behind its
mate, which is a little removed from the medial line.

Distance between insertion of the ventral and the snout equals one-fourth the length
of the body. The length of the ventral equals one third jhat of the head. Vent close to
the origin of anal, and slightly removed from the medial point, of the body on the blind
side; behind it a small papilla, one fourth as long as the eye.

Radial formula: D. 87: A. 07; C. 8+7: P. 11 sinistral and !> dextral; V. 5; scales
13-57-22.

Cidor, eyed side, grayish brown; blind side, somewhat clouded with darker shade.

The width of the interorbital space in the type exceeded the diameter of the eye. In
.-.ome smaller ones the space is about equal to the length of the eye. while in still younger
ones it is Less than the diameter of the eye.

'fhc type (Cat. No. 30180, U. S. X. M.) was obtained by Silas Stearns, at Pensacola,
Fla. Specimens were taken by the Blake from station ccix, in 24° 43' X. lat., 83° 25' W.
Ion., at a depth of ;i7 fathoms; from station < lxyii, in 24° 40' X. lat., 83° 16' W. Ion., at a
depth of :!li fathoms; from station XX, off Flannegan's Passage, in 27 fathoms; from station
c\iu, in 23° 13' X. lat., 84° 10' \V. Ion., at a depth of 84 fathoms; from station CCLH,-on
the Alacran Shoals, in 35 fathoms; also by the Albatross from station 2.')87, in 29° 24' X.
hit,, 88° 04' W. Ion., at a depth of 32 fathoms; from station 2388, in 29° 24' 30" K lat, 88
01' \V. Ion., at a depth of 35 fathoms; from station 2403, in 28° 12' 30" X. int.. 85 29' W.
Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms; from station 2411, in 26° 33' 30" X. lat, 83° 15' .ill" W. Ion.,
at a depth of 27 fathoms; from station 2413, in 20 00' X. lat. 82° 57' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 21 fathoms; from station 2405. in 28° 45' X. lat., 85° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 30
fathoms; from station 2414, in 25° 04' 30" X. lat., 82° .V.I' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 26
fathoms: from station 2400, in 28° 10' X. lat.. 84 19' W. Ion., at a depth of 20 fathoms;
and from station 2408, in 28° 28' X. hit., 84° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 21 fathoms.

ETROPUS, Jordan and Gilbert.

Etroput, Jordan and Gilbert, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 364; Bull, \\ i. I'. S. N. M., 1883, 839.

Byes and color on the left side. Body regularly oval, deep, and compressed, lb.nl

small; mouth very small, the teeth close set, slender and pointed, somewhat incurved,

mostly on the blind side: no teeth on vomer. Eyes small, separated by a narrow, scaleless

ridge: margin of preopercle free. Ventrals free from anal, that of colored side inserted on

19868— No. 2 29

450 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ridge of abdomen, its base rather long. Dorsal fin beginning above eye; caudal doable
truncate; anal without spine. Scales thin, deciduous, ctenoid on lefi side, cycloid on blind
side. Lateral line simple, nearly straight. Size small. Genus apparently allied to Citha-
richthys, although the mouth is very small. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

ETROPUS RIMOSUS, Goode and Bean. (Figures 360, 361).

Etropus rimosus, Goode and Bean, Proo. (J. s. Nat. Mus.. \ in. 1885, 593.

Body pear-shaped, its height (54 millimeters) slightly exceeding half its length.

Scales large, strongly pectinated on both sides, about 41 in the longitudinal series, 12
above and 14 below the lateral line. Lateral line equally developed on both sides, very
slightly curved above the pectoral. Head entirely covered with scales. Numerous small
supernumerary scales between the normal scales covering their surface.

Length of head (24 millimeters) slightly less than one fourth of the total length.
Snout very short, its length (3 millimeters) 8 times in that of head. Mouth very small, its
cleft less than diameter of orbit, its angle reaching about to vertical through anterior mar
gin of lower eye.

The length of the maxilla (5 millimeters) somewhat less than one fourth that of head.
Length of mandible considerably more than one third of the same length.

Teeth well developed on blind side in both jaws, also on the colored side of lower jaw
in front.

Byes moderate (7 millimeters), their diameter contained nearly 3A times in length of
head, placed in the same vertical, the upper eye (dose to the dorsal profile, and separated
from its mate by a space less than one-third of its own diameter. Interorbital ridge low.

Nostrils in line with the interorbital ridge, each in a short tube, the posterior being the
larger. The anterior nostril is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the lower orbit.
Dorsal tin commencing at a point upon the blind side of the snout in the vertical through
the anterior margin of the eye, containing 77-7S rays, the longest somewhat behind the
middle of the tin. its length about 7 times in .total length.

Anal tin commencing under the base of the pectoral, composed of til rays, the longest
post-medial as long as the longest in the dorsal. Anal papilla prominent.

Caudal tin rounded, the middle rays about as long as the head.

Pectorals normally placed, that upon the colored side longest, equal in length to that
of the head without the snout.

Ventral of eyed side on ridge of abdomen, its base rather long but not reaching anal
origin; that of blind side farther forward, its length equal to that of its mate, and a little
more than one tenth of the total. Vent at the anal origin slightly lateral.

Color, gray, hoary above, with a few irregularly placed indistinct brownish blotches,
none of which are larger than the eye. White below.

Radial formula: D. 77-78; A. (51; V. (J; P. 9-11; C. 17; scales, 41.

The type is Cat. No. 37:132, LOO millimeters long; it is from station 2408, Albatross, N.
lat. 28° 28', W. Ion. 84° 25', depth 21 fathoms.

CYCLOPSETTA, Gill.

Cyelopselta, Gill, Pro.-. I', s. Nut. Mus.. 1888, 601.

Psettines with the body oblong rhombo-ovate, covered with regularly imbricated mod-
erate cycloid scales; lateral line nearly rectilinear on both sides; snout convex; mouth very
large; jaws squarely truncated behind; teeth uniserial, those of upper jaws moderate, of
lower jaw enlarged and largest at sides; dorsal and anal almost symmetrical, dorsal com-
mencing in front of eye on snout, scarcely deflected on blind side; caudal slightly pedun-
culate and couvex; pectorals subequal and with a subtruncate free margin; ventrals nearly
equal, the left on the preanal ridge, the right lateral, both with the inner rays connected by
membrane to the body; interbranchial membrane imperforate; gill rakers tubercular and
surmounted by blunt denticles.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 451

The Sialcs mi tin- I'vi'il side air regularly cycloid with the Ducleus some distance from
the posterior margin and with numerous radiating striae. The gill rakers arc quite charac-
teristic.

CYCLOPSETTA I'lM I'.KIATA, Goode and Bean. (Figur©368.)
Hemirhombua fimbriatus, Goode and Beak, Proo. U.S. Nat. Mum., viii, IS85, ">!il.

Body elliptical; its height (10- millimeters) nearly hall tin- body length.

Scales cycloid, about 70 in the Longitudinal scries, 25 or 26 in the vertical scries above
the lateral line, .'!l below. The lateral line is slightly curved over the pectoral, the length
of the arc of the curve contained 3J times in its straighl portion. Vertical tins ao1 scaly.

Length of head (61 millimeters) about 3i times in standard length. Length of snont
(11.4 millimeters) ~>\ times in that of head.

Mouth very large, with upper jaw strongly curved, lower jaw included. The length of
the maxillary (30 millimeters) equals half the length of the head. The lower jaw extends
behind the vertical through the posterior margin of the eyes; its length (36 millimeters.
equal to that of postorbital part of the head, and contained 6 times in the total length)
Edge of mandible and margin of suboperculum provided with a pointed Hap of thin integu-
mentary tissue. Gill rakers very short, tubercular; about 9 on the anterior arch below the,
angle. The upper eye is placed at a distance from the dorsal profile equal to half its own
diameter, which is a little more than one-fifth the length of the head, and is equal to that
of its mate. Byes in the same vertical and separated by an interspace equal to one-fourth
the orbital diameter. Interorbital ridge low.

Nostrils on the line of the interorbital ridge; the anterior is equidistant from the tip'
of the snout and the margin of the upper eye; it is in a very inconspicuous tube, provided
with a slender filament about one-third the length of the snout. The posterior nostril is
separated from the anterior one by a space equal to one-fifth the length of the snout.

Teeth uniserial in both jaws, some of the anterior ones in the upper jaw being much
larger than those following, while those in the lower jaw are still larger than these. Some
of the teeth in each jaw are depressible.

The dorsal fin begins on the snout, in advance of the nostrils; the first ray longer than
the second. The longest rays are behind the middle of the fin, their length (26 millimeters)
one fourth the height of the body. Eighty rays compose the fin.

The anal fin begins under the axil of the pectoral. Its longest rays behind its middle,
their length (•">() millimeters) greater than that of longest dorsal rays. It contains 00-01 rays.

Caudal with middle rays produced, the length of the median rays (45 millimeters)
contained 4' in total length.

The greatest length of the pectorals (39 millimeters) is contained 5| times in total
length.

The ventral of the colored side is on the ridge of the abdomen, on a line with its mate,
which is slightly removed from the median line. Its distance from snout (56 millimeters) a
little more than one-quarter the length of the body. Its length (23 millimeters) equal to
half the length of median caudal rays. The ventral of the blind side is continued by
a thin membrane to the vent, which is slightly distant from the edge of the abdomen, and
behind the origin of the anal.

Color, grayish brown; the dorsal and anal fins each with two roundish dark blotches
upon their posterior halves, which are slightly larger than the eye. A similar dark blotch
upon the, middle of the caudal, sometimes with smaller blotches irregularly placed near its
outer margin.

Pectoral, with a very narrow dark band near its base; the whole of its outer half is
marked by a dark blotch, reticulated and mottled with lighter; the intervening portion is
pearly white, with dark specks upon the rays. Blind side cream colored.

D. 80; A. 60-61; P. 10; V. 6; C. 16.

The type specimen (Cat. No. .'!7.'!.'5o, I". S. X. M., 213 millimeters long to origin of mid-
dle caudal rays), was taken bj the Albatross from station 2-103, in 28° -12' 30" N. lat., 85°

4") 2 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

29' W. Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms. Two additional specimens (Cat. No. 37831 U. S. Nat.
Mus.) were secured by the same vessel from station 2407, in 28° 47' 30" N. lat., 84° 37' W.
Ion., at a depth of 24 fathoms. The examples obtained are all from the Gulf of Mexico,
between the delta of the Mississippi River and Cedar Keys, Florida.

MONOLENE, Goode.

Monolene, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., m, sig. 22, Nov. :':;, 1880, 338.— Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., x, 194. — Jordan and Gilbert, Hull., xvi, 1*. S. Nat. Mus., 840. — GCnther, Challenger Report,

xxn. 1887, 165.
Thyris, Goode, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., m, 344, Nov. 23, 1880 (based on young).
Dtluthyris, Goode, Proc 1'. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 1884, 143.— GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 1(10, note.

Pleuronectoids with thin elongate body and sessile caudal fin. Eyes upon left side very
close together, and near to profile. Mouth moderate; the length of the maxillary less than
one-third that of the head. Teeth minute in the jaws, in single series, nearly equal on
both sides, though perhaps a trifle stronger on the blind side; absent on vomer and pala-
tines. Pectoral tin upon blind side totally absent. Dorsal fin commences in advance of
the eye upon the snout. Dorsal and anal rays simple. Caudal lin sessile, almost confluent
with dorsal and anal. Ventrals normal. Scales rather large, ctenoid upon colored side,
cycloid upon blind side. Lateral line marked; on colored side strongly and angularly
curved above the anterior two-thirds of the pectoral; on the blind side straight, rising
slightly as it approaches the region of the gill opening. Gill rakers few, feeble. Ver-
tebra'. 43.

MONOLENE SESSILICAUDA, Goode. (Figures 357, A and B.)

Monolene sessilicauda, Goode, Proc. 1'. S. Nat. Mus., in. sig. 22, Nov. 2:>, 1SS0, ::::.-»; Hud, 172. — Jordan and

Gilbert, Bull, xvi, V. S. Nat, Mus., 841.— Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 165.
Thyris pellucidus, Goode, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus., in, 1880, 344 (young specimen).
Delothyris pellucidus, Goode, ibid, vn, 1884, 143.

The height of the body (38) is about three-eighths of the total length (without caudal),
and is equal to twice the distance of the origin of the ventral from the snout (19); its height
over the ventrals (25) is about five times the longitudinal diameter of the lower eye (5), the
least height (8.5), at the base of the tail, slightly greater than the length of the lower jaw
(8). Body thin, its greatest width (5) not exceeding the longitudinal diameter of the orbit.

Scales subcircular, with irregular outline, about 2 millimeters in diameter, or about
one-fourth (1.25) the diameter of the eye. The posterior edge of each of the scales upon
the colored side is pectinate with about fifteen denticulations. The scales of the blind side
are oval, nonpectinate, about as large as those of the colored side. The head is everywhere
closely thatched with scales, even to the edges of the lips, and small scales occur on the
bases of the caudal, pectoral, and ventral tins, and upon the rays of the vertical fins nearly
out to their tips. There are about 23 rows above and 25 below the lateral line on the col-
ored side, behind the curve of the line.

Lateral line of colored side strongly bent in its anterior part over the base, and anterior
two-thirds of the pectoral fin. There are about 92 scales in the lateral line, 72 of them in
its straight portion. The arc of the curved portion of the lateral line (12) is slightly more
than double the distance of its highest portion above the line of the straight portion of the,
line were it continued (5). The curve of the line is very peculiar, having two angles, that
nearest the head being more obtuse. The lateral line ou the blind side is nearly straight,
slightly ascending above the abdominal cavity.

The length of the head (20) equals one-fifth of the standard length, and four times
diameter of eye, or length of operculum (5). Distance from snout to margin of upper eye (5)
much greater than distance to lower eye (3), and less thau length of the maxillary (5.5), the
posterior margin of which passes the perpendicular from the anterior margin of the lower
eye. The width of the iuterorbital area is very small, less thau one-sixth of the diameter of
the eye. The length of the mandible (8) is two-fifths of the head.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

453

Tlif dorsal fin 1 if^ins, upon the snoul in the perpendicular from the anterior margin of
the lower eye. It is composed of from 99 to 104 simple rays (in 5 specimens), the longest
ol'wliirli in the posterior fourth of the fin; their length (9) nearly half that of the head.
The anal fin begins between the tips of the veul ral, close to the pent, and under the inser
tion of the pectoral. It is composed of T'.i to 84 simple rays, the longest in the posterior
fourth; their length (7i slightly more than one-third the length of the head.

Tlic caudal is sessile, ion in lei I. t lie middle rays in length (17) nearly double the longest
dorsal raj s.

The pectoral, present only on the colored siile. is inserted close t<> the branched open-
ing, its length (15) three-fourths thai of the head.

The ventrals are upon the median ventral line, even in length (6), slightly shorter or
nearlj equal to the longesl rays of the anal.

Color on the left side ashy brown, with numerous more or less distinct darker brown
spois. On the blind side white. Pectoral blackish, with traces of lighter transverse bands.
Radial formula: D. 99-103; A. 79-84. Lateral line, 92.

26 004

26 "inli.

■>fi mil,

870.

Milli-
meters.

lOOths of
Length.

Milli-
meters.

lOOths of

leugtb.

Milli-
meters.

lOOtba of

li'NL'tll

Milli-
meters.

llllllbs of

length.

150
133

100

38
5
25
25

- :,

Body:

Head

10
5

7.5
2

5

■

5

;i

I tarsal i spinous) :

9

■ >■>

Anal :

7
17

21
15

19

0
103

si
•92

■

5

Pectoral :

\ entral

102

SI

99

si

103

103

79

The young form of Monolene described by Goode under the name Thyris pellucidus
(Fig. 359) is so remarkably distinct, that the description is given here:

The length of the specimen described (No. 26005) is 72 millimeters.

The height of the body (32) is about one-third of its length (without caudal), the least
height oi' the tail (7) one-fourteenth. The body is thin, pellucid, larval-like, divided into
three longitudinal tracts by depressions at I In- bases of the rows of interspinous processes,
as in Glyptocephalus.

Tin; scales are small, thin, easily detached (none remain upon the specimen except a
tew in the lateral line). The number of transverse rows is estimated at 120, the number

of rows above ami below the lateral line al the wiliest portion of the body 17 or IS. The
scales in the lateral line are provided with a large central canal. The lateral line is
straight on both side-,.

flic head is very small: its length (18) contained about five and one-hall' limes iii the

454

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

total length of the body. The eyes are small, protruding, tbe upper almost perpendicularly
above, though perhaps slightly posterior to the lower. The diameter of the eye (2) equals
the width of the interorbital space (2) anil is double the distance (4) from the snout to the
upper eye, that from the snout to the lower eye (3) being intermediate. The nioutli is
small, the shape of the opening being somewhat like that in Solea, the upper jaw being
somewhat hook-shaped. The length of the upper jaw (4) is two-thirds that of the
mandible (6).

The dorsal commences on the snout in advance of the eye, and is composed of !'<> to
102 long, flexible, simple rays, their tips apparently extending far beyond the connecting
membrane. The length of the longest rays (14) is double the least height of the body at
the base of the tail (7).

The anal fin originates at a distance (22) from the snout contained four time* and one-
half in the length of the body. It is composed of 7G to 81 rays, the longest of which are as
long as the head.

The pectoral is inserted close to the gill opening and far below the lateral line (midway
from the black stripe upon the lateral line to the black stripe at the base of the interspin-
ous processes of the anal fin). The pectoral upon the blind side is short, its length (2)
equal to the diameter of the orbit, composed of about four or five rays; that upon the col-
ored side longer, its length (3) equal to that of the snout, and composed of about twelve
rays. The ventrals are both crowded upon the ventral keel, their bases prolonged upon
the keel, their tips embracing the origin of the anal.

Radial formula: D. 96-102; A. 76-81; P. 12 left, 4-5 right.

Color: In life colorless, translucent. In alcohol yellowish white. Three prominent
blackish longitudinal stripes or lines upon the left side. The stripe running from the
branchial cleft to the base of the tail is less prominent than the two at the bases of the in-
terspinons processes. On the lateral line of the right side there is no stripe, though the
two lateral stripes are as prominent as upon the other side. Eyes black.

Current number of specimen
Locality

26,005
870, 871, and 872

Milli
meters.

Extreme length

Length to end of middle caudal rav-s . .
Boch :

< ireatest height

Least, height of tail

Head:

Greatest height

Distance from snout to upper eye .

Distance from snout to lower eye, .

Width of interorbital area

Length of maxillary

Length of mandible

Diameter of orbit

Dorsal (spinous) :

Distance from snout

Greatest height

Anal:

Distance from suout

Height at longest ray

Caudal length of middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance from snout

Length .

Ventral distance from snont

Dorsal

Anal

Pectoral

Number of scales in lateral line .

loot lis of
length.

32

7

4

:i
2

4
li
2

2.5

14

22

18
19

18
3-2

Hi
90 102

70-81

■ i, 4-5 i:
-12ii

' Estimated from partial count.

The type specimen of Monolene sessilicauda (Cat. No. 26004, U. S. ST. M.), .15<; meter
long, was taken by the Fish Hawlc, together with 10 other specimens, from station 870, in
40° 02' 30" N. hit.. 70° 22' 58" W. Ion., at a depth of 15.5 fathoms, and from station 871, in
40° 02' 54" N. lat., 70° 23' 40" W. Ion., at a depth of 115 fathoms. Examples were also

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 455

obtained by the same vessel as follows: Oat. No. 26099, U. S. N. M., from station 876, in
39 57 N. lat., To 56' W. Ion., at a depth of 120 fathoms; Cat. No. 26109, D. 8. N. M.,
from station 877, in 38 56' N. lat., 70< 54' 18" W. Ion., al a depth of 126 fathoms; Cat.
No. 26005, U. S. N. M., from station 871, in 40° 20' 54" F. lat., 70° 23' 40" W. Ion., at a
depth of 115 fathoms; Cat. No. 26006, U. S. N. M., from station 872, in Id 05' 39" N. lat.,
To 23' 52" W. Ion., at a depth of 86 fathoms; Cat. No. 28981, U. S. N. M., from station
1038, in .!!» 58' N. lat.. To 06' W. Ion., at a depth of 1 10 fathoms; and Cat. No. 28740, U.
S. N. M., from station 923, in 10 01' N. lat., 70° 4(i' W. Ion., at a depth of 98 fathoms.

The Blake took it from station win, off Barbadoes, at a depth of 209 fathoms; from
station OLXXV, off Alligator Keys, at a depth of 85 fathoms; and from station CCCXIV, in
32 24' X. lat., 78 44' W. Ion., at a depth of II- fathoms. Additional specimens were
secured by the Albatross from station 2402, in 28 .i<; N. lat., 85° 33' .30" W. Ion., at a depth
of 111 fathoms; from station 2091, in 40 01/ 50" N. lat., 70 59' W. Ion., at a depth of 117
fathoms; from station 2378, in 29° 14' 30" N. lat., 88° 09' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 68
fathoms; from station 2314, in 32^ 43' N. lat,, 77° 51' W. Ion., at a depth of 159 fathoms;
from station 212.'., in 37° 10' 1.")" X. lat,, 74° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of It:; fathoms; from
station 2552, in 39° 47' 07" X. hit., 705 35' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 721 fathoms; from station
2537, in 39° 50' 45" X. lat., 70° 50' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 156 fathoms; and from station
2545, in 40- 01' X. lat., 70° 23' 45" \Y. Ion., at a depth of 142 fathoms.

MONOLENE ATRIMANA, Goode and Bean. (Figure358.)
Monoleite atrimana, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zoijl., xn, 155.

Height of the body (37) is one third of the total length without the snout, and equals
4 times the long diameter of the eye; it also equals 1§ times the distance of the ventral
origin from the snout. The height at the origin of the ventrals (20) equals about •"> times
the length of the lower eye (0). The least height at the base of the tail (8) equals four-
tifths of the length of the mandible (10). The body is thin, its greatest width (4J) equal-
ing one half the length of the eye.

Scales ovate or oblong, smaller than in M. sessilicauda, and without evident pectina-
tions. The head is everywhere seals except on the lips and the anterior half of the snout.
The scaling of the fins is essentially the same as in M. sessilicauda. There are 30 rows of
scales above, ami 32 below the lateral line on the colored side.

The lateral line of the colored side is strongly arched in its anterior part over the base
and anterior third of the pectoral fin. The arc of the curved portion of the lateral line
(10) equals 24 times the height of the curve (4). The curve is entirely similar to that in
.1/. sessilicauda. The lateral line of the blind side is nearly straight, very slightly ascend-
ing anteriorly. There are 105 scales in the lateral line to caudal base, 18 of these in the
curved portion.

The length ol the head (24) equals two-ninths of the standard length, and 2r; times the
diameter of the eye. The distance from the snout to the front of the upper eye (0) is much
greater than tin; distance to the lower eye (3). The interorbital area is a mere narrow-
ridge, whose width (1 ) equals only one ninth of the length of the eye The length of the
maxilla (8) equals one-third the length of the head, and on account of its oblique position
its hind margin does not extend much beyond the vertical through the front margin of the
lower eye. The length of the mandible (10) equals live-twelfths of the head's length. The
teeth are uniserial ami well developed on both sides. The nostrils are in very short tubes,
in the same line with the interorbital ridge, the posterior one beiug slightly less distant
from the lower eye than the anterior is from the tip of the snout. A concavity above the
snout.

The dorsal fin begins upon the snout on the blind side in the perpendicular through
the front of the lower eye. ft contains 124 simple rays, the longest rays being in the pos-
terior fourth of the tin, and one half as long as the head. The anal tin begins between t he

tips of the ventrals and under the origin of the pectoral. The vent is not on the ventral

outline, but on the blind side and close to the beginning of the anal tin. The anal iscomposed

456 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

of 100 simple rays, the longest (14) being behind the middle of the fin and slightly longer
than the longest of the dorsal (13). Tbe caudal is sessile, rounded, the middle rays (20)
about one-sixth of standard length of body. The pectoral is present only on the colored
side, is inserted close to the edge of the operculum, its length (27) exceeding that of the
head, and contained 4J times in the standard length. The ventral of the colored side is
nearly on the ridge of the abdomen, while that on the blind side is mostly lateral, and
slightly larger than its fellow. The length of the left ventral (7) is about 3J times in length
of head.

The color on the left side is light brownish gray: the fins are mostly dusky except the
right ventral, which is pale; the pectoral and the eyelids are black.

D. 124; A. 100; Y. C; P. 12: scales 30-105-32 (18 in curved portion of lateral line).

A single specimen, the type (xvi), 114 millimeters long, was taken by the Blake off
Barbados in 288 fathoms, and another one (xvn) in the same locality at a depth of 218
fathoms.

Family SOLEID^E,

Soleida; (Jill, Arr. Families of Fishes, 1872, 2 (to include Giinther, iv, 462-504, Dame onlj < : Century Dic-
tionary, 5755.

Heterosomata with body oval or elliptical, and nearly equally developed above and
below the lateral line. Scales small (ctenoid or cycloid), or absent; the lateral line usually
straight (sometimes double or triple). The head small, with rounded, projecting snout, and
upper jaw more or less hooked. Opercular bones concealed by the integument. Eyes
approximated, the upper more or less advanced; the opercula concealed by the scales.
Mouth unsynimetrical and rather small and curved: teeth some times wanting, generally
confined to the blind side of the jaws, and villiform. Branchiostegal rays usually 7.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins usually separate, sometimes continent. The dorsal origin
is on the snout, the anal under the pectoral; pectorals small or absent: ventrals small and
variously developed. Vertebrae very numerous, but unequally distributed, in the typical
tonus the abdominal or rib bearing ones being only 8 or 0 in number, and the caudal
about 40.

The family is well distinguished from the Pleuronectidce, especially so far as the Euro-
pean and American species are concerned, though some Australian forms are intermediate.
{Gill.)

KEY TO DEEP-WATEB GENERA < >F SoLEID/E.

I. Mouth small, twisted.

A. Body dextral. Lateral line straight Soh ina

1. Pectorals well developed SOLEA

1'. Pectorals minute MlCROCHlRUS

B. Body sinistral. No pectorals Cynoglossina

1. No lateral line Aphoristia

-. One lateral line Ammoplei-rops

If. Three lateral lines Arelia

SOLEA, Cuvier.
Soha, (Quensel), Gi'XTHER, Cat. Fish. Prit. Mus., iv, 462.

Dextral pleuronectoids, having a narrow, twisted mouth, and teeth in villiform bands,
on blind side only; palatines and vomerines toothless. Origin of dorsal on snout. Scales
ctenoid; lateral line straight. Nostrils of blind side not dilated.

This genus, or group of genera, is of world-wide distribution, except in very cold water
It is almost restricted to sandy bottoms at moderate depths.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 457

SOLEA VULGARIS, Qoensbl.

Pleuronectes solea, l.iwi i rs, Systems Nature, ed. \. 1758, i. 270; ed. sir, 1766, 157.

Solea vulgaris, Quensel, Vet. Lkad. Handl., 1806, 230. -Kisso. Hist. Nat. Eur. M. irid., in. 247. — Bonaparte,

Fauna Italica, Pesci, fasc. v. -GOnther, » '.it. Fish. Brit. Mas., iv,463. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleui

el Talisman, Poissons, 189.

Body elongate-ovate, its height little more than one third of its Length. Well de- \
veloped pectorals on both sides, tnterorbital space two thirds of length of snout. Lateral
line straight, containing- about 100 scales.

Radial formula: D. 73-84; A. i;i-73.

Color greenish or brownish gray, spotted with brown: pectoral of right side with a
black or blackish blotch; left side white.

This species, the common sole, is found from Trondhjems Fjord, ii~> N. lat., to Gibraltar,
and through the Mediterranean, at least to the head of the Adriatic, lake many shoal
water forms of the north, it occurs in the cooler depths near its southern limit, and the
French Expedition found it on the Banc d'Arguiu in 235 meters (station x<i).

MICROCHIRUS, Bonaparte.

Mierochirus, Bonaparte, Cat. Med. Pesci d'Europe, No. 429.
Buglossus, i subgenus i, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 102.

A genus closely related to Solea, but perhaps separated by its very minute pectorals.

MICROCHIRUS VARIEGATUS, (Donovan), Moreau.

Pleuronectes variegatus, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Fish., lsus, pi. cxvn.

Solea Buglossus) variegatus, GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 4119. — Day, Fishes of Great Britain

and Ireland, ti, 13, pi. cvm, tig. 1. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleui et Talisman, 1888, 190.
Wicrochirus variegatus, Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, 181, in, M17.
Pleuronectes mirrorhinis. I>i: La Rocnrc, Ann. Mus.. xm, 356, fig. 2.
Pleuronectes Uangili, Risao, Ichth. Nice, 1S10. 310.
Solea Mangilii, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci. Fasc. v. — Canestrini, Arch. Zool., i. 29, pi. in, tig. 3;

Pesci d'ltiilia. 10(5.
Pleuronectes lingtila, Pennant, British Zoology, 1811', in, 313, pi. xlviii.
Monochirus lingula, Costa, Fauna Napolitana, ii, 50.
Mierochirus lingula, Bonaparte, loc. cit.

Sole like tishes. having body somewhat elongate, its height 2| to 2£ in total length;
the length of head 5h. Width of interorbital space equal to length of snout and
diameter of orbit, and 4-4A times in length of head. Pectoral of blind side minute, the
other very small, its length 4.t in that of head. Scales in lateral line 85.

Radial formula: D. <>.">-7.'>; A. 53-57.

Color, brownish-gray, with brown transverse bands; much darker on the vertical fins.

This form occurs as far north as Scotland and England, where it is caught in trawl nets,
and has been taken south of Ireland in 150 fathoms; it also occurs along the west coast of
France, and in the Mediterranean, as far as to the Gulf of Genoa, and the head of tin'
Adriatic. The French vessels found it oil' Spain in 60 to 126 meters; off Soudan, in 130
meters; and at 306 meters in the Gulf of Gascony (Travailleor, L880, station xvii).

MICROCHIRUS PROFUNDICOLUS, (Vaillant), G »e and Bi is

Solea profundicola, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur el Talisman, isvs. [90.

A Mierochirus, having the height of the body one third of its length; the head one-
fifth. Snout round, inconspicuous. .Mouth small, extending scarcely to the vertical from
the middle of the lower eye, 'with teeth only on the blind side. Upper eye in advance of
the lower one and well opened, while the latter is curtained by an eye lid which hides it
to a large extent. The diameter of the orbits is about two-fifths the length of the head;
width of the interorbital space about one third less. Lateral lines extending without per
ceptible curvature from the upper eye to the middle of the caudal. Scales small, ctenoid

458 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

upon both sides of the body; about 127 in the lateral line, 31 above and 49 below. Dorsal
beginning almost over the middle of the upper eye, and extending almost to the base of
the caudal rays. Caudal rounded, composed of about 10" rays. Pectoral very small, tili-
forni, with 1 to 3 rays. Ventrals with 4 rays, but slightly developed.

Radial formula: D. 84; A. 09; V. 4.

Color, reddish, gray above; dorsal and anal fins black, excepting the rays, which,
being covered with scales, are of the same color as the body. The black tint is especially
noticeable on the blind side. Extremities of the rays milky white

Specimens of this species were obtained by the French explorers at station xxvi, 370
meters; lxi, 1,290 meters — both on the coast of Portugal; station xxxn, in the Gulf of
Cadiz, 440 meters, and station lxv, off the coast of Soudan, 250 meters.

APHORISTIA, Kaup.

Jphorisiia, Kaup, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1858. 106 (type, Aehirus ornatus, Lacepfede). — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., iv, 490. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 842.

Sinistral pleuronectoids, having body elongate, lanceolate, rounded forward, tapering
behind, much compressed. Mouth small, twisted sinistrally. Teeth minute, dextral only.
Snout short, with a hook. One nostril present, before lower eye, with slight barbel. Scales
ctenoid, moderate; no lateral line. Vertical fins confluent; pectorals obsolete; ventral only
on colored side. Gill openings narrow.

This genus, hitherto known only from the western Atlantic, has been reported from
deep water in the Bay of Bengal, where Alcock recognizes three species: Aphoristia Wood-
Miisinii. Alcock, 47."i-490 fathoms; A. Gilesii, Alcock, 193 fathoms; and .1. septemstriata,
Ahock, ls.s-220 fathoms.

Aphoristiu fasciata, a shallow water form, is illustrated in pi. ex. (fig. 374) for comparison
with the allied species.

KEi TO IHI. SPECIES "1' APHORISTIA.

I. Ventral connate with anal.

Ventral rays 5.

Scales modi rate, 85-90 rows. I>. 95 A. fasciata

II. Ventral separated from anal.

A. Ventral rays 5.

Scales small. 120/50 rows, a Bingle row between the eyes. Body elongate, height 4§; Head 5J;

I). 119 A. NEBCLOSA

B. Ventral rays 4.

1. Scales moderate 80-90/34. None between eyes. Body elongate, height 4r£; Head5i; D. 96-100.

A. MARG1NATA

2. Scales large, rough, 65/34. Body short, height 3$; Head4i; D. 90 A. pigra

3. Scales moderate, 80 '■'•'•. Caudal 1/10 of total. Eye in the same vertical. Body3J; head, 5|.

A. DIOMEDEANA

i. Scales moderate. 85-90/38, 1>. 7*; A. 70 A. pusilla

APHORISTIA NEBULOSA, Goodjs and Bean. | Figure 375. I

Aphoristia nebulosa, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. CVuip. Z<»"d.. \. lss::, 19l'. — Oi nth er, Challenger Report,
xxn, 1887, 167.

Body is rather slenderer than in other species of the genus; its greatest height (18
millimeters) is contained 4- times in the extreme length. Scales small, rough, about 120
in a longitudinal series; about 50 in a transverse series. Jaws and snout scaleless. Length
of the head (15 millimeters) contained fi'rj times in total length. The length of the snout (3
millimeters) is J that of the head. Eyes small and close together, being separated by only
a single row of scales; upper eye very slightly in advance of the lower. The tubular nos-
tril is directly in front of the lower eye, and a little nearer to it than to the tip of the snout.
The length of the eye (2 millimeters) is contained 7 A times in length of head. The angle of
the mouth is about in a vertical through the anterior margin of the lower pupil. Teeth
feeble, very slender, and rather closely placed, apparently equally developed on the two sides.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 459

Dorsal lin begins at a point slightly behind tin- eyes; it is ((innate with (lie caudal, and
contains 119 rays to the middle of the base of the caudal; the rays about the middle of the
fin arc the longest, their height being a little more than one-third that of the body.

Distance of anal from snout (20 millimeters) contained 4| times in extreme length;
longest rays about the middle of the fin, their length (6 millimeters) equaling twice that <>f

the snout. Anal connate With caudal, and contains 107 rays, counting to the middle of the
base of the latter fin.

.Median caudal rays longest, their length (6 millimeters) equaling twice that of the
snout.

Pectorals none.

Distance of ventral from snout (15 millimeters) contained 5^ times in extreme length.
The ventral is separated from the anal by an interspace twice as long as the eye. The
number of ventral rays is 5, the longest of them being one-third as long as the head.

Vent near origin of the anal.

Color, grayish, everywhere mottled with brown. Median keel on the scales dark and
prominent.

Radial formula: D. 119; A. 1(17: V. 5; P. none.

A single type specimen, 85 millimeters in length, was obtained by the Blake from sta-
ti ICCXVI, in 32 07' N. hit.. 78° 37' 3d" \V. Ion., at a depth of 229 fathoms.

APIIORISTIA MARGINATA, Goode and Bean. (Figure 376.)

Aphoristia marginata, Goode and Bran, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zoiil., xn, 153.

Body, slender, lanceolate in form, its greatest height contained 4i times in the extreme
length. Scales, moderate, strongly and sharply denticulate, the surface ornamented with
many linesand striatums, which are SO arranged as to form a semblance of median furrows;
88 to 90 scales in a longitudinal series, 34 in a transverse series.

.laws and snout covered with scales.

Length of the head contained 54 times in total length. Length of the snout in that of
head U times, and equal to diameter of upper eye.

Eyes, moderate, close together, the upper very slightly in advance. Nostril, in a long
slender tube, nearly midway between lower eye and tip of snout.

Mouth, moderate, oblique, curved, its posterior angle beneath the anterior margin of
the pupil of the upper eye: its length of gape in that of head 4^ times, and 5 times in
greatest height of body. Dentition feeble.

The dorsal fin begins at a point over the posterior margin of the upper pupil. It is
composed of 96 to 10(1 rays, those about the middle of the body the longest, and contained
about 24, times in the height of the body.

The anal origin is separated from the snout by a distance equal to 4 times the length of
the snout. It has 86-87 rays, and its height is slightly less than that of the dorsal.

The median caudal rays are short, contained 8| times in total length.

The distance of the ventral from the snout is contained 5| times in the total length;
its distance from the anal 1 .\ times the diameter of the eye; its rays, lour in number, the
longest contained 25} times in head.

Color in life, reddish gray, much speckled with brown. Belly, bluish gray. Bases and
membrane covering tin-rays, dark brown. Dorsal and anal fins verj dark on their last tenth.
Caudal, pale, in marked contrast with the dark area of dorsal and anal. Tips of dorsal
and anal rays, and some of the membrane covering caudal rays, vermilion.

< lolor in alcohol, uniform grayish brown, lighter below, with a dark brown line marking
margin between the body and the base of the vertical tins, with a lighter line or stripe, as
wide as eye. inside.

Radial formula: D. 96-100; A. 86-87; V. 1: R. none. Scales, 88 to 90-34.

The species is described from a specimen, 102 millimeters in length, collected by the
steamer Blake, at station clxxxi, in 28 12' N. hit., 88 10' YY. Ion., at a depth of 321 fath
oins: with a specimen from Albatross station i'.".7<;, in l".i <>:; N. hit., ss- Hi W. Ion., at a

460 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

depth of 324 fathoms, as a collateral type. The Blake also obtained 13 specimens from
station xxvn, off St. Vincent, at a depth of 94 fathoms, and the Fish Hawk captured a
single specimen from station 1154, in 39° 55' 31" N. hit., 70° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 193
fathoms.

APHORISTIA PIGRA, Goode and Bean. (Figure377.)

Aphoriatia pigra, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, xn, 154.

It is distinguished by its abbreviated form, and its large, rough, strongly pectinate scales.
The extreme length of the type is 98 millimeters.

The body is shorter than in the congeneric Atlantic species; its greatest height is con-
tained 3t times in its total length, or three times in total without snout.

The scales are large, very rough, with strong horizontal stria' and strongly denticulated
margins, and rather loosely fixed to the skin; about 65 in a horizontal series, 34 in a trans
verse series. The jaws and snout are covered with small scales. The length of the head
is contained 4.^ in total length. The length of the snout is contained 44 times in that of
the head. The eyes are moderate in size, very close together, with no scales between; the
upper is very slightly in advance, and is distant from the dorsal outline a space equal to
its own short diameter. The greatest diameter of the eye is contained six times in the
length <>f the head. The mouth is oblique, curved, its posterior angle directly beneath the
middle of the lower eye. Length of gape in that of head four times. The teeth are feeble,
closely placed, a little stronger on the colored side.

The nostril tubular, a little nearer to the lower eye than to the tip of the snout.

The dorsal tin begins at a point over the middle of the upper eye. and contains about 90
rays to the middle of the base of the caudal. The rays about the middle of the tin are the
longest, their height being a little more than 4, that of the body. The distance of the anal
tin from the snout is contained 3f times in total length. The longest anal rays are about
the middle of the body; their length is equal to that of the longest in the dorsal. The
anal is connate with the caudal, and consists of 09-75 rays.

The length of the median caudal rays is contained nearly seven times in the total
length. The distance of the ventral from the snout is contained 4| times in the total length.
It is separated from the anal by a. distance equal to the long diameter of the eye. The num-
ber of ventral rays is four; tin- longest ray is 3J times as long as head.

Color grayish or brownish, with a submetallic lustre upon the scales when examined
separately. Thedenticnlations of the scales are dark anil prominent, giving a clouded
general aspect. .Some of the smaller specimens (from station 2318) have a few large irreg-
ular brownish blotches above and a dark subcircular blotch near the root of the tail, its
diameter twice that of the eye. Colorless below.

Radial formula: D. 90; A. 09-75; V. 4; P. none. L. lat, 05.

The species is described from a specimen obtained by the Blake from station xxiii, off
St. Kitt's, West Indies, at a depth of 250 far horns; with specimens obtained by the Albatross
from station 2318, in 24° 25' 45" N. lat., 81° 40' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms, and
from station 2405, in 28° 45' N. lat., 85° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms as collateral
types. The Albatross also seemed examples from station 2425, in 30° 20' 24" N. lat., 74°
40' 3" W. Ion., at a depth of 119 fathoms; and from station 2374, in 29° 11' 30" N. lat,,
85° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 20 fathoms.

APHORISTIA DIOMEDEANA, Goode and Bean. (Figure 378.)

Aphoriatia diomedeana, Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vm, 1885,589.

Scales moderate, somewhat loosely fixed, pectinated; about 85 in a longitudinal, 35 in
a transverse, series. Jaws and snout covered with small thin scales.

Length of head contained 5f times in the standard length. Length of snout 5 times in
that of head. Eyes moderate, equal, very close together, without intervening scales; the
upper eye is directly above the lower one, and is distant from the dorsal outline an interval
equal to its own least diameter; diameter of eye in length of head 6 times.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTKD3UTION. 1 « > 1

Mouth oblique, curved, its angle in the vertical through the front margin of th>- eyes;
length of gape equal to thai of snout, and contained 5 limes in thai of head. Teetn very
feeble. Nostrils tubular, nearer to eye than to tip of snout.

Mm sal origin in the vertical through middle of eyes; the fin contains 96 rays, includ-
ing half "i caudal, the length of the longest 3£ limes in greatest height of body.

Distance of anal origin from snout i\ times in total length; the anal contains 79 rays,
ami its greatest height is equal to that of the dorsal.

Length of median caudal rays contained 10 times in total length.

Distance of ventral origin from snout (! times in total length; the ventral is separated
from the anal by a distance equal to one third the length of head; its length is contained
2*j limes in that of head: it consists of I rays.

Color uniform gray, lighter below, the scales above somewhat metallic in luster. The

last fourth of the dorsal has three oblong black blotches soinewhal larger than the eye;
tin' anal with lour similarly placed. In I he young there is a slight brownish marginal line
upon each scale, and an appearance of indistinct cloudings of brown upon tin; colored side.

Radial formula: D. 96; A. 70; V. 1; scales 85-35.

The species is described from a specimen obtained by the Albatross from station -11 I,
(lat. 25° 01' 30" X., Ion. sl> 59' L5" \\\: depth, 26 fathoms). Its length is 1 to millimeters
to base of caudal. The body is .somewhat slender, its greatest, height (43 millimeters) con-
tained .;.', times in its length without caudal.

Specimens were also taken by the Albatross IV station 2362, in 22° 08' 30" X. lat.,

si; 53'30"W. Ion., al a depth of 25 fathoms; from stations 2121, 2122, between 10° 37' 40"
N. lat., (il 1-" 10" \Y. Ion., and 10 37' X. lat., 01 1 1' 22" W. Ion., at a depth of from 31
to 31 fathoms. The Blake also secured examples from station xxiv, off Dominica, and
station xxv.

APHOEIST1A I't sil.I.A, Goode and Hkan. (Figure 379.)

Aphoristia pusilla, Goope and Beak, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vni, 1885, 590.

The body is slender, lanceolate, its greatest height contained 3i times in its total
length. The scales are small, strongly and sharply denticulated, 85 to 90 in a longitudinal
and 38 in a transverse series. Jaws and snout entirely covered with scales.

The length of the head is contained 5 times iu total length; the length of the snout in
that of the head 5J limes, and equals the diameter of the eye.

Eyes small, very closely approximated in the same vertical line. The nostril is tubu-
lar, placed midway between the lower eye and the tip of the snout.

Mouth small, oblique, curved, its posterior augle under the anterior margin of the
pupil of the lower eye, the Length of its gape in that of the head 4jj times, in greatest height
of body 6| times. Deutition feeble.

The dorsal tin begins in the vertical through the pupils and is composed of 78 rays;
its greatest height is contained 2jj times in that of body.

The anal is separated from the snout by a distance about equal to the height of the
body, and 7] times the length of the snout, it has 70 rays; its greatest height equals one-
third that of body.

The median caudal rays are short, their length contained eleven times in total.

The distance of the ventral from the snout, is contained about 4J times in total length
of body; its length equals twice the diameter ofthe eye. Its distance from the anal equals
twice the diameter of the eye.

Color, light brown, with II or 7 crossbars of slightly darker hue. Blind side light.

The species is described from a specimen (Cat. No. 28730, U. S. N. M.), 55 millimeters
long, taken by the Fish Eatck in W° 07' 48" X. lat., 70° 45' 54" W. Ion., about 80 fathoms,
and a specimen (Cat. No. 28778 U. S. X. M.), taken by the same vessel in 40° 01' X. lat.,
69° 56' W. Ion., from off Marthas Vineyard, 170 fathoms.

t

462 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

AMMOPLEUROPS, Gunther.
Ammopleurops, Gunther, Cat. Fish. T.rit. Mus., n, 1862, 490.

Byes od the left side; pectorals none; vertical fins confluent. Scales ctenoid, decidu-
ous, of moderate size; one lateral line. Snout .short, with the upper portion not produced
into a hook; mouth unsymmetrical, rather narrow; teeth minute, on both .sides.

AMMOPLEUROPS LACTEUS. (Bonaparte), Gunther.

Plagusia lactea, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, Faac. V, plate.— Costa, Fauna Napolitana, n, 60, pi. 1. —

Canestrini. Arch. Zool., i, 13, pi. i\. fig. 3; Pesci d'ltalia, 168.
J mmopleiirops lacti us, i li n i ber, Cat. Fish. I.ril. Mus., i\ . 490. — Vaii.lani. Exp. Sci. TravaOleur et Talisman.

1888, 192.

Ammopleurops, with body 3J and head nearly 4 times in total length (without caudal).
Width of interorbital space about one fourth length of head. Two nostrils in front ol lower
eye. Lips not fringed.

Radial formula: D. 90; A. 72 (D.+A.+G. 162—178); P. none; V. 4.

Color, rosy white, the white side a little brighter. Vertical fins spotted with brown near
base.

The French ships obtained it on the coast of Spain in 60 meters (station v); off .Soudan,

250 ters (station lxv); on the Banc d'Arguiu, L40-235 meters (stations xci-xcii); in the

Gulf of Gascony, lot) meters | Travailleur, 1882, vm), and off Pehon de Velez in 370-420
meters.

ARELIA, Kaii]..

Arelia, Kadp, Wiegmann's Archiv, 185S, 106. — Hlkkkkr. Enumeratio, 184. — Gi niim r, Cat. I ish. Kin. Mus.,
i\ . 493 i as subgenus).

Sinistral pleuronectoids, ' having no pectorals and confluent vertical (ins. Scales
ctenoid and lateral line triple. Snout hooked and mouth twisted; two uostrilson left side.
Teeth dextral, minute.

This, like the related genera or subgenera grouped by Giiuther under Gynoglossus, is
strictly East Indian. It is found in deep water in the Bay of Bengal, Investigator station
96,98-102 fathoms, where it is represented by Gynoglossus Garpenteri, Alcock. (Journal of
Asiatic Society of Bengal, i.vm, n, 287, pi. xvm, tig. 1; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1800, n,
217.) Dr. Alcock is of the opinion that "the general fades of this fish is certainly bathybial."

Order CRANIOMI.

Craniomi, Gill, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1888, 589.

Teleocephali with the scapular arch abnormal, the post-temporal forming an integral
part of the cranium and the postero-temporal crowded out of place by the side of the pro-
scapula above or at the edge of the post-teinporal. I Gill.)

Family TRIGLID^E.

Les Triglides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 1826, iv, 39: .

Triglhhr, BONAPARTE, Saggio, etc., 1831; Catalogo Metortieo, 1846,60. — SWAINSON, Hist. Nat. Fish., etc.,

1839, n, 179. — Kacp, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1858, 329. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 80.— Gill, Air.

Fain. Fish., 1872, 6 (Xo. 53).— Jordan and Gilbert, Hull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 731.

Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform. Head externally bony, usually entirely
cuirassed with rough, bony plates, some of which are aimed with spines; eyes high ; mouth
terminal or subiuferior; preinaxillaries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone,
slipping under the preorbital; teeth very small, in bands in the jaws, and usually on
the vomer aud palatines; gills 4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiae present;
gill-rakers various; gill-membranes free or variously attached to the isthmus. Ventral
tins thoracic, wide apart, separated by a flat area, I, 4 or I, 5. Spinous dorsal present,

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. 4*>.'i

short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines; caudal uarrow, few rayed.
Pectorals large, with broad base, sometimes divided, with the three lowermost rays
detached. Air-bladder present; pyloric coca usually present, few iu number. Jordan and
Gilbert

KEY in THE AMERICAN GENERA

(After Jordan and Gilbert.)

I. Pectoral tin with two or three detached appendages below; centrals t, ."., wide apart.

T. Bod; scaly; teeth present; pectoral appendages 3 Triylituv

A. 1 Palatines toothless Tiugla

I!. 2 Palatines with teeth PmoN'oi US

TRIGLA, Artedi.

Trigla, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 1788, 42.— Ccvier, Regne Animal, ed. i, 1817. n, 301 ; ed. 2, 1829, n, 158.—
Ctvii i: and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 9, — GiInther, Cat. Fish. Brit, \liis.. ii, 198. — Jordan
and Gilbert, Ball, xvi, I*. S. Nat. Mas., 733.

Head angular, with bony upper surface and sides. Two dorsals, the first much the
shorter. Three tree filaments at base of pectoral. Villiforni teeth on jaws and usually on
vomer. Palatines toothless. Pectoral tins moderate; a series of bony, spinous plates
along baseof dorsal tins, a pair to each ray, forming a shallow groove, in which the fins are
received. Caudal usually emarginate. Scales minute. Lateral line usually forking at
base of caudal, with branches running to its tip. Branchiostegals, 7. Pseudobranchise
present.

Three European species of Trigla were fouad by the French explorers below 100
fathoms.

(1.) Trigla euculus, Linn. (=Triglapini7 Bloch), taken in the Gulf of Gascony in 306
meters ( Travailleur station xvn). It is a well-known inshore form, from the British Islands
to the Mediterranean, where, however, it is not especially abundant. There is no satisfac
tory evidence that it has ever been found in the western Atlantic.

(2.) Trigla lyra, Linn., found iu the Gulf of Gascony in 411 fathoms (Trarailleur sta
tion vin).

(3.) Trigla cavillone, Lacepede [=Lepidotrigla aspera (C. & V.) Giinther], taken off
Soudan, in 130-355 meters; on the Banc d'Arguin, in 140-175; off Morocco, in 1-0; off
Spain, in 99, and near the Cape Verdes, in 90. For notes on these three species see Vail
hint, p. 350.

The Challenger took Trigla leptacantha, Giinther, and Trigla spiloptera, Giinther, off
the Ki Islands, in 140 fathoms (station 192).

Trigla hemisticta, Schlegel, has been found below the hundred fathom line in the Bay
of Bengal, about 40 individuals, many of them females with mature ovaries, having been
taken at Investigator station No. 00. (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1SS9, n, 207.)

PRIONOTUS, Lacepede.

Privnotu8, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 337, 1802 (type, Trigla evolans, L.).

Body subfusiforin ; profile of head descending to the broad, depressed snout, which is
much longer than the small eye; eyes close together, high up; surface of head entirely

1 y, the bmies rough with ridges and granulations; scales on head few or none; pre-

opercle with one or two sharp spines at its angle; opercle with a sharp spine; nape with
two strong spines; a spine on shoulder girdle. Mouth rather broad; bands of small, almost
granular, teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill-membranes nearly separate, free from
isthmus; gill takers rather long. Body covered with small, rough scales, which are not
keeled; lateral line continuous: scales of breast very small. Dorsal tins distinct, the firsl
of 8 to 10 rather stout spines; anal hn similar to soft dorsal; pectoral fin with the three

\

4fl4 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

lower anterior rays thickened, entirely free from each other and from the tin; ventrals I,
5, wide apart, with a flat space between them, the inner rays longest. Pyloric cceca in
moderate number; air-bladder generally witli lateral muscles and divided into two lateral
parts; vertebne 10 or 11 + 15. {Jordan and Gilbert.)

PRIONOTUS MILITAEIS, Goor.F. and Bean, n. s. (Figures 380, 384.)

The type of the description is a specimen measuring ll!3 millimeters with the caudal.
The length without the caudal, which is the standard of comparison, is 95 millimeters.
The body is short and stout, its greatest height (30 millimeters) nearly one-third of the
standard length; its greatest width at the base of the pectorals (23 millimeters) is nearly
one-fourth of the standard length. The least height of the tail (9 millimeters) is equal to
the long diameter of the eye. The head is short, the snout abruptly descending and with
two rather long diverging spinous processes at its tip. The orbits are much elevated, the
spi nes very large, and the jaws are small. The greatest length of the head, measured
horizontally (33 millimeters), is about one-third of the standard length. The distance
measured obliquely from the tip of the rostral spine to the edge of the opercular flap (39
millimeters) is two-fifths of the standard length. Nearly all the spines of the head and
the exposed edges of the preorbital, mandible, and opercles are minutely serrate. The
diverging spines upon the snout are themselves armed along the margin by numerous
spinules. The length of the eye (9 millimeters) equals the width of the interorbital area.
The snout (14 millimeters) is more than one-third the length of the head. A strong spine
on the preopercle, with a secondary spine at its base. The spine on the preopercle is as
long as the snout. A stout spine on the operculum, another in the humeral region, another
on the nape extending backward to the base of the fourth dorsal spine. Teeth in the jaws
and on the vomer and palate very small, in villit'orm bands. The length of the maxilla
(10 millimeters) is a little greater than that of the eye. The length of the mandible (12
millimeters) is a little less than that of the snout — it reaches about to the vertical from
the front of the eye. There is a furrow across the nape immediately behind the eyes.
Nine developed gill rakers on the anterior arch, besides several rudiments; all of the gill
rakers very short. Pseudobranchise present, Branchiostegals 7. The distance of the
dorsal from the tip of the snout (39 millimeters) is two-fifths of the standard length.
The first two spines are very much produced; the length of the first (85 millimeters) is
almost equal to the standard length: the length of the second (87 millimeters) is slightly
greater than that of the first. The short spine (23 millimeters) is about twice as long as
t he mandible. When t lie dorsal spines are fully extended they reach nearly to the tip of the
caudal. The anterior margins of the first three spines are minutely serrated, the serrations
being in several rows. The longest ray of the soft dorsal (17 millimeters) is about one-half
as long as the head. The length of the middle caudal rays (25 millimeters) equals the
length of the anal base. The caudal is slightly emarginate. The length of the pectoral
(51 millimeters) is a little more than one-half of the standard length. The longest sepa-
rate ray of the pectoral is about H times as long as the shortest; its length equal to that
of the middle caudal rays. The. length of the ventral spine (14 millimeters) is one-half
the length of the longest ventral ray (28 millimeters). The ventral when extended
leaches to the third ray of the anal. The longest anal ray (10 millimeters) is about one-
halt as long as the head. The scales are very rough; they are in about 7 rows between the
origin of the second dorsal and the lateral line, and 19 rows below the lateral line. The
lateral line contains about 40 tubes, and the number of rows of scales counted obliquely is
about 55.

D. x. 11; A. I, 9; P. 12+3; V. I, 5.

Color in life, rosy; head and pectoral, speckled with dark brown; 0 or 7 small dark
blotches on the upper edge of the pectoral. Some specimens have the inner surface of the
pectoral dark on its lower half. In one specimen the dark blotches on the pectoral are
grouped into four half bands, of which the middle two are very small.

This species is represented by G individuals from station 23G2 of the steamer Albatross;

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 465

."> from station 2388, Albatross; 2 young examples from Albatross station 2404; l young

from station U lot;, and 2 young ones IV station 2 In" .

The types of the description are the specimens from station 2362, N. lat. 22 08 30 ',
W. Ion. 86 53' 30", from 25 fathoms, off Cape Oatoche, Yucatan. The other localities are

as follows: station 2388, N.lat.29 24'30", W. Ion. ss or, from35fath s, Gulf of Mexico;

station 2404, N. lat. 28< 14', W. Ion. 85 Hi. from (id fathoms, Gulf of Mexico ; station 2406,
N. lat. 28 Hi , W. Ion. 84° 1!)', from 26 fathoms, Gulf of Mexico; station 2407, N. lat. 28
17 30 .W. Ion. si 37', from 24 fathoms, Gulf of Mexico,

PRIONOTUS EGRETTA, Goods and Id w. n. b. (Figure 381.)

The standard length, which i.s the total length without the caudal, is ion millimeters.
The body is rather slender, rapidly tapering posteriorly. The greatest height, which is at
the ventrals (23 millimeters), is contained 1A times in the standard length. The least height
of the tail (7 millimeters) equals half the length of the intermaxillary. The head is moder-
ately long, ils greatest length (40 millimeters) contained 25j times in the standard length.
The snout docs not-deseend so abruptly as in /'. militarius and is without projections from
the front. Its length (17 millimeters) is half the length of the ventral. The width of the
interorbital space (<i millimeters) equals half the long diameter of the eye (11' millimeters).
The length of the eye is contained 3J times in that of the head. The spines of the head are
moderately strong and are without subsidiary basal spines. The length of the spine at the
angle of the preopereuluin is nearly equal to that of the opercular spine, and is nearly half
the length of the snout. The exposed edges of the bones of the head are minutely serrated, but
the teeth at the end of the snout are slightly enlarged. Humeral spine small, nuchal spines
not well developed. One or two spines at the front of the supraorbital and two or three at its
posteiioi portion. About 9 developed gill rakers on the anterior arch; the longest of them
about 2 millimeters in length. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws and on the vomer and
palate. The vomerine band very narrow. The length of the maxilla (14 millimeters) nearly
one-third the length of the head. The length of the mandible (17 millimeters) equals
the length of the snout. The mandible reaches nearly to the vertical from the front of the
eye. A very slight groove across the nape immediately behind the eyes continued down
ward by an interspace between the preopercle and operele. The distance of the dorsal
from the tip of the snout (39 millimeters) is about equal to the length of the head. The
base of the spinous dorsal (24 millimeters) equals the length of the head without the snout;
the first spine is coarsely serrated for the first sixth of its length, and is produced into a
filament, which extends beyond the end of the caudal when laid back, making the length
of the first spine (117 millimeters) greater than the standard length of the fish; several of
the succeeding spines are also weakly seriated on their anterior margin. The length of
the second spine (22 millimeters) nearly equal to that of the base of the fin. The last three
spines are very small. The first ray of the second dorsal is also serrated on its anterior
margin; the rays greatly increase in size posteriorly to the ninth, which is nearly one-half as
long as the head. The base of the second dorsal (28 millimeters) is twice as long as the
maxilla. The caudal is somewhat emarginate, the length of the middle rays (2G millimeters)
a trifle longer than the base of the spinous dorsal. The anal origin is almost directly under
that of the second dorsal. The length of the spine (7 millimeters) is about two-thirds that
of the first ray. The anal lays increase in length posteriorly, the length of the ninth (14
millimeters) being one-half of the base of the second dorsal. The length of the pectoral
(34 millimeters) is less than the length of the head; the tin when extended reaches to the
vertical from the fourth ray of the second dorsal. The longest separate ray of the pectoral
•(28 millimeters) is as long as the base of the second dorsal. The shortest separate ray (20
millimeters) is one half the length of the head. Ventral when extended reaches to the
origin of the anal. The scales arc very small, about 9 rows between the origin of the sec-
ond dorsal and the lateral line, and about 32 rows between the lateral line and the vent.
About 60 tubes in the lateral line; nearly 100 oblique TOWS can be counted between the head
and the caudal fin.

19868— No. 2 30

466 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

D. XI, 11; A. I, 10; P. 12 + 3; V. i. 5.

Color, light brownish-yellow on the back, paler beneath; the fins, except the pectoral
and ventral, pale. The pectoral has five dark bauds, of which the third extends entirely
across the flu.

The type of the description is a single individual 137 millimeters long, taken by the
U.S. steamer Btakr, at station LXiv,off Barbados, at an uncertain depth, somewhere between
100 and 200 fathoms.

PRIONOTtS STEARNSII, JORDAN and Swain.
Prionotus Stearnsii, Jordan ami Swain, Proc. 1'. S. Nat. Mus., 1884 (vni. 541.

A Prionotus allied to Prionotus evolans, having head 2§ in length (3J including caudal);
depth. 4 (5); D. vm-12; A. 12. Scales, (transverse series), 77; pores in lateral line about
4$. Length, 3§ inches.

Body not very slender; narrowed but compressed above, the width of the nape between
the occipital spines being about one fifth the head. Head depressed and long, its upper
profile being a little concave before eye. thence slightly convex or almost straight to front
of dorsal. Snout 2J in head, not very broad, rather more than usually rounded anteriorly
anil scarcely emarginate at tip. Edges of snout without spine and without distinct seme,
the margin merely granular. Surfaces of bones of head comparatively smooth, but rough-
ened with small granules, which are arranged in radiating striae, much as in P. evolans, but
more regularly than in that species.

Mouth rather wide, the maxillary reaching to opposite front of the eye, the mandible
about to center of eye ; maxillary two in head. Bands of palatine teeth narrow.

K,\ e small, its diameter (in young specimen | 4§ in head. A very small cirrus formed of
two or three thickish filaments from a common base on upper part of eye; its length little
more than half the pupil. Interorbital area of moderate width, rather deeply concave, its
least width Oi in head. Orbital rim not at all elevated, its bones with entire or granulated
edges. No trace of spine or groove behind eye. < Occipital spines very weak, the outer pair
inconspicuous, not reaching nearly to front of dorsal, the inner pair altogether wanting, no
trace of them being seen. No spines, ridges, or evident roughness on temporal region.
Preopercle with a single small spine, without smaller one at its base. Lower opercular
spine small; upper opercular spine reduced to a blunt point. Humeral spine inconspicu-
ous, not extending beyond opercular spine. The head is thus much less completely armed
than in any other of our species of Prionotus, the only spinous projections present being
the occipital, humeral, opercular and preopercular spines, four pairs. These spines may
perhaps become more prominent with age. Membranaceous flap of opercle scaly.

Gill rakers long and very slender, about thirteen developed, the length of the longest
about half eye.

Scales rather large, those on the nape and breast little reduced in size; about 10
between dorsal and occiput.

Fins all low and small. First dorsal spine rather the highest, its length 2^ in head,
its anterior margin serrulate. Longest ray of soft dorsal, 2 in head. Caudal, 1£ in head.
Longest anal ray 2 in head. Pectorals very short (perhaps longer in the adult), reaching
only to front of second dorsal, 1^ in head. Detached rays slender, the uppermost 1| in
head. Yeutrals, 1±- in head.

Color, in spirits, brown, paler below; scales everywhere, with dark punctulations, these
formiug a darker shade on the lateral line near the middle of the body; the head plain
brown. Spinous dorsal dusky posteriorly. Soft dorsal with two dusky longitudinal shades.
Caudal blackish at tip. Anal witli a black stripe toward the margin. Pectorals black, the'
detached rays and ventral fins plain whitish.

The type of this species (No. 36943, U. S. N. M.), 3§ inches long, in good condition, was
taken from the stomach of a Bed Snapper. Lutjanus Blackfordii, at Pensacola.

The Blake secured a specimen at station ecu, on the Alacran Shoals, Yucatan, at a
depth of 35 fathoms.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 407

The Albatross obtained specimens from the following localities: Station 2405, in 28°
l.v N. lai., 85 02' W. Ion., at a depth of30 fathoms; station 2400, in 28 U' N. hit., 86° 07'
W. Ion., at a depth of L69 fathoms; and station 2388, in 29 24' 30" N. Iat., 88 01' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 35 fathoms.

PRIONOTUS AI, ATI's, GOODB and Bean. (Figure 382.)
Prionotua alattis, Goode and Ukan, Boll. Mas. Coinji. Zoiil., x, 1883, 210.

A Prionof/us with the body normal in form, rather robust; its greatest height « -< 1 1 1 : 1 1

to one -fourth its length without caudal, and nearly equal to one- fifth of the total length;
its greatest width one-fifth of its greatest length without caudal; the least height of tail
contained 12 times, or nearly so, in the standard body length, and ;J times in the height of
the body.

Scales small and much pectinate, there being in the lateral line about one hundred
vertical rows of scales, about 51) of which are tube bearing and specialized. The number
of rows, counting diagonally around the body from the origin of the anal, is L'l below
and 7 above the lateral line. The length of the head to the tip of the preopercular
spine is contained -i times iu the standard body length, and very little more than .'»
times in the total length. The width of the head is equal to its height. The upper limb of
the orbit encroaches upon the upper profile of the head, and the center of the pupil is equi-
distant from the tii> of the snout and the tip of the prolonged preopercular spine. The
length of the snout measured obliquely from the anterior margin of the orbit, is equal to
that of the postorbital portion of the head to the end of the opercular spine. At the lower
angle of the preoperculum is a robust spine, curving slightly upwards, the length of which
is equal to that of the first dorsal ray. This spine is serrated upon its outer edge, and has
a small spine at its base, which is also serrated. The tip of the spine extends to the per-
pendicular from the center of the interspace between the third and fourth dorsal spines;
while that of the humeral spine extends to the perpendicular from the interspace between
the fourth and fifth, and that of the opercular to the perpendicular from the center of the
base of the third. There is a strong scapular spine, which extends back to the posterior
edge of the second dorsal spine.

The leng th of the upper jaw is equal to one-third that of the head. The palatine teeth
are in short feeble bands, hardly perceptible even with a strong magnifying glass. Gill
rakers, (i iu number, besides several rudimentary ones, 5 being below the angle, and the
longest equal in length to one third the diameter of the eye.

The first dorsal fin is inserted above the tip of the upper opercular spine, and at a dis-
tance from the snout equal to twice the length of the fourth dorsal spine. The height of
the first dorsal spine, which is equal to that of the third, and slightly less than that of the
second, equals half the length of the head. Its anterior margin is strongly serrated, while
those of the second and thinl spines are less markedly so. The length of base of first dor-
sal equals the greatest height of body; the distance between its insertion and that of the
second dorsal fin is equal to the length of the longest and superior detached pectoral ray.
The second dorsal fin is inserted in the perpendicular over the interspace between the sec-
ond and third anal rays; the length of its longest ray equals twice the least height of tail,
and the length of its base equals the greatest length of the ventral rays. Its first ray is
conspicuously serrated on its anterior edge.

The insertion of the anal tin is in the perpendicular below the end of the first dorsal
fin: the length of its longest ray is equal to half that of the middle caudal rays.

The caudal is truncated, very slightly emarginate.

The pectoral is very peculiar in structure, its longest ray, the ninth, reaching to the
base of the caudal rays, and equal in length to four times that of the fourth dorsal spine.
The tenth ray is a little bit shorter, extending nearly to the end of the soft dorsal. The
eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth rays are graduated, decreasing in regular proportion, the
thirteenth being less than one fourth as long as the tenth. The eighth is about midway
between the tenth and eleventh; the first is slightly longer than the twelfth and those inter-

468 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

mediate between the first and the eighth are graduated in length, so as to form a rounded
outline for the anterior, or upper, portion of the fin. The pectoral appendages are slender,
the third being slightly greater in length than the thirteenth ray, being two-thirds as long
as the first, while the second is intermediate between the other two.

The ventral is inserted directly under the base of the pectoral appendages; its first
spine about equal in length to the preopercular spine from the base of the supplemental
spines: its longest, the third and fourth, exactly equal in length to the base of the second
dm sal.

Radial formula: D. X, 12; A. 11 ; C. 3—7+5—4; P. 13+3; V. l, 5.

L. lat. about 100. Tube-bearing scales, about 50.

Color, brownish above, with about four indistinct transverse band like blotches, one of
which is on the base of the caudal: whitish beneath. Vertical fins uniform, the tips of
the caudal rays blackish, with two indistinct cloud like bands in advance of the terminal
bands thus formed. A black blotch, with whitish interior margin on the membrane be-
tween the fourth and fifth dorsal spines; a very inconspicuous blackish spot on the mem-
brane between the fifth and sixth; others still less conspicuous on the succeeding inter-
spaces. The pectoral blotched and clouded with blackish brown and white.

A single specimen of this species of Priotwtus was obtained off Charleston, S. 0., in
the same haul with the pleuronectoid described above under the name Notosema dilecta.
This species belongs to the group referred by Jordan to the subgenus Ornivhthys of
Swainsou.

A single specimen of this species was secured by the Blake at station OOCXIII, in 32°
31' 50" N. lat., 78° 45' vy. Ion., at a depth of 75 fathoms.

Specimens were obtained by the Albatross from the following localities: Station 2403,
in 28° 42' 30" N. hit., 85° 29' W. Ion., at a depth of 88 fathoms; station 2404, in 28° 44' N.
hit. 85° 16' YV. Ion., at a depth of 00 fathoms; station 2313, in 32° 53' N. lat., 77° 53' W.
Ion., at a depth of 99 fathoms; and station 2417, in 33° 18' 30" N. lat,, 77° 07' W. Ion., at a
depth of 95 fathoms.

PEIONOTUS PALMIPES, (Mitchill), Stoker.

Trigla palmipes, Mitchill, Trans. Tit. and Phil. Soc, N. V., 1. 1815, 131.

Prionotus palmipes, Storer, Fishes of Mass. — Jordan & Gilbert, Hull, xvi, U. S. N.M., p. 735.

A Prionotus with head comparatively smooth above. Preopercular spine strong; opercle
scaleless; band of palatine teeth short and broad, shorter than eye. Pectorals short, not
reaching middle of second dorsal, 2L in length; pectoral appendages strong, more or less
dilated at their tips; ventrals long, reaching anal; gill rakers rather short, about 10 below
angle; maxillary 31 in head. Head, 3; depth, 5.

Eadiiil formula: D. x, 13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 58.

Color, brownish above, clouded with darker; throat and branchiostegals dark; a distinct
black blotch above on membrane between fourth and fifth dorsal spines, this ocellated
below; 2 longitudinal light streaks below dorsal blotch; second dorsal with oblique whitish
streaks.

This familiar species was obtained at station 2313 of the Albatross, N. lat. 32° 53', W.
Ion. 77° 53', at the depth of '.Ml fathoms.

PRIONOTUS BEANII, Goode, n. s. (Figure 383.)

A species of Prionotus having the greatest height of the body (29 millimeters) nearly
one-fourth of the standard length. Its greatest width (27 millimeters) is slightly less
than its height. The least height of the tail (8 millimeters) is nearly one-fifth of the
length of the head, and is equal to the short diameter of the eye, The head is moderately
lung, its length (3!) millimeters) being one-third of the standard length. The width of the
interorbital space on the bone ((! millimeters) is about one-third the length of the snout.
There is a furrow behind the eyes which is interrupted on the nape. The snout is produced
into two short obtuse serrated points flanked behind 011 each side by a short but stout com-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND TIII'III DISTRIBUTION. 469

pressed spine; behind this on the snout another short spine. A short spine on the cheek
bone. Anterior nostril in a tube which is produced posteriorly into ;i little flap; posterior
nostril in a large shorter tnbe. The preopercular spine, also, has a short spine ;it its base.
Preocular and supraocular spines present. A pair of postocalar spines on each side, one in
front of the other. A pair of blunt spines on the occipul and another pair on the nape.
Length of opercular spine, measured back to the edge of the preopercie, equals the length
of the postorbitaJ part of the head. Humeral spine well developed, its length nearly equal

to that of the preocular. The maxilla does not reach to the front of the eye, its length (11

millimeters) being equal to the postorbital part of the head. The inaudible reaches about to
the vertical from the front of the eye: its length (is millimeters) nearly one-half the length
of the head. Teeth in narrow villiform hands in the jaws and on the vomer and palate.
Bight developed gill rakers on the anterior arch. The longest about one-third as long as the
eye; live rudiments below and two above the developed rakers of the anterior arch; these
are mere tubercles scarcely raised above the general surface. The length of the eye (it milli-
meters) is one-half the length of the snout and nearly one-fourth the length of the head.
The snout (is millimeters) is equal to twice the length of the eye and equals the length of
the mandible. The distance of the dorsal from the tip of the snout (41' millimeters) is a little
greater than the length of the head. The length of the base of the spinous dorsal (26
millimeters) nearly three limes the length ot the eye. The first spine is serrated on its
anterior margin for the greater portion of its height; it is nearly as long as the second, its
length (Hi millimeters) is two tilths the length of the head; the third spine is the longest, its
length (20 millimeters) is one half the length of the head. The last two spines are very
small. The third spine, also, is serrated along its anterior margin for the greater portion of
its height. There is a very slight interspace between the t wo dorsals. The length of the
fast ray of the soft dorsal (16 millimeters) equals that of the second spine of the dorsal; the
length of the last ray (13 millimeters) equals one half of the length of the spinous dorsal
base, 'flic length of the middle caudal rays (27 millimeters) equals three times the length of
the eye. The caudal is .■-lightly emarginate. The origin of the anal is immediately under
the origin of the soft dorsal. The length of the anal base (.">2 millimeters) is one-half the
distance of the anal from the tip of the snout. The spine is only about two-thirds as long
as the first ray; its length (7 millimeters) is one-hall' tin' length of the maxilla. The length
of the longest anal ray (12 millimeters) is one-half the length of the spinous dorsal base.
The ventral extends to the origin of the anal; its length (33 millimeters) equal to the anal
base. The pectoral when extended reaches to the line connecting the tilth ray of the dorsal
with the sixth ray of the anal. This tin is emarginate behind; its longest ray is slightly
longer than the head and more than twice as long as the longest dorsal spine.

Radial formula: D. x, 12; A. i. 1<»; 1'. 13 + 3; V. r,5.

The type of the description is a specimen 112 millimeters long to base of caudal. Its
catalogue number is 39318, from station 2120, steamer A Ibatross, N. lat., 11° 07' W. Ion.,
62° 14' 30", from 7.; fathoms, off Trinidad.

Seven rows of scales between the lateral line and origin of the second dorsal: lit rows
between lateral line and origin of anal; ■">(> pores in the lateral line, and about 93 oblique rows
of scales can be counted. .Scales on the breast conspicuously smaller than the others.

Colors of the alcoholic specimen, light yellowish brown above, lighter below. The spi-
nous dorsal has a black blotch between the fourth and fifth spines, its length about two
thirds that of the eye. The membrane connecting the spines of the dorsal with faint
dusky shades in several places. Membrane connecting the last three or four rays of the
second dorsal slightly dusky. The pectoral with two broad dark areas, separated and

surrounded by lighter. The dark markings on the pectoral do not take the for f bands.

and have their greatest length nearly parallel with the axis of the fish.

470 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Family PERISTEDIID^E.

Peristediitue, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 731.
Penstediida, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. xi, 1888, 590.

Trigloids, closely allied to Triglidm, from which they are distinguished by having the
body mailed instead of scaly, by the absence of teeth, and the separation of the operculum
and suboperculum from the interoperculum; and the lesser number of pectoral append-
ages, which are two rather than three.

PERISTEDION. Lacepede.

Peristedion, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ill, 1802, p. 368.

Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which is armed with a
strong spine; head bony; each preorbital produced into a long flat process, which projects
more or less beyond the mouth; mouth small; teeth none; lower jaw included, provided
with barbels; gill membranes separate, narrowly joined to the isthmus anteriorly; gill
rakers slender. Dorsal tin continuous or divided. Pectoral fin short, with the two lower-
most ray's detached. Ventrals i. •"», separated by a broad flat area. Air bladder simple.
Pyloric caeca about 10. Warm seas. Color, generally red.

In addition to the Atlantic species named below the Challenger took P. molluccense,
Blkr., off the Ki Islands (station 19:2), 140 fathoms; P. Murrayi, Giinther, from the Sea of
Banda, 200 fathoms; and /'. liorhynchum, from the Admiralty Island, 152 fathoms.

PERISTEDION MINIATl'M. Co,, i.e. (Figures 385, 385 A, B.)

Peristedium miniatum, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., hi, 1880, 340, 180. — Goode and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zoiil., x, 1883, 212.— Jordan aud Gilbert, Bull., xvi, U. S. Nat, Mus., 732. — Gt ntiier, Challenger Keport,
xxii, 64.

The greatest width of the body (20) is equal to its greatest height (19..r>) being one- fifth
of its total length without caudal. The general armature of the body is much like that
described by Giinther under Peristethus brevirostre? The number of plates between the
yill openings and the base of the tail is from 27 to 29. There are 1 series of spiny plates
on each side, the spines of the abdominal series becoming very weak and obsolete towards
the tip of the tail.

The length of the head (40.15) is two-fifths of the total length without caudal. The
length of the preorbital processes (7) is contained about 3J times in the distance from their
extremities to the anterior margin of the orbit. The interorbital space is deeply concave;
its width (6.75) contained between t> and 7 times in the length of the head. Protuberance on
the forehead very slight. The length of the snout (22.5) is more than half that of the head
(in young less). The diameter of the eye (65) is contained between <> aud 7 times in the
length of the head. There is one pair of spines upon the upper surface of the snout behind
the base of the preorbital processes, and another larger pair upon the preorbital processes,
one upon each. The ridge of the preoperculum terminates in a depressed short, sharp-
pointed spine. The number of small tentacles upon either side of the lower jaw is about
10, the smallest nearest to the symphysis. The long tentacles at the angles of the mouth
are fringed, and extend to the base of the pectorals. In other respects Giinther's descrip-
tion of 1'. brevirostre is ample for this species.

Color, bright crimson.

Radial formula: D. vn, 18; A. 17; C. 16; P. 2 + 10; Y. 6. L. lat., 27 on one side, 28
on the other

Three other specimens had the following: D. VIII, 18; A. 17. 1). vn, 18; A. 18. D.
VII, IS; A. IS.

Total length of type (No. 2G023) 300 millimeters.

1 Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., n, I860, p. 218.

DISCISSION OF XI'KCIKS AND T1IF.IK DIsTKl lil I U <\.

471

Soung specimens of fchis species were seemed by i lie Blake from station cccxxvn, iu
:;i 00' 30" N. lat., 76 lo 30" W. l-.n., ai a depth of L78 fathoms; and from station cccxrv,
in 32° 24' N. lat., 78 ll' VV. Ion., at a depth of 1 12 fath s.

The Fish Eawlc obtained specimens as follows : No. 29055, I . S. N. M., from station
L046, in 38 33' N. lat., 73° \*! W. Ion., at a depth of 104 fathoms; No. 29058, I'. S. N. M.,
from station L047, in 38 31' N'.lat.. 73° 21' W. Ion-, at a depth of L56fathoms; No. 28789,
I. S. N. M., from station 940, in 39° 54' N. lat., 69° 51' 30" W. Ion., „t a depth of 93
fathoms; No. 26023, LT. S. N. M., from station 869, in 10 02' L8" N. lat., .0 _'.'.' 06" W. Ion.,
at a depth of L92 fathoms; No. 26030, from station 871, iu 40° 02' 54" N. .at.. 70 23' 40 W.
Ion., at ;i depth of 1 I~> fathoms.

The Albatross obtained specimens from station 2264, in 37° 07' 50" N. lat., 74- 34' I'll"
W. Ion., at a depth of KJ7 fathoms; station 2425, in 36° 20' 24 X. lat., 74° 4ti' 30" \V. Ion.,
at a depth of 119 fathoms; and station 2426, in 36° 01' 30" N. lat., 74° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a
depth of 93 fathoms.

TABLK OP MEASUREMENTS.

Current numbei of specimen .

1 1 1 1 1 \

■ji'..u-j:t

2 a

871 (young).

Extremi length

Lengt 1 1 to end >.t middle caudal rays

Bod;

t Ireatest height ;ti origin of dorsal

Greatest width under pec i orals

Beight at ventralB

Least height of tail

II. <

Greatest length

Distance from snout to nape

Greatest width

Width of interorhital area

Length of snoul

Length of operculum

Length of maxillary

Length of mandible

Distance from snout to orbit

Diameter of orbit, longitudinal

Width of mouth opening . -

End of frontal spine to symphysis of mamillaries

Length of barbels

Dorsal (spinous)

Distance from snout

Length of base

1 1 reatest height, second spine

I [eight at lirst spine

Beight at last spine

Width of apper surface of occipital plate

Length of upper surface of occipital plate

Width of upper surface of nuchal plate

Length of upper surface of nuchal plate

Anal:

Distance from snout

Length of base

Beight at firstspine.

Height at second Bpine

Height at third spine

Beight at last spine

( 'ainlal

Length of midde rays

Length of external rays

Pectoral

Distance fir snout

Length

Ventral:

Distance from b t

lhst :e from symphysis of mandibles

Length 1

Isthmus

1 lorsal

Milli-

meters.

300
272

Anal .

t feudal

Pectoral

Ventral

Number of plates in lateral line

From anterior edge of frontal plate to end of frontal spine .

lOOthsof
length.

Milli
meters.

lot)

19.00

20

19.50

2. 75

40.50
32, ::>
■J'.i

ti. 75
22 50
10
12

12.50
21

c. 50
12

7
29

38. 25
53. 50
10. 75

10

:i
7

4. 75
6. 50
5

53.50

30

3. 50
G. 50
8

4

9.50

33

IK. 25

31

37 25
17. 50
15 50
VII. 18
is
16
2+10
0
28
9 ic

lOOthsof

length.

19
15
18
3

39
36

30
12
18

7
14.50
13
19
10
13

6
10

40

53.50
to 75
10

6
12.50

8

0.25

3

51

40
3
7
8
4

34
14

30
40
20
15
VII, 18
I-

472 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PERISTEDION LONGISPATHA, Goode and Bean. (Figure 386.)
Perisledium longispatha, Goode and Bean, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zoiil., xn. No. 5, 166.

Body high anteriorly, its greatest height (39 millimeters) contained 4J times in total
length. The length of the head, without prolongations, is contained 2A times in the total
length ; with prolongations, 2 times. The crown of the head is flat, separated from the
nuchal plate by a deep furrow, which is convex forward. The interorbital space is deeply
concave, the supraorbital margins being swollen; its width (10 millimeters) equal to the
long diameter of the orbit. No protuberance on The forehead, which is much depressed, its
outline descending abruptly and rapidly in front of the eyes. A ridge, but no spine,
beneath the eye. The length of the snout (49 millimeters), including the preorbital exten-
sion, is more than half the length of the head; the preorbital extension equals about half
the length of the snout. The processes are flat, rounded anteriorly, and covered with
minute granulations; they diverge considerably, the distance of the tips apart (3G millime-
ters), being nearly twice that at their bases (19 millimeters). A ridge arises at the base of
the preorbital process and extends to the angle of the preoperculum, and its width at the
angle (8 millimeters) is contained twice in the diameter of the orbit. A narrow inconspicu-
ous and interrupted ridge below. A ridge on the operculum, ending in a sharp spine at
the angle; its length is equal to the diameter of the eye.

The jaws arc feeble, toothless; the lower jaw with 2 long, much fringed barbels and
14 shorter ones. The length of the long barbels (32 millimeters), twice the diameter of the
eye.

The maxilla does not quite reach the vertical through the anterior margin of the eye.
The diameter of the eye (16 millimeters) is contained 4 times in the length of the head
without its prolongations. The greatest width of the head over the preopercnlar ridge (01
millimeters) is contained three times in the total length.

The dorsal origin is directly in a Line with the upper angle of the gill opening. The
longest spine (18 millimeters), slightly longer than the width of interorbital space. The
fin has 8+19 raj s.

The anal origin is under that of tin' second dorsal. The flu has 19 rays. Caudal
small, slightly emarginate; the length of its middle rays (2.3 millimeters) equals H times"
the diameter of the eye.

Ventrals slightly in advance of the pectorals and extending farther back, reaching
slightly beyond vent and to vertical through seventh row of scales.

Pectoral short, extending to vertical from fifth scale of the lateral line, the longest
detached ray to the sixth. Twenty-nine rows of scales.

Color in life, bright roseate; a black blotch uear the tip of the pectoral. Dorsal with
narrow dark margin; tip of caudal black.

The elongation of the preorbital extension is noticeable in the smallest examples.

This form was taken by the Blake, at stations lviii, off Havana, 242 fathoms (type);
Lxn, off Barbados 209 fathoms; i.xm, off Barbados, 209 fathoms; and by the A Ibatross,
at stations in the Gulf of Mexico as follows: 2397,280 fathoms; 2370, 324 fathoms; 2358, 222
fathoms.

PERISTEDION IMBERBE, Poet.

Penstedion imberle, Poet, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, n, 1866,158; 1868, 462; Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 367, 389.
Peristedion micronemrts, Poet, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York. i\. 321.
Peristethus micronema, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887, 65.

Body somewhat slender, its greatest height contained 44 times in the distance between
the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal. Length of head, without prolongations,
contained 2.1 times in total length; with prolongations, twice. Crown of the head Hat;
interorbital space concave, with a depressed groove in its middle, branching posteriorly
along the base of the supraorbital crests; its width somewhat greater than the horizontal
diameter of the orbit. No protuberances on the forehead or on the snout above, and no
ridges or spines beneath the eye. The length of the snout, including the preorbital exten-

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 473

sion, is equal to the length of the head; the preorbital extension about two-fifths of the
length of the snout. The preorbital processes are flat, unarmed, and somewhal divergent :
a ridge arises at the base of the preorbital process and extends to the angle of the preoper
< - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . where it terminates in a blunt spine; a low ridge on the operculum, ending in a
rather inconspicuous spine; another above, and close t" it, pointing npward. The length
of the opercular ridge of spines is nearly equal to the horizontal diameter of the eye.

Jaws feeble and apparentlj toothless; barbels on the lower jaw so inconspicuous at
present as to be scarcely visible.

The maxillary extends almost to the vertical through the anterior margin of the eye;
the diameter of the eye is contained 1 times in the length of the bead without its pro
Ionizations.

The dorsal origin is over the tip of the opercular spine; the origin of the anal apparently
behind that of t lie second dorsal; ventrals slightly in advance of the pectorals, and not so
tar back, though their tips reach somewhat beyond the vent; pectorals rather long; about
t\\ eiity five row s of scales.

The type, about 2 inches in length, is in the Museum of Comparative Zoologj at
Cambridge, and has been studied in the preparation of this description, but the example
being unique and very small, we have nol ventured to examine it so closely as would have
been practicable with mine material. It is, however, apparently a well marked species.
resembling in a general way /'. longispatha. It was obtained by Poey from the stomach
of Polymixia noMlis, taken near Cuba in deep water.

PERISTEDION GRACILE, Goode ami Bean, n. 8. (Figure 387).

Body very slender; its greatest height (18 millimeters) is nearly one-sixth of its length.
The length of the head to the tip of the prolongated rostral spine is 48 millimeters; without
the prolongations its Iengthis36 millimeters or twice the greatest heightof the body. The
interorbital space is deeply concave. Theinterorbital width (10 millimeters) equals one half
the length ofthe snout including the rostral spine. The forehead descends gently towards
the snout and the supraorbital crests are very little elevated. The rostral spine on each
side is continued backward by a slight bony ridge ending in a blunt spine at the angle of
the preoperculum. The opercular spine is small, the length of the operculum with the
spine being about equal to the length of the eye. The length ofthe snout with preorbital
extension (29 mil li meters) is a little more than one-fourth of the standard length ; the length
of the spine alone (13 millimeters) is nearly equal to the length of the mandible. The jaws
are feeble and toothless. The length ofthe maxilla (12 millimeters) is one fourth the length
ofthe head. The length of the mandible (15 millimeters) is one-half the length of the
SnOUl with the preorbital extension. The mandible has two groups Of barbels, one on each

side of its lower edge. The length of the longest barbel (0 millimeters) equals that of the
eye. The barbels are subdivided into several fringes; the number of barbels on each side
ofthe mandible may be divided up into 8 or 9 clusters. The mandible extends to the ver-
tical through the front ofthe eye. Twenty- six gill-raker s on the first arch, the longest one
half as Ion-' as the eye. The longitudinal diameter of the eye (9 millimeters) is nearly
equal to the width ofthe interorbital space. Greatest width of the head over the prcorbi
tal ridge (15 millimeters) is one half the length of the snout including the preorbital ex ten
sion. The spinous dorsal originates directly above the end of the opercular flap; the first
spine is slightly the longest, its length (15 millimeters) equals the length ofthe snout and
its projecting spine; it also equals the short diameter of the eye. The longest ray of the
second dorsal | 1 1 millimeters) is nearly one-fourth the length of t he head. The least height
of the tail (3 in il I i met ets) is one third the length of the eye. The anal origin is under the
second ray of the soft dorsal ; the fin extends as far back as the dorsal, the length of its
base (II millimeters) being I times the width of the interorbital area, the lays
about as long as those of the second dorsal. The length of the middle caudal rays (12

millimeters) is four-thirds the length of the eye, the tin being emarginate. The ventral
base is under the pectoral base, the fin reaching to the vent, its length (18 millimeters) twice

474 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

that nt the eye. The pectoral is short, reaching to below the eighth scute of the lateral
line; the longest detached ray reaches to below the ninth scute of the lateral line; its length
(24 millimeters) equals one-halt the length of the head. Thirty scutes in the lateral line.

Radial formula: B. 7-8; D. vm, 20; A. i, 18; P. 11 + 2; V. I, 5.

Color (of alcoholic specimen) very light yellow, a broad pearly band along the sides,
back stippled with light brownish; pectorals with dark mottlings.

The type of t lie species is a specimen 5 inches long, taken at station 2401, steamer
Albatross, K lat. 28° 38' 30," W. Ion. 85° 52' 30", from 142 fathoms. This locality is in
the Gulf of Mexico.

PEKISTEDION PLATYCEPHALUM, Goode and Bean. (Figure 388, A, B.)

Peristedium platyeephalum, Goode and Bean, Bull. Mas. ('oni}>. Zoiil., xn, No. 5. p. 167.

A Peristedion with body much depressed, its greatest, height (23 millimeters), 6J in
body length, 6^ in total.

Length of head without prolongations (47 millimeters), twice the height of body, 3J
in its length; with prolongations, 2£ in body length. Interorbital spacedeeply concave, the
supraorbital margin being swollen, its width (14 millimeters) equal to the long diameter of
the eye. No protuberance ou the forehead, which is much depressed, its outline descend-
ing abruptly and rapidly in front of the eyes. A ridge below the eye, not armed; a small
vertical spine behind each nostril. Stout spines upon operculum and several upon the
vertex. The length of snout with its extensions (29 millimeters) is half the length of the
head, its processes (10 millimeters) about 3 in its own length. The processes are Hat,
triangular, diverging slightly, the distance apart of their tips 2-2 A that at their bases. A
ridge extends backwards from the base of each process along the low er edge of the preo-
perculum, ending behind in a sharp, Hat spine; the greatest width of the expanded portion,
on the preoperculum, only one fourth as wide as the eye. Beneath this is another less con
spicuous ridge with minutely serrated edge, which is double in front and single behind, the
two portions separated by a slight notch.

•laws normal, the two tentacles much fringed, their length (hi millimeters) not much
exceeding the diameter of the eye; between them, and placed about equidistant from each
other, are two bunches of short tentacles, about 4 in each. ( 'Inn with numerous short ten-
tacles, some of them as long as the eye, arranged tor the most part in hunches of 4. The
maxilla does not reach to the anterior margin of orbit. Diameter of eye (13 millimeters)
nearly 4 in greatest length of head, and exactly half total length of snout. Greatest width
of head, over the preopercular ridges (43 millime ters), nearly equal to its own length with-
out the processes.

Dorsal origin over the upper angle of gill opening. The length of the longest spine
(18 millimeters) is equal to that of postorbital portion of head.

Anal origin slightly behind origin of second dorsal and vertical through seventh lateral
scute.

Caudal small, slightly emarginate, with tips slightly produced, the length of the mid-
dle rays (18 millimeters) equal to that of the dorsal.

Ventral origin in advance of the axil of the pectorals; the tin extends slightly beyond
the vent, but not quite to the origin of the anal; its length (35 millimeters) about twice
the length of the dorsal.

Pectoral rather long, extending to the ninth scute of the lateral line and past the
vertical through the origin of the anal.

Radial formula: D. vm,17; A. 1,17; V. t, 5; L. lat, 29.

Color, red; body and fins mottled and blotched with darker.

Types from Blake, stations LX, off Barbados, 123 fathoms; lix, off Barbados, 288
fathoms.

nisi TSSION iM' Ml. ll~ AND THEIE DISTRIBUTION. l~i 5

PERISTEDION TRUNCATUM, Gl vim r.

Ptriatelhus truncatum, GUnther, Challenger Report i, Pari 6, 1880, 7. pi. n, fig. A.

Tlie length of the preorbital processes is contained twice ami three fourths in the dis
tance between their extremities and the anterior margin of the orbit, [uterorbital space
deeplj concave, with a depressed smooth groove along the middle; a minute spine od the
base hi' each preorbital process, but no other mi the upper surface of tin' snout : lower jaw
with enormous barbels, the longest being fringed. The preopercular ridge does uol extend
beyond the hind margin of tin1 bone, and is not produced into a spine; also the opercular
ridge terminates in a short ami truncated projection. Bach scute of the bodj with a

I ked spine. Each of the bonj plates between the ventral fins is nut quite twice as long

as broad. Rose-colored, with small, irregular brownish spots on tin- upper parts.

Radial tin inula: I), vii, 19; A. 20; L. lat. 32.

The type of this species, a specimen i>A inches long, was taken bj the Challenger at
station L22, off the coast of Pernambuco, in 30 or 350 tat I nuns or in some intermediate depth.

Dr. Giinther, though, unwilling to commit himself as to tin1 bathybial habitat of anj of
tin' forms collected by tin- Challenger at station 122, preferring to include them all in his
report upon t he shore-fishes, has nevertheless described one of the fishes there taken, under
the very significant name of Bathyanthias.

Suborder T^ENIOSOMI.

Toeniosomi, Gill, American Naturalist, \\i, 1887, 86; xjs.iv, 1890, 481.

Teleocephals with the scapular arch subnormal, post-temporal undivided ami closely

applied to the back of the cranium, between the epiotic ami pterotic, or upon the parietal ;
hypercoracoid perforate at or near the margin; cranium with the epiotics enlarged, en-
croaching backward and juxtaposed behind, intervening between the exoccipitals and
supraoccipatal; prootic and the opisthotic represented chiefly by the enlarged prootic;
suborbital chain imperfect; the scapular bones separated by intervening cartilaginous ele-
ments; the hypopharyngeals styliforra and parallel with the branchial arches; epipharyn-
geal in full number (4 pairs), and mostly compressed: the dorsal tin composed of inarticu
late rays or spims. separable into lateral halves, and the ventral s (when present) sub-
brachial.

A myodome may be present or absent, none being developed in the Regalecidae, but
one being distinct and supplemented by a die host in the Trachypteriibe. | Gill.)

••The ribbon fishes." says Giinther, " are true deep sea fishes, met with in all parts of
the oceans, generally found when floating dead on the surface, or thrown ashore by the
waves. Their bodj is like a band, specimens of from 15 to 20 feet long being from L0 to
12 inches deep and about an inch or fwo broad at their thickest part. The esc is large
and lateral; the mouth small, armed with very feeble teeth; the head deep and short. A
high dorsal tin runs along the whole length of the back, and is supported In extremely
numerous rays; its foremost portion, on the head, is detached from the rest of the tin, ami
composed of \ erj elongate flexible spines. The anal tin is absent. The caudal fin (if pre
Served, which is rarely the case, in adult specimens) has an extra axial position, being
directed upwards like a fan. The ventrals are thoracic, either composed of several rays or
reduced to a Bingle long filament. The coloration is generally silvery, w ith rosy tins.

■•When these lishes reach the surface of the water the expansion of the gases within
their bodies has so loosened all the parts of their muscular and bon\ system that they can
be lilted out of the water with dillicully only, and nearly always portions of the body and
tins are broken ami lost. The bones contain very little bony matter, are verj porous, thin,
and buhl. At what depth ribbon lishes live is not known: probably the depths vary for
different species; but although none have been yet obtained by means of the deep-sea
dredge, thej must be abundant at the bottom of all oceans, as dead lishes or fragments of
them an- frequently obtained. Some writers have supposed from the greal length and
narrow shape of these lishes that they have been mistaken for 'sea serpents,' but as these

476 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

monsters of the sea are always represented by those who have had the good fortune of
meeting with them as remarkably active, it is not likely that harmless ribbon fishes, which
are either dying or dead, have been the objects described as 'sea serpents.'"

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

I. Ventrals well developed 01 absent Trachyptkrip.e

II. Ventrals reduced to a Bingle Ion;; filament Reualkcii'L

Family TRACH YPTERID^E.

Trachypteruke, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., 1839,47. — Gill, American Naturalist, xxiv. 1890. 182.

Ta^niosomes with the body moderately elongated and very compressed, the head short,
the opercular apparatus abbreviated (the operculum extended downwards, the suboper-
culum below it, and the interoperculum contracted backwards and bounded behind by the
operculum ami suboperculum), ventrals pauciradiate in young, atrophied or lost in adult,
the cranium with a myodome ami dichost, the supraoecipital continued behind into a promi-
nence, the epiotics confined to the sides and hack of the cranium, and without ribs.

The ribbon-fishes are well known in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and
have even been found as far west as Madeira. Traehypterus has never been found in the
Western Atlantic. Some few representatives have been found on the west coast of South
America, and one or two examples have been taken in New Zealand. They are generally
admitted to be true deep-sea tishes. which live at very great depths, and are only found
when floating dead on the surface or washed ashore b\ the waves. Almost nothing is known
of their habits except through Nilsson's observations in the far north. This naturalist, as
well as Olafsen, appears to have had the opportunity of observing them in life. They say
that they approach the shore at flood tide on sandy shelving bottoms, and are often left by
the retreating waves. Nilsson's opinion is that their habits resemble those of the "flat-
lishes." and that they move with one side turned obliquely upward, the other toward the
ground: and he says that they have been seen on the bottom in 2 <>r .". fathoms of water,
where the fishermen hook them up with the implements employed to raise dead seals, and
that they are slow swimmers. This is not necessarily the ease, however, for the removal
of pressure and the rough treatment .by which they were probably washed upon the shore
would be demoralizing, to say the least. Trichiurus lepturus,a tish very similar in form.
is a very strong, swift swimmer.

Whether or not the habits of Traehypterus arcticus, on which these observations were
made, are a safe guide in regard to the other forms is a matter of some doubt, hut it is
certain that they live far from the surface, except near the Arctic Circle, and that they
only come ashore accidentally. They have never been taken by the deep sea dredge or
trawl net, and indeed perfect specimens are very rare, the bodies being very soft and brit-
tle, the bones and tin rays exceedingly fragile.

A considerable number of species have been described, but these are. in most instances,
based upon one or two specimens. It is probable that future studies may lie as fruitful as
that of Emery, who. by means of a series of 23 specimens, succeeded in uniting at least
three of the Mediterranean species, which for half a century or mote had been regarded as
distinct. As has been remarked, not a single individual of Traehypterus has ever been
found in the Western Atlantic, although the common species of the Eastern Atlantic, T.
atlanticus, is not unusually taken, one or more specimens, according to Giinther, being
secured along the coast of Northern Europe after almost every severe gale. We have
deemed it desirable to include in this paper partial diagnoses and references to the litera-
ture concerning each of the species at present recognized in the Atlantic Basin, in order
that American naturalists may have at hand a convenient means of identifying material
which is almost certain, sooner or later, to fall into their hands.

We desire to quote the recommendation of Dr. Giinther, and to strongly urge upon
anyone who may be so fortunate as to secure one of these fishes that no attempt should

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 477

be made to keep it entire, but that it should be cut into short lengths and preserved in the
strongest spirits, each piece wrapped separatelj in muslin.

Gunther (Challenger Report, wit. 72) gives a very satisfactory summary of the present
state of knowledge in regard to the variations of Trachypterus at different periods of

grow th.

TRACHYPTERUS, Gouan.

Trachypterus, Gouan, Hist. Poiss., 104, 153. — CuvnsH, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1S20. n, 215. — Cdvieb and Valen-
ciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., \. 313. — Ccnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 300; Challenger Report, xxu, 72.
Bogmarw, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 518.

Trachypterids having the body elongate, compressed, riband-shaped, the dorsal fin
extending the entire length of the hack. Anal absent; each ventral well developed, if pres-
ent, but sometimes absent. Caudal present and placed for the most part above the longi-
tudinal axis of the body. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages numerous.

'I'lie ventrals appear to be absent in some individuals, but Day calls attention to the
tact that most of the specimens of T. arcticus taken along the coast of Great Britain have
had no ventrals. In the very young, as has been shown by Emery, the tin rays commence
to grow when it is about <» millimeters long, and continue to lengthen until it is about 24
millimeters long, after which a partial shortening takes place. The ventrals are very elon-
gate in the young, and the caudal rays much longer than in the grown fish.

Young individuals (from li to 4 inches) are not rarely met with near the surface; they
possess the most extraordinary development of fin rays observed in the whole class of
lishes. some of them being several times larger than the body, and provided with lappet-
like dilatations. There is no doubt that fishes witli such delicate appendages are bred and
live in depths where the water is absolutely quiet, as a sojourn in the disturbed water of
the surface would deprive them at once of organs which must be of some utility for their
preservation.

PROVISIONAL KEY TO THE ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN SPECIES.

(Adapted from Morean.)

I. Lower line of body straight.

A. Dorsal raj s 160.

1. Dorsal raj s smooth.

a. Height of bod j 5J in length T. arcticus

6. Height of body si m length T. Ri ppelii

i. Height of body !t-10 in length T. liopterus

2. Dorsal raj s rough.

a. Lateral line spinous.

Eeight of body 1-10 in lengih T. iris

b. Lateral line smooth.

" Height of body 5A in length T. GRYPHURUS

II. Lower linn of body irregular, sinuous.
A. Dorsal rays less than 130.

1. Lateral line spiny T. CRISTATD8

III. Anterior dorsal and ventral rays much prolonged T. REPANDU8

TRACHYPTERUS IRIS, (Walb.), Cuv. and Val. (Figure 391.)

i'nl.r Venetorum, Belqn.

Cepola traehyptera, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1788, 1187.

Cepnlii iris, Waxjsaum, Artedi, III, (517.

Trachypterus iris, Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. cit., x, 341, pi. ccxevn. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas.,
in. 303. — Moreatj, I list. Nat. Poiss., France. n,560. — Gii.lioli, Elenco, 32.

Trachypterus Uznia, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 480.— Costa, Fauna Napolitana, pi. IX. — Bona-
parte, Catalogo Metodico, No. 711. — Gunther, loc. cit.— Canes ikini, Fauna Italics, Pesci., 113.— Gl-
olioi.i, Elenco, loc. cit.

Gymnetrus cepedianus, kiss,,, ichth. Nice, 1810, 1 16, pi. v. Fig. 17.— Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., m, 1826, 235.

Epidesmus maculatus, RaNZANI, Oposc. Sci. d'ltalia, u, 133.

478 DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Regalecus maculaius, NARno, Giorn. di Fisiea (sec. n), vn, 116, pi. i, tig. 1.

" Traehypterus Vosta; COCCO."

Traehypterus Spitiolce, Cuvier and Valenciennes, loo. cit., 328, pi. ccxcvi. — Bonaparte, Catalogo, No.

712. — (li'.\ niEP., Cat. Fisb. Brit. Mus., m, 300. — Canestrini, "/'• <''•> 1;)3.
Traehypterus /<Uj; Ouvier and Valenciennes, up. cit., x, 333.— Costa, Fauna Napolitana, Pesci, pi. ix, his.

A Traehypterus having the lower line of the body straight; dorsal rays 1.17-1 70, these
rays being rough; the lateral line spinous; and the height of the body contained from 4 to
10 times in the total length of the fish (excluding the caudal).

Radial formula: D. 4-8+120-170; P. 10.

Color, silvery white, with a few round, black spots or blotches.

Three species, for a long time considered distinct by European ichthyologists, and
recognized by them under the names of T. spinolce, T. taenia and T. iris, have been shown
by Emery to be identical, being successive stages of one and the same species. In a very
important paper published by him in the "Acts" of the Academy of Lincei, Rome (in,
1870, 390-395, tigs. 1-0), and in the "Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel"
(1879, 1581) he has given full particulars of his examinations of 23 specimens.

This species is known only from the Mediterranean. The largest individuals under the
name of Traehypterus iris have been recorded from Nice, Banyul, Sicily, Corsica, Leghorn,
and Elba. The specimen discussed by Moreau was 1.5 meters in length. A smaller size,
described as T. spinolw, has been identified from Nice, Cctte, Elba, Naples, and Sicily. The
specimen obtained by Moreau from Cette was 0.95 meter long. A smaller form, as identi-
fied by Moreau under the name of T. fake (T. tania), has been obtained from Nice, (Jette,
Messina, and Algiers. Moreau's specimen was 0.52 meter in length.

Among the common names are Pesee bannera (Naples), Flamba (Cette), Squaglia sole
(Naples). Rondeletius and Gesner called it Falx Venetorum — the Venetian blade.

TRACHYPTERUS GRYPHURUS, Lowe.
Traehypterus grypkurut, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, 248. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 301.

Intermediate between T. taenia and T. iris, approaching perhaps nearest to the latter,
but differing in its deeper shape, its depth being two-elevenths of the total length, and in the
more backward position of the third dark side spot. The ventral tins arc short, only equal-
in:' one-twelfth of the body without the caudal tin, and the first four produced rays of the
first dorsal are equal in length to the ventral tins. The lateral line ends as in Cuvier and
Valenciennes's figure (t. 297) of T. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serrulate,
and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral Hue. is finely shagreened or granu-
late, the granulations becoming stronger toward the ventral line, as in the same figure. In
shape and proportions it agrees better with T. taenia, but differs in several important par-
ticulars from Cuvier and Valenciennes's description of that fish. The only individual exam-
ined occurred in June, 1845, and has been added by me to the collection of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society. It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most,
perfect state of preservation. Another Traehypterus had occurred in June, 1S44, and was
probably the same species; but the example was unfortunately thrown away by the person
to whom it had been missent without my seeing it. It was said to have been about 3
feet long. The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted, from the tine
granulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate scarlet or vermilion, the lower
point or angle of the caudal being tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged, with
black. On the sides are •'! blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was 25 inches
long exclusive of the caudal fin, wdiich resembles a bat's or griffon's wing, and is erected in
a fanlike manner, the lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only
indicated by the presence of 5 short spinules or abortive rays. (Lowe.)

This species is known from a single specimen obtained by Lowe at Madeira in 1849, and
is distinguished from T. traehypterus chiefly by the fact that its lateral line is smooth, as well
as by minor characteristics.

DISCISSION OF SPF.ciKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 479

TRACHYPTERUS ARCTICUS, (BRUNNICH), NlLSSON. (Figure 392.)

Gymnogaster arcHcua, BrI hnich, Nye Sammlung Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., in, |>. 108, pi. B, Sgs. 1-::.

Gymnetrus arctious, Jenyns, British Animals.

Trackypterus arcticus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, Fisk., 162.— Duguid, Proc. Zool, Soc, 1851, 116, -G1 nthi r,

Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iir, 305. — Coixbtt, Norges Fiske, 7S; Vid. Selsk. Forh., Christiania, 1879, 1, 59. —

Day, Fishes Great Britain and Ireland, i, 216, pi. ran.
Bogmarus islandicus, Schneider, Bloch, Systema [chthyologias, 1801, 518, pi. ci.
Trachypterus bogmarus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x.,M6,etal.
Traychypterus vogmarus, Reinhardt, Vid. Selsk. skr., vn, D. 65, ei al.

A Trachypterm having tin' dorsal rays smooth, and the heighl of the body contained
."> times, or a little more, in its Length.

An elaborate description taken from specimens studied at Norwich, Newcastle, and
.Montrose, will be found in Day's Fishes of Great Britain. This species occurs from Ice
land to the Orkneys and the, shores of the British isles. The largesl British example is 7f
feel long, bul Day is of the opinion that it grows to a much larger size.

It would seem probable that studies similar to that made by Emery upon the Italian
forms will result in uniting with this species also T. Buppellii and T. Uopterus.

TRACHYPTERUS RUPPELLII, Gunther.

Trachypterm BiippeUii, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, :;i>7.

A Trackypterus having height of body contained about 8 times in its total length;
smooth dorsal rays and spinous lateral line.

Radial formula: D. 6/135; A. none; 0.8; P. 10.

Color, silvery, a very distinct black spot at the commencement of the second fifth of
the total length; another, sometimes present, farther hack on the body.

This species was described by Gunther from a specimen 51 inches in length obtained
somewhere in the Mediterranean, and now preserved in the British Museum.

TKACHYPTERFS LIOPTERUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

.» Hog in nr us Aristotelis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mend., in. 1829, 297.

Vrachypterm Uopterus, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 312. — Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
France, n, 562. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 307.

A Traclii/ptcrns having the height of the body contained from !> to 1(1 times in its total
length. Smooth dorsal rays. Spiny lateral line.

Radial formula: D. 6-7 + 169-171; C. 8-6; P. 12; A. none; V. i, 7.

Color, silvery white, with a blackish spot in the first fifth of its length, and sometimes,
according to Valenciennes and Giinther, a second spot behind it.

This species, according to Giinther, closely resembles T. trackypterus, but in the so Ih

oess of the dorsal rays is more nearly related to T. arcticus.

Specimens have been obtained at Nice, Naples, Toulon, Genoa, and .Messina. In the
opinion of Giglioli it is very distinct from the other Mediterranean forms.

TRACHYPTERUS CRISTATUS, Bonelli.

Trachypterus cristatus, Bonelli, Mem. Accad. Sei. Turin, xxiv, 1819, 187, pi. ix. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus.. hi, 301.— Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, u, 567.
Trachypterm Bonellii, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. l'oiss., x, 331.

A Tritclii/jitmis characterized by having the lower profile of the trunk much more
prominent than that of the tail, which is narrow and slender, and by an unusualh small
number of rays in the dorsal fin. It has a spiny lateral line.

Color, silvery, with the fins red, and usually two blackish spots on the dorsal crest and
five others upon the posterior half of the dorsal.

The type specimen in the museum at Genoa has, according to Giinther, much the ap-
pearance of a deformed fish. Giinther calls attention to the fact that Risso described a

480 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

similarly grotesquely shaped fish under the name of Gfymnetrus Miilh linniis (Wiegmann's
Archiv, 1840, 13), and Moreau, in his Fishes of Fiance (p. 567), devotes three pages to an
argument for the specific distinctness of T. cristatus.

TRACHYPTERUS REPANDUS, (Metaxa), Costa.

" Gymnetrus repandus, Metaxa."

Trachypterus repandus, Costa, Fauna. Napolitana, Pi iscr, pi. ix.

A Trachypterus with the greatest height of the body contained about 3i times in its
total length (without caudal). The belly is sharp and rough, the caudal peduncle very
slender. The anterior dorsal is composed of 8 rays, the length of which is more than li
times the distance between the tip of the snout and the margin of the caudal; these rays
have here and there upon them membranous expansions. The ventrals are about as long
as the fish, and the first ray at its extremity becomes divided into -1 membranous filaments.

Radial formula: D. S+152; A. none; 1". 10; V. 7; 0. Id.

( !olor: The entire body is silvery, with numerous bluish-black dots, which, being placed
more closely together in the region of the back, form interrupted transverse hands; these
in the caudal region completely surround the body. There are certain reddish spots which
mingle with the blue ones, giving a rosy tint to the spots upon the back. The tins are
rosj ; only the membranous expansions of the anterior dorsal are black. The caudal is of
the same color, except tin- upper and lower margins, which are somewhat clouded.

This form has been taken at (Jivita Vecchia and Naples, and has been seen also in the
Adriatic A figure of it is given in Gunther's article "Ichthyology" in the Cyclopaedia
Britannica, and also in the Study of Fishes (p. ~>'2\). It is undoubtedly a young of some,
other form, but possibly not of T. trachypterus, since the small form described by Costa
under the name T.filicauda has been identified by Emery with that species. T. filicauda
has a very long filament at the tip of the next to the last caudal ray, counting from above.
Its dorsal erest is very long, but lacks the membranous expansion noted in T. repandus.
The ventrals are also very long.

Family REGALEClDvE.

I Ginnetridi, Raflnesque, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810, 31.

Gymnetridce, SwainSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 1839, n, 47,49.

Eegalecidce, Gill, Standard Nat. Hist,, in is:;:,; American Naturalist, \\i, 1887, 86; wiv, 1890, 482.

TVcniosoiues with the body very elongated anil compressed, the head oblong, the
opercular apparatus well developed (the operculum extended backwards, the suboperculum
obliquely behind it, and the interoperculum extended upwards below the two), the preor-
bital chain oblique and widest at the second bone, ventrals represented by single elongate
rays, the cranium with the myodome atrophied and the dichost suppressed, the supraoc-
cipital pushed forward by the extensive development of the epiotics which encroach for-
wards on the roof as well as back and sides of the cranium, and with short ribs. (Gill.)

REGALECUS, BrLinnich.

Begaleeus, Brunnich, Nya Sammlung, in, 1788, 11 l.-C< ntuer, Cat, Fish. Brit, Mas., m, 307; Challenger

Report, xxn, 73.
Gymnetrus, Schneider, Bloch Syst. Ichth., 1801, 4*7. — Ccvtjer and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, x, 352.

Body very elongate, compressed. Head oblong. Teeth absent. Ventrals each a pro-
longed filament, sometimes with a dilated tip. Caudal rudimentary (not so in h'. Russelii,
from Asia). No air bladder. Pyloric appendages in considerable numbers.

REGALECUS GLESNE, ASCANIUS. (Figure 395.)

Spada marina, Imperato.

Ophidium glesne, AscANius,Nya Saraml. Vid. Selsk. Skr. in, 419.

liegalecus glesne, Ascanius, Bones Rerum Natuialiuin. 1806, pi. xi. — Lacepede, up. <it., n, 214. — Gray, Proc.

Zool. Sue, 1849, 81.— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., in, 310.
Gymnetrus glesne, Cuvier and Valenciennes, op, cit., x, 306.

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 1*1

Regalecus remipes, BrI nnii u. loc. cit., 1788, ill. pi. B, figs. 1-5.

Gymnetrus remipes, Si rneider, Zoe. eif., 182, pi. 88.

Gymnetras Grillii, Lindroph, K. Vet. Ak. Hand., iths, 291, pi. viii. — Si bni roi r, ,•/■■ ett., 182.

Regalecus diillii, <;i ntuer, «/>. cii., 311.

Cepola gladius, Wax i-.ai m. Artedi, in, (117.

Gymnetrus gladius, Ci \ (BR and Vaienciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., \. 325, pi. i cxcvm,

Regalei us gladius, GOnther, Cat. Pish. Brit. M ui, 308. -Canestrini, Fauna [talica Pesci, 195. Moreai

loo. cit., .v.:..— Giglioi i. Eleuco, 32.
Gymnetrus Hawkenii, Bloch, [chth., \n. IT'.il'. 88, 125.— Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m. 380.— Shaw, Zool.i

iv, 197.
Gymnetrus Sawkinsii, Schneider, Bloch Syst. [chth., 1801, l!'7.
Gymnt Irns Aseanii, Shaw, Zool., IV, 1!'7.
Gymnetrus longeradiatus, Risso, Hist. Nat., in, 1826, 296.
Gymnetrus telum, Ci vier and Valenciennes, op. eit., s, 361, pi. ccxcix.
Regalecus telum, Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fiance, 557. — Giglioli, loo. rii.
Regalecus Banksii, Cuvier and Valenciennes, "/>. eit., x, 365. — Day, Fishes Great Britain and Ireland, i,

220, pi. lxiv.
Gymnetrus Banksii, Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, 117.
Gymnetrus capensis, Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. eit., x, 376. — Gi nthj r, /■>..<■;/. — Layard, Proc. Zool.

Soc, 1868, 319 (figure).

Body very elongate, its height from one-twelfth to one twenty-fourth of its length.
Length of the head contained from 1<> to 20 times in the length of the body. Snout
short, truncated; cleft of mouth vertical, the upper jaw very protractile. .laws minute
or absent. Diameter of eye 4 to <> times in length of head. The anterior rays, 8 to 15
in number, form an elevated crest, sometimes in two parts, the posterior rays of this crest
with membranous tips. Each ventral ray with a lobate membranous tip. Skin with
numerous bony tubercles. Lateral line placed low.

Radial formula: 1). 275-400; P. 11-14; V. i.

Color, silver gray, with a few spots or streaks of darker hue, most numerous anteriorly.

It is not certain that there is more than one species of h't't/aleriis, although, as the syn-
onymy which precedes clearly shows, various names Lave been suggested in connection
with the comparatively \\-w individuals which, during- the past century and a half, have
been captured in the North Atlantic. There appears to be considerable possibility of indi-
vidual variation in proportions of height to length, and in the number of rays in the dorsal
fin, but it is a tart well known to ichthyologists thai constancy is not to be expected in
forms in which the number of vertebrae and fin rays has been extended far beyond the nor-
mal a\ erage.

It should also be said that most of the individuals studied have been in very imperfect
condition, and also that in many instances the observations have been made by untrained
observers, so that it seems doubtful whether there is really more than one species to be
assigned to the Atlantic fauna. At all events, Giinther, Collett, Liitken, and Day agree in
the idea, that it is impossible to discriminate between the forms already described, and we
follow their lead in considering them all, for the present, as a single species. It is not
impossible, of course, that, should better material be obtained, if may be desirable to sepa-
rate the group into more subspecies, but until this shall be done discrimination hails to
confusion rather than to definite knowledge.

The fishes belonging to the genus Regalecus are very remarkable, not only on account
of their peculiar appearance and structure, but because of their enormous size. They
have been known to attain the length of 20 feet, and it is more than probable that they
grow very much longer, and that many of the creatures popularly identified with the "sea,
serpent" are only large individuals of this type. Indeed, it seems quite safe to assign to
this group all the so-called "sea, serpents" which have been described as swimming rapidly
near the surface, with a horse-like head raised above the water, surmounted by a mane-like
crest of red or brown.

The individual which came ashore at Hungry Bay in Bermuda in 1860, and which was
about 17 feet long, was described by the people who saw it before its capture as being
very much larger, and as having a head of an immense horse with a fiaming red mane, (liiu-
198G8— No. 2 31

482 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ther (Challenger Report, xxn, 73-70) has in the most painstaking manner brought together
a list of the specimens taken in the North Atlantic, as far as they are known to science.
He mentions 14 known upon the .Scandinavian coasts from 1740 to 1852; 19 on the British
coasts from 1759 to 1884; 1 iu the Mediterranean (he states, however, that about half a
dozen specimens have been observed in the Mediterranean); 1 in the Bermudas; 3 at the
Cape of Good Hope; 1 in the Indian Ocean, and 5 off the coast of New Zealand.

He calls attention to the fact that of those observed on the. British and Scandinavian
coasts 4 were observed in the month of January, 5 in February, 8 in March, 2 in April, 1
iu May, 1 in June, 1 in July, 2 in August, 1 in September, and 1 in October. lie also calls
attention to the fact that by far the greater proportion of their capture, in the Northern
Hemisphere, at least, is in the stormy season.

This agrees with what we know of the capture of Trachypterus, which likewise seems
to be brought to the surface only by .meat commotions of the ocean.

The popular name of Regalecus is "oar-fish," in allusion to the blade like expansion of
the extremities of the two ventral tins. Regalecus is also called in the books the ''king of
the herrings." Strangely enough, no representative of this genns has been found along the
coast of North America, except once at the Bermudas.

Gunther is of the opinion that the distribution of this fish in the depths of the sea is
the same as that of Trachypterus. The similarity in their geographical distribution is quite
remarkable.

Family STYLOPHORID^E.
' Ordinal relations doubtful.)

HtylephoritUr, Swainsiix, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 1839, n. 17.

STYLEPHORUS, Shaw.
Stylephorus, Shaw, Trans. I. inn. Soc. London, i, 1791,90, plate.

Ribband-shaped fish, having the body elongate, and compressed; the dorsals extending
from the head nearly to the end of the tail; the tail terminating in an exceedingly long,
cord-like appendage, about twice as Ion- as the head. Anal absent. Ventrals absent.
Caudal erected upwards, having its rays connected by a rather firm membrane. Snout
produced; mouth small, toothless; maxillary boms small, short, hidden behind intermax
diaries. Mandible long, extending far behind the eye. Eyes large, turned forward;
suborbital very large, coveting nearly the whole, of the cheek and extending backward
behind the eye. Opercles small, (till openings wide; gills 4. Vent premedian. Bran-
chiostegals 4.

STYLEPHORUS CHORDATUS, Shaw. (Figures 393,394.)

Stylephorus chordatux, Shaw, he. oil.; Zoologist, iv, S7; Naturalists' Miscellany, vm, pi. cci.xxiv. — P.lain-
viLLE, Journ. 1'hvs., i.xxxvn, 60 pi. i, fig. 1. — Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 381. —
GCnthek, Cat. Fish. lint. Sins., m, 306.

Height of body one-fifth of total length (without caudal); length of head one-sixth
Eyes large, close together. Pectorals pointed, erected upwards, about half as loug as
head. Dorsal extending nearly to the end of the tail.

Radial formula: D. 110; 6. 6; P. 13.

This remarkable form is known from only a single specimen, 11 inches long, with the
caudal appendage 22 inches in length, which was taken in the Atlantic, between Cuba
and Martinique, about the year 1790, and is now in the British Museum. It is undoubtedly
an inhabitant of great depths.

DISCUSSIOH OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 483

Order HEMIBRANCHII.

Bemibranchii, Cope, Proo. Imer. Assoc. Adv. Science, sex, 1872, 338.— Gill, \h. Fam. Pish., 872, \\\i\;
Proc. Acad. Nat. s,i., Phila., 1884, L54.

Physoclystous, teleocephalous fishes, havingthe pharyngeal bones and branchial arches

in some respects reduced or deficient, and only one b connecting tlio shoulder girdle

with tlie skull.

Family MACRORHAMPHOSIDiE.

/ Cenlrischini, Rafikesque, [ndice d' Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810,33-34.

Centriscoidei, Bleeker, Enum. S[p. Pisciam, Archipel. fndico, 1859, \\m.

Centr'ucidas, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish, etc., 1839, n, 31. — GOnther, Cat. Fish Brit. Mas., in, 1861,518.—

Gil i , Air. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 25. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. \vi, U. s. Nat. Mus., 1882, 387.
Afacrorhamphosidas, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1884, 163; Century Dictionary, 3565.

Eemibranchiates with compressed body, armed with bony plates on belly and anterior
parts of body. Snout, long, fcubiform. Ventrals abdominal, with one spine and seven
rays. Dorsal spinous, distinct, median or post median. The tour anterior vertebra' much
lengthened. The branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present, the fourth superior
branchihyal and the first and fourth superior pharyngeal wanting.

MACRORHAMPHOSUS, Lacepede.

Macrorhampho8us, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 136.

Centriscus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. i, 1817, n, 350. — Gunther, Cat. Fish Brit. .Mus., in, 518. — Jordan

and Gilbert, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus., v, 18*:;, 575.
Orthickthys, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 234.

Oeutriscids, having the body oblong, slowly merging into a caudal peduncle. Back
straight; dorsal spines about 7. Three longitudinal rows of plates on the breast.

MACRORHAMPHOSUS SCOLOPAX, t.l.ixx BUS). (Figure 396).

Centrisau icolopax, laxx i i -. Syst. Nat., ed. \n. 1766, i, 415. — Gi'NTHER, loc. cit.— Vaiulant, Exp. Sci.
Travailleur et Talisman, 338, pi. xxvn, Fig. 3.

A MacrorhamphostiSj with very strong second dorsal spine, which is seriated posteriorly,
whose length is three tilths to three-eighths of the distance from the opercle to the caudal;
the height of its body is four sevenths to three fifths of the distance from the operculum to
the base of the caudal. Lateral line 57; transverse line .17.

Radial formula: D. V+12; A. 20.

Color, rose or reddish olive on the back, silvery on tin' sides and on the belly.

This species is not unusual in the Mediterranean, has been found on the south coastof
England, and in Massachusetts Bay. As many as 10 individuals were caught by the
French exploring vessels at considerable depths: — off the coast of Morocco, station XXIII,
at 120 meters; off that of Soudan, station LXvn, at 130 meters; and on the Banc d'Arguin,
stations sc, SCI, and xcn, at 1 Itl to 235 meters.

Family AULOSTOMID^E.

Lei AulostomideB (part) Latreille, Fam. Nat. Regne Animal, 1825, 19.

Aulostomatida (part) Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fislics, 1850, 211.

Auloatomaloidei, Bleeker, Enum. Sp. Pise. Arch. Iml.. 1859, \xm.

dulostomidai, Gill, Ait. Fam. Fish., 1872, 11; Proc. \..ni. Nat. Sci... Phila., 1884, 160.

Eemibranchiate fishes, with compressed, elongate body, small ctenoid scales, and
continuous lateral line. Head Long; mouth small; with snout elongate, compressed, tubi-
forin; lower jaw prominent, wit h barbel at symphysis. Premaxillary not protractile; max-
illary broad, triangular, with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute in bands on lower jaw
and vomer. Spinous dorsal present, of 8 to L2 feeble, isolated spines. Soft, dorsal and

484 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

anal elongate, similar posteriorly. Caudal rhombic, without filiform rays. Ventrals
subabdominal, composed of 6 articulated rays. First four vertebra' elongated. Grill mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus.

AULOSTOMA, Lacepede.

Aulostoma, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1*03, 537. — Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns.. m, r.3.">. — Jordan

and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, I". s. Nat. Mns., 390.— Gill, Proc. Acid. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1884, 161.
Polypteriehtht/8, Bleeker, Natuik. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie, IV, 608.

Aulostomids with body much compressed, teeth rudimentary, and with 8 to 12 dorsal
spines. The dorsal and anal oblong, opposite and similar; each with from 23 to 28 rays.
Caudal cuneiform.

AULOSTOMA LONGIPES, Vaillant. (Figure 397.)

Aulostoma longipes, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. TravaUleur et Talisman, 340, pi. xxvn, fig. 1.

This species is described by Vaillant from a very small specimen, Ave millimeters in
length, in a bad state of preservation from off Morocco in 1,163 meters. It is referred by
him provisionally to the genus Aulostoma, and the figure would seem to indicate that his
identification is correct. It may possibly be found to be a young of A. coloratum.

Body elongate, nearly cylindrical; its height about one-ninth, its thickness one-eleventh
of its length. Length of the head a little more, than one-third of total length; snout con-
tained two and one-fourth times in the length of the head. Diameter of the eye apparently
about one-eighth of the length of the head; the interorbital space almost nothing. No
trace of scales is visible upon the specimen, and the lateral line is only indicated by a
series of pigmentary spots.

In the place of the dorsal, Vaillant found only a very short fin, placed far back; and
an anal exactly similar to it in shape and size. The caudal was mutilated, but appeared
to Vaillant to have had no prolonged median rays. Pectorals moderately long. Ventrals
composed (as nearly as it is possible to determine) of 6 rays, inserted far back and extend-
ing to the base of the caudal, which is long, being more than one-third of the entire length
of the body.

Radial formula : B. 5; A. 9-|- ; V. (j.

As Vaillant indicates, the only obstacle in the way of considering this the young of A.
coloratum is the position and length of the ventrals, and the fact that A. coloratum has
not been found in the eastern Atlantic.

Order PEDICULATI.

Carpal bones notably elongate, forming a sort of arm, which supports the broad
pectorals. Gill openings reduced to a large or small foramen, situated in or near the axils,
more or less posterior to the pectorals. No scales. Ventral fins jugular, if present; first
vertebra united to the cranium by a suture; epiotics united behind supra-occipital; elon-
gate basal pectoral radii reduced in number; no interclavicles; post-temporal broad, flat,
simple; superior pharyngeals two, similar, spatulate, with anterior stem and transverse
blade ; basis of cranium simple. No air duct to the swim bladder. Anterior dorsal reduced
to a few tentacle-like, mostly isolated, spines. {Jordan and Gilbert.)

ANALYSIS of families of pediculati.

I. Gill openings in, behind, or below the lower axils of the pectorals; mouth large, terminal.

A. Pseudobrauchue present; pseudobrachia with two actinosts; head broad, depressed Lophiid.£

B. Pseudobranckiie none ; pseudobrachia with three actinosts.

1. Ventral fins developed; pectoral members geniculated, with elongate pseud-

obrachia Antennariid m

2. Ventral fins obsolete; pectoral members not geniculate, with moderate pseudobrachia. (eratiid.e

II. Gill openings in or behind the upper axils; mouth small, usually interior 02JC.hocephalid.£

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 485

Family LOPHIID^G.

/ Lofidi, Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, L810, 12.
Lophiidte, Swainson, Nat. Hist. l'i-M.. 1839, n. L95.

Lophiidce, Bonaparte, Catalogo Metod 1846-70.

Lophiidte, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hifi.. 1863,89; A.rr. Families of Fishes, 1872, 2. — Jordan & Gilbert,

Bull, x\ i. I'. S. N. M.. sil | fnl] descripti

Lophioidei, Hi i i ki r, Tentamen, 1859, xvi.

Bead wide, depressed, very large. Body contracted, conical, tapering rapidly back-
ward from the shoulders. Month exceedingly large, terminal, opening into an enormous
stomach; upper jaw protractile; maxillary without supplemental hone; lower jaw pro
jecting; both jaws with very strong, unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth canine-
like, most of them depressible; vomer and palatines usually with strong teeth. Gill
openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pectorals. Pseudobranchiae present.
Gill rakers none. Skin mostly smooth, naked, with many dermal flaps aboul the head.

Spinous dorsal of 3 isolated tentacle like spines on the head and 3 smaller ss behind,

which form a continuous fin ; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal; pectoral mem-
bers scarcely geniculated, each with two actinosts and with elongate pseudobrachia;
ventrals jugular, i. 5, widely separated. Pyloric coeca present. (Jordan and Gilbert.)

The family Lophiidce has two genera, Lophius and Lophiomus, Gill. The latter is
distinguished by the diminished number of vertebrae (about 19), and has for its type Lophi-
minis setigerus, (\\a\i\). Gill, from the coasts of China and Japan.1

LOPHIUS, Artedi.

Lophius, Artedi, Genera Piseium, 62.— Linn i i 9, Syst. Nat.,ed. \. 1756, i, 236— Ccvier, Regne Animal, ed. i,

1817, 308.— Gunther, (.'lit Pish, Brit. Mus., n. 17s.
Lophiopsis, Gdichenot.

Lophiid tishes, with head large, subcircular in front, cranial portion somewhat elevated,
lower jaw much projecting. Jaws with stout cardiform teeth in 2 or 3 alternate series:
vomer dentigerous.

Branchiae .'5, the first branchial arch without lamellae.

Anterior cephalic spine elongated, tentacular, with fleshy tip. Ventral tins very large,
winglike in young, decreasing with maturity, but always large.

Body naked, head always sphacelous, especially in the young, and with strong coin
posite spines at angles of cephalic disc.

Vertebrae in considerable number (27-31). Lophius has three species: L. piscatorius,
described below, and /.. budegassa, Spinola, confined to the .Mediterranean, ami distinguished
from all other Lophiids by its shorter second dorsal and its simple lanceolate humeral spine,
and Lophius Naresii, Giinther, found at a depth of 150 fathoms north of New Guinea, 115
fathoms, Philippines, and at the Admiralty Islands.

The Mediterranean L. budegassa, Spinola, and the form from the China Sea, Lophiomus
setigerus, will doubtless also be found to have an abyssal range, since they, like the Atlantic
form, are well adapted to life at great depths.

LOPHIUS PISCATORIUS, I.iwns. (Figures 100, 400 \. B.)

Lophius piscatorius, law eus, Systema Naturae, ed. \, 1758, i. p. 236.— Gill, Proc. 1'. S. N. M., i. is;s. l'1:i
(selected synonymy, 1758-1872). — Goode, I'm.-. 1". s. V .\i., in, p. !(>;>. — GDnther, Challenger Re-
port, xxn. 1!'. — Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 348.

Lophius amerieanus, Storer., Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 101, pi. xvm, fig. 2.

This well known form, which is found throughout the North Atlantic Basin and on the
east ranges south to the Cape of Good BEope, needs no description here, except the ver\
brief diagnosis, given by Gill as follows: A Lophius w ith a tridentate humeral spine, 11-12
lays in the dorsal tin, and the mouth behind the hyoid bone immaculate. It occurs on the
west coast of Scandinavia north to latitude 69°-71°, and in America as far north as

1 Gill, Proc. V. s. Nat. Mus.. i. p 552.

4SG DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Newfoundland. The museum of the Essex Institute has a specimen about 4 inches in length,
taken on the Banks of Newfoundland in 1856, by L. J.Johnson. This is probably the most
northern recorded occurrence of the species in the western Atlantic, except an unconfirmed
statement by Pennant of its appearance in Hudson's Bay.

It frequents the moderate depths along the coast from Nova Scotia to Virginia and at
greater depth as far south as the Antilles. The Blake obtained it off Barbados at a depth
of 209 fathoms (station IV), and at 84 fathoms in latitude 23° 13', longitude 89° 10' (station

CCLVII).

The Fish Hawk trawled it at station 826. Another specimen (No. 20170), 20 centi-
meters long, containing immature ova, was taken at station 804, at a depth of 365 fathoms;
also a large specimen with immature ova (No. 26098), from station 870, 120 fathoms; and a
smaller one, perhaps two years old (No. 26070), from station 878, 142A fathoms.

The AUmtrasix obtained young individuals at station 2025 and station 2421.

Giinther has admitted it to the list of abyssal forms on the authority of the observations
of American naturalists. It has since been announced that the Talisman obtained it at
400 to 700 meters (stations ex, cxi, cxin a, cxxm) about the A/ores and Cape Verdes.

Family ANTENN ARIID^E.

Antennariida;, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Soi., Phila., 18i>:>. p. 89.— Arrangement, Families of Fishes, - (No. 131);
Proc. U. S. N. M.. i. Ists. pp. 215, 223.-»Jordan a Gilbert, Bull, xvi, r. s. \. M., si:..

Pediculates with head and body more or less compressed. Mouth opening upwards,
vertical or very oblique; jaws with cardiform teeth, (lill openings in or behind the lower
axils of the pectorals small and porelike. No pseudobranchiaj. Skin naked, smooth, or
prickly. Pectoral members distinctly geniculated. Pseudobrachia long, with 3 actinosts.
Ventral tins well developed, jugular, approximated. Spinous dorsal of 1 to 3 separated
tentacle like spines; soft dorsal, larger than anal. Pyloric cceca none.

PTEROPHRYNE, Gill.

Pterophryne, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pfiila., w, lsi;;;, 90; I'm,', r. s. Nat. Mus., (, ls?s, 216.
Pterophrynoides, Gill, Proc. t . s. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 216 (name proposed as an alternate I'm' Pterophryne, if
tin/ Latter is too near to Pterophrynua).

Antennariids with skin naked and sn th; caudal peduncle free; mouth oblique;

dorsal spines completely exserted; soft dorsal and anal expanded vertically; pectorals and

wrists slender, and ventrals elongated.

PTEROPHRYNE HISTRIO, (Lixx.irs), Gill.

l.o)ilti<t* histrio, Linn J3 us Syst. Nat., ed. \n. 1766, i, 493.

Pterophryne histrio, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 90; Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus.. i. ls?s. 216 (with full

synonymy).
Antennarius marmoratus. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., m, 187.

A description of this species in its protean manifestations of form and color seems
scarcely necessary here, since its characters are well known to every tyro in ichthyology.

The specimens before us are all apparently of the type referred to by Cinther under
the variety E. (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, p. 187), the Antennarius marmoratus of Cuvier
and Valenciennes.

A specimen was obtained by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer Blake off St. Vincent, in
the West Indies (station m), at a depth of 404 fathoms, and another by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission steamer Albatross, at the surface, near station 2108. There is, of course, no positive
evidence that the Blake's specimen actually came from the bottom.

ANTENNARIUS, Cuvier.

Antennarius, Cuvier, Rrgne Anin.al. ed. I, 1*17, n, 310 (wrongly credited to Commerson, xrlin wasnot bino-
mial).—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., m. 183.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., \\. 1863, 90.
Cheironectes, Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829, ii, 252, note (Preoccupied in Mammalogy, Dliger, 1811).

Antennariids having body covered with spines generally forked ; caudal peduncle free ;
mouth moderate, oblique ; pectorals and wrists widened; ventrals short; anal oblong.

DISCI SSION OF SPECIES AND THEIK DISTRIBUTION. 487

ANTENNAJRICS PLEUROPHTHALMUS, Gill.

Antennarius pleurophthalmtu, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1863, 92: Proo. U. S.Nat. Mns., v, L883
556.— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull., svi, U.S. N. M., 846.

"The anterior dorsal equals aboul a bhird of the length of the caudal tin and has al its
end a laciniated or Cringed Lobe extending upward; the second is moderate, slightly curved,
•rad rather longer than the lirst, and with a membrane extending nearly to the base of the
third spine; the latter is free, extends backward nearly to the fin, and almost connected
with it by the membrane. The skin is covered with minute bifurcated spines.

"The color is brown, marbled wirh lighter, especially before and behind the dorsals
and above the pectorals; distant black dots arc also scattered over the body. Three large
ocelli or Mack spots, margined with light brown, are on each side: one at the middle of I he
basal half of the dorsal, a second below, intermediate between it and the anus, and a third
in the middle of the caudal fin. The floor of the mouth behind the tongue is black, with
whitish yellow radiating lines, while the tongue itself is light brown, with darker radiating
bands or spots.'' ( Grill.)

This species is probably pelagic and not abyssal.

Specimens were obtained by the Blake from station CCXLII, in L'.'i0 13' N. lat., 89 LO' W.
Ion., at a depth of 84 fathoms, and from station CCXXVII, in 24° 34' N. lat., S.'P 16' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 36 fathoms. Also by the Albatross from station 2404, in 28° -44' N. lat.,
85 Hi' \Y. Ion., at a depth of CO fathoms: from station 2405, in 28° 45' N. lat., 85° 02' \V.
Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms: and from station 2318, in 2 1 25' 4.")" N. lat., 81° 46' 45" W.
Ion., at a depth of 45 fathoms.

CHAUNAX, Lowe.

Chaunax, I, owe, Trans. Zool. Soc, London, in. 1846, 339. — GOnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., in. 2(>0. — Gill,
Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mils., i, 1878, 222.

Antennariids with head very large, depressed, cuboid; mouth cleft, wide, subvertical.
Jaws and palate with bands of small teeth. Spinous dorsal represented by a small rostral
tentacle receivable into groove behind it. Sofl dorsal moderate, low. Anal short. Ven-
trals present. Brauchhe 2i. I'seudobranchia' absent.

CHA1 N.W PICTUS, Lowe. (Figure 398.)

Chaunax pictus, LOWE, Trans. Zo.il. Sue. Lond., HI, 1846. 339, PI. r.i (specimen from nil' Madeira). — (ii'xruER,
Cat. Fi.sh. Brit. Mas., in, 1861, 200.— Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 90 (generic diagnosis in

synopsis of family); Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus., i. ISTs, 222.— G E, Proc. I'. S. Xal. Mus., HI, 170.—

Jordan ami Gilbert, Bull. Hi. IT. S. Nat. Mus.. 846.— GBnther, Challenger Report, xxii, 1887, 58, PI.
\. Pig. A. — Vaillant, K\]i. Sci. Tvavailk-nr it Talisman, lsss. :;i:i. l'|. wvm, Figs. i-ii. — ALCOCK,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, 381.

Chaunax fimbriatus, Hilgendorf, Sitzungsber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, 80 I fide Giinther) [specimens
from the Sea of Japan]. — Steindachneb ami Doderlbint, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xt.ix. 1887,
I'll.

Rostral tentacle, short, pedicellate; muciferous channels, appearing as chainlike rows
of pits. Head, 1.', ; depth, 5.1. < 3oIor, orange ; sides, roseate; fins, scarlet.

Radial formula: D. i-ll; A. 5; P. 11; V. I; <'. 7.

Numerous specimens have been obtained by the Blake, the Fish Hawk, and the Mlm
truss, at depths of l.'ii) to 428 fathoms, from the following stations: Blake, i\, oil' Barbados,
288 fathoms. Fish Hawk, 869 (No. 26021, Nat. .Mus.), L92 fathoms: Albatross, 2359, L30
fathoms; l'.;.»5, 317 fathoms; 2396, 335 fathoms; 2212, 428 fathoms.

Lowe and Johnson both got it off Madeira, Giinther found if in the Challenger collec
tion taken near the Fiji Islands (station 173), 315 fathoms.

The Talisman obtained if at station i.xxv, off Soudan. Africa. 830 meters, and at sta
tion cxin, A, near the Cape Yenles, 7<i(> meters. The Investigator dredged it in the Baj
of Bengal, lat, 20° 17' 30" N.. Ion. 88° 51' E., at a depth of 272 fathoms.

Giinther has identified the German species described from the Sea of Japan as ('.
fimbriatus as being the same.

♦

488 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Descriptions and measurements of No. 2(>0l!l may be found in Goode, loc. tit. Although
there is ample material and some of the specimens in the National Museum are very Large,
fuller study seems unnecessary, since they are undoubtedly Lowe's G. pictus.

The following color notes were taken by Dr. Beau from a fresh specimen taken in trawl,
station li.3.57. January 22, L885.

Back greenish gray, mottled with brown and tinged with rosy, supraocular region with
golden reflections. Pectorals lemon yellow mingled with rosy; caudal like pectorals.
Sides rosy, ruder surface whitish and rosy intermingled. Pupil intense blue. Back with
fine reticulations. Rostral tentacle greenish gold at base, the fimbriated portion lavender.
Lines of mucous pores with reddish brown, well distinguished from the remaining colors.
Labial fringes lemon yellow. Iris golden or rather lemon yellow.

The species inflates its abdomen like Tetraodon and has some difficulty in expelling the
air so as to sink rapidly. The small gill-openings are closed very tightly during inhalation
and a strong current of water is expelled in expiration.

Family CERATIID^E.

Ceraliida, Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'liila.. 1863,89; Air. Fain. Fish.. 1872, 2 (No. f-'i: Proc. 1'. 8. Nat. Mas.,
i. 1878, pp. L'li;. L'i'T.

l'edieulates with head and body compressed. Mouth terminal, mine or less oblique.
Gill-openings small, in the lower part of the axils. No pseudo-branchiae. Spinous dorsal
represented by at least a frontal and superior rostral spine. Pectoral members not genicu-
hited, with short pseudobrachia and three actinosts. Xo ventral tins. All known forms
are uniform blackish in color.

"The 'bathybial sea devils.'" writes Giinther, ••are degraded forms of Lophius; they
descend to the greatest depths of the ocean. Their hones arc id' an extremely light and
thin texture, and frequently other parts of their organization, their integuments, muscles,
and intestines are equally loose in texture when the specimens are brought to the surface.
In their habits they probably do not differ m any degree from their surface representative,
Lophius.

••When the first individuals of this group were discovered they seemed to be suffi-
ciently distincl from one another to just i t \ generic separation. However, the additions of
recent years exhibit that variation in the shape of the body. head, and mouth, in the
specialized dorsal spines, and in the development of dermal scutes, which may be expected
in such grotesquely formed creatures.

"The number of the dorsal spines is always reduced, and at the end of the series of
these species only one spine remains, with a simple, very small lamella at the extremity
i.Mi Iiihoii Ins Johnsonii, Melanoeetus Murrayi). In other forms sometimes a second cephalic
spine, sometimes a spine on the back of the trunk is preserved. The first cephalic spine
always retains the original function of a lure for other marine creatures, but to render it
more effective a special luminous organ is sometimes developed in connection with the
filaments with which its extremity is provided [Ceratias bispinosus, Oneirodes Eschrichtii).
So far as it is known at present these complicated tentacles attain to the highest degree
of development in Himemtolophus and fflgceonichthys. In other species very peculiar dermal
appendages are developed, either accompanying the spine on the back or replacing it.
They may be paired or form a group of three; are pear-shaped, covered with the common
skin, and perforated at the top, a delicate tentacle sometimes issuing from the foramen.''

KEY TO THE GENEEA OF CFKAT1IJLK.
I. Month moderate.

A. Branchiee in 2\ pairs.

1. Mouth-cleft aearlj vertical ; skin prickly Ct ratiina

ii. Two cephalic spines, no dorsal spine, no caruncles : vomerine teeth Diceratias

b. One cephalic and one dorsal spine, with lateral caruncles; no vomerine teeth Ceratias

c. One cephalic spine, no dorsal spine-; caruncles present,

i. Caruncles remote from soft dorsal Mancalias

ii. Caruncles close to soft dorsal CRYPTOPSARAS

DISCUSSION OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIB1 TION. 489

2. Mi hi ill i deft nearly horizontal; skin Mm ii ill i : one cephalic, and one postcephalic spin.' . Oneirodes

::. Mouth-clefl obliqne; two cephalic and no postcephalic spines Paroneirodes

B. Branchial in | 2 ' pairs; bodj with scattered tubercular scutellse ; uo second dorsal spine.

Bimaniolophinw

1. Iti hIv and head compressed, month with cleft oblique; mandibular articulation under or behind eyes

a. Eyes rudimentary .

i. Bod] oblong-oval; dorsal rays about 9, pectoral about 12 Him an n ilopht a

ii. Body short-oval ; dorsal fin with 4 rays, nm I pectoral with about 17..Corynolophus.

2. Body and head depressed, illi with cleft vertical or inclined forward; mandibular articulation

under or in :uli ance of snout.

a. Byes email I ■■ eonii hthys

II. Mouth immense.

A. Miuilh wiih cleft subvertical. Pectoral Binall, premedian, in advance of dorsal and of j^ill opening.
No second dorsalspine developed.

1. Branchial in - ' pairs ■ Uelanoa Una

a. i Hilar tentacle not de> eloped.

i. Vomerine teeth present Melanoi i n 9

ii. Vomerine teeth absent Lioi i 1 1

ft. Gnlar tentaele present.

i. \ single vomerine tooth Linophryni

15. Mouth with cleft nearly horizontal. Pectorals broad, postmedian, under dorsal, and behind gill

opening. Branchiae in j 2 | pairs Caulophrynina

1. Dorsal and anal greatly produced.

a. Skin naked; numerous luminous 61aments on bead and bod] Caulophryne

CERATIAS, Kroyer.

Ceratias, KrOyer, Naturhist. Tidsskrifft., i. 1844, 639 [type, ' . llolbi>lli~\. — Gill, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus„ i,
1878. 217 (limited

( Jeratiids with head and body much compressed and elevated, oblong, with prickly skin
Mouth moderate, with its cleft nearly vertical; teeth in jaws of moderate size, conical, mov
able; no teeth <>n vomer or palatines. Branchiae 2| pairs; arches unarmed. Spinous dorsal
reduced to two spines, the cephalic one elongate, with simple capitate extremity, the dorsal
one with its basal element exserted ; soft dorsal and anal short ; pectorals very short, broad,
multiradiate with about 20 rays). Pyloric coeca 2, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous.

CERATIAS HOLBOLLI, Kuoyi.ii. (Figure 399.)

Ceratiai Hitlbolli, Kroyer, loe. <it. — Gaimard, Voy. Skand., Poissons, PI. ix.

This grotesque and remarkable fish is only known through three specimens, from 18 to
28 inches hm";, taken oil' Greenland, and another off Nova Scotia.

Giinther, in the Study of Fishes (p. 472), erroneously stated thai it had been l'< 1 at

the depth of 2,400 fathoms in mid- Atlantic, and corrected his identifications in the Chal-
lenger Report (XXII, p. 53); the form to which he referred was Ceratias or Mancalias uranos-
copus. The brief diagnosis in Jordan's Synopsis is incorrect, and since the original Latin
description of Kroyer is not easily accessible, we quote it in full below. Ceratias Holbolli
may confidently be expected to be found in the abyssal waters south of (ireenland. and
probably occurs in the Great Atlantic Plateau.1

[CROFTER'S I -r.se RIPTTON hi CERATIAS Ilol.Itnl.I.I.

Totus ater. Altitudo piscis quartan) longitudinis partem ferine aequans. Caput altius
quam longum, | longitudinis piscis aequans. Oculi minimi, vicesimam longitudinis capitis
partem inm superantes. Radius capitis liber longitudine piscis ad basin pinnae caudalis

'The form described by Giinther under tin- name Ceratias bispinosus, from off Banda [Blands, in tin
Molucca Archipelago, at a depth of 360 fathoms, resembles in general Melanocelus Johnsonii, though Bti ■
turally closer to C. Holbollii. It is much shorter and chunkier, and lias two dorsal spines, the posterior of
which is rudimentary. Giinther lias used in connection with ii i in lii- kej to the species) tin- term Diceratias,
mi ilmilit more with the pnrpose of preventing others from making liis species the basis of a new genbu or
subgenus than <ii himself advocatingso limited a generic group. (Giinther, Challenger Report, xxii
PI si, Fig. B.)

490 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

paullo modo brevior. Longitudo pinnae caudalis lanceolate dimidia totiuspiscis longitadine
parum brevior; lougitudo pinnae pectoralis vicesimam ferine aequans longitudinis totius
piscis partem. Membrana conjungens pinnae dbrsalis posterioris pinnaeque analis ad basin
pinnae caudalis fere extensa. Numerus rad. pin. dors. 1-f 1 + 4; pect. 19; anal, t; caud. 8.

MANCALIAS, Gill.

Mancalias, Gill, Proc. 1". S. >,'at. Mns.. i. 1878, 227 [type, Ceratias uranoscopus, Murray]. — Jordan ami (Jil-

bert, Hull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mns.. 848.— Gunther, Challenger Rep., xxn, 52.
Typhlopsaras, Gill, Forest ami Stream, 1883, 284 (Nov. 8).— Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, lss:., 138.

Ceratiids with elongated trunk and rectilinear back; month moderate; cephalic spine
with basal element exserted and continuous with the distal: pyloric cceca developed (2);
mouth with cleft sub vertical; first dorsal with few rays; branchiae in i'.j pairs; branchial
arches unarmed ; skin with scattered spinigerous scutellse; no second dorsal spine devel
oped (as in Ceratias), but with two fleshy claviform tubercles existing, as in Ceratias;
pectorals with about 10-15 slender rays instead of nearly 20, as in Ceratias. (Gill.)

MANCAJOIAS URANOSCOPUS, (Murray), Gill.

Ceratias uranoscopus, Murray, in Thomson's Voyage of the Challenger, 1878, n. 67. Figure 20. — Gunther,

Challenger Report, xxh, 54, pi. xi, Fig. c.
Mancalias uranoscopus, Gill, loc. tit. — Goode, Proc. LI. s. Nat. Mas., m, 1880, 169.
Ceratias Hblbollii Gunther in Bradys Repori in Challenge] Copepoda, lss:;, 137.

Mancalias was first taken by II. M. S. Challenger, at a depth of 2,400 fathoms, in the
Middle Atlantic, between the Canary and Cape Verde Islands. The specimen, -'<\ inches
Ions', and indifferently preserved, is in the British Museum.

The specimen is '.)(» millimeters in length from the snout to the end of the tail, com
pressed laterally, and of a uniform black color. The anterior spine of the first dorsal tin is
produced into a long filament, ending in a pear-shaped bulb, terminating in a very distinct,
semitransparent, whitish spot. This spine has its origin on the posterior portion of the
bead, and when laid hack it reaches nearly to the tip of the tail. The second pari of the
first dorsal is placed far back on the body, and consists of 1' short, fleshy tubercles, which
lie in a depression in front of the second dorsal tin. The second dorsal has.", rays; the anal
is opposite the second dorsal and has I rays; the caudal has M rays, the 1 central rays being
much larger than the others, and bifid. The pectorals are small and have 1" very delicate
rays. The gill opening is a slit situated below the pectoral tin. The upper jaw is formed
by the intermaxillaries, and is armed, together with the lower jaw, with a series of teeth of
moderate size, which can be depressed inward as in Lophiits. The skin is thickly covered
with minute, embedded, conical spines. The eyes are very small and are placed high up on
the middle of the head.

The presence of a lish of this group a1 so great a depth is of special interest. From
its structure, and from the analogy of its nearest allies, there seems to be no reasonable
doubt that it lives on the bottom, it is the habit of many of the family to lie hidden in the
mud, with the long dorsal filament and its terminal soft expansion exposed. It has been
imagined that the expansion is used as a bait to allure its prey, but it seems more likely
that it is a sense organ, intended to give notice of their approach.

MANCALIAS SHUFELDTII, Gill. (Figure 401.)

Typhlopsaras Shufeldti, Gill, Forest ami Stream, New York, Nov. 8, 1883, 284.— Jordan, Cat. Fish. North

America, lss:,, 138,
Ceratias Shufeldti, Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn. 54.

The specimens of Mancalias obtained in the Western Atlantic are two in number.

A single specimen, No. 26159, 85 millimeters Ions', was taken October 2, L880, at sta-
tion No. 893, at a depth of 372 fathoms. (Goode, Proc. I. S. Nat. .Mas., in, 419.)

The type of Typhlopsaras Shu/eldtii (No. 33552, U. S. Nat. Mus.), has the maxilla one-
third the length from the sill opening to the caudal base; the iiitermaxilla is contained 3i

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION. 491

limes iii ili is length. This form is more Blender than thai figured by Giinther, and 1ms five
rays in the dorsal, and apparently fifteen in the pectoral.

There are no vomerine*. The intermaxillary and mandible arc armed with a narrow
baud of depressible teetb of various lengths. The skin has a fine granular appearance
and is every where covered with minute prickles. The median dermal caruncle referred to
in the description of this species has been torn off. The caruncles are only 2 in number
and situated as in M~ancalia& uranoscopus, as figured in the Challenger Fishes. The length
of the dorsal spine, without the joint bearing the pear shaped appendage, equals the dis-
tance from the gill opening to the root of the tail; the joint bearing the appendage is
two fifths of this distance. The length of the specimen at. present is about 2:; inches. In
Mancalias uranoscopus (26159) the first dorsal, without the joint bearing the appendage,
contains the distance from the i;ill opening to the, root of the tail 1 j times. The joint con-
taining the appendage is one-halt as long as the distance from the gill opening to the root
of the tail. The dermal caruncles are distant, from the dorsal a, space, equal to one-si\th of
the distance from the gill opening to the root of t he tail. In Typhlopsaras Skufeldtii the
caruncles are placed at a distance from the dorsal a space contained 4£ times in the dis-
tance from t he gill opening to the, root of the tail.

In the specimens described by Uoode and Hennas Mniiciiliiis unoioscopus (No. 26159),
the length '■>] inches, the length of the maxilla is one-third the length from the gill opening
to the rooi of I he tail, and the intermaxilla, 34 times in the same distance. The teeth in the
jaws are depressible, in narrow bands, and of unequal size. The vomer is toothless.

There are two small caruncles not far from the front of the dorsal tin, and instead of
being placed opposite each other, according to the usual arrangement, one is placed
behind the other. The skin is covered with minute granules or papilla-, each one sur-
mounted by a slender prickle, as in Typhlopsaras.

The pectoral of this individual contains 15 rays. The pectorals of T. Shufeldtii are
imperfect.

In the note published by Dr. Goode in Proceedings U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. in, L881,
469, the length of this specimen is stated to be 185 millimeters, which is a misprint for 85
millimeters.

CRYPTOPSARAS, Gill.
Cryptopsaras, Gill, Forest and Stream, Nov, 8, 1883, 284.

Oeratiines with shortened trunk, longitudinally convea back, small but conspicuous
eyes, concealed basal joint of the anterior spine and elongated terminal joint, a large inter-
mediate globular, and a pair of subpedunculated lateral dorsal appendages near the front
of the dorsal tin, and well developed pectorals of about 15 rays. [Gill.)

Giinther's Geratias carunculatus was obtained by the Challenger from a depth of 345
fathoms, at station 232, south of Yeddo, in Japan, the single specimen being 14 inches
long.

CRYPTOPSARAS COUESH, Gill. (Fig.402.)

Cryptopsaras Couesii, GlLL, forest and Stream, Nov. 8,1883, 284. — Jurhax, ;'at. Fish. N. A. lss.%, 139. —

[GOnther, Challenger Report, \xii, 55.]
Ceratias carunculaiue, GOnthkr, op. tit., 55, pi. xi, lis;. J).

The basal joint of the rodlike spine is almost entirely concealed and procumbent, and
I In- distal joint alone lice, reaching backward to the dorsal tubercle; the bulb is pyriform,
and surmounted by a long whitish filament; the dorsal and anal have each 4 spines, the
caudal 8 (the 4 middle dichotomous), and the pectorals each about 15 rays. The species
was named after the eminent ornithologist Dr. Elliott (Jones. (Gill.)

A specimen of Cryptopsaras (Cat. No. 33558, 0". S. Nat. Mus.) was obtained, by the
Albatross, from station 2101, in 38° 18' 30" N. hit,, 68° 21' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 1686
fathoms.

492 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

NOTES ON THE TYPE SPECIMEN.

The type of Cryptnpsaran Gouesii, at present is only 35 millimeters long', the caudal being
imperfect. The length without caudal is .'50 millimeters and contains the greatest height
2J times. The bulb on the dorsal spine when laid backward can be made to reach the
dermal caruncles on the back. The length of the upper jaw is about one-fourth of the
length without caudal. The gill opening is nearly midway between the front of the head
and the root of the tail. The mouth is placed vertically. The intermaxillary teeth occupy
about the entire length of the bone. The uiandibulary teeth are very unequal in size. At
the symphysis of the mandible there is a pair of minute spines closely connected at the
base and slightly separated at the extremity.

Specimen No. 39483 is 58 millimeters long; 47 millimeters to base of caudal. The
greatest height is contained in the length without caudal 2§ times. The gill opening is a
little nearer to the end of the caudal than to the front of the head. The distal portion of
the dorsal spine is about one-half the length without caudal. The median dermal caruncle
is very much larger than the two lateral ones.

The skin is covered with minute granules of uniform size. The pectoral coutaius 16
lays; its length is about one-fifth the length of the head. The length of the upper jaw is
about one-fifth of the total without caudal. The pair of spines at the symphysis of the
mandible is replaced by a Aery small knob. The teeth in the intermaxillary are all very
small, diminishing in number towards the symphysis; they are apparently uuiserial.

On each side of the head of the vomer there are two or three depressible teeth; the
palatines seem to be wanting.

We have seen something like traces of similar teeth on the vomer of Mancalias Sh ufeldtii,
but owing to the condition of the specimen can not be certain about this character.

ONEIRODES, LUtken.

Oneirodes, Lutken, Overs, over d. K. Dauske Vid. Selsk. Forhandl, 1871, 56-74 (type, O. Eachrichiii,

Liitkeu). — Gill, Pmc. U. S.N.M., i. 228. — Gunthkr, Challenger Report, xxn, p. 55.
Onirodes, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. xvi. (J. S. N. M., p. 848.

Ceratiids with very large head and body, compressed, oval, short, and naked: mouth
moderate, with cleft nearly horizontal and mandibular articulation behind eyes; teeth
depressible, unequal in size in the jaws, vomer dentigenous, branchial arches unarmed;
branchiae in -I pairs; pyloric caeca none; first dorsal spine cephalic, with a procumbent,
subcutaneous basal element and a bulbous termination, surmounted by slender filaments
in several transverse rows; second about midway from rostral spine to the soft dorsal tin;
soft dorsal and anal fins short; ventrals none.

ONEIRODES ESCHRICHTII, LDtken.

Oneirodes Eschrichtii, Lutken, Overs, over d. K. Danske, Vid. Selsk. Forhandl., 1871, pp. 56-74, ves. fr.9-18,

pi. ii. — Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn. 56. — Gill, loe. eit.
Onirodes Eschrichti, Jordan, loe.cit.

The only representative of this species is a specimen 8 inches long, taken off
Greenland before 1871.

The original description by Lutken is appended:

Oneirodes Eschrichtii. — Genus et species nova e fain ilia Lophioidcorum (Halibairachorum)',
nee non e tribu Lophioidcorum apodum nudorum corpus breve, crassum, mediocriter com-
pressum. Caput maximum, tetragonum, fronte declivi, profunde excavato; rictus oris
mediocris, horizontals; oculi minuti, abscoDditi; denies mediocres, graciles, elongati,
conici, snbincurvi, mobilis in maxillis, in vomere et in pharynge snpra; in pallato nulli.
Apertura branchialis sat magna, infra insertionem pinnarum pectoralium; pseudobranchiae
operculares nulhe; arcus branchialis primus branchiis destitutus; branchiorum paria 3J,
cute arcum branchiate quartum cum osse hypopharyngeali conjugente; radii brauchiostigi
utrinque sex. Pinnae ventrales nulhe (pectorales ignot;e). Radius frontalis cum osse

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AM> THKIK DISTRIBUTION. 403

interspinal! horizontal] subcutaneo articulator, haud procul ;il> apice rostri insertus, sinum
frontalem Iongitudine haud saperans, clavaeformis; capul clava- compressum, tentacula
plura iiiiimia gerens; radius dotsalis (secundus) summo dorso impositus, conicus, depressus,
flaccidus, frontalem Iongitudine superat. Pinna dorsalis vera el analis breves, caudali
approximate, sed distinctse; caudalis mediocris, haud elongata. Pinnarum formula radio
nun: 1>. l + 1 + is, 1'. V. o, A. 1, ('. s; radii molles, cartilaginei, haud articulati, caudales
median fe quatuor soli fissi. Squamae nulla'; cutis nudis, mollis, niger totum corpus oblegit.
Vesica uotatoria el appendicis pyloricse nulla'; ossa scelite .itollia. semispongiosa ut in
piscibus affiuibus, spiuis binis frontalibus et tnandibularibus exceptis uullibi in tubercula
vcl spinas prodeuutia.

DIMENSIONES SPECIMJNIS DESCRIPTI.

Mm.

I g it iic In corporis totiua ah a pirn rostri usque ad extremitatem pinrae caudalis 205

Longitndo corporis totiua ab a pin' rostri usque ad origLneio pinna' caudalis 160

A It it iiiln maxima 105

Longitndo capitis inter spinas frontales 45

sinus in is 55

Longitndo maxilla ruin Til

Spinas front airs ab apice rostri distant 55

a si nn bus oris 52

Apia tuia- branchialig altitndo :tn

Radii frontalis longitudo 38

dorsalis no

Pinnse caudalis 45

PARONEIRODES, Alcock. (Figure 401.)
Paroneirodea, Alcock, \nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., L890, u, 206.

Geratiids closely allied to Oneirodes, with ovoid, flaccid body. .Mouth moderately
large, with cleft obliquely ascending. A narrow band (?) of small teeth in each jaw and
on vomer. Branchiae in Hi pairs. Eye rudimentary, buried deeply beneath a patch of
transparent skin. Dorsal spines 2, clavate. dose together, and near inter orbital area.
No postcephalic dorsal spine. Soft dorsal and anal short and. very far back, almost confluent
with caudal. Peduncles s hort and pointed. Ventrals none.

A single specimen, Paroneirodes glomeromis, Alcock (lor. cit.. pi. ix, fig. 6), represented
by a specimen 1,' inches long taken by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal, station 103,
L,260 fathoms, on a soft bottom of blue mud.

HIMANTOLOPHUS, Reinhardt.

Himantolophus, Reinhardt, K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk., Nat. og Math. Ai'b., 1, rakke, v, vii, is:!7, 71. —
LI iivi'.x, K. Danske Vidensk, Selsk. Skrift., 1880, 320.— Glix, Proc. U. S. N. M., i, 1878, 227, 228.—
Joriian- and Gu.bfrt, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 849.

Ceratiids with oblong-oval body, somewhat compressed, and large head, likewise com-
pressed; mouth moderate, with oblique clefl and projecting mandible; mandibular artic-
ulation under or behind eye; teeth in several series in the jaws, unequal, rasp-like, depressi
ble; palate toothless; branchial arches with dentigerous tubercles; trills in J-2J pairs;
s|iiiiints dorsal a single tentacle, with numerous long filaments at its extremity, and with a
procumbent, subcutaneous basal element; soft dorsal moderately short (with about 9
lays); anal short. Ventrals none. Pectoral moderately broad (with about V2 rays). Skin
thick with round prickly scutes, sparsely distributed.

HIMANTOLOPHUS GRCENLANDICUS, Reinhardt. (Fig. 405.)

ETimantolophus grcenlandieus, Reinhardt, K. Danske vid. Selsk. Nat. <>.;. Math. At'li. I. raekke \. 7. 74.
1837.— LOtken, lor. cit., 1880, 320, pi. it, 6g. ."..— Cull, loo. cit., Jordan, loo. cit.

The body is oblong oval; its height about two-fifths of its total length. The dorsal
fin has about!) rays and the pectoral about 12. The single cephalic ray representing the

first dorsal tin is provided with about eleven tentacle-.

494 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Tliis species has m-ver been fully described, the only existing example being an imper-
fect one, 23 inches long, obtained off the coast of Greenland about 1837.

CORYNOLOPHUS, Gill.

Corynolophus, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat Mns., i, 1878, 2'J.l; v, 1883, 551. — (LC'tkex, Vidensk. Medd fra den Natur-
hist. Foren., Copenhagen, 1879-'80, <J7, 08.)

Ceratiids resembling Himantolophus but having the body short-oval; dorsal with '< rays;
pectoral with about 7.

Dr. Gill, replying to certain strictures as to the validity of this genus, made by Lutken,
states that the distinction alleged to exist between Himantolophus and Corynolophus are
very marked, and quite sufficient to justify two genera. He forcibly remarks that there is
no reason except the singularity and greatness, of the differences specified^ for doubting the
correctness of Eeinhardt's observations.

CORYNOLOPHUS REINHARDTII, (Li im:m. Giix.

Himantolophus Beinhardtii, Lutken, K. Dansk. ViuYnsk. Scl.sk., issii, :!d!i, pis. i, n, ti<;s. 1-1. — GOnther,

Jordan, loc cit.
Corynolophus Beinhardtii, (Jill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., i. 1878, 227; \. 1883, 551.

The body is short oval, its height three-fourths its length. The dorsal fin has 5 rays,
the pectoral 17. The cephalic ray is provided with about 8 tentacles. The body armed
with prickly scales, sparingly distributed.

A single specimen, It inches long, is known from the coast of Greenland.

/EGEONICHTHYS, Clarke.

^geonichthys, Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Institute, x, 1878, 245.— Gill, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mns., I, ls78. 227.

Ceratiids with body and head depressed, mouth with the cleft vertical, or inclined for-
ward, and mandibular articulation under, or in advance of snout. (Gill.)

This is a form closely allied to Himantolophus, and excelling it in grotesqueness. It
is represented by a single species, A. Appelii, Clarke [loc. <-it., p. 245, pi. vi), obtained in
the deep sea off New Zealand. Giinther gives interesting details about the head of the
cephalic spine, which is phosphorescent and a lure for other abyssal animals. (See Chal-
lenger Report, xxi l, pp. 51, 52.)

MELANOCETUS, Gunther.

Melanocetus, GOnther, Proc Zoiil. Soc. London lsiil.;iol (type, t/. Jnhnsonii, GOnther) Challenger Report;
xxu, 56. — Gill, /«•■. cit.

Ceratiids "with naked skin; with very large mouth, having a subvertical cleft; with no
second dorsal spine; with branchial arches unarmed and branchial in 2.\ pairs.

MELANOCETUS JOHNSONII, GOnther. (Figure i06.)

Melanocetu* Johnsonii, GOnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1864, 301, pi. 25. — Study of Fishes, 1880, 473, fig.
I'll; Challenger Report, xxu, 57. — Gill, loc. 'it.

A single specimen, 3.8 inches long, is known. It was obtained by Mr. Johnson at
Madeira, and had. it is said, a Scopelus lh inches long and 1 inch high, rolled up in a ball
in its stomach.

" This singular fish," says Gunther, "is distinguished by a greater disproportion of the
various parts of its body than is found in the other genera of the family to which it belongs.
'fhe head is of tetrahedral form and is the most extensive part of the whole animal. The
gape is enormous, and, although the lower jaw is vertical when the mouth is closed, it can
be moved downwards at more than a right angle. The lateral extensibility of the mouth
is not less than the vertical, so that the prey which can be received within the cavity of
the mouth actually may exceed the size of the fish itself. This enormous head is followed
by a very small trunk and tail, the length of both being less than the depth of the head.
As the trunk would not offer sufficient room for an addouiinal cavity corresponding in size

DISCUSSION OF SPEI IKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 495

to tlic [>rey swallowed, this easily is suspended as a large sac from the lower part of the
body, and Boats in the water. The upper and lower jaws arc armed with a series of teeth,
which are very unequal in length, some being very long, others small, all are verj slender,
and can be depressed toward the inside of the mouth. This peculiarity of the teeth inaj
be observed in the Lophius, in the pike, and numerous other rapacious fish with long slender
teeth. The vomer is armed « ifh a transverse series of single teeth, and extends across the
whole width of the roof of the mouth; the palatines ami pterygoid teeth are situated at

some distance behind the v sr, and form two bundles irregular in form. The pharynx

anil oesophagus are, as might be expected, very wide. The eye is situated high up on the
side- of the head: it is very small, covered by, but appearing through, the skin. There are
no nasal openings. The opercular pieces are reduced to styliform rudiments; there are 5
branchiostegals. Only the three inner branchial arches bear short branchial lamellae,
which are disposed in a double series on the two middle ones, and in a single one on the
innermost arch. The gill opening itself is a slit of moderate width, below and behind the
pectoral tin. The upper surface of the head is concave, and in the middle of its anterior
portion there is situated the single filament to which the anterior dorsal fin is reduced;
this filament is more than half as high as the head, and dilated into a small lamella at its
extremity. The second dorsal fin occupies the back of the tail, and is composed of 14
simple rays, none of w Inch are as high as the fin is long. The caudal tin is quite free from
the dorsal and anal, and composed of s very soft rays, which are bifid at the end, and
form a convex posterior margin. Anal tin very short, composed of 4 rays only, which are
opposed to the posterior dorsal rays. The base id' the pectoral tin is fleshy and enveloped
in skin, as in other Pediculati. It is composed of 18 simple and feeble rays. Ventral tins
none. Vent situated immediately behind the abdominal sac. The whole fish, even the
inside of the mouth of the abdominal sac and of the stomach, is of a uniform black.

Total length (mouth closed), 3.8 inches; length of intermaxillary and of mandible, 1.4
inches.1

LIOCETUS, Glinther.

Lioeetua [subgenus], Gunther, Challenger Report, xxn, 1887,57. [Type, Melanocetus Murrayi, Oiinther.]
The subgenus I/iocetus of Gunther differs from Melanocetus chiefly in the absence of
vomerine teeth.

LIOCETUS MURRAYI, Gonthek. (Figure407.)

Melanoa tus bispinoaus, Gunther., Stud; of Fishes, 18X0, 473. (Name only.)
Melanocetus {Liocetua) Murrayi, Gunther Challenger Report, \.\n, 1887, pi. xi, fig. a.

Extremely similar to Melanocetus Johnsonii, but, singularly, there is no trace of vo-
merine teeth, whilst there is no distinction between the two species as regards the den-
tition of the jaws. The posterior angle of the mandible, projects more and forms a
salient point. The mouth is comparatively less wide, and the maxillary considerably shorter,
being about two-fifths of the total length, without caudal, whilst it is rather more, than one-
half in the Madeiran species. Eye rudimentary. One cephalic spine, which is shorter than
the maxillary. The last dorsal ray is connected by a short and delicate membrane with
the caudal tin; most of the caudal lays are bind, the longest shorter than the maxillary.
Pectoral tin as much developed as in .1/- lanoa tus Johnsonii.

Entirely black.

Linea.

Total Length II

Length of mandible II

Length of maxillary VJ

Length of caudal fin 10J

Radial formula: D. 1-13; A. 4: 0.9; P. 14.— Gunther.

A young specimen, 14 lines in length, was taken by II. M. 8. Challenger in the mid-

1 G( m iii b, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864.

496 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Atlantic, at the depth of 1,850 fathoms (station 106); another of 13 lines at the depth of
2,450 fathoms (station 348).

LINOPHRYNE, Collett.
IAnophryne, Collett, Proc. Zo<">1. Soo. London, 1886, 138. — Gunthkr, Challenger Report, xxn, 57.

" Linophryne" says Giinther, "differsfrom Melanocetus in possessing a long tentacle
at the throat." Collett's original description is as follows:

Head enormous; the body slender, compressed, month oblique. Spinous dorsal
reduced to a single cephalic tentacle, the basal part of which is erect, not procumbent.
Teeth in the jaws on the vomer and the upper pharyngeals. Gill openings exceedingly
narrow, situated a little below the root of the pectoral. Soft dorsal and anal very short;
ventrals none. Abdominal cavity forming a sac, suspended from the trunk. Skiu smooth;
a long tentacle on the throat.

LINOPHRYNE LUCIFER, Collett. (Figure 408.)

IAnophryne lucifer, Collett, Proc. Zool. Soo. London, |88t>, 138, pi. xv. — Gcnthf.r, Challenger Report
xxn, 57.

A spinous projection above each orbit. Cephalic tentacle black, with a large ovate
bulb, the upper half of which is white; gular tentacle much larger, terminating in two
ton one like appendages, which are furnished on the upper edge with a row of round, white
papilla-.

Radial formula: D. 1/3; A. 2; C. 0; P. 14-15.

Collett tells the history of its capture as follows:

A single specimen, with a total length of 4!» millimeters, was caught by Capt. P.
Andresen in May, 1877, floating in the sea (about 30° N. hit., 20° W. Ion.), 3 degrees north-
west of Madeira, and was presented to the museum of the Christiania University. During
several years it remained unnoticed in the private house of the late director of the Christ i
ania museum, Prof. Esmark, but after his deatli it was returned to the museum (December,
1885).

Mr. Andresen, who is now residing in Christiania, reports to me that on the day men-
tioned he was on a voyage to the West Indies. He was capturing turtle in his boat; there
was a heavy swell, but the water was smooth. After a time he caught sight of this little
black fish, which lay on the surface quite alive, but almost motionless, which was not sur-
prising when it was discovered that it had just swallowed a fish longer than itself. It did
not lie on its side, but was apparently unable to swim away. By getting the bailer under
it he lifted it out with ease, and in order to keep it fresh he gave, up his search for turtle
and rowed to the ship, where it was placed in spirits for preservation.

CAULOPHRYNE, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Head large, compressed. Mouth with the cleft nearly horizontal. Body short, much
compressed. Spinous dorsal reduced to a single cephalic tentacle, which is supported on a
short procumbent base. Teeth of unequal size in the intermaxillary and the mandible.
Vomer, palatines, and upper pharyngeals toothed. Gill openings narrow, horizontal slits
placed below and in front of the root of the pectorals. Branchiae in i-2-i pairs. Branchial
arches armed with dentigerous tubercles. Skin naked. Numerous luminous filaments on
head and body. Soft dorsal and anal many rayed; the rays greatly produced. Caudal
long, tapering. Ventrals none. Pectorals very broad, sessile, postmedian, under dorsal fin,
with numerous rays. Pyloric appendages reduced to one small rudiment. Air bladder
absent.

CAULOPHRYNE JORDANI, Goode and Bean, n. s. (Figure 409.)

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length without caudal, the greatest
height occurring just behind the head. The cephalic appendage has a pale tuft at its tip.
The length of the distal portion of the appendage equals one-third of the total length with-
out the caudal. The tuft is somewhat mutilated, but it shows no evidence of a laminated

DISCUSSIOM OF SPECIES AND THEIB DISTRIBUTION.

I'.'T

structure. The basal portion of the cephalic appendage is about twice as long as the very
small eye. The maxillary is a very slender, narrow bone, extending about as far backward
as the intermaxillary. The intermaxillary is slightly protractile and has about lu teeth
mi each side, several of which are nearly twice as lame as the rest ; its length is two-fifths
of the total without caudal. The mandible is as long as the head without the snout; it has
8 teeth on each side, the anterior pair and several other pairs along the shaft of the
bone being greatly enlarged. A pair of enlarged teeth on the head of the vomer; several
similar teeth on the palatines. Upper pharyngeals armed with several strong teeth. The
ej e very small, inconspicuous; its distance from the tip of the snout equals nearly one third
its distance from the origin of the soft dorsal. Intestine shorter than length w ithout caudal.

The soft dorsal has Hi rays, all of which, except the last four, are greatly produced;
the second, third,and fourth rays, are the longest; they are nearly twice as long as the
body. The anal consists of 11 rays, all of which, except the last three, are much produced.
The tin is not quite perfect, yet its anterior rays are longer than the body. The caudal
contains 8 rays, of which the four inner ones are divided, while the test are simple. The
middle rays are as long as the distance from the tip of the lower jaw to the base of the
pectoral. The pectoral is comparatively short and contains 1G simple articulated rays,
the longest of which is about one half as long as the head.

About 9 luminous filaments on each sideof the head, 7 more between the nape and
the dorsal, and about 12 on the sides. The filaments are nearly twice as long as the eye.

Head and body black; caudal cephalic tuft, and most of the lin-rays pale.

The type of the species is number 39265, taken by the steamer Albatross, {September
19, 1887, in N. hit. 39° 27', W. Ion. 71° 15', 127G fathoms.

Family ONCHOCEPHALID^E.

Walthceoidei, Gill, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863,89 (diagnosis).

Malthceoidw, Gill, Arrangemeni Families of Fishes, 1*72, 2 (No. 10); Pr<»c. U. S. X. M., i, 1878, 215-219 (diag-
nosis) |i. 231 (key to subfamilies ami genera); v, lss:;, 555 (with elaborate synonymy).
Mniiliiihi , Jordan ami Gilbert, Bull, 16, U. ,S. Nat. Man.. 819 (diagnosis ami key i.
Onchoeephalidw, Gill, MS.

l'ediculates with very broad and depressed head, with snout more or less elevated,
with trunk short and slender. Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, the lower jaw
included; teeth villiform or cardiform. Gill openings very small above and behind the
axils of the pectoral tins. Body and head covered with bony tubercles or spines. Spinous
dm sal reduced to a small rostral tentacle, which is retractile into a. cavity under a promi-
nent process on forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is obsolete; soft dorsal and anal
small and short; ventrals well developed; pectoral well developed, its base strongly angled,
with long pseudobrachia and •'! actinosts. Branchiostegals 5; no pseudobranchite.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.

I. Body with disk cordiform and caudal portion stout.

A. Frontal region elevated, and snout more or less produced or attenuated forwards Onchocephalinw

1. Orbits lateral, teeth on vomer and palatines.

<i. GUIs 2J Onchocephalus

b. Gills 2 MALTHOPSIS (See Appendix.)

II. Body with disl< subcircular or expanded backwards and caudal portion slender; frontal region depressed,

and snout rounded and obtuse in front Halieutceiiue

A. Palate edentulous ; rostral tentacle developed; carpus exserted from common membrane.

1. Disk subcircular; gills 24 pairs.

a. Month cleft wide, subvertical. Prickles-strong - Hai.ii i i i \

//. Mouth small, terminal, Prickles feeble Haliedtella

_'. Disk subtriangular; mouth small; giBs 2 pairs Dibrancuus

1'.. I'alate dentigerous; dorsal tin obsolete; rostral tentacle preseni Hun mrtus

C. Palate and vomer dentigerous; dorsal present; no rostral teutaelc HalIEUTICHTHTS

198G8— No. 2 32

498 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

ONCHOCEPHALUS, (Fischer), Gill.

Ogcocephahts, Fischer, Zoognosia, 1813, 7s.
Onohoeephalus, Gill, MS.

Malthe, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, n, 311 . — GCnther, Cut. Fish Brit. Mus., m, 200. — Jordan and
Gilbert, Bull, xvi, 1'. S. N. M., 850.

Maltheids with Lead very large, much depressed, subtriangular; cranial portions ele-
vated, with orbits lateral. Mouth protractile, subrostral, horizontal; jaws convex; villiform
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Branchiae 2A, the anterior arch without lamellae. Soft
dorsal tin very low. Pectorals large, placed horizontally. Ectoderm armed with osseous
tubercles. Air bladder and pyloric caeca wanting. Habitat: Western Atlantic from Brazil
to Cape Cod and eastward to Bermudas.

This genus includes two species; one, .1/. radiata, occuring in deep waters off the coast
of North America; the other, the polymorphic .17. vespertilio, from Brazil to Cape Cod,
and perhaps still farther northward. It has been found at 95 fathoms.

ONCHOCEPHALUS RADIATUS,( Mitciiill), Goode and Bean.

Lophius radiiitiis, MlTCHILL, Amer. Monthly Magazine, II. 1818,326. (Specimen from the Straits of Bahama)

Malthe radiata, Jordan, l'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn. 141. (Eel grass about Key West).

Malthe eubifrons, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, Fishes, 103, pi. 96. — GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.

Mus., in, 203.— Goode, Proc. U S. Nat. Mus., u, 109 (St. Augustine!).
Malthea tiasuta, Auctorum.

This species, first described by Mitchill from the straits of Bahama, was also described
by Richardson from a specimen presented to him by Audubon, professedly from Labrador,
but more probably belonging to the South Carolina collection transmitted at the same time.
Richardson's type, now in the British Museum, was carefully studied by Dr. Bean, whose
measurements are appended.

Jordan is of the opinion that this species is a form of M. vesper/ i I in, a conclusion which
does not seem untenable when we consider the immense variation of individuals which has
forced even the conservative Giinther to bring together as identical the forms described by
Cuvier and Valenciennes as Malthea longirostris, M. nasuta, M. notata, .1/. aiigusta, and M.
truncata.

Giinther was doubtless influenced by the supposed difference of locality to leave M.
radiata in a separate species.

Appended are measurements of the typical example and of an individual of nearly
equal size from Pensacola, Florida. The species is not uncommon ou the east coast of Flor-
ida, but has only once been recorded from Labrador. The type was presented to Sir John
Richardson by Audubon, who may have been misinformed as to its origin.

In the Pensacola example, No. 31908, the dorsal surface of the body is dark gray, with
numerous small, roundish black spots having a whitish origin. The under surface is light
gray. The largest body spots are one-fourth as long as the eye. The upper side of the
pectorals have spots similar to those of the body, but more elongate and irregular. The
cheeks are spotted like the sides of the body. The tubercles are largest and most numerous
along the dorsal surface of the body. The caudal peduncle is thick and heavy. The nasal
tentacle is trilobate at the tip. The posterior nostril is more than twice as large as the
anterior, which has a rudimentary tube. The teeth are in villiform bauds on the vomer,
palatines, and in the jaws. The vent is behind the middle of the length to caudal base.

Upon examinatiou of the measurement table it will be apparent that the actual differ-
ences between the two examples are so slight as to remove all doubt concerning their
specific identity.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.

Ml V-l l.'l MINTS.

4'J(J

rum nt number of B] imen..

Locality

Labrador.

31908.
Pensacola. Fla.

Length to origin of middle can

d;tl ravs

Bod;

Height ;ii centrals

Least height <>t tail

!.i ngtb of oaadal pedonole.
II. ad:

Greatest [engtb

Height «it' rostra! groove . . .

Will ili of rostral groove.

I rreatest w idtb

Width "I Interorbit&l area

Length of Bnont, inclnding
tubercle

Length of nasal tubercle . .

Width of nasal tnheri li .

Length ut maxillary

Li ngth <it mandible

Distance between anterior
orbital angles

Diameter oieye

1 ini sal

Distance from snout

Willi

III. t.l'S

lOOtha

of
length.

4U
15

70

n

-

li!

5

*i

V.

15

13

*17
14

in

9
34

17

::. 7
5
60
8

3

2.8
2. 8
9

10.5
8.7

04

Mill]

meters.

1001 ha

of
lengl l

15
If,
56

HO

7

7
04
12

0
J*

n

14
15

tin

13

•-•li. 5
8 -
31

40.8
4
4

3.6

2.5
2.5
8
8.8

9.3

7.3

i torrent number of Bpecimen
Locality

Labrador.

\liili-
meters.

Dorsal— Continued.

Length of base

Height :it Becond ray

Anal:

Distance from Bnont 133

Length of base ;7

Longest ray ca. 20

Uandal:

Length of middle rays 39

Length of externa] rays... 32

Pectoral:

Distance from snout 94

Length

Ventral:

Distance from snout

Length

Distance of vent from sin ui

Dorsal

Anal

Pectoral

Ventral

i". i)

56

.a :in

ninths

of
length.

4.3

4.3

12.:.

21

20

58

20

:t4. 8
18.6

11908

■i:i 1 l.i

Milli-
meters.

I ninths
ol

length.

139

i
i .i 25

42
35

'.17

:jh

01
30
99

4

4

12-13

5

81

ii.5

24

2ll.r,

57
22

30

17.3

58

Between posterior angles, 20.
t Between posterior angles. 17,

t The membrane lacking.
; Including membrane.

ONCHOCEPHALUS YESPERTILIO, (Linn.eus), Goode and Bean.

Lophius vesper tilio, Linn jl us, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, 1, 236.

Mallhe veapertilio, Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xn, 440. — Goode, Bull, vi, U. S. Nat. Mus.
(full synonymy).

A Malthe, with distance between the anterior angles of orbits less than that between
the posterior angles; a subcorneal process projecting forward from the head, variable in
length but longer than in the other species (about one-tenth of total) ; rostral groove longer
than broad. Color, grayish-brown above, tawny below.

Radial formula: D. 4; A. 4.

Specimens were obtained by the Blake at station CLXIX, in 24° 46' X. lat,, 83° 16' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 36 fathoms, and at station clxxi. in 24° 43' X. hit., 83° 25' W. Ion., at a depth
i.l 37 fathoms. Also, by the Albatross from station 2311, in 32° 55' X. hit., 77° 54' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 79 fatlioms ; from station 2313, in 32° 53' X. lat., 77° 53' W. Ion., at a depth of 99
fathoms; from station 2362, in 22° 08' 30" X. lat., 86° 51' 15" W. Ion., at a depth of 25 fath-
oms; from station 2402, in 28° 36' X. lat., 85° 33' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 111 fathoms;
from station 2404, in 28° 44' X. lat., 85° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 60 fathoms; from station
2405, in 28° 45' X. lat., 85° 02' W. Ion., at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2406, in 28°
46' X. hit,, 84° 49' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2417, in 33° 18' 30" X.
hit., 77° 07' W. Ion., at a depth of 95 fathoms, and from station 2318, in 24° 25' 45" X. lat.,
81° 46' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 45 fatlioms.

HALIEUT^A, Cuv. and Val. (Figure 403.)
Holt, ulna. tTVIFP. and Valencennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss. \n, 155. — GtiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Ill, 203.

Maltheids with subcircular body disk, and slender caudal peduncle, with depressed
frontal region ami snout rounded and obtuse, and with conspicuous rostral tentacle. Mouth
large, palate toothless. Carpus exserted. Gills in 2i pairs.

This genus was known only from the northwest Pacific, where the Halieutcea stellata,
whose dried skin is so familiar in the insect boxes made up for sale to visitors, occurs at
considerable depth. In 1889 the Investigator obtained a new species, pink and crimson in
color, in the Andaman Sea, in 265 fathoms, which Aleock names Halieutcea coccinea. (Fig.
410.) '

'Ann. & Mat,'. Nat. Hist., 1889,382.

500 DEEP-SEA FISHES OE THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

HALIEUTELLA, Goodeand Bean.

Halieutella, Goode and Bean, Froc. Biol. Soc. Washington, n, 1882, 88.

Body maltheiform, subcircular, depressed, its width equal to its length; covered with
flaccid, inflatable skin. Spines feeble and less numerous than in Halieuttea. Head merged
in body; forehead with a transverse bony ridge; no perceptible supraoral cavity; no ten-
tacle. Mouth small, terminal; lower jaw slightly curved forward. Teeth in the jaws
minute, cardiform; not discernible on palate, though possibly present. Carpus broad,
slightly exserted. Pectoral fins remote from tail, obliquely placed, with membranes sub-
vertical. Branchial aperture posterior to carpus, upon the disk, and not remote from its
margin. Grills 2J. Teeth on palate. Dorsal tin 5-rayed, inserted at junction of disk with
caudal peduncle. Anal flu 4-rayed, originating at root of caudal peduncle.

HALIEUTELLA LAPPA, G : and Beau. (Figures 412, A, B.)

Halieutella lappa, Goode and Bean, loc. vil.

Disk subcircular, more than two-thirds as long as the body. Body covered with a
loose, flaccid, inflatable skin, which so obscures its proportions that it is impossible to de-
termine its exact height, but it is not nearly so much depressed as in the related genera.
When the body is inflated the height and length of the disk are nearly equal.

Spines rather feeble ; about 10 between snout and dorsal fin. About (! strong spines, witli
conical bases and stellular tips on the outer margin of the disk on each side, the anterior
of them being opposite the eye. In front of these spines on the discal margin, and between
them and the snout, are several small, simple spines, pointing backward. Belly armed
with spines similar to those on the back, but weaker. A stellate spine upon the tip of the
snout, with two weaker, simple spines on each side. Nasal openings midway between eye
and tip of snout. Mouth small, upon the margin of the disk. The upper jaw is shorter than
the diameter of the eye. Teeth as described in the generic diagnosis. Dorsal fin inserted
at posterior limit of disk, with five simple, articulated rays, its longest ray one-fifth as long
as the disk. Anal fin with four simple, articulated rays, inserted directly beneath the
fourth ray of the dorsal; its second, and longest, ray one-fourth as long as the disk. Caudal
twice as loug as anal, and slightly longer than caudal peduncle, with nine simple, articu-
lated rays. Carpus inserted at a distance from the snout equal to twice the length of the
longest pectoral ray, which is slightly greater than the distance of posterior margin of
carpus, at its junction with disk, (torn vent. Number of pectoral rays, 15. Ventral in-
serted at a point equidistant from the snout and the origin of theanal; length of its longest
ray (the fourth) equal to one-half the distance of the anal fin from the snout.

Radial formula : 1). 5; A. 4; ('.it; 1*. 15; V.."..

Color, yellowish white.

A single specimen, 1J inches long, was dredged by the TJ. S. Fish Commission steamer
Fish Hawk at station 1151, N. hit, 39° 58' 30", W. Ion. 70° 37', in a depth of 125 fathoms.

D1BRANCHUS, Peters.

Dibranchut, Peters, Mouatsberiehte, Konig. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1875-'76, 736, (type, D. atlantieua, Peters). —

Gill. Pro.-. U. S. Nat. Mas., i, 231.
Halieutwa, (part) Goope, Proc. Y. S. Nat. Mus., m, 467. — Jokdah and Gilbert, Bull. xvi,IT. S. Nat. Mus., 851.

Maltheids with head merged in body, very large, much depressed, forming a broadly
ovate disk, with margin prolonged laterally to a greater extent than in the allied genera.
Cranial portion of disk not elevated. Interorbital area low, narrow, with orbits partly
superior. Supra-oral cavity large, protected above by transverse bony ridge.

Mouth terminal, horizontal, wide; lower jaw convex, teeth in cardiform bands upon
jaws; vomer and palatines edentulous.

Branchiie 2, the first and fourth arches without lamella?, the fourth arch inconspicu-
ous. Branchial apertures small, anterior to pectoral and upon disk.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES ANI> THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 501

Tentacle representing first dorsal tin retractile, with dilated trilobate tip. Soft dorsal
tin seven-rayed, inserted posterior to discaJ margin.

Anal tin behind dorsal. Pectorals median, carpus narrow, slightly exserted, horizon-
tally placed.

Ectoderm covered with numerous and strong stellular spines, above and below; the
spines being particularly strong and three pointed at. the margins of the disk. Tongue, air
bladder, and pyloric appendages wanting.

DIBRANCHUS ATLANTICUS, Peters. (Figure 413.)

Dibranchus atlantieus, Peters, Monatsberichte, Koniglich Preussischen Akademie, WIssenschaften, Berlin,
is?:, (76) 736), Coll, of H. M. S. Gazelle, coast of \V. Africa, lat. L0° 12' 9"N; Ion. 17° 25' 5" \V; depth,
360 fins.); plate with 5 il^s. — GOnther, Challenger Rep., xxu, 59. — Vaii.i.wi, Travailleur, 1888, :ii:i.

Il.iln i<i,ui .•.fiilictisti, (ioooi:, l'l'oi'c.ediiigs U. .S. Xat. Mus., in (sig. L'!), Jan, 31, 1S81), 07. (Coll. of IT. S. P.
<_!., 1880, off Newport, R. I., depths 225 and 238 fins.), — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 851.

A species of Dibranchus with orbicular disk, nearly as wide as long; its length about
half that of the body; its lateral outline prolonged on each side, and terminating in a strong
spine, armed at the tip with a group of irregularly arranged acicular spinelets. Body cov-
ered above with numerous stout, conical spines with stellular bases. These are largest
upon the trunk, where they are approximately arranged in about four irregular longitudinal
rows upon each side of the dorsal fin. Closely set. rows of these stout spines mark the outer
margin of the disk, and there is also a cluster of live to seven upon each carpal peduncle.
Outside of these marginal spines, upon each side, is an irregular marginal row of five de-
pressed, knife-like spines, each tipped with a crown of three acircular spinelets. On the
anterior margin of the disk the two rows coalesce to a greater or less extent and form a
bristling array of closely set spines, some pointing dorsally, some laterally, some veutrally.
There are two kinds of spines upon the dorsal surface, in addition to the large ones already
described; some large,somewhat remote from each other, conical, stellular; others, much more
numerous and tilling the interspaces, prickle-like, stellular. Belly armed with numerous
closely set spines of a similar kind. Snout somewhat projecting, armed with three many-
tipped spines. A spine-armed ridge in front of the eyes, over the top of the snout. In this
4 spines are conspicuous, one in front of each eye, and between these alarger pair, in front
of the supraorbital ridges. From these last-mentioned spines extend spine-armed ridges
along the upper margins of each orbit. Under the snout is a cavity (horizontal diameter
i that of orbit) containing a barbel, pedicelled, with thick, club-shaped, trilobate tip. On
each side of this cavity are the nasal openings, which are as in Halieutichthys.

The width of the mouth is equal to the distance between the centers of the pupils of

the eyes.

The diameter of the orbit is contained as follows in other dimensions of the body: In
total length, 9i; in distance from snout to dorsal, (I; same to anal, 7; the base of ventrals,
.">; to angle between pectorals and trunk, ~>S ; to gill opening, 5; in greatest width of disk,
5J; of trunk, 1. Width of iuterorbital area in diameter of orbit, §.

Dorsal tin with <> or 7 rays, tin; longest, (3d) l.V times diameter of orbit, and (i times in
total length. Anal tin inserted entirely behind dorsal, with 1 rays, the longest (3d) about
aslong as longest in dorsal tin. Ventral fins inserted nearly under middle of disk, a little
nearer to vent than to mandibular symphysis, with one rudimentary and five well developed
rays, increasing in length posteriorly, the last and longest li.V times in total. Distance
between ventral origins, 1.\ in total length.

Pectorals with peduncles slightly exserted, bases included in common membrane, com-
posed of 13 to 15 rays, the longest (3d or 4th) t'r; in total.

Caudal fin rounded, consisting of 9 rays, all bifid or triad excepl the two external
ones: length of middle ray, about half that of trunk and exceeding that of the pectoral,
being contained t1 times in total length.

I

502

DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Stomach egg-shaped, intestines somewhat longer than body.

Color, uniform reddish, gray above, slightly lighter below.

Radial formula: D. 6-7; A. 4; C. 9; P. 13-15; V. I, 5; B. 0. Gills 2.

MEASUREMENTS.

Liver very wide ami large.

< un i nt number of specimen.
Locality

20175.
Station 895.

Milli- lOOthsof
meters, length.

Extreme length

Length to base of middle caudal rays

Body:

i greatest width of disk

Length of disk (snout to lateral spine)

Length of disk (snout to angle of peetiu-alj

Least In i- lit "t tail

Length of body {outside of disk)

Head :

Greatest length (to branchial opening)

Width of interorbital area

Length of snout

Width of month

Length of maxillary

Length of mandible

Diameter of orbit

Dorsal :

Distance from snoul

Length of base

Greatest height

Length of rostral barbel

Anal:

Distance from snont

Length ol base

Height at longest ray

Caudal: Length i if middle rays

Pectoral :

Distance of elbow from snout

Length

Ventral:

Distant f free portion from snout

Li -n gib

Dorsal

Anal

Caudal

Pectoral

Ventral

140
118

60
47
47
5
40

.19
8
4

16
9

10

60
S

14
2

14
13

52
24

35
12

6
4
8
13-15
5

The GhaUenger obtained 4 specimens off the west coast of Africa (Lat. 10° 12' N., Ion.
17° 25' W.) at a depth ol' 360 fathoms. The Talisman dredged it off the Gape Yerdes
(station oxn) in 405 meters. The American specimens were obtained from the following
localities:

The Blake secured specimens of this species from the following localities: Off Barba-
dos at a depth of 73 fathoms; off the Grenadines at a depth of 164 fathoms and at station
CLXXix, in 28° 42' N. lat., 88° 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 321 fathoms. Also the Albatross
from station 2608, in 34° 32' N. hit,, 76° 12' W. Ion., at a depth of 22 fathoms ; Gat, No. 35448,
U. S. N. M., from station 2183, in 39° 57' 45" N. lat,, 70° 56' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 195
fathoms; Gat, No. 35683, U. S. N. M., from station 2246, in 39° 56' 45" N. hit., 70° 20' 30"
W. Ion., at a, depth of 122 fathoms; Cat. No. 35403, U. S. N. M., from station 2180, in 39° 29'
50" N. lat., 71° 49' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 523 fathoms; Cat. No. 32810, IT. S. N. M., from
station 2014, in 36° 41' 05" N. lat,, 74° 38' 55" W. Ion., at a depth of 373 fathoms; Cat. No.
35564, U. 8. N. 31., from station 2212, 39° 59' 30" N. lat,, 70° 30' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of
428 fathoms; Cat, No. 35098, U. S. N. M., from station 2262, in 39° 54' 45" N. lat., 69° 29' 45"
W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. No. 35482, U. S. N. M., from statiou 2186, iu 39° 52'
15" K, hit., 70° 55' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 353 fathoms; Cat, No. 35084, TJ. S. N. M., from
station 2262, in 39° 54' 45" N. lat,, 69° 29' 45" W. Ion., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. No.
33515, IT. S. N. M., from station 2092, in 39° 58' 25" N. lat., 71° 00' 30" AY. Ion., at a depth
of 197 fathoms; from station 2376, in 29° 03' 15" N. lat,, S8° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 324
fathoms; from station 2396, in 28° 34' N. lat,, 86° 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms;
from station 2232, in 38° 37' 30" N. lat,, 73° 11' W. Ion., at a depth of 243 fathoms; from

DISCUSSION' OP SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 503

station 2536, in :!'.» 56' 15" X. lat., 70° 47' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 157 fathoms; from
station 2028, in 39< 57' ."id" K lat., 70° 32' W". Ion., at a depth of 209 fathoms; from station
2025, in 40° 02' X. lat . 7o 27' W. Ion., at a depth of 239 fathoms; from station 2027, in 39°
58' 25" X. lat., 70° 37' \V. Ion., at a, depth of 198 fathoms; from station 2125, in 11 13' X.

lat.. 69° 09' o(>" W. Ion., at a depth of 208 fathoms; from station 2264, in 37° 07' 50" XT. lat.,

74° 34' 20" W. Ion., at a depth of 167 fathoms; fr station 2395, in 28° 36' 15" X. lat., 86

50' W . Ion., at a depth of 347 fathoms; from station 2398, in 28° 45' X\, lat, sir- :_»•;' W. Ion.,
at a depth of 227 fathoms; from station 2394, in 28° 38' .'50" X., lat. 87 > 02' AY. Ion., at a
depth of 420 fathoms; from station 2025, in 40° 02' X. lat,, 71) ' 27' YV. Ion., at a depth of
•Si'.) fathoms; from station 2397, in 28° 42' X. lat., 86° 36' W. Ion., at a depth of 280 fathoms;
and from station 2396, in 28° 34' X. lat., *•', ' 48' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms.

Specimens were also obtained by the Fish Hawk from the following localities: Cat.
Xo. 20733, IT. S. X. M., from station 898, in 37° 24' N.lat., 74° 17' W.lon., at a depth oC300
fathoms; Cat. No. 28784, U. S. N. M., from station 939, in 39° 53' X. hit,, 69° 50' 30", W.lon.,
at a depth of 264 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 26088, U. S. X. M., from station 879, in 39° 49' .".<>" X.
lat., 70^54' W.lon., at a depth of 225 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28727, d. S. X.M.,from station 925,
in 39° 55' N.lat., 7<P 47' W. Ion., at a depth of 2:2!) fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28836, U. S. X. 31., from
station 051, in 39° 57' X. lat., 70° 3 V 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 225 fathoms ; Cat. Nb.28795,
U. S. X. M., from station 945, in 39° 58' X. lat., 71° 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 207 fathoms;
Cat. Xo. 29051, U. S. X. M., from station 1045, in 38° 35' X. lat., 73° 13' W. Ion., at a depth
of 312 fathoms; Cat, Xo. 26175, U. S. X. M., from station 895, in 39° 50' 30" X. lat., 70° 59'
45" W. Ion., at a depth of 23S fathoms; Cat, Xo. 29071, U. S. X. M., from station 1019, in 38°
28' X. lat., 73o 22' W. Ion., at a depth of 435 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28907, tJ. S. X. M., from
station 1025, in 39 o 49' N. lat., 71° 25' W. Ion., at a depth of 216 fathoms; Cat, Xo.
31881, U. S. X". M., from station 1154, in 39° 55' 31" K lat., 70° 39' W. Ion., at a depth of 193
fathoms; Cat. Xo. 31765, U. S. X.M., from station 1140, in 39° 34' N. lat., 71° 56' \Y. Ion., at
a depth of 374 fathoms; Cat, Xo. 31761, U. S. X. M., from station 1142, in 39° 32' X. lat., 72°
00' W. Ion., at a depth of 322 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28898, U. S. X. M., from station 997, in 39°
42' X. lat., 71° 32' W. Ion., at a depth of 335 fathoms; Cat. Xo. 28801, U. S. X". M., from
station 940, in 39° 55' 30" X. lat, 71° 14' W. Ion., at a depth of 247 fathoms; ( 'at. Xo. 28737,
U. S. X. M., from station 924, in 39° 57' 30" X. lat., 70° 40' W. Ion., at a depth of 164 fath-
oms; Cat. No. 31744, U. S. X. M., from station 1138, in 39° 39' X. hit., 71° 54' W. Ion., at a
depth of 108 fathoms; and five specimens from station 894, in 39° 53' XT. lat., 70° 58' 30"
W. Ion., at a depth of 305 fathoms. A single specimen was also captured off Block Island
in 18S0.

HALICMETUS, Alcock.
Saliemetus, Axcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., .Inly. 1891, 27.

TTead and anterior part of body very broad and depressed. Front with a transverse
bony bridge and a subrostral cavity lodging a fleshy tentacle. Cleft of month horizontal.
Villiform teeth in jaws and palatines. Gill-openings small, foramina situated superiorly in
the axilhe: two gills; no pseudobranchiaB. ITead and body with close set graniform asper-
ities and large granular tubercles. Xo dorsal tin whatever. Anal lin very short. Pyloric
appendages and air-bladder absent. Alcock.

This genus is represented by the single species. Ilitl icmetus ruber, Alcock (1. c.,pl. viii,
Figs. 1, la, lh), obtained by the " Investigator," in the Bay of Bengal, at .Station 115, in
188-220 fathoms. Two specimens.

HALIEUTICHTHYS, Poey.

Halieutiohthys (Poey), Gill., Proo. Ar.nl. Nat. Sci. j'hila.. 1863, 89 (type, Ualieutichihya retteulatus, Poey).—
Gill., Proc. I", s. Nat, Mua., 232.— Jordan and Gilbert, Mull. 10, U. S. Nat. Mus., 851.

Maltheids with head merged in body, very large, much depressed, anteriorly cordiform;
cranial portion not elevated; interorbital area low and very narrow, orbits partly superior.

Mouth terminal, horizontal, protractile jaws equal, lower jaw nearly semicircular; vil-
liform teeth upon jaws, vomer, and palatines.

504 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Branchiae two and one-half, the first arch without lamella-. Branchial apertures
anterior to pectoral, upon disk.

Superoral cavity small, containing a tentacle (representing aborted first dorsal), which
is very retractile.1

Soft dorsal fin, few rayed, inserted at junction of disk with trunk. Anal fin few rayed.
Pectorals large, carpus slender, not oxserted, horizontally placed. < Saudal rounded.

Ectoderm sparingly armed above with stellate tubercles, the posterior of which upon
the disk mark the contour of the skeleton. Under surface smooth.

Air bladder and pyloric caeca absent, intestine short, stomach siphon-shaped,
spermaries bilobate, liver on left side of body.

HALIEUTICHTHYS ACULEATUS, Mm hill), Goose. (Figures 114 A, I!.)

Lophius aculeatus, Mitcium , American Monthly Magazine, n, 18ls, 325 (specimen from Straits of Bahama).

WalieuMcMhys aculeatus, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., n, 1879, log (calling attention to Mitchill's descrip-
tion), in, 467. — Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S.Nat. Mus., 851. — Goode and Bean, ibid., 333
(specimen from Key Wes1 I. — Gill, Proc. I". S. Nat. Mus., v, 556.

HalieuUchthys retieulatm, Poev, MS. — Gill, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1863, 91 (specimen frcm Cuba).

A species of Halieutichthys, with cordiform disc, which is about as wide as long, its
length more than two thirds that of the body. Body covered above with stout conical
spines with stellular liases, largest, upon the trunk, upon which they axe arranged in about
two irregular longitudinal rows on each side of the dorsal; upon the disc they are placed
above the principal bones of the skeleton, most abundant upon its cranial portion. A single
row of stout spines, usually three-pointed, marks the outer margin of the disc, a particularly
large one at each outer angle. Body entirely smooth below. Snout very short, obtuse.
Bridge over the rostral cavity covered in front with a. three-pointed spine, having on each
side a simple spine. Short, stout, simple spines, upon each supraorbital margin, thefrontof
which is immediately above and behind the cavity containing the nostrils. The vertex
bears several similar spines. Many spines closely placed upon the humeral area. Numer-
ous short tentacles upon the margin of the disc and on the sides of the trunk. The supra-
oral cavity is elliptical, small (horizontal diameter two-sevenths diameter of orbit), contain-
ing a well-developed, club-shaped, very perceptible tentacle. The width of the opening of
the anterior nostril, which is in a short tube, is one-half that of the posterior nostril, which
is not tubular. The width of the mouth is much less than the distance between the pupils
and is equal to the diameter of the orbit.

The diameter of the orbit is contained 8J times in distance from snout to base of caudal,
0 times in distance from snout to origin of soft dorsal, (i.\ times in distance to origin of anal,
3 times in distance to base of ventrals, and <> times in distance to angle between pectorals
and trunk, 4i{ times in distance from snout to gill opening, C in greatest width of disc, and
nearly li in that of trunk. Width of interorbital area two-fifths diameter of orbit.

Dorsal tin with 4 or 5 rays, the longest (1st) equal to diameter of orbit. Anal tin in-
serted under third ray of the dorsal, with 1 rays, the third or longest, very slightly longer
than the. longest dorsal ray.

Ventral fins inserted neatly under the middle of the disc, with one rudimentary and
5 dorsal rays, increasing in length posteriorly, the last and longest contained 5 times in
total length; distances between origins of ventrals <>A in total length.

Pectorals with peduncles entirely included in common membrane, with blades far
back, horizontal, lying close to trunk, composed of Hi rays, the middle or longest 3§ in total
length.

Caudal fin, rounded, composed of 9 rays, the external rays, one above and two below,
simple, the others bifid; length of middle ray equal to that of trunk (measured from junc-
tion of pectorals to base of caudal rays) and slightly exceeding the longest pectoral ray.
Length of intestine contained l{j times iu total length.

1 The rostral tentacle in Halieutichthys is by no means obsolete, though it is said to be by all who have
discussed the genus.

DIS< I SSION OF SPECIES AM) THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 505

Radial formula: D. 4-5; A. I; C.9; P. 16; V. i, 5; B. 6; Gills 2 J.

Color: Body covered above with reticulations of brown, the general hue varying from
light yellowish gray to grayisli brown, the markings being darker upon darker specimens.
Pectorals and caudal fins with about three dark bars; the terminal bars in young very
black. Body beneath, milky white.

Specimens of this species were obtained l>y the Blake from station colix, in -\ 43' N.
[at., 83° 25' w. ion., :ii a depth of 37 fathoms; and from station (vni), off Granada, West
Indies, at a depth of 92 fathoms. Also bythe Albatross from station 2290, in 35< 23' N. lat.,
7.-. 24' 30" w. Ion., al a depth of 9| fathoms; from stations 2121-2, between 10 37' 40" N.
lat.. 61 ' 42' 40" W. Ion., and L0 37' X. lat., 61 44' 22" W. Ion., at a depth of from .'51 to

:u fat! is; from station 2311, in 32° 55' X. lat., 77 54' \Y. Ion., at a depth of 79 fathoms;

from station 2318, in 24° 25' 45' N. lat., si > 46' 45" W. Ion., al a depth of 45 fathoms; from

station 2388, in 29 24 30" N. lat., 88 ' <>1' \V. Ion., at a depth of 35 tail is; from station

2362, in 22 08' 30" N. lat., 8G 53' 30" W. Ion., at a depth of 25 fathoms: from station 2404,
in 28° 11' X. lilt.. 85° 16' W. Ion., at a depth of 60 fathoms; from station 2405, in 28° 45' N.
lat., 85° 02' \V. Ion., ata depth of30 fathoms; from station 2407, in 28° 47' 30" N. lat., 84°
37' W. Ion., iit ii depth of 24 fathoms; from station 2409, in L'7^ 04' N. lat., 83' 21' 15" W.
Ion., at a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2411,in 26° 33' 30" N. lat., 83° 15' 30" W.lon.,
at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2417, in 33° IS' 30" N. lat., 77° 07' W, Ion., at a
depth of 'Jo fathoms.

'■'■■Vs m

ii^FP

^.DPIPZEItTIDIZX:

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 3: Under Myxine australis. Add to synonymy:

Myxine avstralis, GuTXTHER, Challenger Report, vi, 1X80,23.

Page 6: For the Key to the Squali, substitute the following, by Dr. Gill:

KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA FAMILIES OF ANARTHROUS SQUALL

I. Anal fin lacking; vertebrae tectospondylic.

A. No spines in trout of dorsal tins ScymnorhiniDjE

B, Bach dorsal tin preceded by a spine Spinacid^b

II. Anal tin present; vertebra' asterospondylic.

A. Dorsal tins two, without antecedent spines, tlie first above or behind the ventrals. . .Scyli.iouiiixidjE

B. Dorsal tins two, without spines, the lirst in, advance of ventrals; caudal erescentic, with a keel on

each side of its stem; gill openings enormous Cetobhinid^!

Page 7: Scymnus lichia. Vinciguerra obtained three examples in the Gulf of Genoa,
July 26, 1879, at a depth of about GOO meters (Crociere delle Violante, 121).

Page8: Somniosus microcephalus. According' to Giittther, Strom and Collett, Somniosus
microcephalus is found off the coasts of Norway at depths of 150 to 300 fathoms.

Page9: Paracentroscyllium ornatum, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. viii,
fig. 2.

Page 10: Etmopterus spinax. Add to synonymy:

Spinas Gunneri, Reinhakdt, Kon. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1824-27 i 1828), p. xvi.

According to Strom, this form occurs off Norway at depths of from 70 to 300 fathoms
[Kon. Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 1883, 45].

Vinciguerra obtained twenty-two specimens in the Gulf of Genoa, at about 600 meters,
July 26, L879 (Crociere delle Violante, 20).

Strom reports it from 70 to 300 fathoms in Trondhjems Fiord [Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrilt.,
1884, 1 1. 1

Page 11: After Gentroscyllium add:

PARACENTROSCYLLIUM, Alcock.

Paracentro8cyllium, Alcock, Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist.. L889, November, 379; Bathybial Fishes of the Bay of
Bengal, 1890, 5.

Two dorsal tins, each witli a strong spine. No anal tin. .Month erescentic, with a
direct oblique groove at each angle. Teeth equal in both jaws, minute, simple, monocuspid,
straight. No membrana nictitans. Gill openings rather wide. Integument smooth. — Alcock.

Three specimens of the single species, /'. ornatum, Alcock, loc. tit., were found in the
Bay of Bengal, "Swatch of No ground," 285 to to.") fathoms, by the Investigator.

Page 1-: Centrophorus. For Centrophorus granulosus read G. uyatus (Rafinesque).
Bellotti demonstrates that Acanthias uyatus (Raf.), M. & II. is the young of Centrophorus
granulosus, and states the young and old are abundant about Nice.

507

508 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

The Squalus uyatus of Raflnesque was described from Sicily, where the fishermen of
Palermo call it the Uyatu; Centrophorus uyatus should then be the name of this species.

A specimen was taken by Vinciguerra in the Gulf of Genoa, July, 1879, at a depth of
GOO meters (Crociere delle Violante, 1883, 18).

Centrophorus foliaceus, Giiuther (Challenger Report, xxn, 5, PI. n, fig. a) was from
station 1*32, off Inosima, Japan, at a depth of 245 fathoms.

G. squamulosus, Gunther [loc. tit., PI. n, fig. b) was from the same locality as the
preceding.

Page 14: ( 'entroscymnus ecelolepis. A female containing five ftetuses was taken at Nice
in 1883 by the < lal Brothers, and is now in the museum at Florence (Bellotti, Appunti all'
Opera del Dottor Finilio Moreaa, Milan, L891, 113; Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France,
Suppl. 0). Another was taken a few days before.

These captures show that this shark is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean. It will
probably be found abundant in 200 to 000 fathoms, especially in the western part of this sea.

Page 10: Scylliorhinus retifer. Add to synonymy:

Scylliorhinus retifer, Jordan and Gilbert, Bull, xvi, U. S. Nat. Mas., 869.

Scylliorhinus hispidus | Alcock) [Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., August, 1891, 21] was obtained
by the Investigator in the Andaman Sea, station 1 15, 188 to 222 fathoms.

Scylliorhinus canescens (Giinther) [Challenger Report, xxn, PI. i, tig. a] was obtained
by the Challenger at station 310, off the southwest coast of South America in 400 fathoms.

Scylliorhinus hispidus (Scyllium hispidum) Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI.
VIII, fig. 3.

Page L8: Pseudotrimis microdnn. This species was first made known by Capello from
a single specimen obtained at Setubal in 1867. None have since been recorded from
Portugal (Peixesde Portugal, L880, 41).

Page 20: Pristiurus melanostomus. Vinciguerra obtained sixty-six specimens, nearly
all females, in the Gulf of Genoa, duly 26, 1879, at a depth of about GOO meters (Crociere
delle Violante, 18). The Rev. W. Spottswood Green obtained a young specimen at a depth
of 150 fathoms off the southwest coast of Ireland in July, 1889 (Gunther, Ann. and Mag.
Nat, Hist.. Dec, 1889, 415).

Page 24: Chlamydoselachus anguineus. Collett has recently announced the very sur-
prising fact of the occurrence of this form at Madeira, where the Prince of Monaco obtained
a young female, G10 millimeters long, in March, 1889, thus bringing this strange family and
genus into the Atlantic (Collett, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1890, 219).

Raia isotrachys (Challenger Report, xxn. 7, PI. in) was from Challenger station 235,
south of Japan, in 365 fathoms.

Page 25: Raia lintea, Fries. Collett reports that several individuals were taken at
Jaederen's Rev, at about 100 fathoms depth, and that its northern limit is about N. lat. 59°
(Christ, Vid. Selsk. Forh., 18S2, No. 29, 4).

Raia mamillidens, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November. 1889, 380; 111. Zool.
Investigator, Fishes, PI. vni, fig. 1). was taken by the Investigator in the Gulf of Manaar,
N. lat. 6° 29', F. Ion. 79° 34', at a depth of 597 fall is.

Ruin radiata. Collett reports this species along the entire length of the Norwegian
coast to the Russian boundary, and that it is numerous in the fiords of Finmark. Its
northern limit is the northwest coast of Spitzbergen, N. lat. 80°. The greatest depth at
which it has been found is !.",() fathoms (Collett, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1882, No. 29, 3).

Page 27: Raia circularis. Collett reports that this species is found on the coast of
Norway at depths of 100 to 30(1 fathoms, and that its northern limit is about N. lat. 59°
(Christ, Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1882, No. 29, 4).

Rain senta, Garman, (I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vni, 1885, p. 43), was taken on Le Have
Banks, and is doubtless hemibathybial in its distribution.

Raia aleutica, Gilbert and Thoburn (Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1894). was taken in 81
fathoms, south of Uualaska, and is also doubtless hemibathybial.

APPENDIX. 509

Rata trachura, Gilbert (Proc. CT. S. Nat. Mus.. 1891, p. 539), was taken in the Sauta
Barbara Channel in 822 fathoms.

1,'n in abyssicola, Gilberi and Thobnrn (Bull. U. S. Fish Coin., L894), was taken off Queen
Charlotte Islands. British Columbia, at a depth of L,588 fathoms.

Page 28: Uaia hyperborea. TbeNorwegian North Sea Expedition of 1878 took a speci-
men 15 miles northwest of Spitzbergen in 4">!> fathoms (Collett, Christ. Vid. Selsk., iv,
is?-. 8).

Page i"-1 : Rata fullonica. < 'ollet t reports this species from numerous localil ies be! ween
Jsederen's LV\ ami Trondhjem's Fiord, at a depth of 80 to 150 fathoms. Its northern limit
is N. lat. (i:; TV (Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1882, No. 2'.», 4).

Page 30: Rata nidrosiensis. Collett reports that since the discovery of this species a1
Trondhjem's Fiord, in 1880-'81, it has been frequently observed in the same locality at
depths of Kid to 300 fathoms. Its northern limit is X. lat. 63 15' (Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh.,
L882, Nc I'll. Ii.

Page 30: Uaia batis. Collett reports that this species is common along the entire coast
id' Norway and the fiords of Finmark, and that it descends to a depth of 200 fathoms. Its
northern limit is N. lat. 71° (Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1882, No.29, I .

Page 30: Rata vomer. Collett reports that many examples were taken at Jsederen's
Rev, Bergen and Trondhjem Fiord, and that it is rare elsewhere in Norwegian waters. It
is found in depths of loo to 150 fathoms, ami deeper. Its northern limit is N. lat. 63 45
(< Ihrist. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1882. No. 29, 4).

Family TRYGONID^E.
UKOLOPHUS, M. A II.

Urolophtis Jcaianus, Giinther (Challenger Report, VI, '■>"; x\ti, 12), was from Challenger

station I'll', off the Ki Islands, in 1 Id fathoms.

Urolophus Goodei., Jordan and Bollman (Proc I'. S. Nat, Mus., 1889, p. 151), taken in
Magdalen Bay at a depth of 33 fathoms, is probably hemibathybial

Page .'!1 : Ghimwra monstrosa. Add to synonymy:

Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav. et Tal., 80, PI. n . fig. 2.

Chi urn in mi diii rraneus, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., in. 1826, p. 68.

Specimens of this species were also taken by the Travailleur at station lxxxvi, off the
coast of Soudan, in 800 meters: station xcv, on the Banc d'Arguin, in 1,230 meters; and
station i'xwii, off the Azores, in 1,257 meters.

Vinciguerra obtained a specimen, July 26, 1879, in the Gulf of Genoa, at a depth of
600 meters (Crociere delle Violante, 1883, 23 .

Capello has obtained several specimens in the markets of Lisbon ( Peixes <le Portugal,
1880, 43).

The Rev. Mr. Green obtained an egg capsule off the southwest coast of Ireland at a
depth of 315 fathoms (Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec, 1889, 415).

The discovery of this capsule confirms Dr. Giinther in his opinion that those previously
figured did not belong to Chimosra, but to Gallorhynchus. It is to be hoped that Dr. Vail-
lant will publish a statement of the character of the fragments found by him in the Gulf
of Gascony and their likeness to the one so well figured by Dr. Giinther.

('Ilium rn affinis. A single specimen has been taken by the fishermen of Setubal,
Portugal (Peixes de Portugal, isso, i:i .

Page 30: Alepocephalm bicolor, A.lcock. A good figure is given in "Illustrations of
the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part t, PL iv, fig. 2, Calcutta. 1892.

Alepocephalm Blanfordii, A hock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1892, 357 . isa
species described from a single male specimen, about 14 inches Ion--, obtained l.v the
Investigator at station 128, in the Gulf of Manaar, at a depth of 902 fathoms.

510 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Alepocephalus edentulus, Alcock (Joe. cit., 358, PI. xvin, fig. 2), was described from a
single specimen, an immature male, nearly 3 inches long, obtained by the Investigator at
station 132, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 475 fathoms.

For the second section of tlie genus, including Alepocephalus Bairdii, Jordan and
Evermann propose the generic name MitcMllina.

Page 37: Alepocephalus tenebrosus, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 546), was
taken by the Albatross in 350 to 822 fathoms, in the Santa Barbara Channel, California.

Page 40: Bathytroctes squamosus, Alcock. A good figure is given in " Illustrations of
the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part i, PI. V, fig. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 41: Bathytroctes.

Page 43: Bathytroctes microlepis, described by Gunther from the Atlantic, was reported
by Alcock from the Indian Ocean. It should be noted, however, that the specimen studied
by him was, as he himself says, "very badly mutilated and not unequivocally identifiable"
(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., December, 1S89, 453).

Page 45: Warcetes erimelas, Alcock. A good figure is given in ••Illustrations of the
Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part i, PI. iv, fig. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 46: Xenodermichthys nodulosus. Add to synonymy:

Giinther, Challenger Report, VI, Shore Fishes, 1880, 63.

Page 50: Aulastomatomorpha phosphorops, Alcock. A good figure is given in "Illus-
trations of the Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator? Part I, PL v. flg. 2. Calcutta, 1892.

Page 52: Argentina sialis Gilbert, (Proc U. S. N. M., 1890. p. 56) was obtained by the
Albatross at station 3077. coast of California, in 58 fathoms.

After Argentina add:

LEUEOGLOSSUS, Gilbert.
Leuroglossus, Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Xat. Mus.. 1890, XIII, 57.

Ventrals nearly under middle of dorsal. Mandible with a few weak teeth or none.
Premaxillaries toothless. A row of stronger teeth on vomer and front of palatines.
Tongue toothless. Pyloric; cceca 9.

Appearance of Argentina, but the snout shorter, the maxillary reaching front of eye,
and the tongue toothless.

This genus is represented by the single species, I. stilbius, of which two specimens
were obtained at Albatross stations 2997 and 2998, off Lower California, in 221 and 40
fathoms.

Page 53: Nansenia is a generic name proposed by Jordan and Evermann for M. groen-
landicum.

Bathylagus pacificus, Gilbert. Two specimens were taken by the Albatross off the
coast of Washington, at stations 3071 and 3074, in 685 and 877 fathoms (Proc. IT. S. N. M.,
xin, 1890, 55).

Page5S: Bathysaurus ferox. To the synonymy add:
Bathysaurus oblusirostris,X\u.\.\*\. Exp. Sci. Trav. et Tal., 136, 386, PI. x, fig. 2, PI. xiv, fig. 3.

Page 59: Warpodon squamosus, Alcock, is fully described in the "Annals and Magazine
of Natural History." August, 1891, p. 128.

Bathysaurus obtusirostris, Vaillant (Exp. Sci. Travailleur and Talisman), is supposed
by him to be closely allied to B. mollis described by Gunther, from the Pacific, basing his
opinion upon the presence of an adipose dorsal (in in B. mollis and its absence in B. ferox.
It is not impossible, however, that the supposed absence of this fin in the latter maybe
due to the mutilation of the few specimens in existence.

Page 00: Chlorophthalmus chalybeius. Examples of this species were obtained by the
Fish Hawk in the following localities: Cat. No. 20092, TT. S. N. M., from stations 876, 877,
and 878, off Block Island, at a depth of 120 fathoms; Cat. No. 2S995, U. S. N. M., from
station 1043, in N. lat. 38° 39', W. Ion. 73^ IP, at a depth of 130 fathoms; Cat, No. 28976,
U. S. N. M., from station 1038, in N. lat. 39 58', W. Ion. 70° 06', at a depth of 146 fathoms;
and Cat. No. 31044, U. S. N. M., from station 1108, in N. hit, 40° 02', W. Ion. 70° 37' 30", at a

APPENDIX. 511

depth of KM fathoms. The Albatross also obtained specimens as follows: Oat. No. 13829,
U. s.N. M.. from station 2420, in N. lat. 37 03' 20", W. Ion. 71 31' 10 . ai a depth of 104
fathoms; Cat. No. 13830, 0". S. N. M., from station 2424, in N. lat. 36< II' 37' . W. Ion.
74° li.'' l.v.at a depth of 85 fathoms; Cat. No. 13831, U. S. N. M., from station 2425, in N.
lat. 30 20' 21 . W. Lon. 71 46' 30", at a depth of 11!» fathoms; Cat. Nos. 43833 ami 43834,
U. s. N. M., from station 2536,iu N. lat. 39° 56' 15", W. lon. 70 47' 30 '. at a depth of 157
fathoms: and Cat. No. 43835, O. S. N. M., from station 2537, in N. lat. •!!» 56' 15 . W. Ion.
70 50' 30", a depth of 156 fathoms.

Page 61: Chlorophthalmus gracilis, Giinther (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. Ist.s. n. 182;
Challenger Report, \xn, 194). Three specimens, 9J inches lon--, were obtained by the.
Challenger at station 300, in the middle of the South Atlantic, in 1,375 fathoms; and a single
specimen, 1 inches long, at station 335, off Juan Fernandez, in 1,425 fathoms. ( Oimther, /. c.)

Chlorophthalmus corniger, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, l.xni. Pari n, Nb.2,
p. L9, PL vi, fig. 5), near ('. productus, was found in the Bay of Bengal, station L52, 145 to
250 fathoms.

Page 64: Bathypterois Giintherii, Alcock (Ann. and May. Nat. Hist., December, 1889,
450), was taken by the Investigator in the Andaman Sea. 7.1 miles east of North Cinque
Island, at a depth of 490 fathoms. Another specimen was obtained in the Bay of Bengal,
Investigator station 112, in 501 fathoms (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. August, L891, 129).

A good figure is given in '• Illustrations of the Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator," Part i,
PL vit, tig. <!, Calcutta, 1892.

Bathypterois insularum, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, L892, 356), is a
species described by Alcock from two adult females, 5.} inches long, with gravid ovaries,
obtained by the Investigator, at station 121, in the Laccadive Sea, at a depth of 1,140
fathoms.

I'age 06: Additional localities of Bathypterois longipes. V. S. N. M. No. 31804, lat.
N. 39° 29', lon. W. 72° 01', Fish Hawk, taken Septembers, 1SS2, in 291 fathoms; station
1143. U. S. N. M. No. 35035, 30° 05' 30" N., 69° 51' 15" W., station 2225, steamer . t Ibatross,
September 9, 1S84, in 2,512 fathoms.

Page 71: Myctophum pterotus, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. September, L890,
217; 111. Zool. Invest iga tor, Fishes, PI. ix, tig. 3). This species, from the Bay of Bengal, is
represented by about sixty specimens taken by the Investigator at station 96 off the Madras
coast, at a depth of lis to 102 fathoms. It is apparently somewhat similar to J/, remiger,
but has a longer anal fin and a smaller eye.

Page 72: Myctophum opalinvm was obtained from the following localities: Station 25S5,
U. S. N. M. No. 43798, 39° OS' 30" N., 72° 17' W.. -''12 fathoms. Albatross. September 19,
1885; station 2731, No. 43799, 36° 45' N., 74 : 28' 30" W ., 781 fathoms, October 25, 1880;
station 2719, No. 43800, 38° 29' N., 71° 58' W., 1,536 fathoms, September 19, 18S0; station
2504, No. 43803, 39° 22' N., 71° 23' 30" W., 1,390 fathoms, August 11, 1885; station 2685, No.
43804, 39° 35' N., 71° 02' 30" W., July 17, 1886, 1,137 fathoms; station 2585, No. 43805, 39°
08' 30" N., 72° 17' W., September 19, 1885, 542 fathoms; station 2727, No. 43807, 30° 35' N.,
74° 03' 30" W., October 24, 1880, 1,239 fathoms, 20 specimens; station 2742, No. 43808, 37°
46' 30" N., 73° 56' 30" W., September 17, 1887, S05 fathoms. 10 specimens (types); station
2522, No. 43809, 42° 20' N., 65° 07' 30" W., July 12, 1SS5, 104 fathoms; station 2660, No.
44503, 28° 40' N., 78° 46' W., May •>, 1880, 504 fathoms, !) very line examples; station 2679,
No. 44504,32° 40' N., 7<i 40' 30" W., May 0, 1880, 782 fathoms (11 line specimens, taken at
surface by use of electric light).

A few other specimens were obtained by the steamer Albatross, in the same general
locality and by the use of electric lights at stations 2055 and 2078.

Page 78: Myctophum californiense, Eigenmann (West American Scientist, November,
1889, p. 124), is thought by Jordan andEvermann to resemble the Myctophum lumps of Rich-
ardson (Scopelus lumps, Giinther).

Scopelus arcticus, Liitken, spolia atlantica, scopeluii, 29, from Davis straits, is placed by
them in this genus.

512 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Page 70: Myctophum Townsendi, Eigenmann, is pronounced by Jordan and Evermann
to be closely allied to Lampa.nyctus alatus, though a distinct species.

Page 80: Lampanyctus Warmingii was found by Professor Warming in hit. 32° C N.,
Ion. .;'.»- 28' W.

Page 82: Xotoscopelus. This genus was first described by Iiisso under the name
macrostoma, which being virtually preoccupied in entomology in the form Macrostomus, we
unhesitatingly reject.

Pages.'>: The Macrostoma augustidens of Kisso (Hist. Nat. Eur. Merit., n, 448), although
doubtless of this genus, can not. in our judgment, be identified at present with any species.

Notoscopelus auerdnus. This species is very close.to the Scojwlns- vlongatus of Giglioli
and Rafaelle, which can not be far away from that of Costa. We are disposed to believe
with Bellotti (Atti Soc. Ital. Soc. Nat., .Milan, 1892,32; Note alManuale.d' Ittiologia.Prance.se
del I >ott. Emilio Moreau, L6) that the Scopelus pseudocrocodilus of Moreau (Hist. Nat. Poiss.
France, Supp., 1891, 84; Manuel d'Ichthyologie Francaise. IS!)."). 546) is identical with Costa's
n. elongatus.

Page 88: Collettia nocturna. Jordan and Evermann decide that Myctophum nocturnum,
Poey (Memorias, Hist. Nat. Cuba, n, 426), probably belongs to the genus Collettia.

Page 89: Myctophum crenulare. Jordan anil Evermann (Proc. U. S. N. M.. 1880, 274),
from off Santa Barbara, is now placed by Jordan in the genus Tarletonbeania.

Diaphus engraulis, Giinther. Two specimens, identified by Alcock with this species,
were taken by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal at station 115, iu 188 to 220 fathoms
(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., August, 1891, 129). Jordan and Evermann refer Scopelus
cceruleus, Klunzinger, to the genus Diaphus, and make Myctophum protoculus, Gilberl
(Proc. U. S. N. M., 1890, 52), from Albatross, station 3072, 584 fathoms, off Washington, a
synonym of l>ia[)lius tin in.

Page 01: Rhinoscopelus runts was found by Liitken's correspondents in the Atlantic in
the following localities: (1) Lat. 20 N., Ion. 48 -.">o \Y.: (2)lat. 34° 50' S., Ion., 4° 30' W.;
(3) lat.37 10' S, Ion. 12 E.; (4) lat.:;.'. N. (?)

Scopelus antarcticus, Giinther, is figured in Challenger Report, wit, PI. i.i. Fig. ]). It
is perhaps a Rhinoscopelus.

Page 92: Scopelus pyrsobolus, Alcock (Scopelus pyrsobolus, Alcock, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., September, 1890, 218, PI. vni, fig. 3, outline). Tins form was obtained by the
Investigator off the Madras coast at a depth of 690-920 fathoms. It is impossible to tell to
what generic or subgeneric group it belongs, the most important characters having been
obliterated before it was studied, but it would seem to resemble in a general way Lampadena.

Page 93: Neoscopelus macrolepidotus. Add to synonymy:
Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav. et Tal., tin. PI. i\, figs. 2, 2a, 2b.

According to President Jordan, Stenobrachius of Eigeumann is a synonym of Nanno-
brachium, though having the dorsal ending over the third or fourth anal ray, and A', leucop-
sarum is a Nannobrachium as well as .V. mexicanum, Gilbert (Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1890,
51), from off the coast of southern California, and X. regale, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1891, 541), from the Santa Barbara Channel, California.

Scopdenyiik tristis, Alcock (111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, P1.YII, tig. 7, Calcutta, 1892)
is not a member of the Myctophidce, hut apparently has affinities with the .1 ulopidce.

Page 94: Myctophum leucopsarum, Eigenmann (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1890, 5), taken off
Point Loina, Lower California, in stomachs of Sebastodes, is pronounced by Jordan, who has
seen this type, to belong to Nannobrachium. Other species of this genus are that described
by (Gilbert under the name Myctophum nannochir, from Albatross station 3072, off the coast
of Washington, and since found at various points, from the Santa Barbara Islands to Alaska.
Myctophum mexicanum, Gilbert (Proc. TJ. S. N. M., 1890, 51), from Albatross stations 3008,
3000, off Lower California, and .1/. regale, Gilbert, from the Albatross collections iu Santa
Barbara Channel in liOO to 820 fathoms.

Page 03: The following new arrangemeut of Maurolocidce will be proposed by Jordan
and Evermann in their new Manual of the Fishes of North America.

APPENDIX. 513

a. Gill rakers very short ; dorsal fin on hinder half of body.

b. Dorsal fin well forward, its last ray inserted nearly over tire iirst of anal; luminous sp.,ts over and
behind anal forming a nearlj continuous series.
. . Luminous spots appearing as impressions on the skin, not placed on black globular bodies; anal

rays 25 to 30; double row of spots behind pectorals ceasing at \ entrals Maurojln > s.

co. Luminous spots occurring as "convex pearls, cadi sitting on a black globular body;" anal rays

about 14 ; double row of spots behind pectorals reaching anal Vinciguerria, now genus.

66. Dorsal tin farther back, nearly opposite anal, its iirst raj aearlj over the front of anal; luminous
spots over and behind anal gathered in 5 clusters of 2 to I each, the spots on a black back-
ground; star-shaped pigment spots along lateral line; anal rays about 24.

V \i EN( MNNia 1 i s. new genus.

VINCIGUERRIA, Jordan & Evermann.

This genus is close to Maurolicus, from which it differs, according to Liitken, chiefly
in the character of its luminous spots which are pearl-like and placed on black globular
bodies. Anal short, of 14 rays. (Named for Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, director of the Acquario
Romano, and one of the most active and scholarly of the naturalists of Italy.)

VINCIGUERR] \ ATTENUATE (Cocco) Jordan & Evermann.

Maurolicus attenuatus, Cocco, Lett. su. Salmon.. :;:;. 1838, coast of Italy; Gunther, Cat., v, 390, 1864;
LOtkbn, Spolia Atlantica, 271, 1892.
. /«» i, mini, Cuvier it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., \xn, 4-10, 1849; after Cocco.

Head 3f; depth 6. D. 12; A. 14. Last ray of dorsal just behind vertical from origin
of anal. Luminous spots slightly prominent, "appearing as convex pearls, each sitting on
a black globular body;" 12 to 14 pairs of spots between front of anal and base of caudal;
Upper row from gill opening to ventrals with 12, 11 between ventrals and anal; from tip of
isthmus to anal, 7+10 + 10=3.'! spots. Length 2 inches. Open Atlantic, west to the
Bahamas; in deep water. (Liitken, etc.)

VALKXCIKXXELLUS, Jordan & Evermauu.

This genus is close to Maurolicus but with the dorsal fin farther back, opposite anal, its
Iirst tay nearly over front of anal. Photophores above anal gathered in about live clusters,
each on a Mack background; anal fin long. Deep sea. (Named for Aehille Valenciennes,
the associate of Cuvier, author of the greater part of the " Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,'"
a noble work which is the foundation of modern ichthyology.)

VALENCIENNELLUS TRIPUNCTULATUS (Esmark) Jordan & Evermann.

Maurolicus tripunctulatus, Esmark, Christiania Vid. Selsk., Forh., 488, 1870, Madagascar; LOtkkn, Spolia
At lantira, Scopelini, 19, 1892.

Bead 3f; depth 3|. D. 9 or 10; A. about 24. Luminous spots arranged in and placed
on black bodies, 16 pairs in the lower row from pectorals to ventrals; 5 between ventrals
and anal; 5 black areas between vent and caudal about equidistant, and each one with 2 or
4 small luminous spots set close together (the first 3 with 3 each, the fourth with 2, and the
last with 4); 1 spot on preopercle, 4 near shoulder girdle; 5 in an upper row behind pecto-
ral; head and region along lateral line with a row of about 16 black pigment spots, some of
them star-shaped, with many radiations, these largest posteriorly; large and small ones
interspersed. First ray of dorsal slightly before first of anal. Two specimens known, one
front Madagascar and one from Denmark Straits, between Greenland and Iceland.

For Opisthoproctus soleatus see figures and description in Yaillant. We have seen the
specimen, but it is incomprehensible to us.

Page 96: Ghauliodus. Insert ('. Macouni, Bean (Proc. U. S. N. M., sin, 1 800, 44),
described from a single specimen, obtained at Albatross station 2860, off Cape St. James.
Queen < 'harlotte Islands, at a depth of S7C fathoms.

ft Schneideri (= G. si, Mini) was said by Kisso to have been taken in moyennesprofondeurs
off Nice, but its Mediterranean habitat is probably in not less than 3(10 fathoms. The type
of the species, originally described by Mark Catesby, the Virginia naturalist, under the
name of Vvpera marina, was obtained at Gibraltar.

19868— ^o. 2 33

514 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Page 99: Gyclothone microdon. Examples of this speeies were taken by the Blake i
the following localities: Station cxxxix, off Gaya de Moa, in 1,554 fathoms; station cxi.iv,
offBarbadoes, in 237 fathoms; station cl, off Martinique, in 470 fathoms; station cliv, off
Santa Cruz, in 580 fathoms; stati >n CI/VT, off Montserrat, in 88 fathoms; station clviii, off
Martinique, in 565 fathoms; station clix, off Dominica, in 333 fathoms; station clxxxix,
in X. lat. 24° 36', W. Ion. 84 05', in 955 fathoms; stations ccxx and cclxv in the same
locality: station ocxn, off (Jorysfort Reef, in 320 fathoms; and station ccxix, in X. lat. 24
33', W. Ion. 84" 05', at a depth of 008 fathoms.

Tin- Fish Hatch obtained specimens as follows: From station 953. in X. lat. 39° 52' 30",
W. Ion. 70° 17' 30", at a depth of 721 fathoms; station 954. in X. lat. 39° 53' 00". W. Ion.
70° 18' 30", at a depth of 051 fathoms; station 994. in X. lat. 39° 40', W. Ion. 71" 30'. at a
depth of 308 fathoms; station 997, in X. lat. 39° 42', W. Ion. 71° 32', at a depth of 335
fathoms: station 998, in N". lat. 39° 43', W. Ion. 71 32', at a depth of 302 fathoms; and
station 1096, off Martha's Vineyard.

Specimens were secured by the Albatross in the following localities: Station 2001, in
X. lat. 37° 46' 30", W. Ion. 74° 00' 00", at a depth of 519 fathoms; station 2034, in X. lat.
39° 27' 10", W. Ion. 69 56' 20", at a depth of 1,346 fathoms: station 2035, in X. lat.39 26'
16", W. Ion. 70° 02' 37", at a depth of 1,362 fathoms; station 2036, in X. lat. 38° 52' 40",
W. Ion. 69° 24' 40", at a depth of 1,735 fathoms; station 2040. in X. lat. 38° 35' 13", W. Ion.
68° 16' 00". at a depth of 2,226 fathoms: station 2044. in X. lat. 40° 00' 30", W. Ion. (18° 37' 20",
at a depth of 1.007 fathoms; station 2015. in N. lat. 10- 04' 20". W. Ion. 08° 43' 50", at a depth
of 373 fathoms; station 2047. in X. lat. 10 02' 30 . W. Ion. 68c 48' 40", at a depth of 389
fathoms; station 20S3, in X. lat. 40° 26' 40". W. Ion. 67° 05' 15". at a depth of 959 fathoms;
station 2095, in X. lat. 39c 29 00", \Y. Ion. 70- 58' 40", at a depth of 1,342 fathoms; station
2097, in X. lat. 37 56 20 . W. Ion. 70c 57' 30", at a depth of 1.917 fathoms: station 2098, in
X. lat. 37° 40' 30", W. Ion. 70' ::7' 30". at a depth of 2,221 fathoms; station 2103. in X. hit.
38° 47' 20", W. Ion. 72° 37' 00", at a depth of 1,991 fathoms; station 2106, in X. lat. 37° 41'
20", W. Ion. 73° 03' 20", at a depth of 1,497 fathoms: station 2110, in X. lat. 35° 45' 23",
W. Ion. 71 31' 25", at a depth of 888 fathoms; station 2117. in X. Int. 15° 24' 40", W. Ion.
63° 31' 30", at a depth of 083 fathoms; station 2118, in X. lat. 13° 32' 40", W. Ion. 62 51'
00", at a depth of 690 fathoms; station 2190, in X. lat. 39° 40' 00", W. Ion. 70° 20' 15", at a
depth of 1,180 fathoms; station 2209. in N. lat. 39 31 \r, . W. Ion. 71° 31' 30", at a depth
of 1,080 fathoms; station 2223. in X. lat. 37° 48' 30", W. Ion. 09° 43' 30", at a depth of 2,510
fathoms; station 2220, in X. lat. 37° 00' 00", W. Ion. 71 -54' 00", at a depth of 2.045 fathoms;
station 2352, in X. lat. 22° 35' 00", W. Ion. 81- 23 00 , at a depth of 463 fathoms: station
2382, in X. lat. 28° 19' 45". W. Ion. 88° 01' 30", at a depth of 1.255 fathoms; station 2427. in
X. lat. 42° 46' 00", W. Ion. 51' 00' 00", at a depth of 52:; fathoms; station 2534, in X. lat. 40°
01' 00", W. Ion. 67° 29' 15". at a depth of 1.234 fathoms ; station 2550. in X. lat. 39° 44' 30",
W.lon. 70° 30' 45", at a depth of 1.081 fathoms; .station 2553. in X. lat. 39° 48' 00", W. Ion.
70° 30' 00", at a depth of 551 fathoms; station 2502. in X. lat. 39° 15' 30", W. Ion. 71°
25' 00", at a depth of 1,434 fathoms; station 2505, in X. lat. 38° 19' 20", W. Ion. 09° 02'
30", at a depth of 2.009 fathoms; station 2508, in X. lat. 39° 15' 00", W. Ion. 0S° 08' 00", at
a depth of 1.781 fathoms; and station 2571, in X. lat. 40° 09' 30", W. Ion. 07° 09' 00", at a
depth of 1,356 fathoms.

MANDUCUS, Goode and Bean, n. g.

Page 104: After Photichthys add: The species described by Johnson under the name
Gonostoma maderense (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S90, 458) does not belong to the genus Gono.stoma as
limited by us, although apparently a member of the family Gonostomidce. Its relations are
most nearly with Photichthys, having as it does the dorsal flu placed in the middle of the
back over the space between the ventral and the anal. It is, however, distinguished from
Photichthys by the absence of the adipose tin and scales upon the back, and by the pres-
ence of scales upon the cheek and also by the absence of fangs upon the vomer, and the
presence of a double row of teeth in the anterior portion of the lower jaw.

APPENDIX. 5 1 5

Bather than assign an Atlantic species to a genus only known from the South Pacific
it seems justifiable to provisionally form a new genus for its reception, it being in our judg-
ment safer to overestimate diagnostic characters which are supposed to exist rather than
to undervalue them and withdraw attention from them by the opposite course.

We therefore propose for this form the generic name Manducus, characterized as fol
lows: Body oblong, compressed, covered with scales except upon the top of the head and
upon the ridge of the hack, which is rugosely warted; two rows of spots on each sideof
the belly close to the ventral line. Head elongate, conical, much compressed, with thin
bones: the cheeks covered with large scales. Opercular hones thin, the mouth anil gill
openings very wide Ohderjawfor the most part included, armed with a single row of
sharp conical teeth with small ones between them and a double row of eight smaller, but
similar ones in front. Upper jaw with a single row of teeth in front similar to those in the
lower jaw. followed on either side by a lew very long teeth with others smaller behind.
Vomer \\ ith a lew teeth; a row of minute sharp teeth on the palatines, and a row of teeth
on the entopterygoids as well as a small similar patch on the upper side of the tongue. Eye
moderate. Dorsal in the middle of the back over the space between the ventral and the
anal. Pectoral and ventral well developed, the latter narrow and shorter than the pec-
toral. Anal lower than dorsal with longer base. Lateral line much as in Oonostoma.

MANDUCUS MADERENSIS (Johnson).

Diagnosis: A fish having the body elongate, compressed; its height is included i;1,
times in its length without the caudal; the length of the head ■"">' times in the same distance.
The top of the head is scaleless, armed with two low converging ridges which meet in front
of the orbits ("hecks with large scales; profile rather steep and snout short. The eye,
which is round, does not reach the profile; its diameter is included about 5 times in the
length of the head, its distance from the snout is rather more than its own diameter, and
from the jaw rather less.

The lateral line begins near the edge of the operele, ^ of the height from the outline of
the back, and following gently until it reaches the middle of the height under the dorsal,
it then runs straight to the base of the caudal. Two rows of photophores, which are silvery
or pale steel blue in color, are closely set low down on each side of the belly. The upper
row, on which between tilt and 70 spots may be counted, begins at the throat and is con-
tinued to the base of the caudal, and the lower row runs along the isthmus between the gill
openings and likewise extends to the caudal. »

Radial formula: I). 11: I'. II); V. 8: A. 33: 0. III + 1D+III.

Scales undetermined.

This species is known from a single specimen obtained by Johnson in the market at
Puuchal and is now at the British Museum.

Color blackish, with two rows of silvery or pale blue spots along each side of the belly.

Page 105: Astronesthes niger. Add to synonymy:
(li n i m k. Challenger Report, wxi. Pt. n, 38.

Page 108: Stomias nebulosus, Alcock. A good figure is given in " Illustrations of the
Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator" Part i, PI. vil, fig. 1. Calcutta, 1892.

Page 118: <'itu\«i>Hs borealis, Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'hila., 1862, 128). occurs in the
Northeast Pacific.

Caulopus ximi, (lill i /. c ). is known only from a single specimen taken off Monterey,
Lower California.

Paralepis. In the study of this genus, special attention should be given to the impor-
tant paper by Cristotbro Bellotti, entitled '•! Paralepidini del Mediterraneo," in the Atti
della Societa Italiana di Sci. Nat., XX, fasc. 1, 1877; and his remarks m the same journal.
xxxiv, 1892, -U.

516 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

KEY TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SPECIES OF PARALEPIS.

(After Bellotti.)
Rays in front dorsal, 10.
Alia] rays, 30.

Ventrals in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle rather long P. sphyrjEKOIdes, Risso.

Ventrals inserted behind middle of front dorsal. Caudal peduncle very short.

P. Cuvieri, Bonaparte = (P. coregonoides, C. & V.).
Anal rays, 22-3.

Ventrals slightly in advance of dorsal P. SPECIOSUS, Bellotti.

Ventrals inserted under third ray of front dorsal 1'. coregonoidks, Risso.

Rays in front dorsal, 13.
Anal rays, 22.

Ventrals in advance of dorsal P. iivai.ixus, Raf.

(See Bellotti, Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat., Milan. April 20. 1877, May 30, 1891, May 22, 1802.)

The following account of the genus Arctozenus, Gill, will occur in Jordan and Ever-
nianu's new manual.

ARCTOZENUS, Gill.

Arctozenus, Gill, l'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. l'hila., 1864, 188.

Head elongate, conical, the snout attenuate, the jaws straight, the lower mostly cov-
ered by the upper; teeth of lower jaw anteriorly slender, recurved, and distant; posteriorly
small, acute, and close together. This genus is closely related to Sudis, from which it differs
mainly in the absence of fang-like teeth. From Paralepis it differs in the position of the
ventral tins, which are entirely behind the dorsal. The known species belong to the deep
waters of Arctic America ; long, slender tishes suggesting the Barracuda in outline. («,<«-:,
northern; Zivos, strange.)

«. Teeth comparatively strung; Atlantic species, A. borealis.

aa. Teeth comparatively weak : Pacific species A. coruscans.

A. coruscans was described by Jordan and Gilbert, in 1880 (Proc. IT. S. N. M., 411), from
off Port Townsend, Washington.

Page 120: Paralepis intermedins, Poey, is referred to Sudis.

Odontostomus atratus, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, lxh, Part n, No. 4, 1883,
p. 14, PI. ix. fig. 1), was obtained from 128 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal.

Page 128: Polyipnus spinosus. The locality of the specimen assigned by Alcock to this
species was Investigator station 115, and the range of depth was 108 to 220 fathoms — not
210. as stated in the text.

Tdiaeanthus antrostomus, Gilbert, was obtained by the Albatross in (503 fathoms at
station 29S0, off the coast of southern California (Proc. U. S. N. M., xm, 1800, 54).

Page 120: Halosaurus parvipinnis, Alcock (Halosaurus parvipinnis, Alcock, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist,, November, 1892, 362).

This species, represented by a single female, about 15 inches long, with gravid ovaries,
taken by the Investigator at station 122, Laccadive Sea, 805 to 880 fathoms, has the scales
of the lateral line but little larger than those of the rest of the body, and probably belongs
to the restricted genus Halosaurus.

Page 134: Aldrovandia mediorostris (Giiuther) [Challenger Beport, xxn, 239, PI. lix,
fig. C]. A single specimen, 17A inches long, was obtained by the Challenger at station 207,
west of the Philippine Islands, at a depth of 700 fathoms.

Page 132: Aldrovandia affinis (Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, 444; Chal-
lenger Beport, xxii, 241, PL lix, fig. b: Alcock, op. cit., October, 1800, 300) is recorded from
south of Japan, 505 fathoms, and the Arabian Sea, 1,000 fathoms.

A. Hoslcynii, Alcock, loc. cit., is closely allied to, if not identical with, the preceding,
and was obtained from 1,000 fathoms in the Arabian Sea, A good figure is given in "■Illus-
trations of the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part I, PI. vn, tig. 3, Calcutta, 1S02.

Aldrovandia anguilliformis (Holosaurus anguilliformis, Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., December, 1889, 453) was obtained by the Investigator in the Gulf of Manaar at a
depth of G75 fathoms.

APPENDIX. 517

Page 134: Aldrovandia mediorostris (Gtinther) was obtained in 1894 bythe Investigator

at station L50 in the Laccadive Sea, in 719 fathoms i Alcock, Jbora. Asiatic Society <>(' Bengal,
Lxm.Part n. No. 2, p. 22).

Page 130: llalosaurichthys earinieauda, Alcock. A good figure is given in "IUustra
tionsof the Zoology of II. M. s. Investigator, " Part i, PI. vn. figs. 2, 2a, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 138: Gongermurmna longicauda. In addition to the locality cited, the Investigator
obtained this form at station 120, in the Bayof Bengal, at a depth of 240 to 270 fathoms.

Alcock states that Congermurwna longicauda •• seems to he characteristic of the Bayof
Beugal between 200 and 300 fathoms" (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. November, 1892, 362).

A good figure is given in " Illustrations of the Zoology of" H. M. S. Investigator," Part
i, PI. vii. fig. 5, Calcutta, 1892.

Gongermurmna nasica, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, iaiii. Pari ti, L893, p. 15;
111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. i\. fig. 2, 1894).

Gongermurmna mu&teliceps (Gongermurmna mtistelieeps, Alcock, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of
Bengal, lxiii, Part it. No. 2, 1804, p. 19, PI. vn, fig. 5) occurs in the Bayof Bengal,
station 112, in 165 to 2">0 fathoms.

Gongermurmna squaliceps, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Part n, No. I, 1883),
a species allied to G. megastoma, was obtained in the Bay of Bengal in 128 fathoms, as was
also G. nasica, Alcock.

Leptocephalus vulgaris. Many individuals were taken by Viuciguerra in the Gulf of
Genoa, July 26, 1879, at a depth of about 600 meters (Crociere delle Violante, 120).

Vroconger vicinus, Alcock. Alcock identifies with this species a large female, 25
inches long, with gravid ovaries, taken by the Investigator at station 132, in the Bay of
Bengal, at a depth of 175 fathoms (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1892, 363).

Page 139: Coloconger raniceps, Alcock. Alcock states that this species seems to be
characteristic of the Bayof Bengal between 200 and 100 fathoms, occurring in almost every
haul (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1892, 364 .

A good figure is given in ''Illustrations of the Zoology of II. M. 8. Investigator," Part
I, PI. vn, fig. 4, Calcutta, 1892.

Promyllantor purpureas, Alcock. A good figure is given in •'Illustrations of the
Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part i, PL vi, fig. 2, Calcutta. 1892.

Page 143: Synaphobranchus pinnatus. Add to synonymy:
Gi xtiikr, Challenger Report, vi, Shore Fishes, 1880, 63.

Page 145: Size of Mist ioliraiiehus infernalis. Type, .'!.'!279. 1SJ, inches or 470 millimeters
long; 44.'!24, station 2669, Albatross. \\\ inches or 286 millimeters; 38205, station 2727,
Albatross, 31^ inches or 800 millimeters.

Page 140: Sauromurmnesox vorax, Alcock. A good figure is given in " Illustrations of
the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator," Part r, PL vi. fig. ■">. Calcutta. 1892.

Xenomystax trucidens, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii. Part II., No. 2,
p. 20), found by the Investigator in the Laccadive Sea, station 150, 7 1 !> fathoms, is closelj
allied to X. atrarius, Gilbert.

Page 140: Nettastoma melanurum. A single individual was taken by Viuciguerra with
long lines in the Gulf of Genoa, July 26, 1879, at a depth of about 000 meters (Crociere
delle Violante, 121).

Page 150: Gavialiceps microps, Alcock Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November 1892,364),
gives additional notes upon two specimens, 13 and L5 inches long, obtained by the Investi
gator in the Laccadive Sea, station 120, 1,37b fathoms, and in the Gulf of Manaar, station
12S, 102 fathoms. He suggests that this species is perhaps identical with that described
by Vaillant under the name Nemichthys in/ans; in other words, the species discussed by
us under the name of Serrivomer Richardii (see p. 155). This opinion is. of course, simply
by way of suggestion.

The form referred by Wood-Mason to the genus (larialicep.s. under the name G. tamiola,
is referred by Alcock to the genus Nettastoma. After a study of numerous sexually imma-
ture males and females, nearly 2 feet in length, and several young ones, from Investigator

518 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

station 120, Bay of Bengal, 120 to 76 fathoms, Alcock states that the species was originally
described from immature individuals, and was included with Gavialiceps microps in a new
genus. The investigation of full-grown individuals shows that this species has no place in
the genus Gavialieeps, which is a true Nemichthyine form without tins, but that it ought to
be rauked with JSTettastoma (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, 136).

Page 158: Investigator, Goode, new genus. A genus of Nemichthyidce apparently
allied to the Spinivomerinm and to the genus Serrivomer, the jaws being moderate and
the length of the snout little more than half that of the head. '-The gill openings, which
are wide, are separated from one another only by a thin fold of the skiu,'' as iu Spinivom-
erince. "Small recurved asperities in crowded bands form the dentitions of the jaws and
vomer." A long series of stout, sharp, close-set spines like those of Xotacanthus occupying
the middle third of the dorsal flu. Pores of lateral line arranged in qninennces. Type,
Investigator acanthonotus (Alcock). (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii, Part n, No.
2, p. 22), which was found by the Investigator' in the Bay of Bengal, station 165,. in -475
fathoms.

Page 159: Eurypharynx pelecanoides. Three specimens were taken by t lie French
Expedition off the coast of Morocco, in depths of 1,050, 1,400, and 2,300 meters.

Page Kit): Ihjsomma hnreplialus, Alcock. A good figure is given in '•Illustrations of
the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator,'" Part i. PL vi. fig. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 167: Second paragraph. Risso said "neuf rayons," which makes the whole
occurrence still more incomprehensible.

Page 176: Beryx splendens. Add to synonymy:
GCnthf.r, Challenger Report, \ i. Shore Fishes, 3.

Beryx decadactylus. A stray specimen was taken at Nice in July, 1885, and is now
iu Giglioli's collection in Florence. This would indicate that this species is becoming a
member of the deep sea fauna of the Mediterranean.

Page 178: Plectromus (?) microps {Melamphaes microps, Giinthcr. Challenger Report,
xxii, 26) was obtained by the Challenger at station 146, between the Gape of Good Hope
and Kerguelen Island, at a depth of 1,375 fathoms.

Page 17!': Plectromm cristiceps [= Melamphaes cristiceps, Gilbert). A specimen, «5
inches long, was obtained from Albatross station 3075, off the coast of Oregon and Wash
ington, at a depth of 859 fathoms (Proc. O. S. N. M.. \ui. 1890, 60).

Plectromus lugubris (= Melamphaes lugubris, Gilbert) was obtained by the Albatross at
station 2923, off southern California, at a depth of 832 fathoms. It is evidently a Plectro-
mus rather than Melamphaes, having the dorsal overlapping the anal, and having three
spines in the dorsal (Gilbert. Pro.-. I". S. N. M., xm. 1S90, 60).

Page 189: Trachichthys Traillii, Button (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. 1875, XVI, 315;
Trans. New Zeal. Inst.. VIII, 212.— Arthur, Trans. New Zeal. Inst., 1885, XVII, 162, PI. xiv,
fig. 2. — Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 23). A specimen, 7A inches long, was found
dead and floating on the surface of the water near Stewart Island; a second of the same
length was caught in Otago Harbor, September 6, 1884; and a third smaller one since that
date.

Trachichthys femandezianus, Giinther (Challenger Report, xxn, 2.'{). Two specimens,
preserved in a dry state, were contained in the series of Chilean fish presented by the
Chilean Government to the British Museum. They were stated to have been captured at
Juan Fernandez, and are 5 inches long.

Trachichthys, 'cksoniensis (Casteluau), Maeleay i Trachichthys australis, Castelnau, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1879, in, 364. Trachichthys jacksoniensis, Maeleay, op. cit. v, 511. —
Giinther, Challenger Report, XXII, 22). A single specimen, 51 inches long, was found in
Port Jacksou on the 19th of September, 1S77.

Trachichthys australis, Shaw (Nat. Misc., 378.— Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 10;
Challenger Report, xxn, 22). '-Besides the dry typical specimen." says Giinther, "J have
seeu only oue other, 2 inches long, which also is stated to have come from Australia."

APPENDIX. 519

Trachichthys intermedins, Sector Trans. New Zeal. Inst., vn. l'15. PI. \i. fig. ISA. —
Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 24). Two specimens were collected by the Challenger
Expedition — one 3.1, inches long, on the easl coast of New Zealand, al station L66, in -!~>
fathoms.

The specimen described by Dr. Hector was only 2.7 inches long, and was obtained nil'
('ape Farewell in 400 fathoms.

Hoplostethus mediterraneus. The range of tins species, not hitherto known north of
Madeira, has been extended to the coast of Greal Britain by the Rev. .Mr. Green, who
obtained a specimen in the summer of 188!) oil the southwest coast of Ireland (Giinther,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. December, 1889, 417).

The range of this form in the Mediterranean seems to be limited on the east by Malta
(Gulia, Tentam., Ichth. Melitens., 1861,22). It was recorded by Guichenot and Bonrgeol
from Algeria, and is also known from the (lull' of Naples [Costa; and the Galf of Palermo
(Doederlein), who records it also from Messina, where it is called "Bulicaru."

Its range in the western Atlantic is from 11 : 13' to 39' .">()' X. hit.; in the eastern
Atlantic from 36° to 50°.

A specimen was taken in the Bay of Bengal at Investigator station L62, at a depth of
145 to 250 fathoms. — Alcoek, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, iaiu. Part it, No. L', 1894, p. 2.

We are disposed to recognize the Hoplostethus japonicus of Hilgeudorf as a distinct
Species, until the differences recorded by Hilgeudorf and Giinther can be studied from a
larger series of specimens.

Page 195: Jordan and Evermann propose the new generic name Escolar for Thyrsi-
tops violacens, Bean. They also are of the opinion that Thyrsites niger, Poey (enumerated
Pise., < lubens, 1875, p. 74), is of the same species. Since this was described from a fragment,
we have not taken it into consideration in our studies.

Page 201: Jordan and Evermann refer our Vicrotns parvipinnis to Promethichthys,
though with some doubt as to the propriety of so doing.

PrometMchthys bengalensis (Alcoct, Thyrsites bengalensis, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,
lxiii, Part ii, No. 2, 1894, p. 3), a species allied to P.promrthcoides, Bleeker, was obtained by
the Investigator at station 162, in the Bay of Bengal, 145 to 250 fathoms.

Page 203: Lepidopus lusitanicw. Shaw [L. caudatus), occurs, says Oapello, in great
abundance off the coast of Portugal, where it is taken in the open sea in March and April
(Peixesde Portugal, 1880, 16).

The specilie identity of the fish found at St. Lucas by Xantus is so doubtful that we
prefer to refer to it as /,. Xantusi, new specific name.

Page 208: Trichiurus Upturns, the Peixe espada 1<>ih<>. is very abundant off the coast of
Portugal, when- it is taken with the deep-sea lines used for sharks (Capello, Peixes de
Portugal, 1880, 16).

Page 221 : Diretmus argenteus is referred to by Vaillant, pp. is and 45, under the name
Gyrinomene nummularis, he Inning at firsl supposed his species to belong to a new genus
and species.

After Brama add:

STEINEGER1A, Jordan and Evermann.

SU inegeria, Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 167. (Type, S. rube$cens.)

A uetius allied to, and possibly belonging to. the family Bramidw, having the body
ovate, considerably compressed, closely covered with membranous scales, which are closely
imbricated, and with a distinct median keel. Cleft of mouth very oblique, the lower jaw
strongly projecting. No distinct lateral line. Dorsal and anal fins somewhat elongate, the
former with eleven, the latter with two spines. Caudal lunate, with short and slender
peduncle. Ventrals thoracic, not depressible, with one spine and five rays.

Jaws with single bands of small cardiform teeth, those in front largest, especially
in the lower jaw. Teeth in viliiform bauds on the palatines, but absent from the vomer.
Premaxillaries protractile] preopercle without angle, with ascending limb finely serrulate,

and with a few coarser teeth about the angle. Vent well behind ventrals.

520 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

This genus, dedicated by Jordan and Bvermann to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator of
reptiles in the U. S. National Museum, is, according to Jordan and Evermanu, closely
allied to Grammicolepii and Psenes, and is placed by them provisionally in the family
Bramidw, although its relations are not definitely determined.

Having been found in the stomach of a Red Snapper, which inhabits considerable
depths, it is provisionally placed among deep-sea fishes. The fact of its never having been
found in the surface faunas of the Gulf of Mexico gives additional reason for supposing
that it is an inhabitant of the deep regions.

STE1NEGERIA RUBESCENS, Jordan and Evermann.

Steinegeria rubescens, Jordan and Evermanu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1886, 467.

Body ovate, considerably compressed, the greatest thickness a little less than half length
of head. Anterior of profile from tip of snout to base of dorsal nearly straight. Outline
of belly prominent, the axis of body being rather nearer dorsal than ventral outline. Breast
and belly not carinate.

The head is but little longer than deep, its upper surface flattish, the bones not very
firm; its length contained 2jj times in the total length (34 with caudal): the depth twice
(2^ with caudal). Interorbital space nearly fiat, with two ridges, about as broad as eye,
which is 3£ in head. Preorbital very narrow, somewhat cavernous, its edge sharply den-
tate; snout short, 5 in head.

Mouth very oblique, the lower jaw strongly projecting, the broad maxillary reaching
to below middle of eye, its length half that of the head. Each jaw with a band of small
cardiform teeth, those in front largest, especially in the lower jaw, but all of them small.
A band of villiform teeth on each palatine bone, but uoue on the vomer; premaxillaries
protractile. Lower jaw with conspicuous pores

Preopercle forming a nearly even curve, without distinct angle. Ascending limb of
preopercle very finely serrulate, with sonic four or five coarser teeth about the angle. Other
opercular bones very thin, with entire edges. ( 'heeks, opercles, maxillary, and top of head
closely covered with scales similar to those on rest of body, but a little smaller.

Gill-rakers rather short and wide apart, * or '■• developed on the lower part of the arch,
the longest about one-third length of eye.

Body closely covered with membranous scales which are closely imbricated, deeper than
long, each with a distinct median keel besides which are some smaller radiating ridges,
especially on the scales of the sides of the body. These ridges on the scales give the body
a rough appearance, although they are not spiugerous. The keels on the scales form con-
tinuous ridges, giving the whole body a striated appearance. Scales largest on middle of
sides, becoming smaller on back and on belly. Xo distinct lateral line. Fins with few-
scales or none.

Dorsal spines very slender and flexible, some of them ending in filaments (all more or
less mutilated in typical example). Soft rays separated from spines by a deep notch
extending nearly to base of fin. Soft dorsal elevated, the longest rays about 14, in head.
Caudal lunate, its peduncle very short and slender. Anal fin high, its spines short and
slender, the longest ray 1£ in head. No free anal spines. Ventrals inserted before pec
torals, their length 1? in head. Ventrals not depressible into a fissure of the abdomen.
Pectorals li in head. Vent well behind ventrals.

Color in life salmon red, rather bright and nearly uniform, darker on back, silvery
under the chin. Fins all salmon, with black areas toward base on both dorsals and anal.
Ventrals largely black. Lining of opercles pale.

Eadial formula: D. XI-I, 18; A* II, 20; V. 1, 5. Scales ca. 50-2ti.
A siugle specimen (Cat. Nb."37991, U. S. X. M.), 5 inches in length, in fair condition,
was found by Dr. Jordan in the stomach of a Red Snapper at Peusacola, Fla.

Page 220: Nomeus Oronovii. Add to synonymy:
Gi'NTiiER, Challenger Keport, VI, Shore Fishes, 1880, 9.

APPENDIX. .r>-l

Bathyseriola cyanea. This form, characterized bj A.lcock as a Oarangid with the general
aspect of Cubiceps, was taken al station 120 of the Tnvestiga tor, in the Baj of Bengal, al a
depth of 240 to 276 fathoms i A.lcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. July, L891, 23 .

Page 222: Luvarm imperialis. See the remarks of Bellotti on Astrodermus elegans
(Cat. Soc. Nat. Sci. Nap., Hay 30, 1891).

Page 229: Capros aper, Linnaeus. Thefaci thai the habitat of this species is constantly
in rather deep water is made more evident by the capture of a specimen off the southwest
cnasi of Ireland at a depth of L80 fathoms, confirming the observations of the French
explorers, who found it at from 30 to 17.". fathoms off the coasts of France, Spain, and
Morocco. Giinther is of the opinion that the stragglers which have 1 >«-<-n found from time
t<> time in considerable numbers along the coast of England came from deep water in the
adjoining region (Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, L889, 117).

Page 230: Cinder Chilodipteridw add:

MELANOSTOMA, Doderlein.
Melanostoma, Doderlein, Denkschrift k. Akad. "Wis-;. Wien, xi.yiii. lss:;, :,.

Body elongate, oval in cross section. Seven gill-rakers. A small row of line, closely-
set villitorni teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatines; on either side, in advance, a
canine tooth in the intermaxillary; a row of canines in the upper jaw, along tin' inner-side
of the dentary. Preoperculum finely toothed, operculum « ith two spines. Two dorsal tins.
the first with nine flexible rays, the second not so high. Scales large, thin, and cycloid;
head covered with scales, which are almost entirely hidden under the skin.

A single species. M.japonicvm, Dcederlein (loc. fit.. PI. i, fig. 2), was obtained at consid-
erable depths off Tokio, Japan. This species is generally included in the list of deep-sea
forms, and is provisionally assigned to the family Ghilodipteridce.

Page 230: Cancel tin1 reference to Parascombrops in the key to the Chilodipteridas.

Page 232; TSpigonus telescopus occurs at great depths along the coast of Portugal, where
it is rare (Capello, Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 5).

Page 235: Acropoma. Add to its synonymy Parascombrops, Alcock ( see Goodeand Bean,
Oceanic [chthyology, p. 231).

Parascombrops is a synonym of Acropoma, and Parascombrops pellucidus identical with
Acropoma philippinense (see p. 235). Alcock, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii,
Part li. No. 2, 1894, p. 2.

Acropoma philippinense ( = Parascombrops pellucidus, Alcock) is found in the Baj of
Bengal in 75 to 1">0 fathoms.

Page.237: Gentropristis investigatoris, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. s, figs.

Prionodes cequidens (Gilbert). This species was obtained by the Albatross oil' southern
California, at station.2996. in 111' fathoms (Gilbert, Proe. IT. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 61).

Anthiiis eos (Gilbert). The Albatross obtained numerous specimens of this species from
station 2996, off southern California, at a depth of 111' fathoms (Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M.,
\in. L890, 62 .

Page L'.'!7: I'nder Gentropristis, add:

CENTEOPEISTIS ANNULAEIS, (JiM mac.

Ccniropristii annularis, GOnther, Challenger Report, i. Part vi, Shore Pishes, 6, PI. i. lis:. (.'.

Margin of the preoperculnni rounded, without stronger spines at the angle: opercultiii,
with ."> spines. Reddish, with two incomplete black rings behind the eye, with a large
saddle shaped spol on the back of the trunk, and with some small black dots on the dorsal tin.

Radial formula: 1>. 1(1 12; A.3/7; L. hit. 60.

A specimen, 2 inches in length, was taken by the Challenger 2A. station 122, oil' Pernam-
bueo, in 30 to 350 fathoms Giinther).

522 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

After Anthias, add :

BATHYANTHIAS, Gunther.
BathyantMas, Gunther, Challenger Report, vi, il

"Form of tlie body similar to that of .Anthias. One dorsal fin with 9 spines; anal with
3; caudal truncated. Teeth in villiform bands, in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones,
without canines. Tongue smooth. Preoperculum finely serrated, without projection. Scales
of moderate size, very finely ciliated. Branchiostegals seven" [Gilnther, loe. fit.).

A single species, BathyantMas roseus (Gunther, loe. cit., PI. i, fig. b), was obtained by
the Challenger at station 122, off Pernambuco, in 30 to 350 fathoms.

SYNAGROPS, Gunther.

Melastoma, DCderlein, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, xi.yiii, 1883, 5.
Synagrops, GOnther, Challenger Report, xxn. 162.

Shape of the body rather elongate. Upper side of the head with muciferous cavities.
Preoperculum finely denticulated, operculum with two points. Two dorsal fins, the first
with 9 slender spines, the second rather short. A narrow band of villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones, with the addition of a pair of canine teeth in the
upper jaw, and a scries of similar teeth in the lower. Scales large, thin, and cycloid. Air
bladder present. Pyloric appendages in small number (six to seven). Pharynx and
peritoneal cavity black (Giintlier, Inc. cit. .

The type of this genus, Synagrops japonicus (Doderlein), Giinther, was taken oil' Tokio
from "very great depths."

Page 23!): Under Pristipomatidce add:

PROPOMA, Giinther.
Propoma. Gunther, Challenger Report, VI, 39; xxn, 15.

"This genus is closely allied to Heterognathodon, but differs from it in having 9 dorsal
spines only, in lacking the canine teeth in the upper jaw. and in having considerably smaller
scales on the back" (Giinther, Inc. cit. .

Propoma roseum, Giinther (loe. cit.). This species was obtained by the Challenger off the
Ki Islands, at station 192, at a depth of 129 fathoms.

Polyprion, according to ( 'apello, is found along the entire coast of Portugal, and belongs
to the open deep sea (reixes de Portugal, Lisbon, 1880, 5).

Page 241: Priacanthus catalufa. Add to synonymy:
Priacanthua macrophthalmua, Gunther, Challenger Report, vi, Shore Fishes, 1880, 9.

Under synonymy of Polyniixia, insert Dinemus, Poey.

Polymiaria nobilis was taken by the Investigator at station 115 in the Arafnra Sea, 1SS
to 220 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist.. L891,223).

Page 24.". :

Scorpcena percoidss, Solander (=S. barathri, Hector, Trans. N. Z. Inst., VII, 1875,
245, PI. X; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv. 1875, 80 =S. percoides, GtJNTHEB, Challenger
Report, xxn, 17).

Has been found off South Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand (Hector)down to the
depth of 000 fathoms; at Twofold Bay, 120 fathoms, and oft' the Fijis, Challenger station
117, in 215 fathoms [Giinther).

Page 246: Scorpcena scr'ofa obesa. Vinciguerra obtained a specimen in 1879, 20 miles
northeast of Malta, at a depth of 1 70 meters, and others nearer the shore at 80 meters. The
individual taken at the greatest depth differed from the others, resembling Uisso's Scorpcena
lutea, which he suggested was probably an inhabitant of considerable depths (Crocieredelle
Violante, 1883,50).

Steindachner suggests that the Scorpcena ocellata of Lowe, described from Madeira, is
the young of Scorpcena lutea.

Page 248: Helicolenus. The range of this genus should be stated as Mediterranean
and North Atlantic.

APPENDIX. 523

Page 249: Eelicolenus dactylopterus. Collett records the presence of this species

along the entire coasl of Norway as far north as Tr soe and Finmark, and states thai

off Stavanger and Bergen it is found :it depths of LOO to 200 fathoms. An individual of

220 millimeters from Trondhjem's Fiord is in tin iseum ;it Trondhjeni (Christiania

Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1879, No. L,9; Norges Fiske, 19, 226).

It was added to the British fauna in L889 by the Rev. Mr. Green, who took several
specimens from the southwest coasl of England in 250 fathoms (Giinther, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist.. Dec. L889, 1 1 7 1. Tliis completes the chain of localities from the Mediterranean,
lai. 36 N. to lat. 65 69 N.

The disposition of the Mediterranean zoologists seems to be to regard this form as
identical with the Sebastes imperialis of Cuvier ami Valenciennes: See the admirable com-
pilation of Doderlein (Manuale [ttiologica del Mediterraneo, L889-1891, p. 272).

The localities of specimens obtained by the American exploring vessels were not
mentioned in the text. They are as follows: Two specimens (Cat. No. 32168, U. S. N. M.)
obtained by Capt. J. W. Collins from Id 02' N. lat.. 71 02' W. Ion., and an individual
(Cat. No. 32167, U. S. N.M.) also secured by Capt. Collins from the same locality. The Fish
Hawk obtained examples (Cat. No. 31602, I". S. N. M.) from station 1098, in 39° 53'K lat.,
69 13' W. Ion., at a depth of 156 fathoms; Cat. No. 31603, T*. S. X. M., from station 1097,
in 39 54' N. lat., 69° 44' W. Ion., at a depth of 158 fathoms, and Cat. No. 31607, D". S.N. M.,
from station L092, in 39< 58' N. lat., (iic 42' W. Ion., at a depth of 202 fathom-.

Page 252: Pontinus sierra [=Sebastoplus sierra, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N". M., xm, 1890,
82). Four specimens were obtained from Albatros'. stations 2996 and 3011, off southern
California, in 112 and 71 fathoms.

Sebastes hexanema (Giinther, Challenger Report, vi, 10, PI. xvn, fig. b; xxn, 18).
described from off the Ki Islands, Challenger station 192, at a depth of 140 fathoms, and
subsequently reported by Aleock from the Arafura Sea, Investigator station lis, at a depth
of 108 to 220 fathoms Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. July. 1891,23), appears to belong more
nearly to the genus Pontinus than to any other, having. as it does, 12 dorsal spines, anal III,
5, head scaly above as well as on cheeks and opercles, pectorals not procurrent, pectoral
rays simple, suborbital keel with a U'\v strong spines.

Page 253: Pontinus Kuhlii: Add to synonymy:
Sebastes kuhlii, GCnther, Challenger Report, vi. shore Fishes, '■'.

Page 259: Under Sebastes:

S. In .hi in urn. Giinther (Challenger Report, vi, 40; xxtt, 18), was taken off the Ki
Islands. Cliallenger station 192, in Kit) fathoms.

Sebastolobus macrochir, Giinther (Challenger Report, loc. tit.), was taken by the Chal-
lenger off Nishima, Japan, in 355 fathoms, as well as in shallower water.

Page 262: Sebastichthys (?) oculatus (C. & V.i. This species, the Sebastes oculatus of
Giinther, the Sebastes ocellatus of Cuvier in the illustrated edition of i he Regne Animal,
•was obtained by the Challenger at stations 306 and 307, near Magellan Strait, in 117 and
345 fathoms. Giinther states that the species lives at certain times or localities much
nearer the surface, and is not uncommon along the Antarctic coasts of South America
(Challenger Report, xxn, 18).

The following species of Sebastichthys have been found off the Pacific coasl of North
America beyond the 500-foot line:

S. Goodei, Eige aim (Proc. Acad. Sci. Cal., in, Mar. 24, 1890; Notes from the San

Diego Biological Laboratory, in. 12; Gilbert, Proc. XJ. S. N. M., xin, 1890, 75). Three
specimens obtained by I he Albatross at station 2949, off southern California, in 155 fathom-.

8. alutus, Gilbert [loc. cit., 76). A specimen from Albatross station 2946, at a depth of
150 fathoms, off southern California.

S.rupestris, Gilberl [loc. cit., 75. fixe specimen- from Albatross station 2946, off
southern California, in 150 fathoms.

x. zacentrus, Gilberl [loc. cit., 77). Three specimens were taken from Albatross stations
2893 and 20 1*1. oil soul hern California, in 1 15 and 150 fathoms.

524 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

S. saxicola, Gilbert (loc. cit, 78). Numerous specimens, in deep water, 44 to 155
fathoms, off the coast of southern California.

8. diploproa, Gilbert (loc. cit, 79). Numerous specimens from Albatross station 2035,
off the coast of southern California, in 124 fathoms.

S. aurora, Gilbert (loc, cit., SO). Several specimens from off the coast of southern
California, stations 2048 and 2060 of the Albatross, in 266 and 267 fathoms.

S. introniger, Gilbert (loc. cit., 81). Two specimens from Albatross statiou 2048. off the
coast of southern California, in 266 fathoms.

S. sinensis, Gilbert (loc. cit., 81). Two specimens from Albatross station 3015, off
southern California, in 145 fathoms.

Page 265: Lioscorpius longiceps, Giinther (see 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PL ix, fig.
3), was first described from the Ki Islands, Challenger station 192, at a depth of 129 fathoms,
and was subsequently identified by Alcock(Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., August, 1801, 23) from
a specimen taken at Investigator station 115, in the Andaman Sea. at a depth of 188 to 220
fathoms. After Lioscorpius insert:

Family SYNANCEIDvG.

MINOUS, Cuv. and Val.

Minous, CrviER and VAIENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 420; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 148.
Corythobatus, Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 45.

A genus found in the. Eastern seas and represented by four species, one from the
Indian Ocean, Borneo, and China, one from Japan, and one from Celebes, besides the
hemibathybial forms from the Bay of Bengal mentioned below.

Minous inermis, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 18S0. lyiii. Part n, p. 290, PI.
xxn, fig. 4.— Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., x, pp. 207-214, Sept., 1892; lxiii, Tart n,
No. 2, 1S04, p. 2), has been found in the Bay of Bengal in depths of from 70 to 150 fathoms.
Its curious symbiosis with a species of hydroid polyp. Stylactis minoi, has been described
by Alcock, and is referred to in another part of this work.

1'age 266: Coitus bathybii, Giinther, Challeng';r Report, xxn,62, PL \, Fig. C. A sin-
gle specimen, 2J inches long, was obtained by the Challenger at station 235, south of Yeddo,
Japan, in 565 fathoms.

'•It may appear matter tor surprise," says Giinther, "to find a species of Coitus at so
great a depth as 560 fathoms, and at first sight it did not seem to me improbable that
the specimen accidentally entered the mouth of the dredge whilst it was near the surface.
However, on further consideration these doubts disappeared, as it is not very likely that a
fish living habitually at the bottom, as a Cottus must do, should be found floating far from
land; moreover the muciferous system is developed to an extraordinary degree, much more
so than in the littoral species of the genus."

A species very nearly related to c. bathybii was obtained by the Albatross in the. depths
off the Alaskan coast. It has not yet been described.

Page 266: Icelus. Two species of this genus were added to the deep sea fauna by
Bean, from the explorations of the Albatross in the waters of Alaska, both from off Trinity
Islands, as follows :

1. scutiger, Bean (Proc. 1'. S. N. M., xm, 1S0O, 41 ). Three specimens from station 2853.

2. euryops. Bean (loc. cit.. 41 ). Three specimens from the. same locality.

Page 268: Artediellus uncinatus. Collett gives a general discussion of the distribution
of this species on the coast of Norway, showing its range to be from 20 to 200 fathoms
(Medd. om Norges Fiske, 1879-18S3, 55 .

Under Iceliitus:

Icelinus filamentosus, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. X. M., xin, 1890, 85). Several specimens
were obtained from Albatross stations 2893 and 2959, off southern California, in 145 and
55 fathoms.

APPENDIX. 5'25

/. tenuis, Gilbert [loc. cit., 86). Numerous specimens were taken off the coasl of
southern California, at Albatross stations 2893,2946,2959,2977, and 2983, in 45 to L50
fathoms.

T. fimbriatus, Gilberf (loc. cit., 87). Several specimens from Albatross stations 2893
and 2975, off southern California, in 145 and 36 fathoms.

/. oculatus, Gilberl (loc. cit., 87). One specimen from Albatross station 2935, off the
coast of . southern California, in 124 fathoms.

Page 269: Triglops Pingelii. Colletl reports this species from the Norwegian coast
from Varanger Fiord to Christiansand, al depths of 20 to 150 fathoms Christ. Vid. Selsk.
Forh. 1878, No. I. 7). Ltttken has reported it from the Faroe Island-.

Frionistius macellus, Bean i Proc. U. S. X. M.. vr. p. 355. Jan. 12, 1884 described from
Carter Bay, British Columbia, is near to Triglops, and may possibly enter the deeper zones.

Page 270: Cottunculus microps. Add to the synonymy:
Cottunculus inermis, V.wi i wi, Exp. Sri. Travailleur e1 Talisman, Poissons, 1888, p, 365, PI. xxvin. tig. 2.

Collett records a considerable number of specimens.off the Norwegian coast at depths
of 100 to 200 fathoms (Medd. om Forges Fiske, 1879-1883, 53).

Page 270: Cottunculus Thomsonii. The type specimen was obtained by the Knight
Errant in the Faroe Channel, station 1. August 10, 18S0. at a depth of 335 fathoms.

Page 271: After Cottunculus insert:

PSYCHROLUTES, Gunther.
Psychrolutes, Gi other, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas., in, 1861, 516 (type, Psychrolutes paradoxus, Giinther).

Body tadpole shaped, tapering, with loose, naked, movable skin. Head large,
depressed, snout obtuse, interorbital space broad, concave, smooth. Jaws with villiform
teeth in bands on vomer, palatines toothless. ('■ ill-membranes united to isthmus. Gills in
:i pairs, with no slit behind the fourth. Branchiostegals 7. Fins continent, the spinous
dorsal composed of short, flexible spines, embedded in the skin: soft dorsal short, with its
rays close together; anal low: caudal distinct; pectorals long, with broad, procurrent bases.
Ventrals I. .">. rather long, approximate, distinct, with base adnate to body.

Psychrolutes :<lir<t. Beau (Proc. U. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 43). Many individuals
obtained by the Albatross at station 2848, between Unga and Nagai islands, at a depth of
110 fathoms.

P. paradoxus, the type of this genus, a member of the Alaskan fauna, doubtless also
secured below the hundred-fathom line.

Mdlacocottus zonurus, Beau, is described in Proc. U. S. X. M.. xm. 1890, 43.

Page 279: ParaUparis rosaceus, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. X. M., xm. 1890-1893). A
specimen was taken from Albatross station 2919, off the coast of southern California, in 984
fathoms.

Page 2S.".: Bathyagonus nigripinnis, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. X. M., xm, 1890, 89). Many
specimens were obtained from Albatross station 3073, off the coast of Oregon and Wash-
ington, in 477 fathoms.

Xenoehirus triaeanthus, Gilbert (Proc. I". S. X. M.. xm, 1889-1891). Several specimens
were obtained at Albatross stations .2893, i"»7:;. and 3059, off the coast of California. Wash-
ington, and Oregon, in 145, 68, and 77 fathoms.

X. pentacanthus, Gilberl i /<«•. cit., 91). Several specimens from Albatross station 307<i,
oil' the coast of Oregon and Washington, in L78 fathoms.

X. latifrons, Gilbert (loc. cit., 92). Numerous specimens were taken at Albatross sta-
tions 2898, 2935, 2948, 2972, 2973, and 3059, along the coasts of California. Oregon, and
Washington, in 61 to 158 fathoms.

Page 289: Family Nototheniidce. — Notothenia mizops, Gunther (Challenger Report, vi,
16, PI. vni. Fig. I).: \\n. 268). Several specimens of this species, from l.\ to ti inches in
length, were taken by the Challenger off Cerguelen Island, in 120 fathoms.

Notothenia longipes, Steindachner (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wids. Wien, lxxii, 70, fig. 7. —
Giinther, Challenger Report, VI, -'!). Specimens identified by Giinther with this species

526 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

were obtained by the. Challenger at station 300, in the Messier Channel, at a depth of 345
fathoms; also at station 312, in Port Famine, at a depth of 10 to 15 fathoms, and at station
313, oft' Cape Virgins, in 55 fathoms.

Page 290: Hypsicometes gobioides. The, fish described under the name Bathypercis
platyrhynchus by Dr. Alcock, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxii, Part n
No. -1, 1893, p. 11, PI. ix, fig. 1, resembles Hypsicometes, Goode. It is from 128 fathoms in
the Bay of Bengal. Dr. Alcock states that Bathypercis is identical with Bembrops of
Steindachner-(Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wlen, lxxiy, Part i, p. I'll).

Page 291: Champsodon vorax. A specimen of this species was also taken by the
Challenger outside Nares Harbor, Admiralty Islands, in 152 fathoms (Giinther, dial
lenger Report, vi, Shore.Fishes, 56).

Page292: Chiasmodon niger. Capello records the capture of a single individual at
great depth off the coasfrof Portugal in 1878. (Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 32.)

The only known specimen of Pseudiscopelus scriptus was taken by Capt. A. P.Andrea
at the entrance to the Old Bahama Channel.

Page 294: Uranoscopus Kaianus, Giinther (Challenger Report, vi, Shore Fishes, 13. PI.
xix. Fig. A: xxu. 49). Specimens, from 7 to lOinches Long, were obtained by the Challenger
at station 192, off the Ki Islauds, in 129 fathoms, and at station L88, in the Arafura Sea, in
28 fathoms.

Uranoscopus crassiceps, III. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, .PI. x, fig. 4.

Page 295: Gobius cometes, Alcock. The depth at which this species is found is 98 to
102 fathoms.

Page 296: Callionymus. Vinciguerra obtained two small examples of the specimen
identified by him with ('. maculatus, Rafinesque, 20 miles northeast of Malta, at a depth of
170 meters (Crocicre delle Violante, 1883, 69 .

I'a.^e 303: Lycodes' brevipes, Bean (Proc. U. S. X. M. xm, 1890, 38). Many specimens
were obtained by the Albatross at station 2848, between (Jnga and Nagai islands, at a depth
of 110 fathoms.

LYCODES MACROPS, cumber.

Lycodes macroys, Gunther, Challenger Report, t. fart vi. Shore Fishes, 21, PI. xi. Fig. I!. — Yaiu.ant, Exp.
s,i. Trav. el Tal., 306, PI. xxvi, 6gs. 2. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d.

The length of the head is a little more than that of the trunk and a little less than one-
fifth of the total. Eyes large, two sevenths of the length of the head, and longer than the
snout, which is broad, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower: teeth in bands of moderate
width, subequal in size; a small patch of teeth on the vomer, and a few teeth anteriorly on
the palatine bones. More or less shallow grooves along the infraorbital and the mandible.
Gill-opening of moderate width. The dorsal commences above the posterior portion of the
pectoral; length of the pectoral one half of thatof the head; each ventral reduced to a short
simple filament. Yellowish, with nine broad, dark-brown bands across the upper half of the
fish, separated from one another by very narrow interspaces of the ground color. The cross
bars are lighter in the center. subocellated,.and extend on to the dorsal fin. A brown band
runs from the snout through the eye to the end of the operculum; throat and abdomen
blackish [Giinther).

A single specimen, 5 inches long, was taken by the Challenger al station 309, Straits of
Magellan, in 40 to 140 fathoms (Giinther).

Page •".()!): To the synonymy of Lycenchelys add:

Lycodophis, Yah, i. ant, Exp. Sci. Trav. ct. Tal., 311. (Type, /,. albus, Yah. i. ant.)

Lycenchelys albus (Vaillant), Goode and Bean (Lycodes albus, Vaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav.

ct. Tal., 3(19. PI. xxvi, fig. 1). This species is, as suggested by Vaillant, evidently closely
allied to Lycodes murama, but it appears to be somewhat thicker, and is, furthermore, found
at a much greater depth and much farther to the southward. The description of Vaillant
is as follows:

APPENDIX. 527

Body very elongate, its height nearly equal to its thickness, and scarcely one-seventeenth
of its length; length of head one-eighth length of the body. Eead flattened, enveloped
in mucous skin: snout rounded; its length one-third thai of the bead. Mouth small, lips
thick, fringed; the upper jaw fastened far beyond the lower one, though the thickness of
the integumenl does not allow us to determine the point where the maxillary terminates.
Teeth very nearly conical, pointing backward, in both jaws; teeth also upon the vomer and
palatines. A single nostril is distinguishable, tubular, and placed far forward on the
border of the lip, so thai at ftrsl sight it might be mistaken for one of the mucous openings,
of which there are about six on the upper jaw. and tour or live in each branch of the low er
jaw. Eye superior, scarcely visible even in the fresh specimen, being hidden under the
skin: dia meter scarcely one ninth of the length of the head and one -third that of the muzzle
equaling the width of the interorbital space. The branchial opening is very large, though
the branchiostegal membrane does not adhere to the isthmus but by a very slight attach-
ment. The skin of the head is naked.

The vent is found a little in advance of a point which is two-sevenths of the distance
from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail. Scales, resembling pale spots, are very dis-
tinct on the posterior part of the body, and in the forward part of the body they may be
seen clearly on the ventral portion of the animal after it has been kept in alcohol. A lateral
line, scarcely distinguishable, is anteriorly nearly in the middle of the height, but poste
riorly descends close to the ventral line.

Dorsals placed far back, commencing at the end of the anterior fourth of the length; the
origin of the anal still farther back. These fins are low, exactly similar, coalescing with
the caudal. Pectoral large, enveloped in a thick integument; its extremity does not reach
to the'vertical from the origin of the dorsal. The ventrals are represented each by a single
ray apparently, although it is probable that, in reality, there are several united in the same
cutaneous envelope.

Color, in fresh condition, white, slightly bluish; with the head, and the dorsal and
ventral lines close to the base of the corresponding tins, a clear blue indigo; abdomen,
dark ; pectorals, ventrals, and the margin of the vertical tins, sepia brown; iris, bluish.

Two specimens were obtained by the French explorers in the North Atlantic at station
133, in .'i,'.>7.") meters.

Lycenchelys porifer, Cilbert (Proc. U. S. N. M., xnr, 1890, 104). A single specimen, 12
inches Ion-, was»obtained from Albatross station 3009,-off the coast of southern California,
in 857 fathoms.

Page 313: Before Lycodopsis insert :

APRODON, Gilbert.

Jprodon, Gilbert, Proe. U. 8. X. M.. xm. 1890, L06.

Differing from Lycodes only in dentition, the teeth being present in a single strong
series on the palatines, but none on the vomer. The genus is thus intermediate between
Lycodes and Lycodopsis.

Represented by a single species, A. Gorteziana (loc. cit., 107), described from six speci-
mens obtained from Albatross stations 2925 and 2948, off the coast of southern California,
in 339 and 266 fathoms.

Lycodopsis paxillus, Gilbert (Proc. ( ". S. N. M., xur, 1890, 105). A single specimen was
taken from Albatross station 2980, off the coast of southern California, in 603 fathoms.

Lycodopsis paeificus, < 'ollett. was described from a specimen in the Berlin Museum, said
to have come. from Japan. There is no evidence that it was from deep water.

After Lycodopsis insert:

BOTHROCARA, Bean.
Bothrocara, I'.f.an, Proo. U. S. X. M.. xin. 1890, 38.

This genus resembles Maynea, but the vomer and palate are toothless. Weak teeth in
the jaws in narrow- bands. The lower jaw is barely included. Pseudobranchise present.
Brauchiostegals, six. Gill-membranes narrowly attached to the isthmus. Large pores

528 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

along the jaws and extending back to the opercle. Scales about as in Maynea, not evident
on anterior part of the body in my specimens. Ventrals wanting. Xo pyloric cceca. Intes-
tine short. Vent at the end of the first third of length. Dorsal beginning over base of
pectoral, continuous with anal, the rays high [Bean).

This genus is represented by a single species, B. mollis, obtained at Albatross station
2860, off Cape St. James, Queen Charlotte Islands, at a depth of 876 fathoms.

MAYNEA.

Two species of this genus were described by Bean from the explorations of the Alba-
tross in the Pacific, as follows:

M. pusilla, Bean (Proc. U. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 39), obtained at station 2848, in 110
fathoms.

M. brunnea, Bean (loc.cit., 39), obtained at station 2839, off San Clemente Island, south-
ern California, at a depth of 411 fathoms.

Before Melanostigma insert:

LYCODAPUS, Gilbert.

Lycodapus, Gilbert, Proc U. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 107.

Body naked. Ventrals wanting. Vertical fins united around the tail. Gill-openings
wide, continued forward under the throat; the gill -membranes anteriorly narrowly united,
loosely joined to the isthmus by a fold of lax skin. Branchiostegals, six. No pseudo-
branchiae. Gills, four; a wide slit behind inner arch, (rill rakers developed. Teeth pres-
ent in jaws and on vomer and palatines, none of them enlarged. Vent remote from the
throat.

Eepresented by several specimens from Albatross stations 2980, 3010, and 3072, off the
coast of southern California, Washington, and Oregon, (110 to 1,005 fathoms.

Page .'517: Grammonus. The genus appears to have two opercular spines rather than
one, the lower being almost rudimentary in 0. ater but more continuous in 0. armatus.

Oligopus ater. See notes by Bellotti on dentition, hal>its, etc, of Pteridium atrum (Atti.
Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., April 29, 1888, May 30, 1891. Oligopus armatus (= Pteridium armatum,
Dciderlein) is a name based upon a single specimen in the Palermo Museum. The distinc-
tive characters proposed byDoderlein for this form are the presence of two distinct opercu-
lar spines (the lower one being almost rudimentary in /'. atrum); the disposition of teeth
upon the palatines; the different form of the anterior appendix of the swimming badder,
and the dark spots on the body, which are more conspicuous than in P. atrum (Doderlein,
Descriz. zoolog.-zoiitom, di una novella specie di pesci dei mari di Sicilia. Palermo, 1886,
con fig.).

Page-318: Saccogaster maculatus, Alcock. In addition to the specimens mentioned in
the text, an adult male over 3J inches long was obtained by the Investigator in the Bay of
Bengal, station 120, at a depth of 240 to 276 fathoms. It was upon this specimen that
Alcock made the important studies described by him in the ''Proceedings of the Zoological
Society," April 7, 1891. entitled "On a Viviparous Bathybial Fish from the Bay of Bengal."
The species is figured by Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1891, PI. vn, fig. 3).

Catartyx rubrirostris, Gilbert (Proc. F. S. K M., xm, 1S90, 111). Four specimens were
obtained from Albatross stations 2909, 2936, and 2925, off the southern coast of California,
in 205 to :!.V,) fathoms.

Page 319: Diplacanthopoma brachysoma. Add to synonymy:

Sirembo murwnolepis, Vaillaxt, Exped. Sci. Trav. et Tal., 273, PI. xxm, figs. 4, 4a. .Many specimens were
obtained off Soudan.

The name B. Alcockii is proposed for the Andaman form, identified by Alcock with />.
brachysoma.

Page 322: Bnssoxctns glutinosus. A good figure is given in " Illustrations of the Zoology
of H. M. S. Investigator," Part I, PI. I, fig. 3. Calcutta, 1892. An examination of the figure
confirms the opinion that this species belongs to the genus Bassozetus, as understood by us.

APPENDIX. 529

' Page 323: Bassozetus taenia was obtained by the Challenger in the mid-Atlantic
(station 104), lat. 2 25 X.. Ion. 20 V \\\, at the depth of 2,500 fathoms.

Page 324: (lli/jitniiliiiliinn arqenteum, AJcock. A good figure is given in ''Illustrations
of the Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator,7' Pari i. PL a, fig. 3, Calcutta, L892.

Glyptophidium macropus, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, i.xiii. Pari n. No.
i!. p. 8, PI. vr, fig. 3), closely allied to <l. macropus, was taken by the Investigator at station
102. in the Bay of Bengal. 1 15 to 250 fathoms.

Page 325: Dermatorus trichiurus, Alcock. A good figure is given in •• Illustrations of
the Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator" Part l, PI. r, Fig. t. Calcutta. 1892.

To the synonymy of Weobythites add Pycnocraspedum, Alcock.

Weobythites squamipinnis, Alcock (= Pycnocraspedum squamipinnis), occurs in the Bay of
Bengal, in 145 to 250 fathoms.

Weobythites pterotus, Alcock. 111. Zool. Investigator, Pishes, PI. xi, tig. 4.

Weobythites steatiticus, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, i.xii. Part II, No. 4, 1893,
p. 12. PI. ix, tig. 3), was obtained from 128 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal.

Page 326: Weobythites macrops, Giinther, is reported by Alcock from the Bay of Bengal,
Investigator station 115, ISO to 220 fathoms, twenty specimens varying in length from 4 to
8i inches having been taken in this locality in 1889 (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1891, July 30). The Investigator also obtained it in the Andaman Sea in 265 to 271 (not 71
as stated in text) fathoms.

Page 328: Bassogigas Qillii. The type specimen is l s ; inches long.

Bassogigas grandis, Giinther, is represented by a single specimen obtained by the (Jhal-
lenger at station 237, south of Yeddo, near Yokohama, Japan, at a depth of 1,875 fathoms.

Bassogigas pterotus, Alcock, was obtained by the Investigator at a depth of 1,000
fathoms, at station 104, in the Laccadive Sea (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., October,
1800, 297,i, also at station 117, in the Andaman Sea, 1,748 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and -Mag.
Nat. Hist., July, 1891, 30). The specimen obtained at the last station was noteworthy from
the fact that its pectoral fin rays were very prolonged, reaching to the tenth anal ray, while
in the female the pectoral fin rays reached to the first anal ray.

Bassogigas stelliferoides {= Neobythites stelliferoides, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M.. \m,
1800, 112). Many specimens were obtained from Albatross station 2990, off the coast of
southern California, in 112 fathoms.

Page 333: Cancel Pycnocraspedum, which, according to Alcock. is synonymous with
Weobythites, Goode and Bean. — Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii, Part n, Xo. 2, p. 0.

Page 337: Several small specimens of Dicrolene multifilis, Alcock, were obtained by the
Investigator at station 120 in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 240 to 270 fathoms; also
others of both sexes at station 130 of the same vessel in the Bay of Bengal, in 281 to 258
fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.. November, 1892, 348).

A good figure is given in ''Illustrations of the Zoology of II. M. S. Investigator^ Part
I, PI. ii, fig. 4, Calcutta, 1892. An examination of this figure confirms our opinion that the
genus Paradicrolene of Alcock is precisely equivalent to our Dicrolene.

Page 338: Dicrolene nigrieaudis. This species is described by Alcock in the "Annals
and Magazine of Natural History," sixth series, Vol. vin, p. 30.

Dicrolene nigrieaudis — not multifilis — (Alcock), Paradicrolene, 111. Zool. Investigator,
Fishes, PI. n, tig. 4.

Dicrolene multifilis, Alcock, Paradicrolene, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xi, fig. 1.

Dicrolene Vaillanti, Alcock, was taken by the Investigator in the Laccadive Sea, station
105, 740 fathoms.

Page 340: Monomitopus, Alcock. To synonymy add:

"Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., October, 1890, 297," this being a corrected description of the
type species.

In addition to the specimen recorded, the Investigator obtained another, 6j inches in
length, in the Bay of Bengal, at station 112, in 501 fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist.. .Tidy. 1891, 29).
19868— No. 2 34

530 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Page 340: Monomitopus nigripinnis, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xi, tig. 3.
Page 344: Under Lamprogrammus add:

LAMPROGRAMMUS FEAG1LIS, Aim, s.

Lamprogrammus fragilis, Alcock, Ami. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov.,1892, 348.

A new species, represented by a single male specimen, 19 inches long, obtained by the
//, vi stigator at station 133, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 678 fathoms. Alcock suggests
that it is possible that this specimen may be the male of I. niger, described from three
female specimens previously studied, although data are not sufficient to determine the fact.

Lamprogram m us niger, Alcock. A good figure is given in " Illustrations of the Zoology
of H. M. S. Investigator;' Part I, PI. i, fig. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 345: Ophidium murcenolepis, Gunther (Challenger Report, vi, 46, PL xx, Fig. A;
xxn, 268). Specimens were obtained by the Challenger oil' the Ki Islands, at station 192,
in 129 or 140 fathoms.

Leptophidium. Four species of this genus were described by Gilbert from the Albatross
explorations on the coast of southern California, as follows:

L. pardale, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 108). A single specimen, station 3014,
in 29 fathoms.

L. microlepis, Gilbert (lor. cit., 109). Several specimens from AIbatro.su stations 3015
and 3016, in 145 and 76 fathoms.

L. stigmatistium, Gilbert (loe. cit., 109). A single specimen from Albatross station
2996, in 112 fathoms.

L. emmelas, Gilbert (he. oil., 110). Many specimens from Albatross stations .".007 and
3008, in 362 and 306 fathoms.

Page 349: Ateleopus indicus, Alcock. A good figure is given in "Illustrations of the
Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator^ Part i, PL n, fig. 2, Calcutta, 1892.

Page 354: Merlangus vulgaris occurs in 90 fathoms in the Clyde Sea area (Linn. Soc.
Journ. Zool., xx, 440).

Melanogrammus wglefinus is found at 90 fathoms in the same region.

Page 355: Gadiculus argenteus. Note the extended discussions by Bellotti in the Atti
Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milan, January 26, 1879. He identifies specimens obtained by him from
the Gulf of Naples with the types of G. argentew, collected by Guichenot in Algiers.

Micromesistius poutassou. Vinciguerra obtained two specimens in the Gulf of Genoa,
July 26, 1879, at a depth of about 600 meters (Crociere delle Violante, 86).

Page 357 : Phycis blennioides (Briinnich ). Schneider. A specimen was taken by the Rev.
Mr. Green off the southwest coast of Ireland at a depth of 150 fathoms (Gunther, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1889, 417). This observation connects similar ones on the
coast'of Scandinavia and off Spain and Portugal. Vinciguerra obtained about thirty exam-
ples of this species in the Gulf of Genoa, July 16, 1879, at a depth of about 600 meters, and
in June of the same year a considerable number of others, at a depth of 90 meters in the
same region.

Page 365 : Physiculus. Gilbert has described two species of this genus from the .1 Iba-
tross explorations off the southern coast of California, as follows:

P. rastrelliger, Gilbert (Proc. IT. S. N. M., xm, 1890, 113). Many specimens from sta-
tions 3045 and 2987, in 184 and 171 fathoms.

P. nematopus, Gilbert (loe. cit., 114). Many specimens from stations 2997,3011, 3015,
and 3016, in 71 to 221 fathoms.

P. roseus, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., July, 1891, 28), is represented by a single
specimen, 7 inches in length, obtained by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal, at station
115, in 188 to 220 fathoms. It has the short dorsal nearest to that of P. peregrimis, and the
short anal nearest to that of P. f ulcus.

Page 365: Physiculus argyropastus, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1893,
lxii, PL ii, 180, PL ix, fig. 2; 1894, lxiii, Part n, No. 2, p. 7), was obtained by the Investi-
gator in the Bay of Bengal at 162 and 170 fathoms. Alcock, at the reference last cited,
gives a table of characters separating the two Indian Ocean species.

APPENDIX. f).">l

Page 366: Physieulus Dalwigkii. Add to synonymy:

(GOnthbr, Challenger Report, \ i, Sh Fishes 63.)

The Bpecies was obtained by the Chalk nger off [nosima, Japan, in 345 fathoms.

Giglioli added this species to the fauna of bhe Mediterranean, August 4. L879, a speci-
men having then been taken at Nice (Nature, January 1. lsxo. ijic'i. ir is probably more or
less abundant below the thousand-foot line.

Page 369: Mora mediterranean Vinciguerra obtained about one hundred specimens
in the Gulf of Genoa, July 16, 1879. at a depth of about 600 meters (Orociere delle Vio-
la ute, 88).

Page370: Lepidion Inosimas, Giinther [Maloporphyrus lepidion, Giinther, Ghall. Rep.,
vi. 63, Haloporphyrus inosimce, Giinther, <>p. <•/'/., xxn, 02).

This species was found by the Challenger off* Inosima, Japan, in 345 fathoms.

Lepidion Bissoi. A single specimen of this species was obtained by Vinciguerra, .Inly
10, 1870, in the Gulf of Genoa, at a depth of 600 meters (Crociere delle Violante, 90).

Page 'ITl! : Depth of Lepidion ensiferus, 6oo fathoms.

Salilota australis, Giinther [Haloporphyrus australis, Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Bist., 1878, ii, Id.— Salilota australis, Giinther, Challenger Report, xxn, 95, PL xvn,
Fig. B). Two specimens of this species were obtained at Puerto Bueno, on January 9,
1870. Specimens were also secured by the Challenger Expedition at station 316, off Cape
Virgins, Patagonia, in 55 fathoms; and at station 314, between Cape Virgins and Falkland
Islands, in 70 fathoms. It is included by Dr. Palacky in his lists of deep-sea fishes, and
judging from its appearance is likely to be found at greater depths than 70 fathoms.

Antimora microlepis, Beau (Proc. U. S. N. M., xiii, 1890, 38). Two specimens were
taken by the Albatross from station 2860, off Cape St. James, Queen Charlotte Islands, in
876 fathoms.

Page 376: Halargyreus Johnsonii. Add to synonymy:

GCnther, Challenger Report, \ i, shore Fishes, 1880, 26.

Page 383: Onos Beinhardtii. Add to synonymy:
(ri vihkr, Challenger Report, xxxi, 20, PI. m, Fig. F.

Bhinonemus cimbrius occurs in 30 to 100 fathoms in the Clyde Sea area (Linn. Soc.
Journal, xx, 440).

Page 388: Bregmaa ros McClellandii, Thompson, was obtained by Alcock in 1893 in 128
fathoms in the Bay of Bengal, and is believed by him to be identical with the immature
specimens previously obtained (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxu, Part n, 1883, p. 12).

Page 390: Macrurus semiquincunciatus is referred to by Palatky (Die Verbreitung der
Fische, Prag, 1891, 24) under the name sesquicunciatus.

Macrurus lophotes, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. in, fig. 1.

Macrurus Investigatoris, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. in, fig. 4.

Macrurus Petersoni, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. in, fig. 5.

Macrurus Hoskynii, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. ix, tig. 4.

Macrurus macrolophus, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PL xn, fig. 1.

Macrurus semiquincunciatus, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xn, tig. 2.

Macrurus Eextii, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xn, fig. 3.

Macrurus Wood-Masoni, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xin, fig. 1

Macrurus hispidus, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. xm. fig. 2.

Macrurus brevirostris, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PL xin, fig. 3.

532

DEEP-SEA FISHES ,0F THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

II.

THE INDIAN SPECIES OF CCELORHYNCHUS AND MACRURUS.

1. Key to the Indian Species of the Subgenus Cieloritynchus.

' 1. Scales of the body with not more than five spiny
ridges; six rows of scales between the alter
limit of the first dorsal tin and the lateral line;

body with numerous cross-bands Macrurus

(Ccelorhynchus) quadricristatus.

Scales of the body with usually eight spiuy ridges ;

lour rows of scales between the after limit of

the first dorsal fin and the lateral line; color

uniform dark stone-gray Macrurus

(Ccelorhynchus) flabellispinis.

Scales of the body with parallel spiny ridges, the spinature of the middle one of which is by far the
strongest; pyloric caeca twelve in number/ 3. Macrurus ( ( icelorhynchus) parallel™, Gtnr.

2. Key to the Indian Species of the Subgenus Macrorus.

Scales of the body with distinctly radiating spiny
ridges, all of which are uniform in size and spina-
ture ; pyloric csBca about forty in number.

S i x branchiostegals
[seven to nine rays
in the ventral fiu].

Second spine of the first
dorsal fin remarkably
prolonged, more than ,
twice the length of the
head; eight rays in the
ventral fin.

Scales small, with five or six well-spaced parallel

rows of spinelets.il/acj-MrH8 {Macrurus) hiphotcs.

. Scales large, with about seventeen oblique

crowded rows of spinelets Macrurus

(Macrurus) macrolophus.

No greatly prolonged
spine in the dorsal fin;
seven to nine rays in
the ventral fiu.

Scales with rows of
spinelets all of which
are of uniform small

size; greatest height
of the body much
exceeding that of the
tail.

II. Seven branchioste-
gals [eight to twelve
rays in the ventral
fin].

1. Usually eight rays in the

ventral fin ; scales with
spinelets which may be '
in rows or not, but are
never densely packed.

Seven rays in the ven-
tral fin; snout blunt,
not longer thau the

eye Macrurus

( Macrurus) Hextii.
Eight rays in the ven-
tral fin; snout sharp,
longer than the eye.
Macrurus (Macrurus)
Wood-Masoni.
Scales with rows of spinelets of which those in
the middle row are conspicuously larger than
the others; body not abruptly delimited from
the tail; nine rays in the ventral fin.. Macrurus
(Macrurus) Hoskynii.
Mouth very large; snout remarkably shallow;
barbel considerably longer than the eye; spine-
lets of the scales without any arrangement; a
patch of enlarged cycloid scales behind the first
dorsal fin ; cheeks, opercles, and belly burnished

silver; ventrals eight-rayed Macrurus

(Macrurus) Petersoni.

Mouth very small ; snout deep; barbel not half

as long as the eye; spinelets of the scales

arranged in definite rows; opercles and belly

black ; ventrals eight-raj ed Macrurus

( .tin* runts ) Investigatoris.

2. Ten rays in the ventral fiu; scales with densely packed spinelets which show

no arrangement in rows; snout quite peculiar in being vertically truncated

with an abruptly prominent median tubercle, its length without the tubercle

being not much' more than half that of the eye Macrurus

( Macrurus) brerirostris.
I a. Head large, its length
about one-tilth of the
total; gill-openings
extremely wide, the
membranes being
united only quite in
front; ventrals
(eleven or) twelve

rayed Macrurus

(Macrurus) polylepis.
Head singularly
small, its length
about one-eighth the
total; gill-openings
of the usual width,
the membranes being
broadly united; ven-
trals with twelve

rays Mai rurus

i Macrurus) pumiliceps.
Body of the usual tapering form ; spinelets of the
scales in densely crowded rows, fifteen in num-
ber, besides short rows in between; ventrals

(eleven or) twelve rayed Macrurus

(Macrurus) semiyuhicuiiciattis.

Usually twelve rays in
the ventral tin ; scales
with rows of spinelets
which may be either
close-set or open.

Tail lash-like and fili-
form : spinelets of the
scales in definite'
short rows, eight or
nine in number.

APPENDIX. 533

Page 391: Ccelorhynchus pumiliceps, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, i.xiii,
Pari ii. No.-. 1894, p. 11), a form evidently close to M. sclerorhynchus, was found l>y the
Investigator at station L50 in the Laccadive Sea at Tin fathoms depth.

Page oi'T: Ccelorhynch us quadricristatus (Alcock), Ul. Zool. Investigator, Fishes. PI. in,
6g. 1.

Ccelorhynchus flabellispinis, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, i.xiii. Part n. No.
2. p. 9), was found by flic Investigator at station L50, Laccadive Sea, Tlii fathoms.

Ccelorhynchus atlanticus. The Prince of .Monaco obtained a specimen at Funchal,
Madeira, in L889.

Page KM): Ccelorhynchus japonicus, Schlegel. This species was taken by the Challenger
off lnosinia, Japan, in 345 fathoms (Giinther, Challenger Report, vi, Shore Irishes, lsso. <;;>).

If the species called .1/. japonicus by Vaillant should prove to be distinct from our
.1/. occa, it should be remembered that Vaillant lias mentioned it under the name .1/. affinis
(Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman. Poissons, L888, p. 51.)

Macrurus lophotes, Alcock. An examination of this figure suggests the idea that this
species belongs to the genus Coryphamoides, rather than to Macrurus, the mouth being
terminal rather than inferior.

Page -103: Coryphwnoideb sulcatum. Cancel the description. This species is fully
described on page 410 in connection with the genus Trachonurus.

Page 406: Mystaconurus heterolepis, Alcock, 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. in, fig. 3.

Page 414: Add the following new species described in a paper entitled "Di una nuova
specie di Macruride appartenente alia fauna abissale del Mediterraneo," Zoologischer Anzei-
ger, \vi. No. 428, 11 Sept., 1893, p 342.

( II ALINURA MEDITEEEANEA, Giglioli. (Figure 345A.)

Only two specimens known, preserved in the central collection of Italian vcrtebrata in
the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence; ichthyological catalogues Xos. 2016,2017. They
were both collected by me during the first deep-sea exploration of the Mediterranean by
the Italian man-of-war steamer Washington off the west coast of the island of Sardinia with
the trawl, at station x (hit. 41° 23' 48" NT., Ion. 7° 8' 54" E., depth 2,904 meters) and station
xi ilat. II 18 42" N., Ion. 6° 54' 2" E., depth 2,805 meters), on the 10th of August, 1881.
Tiny have hitherto been mentioned with doubt as referable to Coryphamoides serratus
(Lowe), a species insufficiently described, of which the type specimen is lost, none having
been found since to fit the incomplete diagnosis given by Lowe (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1843, 91).

These two specimens are very similar and apparently adult; both appear to be males,
but the genital organs are immature. They arc both almost denuded of scales. These are
evidently very deciduous, smooth, very slightly fluted longitudinally, cycloid; rather large;
some show slightly tine radiating stria'. When fresh the color of these two specimens was
a light pink or flesh color, the head and belly strongly tinted with violaceous black; the latter
on account of the intense black peritoneal lining of the visceral cavity, the former owing to
the deep black of the inside of the mouth and branchial chambers; the branchiostegal mem-
branes are also deep black. Fins colorless. Length of the first specimen, 215 millimeters;
of the second. 235 millimeters. The greatest height of the body is from the ventrals to the
first dorsal; it is less than the length of the head, and contained about 5 A times in the
total length. That of the head being contained about 4§ in the total. The eye is small, its
transverse diameter being contained about li in the length of the snout; the width of the
interorbital area above is equal to the length of the snout. The fore part of the bodj
between the eyes and the first dorsal is remarkably gibbous.

The snout is broad, truncate, not much produced, tricuspidate; three ridges running
along its wide upper surface, median one gibbous; the suboeular ridges are less marked,
and the suborbital one is not joined to the angle of the preoperculum.

Mouth large, lateral, subtei minal; intermaxillary heterodont with outer series of
strong widely set teeth and an inner villifonn baud; mandibulary teeth uuiserial, large.

534 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Lower jaw slightly shorter. No teeth on vomer and palatines. Tongue voluminous,
smooth, with a band of singular spheroidal papillae down its middle. Cleft of the mouth
extending to vertical of hind margin of eye. No pores. Branchial apertures wide; small
pseudobranchiae. Gill-rakers spiny, stout, in double series on the anterior arch. Branchi-
ostegal membranes free from the isthmus.

Barbel slender, longer than the transverse diameter of the eye. Preoperculum with
hinder margin nearly straight, rounded below and very slightly crenulated.

The first dorsal fin commences exactly above the insertion of the pectorals; its first
spine is very short, the second ray very robust, longest, regularly serrated in its front up
to its extremity, which is prolonged in a filament; its length is equal to the distance of
the dorsal from the eye. The second dorsal commences above the sixth anal ray; its rays
are very low, especially in the first third of its length. The anal commences immediately
behind the anal aperture, it is at least five times as high as the second dorsal, it gradually
becomes lower toward the end of the caudal region, where it is nearly subequal to the end
of the second dorsal, but always higher. I can make out in my specimens a caudal, con-
tinuous with the dorsal and anal, but distinguished by its longer rays. The pectorals are
in a bad condition in both specimens, but the upper ray appears to be slightly elongated.
The veutrals are inserted below the pectorals, but distinctly in advance; their outer ray
is filamentous, stouter, and greatly prolonged, reaching to the twentieth anal ray.

Budial formula: I D. |; II D. 110 circa; A. 120 circa; C. 3; P. 20; V. j ; Br. VI.

I may add that I have taken extra care in making out the radial formula, which is not
an easy undertaking in fishes of this sort. Except the second dorsal and anal in which
the given number of the rays is approximated, I am quite certain about the rest.

Chalinura mediterranea is evidently allied to C. Simula, Goode and Bean, and to C.
leptolepis (Giinth.), but has a shorter and more carina tc snout thau either. In this it
approaches more O.femandeziana (Giinth.), whilst its veutrals witli a larger number of rays
bring it near C. Murrayi (Giinth.). But it is withal sufficiently different to warrant its
specific distinction. I have to thank my friend. Prof. G. Brown Goode, for having specially
railed my attention as to the Letter determination of these two specimens, which I had left
up to the present under the name (with query) of Goryphcenoides serratus (Lowe),* a species
which must be canceled from the "Systema Piscium."

I had been hitherto under the impression that Krohnius filamentosus, Cocco, might be
the larval form of the fish I have now named Chalinura mediterranea; but a careful exam-
ination has now shown me that that singular larval form, evidently a Macrurid, although
possessing the shape and some of the indications of characters pertaining to Chalinura,h&s
a smooth second ray in its first dorsal. The doubt must yet remain, for I do not think it
likely that it should prove to be the larva of my Hymenocephalus italicus.

Henry H. Giglioli.

Boyal Zoological Museum, Florence, June 20, 1893.

Page 417: Trachyrhynchus longirostris, Gi'.nther {Macrurus longirostris, Giinther, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist,, 1878, n, 23; Trachyrhynchus longirostris, Giinther, Challenger Report,
xxii, 153, PL xli, Fig. B). Two specimens, 20 inches long, were obtained by the Challenger
at station 169, northeast of New Zealand, in 700 fathoms.

Trachyrhynchus scabrus. Capello has observed several specimens in the markets of
Lisbon and at Setubal (Peixes de Portugal, 1880, 32).

Page 418: Macruronus Nov&-zelandice. Add to synonymy:
Gunther, Challenger Report, VI, Shore Fishes, 1880, 22.

Note. — Enrico H. Oiglioli, La scoperta <li una fauna abissale nel Mediterraneo. Relazione prelii.iinare
(Atti del in, Congresso Geografico internazionale, Vol. I, p. 360, estr. p. 39). Roma, 1881. Id. ibid.. Vol. II,
p. 195 (estr., p. 33). Roma, 1883. — Id. Recherches relatives a la Faune sous-marine de la M£diterrane6
(Ann. So. Nat. Zool., XIII, 20*, art. 9). Faris, 1882.— Id. in "Nature" xxiv, p. 381, London, 1881.— E. 11.
(jiglioli, and A. Issel, Pelagos, p. 227. Genova, 1884.

APPENDIX. 535

\| \1.A( (K'I'.I'IIAI.I'S Sllil.. i:\IS. (Vaillant.i

Coryphanoides aqualis, Vaiuwi, Exp. Sci. Travailleor el Talisman, 1888, p. 225 (part), PI. \i\. tigs. 2,

2a -r.
CorgpkomoideB sublavis, \ ah. i. ant, up. <• i t . . p. 386.

Vaillant (p. 225) describes at length, under the aame Coryphcenoides cequalis, lislies
taken off the coast of Morocco and the Cape Verdes, which he subsequently (p. 386) says
are more closely allied to Malacocephalus loevis, G-thr., and for which he proposes the aame
< 'oryphcenoides sublcevis.

Page 420; Bathygadus furvescens, Alcock (J -n. Asiatic Societyof Bengal, iaiii. Part

ii, No. -'. L894, p. 1 t), was obtained l>y the Investigator at station L50, off the Maldives, in
Tilt fathoms.

Page 426: Lepidopsetta maculata, Giinther, was taken by the Challenger in the Antarctic
station 145A, off Prince Edward Island. 310 fathoms (Challenger Report, vr, 18, PI. xxx.

ag. c).

CHASCANOPSETTA, ALCOCK.

Chascanopsetta, Alcock. Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii, Part n. No. 2, p. 14, 1894.

C. lugubrix, Alcock (/. <■., PI. vi, fig. 4), was obtained by the Investigator in the Bay of
Bengal, station 16-, 145 to iv>o fathoms.

PCECILOPSETTA, Gthr.

/'. maculosa, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxiii, Part n, No. 2, p. 16, PL
vii, fig. 1), was obtained by the Investigator in the Pay of Bengal, station L62, 145 to 250

t'atli s, and /'. prcelonga (I. <•., p. 17. PI. vir, tig. 3) at station 151, off Colombo, in 142 to 400

fathoms.

Page 439: After Lepidorhombus megastoma add:

LEPIDORHOMBUS BOSCH (Risso).

Pleuroneetes Boseii, Ki^so, Iclitli. Nice, 319, PI. vn, fig. 33. — Bonaparte, Faun. [tal. Pesoe. — Canestrini,

Arch. Zool., i, 19, tav. n. fig. 2.
Bippoglossus Boseii, Cuvier, R<>gne Animal. — Risso, Eur. Mend., in, 240.
Rhombus Boseii, Cl \ lER, Regne Animal, 2d ed., 341. — GOnther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec, 1889. 119.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head nearly one-third; scales rather small, with the posterior margin ciliated, truncated
or rounded, covering nearly the whole head, the interorbital space and maxillary included:
interorbital space extremely narrow; the diameter of the eye is oue-third the length of the
head. Lateral line with a sub-semicircular curve above the pectoral fin. Lower jaw prom-
inent: maxillary nearly one-half the length of the head. The teeth in the jaws form nar-
row bands; vomerine teeth in small number (two or three), implanted somewhat behind the
front margin of the vomer. The lower eye a little in advance of the upper. The dorsal
I'm terminates at a distance from the caudal, which is somewhat less than the depth of the
free portion of the tail; its longest rays are at the commencement of the posterior third of
the fin, where they are two fifths of the length of the head, and rather shorter than the
pectoral. No spine before the anal. Body very light colored, without spots; two large
rounded deep black spots occupy the posterior portion of the dorsal and anal (ins (Qiinther).

Radial formula: D. 80-81; A. 63-6.".; L. hit. 85.

This species was added to the British fauna by the discovery in L889 of several speci-
mens off the southwest coast of Ireland at 150 to 315 fathoms, the largest being 14 inches
in length, the smallest about half that size.

'•This species." writes Dr. Giinther, "originally discovered in the Mediterranean, was,
probably owing to the small size or condition of the specimens, inaccurately described anil
figured by Risso, Bonaparte, and Canestrini. Tin1 scales were represented much too large,
and the notes on the dentition were vague. Hence it was referred by myself to the genus
Arnuylostsus at a time when no specimens were available for examination (Pish, iv, 416), but

536 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

there was sufficient evidence of its being- a very distinct species from any of the tint fishes
known to inhabit the British Seas. Nevertheless, we find it in the 'Fishes of Great Britain
by F. Day (who seems to have followed Giglioli) relegated to the synonymy of Rhombus'
■megastoma, an error which, in 1S83, was corrected by Yiuciguerra, and in 1887 by Kolamba-
tovic, both of whom clearly pointed out the distinctive characters of these two species.''

" Rhombus Boscil may be recognized at the first glance by its enormous eyes, which are
much larger than in Rhombus megastoma, as maybe seen from the following measurements:

Total length

Length of head

Length "t osseous orbit .
Length of snout

K megastoma.

K. BOSCH.

1 A net*.

Li

tea.

198

17"

SO

46

11

15

15

11

"Rhombus megastoma never has the large black spots on the dorsal and anal fins which
are so conspicuous a feature in R. Boscii, although they may also disappear in specimens of
the latter species if they have been allowed to get stale before they are placed in spirits"
(Giinther).

This species was added to the British fauna by the discovery in 1889 by the Bev. Mr.
Green, of several specimens off the southwest coast of Ireland, at 150 and 315 fathoms
(Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., December, 1SS9, 418).

Amoglossus Grohmanni, Bonaparte (Pleuronectes Grohmanni, Yaillant, Exp. Sci. Trav.
et Tal., 1SS). The French explorers obtained specimens of this well-known Mediterranean
form off the coast of Morocco in 112 and 120 meters, off Spain in 106 meters, off Soudan
in 102 to 175 meters, and about the Cape Verde Islands in 75 to 90 meters.

Page 457: After Microchirus variegatus add:

SOLE V GREEM, Giinther.

Solea Greeni, Glxtiikr, Aim. ami Mag. Xat. Hist., December, 1889, 4 lit.

This species is very elongate, its greatest width being one-third of the total length
(without caudal); the length of the head is contained five and a half times in the total
length. The shape of the head resembles very much that of the common sole. The eyes
are of medium size, about as long as the snout and one-fifth of the length of the head; the
width of the interorbital space equals the vertical diameter of the eye. None of the nos-
trils dilated, that in front of the lower eye being prolonged into a short tube; the vertical
fins are rather low and covered with scales. The right pectoral very small, about as long-
as the eye; the left pectoral is reduced to a minute ray. The ventrals, also, are small, but
the extremities of their middle rays extend backwards to the anal tin. The dorsal and
anal terminate immediately in front of the caudal. Scales of both sides ctenoid, more so
on the colored than on the blind side. Goloration uniform gray (Giinther).

Radial formula: D. SI; A. 65; P. dextr. 5; P. sin. 1; L. lat. 144.

This species is distinguished by characters which bring it near to Solea vulgaris as well
as to Solea variegata. From the former it is separated by the rudimentary structure of its
pectoral fins, from the latter by the number of its fin rays, by its much smaller scales, and
by its coloration. Unfortunately only one specimen was obtained, off the southwest coast
of Ireland, nearly 6 inches long, at a depth of 150 fathoms. It is in a perfect state of
preservation (Giinther.)

Solea umbralites, Alcock (Jouru. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, lxiii, Part n, No. 2, p. 17,
PL vn, fig. 3), was obtained by the Investigator in the Bay of Bengal, stations 169 and 170,
91 to 107 fathoms.

Page 458: Aphoristia septemstriata, Alcock. A good figure is given in "Illustrations
of the Zoology of H. M. S. Investigator? Part I, PL n, fig. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

APPENDIX. 537

Aphoristia trifasciata, Alcock I. c, p. L8, PL 711, fig. 4), was found at station 162, 115 to
250 fathoms, and station Hi I, 195 to 210 fathoms, in tlie Hay of Bengal.

Page 462: Trigla gurnardus occurs in 80 to 90 fathoms in the Clyde Sea area (Lino.
Soc. Jour. Zool., x\, 446).

Page 463: Trigla cavillone. Vinciguerra identified witli Lcpiilot right asprra specimens
obtained by him in the Gulf of* Genoa at a depth of 90 meters.

Page 47(1: Peristedion Vurrayi, Gunther. Alcock records the capture of a single spec
imeii identified by him with this species, obtained by the Investigator at station 115, in the
Bay of Bengal, at a depth of L88 to 220 fatb s.

P. cataphraetus (L.) Guv., is said by Risso to occur in deep water off Nice.

Page 471: Peristedion Rivers-Andersoni, Alcock (==Peristethus Rivers Andersoni,
Alcock, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, lxiii. Part n, No. 2, 1894, p. 7, PL VI, figs. 2, 2a, 2p)
was taken by the In rest i gator at station 151, off Colombo, in 142 to 150 fathoms.

Page 485: Lophius mutilus, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, lxii, Part n, No. 1,
1883, p. 11; 111. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, PI. ix, fig. 2), is from 128 fathoms in the Bay of
Bengal. We propose the generic name Lophiodes for this type of Lophiida-, having the
second portion of flic spinous dorsal obsolescent.

Lophius lugubris, Alcock (op. cit., lxiii, Part n, No. 2, 1894, p. 4), closely allied to the
preceding, was found by the Investigator at station 151, off Colombo, in 142 to 400 fathoms.
It likewise is a Lophiodes.

Page 499: Onchocephalus'vespertilio. Add to synonymy:
Malthe vespertilio, Guntiier, Challenger Report, vi, Shore Fishes, 1880, 7.

MALTHOPSIS, Alcock. (Figure 411.)

Malthopsis, Alcock, Ann. ami .Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1891, 26.

A genus resembling Onchocephalus (=Malthe), but having only two gills on each side
instead of two and a half, represented by the single species, Malthopsis luteins (Alcock, h><:
cit., PI. vni, fig. 2), of which ten specimens were taken by the Investigator at station 115, in
the Andaman Sea, at a depth of 188 to 220 fathoms.

Page 499: Halieutcea nigra. Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1891, 24), was taken
by the Investigator at station 115, in the Andaman Sea, at a depth of 188 to 220 fathoms,
and is so close to 27. coccinea that Alcock considers it possible, though hardly probable, that
it may be its young.

Halieutcea spongiosa, Gilbert (Proc. U. S. N. M., xiii, 1890, 124). Numerous specimens
were obtained from Albatross station 2992, off the California islands, at a depth of 400
fathoms.

Page 499: Halieutcea fumosa, Alcock (Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, lxiii, Part n,
No. 2, 1894, p. 5), is a new species found by the Investigator in the Hay of Bengal, station
L62, 145 to 250 fathoms. It. would appear to belong to a distinct subgenus or genus.

Page 501 : Dibranchus nasutus, Alcock (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1891, 24, PI.
vn, fig. 1), was obtained by the Investigator in the Andaman Sea, at station 115, in LS8 to
220 fathoms.

Dibranchus micropus, Alcock (loc. cit., 25, PI. vn, fig. 2i, was obtained by the Investigator
at station 120, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of 240 to 276 fathoms. Another specimen
was obtained from Investigator station 128, in the Gulf of Manaar, at a depth of 902
fathoms (Alcock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1892, 348).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

| Note - The moal Important raferencea arc in lu-av \ i ace type, |

fage.

Acantbaphritia 289

grandisqnamia 289

Acanthiaa 9

uyatna 507

\i :ini hi.il. i tn;t Temminckii 196

Acantbidinm ]o

calceua 14

jiiis ilium 10

Acantholepla situs 51

Acanthonotoxo (ScyUium) 20

Acantnonotns naana 104

Acanthonns 336

armatua (fig. 236 A) 336

Acanthorhinua centrina 15

Acentrolophua 213

A en. puma 285,521

pellucida 521

pbilippinense 235, 521

Acropomidro 234

Acrotidae 216

Acrotas 217

Willongnbyi (fig. 225) 217

Actinochir 277

major :»77

tunicata 277

/Egeonichthya 494

Appellii 494

.EllHtpn.ra 86

affulgena (fig. 103) 87,88

Incida (fig. 102) 87

metopoclampa (fig. 101) 86,88

Agon id re 282

Agoninffl 282

A gonna 282

decagonua 282

monopterygina 283

spinoaiaaimua 282

Alcockia 329

roetrata 329

Aldrovandia 132

alii ii in 51G

anguillifbrmis 516

Goodei 133

gracilis (fig. 15F) 134

Husky nii 510

macrochira (figs. 155,155A) 133

mcdiurostris 516,517

pallida (fig. 158) 1S5

phalacrua (fig. 156) 134

roatrata dig. 154) 132

A lepidoaauraa no

Alepiaauridre lir>

Alepinanrna no

resculapiua 117

altivelia lis

aznreaa 117

liorealis 117

\ ilig. 142) 117

Alepocephalidffl 3.">

Page.

Alepocephalne 3.1

Lgaaaizii dig. 45) 37

Bairdii (fig. 47) 88

bicolor 36,509

Bla n lord i i 36, 509

odentnlua 36.510

Diger(fig.42) 38

productua (fig. 46) 37

rust nuns (fig. 41) 80

tt'iit'ljrosus 510

Alepoaomna 47

Cope! (fig. 51) 47

Bocialia (fig. 58) 4*

Alexeti-rion 343

Parfaiti (fig. 300) 343

Alyaia so

Loricata 90

A inili a 277

Hparina (fig. 252) 27S

Ammoplenrops 462

laotena 462

Anacantbini 352

Anarrhiohadidre 298

Anarrhichaa 299

denticulatua 301

faaciatna 299

karrak 301

latifrona (fig. 271) 301

leoparduB 301

leptnrua 299

lupus dig. 269) 299

minor (fig. 270) 301

orientalia 299

pantboriuus 301

Ancylopsetta dilecta 437

Anomalopidre 190

Anomalopa 190

palpebratna 191

Anomalopterua 49

pingnia (fig. 54) 49

Anoplagonna 283

Anoplogaater 188

cornntna dig. 203) 184

Antennariidffl 486

Aiit.niiarins 486

plenrophtfaalmua 487

Antliias 237

aqnilonaxia 288

eoa

megalops , 238

urillatllS 238

Antigonia 220

caproa ( fig. 235) 220

Mullen 229

A utiiimra 372

microlepia 531

roatrata

viola (flg.324) =172

Aphanopna 206

540

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Apbanopus carbo (tig. 216) 207

minor 207

Apboristia 458

faaciata (fig. 374) 458

Piomedeana (fig. 378) 460

Gileaii 458

marginata (fig. 376) 459

nebnlosa (fig. 375) i'»^

pigra (fig. 377) 40(1

pusilla (fig. 379) 401

septem striata 458, 536

trifaseiata 537

Wood-ilasoni 458

Aphritis 28S

gobio 289

Aphyonus 341

gelatinoaua 342

mollis (fig. 299) 342

Aplurus simplex 196

Apriou 239

Corteziana 527

macropbtbalnvns (fig. 314) 239

Aprodon 527

Archagomis decagonus 282

Arctozenus 119, 516

borealis 516

coruscans 516

Arelia 402

Carpenteri 462

Argentina 51

aeantburus 127

aculeatua 127

Alcocki 126

Cuvieri 52

decagon 52

elougata 52

hebridica

leuro^lussus 509

lioglos.sa 52

sialis 510

siliis (fig. 61) 52

spbyrama 51

striata (fig. 62) 52

syrteusium 52

Yarrellii 52

Argent inids 51

Argyropelecus 1-5

D'tTrvillii 127

bi-iuigymnus (fig. 147) 120

Olferaii (fig. 148) 120

Amoglossua 527

Grohmanni 536

ArtedielluB 26 7

uncinatua (fig. 255) 2fi7,524

Aaellna 369

canadensis 369

Aspidopboroides 283

monopterygius (fig. 260) 283

A spidophorus 283

malannoidea 282

monopterygiua 283

Astroderma plumbeum 222

Aatrodermus 222

corypbaenoides 222

elegana 222,521

Valenciennesi 222

Astroneathes ► - - 1 05

gemmifer (fig. 124) 105

niger (fig. 123) 105,515

Ric bard son i (fig. 125) 100

Astronestbidre 105

Ateleopodidse 34 s

Ateleopos 348

indicua 349 530

japonicns 349

Atimostoma 220

Anlastomatomorpha 50

Page.

Aulastomatomorpba phoapnoropa (fig. 55) 50,510

A ulopus 60

Agasaizii oci

AulopidsB 60

Auloatoma 484

colorat um 484

longipes (fig. 397) 4^1

Anlostomatidse 483

Auloatomidaa 483

Ausonia 22

Cocksii 222

Cnvieri 222

A vocettina 15:'.

infans 153

Richardii 155

Aylopon 237

Baratlirodemus 331

manatinua (fig. 297) 332

Baratbmuus 340

bicolor (fig. 298) 341

I; tasogigas 328

Gillii (fig. 291) 328,529

graDdis 529

pterotns 529

stelliferoides 529

Bassozetua 321

catena (fig. 286) 323

compresaus 322

glutinoaua 322, 528

normalia (tig. 287) - 322

t;i oia 323,529

Bathopbilus Ill

nigerrimus (fig. 136) 11

Bathyagonns 283

nigripinnia 283, 525

Bathyanthiaa 522

roseaa 522

Bathyclupea 190

arg< atea (fig. tl5) 190

Hoskynii 190

Bathyclupeidae 190

Bathydraco 289

antarcticna (fig. in text) 289

Batnygadua 420

arcnatna 421

cavemoana 408

cottoides 42u

diapar 423

favosua | fig. 352) 420

forreacena 535

longifilis 422

maerops 423

multifile 420

melanobranchns 424

Batl lylaco 57

nigricans (fig. 69) 57

Bathylagidaa 53

Bathylagua 53

antarctuns 53

atlanticnfl 54

Benedict i (lig.64) - 53

euryopa (fig. 63) 55

pacificus 53,510

Batbymyzon, subgenus 5

Bathynectea 321

compressus :'22

laticeps 339

Bathyonns 321

catena 323

compresaaa 322

glutinosns 322

murivnolepis 328

pectoralis 333

taenia 322

Batbyopbis 128

ferox 129

Bathypercifl 526

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

541

Pag<

Batbypercia platyrhyncbua 526

Bathypteroidae 04

Bathypterois 04

dubina (fig, 71) 04

Giintheri 64,511

irisiilaruiii 64,511

longicauda 64

longifllis hi

longipes (fig. 76) 66, 511

quadrifilia (fig. 75) 65

Batbyaaurus 58

\/M 58

fi re ■ (figs 65 66) ;.s. 510

moll is 59,510

obtnsiroatria 510

Batbyaebaates 248

albescens 24 s

Batbyseriola 220

cyanea 220,521

Bathytbrissa 51

doraalis 51

BatbytbrissidsB 50

Batbytroctea 40

eequatoris (fig. 50) 44

attritue 45

untillarmn (fig. 49) 44

homopterua 44

macrolepis (fig. 44) 41

melanocepbalus 43

microlepis 42,510

r os train a 41

squamosus 10,510

stomias 40, 510

Batracbida 294

Batracbua poroaisaimaa 294

Bellottia 843

apoda 844

Belouopaia 151

Leuchtenbergii 151

Bemlropa 526

Bentbooometes 327

mursenolepia 32s

robnstaa (fig. 288) 827

Bentbodesmua 204

atlanticua | fig. 215) 205

elongatua (fig. in text) 200

Bentbosauridaa 02

Bentboaanrua 02

grallator (fig. 73) 02

Bentboaema 75

areticum 78

Colletti 78

i i< talis 70

Giintheri 76

Mull.-ti (fig. 85) 76

Berycidaa 174

Beryx 175

borealis 175

decadactj laa 175,518

Bplendena (fig. 197) 176,518

Blenniops 298

\-< ;uiii 298

i aroa 477

Aristotelis 479

islandicna 479

Bonapaxtia 102

pedaliota (fig. 120) 102

Bothrocara 52*

mollis 528

Bracby opsie decagoima 282

Brama 210

Agassizii 211

lircv.mrtii I'll

japonica 'jn

longipinnia 211

princeps 211

Rascbi 211

p i i

Brama Sauasnrii 211

Bramids *»10

Bregmaceroa 888

attentions (fig 331) 888,531

Btfacclellandii 388

lacerotidse 388

Brepbostoma 234

l larpenteri 234

Brosmionlna 3s5

imberbia 886

Brosmiua :is.*»

in.., me (fig. 329) :js;,

flavescens 385

Brotulidae 314

Bnglossns 457

vaiiig.it us 457

Bytbitea , 310

fuacus 316

Callionymidm 295

Callionymns 296

carebares 296

calauropomus 296

festivus 296

himantopborus (tigs. 2C8, 2G8A, B) 290

kaianua 296

lyra 296

maculatus 526

phaeton 296

Calloptilum 388

Callorbynchua 32

antarcticaa (fig -iG) 32

Campylodon Fabricii 164

Caproidaa 228

Capros 228

aper (fig. 515) 229, 521

Capropbonua 229

aurora 229

Carangidae 191

Carcbarias 7

Carcharodon Rondeletii G

Careliparis 274

Carelujihus 298

Aacanii 298

Careproctna 275

gelatinosos 275

ranula, (figs. 251, 251A, B) 275

Reiuhardt i 275

spectrum 275

major 277

micropua 277

Catablemella 82

brachycbir 82

Cataetyx 317

Hessieri (fig. in text) 318

rubrirostris 528

Caulolepis 184

loDgidena (figs. 204, 204A) 185

Canlophryne 496

setosua (fig. 409) 496

CatdophryninflB 489

Caulupus 117

borealis 117,515

aerra 515

Celema 329

nnda 330

sabannata 330

CentridermiohtbyB 267

bicoraia 2G7

unoinatus 267

Centriaoida 483

Centriacus 483

aoolopax 483

Centrloa 9

oxynotns 15

Salviani 15

vnlpecola 15

Centrolophua 218

542

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Page.

Ceutrolophiia britannicus 213

niger 214

pompiluB (tig-222) 214

Centrophorus 9, 12

calceus 14

coelolepis 14

crepidater 13

crepidalbua 14

Damerilii IS

foliaceua 508

granulosus (fig. 11) 12,507

lusitanicus 12

squamosus 12

squamulosus 508

uyatuB 507

Centropristia 237

annularis 521

I n v> stigatoris 2;;7, 521

microphthalmos 239

pleurospilus 237

Centroscyllium 9. 11

Fabricii (fig. 7) 11

gran ulat am 1 1

Centroscymnus 9, 14

coelolepis (fig. 13) 14,508

obBCurus 15

Ceratiida? 488

Ceratoscopelus 81

maderensis (fig. 91) 82

Cerat iaa 489

bispiuosus 489

carunculatus 491

Holbolli (fig. 399) 4S9

Shufeldtii 490

aranoaoopna 490

Cetomimidffl 68

Cetomimus 68

Cillii (fig. 78) 60

Storeri (fig. 79) 69

Cetonurus H '

crassiceps 411

globicepa ( fig. 344) 411

Cetorhinidse 21 , 507

Otorkinns 21

Blainvillei 22

Gunned 22

maximus (fig. 17) 21

( ihasnichthyidse 289

Chamopsetta 436

rhalinura 411

brevibarbis 413

fernandezianua 412. 526

hispida 412

liocephala 412

leptolepis 41 4, 526

mediterranea 533

Mnrrayi 412, 526

occidentalis 413

serrula 412

Simula (fig. 345) 412, 526

Champsodon 291

vorax 291, 526

Chascanopsetta 535

lugubris 535

Cnauliodontidee 96

Chanliodus 96

Fieldii 105

Macounii 513

Richardsonii 106

Scbneideri 97, 513

setinotus 97

Sloanii (fig. 115) 96,513

Chaunax 487

fimbriates 487

pictua (figa. 398 A, B) 487

Cbiasmodon 291

niger (figs. 264, 264A) 398,526

Chiaamodontidpe 291

Cbiasmodus 291

niger 292

Chilodipteridse 230

Cnimsara 30

abbreviata 31

affinis (figa. 32-35) 31,509

Colliei 32

monatrosa (fig. 31) 31, 509

Chimssridaa 31

Cbirolophua 298

Ascanii 298

Cblamvdoselachida1 22

Chlamydoaelachus 22

anguiii.-ii.s (fig. 22) 22,508

Cblopsis 150

bicolor 150

t'rjuatorialia 150

Clilorophtbaluius 60

Agaasizii (fig. 70) 60

ohalybeiua (fig. 71) 60,510

rorniger 511

gracilis 511

nigripiiinis 61

truculentus (tig. 72) 61

product us 61,511

Cliroinis 244

roseus 244

< luryeotoaua 223

Cithitricbthys 442

ai aca 448

ant ifrons (tig. 366 A, 1!) 442

dinoceros 447

inicrosktnius 446

pjetulus (fig. 373) 4 48

apilopterus ( fig. 370) 447

unicornis (fig. 369A, B) 444

\r nt nil is 440

Coccia 95

ovata 95

Cocciina 95

Ccelorhyuchus 397,531

affinis 533

atlanticus 397,533

australia 402

caribbaua (fig. 338) 401

carminat us (tigs. 336, 353, 354) 398

coelornynchus 397

fasciatus 402

tiabellispims 532, 533

japonicus 400,533

occa (figa. 332, 333, 337) 400, 533

parallelaa 532

pumilicepa 533

guadricristatus 532,533

Collettia 83

nocturna 512

Rafinesquei (fig. 100) 83

Coloconger 139

ranict*ps 139, 517

Conchognatfa.ua 140

G-rimaldii 140

Conccscia 76

boreal is 76

Congermura?na 138

flava (fig. 159) 138

guttnlata 138

longicauda 138, 517

megastoma 517

inusteliceps 517

uasica 517

Bqualioeps 517

Congrida- 137

Conocara 39

macroptera (fig. 43) 39

McDonaldi (fig. 48) 39

Cdrj nolophna "^94

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

f>43

Pagi

Coryuolophue Roinbardtii (fig. 403) l-'t

( toyphenidu! -'»-

Corypha an '-'<•"

hipp s (figs.219 120 220 \ B) 209,210

iharaoides 402, 525

alia "

carapinuB (fig 339) 404

Miranda 409

gigas 410

loptolepia 414

uasutna 590

rupestria 402

serratua 392,534

Bublrevie 535

solcatos (wrongly included, tet undt r

Trachonarua), 533

villosus 109

Cottidw 266

CottUDCUluB... -''*'

luioropa I ii ga. 257, 261 A..B) 269, 525

Thoiuaonii (fi \.C) 270,525

ton as 270

Coitus bathybii 524

bicornia 267

unrinat us 267

Craniomi 462

Crina 214

Cubicepa 220

Cryptopaaraa "- 491

Couesii (Kg. 402.) 491

I v lopaetta 450

fimbriata (fig. :i68) 457

Cycloptericbthya 272

Cyclopteridsa -7 "J

Cyclopterua 272

gelatinoaua 275

liparia 277

spinofina 272

Cyclotlione 99

Cyclothone bathyphila (fig. 118) 100

elongata (fig. lift) 101

gracilis 101

In aca 99

miorodon (fig.114) 99,514

qnadriocolatum 100

Cyemfl 154

atrmu (fig. 176) 154

Uynogloaana I larpenteri 402

Cyttopsia 220

roaeus 227

Cyttua 225

abbreviates 225

anatralia 225

nololepis (fig. 233) 225

rosene 227

Dasyscopelaa 91

asper (fig. 106) 91, 92

apinosne 92

Bubaaper 92

Delotbyria 452

pellucldna 452

1>. riehthyidaa 101

t ».ii* lit hys Ifil

scrpentimiB (figa.169, 169A.B) 101

Dentex 240

macrophtbalnma 240

Dermatome 324

melanocephalna 325

triehiurua 325,529

Dialithura ;s

opalina (fig. 88) 78

Diana 222

Bemilunata 222

Dianidffi 221

Diaplius 89

i 0 i uleua 512

I'ngraulia 89, 512

Page.

Diaphua protoculua 512

tin ta (fig. 93) 89,512

Dibranobus 500

atlanticue (figs 1134 B) 500

mid-opus 537

nasutus f,:t7

Diceraliaa (s^. 189

biapinoaua 489

Dicrolene . . 337,528

intronigra (figs. 29, 297 A, B) :s;ts

inultitilia 337,529

nigricaudia 338,529

Vaillantii 3;;,- 5 -,

Dicromita 319

Agassizij (fig 285) 319

metrfostoma 329

mieropbtbalma 320

onoerooepbala 321

Dicrotua 2011

armartna 200

parvipinnia (fig. 212) 201

Dinemua 522

vemiatus 24:1

Diplacanthopoma 31 x

Alcock ii 528

brachyaoma 319,528

Diplopbos ]u4

pacificna , 104

taenia (fig. 126) 104

Diretmidaj 21 1

Diretnius »jll

argenteus (fig. 237) 211,519

aureus 212

Discus 211

I>\ somma \qq

bucepbalus 160,518

Dyaommopais \qq

muciparus ii;u

Eohelua 147

paohyrbynchua 147

Echinorbinidse g

Ecbinorhinna 8

obesns 9

apinoaus (fig. 9) 8

Echioatoma 10s

barbatum (fig. 130) 109

uiargarita (fig. 131) m <

Elaemobranchii, class 5

Elaatoma macropbtbalma 239

Electroua 91

Rissoi (fig. 107) 91

Enchelyopua cimbrlua 3^9

oimbricus ygg

Epideamua maculatua 477

Kpigonns 282

1 1 lescopus 282, 521

orcidentalis (fig. 236) 233

Epinnula 19s

magiatralia (fig. 21 1) 19s

Erel mophoraa 3,77

Kb-inenbergi 377

Esoi >lar 519

violaceua 515

Etmopterna 10

Fabricii n

granulosus 10

Hi Ilia mis 10

niger (fig. 10) 6, 10,507

puailltis (figs. 5, 6) 10

spinas 7,10, ■■■"

Etropua 149

rimoaua (tigs. 360, 361) 150

Eumicrotrenma 272

Bpinosua (fig. 250) 272

Eaprotomicroa a

Enrypbaryngida? 168

Eurypbary ux 168

544

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Eurypbarynx pelecanoides (fig. 176) 159,518

Eustoiuiaa H'

obscurua (fig. 135) HI

Eivoxymetopou 203

tteniatns (fig- 214) 204

Gadiculus 354

argenteus 355,530

Gadopsia ater 317

Gadua argenteus 355

poutaasou 530

Gait- us melastoroua 20

Gasteropelecus acant burns 98

croeodilus 79

Humboldtii 73

microstoma 53

< rastrostomns 159

Bairdii (figs. 181, 182) 150

Gavialiceps 156

microps 156,517

t a-niola 156, 517

Gempylus 20*2

coluber 202

serpens (fig in text) 20*2

Genypterus 345

omostigma 345

Gigliolia *69

Moseleyi (figs. 187, 193) 109

Glossamia -:;1

pandionia (fig. 231) 231

Glyptocepbalus -*30

acadiauus 430

cynoglossus (fig. 356A.B) 430

elongatus 430

saxicola 430

Glvptopbidium 3*24

argenteuin 324,529

micropus 529

Gnathophie - 138

Gobiidae 205

Gobius 205

cometea 295 526

Lesueurii 205

Goniodus 8

spinosua 8

Goniosoma argent inum 51

Gonostoma 97

acantburus 98

brevidens (fig. 117) 98

denudatum din 116) 98

elongatum 101

madereuse 510,515

microdon 99

ovatna 95

Gonoatoiuid;e 97

Grammatostomias 110

dentatua (fig. 133) 110

GrammicolepididSB 218

Grammicolcpis -IS

brachiuscxilus (fig. 221) 218

Granimonns 317, 52S

ater 317,528

Gymnelia 313

p ictus 313

viridis 313

Gymnetridse 4so

Gymuetrus 480

arctic us 479

Cepedianua 477

gladius 481

glesne 480

Grillii 181

Hawkensii 481

npaudus 480

Gymnogaster arcticua 479

Gymuoly codes 281

Edwardsii (fig. 254) 281

Gyrinomene 211

Gyrinomene numimularia 519

Halargyrens 375

brevipes (fig. 325) 375

Jobnaonii 375,531

BTalicmetns 503

ruber 503

Johnaonii 525

Halieutsea 400,537

coecinea (fig. 410) 500, 537

i'uniosa 537

nigra 537

aenticosa 501

spongioaa 537

stellata (fig. 403) 499

Halicutella 500

lappa (fig. 412A, B) 500

Halieutieb thy s 503

aculeatua (fig. 414A, B) 504

reticuJatus 504

Haloporpbyrns 370

auatralia 531

ensiferua 371

eques 371

G iin t heri 370

inosima3 531

lepidion 370, 531

rostratus 375

viola 327

i [alosauricnthya 136

« .uinicauda 136,517

Halosauridffl 130

Halosaurus (v. Aldrovandia) 1*20

aitinis i;jo

nnguilh fortius 516

Goodei 133

G iiutli< ri 131

gracilis 134

Johnsonianus (fig. 153) 131

Oweni (fig. 152) 130

macrochira 133

[ «1 lida 135

parvipinnia 516

pbalacrua 134

rostratus 132

Harpodon 50

ma* -rochir (fig. 60) 50

microdon 59

squamoaus 59, 510

Harriotta 3*2

Raleighana (figs. 37-40) 32

Hectoria 238

Beliastes roaeua 244

Helieolenus 248,522

dactyloptnrus dig. 244) 249,523

maderensia (fig. 244) 250

IIi-iii ibraiichii, order 483

Hemirhombus fimbriatua 451

p&tulus 448

Hephthocara 344

simum (fig. 301) 344

Heptanchua cinerens 6

Heptatrema cirrnatum 3

Heterognathodon 517

Heteroaomata 426

Hilgendorfia 280

membranacea 280

H imantolopbua 493

grcenlandicua 493

Bippoglossoidea 438

dentatua 438

limandoides 438

platessoides (fig. 367) 438

Hippogloaaus 434

americanua 434

Boscii 527

pinguia 435

\ ulgaris (fig. 363) 434

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

545

Page

II iMiiol.inii. 1 1 u^ 145

batbybiua 145

iufornalia (flg. 165) 145,517

Hoplobrotula * 340

armata 940

ttoploatotkus Is"

attentions 189

japonicoa 519

mediterrnneus (fig. 208) 1 B9, 519

Boplunnis 146

diomedianua (tig- 163) 146

Bydrolague 32

Colliei 82

H\liirii..i«-|.li:ilu> 406

cavernosas (tig. 341) W8

crassiceps 411

dispar 423

globiceps 411

I lei(fig. 340) 407

heterotopia 406

italicus 406,534

longibarbis 406

•ongifilis 422

it > oprorus -- i-*8

msssineDsis 149

Sypi rchorisl iua Tanneri 109

Hyperoartia. 3

Byperotreta 2

II j phalonodrua 60

chalybeina 60

Hypoclydonia 236

bella (fig. 237) 386

Hypsicometea ■ 890

gobioides (figs. 263, 263A, B) 290,526

Bypsinofcus rnbeacena 229

Bypsirbynobas 379

bepaticus 380

Kcelinna 268

tilamentosus 524

liinbriat us 525

ucnlatus 525

■ juadriaeriatus- .-- 268

i enaie 525

Icelus 266

bicoruis 267

euryops * 524

fnrciger 267

hamatas 267

imeinatus 267

seutiger 524

Ichthyococcos 95

mat us (fig. 113) 95

Ioiohtbys 816

Lockingtonii (fig. 226) 216

Icostens 816

enigmaticus (fig. 227) 216

CdJacantbidae 128

ldiatautbus 128

antrostonms 516

fasciola 128

ferox (tig. 151) 129

Qyopbidff 141

Uyophie 141

brunneuB (fig. 162) 141

Investigator 518

acanthonotus 518

Ipnopidffi (16

Ipuups 66

M array i (tigs. 67.68) 67

Isistius 6

Kmhiiius filamentOSUS 397,534

Labichthya 153

carinatna (fig. 171) 153

elongatua (fig. 172)... 153

infana (figs. 173. 174 1 153

Lmmargua 7

borealia h

19868— No. 2 35

i , i

LtBmargua brevipinna 7

n.st rat um <i

Lffimonema 362

barbatula (tig. 315) 862

melamiruin i ti^. 316) 363

robustum 868

Sarrellii 868

Lampadena 85

pyraobola 512

Bpeonligera (tig. 99) B6

LampanyotaB 7 s

alatua 70,

Bonapartii 80

coeruleus sl

crocodilus — 79,86

Gemmellarii so, 87

i ;■ milliter so. 89

Guntberi 79. 9<i

lacerta 81, 89

resplendena 82,83

Warmingii 80,512

Lampridida* 222

Lampris 223

luna 223

l;mta 223

regius 223

Lamprogrammus 344, 530

fragilia 530

niger (fig. 302) 341.

Lampngus 209

Latebrua 235

ocnlatna 235

Latilidaa 284

Leiodon eckinatum 8

Lemnisoma thyrsitoides 202

Lepidion 870

enaiferoa 871,531

eques .'(71

tiavescena 370

Guntkeri 370

inoaimse 531

Riasoi (fig. 323) 370,531

Lepidolepridie 389

Lepidoleprua 417

coalorbynchus 397

sclerorbyncbua 392

trackyrkynckus 417

Lepidopidse SOS

Lepidopns 203

caudatus (fig. 213) 803,519

Lnaitanicns. 5iy

tenuis 514

Xantusi 519

Lepidosoma 417

trachyrhynohus 417

CiepidosomJdas 389

Lepidopsetta man data 535

Lepidotrigla aspera. 5:t7

Lepidorkombus 439

Boscii 535

mi gastoma 430,535

Lepidotrigla aspera, 163

Leptagonns decagonne 282

LeptooephalicUe 137

Leptocepbaiue 618

vulgaris 517

Leptodenna *s

macropa (flg. 56) 49

Leptopbidium 846,524

con iiium (tig. 306) 846

exnmelas 530

manimiatuiu (fig, 308) 317

microlepis

pardale KM

profnndomni 847

atigmatiatium (fig 107] 530

Leptorbyncbna

546

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Loptorhynchus Leuchtenbergii 152

Lepturus 208

argenteus 208

Leuroglossus 510

stilbiua 509

Leurynnis 313

Linianda - **lJ7

Beanii (fig. 355 A, D) 428

ferruginea 427

microstoma 427

vulgaris 427

Linophryne 496

1 ocifer ( fig . 408) 196

Liocetus 495

Murray i (fig. 407) 495

Lionurus 409

Jilicauda (fig. 342) 409

liolenis 409

microlepis 409

Lioscorpina 265

longiceps 265,524

LiparidicUe 273

Liparis 274

barbatus 274

bathybii 279

Ekstriim i 274

Fabricii 276,277

gelatinosus 275

lineatus 27 4

liparis 274

major 277

micropus 277

ranula 275

Reiuhardti 275

stellatus 274

tunicata 277

vulgaris 274

Lipogeny ida? 172

Lipogenys 172

Gillii (figs. 190, 196A, B) | ; ,;

Lopbiida? 4 s."»

Lophiodes 587

niutilus 537

lugubris 537

Lopbiomus 485

setigerus 485

Lophiopsis 485

Lophius 485

americanus 485

budegassa 485

niutilus 537

Naresii 185

piaoatorina (figs. 400 400A.B) 485

Lopholatilus 284

cbamsBleonticeps (fig. 265) 284

Lophotes 349

Capellei (fig. 390) 351

Cepedianus (fig. 389) 349

cristat ua 350

Lophotidae 349

Lotella 368

uiaxillaris (fig. 321) 368

Lucifer 112

albipinnis 112

Lumpus spinosus 272

Lutjanidae 239

Luvaridae 221

Luvarus 222

imperials (fig. 230) 222,521

Lycenchelys 309

albus 527

rnuraena 309, 527

paxillus (figs. 279, 279A, 282) 311

porifer 527

Verrillii (figs. 277, 277 A) 309

Lycodapue 528

tier asfer 528

Page

Lycodea 303,522

Lyoodes albas 521

brevipes 526

Esmarkii (fig. 272) ..% 303

frigidua (fig. 274) 305

gracilis 305

macrops 626

mucosus (figs. 275, 283 A, B) 306

niurama 309

pallidas 306

paxillus 311

paxilloides 31 1

perspicillus (figs. 278. 278A ) 305, 307

reticularis (figs. 273, 281 A. B) 305

Rossi 305

Sarsii 307

seniinudus 307

Vablii SOS

Verrillii 304

zoarchus (figs. 276, 276A, 283C) 30H

Lycodonus 312

mirabilia {fig. 280) 312

Lycodophia 521

albna 521

Lycodopsis 313

paci ficaa 528

paxillus 527

LycoDidpe 425

Lyconus 425

pinnatus 425

Macdonaldia 171

rostrata (figs. 189,195A,B) 171

Macrorbamphosida? 483

Macrorbamphosus 488

scolopax (fig. 396) 483

Macrostoma (= Xotoscopelus) 512

anguatidens 512

Macruridffl 889

Macrurouna 418

iiovffi-zelandiaB (fig. 350) 418,534

Macruroplus 390

Macrurus (all specific names in the family are included). 890

aqualis 392

affinia 416,533

altipinnis 402

arcuatus 421

argentea 419

armatns 416

asper 390, 407

atlanticVis 397

australis 402

Bairdii (fig. 335) 893

berglax (fig. 334) 391

brevibarbis 413

1 <revirostris 390, 531, 532

carapinus 404

carinatus 391

cai-minat.ua 898

oanibbseus 401

cavernoaua 40s

ccelorhynchus 397

cottoides 420

craasiceps 411

denticulatus 414

dispar 423

Fabricii 391,399

fascial us 402

favosus 420

fernandezianus 412

flabellispinis 532

filicauda 409

furvescens 535

gigaa 416

globiceps ... 411

Goodei 407

heterolepia 406, 533

Hextii 390, 531

ALPHAUETICAL INDEX.

.047

Page

Macruni.s hispidus 412,531, 532

holotr.uh\ a

Hoskynii 390,531,532

In vest igaturi.s 390, 531, 532

italicua 406

japonious 400, -' '

Uevia 406,41".

teptolepia 412.4U

Ifocepbala 412

lid-pis 409

tongibarbis 406

la igifilis (tig. 319 A) 417,422

longiroatris 534

lophotea 300,532,538

maoroohir 41 >

maorolophna 390,531,532

macropa 423

iiiediterraneus 533

iiitlaiHtliiMixlnis 424

miorolepia 409

mtdtifilia 420

Murrayi 412,418

mysticetus 397

nasTitua 390

norvegicua 402

Dovsa-zealandiaa 418

occa 400

occidentalia 41S

parallelus 397.532

Petersoni 390, 531 , 532

polylepis 390,532

puimlicepa 532

quadricriatatua 397, 532

rudis 390

rnpestria 391,397,402

acabrua 417,434

scapbopsia 397

sclerorhyncbus 391,392

aemiquincuiniatus 390, 531, 532

aerratus 391, 534

aerrula 412

serrulatua 390

aeaqnictmciatna 531

aimula 112

amiliophoraa 392

Btelgidolepia 391

Stromii 402

a Libia; vis 535

anlcatoa 403, 410, 533

trachyrhyiichus 417

villoaua 409

Wood-Masoni 391,531,532

zaniapborus 397

Malaoichthys 232

griseus 232

Malacocephalos 414

Isevia 415, 535

occidentalia 41 5

subltcvia 535

Malacocottua 271

zonuras 272.525

Bfalacoaarcus 18*2

macroatoina (fig. 200B) 1 K2

Malacoateidm 113

Malacoateus 113

cboriatodactylua (fig. 139) 114

niger (fig. 138) 114

indicus 114

Malaoichthya 232

Malthe 498, 529

oubifrona 498

iiaaut.ua 498

vespertilio 499,537

bfalthopaia 537

luteua (fig. 41 1) 557

Mancaliaa vm\

Sbufeldti fug. 401) 490

l»ag<

Maiicaliaa aranoacopna 490

Manducua 514

maderenaia 514

Harsipobranchii I

Bfaurolicidns 95,51 !

Maurolicus 95,512

attenuates 99 SI2

borealia (fig. Ill) 06

Poweria 99

tripunctulatus — 513

Mayuea 521,522

brunnea 526

puailla 526

Melamphsas 177,510

oristicepa 518

tngubria 518

megalops lwi

microps 518

myzolepia 1 7 -

robuetua 180

typhlopa (fig. 198) 17 7

crassicepa 180

Melanocetua 494

biapinosun 495

Johnsonii (fig. 606) 494

Murrayi 495

Melanogramniua 354

a:glefinua 354. tO

Melanonus 880

gracilis (fig. iu text) 180

Melanostigma 313

gelatiiiosTim (tig. 289) 314

Melanostoma 521

japonioum 521

Melast oroa 52 1

Merlangus vulgaris 530

Merluciidaj 386

Merluciua 386

albid us 386

bilinearis (fig. 330) 386

sniiridua 388

vulgaris 388

Meaoprion voras 239

Metopias 177

typhlopa 177

Mil roi-Iiorus 457

prorondicolna 457

variegatna 457. 529

Microiohthya 234

Coocoi 234

Microiuesistius 355

pnntassou 355

Microatoma 53

argenteuni 53

groanlandicuTQ 53

microatonram 53

rot uiida turn (fig. 59) 53

Mioroatomidse 53

Minous 524

inermis "'24

Mitobillina 510

Bairdi i 88, 510

Mixonna 339

latlcepe (fig. 29GA) 339

Mcebia 331

gracilis 331

Molva 367

abyaaornm 365

byrkelange 866

elongata 865

vulgaris (tig. 317) 367

Molvella 381

Monolene 152

atrimana (figa. 358, 359) 465

Beaailicaada (flga. \ B 452

Monomitopua 340, 529

nigripinnis

54S

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Page.

Hononiitra 277

lipariua(tig. 252) -77

M ora 369

mediterranea (fig. 322) 369, 531

Moseleya 417

longitilis (fig. 347) 417

Mm i Ola 381

argentata 383

candacuta 384

cimbrica 384

oimbricus 384

ensis 381

macrophthalma 382

mediterranea 382

Keinhardtii 383

tricirrata 383

Murenesocidaa 145

Mura?nnphis saga 149

Myctophida? 70

Myctophuni TO

affini 72

■ uili nun 511

a -I" tii iii 92

Renoiti ( tig. 83) 74

boops 7 3, 51 1

califoroiense 511

coruscans 89,511

erenulare 512

gemellarii {fig. 87) 80

glaciale 74, 76

Huniboldti (tig. 82) 73

Hygomii 75

leucopsaruni 89

nocturnuni 512

opaliuum 72, 81,511

phengodes 78

protoculus 512

pterotus 88. 90, 511

punctatum (fig.80) 71,88,90

remiger (tig. 84) 76

Keinhardtii 74

Townsendi 512

Myrus 147

pachyrhynchus (tig. 167) 148

Mystaconurus 406

beterolepia 406, 533

italicus 406

longibarbis 406

Myxine 2

australis (fig. 2) 3, 508

glutinosa (fig. 1) 2

Myxiuida? 2

Na unobrachium 93

leucopsarum 512

MacDonaldi (fig. 110) 94

mexicanum 512

nigrum 94

regale 512

Narcetes 45

eremilas 45,510

Nansenia 510

groenlandiettin 510

"Xa van-bus 220

Nealotus 198

tripes 199

Nematonurns 416

afiinis 416

armatus 416

gigas (fig.346) 416

Nematonus 333

pectoralis (fig. 295) 333

"Nema tops 427

Nemichthyidse 151

Xeniichtbys 151

infans 153, 155, 517

Riehardi 155

scolopaceus (fig. 170) 152

Page.

Neinobrama 243

Webbii 243

Neobi t lutes ,■{•_».">, 529

crassus _ 327

Gillii (fig. 289) 325

grandis 329

macrops 326, 529

marginatum ( fig. 290) 326

ocellatus 325

pterotus 328, 529

robustus 327

squaniipinnis 529

steatiticus 529

st ell ifero ides 328, 520

Neoliparis. 274

Neoseopelus 92

macrolepidotus (tigs. 108,109) 93, 512

Keostoma 99

l);itliypbiluiii 100

qnadrioonlatam 100

Nediarchus 197

nasutus (fig. iu text) 197

Nettastomidse 148

Nettastoma 1 48

brevirostris 149

melanurum 149,517

parviceps 148

proboscideum 150

procerum 149

tamiola 517

Nomeidffi 219

Nomeus 219

Gronovii (figs. 227, 515) 220,520

Manritii 220

Notacauthida? 162

Notacanthus 163

analis (figs. 184, 191 A, B) 165

Bonapartii (fig. 183) 166

Chemnitzii 164

mediterraneus 166

nasus (fig. 183) 164

phasganorus (fig. 188) 167

Rissoanua 1 70

sexspinis (tigs. 192A, B) 163

lacenta 170

Notidauus griseus 6

Notoscopelus 82, 512

bracbyebir 82

castaneus (fig. 95) 84

caudispiuosus (fig. 96) 84

margaritiferus(fig.98) 84

uuercinus (fig. 97) 83,512

resplendens (fig. 94) 82,83

Notosema 437

dilecta (figs. 362, 365 A, B) 437

Notothenia 520

longipes 525

mizops 525

Nototheniidee 525

Xyctophus 71

Bonapartii 86

Gemellarii 80, 86

metopoclampus 86

Rafinesquii 88

OdontostotnidiB 121

Odontostomus 121

atratus 516

hyalinua (fig. 145) 121

Oligopns 317,522

armatus 528

ater 528

niger 317

Omosudis 122

Lowii (fig. 150) 122

OnchooepbaKdsB 497

Onchocephalus 498,529

radiatus 498

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Oncbocepbalns respertllio.
Oneirodea

Page.
IS

192

Eschrichtii (lig.403) ,„.,

OnosorOuus .,'"

,. . 3si

Diacayenaia «■

Carpenteri gs«

oimbrtas ,..,

Bnsis (flg. S27) :;si

gnttatna 18]

macropbtbalmua :;v,

mediterranens

paciflona

Remhaxdtii

ruins.

tririrratiis

Ophiobtttj i«l. i-

Ophidiidrc

Opbidiam

mini uolepis

profundoram

Ophiognathas

ampullar, -us

Oplathoprootos

--i.li-.Uii8 (flg. H2)

1 Ipeatomiaa

' Iptonaraa

nueripnaa (fig. 132).

(Ifntii'iiliitus.

:tt lant itniit (fig. J,, t,.v(|
Ortbiebtbye

Otophidinm

omoatigma (fig. 305).
Oxycepbaa

ccelorhyncbns

aoabroa

Oxymaomroa

Oxynotna

centrina (fig. 21) .
Pachyatomiaa

miorodon (fig. 134).
Paraoentroacyllium

Cnvieri

Iiyalinus

intermedins.

speeiosus

apbynenoidea.

hoops

HectoriH

oblongaa

ooeUatoa

Paraliparia

bathybii

Copei (fig. 253)..

liparinns

membranaceus

rosaeeus

Paranuteraraa

Paroneirodee

glomerosus (fig. 4041
Panacombropa

Penopns

pellnoidne.

381

381

381,53]

::hi
383

III!

MS

345
530
347
157
157
95
95

110
11(1

414

414

327

228

483

346

34.-,

417

397

417

397
'.i I.".

15
III

111
9.507

Peroopbidre

Peristediidre

Peristedion catapbractna

gracilo (fig. 387)

Unberbe

longiapatba (fig. 386)

micronema

miiiiiitum (figs. 385, 385 A, li)..

Biorraj i

platyoepbalnm (figs. 388A, B) .

Rivera Anderson]

triinrtitum

Perlstethns

liorbynchns

mollucoenae

U NlTa\ i

Rii ere-Andersoni

Petromyzon amerlcanoa

Bairdii

marinas (flg. 4,

Petromyzontidas

ril;iIio»lus

Pbaroptoryx

Photichthya

argentens (fig. 122)

rhotonectes

gracilis (fig. 137).
I'lmio-romiaa

ornatiim ■ -_

l'aradi.-rolene..

3,i7 v<)

miiltifilis '337

nigricaudis '

VaUlanHj " '

Poradoxiobtbya

Garibaldianns

Paralepididas

Paralepia

borealis (fig, 143*

17(1

17(1

lis

lis. SIS

llll

ooregonoidea )fig.l43A) ,,,, -,,,.

eoroscana

118

118,516

' 511;

130,516

11*. 516

Parali,hthvs\... "..'." 119,516

4.10
436
436
436
436
279
27!)
279

Guernei (fig. 140)
Pbyois

albidua

araericanus

blennioides

Cheated (fig. 313)

obnae (tig. 3]i)

Cirratua (fig. 310)

De Kayi

furcatua

gadoides

Gmelini

limbatus

Miediterraneus

phycis

pnnctatus

regalis

regius (fig. 309)

tenuis (fig. 312)

I Mica

Tarrellii

Pbyaienlna

argyropaatua

bacchus

barbatua

breviusculus

Dahvigkii

luh-iis (fig. 319)

japonjons

Kanpi (fig.318)

nematopus

pabnatoa

peregrinoa

roseus tm

Pinoodonophis

McDonaldi m: 83)

525
3(17
493
493
281,521

231 ,52 1

336

3311

54!)

Pagi

2ss
470
537
473
472
472
472
470
537
171
537
17.}
1112
I7(i
I7(i
170
.::7
4
I
I
4
hi;,
.(lid
101.51(1
1114
112
112
114
116
356
li

159
357, 530
300
369
868
359
357
357
357
356
3.56
356
357
:::,7
357
369
:;:,7

36... 521

530

365

365

365

366,531

366.521

866

366

531)

365

366. 524

531

147

1 1 tifer dig. 166) ! ,.

:.:kp
462
111!
117
411
III
239

136

raatrelliger

Plagnsia lactea

Plagyodna

ferox

Platopbrya

nebolaris

PlAtyinlua rorax

Platyaomatichthys

hippoglossoides (fig. 364)... |:;-

pingoia ,'..'-

Plarvt.rnntoa

45

Pled roains

»pna nig. 53).

15
17s

550

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Page.

Plectromus Beanii (fig. 202) 179

crassiceps (fig. 200A) 180

cristiceps 518

lugubris 518

megalops 1 SI

microps 518

myzolepis 178

robustus 1 SO

suborbitalis (fig. 201) 179

Pleuronectes megastonia 439

Pleuronectidae 420

Beanii 428

Boscii 527

cynoglosaus 435

Grohmanni 528

Pleurothyris 125

Podotbecua 282

decagonus (fig. 259) 282

Pceeilopsetta 535

maculosa 535

prolonga 535

Polyacautlionotinse 102

Polyacanthonotua 170

Riasoanua (figs. 188.197A.B) 170

Polyipnua 128

spinosna (fig. 149) 128,516

Polymixia 243, 522

japonica 243

L ii wei 243

QObilia (fig. 241) 243,517

Polymixii«la- 242

Polyprion 23s. "-'_'

americanum(fig.238) 23*

cerniuin 238

iiwgeneioa 238

prognathuB 238

Polyptericfcthys 484

Polyprosopus 21

Pomacentrida? 243

romatiunichthya 234

constanria? 2:J4

Pomatomna 232

Cnvieri 232

teleacopus 232

teleaeopinus 232

Pomatopsetta 438

Pompilus 213

Ponerodou 293

vastator 293

Pontinus 252, .'.Is

Bibronii 253

canariensia 266

Rathbuni (fig.245) 552

filifer 254

hexanenia 518

K iililii 253, 523

longispinis (fig. 247) 258

macrolepis (fig. 246) 257

sierra 252, 523

Porichthya 294

porosisaimus (fig. 267) 294

Porogadua 334

gracilia 331

miles (fig. 292) 334

nudus 330

rostratua 329

subarmatua 330

Poromitra 182

capito (tig. 200) 183

PriaoanthidsB 241

I 'ria< anthns 241

arenatus 241

catalufa 241,522

macropbtbaUmia 241

Prion iat ins macellus 525

Prionodes 521

a>quidens 521

Pa ire.

Prionotits 463

alatua (fig. 382) itiT

egretta (fig. 381) 405

militaria (figa. 380, 384) 4(14

palmipes 4(;s

Stearnsii 400

trinitatis (figs. 383. 383B) I tis

Prist iurus 20

artedi 20

atlanticus (fig. 20) 21

melanoatomus 20

melaatomua (fig. 19) 20, 508

Proetnstegus 222

proctostegua 222

Prometheus 200

paradoxus 197

Promethiehthys 200

atlanticus (fig. in text) 200

bengalenais 519

dierotus (?) 519

prometheoidea 200, 510

prometheua 200

Proiuyllantor 139

puriiurena 139,517

Pronotogrammus eoa 238

Propoma 522

roseum 522

Paenea 220

maeulat us (fig. 229) 221

pellueidus (fig. 228) 220

Paetticbthya 438

Paeudopbyeia 365

Paeudopriacantbua 242

altus (figa. 239,240) 242

Pseudorbombna 436

boops 436

Bectoria 436

ocellatus 436

Pseudosoopelus 292

soriptus (fig. 266) 292, 526

Pseuilotriacia 17

microdon (fig. 18) 18,508

Pseudotriakis 17

Psychrolutea 526

paradoxus 525

zebra 525

Pteraclididfe 212

Pteraelis 212

carolinus(fig.218) 212

Pteridinm 317

armatum 528

atrum 317,528

Pteroidonus 337

quinquarius (fig. in text) 337

Pterophryne 486

hiatrio 486

Pteropbrynoidea 486

l't(.r"thri8sida^, family 50

Pterotbrissua 51

giaau (fig. 52) 51

Pterycombua 210

Ptilichthy id* 302

Prilichtbys 302

Goodei (tig. 304) 302

Pycnocraapedum 333, 529

aquamipinne 333. 529

Raia 24

abysaicola 509

Ackleyi(fig.23) 25

alentica 508

americana 25

batia 29,509

circularis 27,508

eglanteria 28

fullonica (fig. 25) 29. 508

granulata (fig. 30) 29

byperborea (fig. 28) 28, 509

ALPHABETICAL l\ni:v

Rata isotrachya (fig. 29)

Ihm'h

lintea

mamillidena

nidroaiensia

oceUata ""•

■ Tti.i i .1 (fig. 24)

plntonia niu'.L'C)

radiata (fig.27)

508

509

. 509

21

24

(80

ISO

481
181
180

481
17-
481
1-1
435

trjK'luna

romer

order

Raiids, family

R< galecidse

Regalecus

Bankaij

gladina

gleam (fig. .ios) ..

• rrillii '"

maculatua

remipea

telnm

Rein lianll ins

Rhinonemus

candacata .. ' SSS

eimbriua (fig. 328) "!"""!." ,„ . f*

RainoBcopetaa »s#,S3]

Andreas

antarcticna

Coccoi (fig. nij)

rarna

Rhinoscymnus 91,512

Khodichthya '

regina (fig. 303). 342

Rhomboidiohthya si-

Rhombna **1

Boscii *>27

megaatoma 527.528

Rondeletia 527, 528

1'i'ulor (fig. 77) 6'

Rondeletiidte

Ravettns

S!P
00
512
90

pretj.

Sa> cogaater

macnlatua

210).

lis

CIS
196
198

.Ms

Saccopharyngidffi 318,528

Saccopharynx.

137

apallacens

flaeelliim (figs. 178. 179. 180)
balilota

anatralia

Sanrenchelys

cancrivora.
Sanromnrasneaox

151
137

353
531
150
150
1411

Saunis kaianus ... 146,517

Sohedophilopais.

Schedophilua

apmoana (tig.4i6|.

Scianeetea

medaaophagna (fig.223).

lophoptera .

macropthalmua ((is;

Scombrids

371)

57
•21 (J
210
iU

211
1411

44"
440

192

233

s' bropidm

Scombropa

chilodipteroidea 285

ocnlatna "

ScopeleDgenya -:i"'

I rist is 9:t

Scopelogadna 93.512

Si opi loaanroa
Si opelua ,

a lli ii is
alalua

codes (fig. 1U9) ' s-

ls2
»»

7
72
79

Scopelua Andrea

antari ticna
aroticaa . .

aaper

aapernm.

balbo

Benoiti

Benoiatil

Bonaparti! ..
boopa

551

Pago.

90

512

76,78

91,92

92
121

U

74
80.82

borealia ' 73,511

'"■'- In. lii, 98

californiense **2

oaninianna '"

caatanena 71.72

candiepinosna '"'

Cocco 84

Coccoi... .....'.'" 90

ccernlena . 90

Collettii '.'""". Kl5V-

coraacana "fi, 78

crennlare "a

crocodilna 89, 51 2

eft'iilgeus 79,83

elongatua... 87

engranlia 82,83,512

frontelucida ."""."" 9

Gemellarii 87

gemmifer B0

glacialis 80

gracilis 7e

Giintheri ,l

"•i'l.ri 7e'79

H.idti 77

HumliiiKlti 9i

Hygomii ... ' 7!7'.9«

Kroyer

lacerta

lencopaaram

loricata

Incida

Macdonaldi .
macrolepidotua

75

88
81
512
90
87
94

maderenaia 93,512

niargaritiferua

laetopoclanipum

nietopoclampus

mexicanua

Miilleri

nsnnochir

negrum

nocturaa

opalinns

oratus '2,511

pbengodes 95

protoenlia 73

pterotna

82
84
86
86

512
71.76

512
94

512

I'Uiictatua

511

paendocrocodilna . "" '''73'74

pyraobolna 512

queroinoe :''-

Rafineeqneii ...........'. " S',51Z

rarua

regale

Reinhardtii

remiger

rcsplendcns

Ri8BO]

apeonligera

apinoaiis

anbasper

Xenorei .'."-.'.'.'.'.*.".".".'.'.'.".'..'.". M'92

tenna '' ;

tlu-ta... "' S9

TowDaendi..";::.".';;;.';.;;; 89^12

lupus ' 5l2

Veranyi

88
91,512
512

74
75
83
91
85
92

.>.>:

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Page.

Scopelua Warmingii 80,512

Scorpaena 245

Agassizii (fig. 243) 247

eristulata (fig. 242). 246

dactyloptera 249

I ii lea 522

ocellata 522

percoides 522

acrofa obesa 345,522

Scorptenidae. _ 244

Scylliorhinidse 15. 507

Sej lliurliimis 16

acanthonotum 20

Lrtedi 20

annulatum 20

caneacena 508

hispidna 508

melastomna 20

profiindornm (fig. 16) 17

rati fer (figs. 14, 15) 16,608

Scyllium 16

Scymnodon 11

ringeiis (fig. 12) 11

Scymnorbinidffi, family $, 507

Se \ in norli inns. 6, 7

borealis 8

hrevipinna 7

glacialia 8

Gnnneri 8

lichia (fig. 4) ti, 7,507

micropterus

Sebaatea 250

dactylopterua 249

hexanema 249, 523

imperially 523

macrochir 523

marinas (fig. 248) 200

marintts viviparna 201

Norvegieus 260

Sebaatichthya 262,518

alutiis 523

a mora 524

diploproa 524

Goodei 523

mtroniger ">24

- icellatus 523

ocnlatns 523

rupestris 523

saxicola 524

sinensis 524

eacentrus 523

Sebastodes 1, 202

ocelatus 518

occulatas 518

paucispinis 262

Sebastolobna 201

macrochir 202,518

Sebastoloplua 252

dactylopterua 249

Kuhlii 253

sierra 523

Selache 21

maxima 6, 22

n istra t a 22

S.-hirhii, subclass 5

Solachua inaximns 22

Serranidse 237

Serri vomer 155

Beanii (fig. 175) 155

Richardii 155.517

Set arc lies 202

Guntheri 263

fidjiensis 263

parmatua (fig. 249) 264

Si -mop-; stigmatiens 101

Silus A sea nil 52

SimenchelyidK 189

Page.

Simenchelys 139

parasiticus (fig. 161) 139

Sirembo 340

Giintberi 339

metriostoma 320

inicrophthalma :;2o

munpiiolepis 528

nigripinnis 340

uncerocephaltis 321

Solea 450

Greeni 536

Mangelii 457

prof undicola 457

umhralites 536

variegata _ 457. 527

vulgaris 457, 527

Soleidrc 450

Somniosus 7

borealis 7

brevipinna 7

microcephalia (fig. 8) 7. ~>i»7

rostratus _ 8

Spinacidse 6,9,507

Spinivomer 155

Goodei 1 55

Squal i i\

S«i ual ida- it

Squalua 9

auathrous 508

ami ula tu s 20

borealis 7

I OIHUS 9

carchariaa 7

oentrina 15

elephas 21

Licbia 7

inaximns 21

norvegieus 8

DorvegxanaB 8

spiunsus S

ayatns 507

Steindachneria 419

argentea (tig. 351 ) 419

Steinegeria 519

rubescens 519

Stenobraehius. 512

leucopsarum 512

Stephanoberycidaa 186

Sfi]ili;moliir\ x 180

Gillii (tig. 206) is;

Moiisb (tig. 205) I8«

Steruoptychida? 123

St ernoptychidea 127

amabilia 128

Sternoptyx 123

diaphana (fig. 146, 146A, B) 124

Hermanni 124

Staohseidse 298

Stomiaa 107

affinia (fig. 129) 10*

barbatus 108

boa (fig. 128) 108

elongatus 108

ferox(fig. 127) 107

Fieldii 105

nebulosus 108, 515

Stomoden 386

bilinearis 386

Strinsia 380

tinea (fig. 326) 380

Stromateida? 213

Stylephoridse 482

Stvlephorns 482

chordatua (figs. 393, 394) 182

Su.lis 1 20

borealis 119

hyalina (flg. 144) 121

AUMIAUKTK'AL INDEX.

553

Pap

Sadie ringens 118 121

Synagropa 522

japonicua 522

Synaphobranchidse 142

Sy naphob ranch us - 142

afftnia 143

bathybiua 145

l'n\ idorsalia 144

infernalia.. 145

Kaupii 143

pinnate - (fig L64J 1 13,517

Synapteretmue 04

Synodontidffi — 50

>\ in nl ii ■- 50

nam us 57

1 .i ni.i-.iMii, order 475

Taliamania 41

aequatorie (flg. 50) 44

antillarum (flg. 49) 44

Tarai tea 210

liuli tonbeania 89

crenulare 89,512

tenna (fig. 105) 89

TauredophidiuiD 330

Hextii (fig 296B) 337

Xeratichthys. 170

1 - tragonuridic 229

Xetragonurua 229

Cuvieri (fig. 417) 280

'I'rl rain ni:it(»]'iis 325

Xhauniastotoniiaa. ■ ' ' •"»

atrox (fig. 141) U5

Chyria 452

pellucidus 452

Thyreites .. 194

utun 194

bengalensia 519

niger ''19

Xhyraitopa 194

lepidopoidea 194

violaceua {t\£. 209) 196, 519

Xrachelocirrua 22o

l i .'< aichthyidffi 187

Trachichthys Is* '

austrulis 518

Darwinii (fig. 207) 18S

Feniandezianua 518

intermedins 519

Jackaonienaia 518

japonicua 188

Mpt-riosilS 189

Traillii 518

Xrachonuraa 409. 525

aulcatus (tig. 343) 403, 41 0,533

rillosna 409

Xrachypteridra 470

Trachj pterua 477

arcticna aijj. 392) 47i>

bogmarna 479

Bonellii 479

Costa- 47S

criatatofl 479

l:il\ 478

gryphurua 47s

i ris (fig. 391) 477

lioptems 479

ropandna 480

Rixppelij 479

Spin. .hi 47H

l.uiiu 477

trachy pterua 477

\ oL'tiiarus 47H

Xrachyrhynehiia 417

Lnngirostris 534

r...

Xrachyrhyncbua Murrayi 4 Is

acabrua (figs 49,527) 417 534

trachyrhynchna 417

Triohiuridffi 208

Trichiurua 2ns

argentmis 208

lepturua (fig. 217) 308,519

Trichopsetta 4 4>>

\ rut talis (ti^.372) 440

Xrigla 463

aapera 463

cavillone W ;. •

cur i ill is 403

guraardua — 537

hernial icta - 463

leptacantha 464

lyra 46:i

pini 403

Bpiloptera 403

Triglida* 402

Xriglopa 268

Pingelii (fig. 256) 269. 525

pleuroBtictue 269

Trilobnrua 237

i r\ gonidse 509

Xyphlonna 840

nasna 340

Typblopaaraa 490

Oraleptus 367

Maraldi ( fig. 320) 367

Uranoscopida? 293

Uranoacopns 294

craaaiceps 294. 520

kaianna 52G

Uroconger 13S

Lepturua 138

vicinus(fig 160) 188,517

1 ' rolophus 509

kaianus 509

< roodei 509

Valencienellus 513

tripuuctulatua 513

Vandellius 203

Venefica 149

proboscidea 150

procera (fig. 168) 149

Verilua 239

sordidu8(fig.232) 240

Vincigiierria 513

attenuate 513

Xenochirue 288,525

latitrons 525

pentacanthue 283,525

triacactbua 283,525

Xenodermichthya 40

noduloaus (fig. 57) 46.510

\rii.iniyst;i\ 1 4K

atrarius 146

trucidens 517

Xyetreurye 436

Yarrella- 108

Blackfordi (fig. 121) 108

Zanotacanthus 170

Zeidaj 221

/. nopeia 224

conchifer 225

ocellatua (fig. in text). 224

Zeus aper 229

guttnlatne 223

Luna 223

roseua 227

Ziphotheca 203

Zoarcidsa '"'2

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SPECIAL BULLETIN".

OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY,

A TREATISE UK THB

DEEP-SEA AND PELAGIC FISHES OF THE WORLD,

BASED CHIEFLY UPON

THE COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE STEAMERS BLAKE, ALBATROSS,
AND FISH HAWK IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC,

WITH

AN ATLAS CONTAINING 417 FIGUEES,

BX

GEORGE BROWN GOODE, Ph. D., LL. D.,
Ansistuitt Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of V. S. National Museum,

AND

TARLETON H. BEAN, M. D., M. S.,
Director of the New York Aquarium.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
l&'Jo.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work (Special Bulletin No. 2) is one of a series of papers intended to illustrate tlie
collections belonging to, or placed in charge of, the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited
in the United States National Museum.

The publications of the National Museum consist of two series — the Bulletin and the
Proceedings. A small edition of each paper in the Proceedings is distributed in pamphlet
form to specialists in advance of the publication of the bound volume. The Bulletin is
issued only in volumes. Most of the volumes hitherto published have been octavos, but a
quarto form has been adopted for works of the size and character of the present Bulletin,
this being No. 2 in the quarto series.

The Bulletin of the United States National Museum, the publication of which was
commenced in 1S75, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collections of the Museum,
reports of expeditions, etc. The Proceedings are intended to facilitate the prompt publi-
cation of freshly acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions
of restricted groups of animals and plants, discussions of particular questions relative to
the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions.

Other papers of more general popular interest are printed in the appendix to the
annual report.

Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin of the United States
National Museum are referred to the advisory committee on publications, composed as
follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), It. Edward'Earll (editor), James E.Benedict, Otis
T. Mason, Leonhard Stejueger, and Lester E. Ward.

S. P. Langley,
/Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Washington, D. C, June 3, 1S95.

n

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

introduction

Table of Contents

List of tiif. New Genera and Species with Etymologiei

List of Plates

Marsipobranchu.
Hyperotreta :
Myxinidte —

Myxine, L. —

M. glutinosa, L

austral is, Jen jus

Htperoartia:

Petromyzontida —

Petrornyzou, Artedi —

P. marinas, L

Batbymyzon, Gill —

B. Bairdii, Gill

Elasmobraxchii.

Iectospondtli :

Scyninorhinida; —

Scymnorbinus, Cnv. —

S. liehia, Bonn . ;

Soniniosus, Le S. —

S. microcepbalus, (Scbn.)

rostratus, (Kisso)

Echinorhinus, Bl. —

E. spinosus, Gm

Etmopteridas —

Etuiopterus, Raf. —

E. spinas, L

pusillns, (Lone)

granulosus, Gtbr

Paracentroscy Ilium, Ale. —

P. ornatum, Ale

Ccntroscyllium, M. & H. —

C. Fabricii, (Rbdt.)

gran u latum, Gtbr

Scymnodon, B. & C. —

S. ringens, B. & C

Centropborus, M. & H. —

C. uyatus, (Raf.)

lusitanicns. li. & C

crepidater, B.&C

squamosus, Ginel

Dumerilii, (Johnson)

calceus, Lowe

squamulosus. Gtbr

foliaceus, Gtbr

Ceutroscj imius. B. & C. —

C. cadolepis, B. & 0

obscurus, V

Oxynotus, Raf. —

O. centrina, (L.)

AfiTEROSPONDTLI :
Scylliorhinidie —

Scylliorbiuus, Bl. —

S. retifer, Garman

prolundonim, G. & B

hispidus. Ale

canescens, Gthr

Galeida; —

Mustelus —

M. binnulus, Bl

Pseudotriacis, Capello —

P. niicrodou, Capello

Pristiurus, Bon. —

P. melastomus, (Raf.)

atlauticus, Vr

Plate and figure.

1,1
I,2

111,8

111,9

V, 18
11,5

11.7

IV, 12
111,11

IV, 13

VI, 21

IV, 14, 15
V, 16

V. 17

111,10
VI, 20

Page.

Ill

IX

XXXI

I*

10

10
10

507

11
11

11

12
12
13
13
13
14
508
508

14, 508
15

15

16, 508

17

508

508

18, 508

20, 508
21

III

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera ami species.

ASTEROSPONDYU — Continued.
AlopiidiB —
Alopias —

A. vulpes, L

Carchariida —
Carcb alias —

C. glaucus, L

Cetorbiiiitln —

Cetorhinus. Bl.—

C. maximus. Gunner

OriSTHAIiTHRl:

Chlamydoselachida' —

Chlamydoselachus, Gar man —

C. anguineus, Garmau

RaIjE :

liaiidae —

Kaia, L. —

R. rad iata, Don

Ackley i, Garmaii

Ackleyi, ornata, Gar man. .

phi tonia, Garni an

circularis, Couch

oriDacea, Mitchill

hyperborea, Collett

lsevis, Mitchill

granulata, G ill

batis, L

fulloniea, L-

vomer, Fries

nidrosiensis, Collett

mamillideus, Ale

isotrachys, Gthr

lintea, Fries

llossada, Kisso

eenta

aleutica

trachura

abyssicola

Trygonid;r —

Urolophus karanus

Goodei

HOLOCF.PHALI :

Chimaerida; —

Chimiera, L. —

C. monstrosa, L

affiuis, Capello

Callorhynchus, (Gronov.) —

C . antarcticus, (Lac.)

Hydrolagus, Gill —

H . Col liei, ( Bennett)

Harriotta, G. & B.—

H. Raleighana, G. & B

Malacopterygii :
Alepocephalidse —

Alejiocephalus, Risso—

A. rostratus, Bisso

Agassizii, G. & B

productus, Gill

niger, Gthr

Bairdii, G. & B

Blanfordii, Ale

bicolor. Ale

edentulus, Ale

tenebrosus

Conoeara, G. & B. —

C. MacDonaldi, G. & B

macroptera, (V.), G. & B .
Batbytroctes, Gthr. —

B. macrolepis, Gthr

stomias, Gilb

rostratus, Gthr

microlepis, Gthr

melanooephalus, V

attritus, V

squamosns, Ale

Talisiuania, G. & B. —

T. homoptera, (V.), G. & B .

antillarnm, G. & B

a^uatoiis, G. & B

Date and figure.

V, 19

VI, 22

IX. 27
VII, 23

VIII, 26
VIII, 25

IX, 28
IX, 29
IX, 30

X,31
X, 32-35

X,36

XI, 37-40

XII, 41
XIII, 45

XIII, 46

XIV, 52
XIII, 47

XIII, 48
XII, 43

XII, 44

XIV, 49
XIV, 50

Page.

21

22, 508

25
25
26

27

27, 508

28

28, 509

28

29

29, 509

29, 509

29, 509

29, 590

508

508

508

508
508
509
509

509
509

31, 509
31, 509

32

32

33

86

37

37

38

38, 510

36, 509

36,509

36,510

510

39
39

41
510

41
42,510

43

45
40, 510

43
44
44

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera aud species.

Plate and figure.

Mai ICOPTERYGII — Continued.
Alepocephalids — Continued.
Narcetea, Ale. —

N. eremilas. Ale

Platytroctes, Gthr. —

P. apus, (ithr

Xenoderinichthys, Gthr. —

X. nodulosns. Gthr

Aleposouins, (Jill — ■

A. Copei, Gill

socialis, (V.), G. & 13

Gfintheri, (Ale), G. A i;

Leptodernia, V. —

L. macrops, V

Anoinalopterus, V. —

A. pinguis, V,

Aulastomatomorpha, Ale. —

A. phosphorops, Ale

Pterothrissidae (=Batbythrissid*, Gthr.) —
l'terothrissus, Hilg. —

P. gissu, Hilg

Argentinidse —

Argentina, Art. —

A. sphyra-na, L

eilus, (Aso.), Nils

striata, G. it 1!

elongata, Hutton

sialis, Gilbert

Leuroglossus, Gilo. —

L. stilbius, Gilb

Microstoniidae —

Microstoma, Cuv. —

M. rotundatmn, (Ris), Gthr

groenlandicuin, Khdt (=Nanseuiagru_-nlandiea, J. & K.).
Bathylagidae—

Bathylagus, Gthr. —

B. atlanticus, Gthr

eury ops, G. & B

Benedicti, G. & B

antarcticus, Gthr

pacificus, Gilb

Synodontidse —

Synodus, (Gr.), Scop. —

S. saurus, (L.)

atlanticus, Johns

intermedins, ^pix

kaianns, Gthr

Bathylaco, G. & B. —

B. nigricans. G. & B

Bathysaurus, Gthr. —

B. ferox, Gthr. (=B. Agassi zii, G. & B.)

mollis, Gthr

obtusiristris ( Vaillaut)

Harpodon, Les. —

H. macrocbir, Gthr

squamosus, Ale

Anlopidie —

Chlorophthalmus, Bon. —

C. Agassizii, Bon

chalybeius, Goode

producing, Gthr

nigripinuis, Gthr

trnculentus, G. & B

gracilis, Gthr

corniger, Ale

Bentbosaurida? —

Bentbosaurus, G. & B. —

B. grallator, G. & B

Bathypteroida) —

Bathypterois, Gthr. —

B. longifilis, Gthr

dubius, V

qiiadrifilis, Gthr

Giintheri, Ale

insulariun. Ale

longipes, (ithr

longicauda, Gthr

Ipnopidie —

lpuops, Gthr. —

I. Murray i, Gthr

XV, 53

XVI, 57

\I\ ,51
XVI, 58

XV, 56

x \ . .vi

XV, 55

XVII, 61
XVII, 62

XVI, 59

XVII, 63

XVII, 64

XVIII, C9
XVIII, 65, 66

XVI. 60

XIX. 70
XIX, 71

XIX, 72

XIX, 73

X X . 7+

X X, 75

XX, 76

XVIII, 67, 68

Page.

45.510

40

46, D10

47
48
48

49

49

50, 510

51

52

52

52

510

510

53

63,510

54
55
55
55

510

57
57
57
57

57

58,510

59

510

59
59, 510

60

60, 510

61

61

61

511

511

62

64

64

65

64.511

CI. 511

66,511

64

67

VI

Table of contents.

Names of genera, and species.

MalaCOPterygii — Continued.
Ruudeletiidse —

Rondeletia, G. & B. —

R. bicolor, G. & B

Cetomimidte —

Cetomimns, G. & B. —

C. Gillii, G. &B

Storeri, G. & B

Myetophid;e — ■

Myctophnm, Raf. —

M. punctatum, Raf

affine, (Liitken), G. & B

opalinum, G. & B

phengodes, (Liitken), G. & B...

Humboldti, (Risso)

giacile, (Liitken), G. & B

Benoiti, (Cocco), G. & B

Reinhardtii, (Liitken)

remiger, G. & B

Hygomii, (Liitken), G. & B

Veranyi, (Moreau)

Heideri, (Stalling)

pterotus .

californiense

arctieum

Townsendi

Benthosoraa, G. & B. —

B. Miilleri, (Gniel.), G. & B

arctieum, (Liitken), G. & B

Colletti, (Liitken), G. &B

Lampanyctus, Bon. —

L. crocodilus, (Risso), G. & B

alatus, G. & B

Giintheri, G. & B

Warmingii, (Liitken), G. & B . .

gemmifer, G. & B

Gemellarii, (Cocco), G. & B

cceruleus, (Klun.), G. & B

lacerta, G. &B

Ceratoscopelus, Gthr. —

('. maderensis, (Lowe)

Notoscopelus, Gthr. —

N. reBplendens, (Richardson).'.

quercinus, G. & B

margaritiferus, G. & B

castaueus, G. & B

caudispiuosns, (Johnson)

Lampadena, G. & B. —

L. speculigera, G. &B

pyrsobola

^Sthoprora, G. & B. —

A. metopoclampa, (Cocco), G. & B.

lucida, G. & B

effulgens, G. & B

Collettia, G. & B —

C. Rafinesquei, (Cocco), G. & B

nocturna, (Poey), J. & E

]>iaphus, Eigeumann —

D. theta, Eigenmann

engraulis, (Gthr.), Eigenmann

ceeruleus, Klunzinger

Tarletonbeania, Eigenmann —

T. tenua (Eigenmann)

crenulare

RhinoBCopelus, Liitken —

R. Coccoi, (Cocco), G. & B

Andreae, (Liitken), G. & B

rams, (Liitken), G. & B

antarcticus

Electrona, G. & B.—

E. Rissoi, (Cocco), G. & B

Dasyscopelus, Gthr. —

D. asper, (Richardson)

spinosus, (Steindachner)

subasper, (Gthr.)

Keoscopelus, Johns. — •

K. uiaerolepidotus, Johns

Plato and figure.

XXI, 77

XXI, 78
XXI, 79

XXII, 80

XXII, 81

XXII, 82

"xxii,"83
xxii,84

XX1I.85

XXIII, 86

XXIV, 92
XXIV, 90

XXIII, 88
XXIII, 87

XXIV, 89

XXIV, 91

XXV, 94

XXVI, 97

XXVI, 98

XXV, 95

XXV, 96

XXVI, 99

XXVII, 101
XXVII, 102
XXVII, 103

XXVI, 100

XXIV, 93

XXVIII, 105

XXVIII, 104

XXVIII, 107
XXVIII, 106

XXIX, 108, 109

Page.

68

69
69

71

72

72,511

72

73

74

74

74

75

75

77

77

511

511

511

512

76
78
78

79
79
79
80. 512
80
80
81
81

82

83
83, 512
84
84
84

85
512

86
87
87

512

89
512
512

89
512

90

90

91,512

512

91

92
92
92

93, 512

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

S ami - "i genera and species.

M w \. ..r 1 1 sri Gil— Continued.
Myctophida — Continued.
Scopelengya, Ale. —

S. tristis, Ale

Nannobrachium, Gthr. —

X. MacDonaldi, G. &B

Scopelosaurus nigrum, Gthr

leucopaaruin

Maurolicida —

Ichthyococcus, Hon. (.— Coccia, Gthr.) —

I. (i vat ns. ( Cue), lion

Opistboproctus, V

O. soleatua

Maorolicns, < ncco —

M. borealis, (Nils.), Gtbr

ametliystino] innct.it us, Cocco

Poweria1, Cocco

Pennant i

austral is, Hector ,

Vinciguerria, .1 . & E

V. nttetiuata, (I !occo), J. iV E

Valencienellns, J. & E

V. tripuuctulatUH

Cbaiiliiidiuitiihe —

Chauliodus, Schn —

C. Sloani. Schn

Maconni, Beau

Gonostomidas —
Gonostoma —

G. denudatum, Raf

brevideus, K. & S

Cyclotbone, G. & B.

C. microdon, (Gthr.), G. & B. \—C. iuaca, G. & B.)

bathyphila, (V.), G. & B

quadrioculatum, V. (?)

elongata (Gtbr.), G. &. B. (= Sigmops stigmaticus, Gill)
gracilis, Gtlir

Bonapartia, G. & B. —

B. pedaliota, G. & B

Yarrella, G. & B.—

V. Blackfordi, G. & 1!

Diplophos, Gtbr. —

D. taenia^ Gthr

pacificua, Gthr

Pboticbthys, Ruttou —

P. argentens, Hutton

Mauducus, G. & B. —

M. maderenais, (Johns.), G. & B

Astroiicstliiihe —

Aatronestliea, Rich. —

A. niger, Rich

gemmifer, G. & B

Richardsoni, Poey

Stomiatidse —

Stomias, Cuv. —

,S. ferox, Rhdt

boa, ( Risso), Cu%-

a Hi 11 is, Gthl

iiebulostiM, Ale

elongatna, Ale

Echiostoma, Lowe —

E. barbatum, Lowe

margarita, (;. & 1!

( Ipostomias, I itbr. —

0. mieripnus, Gthr

Grammatostomias, G. & B. —

G. dent at us. G. & B

Parhvstoinias, Gtbr. —

P. microdon, Gthr

Batbophilus, Gigl. —

li. nigerrimus, Gigl

Euatomias, \'. —

E. obscurus, V

Pbotonectes, Gtbr. (=Lucifer, DoderleitO —

P. alb i pi n n is, 1 li'jilerleiu

gracilis, G. Ail!

Plate and figure.

XXIX. 11"

XXX, 113

XXX, 111

XXXI, 115

XXXI, 116

XXXI, 117

XXX, 111
XXXI, lis

XXXII, 119

XXXII, 120
XXXII, 121
XXXIV, 126

XXXII. 122

XXXIII, 12:!
XXXIII, 121
XXXIII, 125

XXXIV, 127
XXXIV. 128
XXXIV, 129

XXXV. 130
XXXV. 131

XXXV, 132

XXXV, 133

XXXVI. 134

XXXVI, 136

XXXVI. 133

XXXVI, 137

93,512

!U

94

512

95

95

513

9B

96

9l>

96

96

513

513

513

513

96
513

98
98

99,514

100
100
101
101

102

103

104

104

104
514

105,515
105
106

107
108
108
108, 515
108

109
109

110

110
111
111
111

112

112

VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Mai.acopterygii — Continued.
Malacosteidre —

Malacosteus, Ayres —

M. uiger, Ayres

choristodaetylus, V

indicus, Gthr

Pbotostomias, Collett —

P. Guernei, Collett

Thaumastomias, Ale. —

T. atrox, Ale

Alepisauridae —

Alepisaurus, Lowe —

A. ferox, Lowe

sesculapius, Lean

Caulopus, Gill

altivelis, Poey

Poey i, Gill

borealis. Gill

serra, Gill

Paralepididae —

Paralepis, Risso —

P. coregonoides, Risso

sphyraenoides, Risso

intermedins, Poey

hyaliuus, Raf

Rissoi, Bk

Cuvieri, Bon

speciosus, Bellotti

Arctozenus —

A. borealis, (Rhdt.), J. &G

coruscans

Sudis, Raf.—

intermedins

S. hyalina, Raf

ringens

Odontostomidse —

Odontostomus, Cocco —

O. hyalinus, Cocco

atratus, Ale

Omosudis, Gtbr. —

0. Loweii, Gthr

Stern op tychida? —

Steruoptyx, Herm. —

S. diaphana, Lowe

Argyropelecus, Cocco —

A. hemigvmnus, Cocco

Alcocki,G. &B

Olfersii, (Cuv.), C. & V

D'Urvillii, C. & V

acnleatus, Val

Sternoptycbides, Ogilby —

S. amabilis, Ogilby

Polyipnus, Gthr. —

P. spinosus, Gthr

(diacanthida? —

Idiacanthus, Peters (=Bathyophis, Gtbr.) —

1. fasciola, Gthr

antrostomns, Gilb

ferox, Gthr

Ltopomi:

llalosauridte —
Halosaurus —

H. Oweni, Johns

Johnsoniauus, V

GUntheri, G. & B

parvipiunis, Ale

Aldrovandia, G. & B. —

A. rostrata, (Gthr.)

affinis, (Gthr. )

macrocbira, (Gtbr.)

Goodei, Gill

phalacrus, V

mediorostris, Gtbr

gracilis, G. & B

pallida, G. & B

Hosky nii, Ale

anguillilbrmis, Ale

Halosanriehthys, Ale. —

H. carinicauda, Ale

Plate and figure.

Pago.

XXXVII, 138
XXXVII, 139

XXXVII, 140
XXXVII, 141

XXXVIII, 142

XXXVIII, 143

XXXVIII, 114

XXXVIII, 145

XL, 150

XXXIX, 146
XXXIX,147
XXXl'x,"i48

XXXIX, 149

XL, 151

XL, 152
XL, 153

XLI, 154

*XLi,']55"

XLI,' 156"

XLII, 157
XLII, 158

114
114
114

115

115

117
117
117
118
118
515
515

119, 516

119, 516

120,516

515

118,516
118, 516

119,516
516

120
121
121

121
516

122

124

126
126
126
127
127

128
128, 516

128
516
129

130
131
131
516

132
516
133
133
134
517
134
135
516
516

136, 517

TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

IX

Names of genera anil species.

AroDKS :

Leptocephalida —
Leptocephalus —

L. vulgaris (L.)

Urooonger, Kaup —

U. vicinns, V

Congermuraena, Kaup —

C. guttulata, Gthr

longicauda, Ale

flava, G. & B

musteliceps

squaliceps, Ale

naeica, Ale

prorigera, Gilb

Coloeonger, Ale. —

C. rani cops, Ale

Promyllantor, Ale. —

P. purpureas, Ale

Simenchelyidre —

Siuienchelys, Gill —

S. parasiticus, Gill

IlyophidaB —

Ilyophis, Gilb. —

I. brunneus, Gilb

Synaphobranchidae —

Synaphobranchus, Johns. —

S. pinnatus, (Gronov.),Gthr .

brevidoraalis, Gtbr

affinis, Gtbr

Histiobrancbus, Gill —

H. infernalis, Gill

bathybius, Gtbr

llurffinesocidffii —

Xenomystax? Gilb. —

X. atranus, Gilb

trucidens

Hoplunnis, Kaup —

H. dioraedianus, G. & B

Sauromuramesox, Ale. —

S. vorax, Ale

Ophichthyidaa, Gill —

Pisoodonopbis, Kaup —

P. oruentifer, G. & B

Myrus, Kaup —

M. pachyrhynchus, (V.)

Nettnstomidaj —

Nettastoma, Kaf. —

N. melanurum, Raf

brevirostris, Fac

parviceps, Gthr

taeniola, Wood-Mason . ...
Venefica, J. & D.—

V. procera, (G. & B.), J. & D.
proboscidea, (V.), J. & D .
Chlopsis, Raf. —

C. bicolor, Raf

equatorialis, Gilb

Nemichthyidae, Gill —
Nemichthys, Rich. —

N. scolopaceus, Rich

avocetta

Labichthys, Gill and Ryder —
L. carinatus, Gill and Ryder,
elongatus, Gill and Ryder.

Gillii, Bean

infaus, (Gtbr.), G. and B . .
Cyema, Gthr. —

C. atrum, Gtbr

Spinivomer, Gill and Ryder —

S. Goodei, Gill and Ryder ...
Serrivomer, Gill and Ryder —

S. Beani, Gill and Kyder

Richardii, (V.), G. & B....
Gavialiceps, Wood-Mason —

G. nncrops, Ale

Investigator, G. A B.

I. acantbouotus (Ale.)

Plate and figure.

XLII, 160

XI.II,159

XLIII,1G1
XLIII, 162
XLIV, 164

XLIV, 165

XLIII, 163

XLIV, 166
XLV, 167

XLV, 168

XLVI, 170

XLVI, 171
XLVI, 172

XLVII, 173
XLVIII, 176

XLVII, 175

Page.

517

138, 517

138
138, 517
138
517
517
517
138

139, 517

139, 517

139

141

143,517
144
144

145,517
145

146
517

146

146, 517

147
148

149, 517
149
148
512

149
150

150
150

152
153

153
153
153

153

154
155

155

155

156, 517
518

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Lyomeri:

Saccojiharyngida; —

Saecopkarynx, Mi t chill —

S. flagellum, Mitchill

Enrypharyugkbe —

Eurypharynx, V. —

E. pelecanoides, V

Gastrostomus, Gill and Ryder —

G. Bairdii, Gill and Ryder

Dysomma, Ale. —

D. bucephalus, Ale

Dysomniopsis, Ale.—

D. muciparus, Ale

Carenciiki.i:

Derickthvidoe —

Derichthys, Gill—

D. serpentinus, Gill

Heteromi:

Notaeanthida? —
Notacanthu8 —

N. nasns, Bloch

analis, Gill

Bonapartii, Risso

sexspims, Rich

phasgauortis, Goode

Gigliolia, G. & B.—

G. Moseleyi, G. & B

Polyacanthonotus, Blk. —

'P. Rissoanus, (P. & V.), Gtlir

Macdoualdia, G. & B. —

M. rostrata, (Coll.), G. & B

Challengeri, (V.), G. & B

Lipogenyidae

Lipogenvs, G. & B. —

L. Gillii, G. &B

TELF.oCErHALI:

BerycidaB —

Beryx, Cnv. —

B. decadaetylns, C. & V

eplendens, Ldwb

liueatus, Gthr

aflSnis, (ithr

delphim, C. &. V

Melamphaes, Gthr. —

M. typhlops, (Lowe), ("ithr

l'lci-tromus, Gill —

P. suborliitnlis, Gill

Beanii, (Gthr.)

robustus, (Gthr.)

crassicepB, (Gthr.)

megalops, (Liitken)

mizolepis, (Gthr.)

microps, (Gthr. )

cristiceps, (Gilb.)

lugnbris, (Gilb.)

Scopelogadus, V. —

S. cocles, V ,

Malacosarcus, Gthr. —

M. macrostonia, Gthr

Poromitra, G. & B. —

P. capito, G. & B

Anoplogaster, Gthr. —

A. eornutus, (C. & V.), Gthr

Canlolepis, Gill —

C. longidens, Gill ." ,

Etephauoberycidse —

stcphanoberyx, Gill—

S. Monse, Gill

Gillii, G. & B

Trachichthyida? —

Trachichthys, Shaw —

T. Darwinii, Johns

intermedins, Hector

australis, Shaw

Jacksoniensis, (Castelnau), Macleay

feruandezianns. Gthr

Traillii, Hut ton

eloiijjat ua ,„„

Plate and figure.

XL VIII, 178-180

XLVIII, 1T7
XLIX, 181, 182

XLV, 169

L,183

L, 184; L1I, 191

L, 185

LII, 192

L, 186

LI, 187; LII, 193

LI, 189; LII, 195

LI, 190; LII, 196

1.111,197

LIU, 198

LIV. 201
LIV, 202

LIII, 200

LIII, 199

LIII, 200
LIV, 203

LV. 204

LV, 205
LVI, 206

LVI.207

Page.

157

159, 518
159

160,518
160

161

164
165
166
167
167

169

170

171
172

173

175, 518

176, 518

175

175

175

177

179

179
180
180
181
178
518
518
518

182

182

183

184
185

186
187

188
518
518
518
518
518

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XI

Names of genera ami sneeics.

Teleocephaii— Continued.

Trachichthyicse — Continued.
Hoploatethus, ('. A V. —

H. mediterraneus, C. &. V

at I. -m tie i is. Coll

japonicus, Hilg

Bathyclupeidce —

Bathyclupea, Ale. —

B. Hoskynii, Ale

argentea, G. &B

Anomalopiilai —

Anomalops, Kner —

A. palpebratus, (Bodil.), < : 1 1 1 r

Scombridse —

Thyrsites, C. & V.—

T. atun, (Euphrasen), C. & V

Thyrsitops, Gilf—

T. lepidopoides, C. & V

violaceus, Bean = Eseolai violacens J. & E

Euvettni, Cocco —

K. pretiosus, Cocco

Nesiarchus, Johns. —

N.nasutus, Johns

Epinnula, Poey —

E. magistralis, Poey

Nealotus, Johns. —

N. tripes, Johns

Promethichtbvs, Gill —

P. promotheus (C. & V.) = P. atlantictis, Lowe .

promethoides, Bleeher

beryalensis

Dicrotus, Gthr. —

D. armatus. Gthr

parvipiunis, G. & B

Gempylus, C. & V.—

G. serpens, C. & V

coluber, C. & V

Lepidopidis —

Lepidopus, Gouan —

L. caudatus, (Euphrasen), White

Gouani, Bl

lusitanicus, Shaw

xantusi G. & B

Evoxynietop'on, (Poey), Gill —

E. ta^niatus, Poey

Poey i, Gthr

Benthodesmus, G. & B. —

B. atlantictis, G. & B

elougatus, Clarke

Aphanopus, Lowe—

A. carbo, Lowe

minor, Collett

Trichiuridae —

Trichiurus, L. —

T. lepturus, Linn

Corypkcenida; —

Coryphaena, L. —

C. hijipurus

equisetis

Braniitbe —

Brama, Sehn. —

B. Kaii

chilensis

austtalis

squamosa

orcini

Bussttmiiri

Agassizii, Poey

Li I VIH.rtl, I'lM'V

SausBurii, Lund

longipinnis, Lowe

princeps, Johns

Kasehi. Esmark

japonica, Hilg

Stcinegeria, Jordan and Evcrmann—

s. rabescens, Jordan and Evcrmann

Pterj combos —

P. brama

Plate and figure.

LVI, 208

CXXIII, 415

LVII,209

LVII,210

LVII,211

LVII.212

LVIII, 213

LVIII, 214

LVIII, 215

LIX,216

LIX, 21-

Page.

189, 519
189
519

190
190

191

194

194
195, 519

196

197

198

199

200
519
519

200
201

202
202

203
203
519
519

204
204

205
206

207

207

208,519

209
209

210
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211

519

XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Teleocfi'iiali — Continued.
Diretmidae —

Diretinus, Johns. —

D. argenteus, Johns., (=Oyrinomene nummularis, Vaillant).
aureus, Campbell

Pteraelidie —

Pteraclis, Gronov. —

P. papilio, Lowe

ocellatus, C. & V

carol inus, C. & V

velifer, ( Pallas)

Centroloplius, Lac. —

( I. pom pi his, (Lac), C. A V

biitaunicus, Gthr

Sclieclophilus, Cocco —

S. medusophagus, Cocco

macular us

Botteri, Stdcbnr

Icosteus, Lockington —

I. enigmaticns, Look i ngl on

Schedophilopsis, Stdcbnr. —

S. spinosus, Stdchnr

Icichtbys, J. & G.—

1. Lockingtonii, J. & G

Acrotidie —

Acrotus, Bean —

A. Willoughbyi, Bean

Grammicolepididse —

Graniruicolepis, Poey —

G. brachiusculus, Poey

Komeidie —

Nomeus, Cnv. —

N. Gronovii, (Gruel.), Gthr

Batbyseriola; Ale. —

B. cyanea, Ale

Psenes, C. & V.—

P. pelluridns, Liitken

maculatus, Liitken

Luvaridse —

Luvarns, Raf. —

L. impetialis, Raf

Lamprididae —

Lampria, Rctzius —

L. regius, (Bonn.), Retzius

Zeidae —

Zenopsis, Gill —

Z. ocellatus, (Storer), Gill

concbifer, Lowe

Cyttns, Gthr.—

C. australis, (Rich.)

abbreviates, Hector

hololepis, G. & B

novse-zelandi*

Cyttopsis, Gill —

C. roseus, (Lowe), Gill

Oreosoma, C. & V. —

O. atlanticum, C. & V :

Caproid:e —

Capros, Lac. —

C. aper, (L.), Lac

Capromimus —

C. abbreviatus

Antigonia, Lowe —

A. capros, Lowe

Tetragonuridse —

Tetragon urus, Risso —

T. Cuvieri, Risso

GhilodipteridsB—

Melanostoma, Doderlein —

M. japonicum, Ooderlein

Glossamia, Gill —

G. aprion, Gthr

paudionis, G. & B

Malacicbtbys, Doderlein —

M. griseus,Gthr

Epigonus, Rat. —

E. telescopus, (Risso), G. & B

occidentalis, G. & B

Plate and figure.

Page.

LXV, 234

LXI.223

LXII, 224

C.\XIII,41G

LXII, 226

LXII, 225

LXL221

LX III, 227

LXIII.228
LX1IL229

LXIV.230

LXV, 233

LXV, 235

CXXIII, 417

LXIV, 231

LXVL236

211, 519
212

212
212
212
212

213
213

214
214

216
216

215

217

219

220, 520

220, 521

221
221

222, 521

223

224
225

225
225
225

227
228

229, 521

229
230

521

231

231

232

232, 521
233

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XIII

Names of genera and Bpecies.

I i i i ocephali— Continued.
Chilodipteridse — Con tinned.
Pomatomiohthys, < iigl. —

Pi Constancies, < i i i^ 1

Microichthys, Riipp. —

.M. Cooooi, Riipp

Brephostoma, Ale. —

]'•. i iarpenteri, Ale

Acropnmid.fi —

Acropoina, T. & S. —

A. philippinense, Gthr

Scombropida —

Scombrops, T. & S. —

S. ebilodipteroidos, T. & S

oculatuB, Poev

Hypoclvdonia. 0. & B.—

It. bella, G. &B

Serranidae —

Centropristis, C. & V. —

C. pleurospilus, (Gthr.)

Lnvestigatoris, (Ale.)

annularis, Gthr

Prionodes sequideus, Gilb

Anthias, Schn. —

A. megal ops, Gthr

eos, Gilb

aquilunaris, G. & ii

Bathyanthias, Gthr. —

B. roseus. Gthr

Synagrops, Gthr. —

S. japonicus, (Doderlein), Gthr

Polyprion, Cuv. —

P. americanuni, (Schn.), Jordan

Prist ipomatidae —
Propoma, (ithr. —

P. roseum, Gthr

Lutjanida) —

Aprion, C. &. V. —

A. niaoropthalmus, (Miiller), J. & S..
Verilus, I'oey —

V. sordidus Poey

Dentex. Cuv. —

D. macrophtbalmus, (Blocb), C. & V.
Priaeanthida —

Priacantbna, C. & V.—

P. catalufa, Poey

Psoudopriacanthus, Blk. —

P. altus, GiU

Tolymixiidaj —

Polymixia. Lowe —

P. nobilis, Lowe

Pomaeeutridse —

Chromis, Cnv. —

C. roseus, (Gthr.), G. & B

Scorprrnida; —

Scorpajna, L. —

S. sc.ro fa obesa, Lowe

cristulata, G. & B

ustulata, Lowe

Agasaizi), G. &B

pi-iToides, Solander

ocellata, Lowe

Bathysebastes, S. & D. —

Ii. albescens, Gthr

HeliooliMius, (i.& B. —

II. dactylopterus, (Del.), G. & I!

raaderensis, G. and Ii

Pontinns, Poey —

P. castor, Poey

pollnx, Poev

Kuhlii, (Bowdich), G. & B

Bibroni, (Sauvage), <;. & B

lilifer, (Val.), G. & B

caiiariensis, (Sauvage), G. & B

Rathlmni, G. <fe B

maerolcpis, G. &. H

longispinis, G. & B

sierra, (Gilb.), G.& Ii

hexanema, (Gthr.), G. & B

Plate and figure.

LXVI, 237

LXVI, 238

LXXXIX.314

LXIV.232

LXVI, 239, 240

LXVII,241

LX VII, 212
L.\vil,2i:V

LX VIII, 241

LX VIII, 245
LXIX.247

LX VIII, 240

Pace.

231
231
234

a

23.",
235

236

237
237,521

521
521

238

238

522

. 522

238, 522

522

239

240
240

241,522

242

243, 522
244

245, 522

246
246
247
522
522

248

249,523

250

252
252

253, 523
253
254

255
255
257
258
523
523

XIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Telki icephai.i — Continued.
Seorpienidai— Continued.
Sebastes, Cuv. —

S. mariuus, (L.), White

marinus viviparus, (Krijyer)

Sebastolobus, Gill —

S. niacrochir, (Gthr.), Gill

alascanus, Bean

Sebastodes, Gill —

S. paucispiuis, (Ayres), J. & G

Sebastichthys, Gill—

S. Goodei, Eigenmann

alutus, Gilo

rupestris, Gilb

zacentrus, Gilb

saxicola, Gilb

diploproa, Gilb

aurora, Gilb

introniger, Gilb

sinensis, Gilb

oeulatus, (C. & V.)

Sctarches. .Johns. —

S. Giintheri, Johns

fidgiensis, Gthr

pannatus, Goodc

Lioscorpius, Gthr. —

L. longieeps, Gthr

Minous

M. inerrnis, Ale

Cottida —

Cuttus, L. —

C. bathybii, Gthr

Icelus, Kriiyer —

1. bicornis, (Rhdt.), J. & G

seutiger, Bean

euryops, Bean

Artediellus, Jordan —

A. uncinatus, (Rhdt.), Jordan

Icelinus, Jordan —

I. quadriseriatus, Lockington

filamentosus, Gilb

tenuis, Gilb

tiniliriatus, Gilb

oeulatus, Gilb

Triglops, Khdt.—

T. Pingehi, Rhdt

Friouistius —

P. macellus. Bean

Cottuneulus, Collett —

C. niicrops, Collett

Thouisouii, Gthr. (=C. torvus, Goode).
Psyehrolutes, Gthr. —

P. zebra. Bean

paradoxus. Bean

Malaeocottns, Beau —

M. zonurus, Bean

CyclopteridsB (Cyclopterus) —
Eumicrotremus, Gill —

E. spinosus, (Miiller), Gill

Liparididae —
Liparis, L. —

L. lineatus, (Lepeehin), Kriiyer

Careproctua, Kriiyer —

C. gelatiuosus, (Pall.), Kr

spectrum, Beau

ranula, G. & B

major, (Fab.). Garm

micropus, (Gthr.), Garni

Amitra. Goode —

A. liparina, Goode

Paraliparis, Coll. —

P. bathybii, Coll

Copei, G. & B

rosaeeus, Gilb

Hilgendorfia, G. & B.—

H. membranacea, (Gthr.), G. & B

Gymnolvcodes, V. —

G. Edwaidsi, V

Plate and figure.

LXIX, 248

LXX, 249

I.XXI.255

LXX I, 256

LXX 1 1, 257, 2(i 1

LXX1I.258.2<!2

LXX, 250

LXX, 251

LXX, 252

1. XXI, 253

254

Page.

260
261

262, 523
262

262

523
523
523
523
524
524
524
524
524
523

263
263
264

265

524

266, 524

267

524
524

267. 524

268
524
525
525
525

269. 525

525

269, 525
270, 525

525
525

272, 525

272

274

275
275
275
277
277

278

279
279
525

280

281

TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

XV

Names of genera and Bpccics.

I'klkim iiiiAi.l — Continued.
Agonida —

Podotliecns, (.ill —

P, decagonns, (Schn.), Jordan

BathyagonuB, (iilb. —

l(. nigripinnis, Gilb

Xenochirus, (iilb. —

X. triacantbus, Gilb

pentacanthns, Gilb

latifrons, Gilb

Aspidophoroides, Lac. —

A. monopterygius, (Blocb)

Olriki

Latilidie —

Lopbolatilns, G. & B. —

I. chamseleonticepa, G. & B

Percopliida —

Apbritis, C. & V.—

A. gobio. Gtbr

Acanthaphritis, Gthr. —

A. grandiaquaiiiis, Gtbr

NotothtniidiB —

Notothenia —

X. mi/ops, Gtbr

longipes, Stndchnr

Cba?nicbtbyid;e —

Bathydraco, Gtbr. —

B. an t amicus, Gtbi

Ilypsiconietes, Goode —

H. gobioides, Goode

Batbyb rcis, Ale. (=Bembrops) platyrhyncbua, Ale.
Cbampsodon, Gtbr. —

C. vmax, Gtbr

Chiasmodontidffi —

Chiasmodon, Johns. —

C. niger, Johns

Ponerodon, Ale. —

P. vast at or, Ale

Pseudoscopelns, Liitkcn —

P. script us, Lutkeu

Uranoscopida' —

Uranoscopus, L. —

U. crassiceps, Ale

kaiamis, Gthr

Batrnchida; —

l'oriebthys, Girard —

P. porosissiniiis,(C. & V.), Gtbr

Gobiid.T —

Gobins, Cnv. —

G. cometes, Ale

Lesueurii, Risso

Jeffreysii, Gtbr

Callionymid;e —

CallionymnB, L. —

C. lyra, L

kaianus, Gthr

calauropomus, Gtbr

carlbares, Ale

phaeton, Gtbr

himantophorns, G. & B

inaculatus, Raf

Sticha?idae —

Carolophus, Xila. —

C. Ascanii, (Walb.), Gthr

Anarrhiehadida; —
Anarrhichas, L. —

A. lupus, L

minor, Olafsen

latifrons, S. & H

Ptilichthyidse —

Ptilicbthys, Bean —

P. Goodei, Bean

Zoareid.-e —

Lycodes, Rhdt. —

L. Vahlii, Rhdt

Esmarkii, Coll

reticulatus, Kbdt

frigidns, (nil .

Plate and figure.

LXXII.259

LXXII, 260

LXXV.265

LXXIV.263

LXXIV,264

LXXYI.266

LXXVI, 267

LXXVI, 1>6S

I. XXVIII, 272

LXXVUI, 273; LXXXI.28I

LXXVIII.274

mncosus, Rich LXXVUI, 275; LXXXI,283

LXXVII.269
LXXVII.270
LXXVII,27I

LXXXVH,304

Page.

282

283, 525

283, 525
288,525

525

283
284

284

289

289

525
525

289

290, 526
526

291,526

292, 526

293
292, 526

294

526

294

295,526
293

296
296
296
296
296
296
526

298

299
301
301

302

303
303
305
305
306

XVI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Teleocephali — Continued.
Zoarcidse — Continued.

Lycodes, Rhdt. — Continued.

L. pallidus, Coll

perspicillum, Kr

Liitkenii

eeminudus, Rhdt

Sarsii, Coll

zoarehus, G. & B

brevipes, Bean

macrops. Gthr

Lycenchelys, Gill —

L. mnnena, (Coll.), Gill

Verrillii, (G.& B.), Jordan

paxillus, (G. & B.), Jordan

porifer, Gilb

albus, (V.),G. &B

Lyeodonus, G. & B. —

L. mirabilis, G. & B

Aprodon, Gilb. —

A. Corteziana

Lycodopsis, Coll. —

L. pacincuB, Coll

paxillus, Gilb

Bothrocara, Bean —

B. mollis, Bean

Maynea—

M. pnsilla. Bean

brim ilea, Beau

Gymnelis, Rhdt. —

G. viridis, (Fab.), Rbdt

Lycodapus, Gilb. —

L. tierasfer, Gilb

Melauostigina, Gtbr. —

M. gelatinosum, Gtbr

Brotnlidae—

Bytbites, Rbdt:—

B. fuscns, Rhdt

Grammonus, Gill —

G. ater, (Risso), G. & B

Oligopus —

O. ater

armatus, Doderlein

Catsetyx, Gtbr. —

C. Messieri, Gtbr

rubrirostris, Gilb

Saccogaster, Ale. —

S. uiaeulatus, Ale

Diplacautbopoma, Gtbr. —

D. brachysorua, Gthr

Alcocki, G. & B

Dicromita, G. & B.—

D. Agassizii, G.&B

metnostoma, (V,), 6. 4 B

microphthalma, (V.), <;. & 1$

oncerocephala, (V.), G. & B

Bassozetus, Gill —

B. normalis, Gill

compressus, (Gthr.), G. & B

taenia, (Gthr.), G. & B

catena, G. & B

glutinosus, Ale

Glyptophidium, Ale. —

G. argenteum, Ale

macropus Ale

Derraatorus, Ale. —

D. triehiurus, Ale

melanocephalus, Ale

Neobythites, G. & B. ( = Pycnocraspedum Alc.)-

N. Gillii, G. & B .*

margin at us, G. & B

macrops, Gtbr

crassus, (V.), G.&B

Bteatiticus, Ale

squamipinnis

Benthocometes, G. & B. —

B. robustns, G. & B

muneuolepis, (V.), G. & B

Plate and figure.

1. XXX, 278

LXXIX.276; LXXX1.283

I. XXIX. 277
LX XX, 279,282

LXXX,280

LXXXII.284

l.XXXII,285

LX XX II, 287

LXXXII, 286

LXXXIII, 289
LXXXI1L290

LXXXII, 288

306
307
307
307
307
308
526
526

309
309
311
527
527

312

527

528

527

528

526
526

313

528

314

316

317, 528

528
528

318

318, 528

318, 528

319,528

528

319

320
320
321

322

322

323, 529
323

322. 528

324, 529
529

325. 529
325

325
326
326, 529
327
529
529

327
328

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XVII

Names of genera and species.

Ti i rue i- PIIALI — Continued.
Brotulidie — Continued,
liassogigas, Gill —

B. Gillii, G. & B

graudis. (Gthr.),G. &B

pterotus, (Ale.), G. & B

stellii'eroides, (Gilb.), G. &. B

Alcockia, G. & B.—

A. rostratus, (Gthr.), G. & B

Celeraa, G. & B. —

C. inula, (V.), G. & B

subarmata, (V.), G. & B

Mcebia, G. & B. —

M. gracilis, (Gthr.), G. & B

Barathrodcmus, G. & B. —

B. nianatinus, G. & B

Pycnoeraspedum, Ale. —

P. squamipinne, Ale

Nematonns, Gthr. —

N. pectoralis, (G. & B.), Gtlir ,

Porogadus, G. & B. —

P. miles, G. & B

Penopus, G. & B. —

P. MacDonaldi, G. & B

Acanthonus, Gthr. —

A. armatus, Gthr ,

Tauredophiilium, Ale. —

T. Hextii, Ale

Pteroidonus, Gthr. —

P. quinquarius, Gthr

Dicrolene, G. & B. (=l'aradicroleue, Ale.) —

D. Lntronigra, G. & B

multitilis, Ale

nigricaudis, Ale

Vaillantii, Ale

Jlixonus, Gthr. —

M. latieeps, Gthr

Sireinbo, Blk. —

S. inermis, (Schl.), Blk ,

Monomitopus, Ale. —

M. nigripiunis, Ale

Typhlouus, Gthr. —

T. na.su s, Gthr

Bar.ithronus, G. & B. —

U. bicolor, G. &, B

Aphyonus, Gthr. —

A. gelatinosus, Gthr

mollis, G. ife B

Ehodichtli.Ns, Coll.—

E. regina, Coll

Alexetei'ion. V. —

A. l'artaiti, V

Bellottia, Gigl. —

B. apoda, Gigl

Ilephthocara, Ale. —

H. simum, Ale

Lamprogrammus, Ale. —

L. niger, Ale

fragilis, Ale

Ophidiidce —
Ophidium —

O. mura?nolepis, Gthr..

Otophidium, Gill —

O. omostigma, (J. & G.), Jordan

Leptopliidium. Gill —

L. cervinum, G. & B

profundorura, Gill

marmoratum, G. & B

pardale, Gilb

microlepis, Gilb

stigmatistiimi, Gilb

emmelas, Gilb

Ateleopodida? —

Ateleopus, Schl. —

A. japonicus, Schl

indious, Alo

Plate and figure.

I. . XXXIII. L»l!

LXXXiV,29'l

LXXX1V,295
I.XXXIII, 292
LXXX1V.293

LXXXIV,296

LXXXV, 297

LXXXIV.296

LXXXV, 298

LXXXV, 299
LXXXVL303
LXXXVI, 300

LXXXVI, 302

LXXXVII, 305

LXXXVII.306
LXXXVII, 307

LXXXVII, 308

Page.

328, 529
329,529

328, 529
328, 529

329

330
330

331

332

333, 529

333

334

336

336

336

337

338
337, 529
338, 529
338, 529

339

340

340. 529

340

341

342
342

342

343

344

344

344. 530
630

530

345

346
347
348
530
530
530
530

349
349, 530

XVIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Tklkocephai.i — Continued.
Lophotidse —

Lophotes, Giorna —

L. Cepedianua, Giorna

cristatus, Johns

Capellei, T. & S

Axmanthini:
Gadida —

Gadus, Art. —

G. inorrhua, L

MelanogrammuB, Gill —

M. aeglefiuus, (L.), Gill

Brachygadus —

B. minutus, (L.), Gill

Gadiculus, Guich. —

G. argenteus, Guich

Micromesistius, Gill —

M. poutassou, (Risso), Gill...
Merlangus —

M. vulgaris

Phycis, Schn. —

P. mcditerraneus, Delaroche .

Earlii, G. &B

blennioides, (Br.), Schn...
regius, (Walb.), J. & B...

cirratus, G. & B

chuss, (Walb.) Gill

tenuis, (Mitch.), DeKay. ..

Chester], G. & B

Laomonema, Gthr. —

L. Yarrellii, (Lowe), Gthr.. ..

robust urn, Gthr

barbatula, G. & B

melanurum, G. &, B

Molva, Nils. —

M. vulgaris, Flem

h.vrkelange, Walb

elongata, (Otto), Gthr

Physieulus, Kaup —

P. Dalwigkh, Kaup

Kaupi, Poey

peregrinus, Gthr

fulvus, Beau

rastrelliger, Gilb

nematopus, Gilb

roseus, Ale

argy ropastus, Ale

Uraleptus, Costa —

U. Maraldi, (Risso), Costa ..

near Maraldi

Lotella, Kaup —

L. raaxillaris, Bean

Mora, Risso —

M. rnediterranea, Risso

Lepidion, Sw. —

L Rissoi, Sw

Guntheri, (Gigl.), G. & B.

eques, (Gthr.), G. & B

ensiferus, (Gthr.), G. & B .

inosirnae, Gthr

Salilota —

S. austral is, Gthr

Antimora, Gthr. —

A. viola, (G. & B.), Jordan .

rostrata, Gthr

microlepis, Bean

Ilalargyreus, Gthr. —

H. bre vipes, V

Johnsonii, Gthr

near Johnsonii

Eretmophorus, Gigl. —

E. Kleinenbergi, Gigl

Hypsirhynclius, Fac. —

H. hepaticus, Fao

Strinsia, Raf. —

S. tinea, Raf

Melanonus, Gthr. —

M. gracilis, Gthr

Plate and figure.

CXV, 389
' CXV,"390

LXXXVI1I.309

L\\\\iii.:;iii

LXXXVHI,311
LXXXIX,312
LXXXIX, 313

XC, 315
XC,316

XC, 317

X( '1.318

XCI, 319

XCI,320

XCII, 321
XCII, 322
XCII, 323

XCIII, 324

XCIII, 325

XCIII, 326

Pago.

319
350
351

354
354, 530

355, 530

355, 530

530

356

356

357,530

357

358
359
359
360

362
362
362
363

364
365
365

366, 531
366
366
366
530
530
530
530

367
368

368

369, 531

370, 531
370
371

371, 531
531

531

372
375
531

375

376, 531
376

377

380

380

380

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MX

Names of genera :in<l sp< i ics.

A na( an i ii ini — Continued.
Gadidie — < lontinued.
Onus, Risso —

O. ensis, (Khdt.), C.ill

macrophthalnma, Gthr

biBcayensis, Coll

Reinhardtii, i Kr. i. Coll

trieirratns, (Bloch\G. & It

Rhinonemus, Gill —

K. cimbrius, (L.), G. & IS

Brosinitis, I'uv. —

15. brosme, (Mull.), (iihr

Brosmiculii8, \". —

Ii. imberbis, V

Meiluciidce —

Merlacins, Raf. —

M. bilinearis, (Mitch.), Gil]

sin i rid us, (Eaf.),G. A. Ii

Bregmacerotidse —

Bregmaceros, Thompson —

Ii. atlantieus, G. & B

MacClelhunlii, Thompson

Macruridse —

Macrnrus, liloch —

M. berglax, Lac

sclerorhynchus, Val

Bmiliophorus, Vaill

sequalis, (Gthr.), G. & li

Beirut us, Lowe

Bairdii, G. & I!

holotrachys, Gthr

zaniaphorua, V. (near holotrachys, V.)

ruilis, Gthr !

asper, Gtlir

stelgidolepis, Gilb

carinatus, Gthr

investigations, Ale

semiquincunciatus, Ale

Hoskynii, Ale

Hextii, Ale

Wood-Masooi, Ale

Peterson i i, Ale

brevirostris, Ale

macrolophus, Ale

lophotes, Ale

poly li pis, Ale ,

nasutus, (Uhr

aerrulatus, Gthr

hispid ns, Ale

pumiliceps, Ale

CceliiiliMicliiis, Giorna —

C. atlantieus, (Lowe), G. & I!

carminatns, (Goode), G. & 11

oeca, G. &B

japonicus, (V.), (nearocca)

japoniens, Schl

caribbieuB, G. & B

fasciatns, (Gthr.), G. & B

parallel us, Gthr

austral is, Gthr

quadiicristatus, Ale

Havellispinis, Ale ,

Coryphsenoidea, Gunner —

C. rupestris, Gunner

sulcatus, G. & B

carapinns, G. & B

altipinnis. Gthr

si' i rat us, Lowe .

Ilymenocephalus, Gigl. —

H. italieus, (ii<;l

Goodei, (Gthr.), Bean

< uvernosus, G. & B

heterotopia, Ale

Lionnrus, Gthr. —

I., liliiauila. (Jthr

Traeliunurus, Gthr. —

G. sulea tux, G. & li

villoaus, Gthr

ri.it' iii.t figui b.

XCIV.327

XCIV.328
\rl\ ,329

xrv,:;:;n

\r\ ,331

XCYI,334

\( VI, 335

XCVL336

XCV, 331', 333,337

XC VII, 338

XCVII,339

XCVII,340
XC VII, 341

\c\ [11,342

XCi 111,313

Tage.

3K1

382
383,531

384,531

385
385

386

388

3?8
389,531

301

391

392

392

392

303

396

3! 17

390

390

391

391

390,531,532

390,531 532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390,531,532

390, 532

390

390

531

532

397,533
398

400

400

400,533

4U1

H ii'

532

532, 533

532,533

533

402
403,533

-Idl
402

406
407
408

409

41n

4i iy

XX

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Anacaxthini — Continued.
Macruridre — Continued.
Cetonurus, Gthr. —

C. globiceps, V

crassieeps, Gthr

Chaliuura, G. & B. —

C. Simula, G. & B

brevibarbis, G. & B

occidentals, G. & B

leptolepis, Gthr

fernandezianus, Gthr

lioeepbala, Gthr

Murray i, Gthr

serrula, Bean

hispida, Ale

incditerrauea, Gigl

Optonurus, Gthr. —

0. denticulatus, Gthr

Malacocephalus, Gthr. —

M. luevis, (Lowe), Gthr

occiden talis, G. & B

subhevis, (V.)

Nematonurus, Gthr. —

N. armatus, (Hector)

gigas,(V.), G.&B

affiuis, (Gthr.)

Moseleya, G. & B. —

M. longifilis, (Gthr.), G. & B

Abyssicola, G. & B. —

A. macrocbir, (Gthr.), G. & B

Trachyrhvnchus, Giorna —

T. seabrus, (Raf.), G. & B

Murrayi, Gthr

longirostris, Gthr

Macruronus, Gthr. —

M. novEB-zelandtae, (Hector), Gtlii
Steindachneria, G. & B. —

S. argontea, G. & B

Bathygadus, Gthr. —

B. I'avosus, G. & B

arcuatus, G. & B

longifilis, G. & B

near longifilis, Ale

dispar, (V.), G.&B

macrops, G. & B

melauobrauchus, V

cotloides, Gthr

multifilis, Gthr

furvescens, Ale

Lyconida? —

Lyconu8, Gthr. —

L. pinnatus, Gthr ,

Heterosomata :
Pleuronectidse —
Lepidopsetta —

L. maculata, Gthr

Chascanopsetta, Ale. —

C. lugubris, Ale

Pcecilopsetta, Gthr. —

P. maculosa, Ale

Limanda, Gottsche—

L. vulgaris, Gottsche

microstoma, Gthr

ferrugiuea, (Storer), G. & B

Beanii, Goode

Glyptocephalus, Gottsche —

G. cyuoglossus, (L.), Gill

Hippoglossus, Cuv. —

H. vulgaris, Flem

Platysomatichthys, Blkr.—

P. hippoglossoides, (Walb.), G. & B
Paralichthys, Girard —

P. oblongus, (Mitch.), J

Hectoris, Gthr

boops, Heitor

ocellatus, Gthr

Notosema, G. & B. —

tt. dilecta, G. & B

Plate and figure.

XCVII1, 344

XCVI1I, 315

XCIX, 345

XCIX,347
C,348
C,349

CI, 350
CI, 351
CI. 352

Page.

C II, 355
C1I, 356
CV, 363
CV, 364

CIV, 362; C\T,365

411
411

412
413
413
414
412
412
412
412
412
533

414

415
415
535

416
416
416

417

417

417,534
418

417, 534

418,534

419

420
421
422
423
423
423
424
420
420
535

425

535

535

535

427
427

427
428

430

434

435

436

436
436
436

437

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

XXI

Names of genera anil species.

ElETEROSOMATA — Cun tin lied.
Pleuronectidie —Continued.

Hippoglossoides, ( lottache —

II. platessoides, (Fab.), Gill

Lepidorhombus, Gthr. —

L. niegastoma, (Don.), Gthr

Boscii, (Risso)

Sciatieetes, Ale. —

S. lophoptera, Alo

macrophthalma, Ale

Triehopsetta, * i ill —

T. ventralia, (G. & B.), Gill

Arnoglossus —

A. Grohnianni, Bon

Flatopbrys, Sw. —

P. nebularis, J. & G

cornutus, Gthr

Citharichthys, Blkr. —

C. arctifrons, Goode

unicornis, Goode

mierostomns, Gill

Bpilopteius, (l tlir

dinoceros, G. <v 1!

patillns, (G. & B.), J. & 0

Etropus, J. & G. —

E. rinjosus, G. & B

Cyclopsetta, Gill —

('. liinbriata, G. & B

Monolene, Goode —

M. sessilicauda, Goode

atriinana, G. & B

Seloida? —

Solea, Cuv. —

S. vulgaris, Quensel

Greeni, (Jtbr

umbralites, Ale

Mierochirus, Bon. —

M. variegatus, (Don.), M

profundicolus, (V.), G. «.V I!

Apboristia, Kaup —

A. nebulosa, G. & B

septemstriata, Ale

marginata, G. & B

pigra, G. & B

diouiedeaua, G. & B

pusilla, G. & B

trifasciata

Ammopleurops, Gthr. —

A. lacteus (Bon.), Gthr

Arelia, Kaup —

A. Carpenteri, (Ale. )

Cbaniomi :

Triglidse, Risso —
Trigla, Art. —

T. cuculus, L

gurnardus, L

lyra, L

leptacantha, (ithr

Bpiloptera, Gthr

hemi8tieta, Schl

milvus, Bp

corax, Bp

cavillone

Lepidotrigla, Gthr. —

L. cavillone, (Lac.)

Prionotus, Lac. —

P. inilitaris, G. & B

egl'etta. 0. & B

fitearnsii, J.&S

alatns, G. & B

palmipea, (Mitch. ), Storer

Beauii, Goode (wrongly named in plate 1'. trinitatia).
Peristediidie —

Feristedion, Lac. —

P. uiiiiiatnm, Goode

longispatba, G. & B

iniberbe, l'ocy

Plate and figure.

CVII, 3G7

CVIII.37]

CIX.372

CVI.366

CVI1I,369

CV1IL370

"ci'x,'373

CIV, 360, 361

CVII, 368

CIII, 357
CII.', 358

CX,375

CX, 376
CX, 377
CX, 378
CX, 379

CM. 380: c\ir.::si
CXI, 381

CXI, 382
'(VXli,'383

CXIII.385
CXI V, 386

Page.

438

439
439, 535

410
440

440

536

441
442

442
444
446
447
447
448

450

451

452
455

457
536
536

457

457

458
536
459
460
460
461
537

462

462

463
537
463
463
463
463
463
4G3
537

463

361
465
466
467
468
468

470
472
472

XXII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Names of genera and species.

Plate and tigure.

Page.

Craniomi — Continued.

Peristediid;e— Continued.

Peristedion, Lac. — Continued.

P. gracile, G. & B

platycephalurn, G. ifc B

trnneatum, Gthr

moluccense, Blkr

Murray i, Gthr

liorhynchum, Gthr

cataphractum, ( L. )

Rivers-Andersoni, Ale

Taeniosomi:

Trachypterid.se —

Trachypterus, Gouan —

T.'iris, (Walb.),C. & V

gryphurus, Lowe

arcticus, (Br.), Nils

Riippellii, Gthr

liopterus, C. & V

cristatus, Bonclli

repandus, (Met.), Costa

SpinoL-e, C. & V

altivelis, Kner

altivelis, Hutton

arawata, Clarke

Eegalecidie —

Regalecus, Brun. —

R. glesne, Asc

pacifiens, Haaae

argenteus, lluttou

Stylephoridas —

Stylephorus, Shaw —

S. chordatus. Shaw

Hemibranchii:

Macrorhampbosidae —

Macrorhamphosus, Lac. —

M. scolopax, (L.)

Aulostomida? —

Aulostoma, Lac. —

A. coloratum, M. it T

chiuense, L

longipes, V

Pedicui.ati:
Lophiidse —

Lophius, Art. —

L. piscatorins, L

Imdegassa, Sp

Naresii, Gthr

Lophiomus, Gill —

L. setigerus, (Wahl), Gill

Lophiodes, G. & B. —

L. nautilus, (Ale.)

lugubris, (Ale.)

AntennariicUe- -

Pterophrvne, Gill —

P. histrio, (L.), Gill

Antennarius, Cuv. —

A. pleurophthalmus, Gill

Chaunas, Lowe —

C. pictus, Lowe

Ceratiidse —

Ceratias, Kr. —

C. Holbolli, Kr

Diceratias, Gthr. —

D. bispiuosus, Gthr

Mancalias, Gill —

M. uxanoscopus, (Murray), Gill

Shufeldtii, Gill

Cryptopsaras, Gill —

C. Couesii, Gill

carunculatus, Gthr

Oneirodes, Liitken —

O. Eschrichtii, Liitken

Paroueirodes, Ale. —

P. glomerosu8, Ale

Hiuiautolojihus, Rhdt —

H. gra^ulaudicus, Rhdt. (tig. iuisuauied C. Reinhardtii) .

CXIV, 387
CXIV,388

CXV, 391
CXvi,' 3112

CXVII, 395

CXVI, 393, 394

CXVII, 39G

CXVII, 397

CX VIII, 400

CXVII, 398
CXVII, 399

CX1X. 101
CXIX,402

473
474
475
470
470, 537
470
537
037

477
478
479
479
479
479
480
480
480
480
480

CXIX.404
CXX, 405

480
480
480

482

483

484
484
484

485
485
485

485

537
537

486
487
487

489

489

490
490

491
491

492

493
493

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XXIII

Names of genera and species.

]'i diculati— Continued.
Ceratiida — Continued.
Corynolophus, Gill —

C. Reinhardtii, (Ltitkon), Gill

.Egeonicbthys, Clarke —

A. Appelii, Clarke

Melanocetus, Gthr. —

M. Johnsonii, Gtbr

Liocctus, (Jtbr. —

L. Murray i, Gthr

Linophryne, Collett—

L. Inciter, Collett

Caulophryne, G. & B. —

c. Jordani, G. & B. (plate as C. aetosua).
( (ncbocephalidse —

Onchoccphaliis, (Fisch.), Gill —

0. radiatus, (Mitch.), G. &B

vespertilio, (L.), G. & B

Malthopsis. Ale. —

M. luteus, Ale

Halieut;ea, C. & V.—

II. stella ta.C. &V

cocciuea, Ale

nigra. Ale

spougiosa, Gilh

fumosa, Ale

Ilalieutella, G. & B.—

H. lappa, G. & B

Dibranchus, Peters —

D. atlanticus, Peters

nasutus, Ale

micropuB, Ale

Halicmetus, Ale. —

II. ruber. Ale

HalieutichthySi Poey —

H. aeuleatns, (Mitch.), Goode

Appendix :

Add it ions and corrections

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Plate and figure.

Page.

( XX, 106

(XX. 1(1-

CXXI, 108

(XXI. 409

CXIX, 103

(XXI. Ill)

CXXII,412

(XXII, US

CXXII,414

494
191
494
495
496
496

498
199,537

537

199
499
537
537
537

500

501

537
537

503

504

507
539

OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES.

Note.— The actual size of the specimens from which the figures are drawn may, in most instances, !«■ determined l>\ the
use "I the inch mark bent ath I be engraving, which in the photographic reduction of the drawing is reduced in the same
proportion as the drawing itself. Where this is not present, the scale of reduction is approximately indicated in this list
of plates, except in tin case of outlines copied from published figures and of large species of very variable length, such as
the sharks and rays. Where no reference to length appears either upon the plate or in the list of figures, it may he
assumed that the figure is of natural size, or nearly so.

PLATE I.

Text page.

1. Myxine glutinosa, Linnaeus 2

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 23466, U. S. X. M. (Gloucester Donation No. 287), N. lat. 13
33'. W. Ion. 52° 10', 300 fathoms.

2. Myxine australis, .Icnvns 3

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2770,
in S. lat. is 37 0(1 , \V. [on. 65 16' Oil , a1 a depth of 58 fathoms.

3. Petromyzon marinus, Linnaeus 4

Drawing- by II. L. Todd, from No. 10654, U. S. N. M.. collected at Wood's IIoll, Mass.. by Viual
X. Edwards.

PLATE II.

1. Scymnorhiuus lichia, (Bonnaterre ., Bonaparte 7

Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. II:.'.
.">. Etmopteius pusillus, I Lowe), Giinther 10

Dra\l inn b\ II. L. Todd, from a speeiinen collected by the steamer Illukr at Station CV1II, off
St. Kin's, West Indies, in 208 fathoms. (About three-fourths natural Bize.
0. Scylliorhinus retifer, i Garman), Jordan 10

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station CVII, oil
Barbados. (Slightly reduced.)

7. Centroscy Ilium Fabricii, (Reinhardt), Miiller and Henle 11

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 22879, U. S. N. M., collected by George W. Scott, in N. lat,
11 23 , W. Ion. 53c 25', at a depth of 200 fathoms.

PLATE III.

8. Somniosus microcephalus, (Schneider), (ioode and I lean 7

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. ci.xn. Fig. 1.

0. Echinorhinus spinosus, (Gmelin I, Blainville 8

Outline from Day. Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. II, PL CLXII, Fig. -

in. Pristiurus melastomus, (Rafinesque), Bonaparte 20

Drawing from Annates du Musee d'Hist. Nat. Paris. Vol. win, PL \ t.

II. Centrophorus granulosus. Miiller and Henle 12

Outline from Miiller and Henle, Llasmobrauchs, PL 33.

1*

2* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE IV.

Text i>agr.

12. Scymnodon ringeus, Bocage and Capello U

Drawing from Bocage and Capt-Uo, Peix. Plagiost., Vol. l. PL i. Fig. 1.

13. Centroscymnus ccelolepis, Bocage and Capello 14

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26219, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hank at
Station 893, off Marthas Vineyard, N. lat. 39° 52' 20", W. Ion. 70° 58' 00", in 372 fathoms.
(About two-thirds natural size.)

14. 15. Scylliorhinus retifer, (Garinan), Jordan Hi

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26745. 1 . s. X. M., collected by the steamer Fish Haul at
Station 896, in N. lat. 37- 26 . W. Ion. 74° 19', at a depth of 56 fathoms.

PLATE V.

16. Scylliorhinus pi ofundorum, Goode and Beau 17

Drawing by M, M. Smith, from No. 35646, F. S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatrosi a1
Station 2234, in N.lat.39° 09', W. Ion. 72 03 15' . at a depth of 810 fathoms.

17. Spinax uiger, Bonaparte 10

Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica.

is. Pseudotriacis microdon, Capello 18

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32516, U. S. N. M., from Amagansett, N. Y.. collected by
J. B. Edwards, keeper of Suffolk Life-Saving Station. (About one-seventeenth natural size.)

19. Cetorhiuus maxirnus, Gunner 21

Drawing from Annales du Mus6e d'Hist. Nat. Pari-*. Vol. xvm, PI. vi; reengraved from Fish.
Ind., PI. 249, upper figure.

PLATE VI.

20. Pristiuras atlanticus, Vaillant 21

Outline from Vaillant, Explorations Scientifiques du Travailleur et Talisman, PI. i. Pig. 1.

21. Oxynotus centrina, (Linnaeus), Rafinesque 15

Drawing from Bonaparte. Fauna Italica, PI, 111.

22. Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Garman 22

Outline from Day. Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. ci.xxiv.

PLATE VII.

23. Raia Ackleyi, Garman 25

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43726, F. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Blake on
Yucatan Banks, Gulf of Mexico.

24. Raia Ackleyi ornata, Garmau 26

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. AMJ1, 1'. s. N. M., from the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, collected at a depth of 138-142 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged. I

PLATE VIII.

25. Raia circularis, Couch 27

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. clxxiv.

26. Raia plutonia, Garman 27

Outline by .1. C. Van Hook, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, in about N. lat.
32°, W. Ion. 78°, at a depth of 229-334 fathoms.

PLATE IX.

27. Raia radiata, Donovan 25

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23514, U. S. N. M., collected by the F. S. Fish Commission
off Provincetown, Mass. (About four-sevenths natural size.)

28. Raia hyperborea, Collett 28

Outline from Collett, Fishes Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, PI. IX.

29. Raia laevis, Mitchill 28

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 21577, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
Station 771, in Narragansett Bay, at a depth of 8 J fathoms.

30. Raia granulata, Gill 29

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank. (About one-fourteenth natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES,

PLATE X.

Text „agl

31. Chiruasra monstrosa, Linnteus 31

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. 130.

32. Cb.im.cera affinis, Capello 31

Drawing by II. L.Todd, from a specimeu collected on the southeastern portion of Le Have
Bank, in N. lat. 12 W, W. Ion. 63 23'. (About one-seventh natural size.)
33-35. Chimjera affinis, Capello 31

I drawings by S. I'. Denton, from a specimen collected by the scl uer Ct ntvnnial, Capt. D. C.

Murphy, off Banquereux, in N. lat. 13 16', W. Ion. 59 19'. (Natural size.)

36. Callorhynchus antarcticus. (Linnaeus) 32

Outline from Zoology ofBeeohey's Voyage, PI. win.

PLATE XL

37, 38. Harriotta Raleighana, Goode and Bean 33

Drawings by M. M. Smith, from No. 35631, U. S. X. M., collected by the Bteamer Albatross al
Station 2235, in X. [at. 39 12 00 , W. Ion. 72 03 30 . at a depth of 707 fathoms.
39, 10. Harriotta Raleighana, Goode and Bean 33

Drawings by S. F. Denton, from No. 35520, I'. S. X. M., collected In tin- strainer Allxilivss, at
station 2210, in X. lat. 39° 37' 45", W. Ion. 71J 18' 45", at a depth of 991 fathoms. (Ahoui
one and three-fourths natural size.)

PLATE XII.

11. Alepocephalus rostratus, Risso 36

Outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France, PI. 566.

42. Alepocephalus niger, Giiuther 38

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. I.VI.

43. Conocara macroptera, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 39

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et dn Talisman, PI. XI, Fig. 2.

1 1. Bathytroctes rnacrolepis, Giinther 41

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lvii, Fig. A.

PLATE XIII.

45. Alepocephalus Agassizii, Goode and Bean ::7

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from Xo. 33056, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Sta-
tion 2030, in X. lat. 39; 29' 45", \V. Ion. 71° 43', at a depth of 588 fathoms.

46. Alepocephalus productus, (fill 37

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 33341, U. S. X. M., collected by the .steamer Albatross
at Station 2035, in X. lat. 39° 26' 16", \V. Ion. 70 02' 37 , at a depth of 1,362 fathoms.

47. Alepocephalus Bairdii, Goode and Beau 38

Drawing bj II. L. Todd, from type No. 22468, IT. S. N. M. (Gloucester Donation No. 305), col-
lected by Christian Johnson, of the schooner JVilliam Thompson, on the Grand Banks, in 200
fathoms. (About one-fourth natural size.)

IX. Conocara McDonaldi, Goode and Bean 39

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station CLXXII,
in X. lat. 24 36 . W. h.n. 84° 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms.

PLATE XIV.

49. Bathytroctes antillarum, Goode and 1 lean II

Drawing by M. M. .Smith, from type Xo. 13739, I'. S. X. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2394, in N. lat, 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 87 02 , at a depth of 420 fat! is.

50. Bathytroctes tequatoris, Goode and I Jean II

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen obtained by the steamer Albatross at Station 279::.
in N. lat. 01 03', W. Ion. 80° 15', at a depth of 741 fathoms.

51. AJeposomus Copei, (Jill 17

I (raw bag bj II. L. Todd, from type No. 33551, I '. S. X. M., collected bj the steamer llbaiross at
station 2099, in X. lat. 37J 12' 20", W, Ion. 69° 39', at a depth of 2,949 fathoms.

4* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

l.M page.

52. Fterothiissus gissu, Hilgendorf 51

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i/vi, Fig. A. (About one-half natural

size. I

PLATE XV.

53. Flatytroctes apus, Giinther 10

( lutline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lyiii, Fig. A.
51. Anomalopterus pinguis, Vaillant 49

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xi, Fig. I.
55. Aulastomatomorpha phosphorops, Alcock 50

Outline from Wood-Mason, Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian survey steamer Investigator,
No. 21, Fig. 1. (One-half natural size.)
5(i. Leptoderma macrops, Vaillant 49

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xn, Fig. 2.

PL All: XVI.

57. Xenodermichthys nodulosus, Giinther 46

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.viii, Fig. C.

58. Aleposomus socialis, ( Vaillant), Goode and Bean 48

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Seientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI, XIII, Fig. 1.

59. Microstoma rotuudatum, (Risso), Giinther 53

Outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Xaturelle des Poissons de la France, Vol. XVIII,
PI. 544.

Go. Harpodon macrochir, Giinther 59

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PL xlvii, Fig. A.

PLATE XVII.

61. Argentina silus, (Aseanius), Nilsson 52

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37801, I. S. X. M., collected by E. II. Buuker, Fletchers Neck
Life-Saving Station, Biddeford, Me. (About one-half natural size.)

62. Argentina striata, Goode and Bean 52

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43858, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2402, in N. lat. 28° 36 , W. l..n.85° 33' 30", at a depth of 111 fathoms.

03. Bathylagus euryops, Goode and Beau 55

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from 31861, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross in N. lat.
39° 52', W. Ion. 70° 30', at a depth of about 600 fathoms.

64. Bathylagus Benedicti, Goode and Bean 55

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2711,
in X. lat. 38- 59', W. Ion. 70- 07', at a depth of 1,344 fathoms.

PLATE XVIII.

65, 66. Bathysaurus feros, Giinther 58

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained by the steamer Blah* at station cct'XLl, in
N. lat. 39 38' 20", W. Ion. 70' 56', at a depth of 1,241 fathoms.

07. 68. Ipnops Murrayi, Giinther 67

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station ccxxxm,
in N. lat. 24° 36', W. Ion. 84° 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms. (No. 67, three times natural size;
No. 68, one and a half times. )

69. Bathylaoo nigricans, Goode and Bean 57

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station
xxxix, off Santa Cruz, in 2,393 fathoms.

PLATE XIX.

70. Chlorophthalmus Agassizii, Bonaparte 60

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2314,
in N. lat. 32° 43', W. Ion. 77° 51', at a depth of 159 fathoms.

71. Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, Goode 60

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26092. 1". S. X. M., collected by the steamer 1'ish Hawk at
Stations 876-878, off Marthas Vineyard, in 120-142i fathoms. (About one and a half times
natural size.)

LIST OP PLATES AM) FIGURES. 5*

Text page.

72. Chlorophthalmus truculentus, Gl ie and Bean til

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station i.n,
off Barbados, in 218 fathoms.

73. Benthosaurus grallator, Goode and Bean 62

Draw im; by II. I.. Todd, from a specimen collected l>y tin1 steamer Make at Station clxxiv,
in V lat. 24 23', \V. Ion. 84 ' 23 . at a depth of 1,850 fathoms.

PLATE XX.

74. Bathypterois dubius, Vaillant 64

i Hit line from Vaillant, Expeditions Scient tfiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. i\.

75. Bathypterois quadrifilis, GUnther 65

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Stat ion scvm,

off St. Vincent.

7ti. Bathypterois longipes, GUnther (16

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35035, r. S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross at

Station 2225, in X. lat. 30 05 30", W. Ion. 69 51' 15 , at a depth of 2,512 fathoms.

PLATE XXI.

77. Rondeletia bicolor, (Joode ami Bean 68

I 'rawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 38202, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2724, in N. lat. 36° 47', W. Ion. 73 ' 25', at a depth of 1,641 fathoms. (Enlarged one-
half.)

78. Cetomimus Gillii, Goode and Bean 09

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35529, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2206, iii N. lat. 39 35', W. Ion. 71° 24' 30 . at a depth of 1,043 fathoms.

79. Cetomimus Storeri, Goode and Bean 69

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35634, U. S. XT. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2222, in N. lat. 39° 03' 15", W. Ion. 70 50' 4.". . at a depth of 1,535 fathoms.

PLATE XXII.

80. Myctophum punctatum, Kafinesque 71

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23369, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Matt. Ryan and crew,
Gloucester fishing fleet, on the Grand Bank.
si . Myctophum opalinum, Goode and Bean 72

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43798, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross

at Station 2585, in N. lat. 39° 08' 30", W. Ion. 72° 17', at a depth of 542 fath s. (Natural

size.)

82. Myctophum Humboldtii, (Risso), Goode and Bean 73

Draw ing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43772, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2727, in N. lat. 36° 35', W. Ion. 74° 03' 30", at a depth of 1,239 fathoms.

83. Myctophum Benoiti, (Cocco), Goode and Bean 71

Drawing by A. If. Baldwin, from a specimen collected at Messina, Italy, by Prof. II. II. Giglioli.

84. Myctophum remiger, Goode and Bean 75

I 'rawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type No. 43792, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2573, in N. lat. 40° 34' 18", \V. Ion. 66 09' 00", at a depth of 1,742 fathoms.

85. Benthosema Miilleri, Goode and Beau 70

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 28839, I". S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Fish II, ml,
at Station 953, iu N. lat. 39° 52' 30", W. Ion. 70 17' 30", at a depth of 721 fathoms.

PLATE XXIII.

SO. Lampanyctus crocodilus, (Risso), Goode and Bean 79

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected at Nice, and obtained through the
Royal Zoological Museum at Florence, Italy .

87. Lampanyctus Gemellarii, (Cocco), Goode and Beau 80

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 1 1170, U. S. N. M., obtained from Messina bj Prof, II. II.
(liglioli, director of the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy.

88. Lampanyctus gemmifer, Goode and Bean sn

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 35604, IT. S. N. M.. collected bj the steamer Albatross
at station 2201, in N. hit. 39 39 15 , VV. Ion. 71 35 15 . at a depth of 538 fathoms.

6 PEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XXIV.

Text page.

89. Lampanyctus lacerta, Goode and Bean M

Drawiug by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 4377s. U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2401, in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 85 52' 30", at a depth of 142 fathoms.

90. Lampanyctus GUntheri, Goode and Bean 79

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43777, U. S. N. M., (Gloucester Donation No. 199),
collected by the schooner John Smith, Capt. Peter Johnson, on Georges Bank, in 45 fathoms.

91. Ceratoscopelus maderensis, (Lowe), Goode and Beau 82

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43776, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2528, in N. lat. 41° 47', W. Ion. 65° 37' 30", at a depth of 677 fathoms. (Nearly
twice natural size.)

92. Lampanyctus alatus, Goode aud Bean 79

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43769, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross at Station 2393, in N. lat. 28° 43', W. Ion. 87° 14' 30", at a depth of 525 fathoms.

93. Diaphus theta, Eigenmann and Eigenmann «9

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from the type specimen taken at moderate depth off Point Loma,
near San Diego, Cal.

PLATE XXV.

94. Notoscopelus resplendens, (Richardson), Goode and Bean S3

Copied by A. H. Baldwin, from Richardson, Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, PI. xxvn, Fig. 16.

95. Notoscopelus castaneus, Goode and Beau ,s l

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 31706, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish
Hank at Station 1113, in N. lat. 39° 57', W. Ion. 70° 37', at a depth of 192 fathoms.

96. Notoscopelus caudispinosus, (Johnson), Goode and Bean 84

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 43768, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Station 2569, in N. lat. 39° 26', W. Ion. 68° 03' 30", at a depth of 1,782 fathoms.

PLATE XXVI.

97. Notoscopelus quercinus, Goode and Bean 83

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 43789, U. S. N. M., (Gloucester Donation No. 822),
collected by Capt. Frank Carroll and crew, of the schooner Volar Wave, off St. Peter's and
Banquereux.

98. Notoscopelus margaritiferus, Goode and Bean s4

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 43774, U. S. X. M., (Gloucester Donation 404), collected
by Capt. G. H. Curtis and crew, of the schooner Conductor, in N. lat. 44° 10', W. Ion. 58°, at
a depth of 300 fathoms.

99. Lampadena speculigera, Goode and Bean 85

I 'rawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type No. 43797, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Fish
Hank at Station 797, off Newport, R. I., at a depth of 16+ fathoms.

100. Collettia Rafinesquei, (Cocco), Goode and Beau 88

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33550, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2099, in N. lat. 37° 12' 20", W. Ion. 69° 39' 00", at a depth of 2,949 fathoms.

PLATE XXVII.

101. iEthoprora metopoclampa, (Cocco), Goode and Beau 86

1 hawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer A Ibatross at Station, 2127,
in N. lat. 19° 45', W. Ion. 75° 04' 00", at a depth of 1,639 fathoms : and a specimen from Mes-
sina, obtained from Prof. H. H. Giglioli, director of the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence,
Italy.

102. IEthoprora lucida, Goode and Bean K7

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 44084, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2127, in N. lat. 19° 45', W. Ion. 75° 04' 00", at a depth of 1.639 fathoms.

103. .Sithoprora effulgens, Goode and Bean s7

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from Xo. 43770, U. S. N. M., collectedby Capt. Cuddy and crew of
the schooner Joseph O., on Brown's Bank.

LIST OF PLATES ASH FIQUR1 S <

PLATE WVIII.

Text page.

101. Rhinoscopelua Coccoi, (Coooo), Goode and I '.run 90

Drawing l>y J. ('. Van Hook, from N'>. 13822, U. S. N. M., collected by tin- steamer Alhalross,

in a towing net, in N\ lat. 39°, W. Ion. 72 '. (About twice natural size.)

105. Tarletonbeania tenua, Eigeninanu and Eigenmann

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 41882, U. S. N. M., collected by C. H. Eigenmann, off
Point l.oina, near San Diego, Cal.

106. Dasyscopelus asper, (Kichardson i, (loodo and liean 92

Copied by A. II. Baldwin, from Richardson, Voyage of tin- Erebus and Terror, PI. xx\ u, 1 >g.
105.

107. Electrona Rissoi, (Cocco), Goode and Bean 91

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 10062, IT. s. N. M., from the Central Collection of Italian
Vertebrata, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. (Enlarged about one-halt'.)

PLATE XXIX.

108. 109. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus, Johnson 93

Drawings by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station xi.i, oil
Dominique, in 333 fathoms.

110. Nauuobrachium McDonaldi, Goode and Bean >• 91

I ira wing by S. F. Denton, from No. 3.">44.">, U. S. N. M., collected bj the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2182, inN. lat. 39° 25' 30", W. Ion. 11° 44", at a depth of 861 fathoms.

PLATE XXX.

111. Maurolicus borealis, (Nilsson), Glinther 90

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station
2102. in N. lat. 283 36', W. Ion. 85° 33', at a depth of 111 fathoms.

112. Opisthoproctus soleatus, Vaillant 95

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientihques du Travailleux et du Talisman, PI. xrv, Fig.
1. (Nearly four times natural size.)

113. Ichthyococcus ovatus, (Cocco), Bonaparte 95

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Seieutitiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XIV, Fig. 2.

114. Cyclothone microdon, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 99

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29833, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hank, at
Station 953, oil' Marthas Vineyard, in N. lat. 39° 52' 30", W. Ion. 70c 17' 30", atadepthof 724
fathoms. (Nearly twice natural size.)

PLATE XXXI.

115. Chauliodus Sloanii, Schneider 9f>

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23420, U. S. XT. M., collected by Capt. Charles Anderson ami
crew, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 42° 08', W. Ion. 65° 35', at a depth of 185 fath-
oms. (About one-half natural size.)
llii. Gonostoma denudatum, Ratinesque : 98

Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italiea, folio 119. Fig. 1.

117. Gonostoma brevidens, Kner and Steindachner 98

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33368, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2077, in N. lat. 41° 09' 40", W. Ion. 66° 02' 20", at a depth of 1,255 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

118. Cyclothone bathyphila, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 100

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected hy the steamer Albatriisx, at Station 2534,
in N. lat. 403 01', W. Ion. 67° 29' 15", at a depth of 1,234 fathoms.

PI. ATI', XXXII.

119. Cyclothone elongata, (Giinther), Goode and Bean ... 101

I drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 33291, I'. s. N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatroi , :it
.Station 2039, in N. lat. 38° 19' 26", W. Ion. 68- 20' 20", at a depth of 2,309 fathoms. (Nearly
twice natural size.)

120. Bonapartia pedaliota, Goode and Bean 102

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from the type specimens, collected by the steamer Albatross, at Sta
Hon 2642, in N. lat. 25° 20' 30", W, Ion. 79 58', at a depth of 217 fathoms. (Enlarged about
one-half.)

8* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text pa^e.

121. Yarrella Blackfordii, Goode and Bean 103

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 44242, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at Station2376, in N. lat. 29° 03' 15", W. Ion. 88° 16", at a depth of 324 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

122/ Photichthys argsnteus, Huttou 104

Drawing from Giinther. Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI. xlv. (About one-half natural size.)

PLATE XXXIII.

123. Astronesthes niger, Richardson 105

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 34538, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Field, on a voyage
from Mogador to New York, and presented to the National Museum by Mr. E. G. Blackford.

124. Autrouesthes gemmifer, (ioode and Bean 105

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 24645, U. S. N. M., obtained by the schooner Polar
Wa ve from the stomach of a halibut, in N. lat. 44° 25', W. Ion. 53° 12', at a depth of 300 fathoms.

125. Astronesthes Richardsouii, Poey 106

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35510, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2202, in N. lat. 39° 38' 00", \V. Ion. 71- 39' 45", at a depth of 515 fathoms.

PLATE XXXIV.

126. Diplophos tsenia, Giinther 104

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. IV., (Enlarged nearly live times.)

127. Stomias ferox, Reinhaidt 107

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23360, U. S. N. M. (Gloucester donation No. 490), collected
by Capt. David Cammel and crew, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, at East Banquereux
(Three-fifths natural size.)

128. Stomias boa, (Risso), Cuvier 108

Drawing from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissous, Vol. xvm, PI. 545.

129. Stomias affinis, Giinther 108

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. Liv, Fig. A.

PLATE XXXV.

130. Echiostoma barbatum, Lowe lO'.t

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 35624, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Station 2236, in N. lat. 39: 11' 00", W. Ion. 72- 08' 30", at a depth of 636 fathoms. (Enlarged
one-third.)

131. Echiostoma mafgarita, Goode and Beau 109

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 39282, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at Station 2394, in N. lat. 28- 38' 30", W. Ion. 87- 02', at a depth of 420 fathoms.

132. Opostomias micripnus, Giinther 110

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. mi, Fig. A. (About one-half
natural size.)

133. Grammatostomias dentatus. Goode and Bean 110

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37370, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at Station 2565, in N. lat. 38-: 19' 20", W. Ion. 69° 02' 30", at a depth of 2,069 fathoms.
(Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE XXXVI.

134. Pachy stomias microdon Giinther Ill

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI.liii.

135. Eustomias obscurus, Vaillant Ill

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travaillcur et du Talisman, PI. vm, Fig. 3.

136. Bathophilus nigerrimus, Giglioli Ill

Outline from Giglioli, "Pelagos." (Enlarged one-third.)

137. Photonectes gracilis, Goode and Bean 112

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station XL,
off Martinique, in 472 fathoms.

PLATE XXXVII.

138. Malacosteus uiger, Ayres 114

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32169 U. S. N. M. (Gloucester Donation, No. 797), collected by
Capt. Charles Anderson and crew of the schooner Alice G. ironson, on the northeastern edge
of Georges Bank, in 125 fathoms. (Enlarged two-thirds.)

LIST OF PLATES AM) FIGURES. 9*

Text page.

139. Malacosteus choristodactylus, Vaillant Ill

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientitiques du Travailleui et du Talismau, PI. \in.
(Slightly enlarged. I

1 40. Photostomias Guemei, Collett 115

outline from Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, p. 281. (Three and a half times natural Bize. i

111. Thaumatostomias atrox, A 1 cock 115

Drawing from Alcock, Annals anil Magazine of Natural History, Vol. vi, 1*1. vm, Fig. 7.

PLATE XXXVIII.

142. Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe 117

Drawing by II. L. 1'ocM. from No. 20593 I". S. X. M., obtained in a New fork market by E. G.
Blackford.

143. Paralepis borealis, (Reinhardt i, .Ionian and Gilbert Ill)

Drawing by ILL. Todil, from a specimen in tin- Academy of Natural Sciences, Montreal,
Canada.
1 13 A. Paralepis coregonoides, Risso 119

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. xxvu.
111. Sudis hyalina, lialfmesque 121

outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, PI. xxvu.
145. Odontostomus hyalinus. C'oceo 121

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PL i.n. Fig. A.

PLATE XXXIX.

110. Sternoptyx diaphana, Lowe 124

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained by tbe steamer Blake at Station CCCXVI, in
N. lat. 32 07 , W. Ion. 7s 37 30 . at a depth of 229 fatboms.

HOB. Steruoptyx diaphana. Lowe 124

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer iJfafce at Station cccxxiii, in
X. lat. :;:; 19 , \V. Ion. 76° 12' 30", at a depth of 457 fathoms.

117. Argyiopelecua hemigymuus, Coceo 126

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station
2117, in X. lat. 15: 24 40 , W. Ion. 63= 31' 30 , at a depth of 683 fathoms.

lis. 148A. Argyropelecus Olfersii. (Cuvier), Cuvier and Valenciennes 126

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 33393 U. S. X. M.. collected at Station 2075, iu N. lat 41
40 30 , W. Ion. 65 35 00", at a depth of 855 fathoms. (Xatural size.)

149. Polyipnus spinosus. Giinther 128

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from Xo. 37860 1J. S. X. M., collected by tbe steamer Albatross at
Station 2393, in N. lat. 28- 43 00", W. Ion. S7- 14 30", at a depth of 525 fathoms. (Twice
natural size.)

PLATE XL.

150. Omosudis Lowei, Giintber 122

Outline from Giintber, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.n.

151. Idiacanthus ferox, Giintber 129

< Outline from Giintber, Challenger Report. Vol. xxn, PI. lii, Fig. D.

152. Halosaurus Oweni, .lobnsou 130

Drawil'g by A. H. Baldwin, from Xo. 3111S U, S. X. M., collected by tbe steamer Alba trans at
station 2181, in X. lat. 39c 20 . W. Ion. 71 46 . at a depth of 003 fatboms.

153. Halosaurus Johnsouianus, Vaillant 131

Drawing from Vaillant. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur ei du Talisman. PI. xv,
Fig. 2.

PLATE XLI.

l.il. Aldrovandria rostrata, (Giinther), (ioode and Bean 132

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.ix.

155. 155A. Aldrovandia macrochira, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 133

Drawings by 11. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station i.m, off
Havana, in 212 fathoms.

156. Aldrovandia phalacrus, i Vaillant i. I Ioode and Lean 134

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xvi.

10" DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XLII.

Text page.

157. Aldrovandia gracilis, Goode and Beau i:'.l

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station i.xx. off
Guadalupe, at a depth of 769 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

158. Aldrovandia pallida, Goode aud Bean 135

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the Steamer Blake at Station
Clxxiii, in X. lat. 21° 36', W. Ion. 84°05', at a depth of 955 fathoms. (About seven-twelfths
natural size.)

159. Congermuraeua flava, Goode and Bean 138

1 Irawingby H. L. Todd, from a Bpecimen collected by the steamer Albatross at stations 2121 and
2122, between N. lat. 10° 37' 40", W. Ion 613 42' 40", aud N. lat. 10 37 00", W. Ion. 61- 41 22 ,
at a depth of 31 to 34 fathoms. (Five-sevenths natural size.)

160. TJroconger vicinus, Vaillant 138

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2161, in
N. lat. 23° 10' 36", W. Ion. 82° 20' 28", at a depth of 1 16 fathoms. (Slightly reduced.)

PLATE XLIII.

161. Simenchelys parasiticus, Gill 139

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21673, U. S. N. M., collected by ('apt. N. McPhee. of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, near Sable Island Bank. (Seven-tenths natural size.)

162. Ilyophis brunneus, Gilbert Ill

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from type No. 44403, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Jllia-
tross, off the Galapagos Islands.

163. Hoplunnis Diomedianus, Goode and Bean .„ 146

Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from type No. 14240, U. 3. X. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross at Station 2402, in X. lat. 28 36'. \V. Ion. 86° 50', at a depth of 111 fathoms.

PLATE XLIV.

164. Synaphobranchus pinnatus, (Gronovius), Giiuther 143

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 21681, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Olsen, of the Gloucester
fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank. (Three-fifths natural size.)

165. Histiobranchus infemalis, Gill 145

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 38205, U.S.N.M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Sta-
tion 2727, in N. lat. 36° 35', W. Ion. 74° 03' 30", at a depth of 1239 fathom-.

16li. Pisoodonophis crueiitifer, Goode and Bean 147

Drawing by A. H.Baldwin, from No. 28938, U.S. V M.. collected by the steamer Fish Hank
at Station 1035, in N. lat. 39° 57', W. Ion. 69° 28', at a depth of 120 fathoms. (Slightly re-
duced.)

167. Myrus pachyrhynchus, Vaillant 148

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditious Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. v, Fig. 1.
(About one-half natural size.)

168. Venefica procera, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Davis 149

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the Blake at Station cliii, in X. lat.

16° 43' 45", W. Ion. 62° 16' 12", at a depth of 303 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths natural size. I

169,169 V, I!. Derichthys serpentinus, Gill 161

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33523, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,

at station 2094, in N. lat. 39^ 44' 30", W. Ion. 71° 04', at a depth of 1,022 fathoms.

PLATE XLVI.

170. Nemichthys scolopaceus. Richardson 152

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by William Parsons, on East Georges Bank.

171. Labichthys carinatus, Gill ami Ryder 153

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type Xo. 33369, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2076. in N. lat. 41° 13', W. Ion. 65 33 30", at a depth of 906 fathoms. (Slightly
reduced.)

172. Labichthys elongatus. Gill aud Ryder 153

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 33577, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
truss, at station 2100, in X. lat. 39-> 22', W. Ion. 68° 34' 30", at a depth of 1,628 fathoms.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 11*

PLATE XL VII.

Text page.

173. Labichthys iufans, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 153

Drawing byA. H. Baldwin, from type No. 14239, U. S. N. M . collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, nt station 2859, in X. lat. 55 20 . W. Ion. 136 20', at a depth of 1,509 fathoms. (About
one-half natural size.)

171 Labichthys infans (after Giinther) 154

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. l.xm.

175. Serrivomei Beanii. (fill and Ryder 155

Drawing byA. H. Baldwin, from Xo. 33383, I'. S. X. XL, collected by the Bteamer Albatross, a1
station 2075, in X. (at. 11 W 30 , U . Ion, 65 28' 30", at a depth of 855 fathoms. (About

c>n<- and two-thirds natural size.)

II. \TK Xl.VIII.

17ll. Cyema atrum, Giinther 154

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. liy, Fig. D. (About natural size.)

177. Eurypharynx pelecanoides, Vaillant 159

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiquea du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. XVII.
(About one-half natural size.)

17s. Saccopharynx flagellum, Xlitchill 157

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. lxvi. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE XLIX.

179, 180. Saccopharynx flagellum, Mit chill 157

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from No. 37988, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2717, in X. lat. 38° 24', \V. Ion. 71° 13', at a depth of 1,615 fathoms. (No. 179. one-
third natural size; Xo. 180, one-half.)
181, 182. G-astrostonius Bairdii, Gill and Ryder 159

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 33386, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2074, in N. lat. 41° 43', W. Ion. 65° 21' 50", at a depth of 1,309 fathoms.

PLATE L.

183. Notacanthus nasus, Bloch 101

Drawing from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Xaturelle des Poissonsdela France, PI. 241.

184. Notacanthus analis, (iill 165

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 37856, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2G77, in X. lat. 32° 39', W. Ion. 76° 50' 30", at a depth of 478 fathoms. (About one-
half natural size.)

185. Notacanthus Bonapartii, Risso lot;

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiquea du Travailleur et dn Talisman, PI. xxvn.
Fig. 2. (Reduced about one-third.)

lsii. Notacanthus phasgauorus. Goode 107

1 "rawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 25972, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Briggs Gilpatrick,
of the schooner Gatherer, from the stomach of a Ground-shark, on the Grand Bank of Newfound-
land. (One-fourth natural size.)

PLATE LI.

187. Gigliolia Moseleyi, Goode and Bean 169

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.xi, Fig. C. (One-half natural size.)

188. Polyacanthonotus Rissoanus (De Filippi and Verany), Giinther 17o

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiquea du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xxvn.

189. Macdonaldia rostrata, (Collett), Goode and Bean 171

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 35601, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2216, in X. lat, 39J 47', W. Ion. 70° 30' 30", at a depth of 903 fathoms.

190. Lipogenys Gillii, Goode and Bean 173

Drawing hy H. L. Todd, from No. 39212, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2712. in X. lat. 37° 46' 30", \V. Ion 73° 56' 30", at a depth of 865 fathoms. (About one-
half natural size.)

12* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE LII.

Text page.

191 A, P>. Notaoanthus analis, Gill It35

Drawings by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 37856, I ". S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2677. in N. lat. 32° 39', W. Ion. 76° 50' 30", at a depth of 478 fathoms.
192A, P.. Notacanthus sexspinis, Richardson 163

Drawings from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxir. PI. lxi, Fig. a.
193. Gigliolia Moseleyi, Goode and Bean 160

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. LXI, Fig. C.
194A, B. Polyacanthonotus Rissoanus. (De Filippi and Verany), Giinther 170

Drawings from Giinther, Challenger Report. Vol. XXII, PI. lxi.
195A, B. Macdonaldia rostrata, ( Collet t), Goode and Bean 171

Drawings by A. H. Baldwin, from Nos. 35601-2, U. S.N. M.. collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2216, in N. lat. 39° 47', W. Ion. 70° 30' 30 . at a depth of 963 fathoms.

196A, B. Lipogenys Gillii, Goode and Bean 173

Drawings by A. H. Baldwin; from No. 39212, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2742, in N. lat. 37° 46' 30", W. Ion. 73 56 30", at a depth of 865 fathoms.

PLATE LIII.

197. Beryx splendens, Lowe 170

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2-115,
in N. lat. 30° 44', W. Ion. 79° 26', at a depth of 440 fathoms.

198. Melamphaes typhlops, ( Lowe), Giinther 177

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. v, Fig. A.

199. Scopelogadus codes, Vaillant 182

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et dn Talisman, PI. xxvi.
(Slightly reduced.)

200. Poromitra capito, Goode and Bean is::

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected bythe steamer Blake, at station CCCXXVIII,
in N. lat. 34° 28' 45", W. Ion. 75° 22' 50", at a depth of 1,632 fathoms. (Two and two-
sevenths natural size.)
200A. Plectromus crassiceps, (Kiintber), Goode and Bean 180

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn. PI, VIII, Fig. B.

PLATE LIV.

201. Plectromus suborbitalis, Gill 179

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33271, I'. S. N. M., collected bj the steamer Albatross,
at statiou 2036, in N. lat. 38- 52 10", W. Ion. 69- 24 40 , at a depth of 1,735 fathoms. (One
and three-tifths natural size.)

202. Plectromus Beanii, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 179

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 33378, U. S. N. JL, collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2075. in N. lat. 41° 40' 30", W. Ion. 65° 35', at a depth of 855 fathoms.

203. Anoplogaster cornutus, (Cuvier and Valenciennes), Giinther 184

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33559, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2101, in N. lat. 39J 18' 30", W. Ion. 68° 24', at a depth of 1,686 fathoms.

PLATE LV.

ZU4,204A. Caulolepis longidens. Gill 185

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 33270, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2034, in N. lat. 39° 27' 10", W. Ion. 69° 56' 20", at a depth of 1,346 fathoms.

205. Stephanoberyx Monae, Gill 186

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33115 IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2077, in X. lat. 40J 09' 40", W. Ion. 66- 02' 20", at a depth of 1,255 fathoms. (About
three times natural size.)

PLATE LVI.

206. Stephanoberyx Gillii, Goode and Bean 187

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 33555, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Ubatross at
station 2099, in N. lat. 37 12 20", W. ion. 69 39 00 , at a depth of 2.9- I fathoms

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. l.'>'

Tea i

207. Trachichthys Darwinnii. Johnson L88

Drawing from Steindachner and Dcederlein, Denkschrift d. k. Akademie d. Wissenschaften

Vol. XI.V1I, PI. II.

208. Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cuvier and Valenciennes 1*0

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 43624, ('. S. \. M.. collected by the steamer A Ibatross at
station 2659, in X. lat. 28 32 . W. Lon. 7s 12 . at a depth of 509 tail is.

PLATE LVII.

209. Thyrsitops violaceus, Bean 195

Drawing l»y S. P. Denton, from type No. 39287, ('. S. X. M., collected by Capt. Thomas
Thompson, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, on Lc Have Bank, at a depth of 125 fathoms.
i ( Ine-seventh natural size. 1

210. Ruvettus pretiosus, Cocco Hn;

Drawing by .1. C. Van Hook, from a specimen collected by Capt. Thompson of the schooner
.1/. .1. ISusloii 011 Ccorges Hank.

211. Epiimula magistralis, Poey 198

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37238, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross in the
Carribbean Sea. (About one-third natural size.)

212. Dicrotas parvipimiis, Goodeand Bean 201

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross at station
2G01, off Cape Hatteras, in X. lat. 34° 39' 15", W. Ion. 75° 33' 30", at a depth of 107 fathoms.

PLATE LVIII.

213. Lepidopus caudatus, (Euphrasen), White 203

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from Xo. 10115, U. S. N. M., collected by John Xantus, off Cape

St. Lucas.

21 1. Evoxymetopon taeniatus, Poey 204

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from Xo. 5735, U. S. N. M., collected by Prof. Fe"lipe Poey at Havana.

Cuba. (About two-ninths natural size.)

215. Benthodesmus atlanticus, Goode aud Bean 205

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 20116. U. S. X. M.. taken from the stomach of a halibut.
by Capt. R. Morrison, of the schooner /.««/•« Nelson, on the west edge of the Grand Bank of
Newfoundland, in 80 fathoms. (About one-third natural size.)

PLATE LIX.

216. Aphanopus oarbo, Lowe 207

Outline from (iiinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. vn, Fig. A.

217. Trichiurus lepturus, Linnaeus 208

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 18028, U. S. X. M., collectedby Dr. Janeway, 1'. s. Na vy, at St.
Augustine, Fla.

21n. Pteraclis carolinus, Cuvier and Valenciennes 212

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37861, D. S. X. M., collected bj the steamer Albatross at station
2660, in X. lat. 28- 40 00", \V. lon. 78° 46' 00", at a depth of 504 fathoms. (Enlarged one-half. )

PLATE LX.

219. C01 yphaena hippurus, Linnfeus (old male) 209

Drawing byll. L.Todd, from No. 16482, 1". S. X. M., obtained in Fulton Market. New York City,
by E. G. Blackford.

220. Coryphaena hippurus, Linnaeus (young) 209

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 16484, 1'. S. X. M.. obtained in the Fulton Market, New York
City, by E.G. Blackford.

220.A, B. Coryphaena hippurus, Linnaus 209

Sketches from Liitken, .Spolia Atlantica, I, p. 486.

PLATE LXI.

221. Crammicolepis brachiusculus, Poey 218

Copied from a drawing by Shufeldt, Journal of Morphology, Vol. II. (One-third natural

size.)

14:* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

222. Ceiitrolophus pompilus, (Gmeliu), Cuvier and Valenciennes 214

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen obtained at Dennis, Mass., by Yiual N. Edwards.
(About two-thirds natural size.)

223. Schedophilus medusophagus, Cocco 214

Drawing from Giinther, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XI. PI. LXVll.

PLATE LXII.

224. Icosteus enigmaticus, Lockington 215

Drawing by Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xliv. (Slightly reduced.)

225. Acrotus Willoughbyi, Bean 217

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39340, U. S.N.M., collected off the coast of Washington,
by Charles Willoughby. (About one-ninth natural size.)

226. Icickthys Lockingtonii, Jordan and Gilbert 216

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 27397. U. S. N. M., collected off the coast of Washington.

(Slightly reduced. )

PLATE LXIII.

227. Nomeus Gronovii, (Gmelin), Giinther 220

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2647, in
N. lat. 25° 48' 00", W. Ion. 80 ; 04 00", at a depth of 85 fathoms. (Enlarged one-third.)

228. Psenes pellucidus, Liitken -- 1

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35415, U.S.N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2171, in N. lat. 37° 59' 30", W. Ion. 73° 48' 40", at a depth of 444 fathoms.

229. Psenes maculatus, Liitken 221

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39329, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta
tion 2628, in N. lat. 32° 24', W. Ion. 76° 55' 30", at a depth of 528 fathoms. (Nearly twice
natural size.)

PLATE LXIV.

230. Luvarus imperialis, Rafinesque 222

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. PI. xliii.

231. Glossamia pandionis, Goode and Bean 231

Drawn by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26628, U. S.N.M.. collected by the steamer Fish Hawh at
station 897, in N. lat. 37° 25 . W. Ion. 74° 18', at a depth of 1574. fathoms. I Enlarged about
one-fourth.)

232. Verilus sordidus, Poey 240

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 12565, U. S. N. M., collected by Prof. Felipe Poey, off
Cuba. (Slightly less than one-half natural size.)

PLATE LXV.

233. 233A, B. Cyttus hololepis, Goode and Bean 225

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39296, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2358, in N. lat. 20° 19', W. Ion. 87° 03' 30", at a depth of 220 fathoms. (.Enlarged
nearly one-half.)

234. Diretmus argenteus, Johnson 21i

Drawing from Johnson, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. PI. xxxvi.

235. Antigonia capros, Lowe 229

Drawings from Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica. PI. xr.n.

PLATE LXVI.

236. Epigonus occidentalis, Goode and Bean 233

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake at station
liv, off Barbadoes, in 237 fathoms. (Natural size.)

237. Hypoclydonia bella, Goode and Bean 236

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39338, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2426, in N. lat. 36° 01' 30", W. Ion. 74° 47' 30", at, a depth of 93 fathoms. (About one
and two-thirds natural size.)

238. Polyprion americanum, (Schneider), Jordan 238

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the U. S. Fish Commission, on the Grand
Bank.

LIST OF PLATES A.XD FIGURES. 15*

Text

239.210. Pseudopriacanthus altus, Gill 21:'

Drawings bj II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross ..i station 2606,
in X. lat. 34 35 15 . W. Ion, 75 52 00", at a depth of 25 fathoms. (No. 239, eight times
natural size: No. 240, four times.)

PLATE LXVII.

L' II . Folymixia uobilia, Lowe 243

Drawing from Giinther,-Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i, Fig. B.

242. Scorpasna cristulata, Goode and Bean 246

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 39326, U. S. N. M., collected bj the steamer Albatross at
station 2415, in N. lat. 30 14 , \V, Ion. 79 26, al a depth of 140 fathoms.

243. Scorpaena Agaseizii, Goode and Beau 247

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer IJlukt al station
ccux, in X. [at. 23 13 , W. Ion, 71 52 . at a depth of so fathoms.

PLATE I. Win.

244. Helicolenus maderensis, (ioode and Bean 2E0

1 ira wing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 20627, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at sta-
tion 897, in X. lat. 37c 25', \V. Ion. 71 ' 18', at a depth of 1574 fathoms, i Slightly reduced, i

-tr>. Pontinus Rathbiuii. Goode and Bean 255

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from No. 39526, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
Btation 2298, in X. lat. 35° 39', W. Ion. 71 52 . at a depth of 80 fathoms.

246. Pontinus longispinis, Goode and Bean 258

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from t \ pe Xo. 39322, I'. S. X. M., collected by the steamer A Iba tross
at Nation 2402, in X. lat. 28° 36', W. luu. 85° 33' 30 . at a depth of ill fathoms.

PLATE LX1X.

247. Pontinus macrolepis, Goode and Bean 257

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station civ, off
Barbadoes, at a depth of 500 fathoms.

248. Sebastes marinus, (Linnaeus), White 260

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10442, U. S. N. M., collected at Eastport, Me.

PLATE LXX.

249. Setarches parmatus, Goode 264

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type Xo. 26084, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Fhh Hawk
at station 876, off Martha's Vineyard, in X. lat. 39° 57' 00", W. Ion. 70° 56' 00", at a depth of
120 fathoms. (Twice natural size.)

250. Eumicrotremus spinosus, (Miiller), Gill 272

I (rawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected off Half Way Rock, Salem, Mass., at a depth
of 35 fathoms. (About three times natural size.)

25 1 . 251A, B. Careproctus ranula, (ioode and Bean 275

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from XTo. 22310, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell at sta-
tion 117, off the mouth of Halifax Harbor. (Little less than twice natural size.)

252. Monomitra lipariua, Goode 278

Drawn by H. L. Todd, from type Xo. 26184, I'. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 891, in N. lat. 39^ 46', W, Ion. 71° HI', at a depth of 480 fathoms.

PLATE LXX I.

253. Paraliparis Copei, Goode and Beau 279

drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 351137, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2232, in X. lat. 39° 12' 17", W. Ion. 72° 09' 30", at a depth of 520 fathoms. (Slightly re-
duced.)

25 1 . G-ymnolycodes Edwardsi, Vaillant 281

Drawing from Vaillant. Expeditions Scientifiques dn Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xxvi.
255. Artediellus uncinatus, (Reinhardt), .Jordan 267

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Alhatnm at station 2177,
m X. lat. 4 1 29 30 , W. lou. 57° 11' 15 , at a depth of 114 fathoms, (About two-ami a half
times natural size.)

16* DEEr-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Test page.
25(3. TriglopsPingelii, Reinhardt L'ti'.i

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Speedwell at station 117, 8
miles oft' (Jhebucto, at a depth of 52 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXI1.

257. Cottunculus microps, Collett 269

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26087, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 880, in N. lat. 38° 48' 30", W. Ion. 70 54', at a depth of 252f fathoms. (Natural size.)

258. Cottunculus Thomsouii, (Jiintuer 270

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37386, V. S. X. JI.. collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2584, in N. lat. 39° 05' 30", W. Ion. 72° 23' 20", at a depth of 541 fathoms. (.Seven-twelfths
natural size.)

259. Podothecus decagonus, (Schneider), Jordan 282

Drawing from Collett, Norsk. Nordhavs Expedition, PI. II, Fig. 11.

260. Aspidophoroides monopterygius, (Bloch), Goode and Bean 283

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21761, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell at
Sandwich Point, Halifax, in 18 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXIII.

261A. B. Cottunculus microps, Collett L'ti'.i

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26087, 1". S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 880, in N. lat. 38° 48' 30", W. Ion. 70° 54', at a depth of 252 J fathoms. (Natural size.)

262A, B. Cottunculus Thornsonii, Giinther 270

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from Xo. 37386, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2584, in N. lat. 39° 05' 30", \V. Ion. 72 23 20 . at a depth of 541 fathoms. (Natural
size.)

PLATE LXX1V.

263. 263A, B. Hypsicometes gobioides, Goode 290

Draw ings by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer A lint Iras* at station 2377,
in X. lat. 29- (17 30 , W. Ion. 88 08 , at a depth of 21(1 fathoms.

264. 264A. Chiasmodon niger, Johnson 292

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 25633, U. S. N. M., collected at the surface by Capt. Thouirs
F. Hodgdon of the schooner Bessie W. Somes, on Le Have Hank.

PLATE LX.W.

265. Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, Goode and Bean 284

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 22899, U. S. N. M., collected bj ('apt. Kirby, 80 miles south
by east of No Man's Laud.

PLATE LXXV1.

266. Pseudoscopelus scriptus, Liitken 292

Drawing from Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, PI. I, Fig. 3. (About three times natural size.)

267. Porichthys porosissimus, (Cuvier and Valenciennes), Giinther 21)1

Outline by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected ley the steamer Albatross at station 2121,
in N. lat. 10° 37' 40", W. Ion. 61 42 40 ' at a depth of 31 fathoms.

268. 268A, B. Calliouymus himautophorus, Goode and Bean 296

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station xxx, oft'
Barbados, in 209 lathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE LXXVI1.

269. Anarrhichas lupus, Linuseus 299

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21 sit;, U.S.N. M., collected by Capt. John Gourville, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, on Georges Bank.

270. Anarrhichas minor, Olafsen 301

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 21618, U. S. N. M.. collected by Capt. R. 11. llurlbert. in N.
lat. 42° 27', W. Ion. 64- 2U'.

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 17*

l'exl page.

271. Anarrhichas latifrons, Stoenstrup :nnl BallgrimsBon 301

Drawing by II. L.Todd, from No. 21373, U. S.N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins, of

tlir schooner Marion, in N. lat. lo'oti', \V. Ion. 59° 04'. (About one-fonrth naturalsize.)

PLATE LXXVIII.

272. I ,-odes Esmarkii, Collett 303

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21991, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Z. Eawkina and crow,
of the schooner Gwendolen, OS Le Have Bunk, in 100 fathoms. (About two-sevenths natural
size.)

273. Lycodes reticulatus, Reinhardt 305

Drawing by H. L.Todd, collected by ( !apt. E. Marknson and crew, of the Gloucester fishing
fleet, southwest of Bauquereux, in 300 fathoms.

274. Lycodes frigidus, Collett 305

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32995, U.S.N.M., collected by the Bteamei . I Ibatross at sta-
tion 2018, in N. hit. 37° 12' 22", W, Ion. 74° 20' 04", at a depth of 788 fathoms. (About two-
fifths natural size.)

275. Lycodes mucosus, Richardson 306

Drawing by H, L. Todd, from No. 16930, U. S. N. M., collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W. A.
Mintzer. (About two-fifths natural size.)

PLATE LXXIX.

276. Lycodes zoarchus, GoodeandBean 308

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 39298, U. S. N. M., collected by steamer Albatross, off
Nova Scotia in N. lat. 44° 46' 30", W. Ion. 59° 55' 45", at a depth of 130 fathoms.
276A. Lycodes zoarchus, Goode and Bean 308

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39299, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2486, in N. lat. 44° 26', W. Ion. 57° 11' 15", at a depth of 190 fathoms.

277. 277A. Lycenchelys Verrillii, Goode and Bean 309

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 21015, U. S. N. M., collected by the U. S. Fisb Commission, 27
miles southwest of Chebucto.

PLATE LXXX.

278. Lycodes perspicillum, Kroyer 307

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39336, U. S. N. M., collected by steamer Albatross at station
2150, in N. lat. 47- 29', W. Ion. 52° 18', at a depth of 86 fathoms. (Twice naturalsize.)

278A. Lycodes perspicillum, Kroyer 307

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39337, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at sta-
tion 2491, in N. lat. 45° 25' 30", W. Ion. 58° 35' 15", at a depth of 59 fathoms. (Nearly four
times natural size.)

279. Lycenchelys paxillus, Goode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22177, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph Collins, of the
Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 42J 48', W. Ion. 63° 07'. (About one-half natural size.)
279A. Lycenchelys paxillus, Goode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station CCCIX, in
N. lat. 40° 11' 40", W. Ion. 68° 22', at depth of 304 fathoms.

280. Lycodonus mirabilis, Goode and Bean 312

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39207, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2742, in N. lat. 37° 46' 30", W. Ion. 73^ 56' 30", at a depth of 865 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXI.

281 A, B. Lycodes reticulatus, Reinhardt 305

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by Capt. R. Markuson, southwest of Ban-
quereux, in 300 fathoms. (One-half natural size.)
282. Lycenchelys paxillus, Goode and Bean 311

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22177, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins of
the Gloucester fishing fleet, in N. lat. 42° 4«', W. Ion. 63° 07'. (Natural size.)

18* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

283A, H. Lycodes mucosus, Richardson 306

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 16930, U. S. N. M., collected by W. A. Mintzer, in Cumber-
land Gulf. (Three-fourths natural size.)

2830. Lycodes zoarchua, Goode and Bean 308

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39298, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
off Nova Scotia, in N. lat. 44° 46' 30', \V. Ion. 59° 55' 45", at a depth of 130 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXII.

284. Melanostigma gelatinosum, Giinther 314

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28853, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 952, in N. lat. 39° 55', W. Ion. 70° 28', at a depth of 396 fathoms. (Enlarged one-
half.)

285. Dicromita Agassizii, Goode and Bean 319

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Make at station xcm, off
Granada, in 291 fathoms.

285A, B. Dicromita Agassizii, Goode and Bean 319

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26023, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fixh Hunk
at station 869, in N. lat. 40° 02' 18", W. Ion. 70° 23' 06", at a depth of 192 fathoms.

286. Bassozetus catena. Goode and Beau .' 323

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 37341, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at station 2379, in N. lat. 28° 00' 15", W. Ion. 87- 42', at a depth of 1,467 fathoms. (About
seven-ninths natural size.)

287. Bassozetus normalis, Gill 322

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 49116, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2380, in N. lat. 28° 02' 30", W. Ion. 87° 43' 45", at a depth of 1,430 fathoms. (About
seven-tenths natural size.)

288. Benthocometes robustus. ( loode and Bean 327

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29057, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at
station 1043, in N. lat. 38° 39', \V. Ion. 73° 11', at a depth of 130 fathoms. (One and three-
fifths natural si/.-. |

PLATE LXXXIII.

289. Neobythites Gillii, Goode and Bean 325

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 37340, 17. S. N. M., collected by the steamer
Albatross at station 2402, in N. lat. 28° 36', W. Ion. 85° 33', at a depth of 111 fathoms.
(About twice natural size.)

290. Neobythites marginatum Goode and Bean 326

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station
lxxix, oif Barbadoes, in 209 fathoms. (One and three fifths natural size.)

291. Bassogigas Gillii, Goode and Bean 328

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 39417, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at
station 2684, off Cape Henlopen, Delaware, in N. lat. 39° 35', W. Ion. 70° 54', at a depth of 1,106
fathoms. (Slightly more than one-third natural size.)

292. Porogadus miles, Goode and Bean 334

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 35625, U. S. N M., collected by the steamer
Albatross at station 2230, in N. lat. 38° 27', W. Ion. 73° 02', at a depth of 1,168 fathoms.
(Enlarged about one-half.)

PLATE LXXX1V.

293. Penopus Macdonaldi, Goode and Bean 336

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 39433, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
at Station 2716, in N. lat. 38° 29' 30", W. Ion. 70° 57', at a depth of 1,631 fathoms.

294. Barathrodemus manatinus, Goode and Bean 332

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake at station
cccxxv, in N. lat. 33° 35' 20", W. Ion. 76°, at a depth of 647 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. L9*

Text

295. Nematonus pectoralis, (Goode and Bean), Giinther ;w,

Drawing l>\- S. F. Denton, from type No. 37342, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross
:,t Btation 2380, in N. lat. 28° 02' 30", W. Ion. 87 (3 15", at a depth of 1,430 fathoms.
i Slightly reduced.)

296A. Mixonus laticeps, Giinther 339

Drawing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxii, PI. xxv, Fig. B. (Fivo and a half
times natural size.)

296B. Tauredophidium Hextii. Alcock 336

Outline from Alcock, Ann. A Mag. Nat. Hist., S. ti. Vol. VI, PI. V1IJ, Fig. 1. (Nearly twice
natural size.)

PLATE LXXXV.

297. 297A, B. Dicrolene intronigra, Goode and Bean 338

Drawings by II. L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake in the Gulf Stream.
(No. 297, three-fourths natural size; Nos. 297A, B, natural si/.-. |

298. Barathronus bicolor, Goode and Bean 341

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Make, at station
LXXI, oft' Guadeloupe, in 769 fathoms.

299. Aphyonia mollis, Goode and Bean 342

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake at station
ccxxi, in N. lat. 24° 36', "W. Ion. 84° 05', at a depth of 955 fathoms.

PLATE LXXXVI.
30(1. Alexeterion parfaiti, Vaillant 343

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xxv (en-
larged). (Four times natural size.)

301 . Hephthocara simum, Alcock 344

Outline from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1892, PI. xvm, Fig. 1. (Nat-
ural size.)

302. Lamprogrammus niger, Alcock 344

Drawing from Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1891, VIII, Fig. 2. (One-hall
natural size.)

303. Rhodichthys regina, Collett 342

Outline from Collett, Norsk. Nordhavs Exped. Fiske, PI. v.

PLATE LXXXVII.

304. Ftilichthys Goodei, Bean 302

Drawing by If. L. Todd, from No. 26619, U. S. N. M., collected by Dall and Bean at the entrance
to Port Levasheff, Unalaska, in 10 fathoms. (About twice natural size.)

305. Otophidium omostigma, Jordan 345

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 29670, U. S. N. M., taken from the stomach of a red snapper
at Pensacola, Fla. (Nearly twice natural size.)

306. Leptophidi um cervinum, Goode and Bean 346

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 28764, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fi.ih
Haxi-k at station 911, in N. lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', at a depth of 76 fathoms. (About
four-fifths natural size.)

307. Leptophidium profundorum, Gill 347

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross at station 2042,
in N. lat. 39° 33', W. Ion. 68° 26' 45", at a depth of 1,555 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged. )

308. Leptophidium marmoratum, Goode and Bean 348

Drawing by M. M. Hildebrant, from type No. 37237, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Alba-
tross, at station 2350, in N. lat. 23° 10' 39", W, Ion. 82° 20' 21", at a depth of 213 fathoms.
(Slightly reduced.)

PLATE LXXXVIII.

309. Phycis regius, ( Walbaum), .Ionian and Gilbert 357

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 20923, U. S. N. M., obtained in New Vork City, by E. G.
Blackford. (Two-thirds natural size.)

20* DEEP-SEA FISHES OP THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

310. Phycis cirratus, Goode and Bean 358

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39059, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2376, in N. lat. 29° 03' 15", \V. Ion. 88° 16', at a depth of 324 fathoms.

311. Phycis chuss, (Walbaum), Gill 359

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28707, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 918, in N. lat. 40° 20' 24", W. Ion. 70° 41' 30", at a depth of 245 fathom „•

PLATE LXXXIX.

312. Phycis tenuis, (Mitchill), De Kay 359

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21029, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell, at
stations 73 and 74, in Halifax Harbor.

313. Phycis Chesteri, Goode and Bean 360

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21840, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Speedwell, at
station 174, off Cape Ann, in 140 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.)

314. Aprion maciophthalmus, (Miiller), Jordan and Swain 239

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station cclxi, in
N. lat. 23° 13', W. Ion. 89° 10', at a depth of 84 fathoms.

PLATE XC.

315. Laemonema barbatula, Goode and Bean 362

Drawing by \V. S. Haines, from No. 38331, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2397, in N. lat. 28J 42', W. Ion. 86° 36', at a depth of 280 fathoms.

315A. Laemonema barbatula, Goode and Bean 362

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29046, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Haul; at
station 1045, in N. lat. 38° 35', W. Ion. 73° 13', at a depth of 312 fathoms.

316. Laemonema melanurum, Goode and Bean 363

Drawing by W. S. Haines, from type No. 38270, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer A Ibatross
at station 2415, in N. lat. 30° 44', W. Ion. 79° 26', at a depth of 440 fathoms.

317. Molva vulgaris, Fleming 364

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, PI. lxxxyi.

PLATE XCI.

318. Physiculus Kaupi, Poey 366

Outline from Gunther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xvn.

319. Physiculus fulvus, Bean 366

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 28766, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 941, in N. lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', at a depth of 59 fathoms.

320. TJraleptus Maraldi (Risso), Costa 367

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station lxxxi, off
Neris. (Nearly twice natural size.)

PLATE XCU.

321. Lotella maxillaris, Bean 368

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 29832, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hatch, at
station 952, in N. lat. 39° 55', W. Ion. 70° 28', at a depth of 396 fathoms. (Nearly three times
natural size.)

322. Mora mediterranea, Risso 369

Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italics, Vol. m, PI. 107.

323. Lepidiou Rissoi, S wainson 370

Outline from Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, Vol. xvm. PI. in.

PLATE XCIII.

324. Antimora viola (Goode and Bean), Jordan 372

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 21837, U. S. N. M., collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins,
of the schooner Marion, on the edge of Le Have Bank. (Three-eighths natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. 21*

Text pa^'e.
325. Halargyreus brevipes, Vaillant 375

Drawing from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiqnes dn Travailleur et dn Talisman, PI. xxv.
(About one-thild natural size.)

320. Strinsia tinea, Bafinesque 380

outline from Bonaparte, Fauna lialica, Vol. in, PI. 107.

PLATE XCIV.

327. Onosensis, (Reinhardt), Gill 381

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39321, I'. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2550, in N. lat. 39J41'30", W. Ion. 70° 3C 45", at a depth of 1,081 fathoms.

32S. Rhinonemus cimbrius, (Linnaus), Goode and I '.can 384

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2,721 U. S. N. M., collected in Chaleur Bay, by Edward
Brown. (About three times natural size.)

329. Brosmius brosme, (Miiller), Gunther 385

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 29907, U. S. N. M., obtained in a Boston market, by W. A.
Wilcox.

PLATE XCV.

330. Merlucius bilinearis, (Mite hill), Gill 386

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21016, U. S. N. M., obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission in
a Halifax market.

331. Bregmaceros atlanticus, Goode and Beau 388

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station cxin, off
Neris, in 305 fathoms. (Three and a half times natural size.)

332. 333. Ccelorhynchus occa, Goode and Bean 400

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 37334 U. S. N. 51., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2396, in N. lat. 28° 34', W. Ion. 86° 48', at a depth of 335 fathoms. (One-half natural
size.)

PLATE XCVI.

334. Macrurua berglax, Lacepede 391

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 15608, U. S. N. M. (Gloucester donation 490), collected on the
eastern part of Banquereux, at a depth of 200 fathoms, by Capt. David Campbell and crew of
the schooner Admiral. (One-fourth natural size.)

335. Macrurua Bairdii, Goode and Bean 393

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21014, U. S. N. M., taken 40 miles east of Thatcher's Island, at
a depth of 160 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.)

336. Caelorhynchus carminatus, Goode 398

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26187, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer FUh Hawk, at sta-
tion 893, oft' Marthas Vineyard, in 372 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths natural size.)

337. Ccelorhynchus occa, Goode and Bean 400

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 37334, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer A Ibatross, at
station 2396, inN.lat.28° 34', W. Ion. 86° 48', at a depth of 335 fathoms. (Seven-twelfths
natural size.)

PLATE XCVII.

338. Ccelorhynchus caribbaeus, Goode and Bean 401

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37333, U. S. N. M, collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2377, in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, in N. lat. 29° 07' 30", W.lon. 88° 08',
at a depth of 210 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.)

339. Coryphsenoides carapinus, Goode and Bean 404

Drawing by II. L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station ccxlii, in
N. lat. 39° 43', W. Ion. 70° 55' 25", at a depth of 1,002 fathoms.

340. Hymenocephalus Goodei, (Gunther), Bean 407

Drawing by II. L.Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station 56, in X.lat.
23° 09', W. Ion. 82° 21' 30", at a deptb of 175 fathoms. (Four-fifths natural si/.-. |

341. Hymenocephalus cavemosus, Goode and Bean 408

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from type No. 37337, II. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2398, in N. lat. 28a 45', W. Ion. 86° 26', at a depth of 227 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged. )

22* PEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE XCVIII.

Text page.

342. Lionurus filicauda, Giinther 409

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xxxiv.

343. Trachonurus sulcatus, Goode and Bean 410

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from type No. 37335, U. S.N. M., collected by the steamer A Ibatross,
at station 2394, in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. £7° 02', at a depth of 420 fathoms. (Slightly
enlarged.)

344. Cetonurus globiceps, Vaillant 411

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientitiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, PI. xx, Fig. 1.

345. Chalinuras imula, Goode and Bean 412

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 39152 U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2095, in N. lat. 39° 29', W. Ion. 70° 58' 40", at a depth of 1,342 fathoms.

PLATE XCIX.
345A. Chalinura mediterranea, Giglioli 525

Outline by Prof. H. H. Giglioli, from a specimen in the Central Collection of Italian Verte-
brata, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. (Slightly reduced.)

340. Nematonurus gigas, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean 416

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. i.x.

347. Moseleya longifilia, (Giinther), Goode and Bean . 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xxxv.

PLATE C.

348. Abyssicola macrochira, (Giinther), Goode and Bean 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII, PI. xxix, Fig. I!.

349. Trachyrhynchus scabrus, (Rafinesque), Goode and Bean 417

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. xi.i, Fig. C.

349A. Macrurus longifilis, Giinther 117

Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, A'ol. xxn, PI. xxxv.

PLATE CI.

350. Macrurus Novae-zelandiae, (Hector), Giinther 418

Outline from Hector. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. m, PI. xviu.

351. Steindachneria argentea, Goode and Bean 119

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 37350, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2378, in N. lat. 39° 14' 30", W. b>u. 88° 09' 30", at a depth of 68 fathoms. (About
four-fifths natural size.)

352. Bathygadus favosus, Goode and Bean 120

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station

lxxx, off Martinique, in 472 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

333, 354. Ccelorhynchus carminatus. Coode 398

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26187, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at

station 893, off Marthas Vineyard, in 372 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE CII.

355A, B. Limanda Beanii, Goode 128

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26102, U. S. N. M., collected by the the steamer Fish Hank,
at stations 875, 876, oft" Marthas Vineyard, in 120 to 126 fathoms. (About four-fifths natu-
ral size.)

3550, 1). Limanda Beanii, Goode 428

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2401,
in N. lat. 28° 38' 30", W. Ion. 85° 52' 30", at a depth of 142 fathoms. (Enlarged about one-
half.)

356A. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, (Linnaeus), Hill 430

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from No. 39487, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2552, in N. lat. 39° 47' 07", W. Ion. 70° 35', at a depth of 721 fathoms. (Natural size.)

356B. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, (Limneus), Gill 430

Drawing by S. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2543,
in N. lat. 39° 58' 15", W. Ion. 70° 42' 30", at a depth of 166 fathoms. (Natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. '1'6*

PLATE CHI.

Text page.

357 A, I'.. Monolene sessilicauda. Goode -152

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26120, I . S. V M., collected by the steamer Fish Hunk, off
Newport, I.'. I. (Aboul live-sevenths natural size. ;

358. Monolene atrimana, Goode and Bean 455

Drawing by 11. L.Todd, from the type specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station
xvi, ml' Barbados, in 288 fathoms. (About four-fifths natural size.)

359. Monolene atrimana, G le and Bean 155

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from No. 26005, I'. S. X. M.. collected bj tin- steamer /■'('*/( Hunk, at
stations 871 and *7-. off Marthas Vineyard, in 86 to 115 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE CIV.

360. Etropus rimosus, Goode and Bean 450

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from type No. 37332, V. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatrost,
at Btation 2408, in N. lat. 28 ° 28', YV. Ion. 84° 25', at a depth of 21 fathoms. (Enlarged about
one-half.)

361. Etropus rimosus, Goode ami Bean 450

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer J Ilia hum at station 2543,
upon the surface, in N. lat. 39° 58' 15", W. lou. 70J 12 30", at a depth of 166 fathoms. (Three
times natural size.)

362. Notosema dilecta, Goode anil Beau 437

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at the surface, at
Station 2601, iu N. lat. 34° 39' 15", \V. lou. 75 33 30 ', at a depth of 107 fathoms.' (Twice
natural size.)

PLATE CV.

363. Hippoglossus vulgaris, Fleming 434

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10139, IT. S. N. M., collected by the U. F. Fish Commission,
at F.astport, Me.

364. Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides, (Walbaum), Goode and Beau 435

Drawing by H. I.. Todd, from a specimen obtained in Fulton Market, New York City.

PLATE CVI.

365 A, li. Notosema dilecta, (ioodeaud Bean 437

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station CCCXIII,
off Charleston, S. C, in N. lat. 32° 31' 50", W. lou. 78° -15', at a depth of 75 fathoms.
(Slightly reduced.)

366A, B. Citharichthys arctifrons, Goode 442

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, off Newport,
R. I., in 115 to 155 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE CVII.

367. Hippoglossoides platessoides, (Fabricius), Gill 438

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from No. 21002, U. S. N. M., collected by the U. S. Fish Commission,
on Le Have Bank.

368. Cyclopsetta fimbriata, Goode and Bean 451

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from type No. 37330, F. S. X. M., collected by tne steamer Albatross,
at Station 2403, in X. lat. 28° 42' 30", \V. Ion. 85 29', at a depth of 88 fathoms. (Seven-
tenths natural size. I

PLATE CVIII.

369A B. Citharichthys unicornis, Goode 144

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26003, IT. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fiat Hunk,
at stations 870, 871, off .Marthas Vineyard, in 115 to L55 fat boms. (Enlarged about one -half.)

370. Citharichthys spilopterus, Giinther 117

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by tin' Steamer Blake, at station ( CXI. IV, in
N. lat. 23° 13', W. Ion. 89 111', at a depth of 81 fathoms. (Slightly reduced.)

371. Scianectes macrophthalmus, A 1 cock 140

Copied from Alcock, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol, LV1U, Pt. 2, PI. xvi, Fig. 1.

24* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

PLATE CIX.

Text page.

372. Trichopsetta ventralis, (Goode and Bean), Gill 440

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37372, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
station 2378, in N. lat. 29° 13' 30", W. Ion. 88° 09, 30", at depth of 68 fathoms. (Slightly en-
larged. )

373. Citharichthys pastulus, (Goode and Bean), Jordan and Gilbert 448

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 30180, U. S. N. M., collected by Silas Stearns, at Pcn-
eacola, Fla. (About one-half natural size.)

PLATE CX.

374. Aphoristia fasciata, Goode and Beau 458

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37348, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at
Jamaica, West Indies.

?75. Aphoristia nebulosa, Goode and Beau 458

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
cccxqi, in N. lat. 32° 07', W. Ion. 78 J 37' 30 ", at a depth of 229 fathoms.

876. Aphoristia marginata, Goode and Bean 459

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Albatross, at station 2376, in
N. lat. 29° 03' 15", W. Ion. 88° 16', at a depth of 324 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.)

377. Aphoristia pigra, Goode and Beau 460

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
xxiii, off St. Kitt's, West Indies, in 250 fathoms.

378. Aphoristia diomediana, Goode and Bean 460

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at station
2414, in N. lat. 25° 04' 30", W. Ion. 82° 59' 15", at a depth of 26 fathoms. (About two-thirds
natural size.)

379. Aphoristia pusilla, Goode and Bean 461

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28778, IT. S. \. M., coUected by the steamer Fish Hank, in N.
lat. 40° 01', W. Ion. 69° 56', off Marthas Vineyard, in 179 fathoms. ("About seven-tenths nat-
ural size.)

PLATE CXI.

380. Prionotus militaris. Goode and Bean 464

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at station
2362, off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, in N. lat. 22J 08' 30 ", W. Ion. 86J 53' 30", at a depth of 25
fathoms.

381. Prionotus egretta, Goode and Bean 465

Drawing by M. M. Smith, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station i.xiv, off
Barbadoes, in 100 to 200 fathoms.

382. Prionotus alatus, Goode and Bean 467

Drawiug by H. L. Todd, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, off Charleston, S. C,
in N. lat. 32° 31' 50", W. Ion. 78° 45', at a depth of 75 fathoms.

PLATE CXII.

383, 383B. Prionotus trinitatis, Goode and Bean 468

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 39318, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
at station 2120, off Trinidad, in N. lat. 11° 07', W. Ion. 62° 14' 30", at a depth of 73 fathoms.

384. Prionotus militaris, Goode and Bean 464

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station
2362, off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, in N. lat. 22, ° 08' 30", W. Ion. 86° 53' 30",' at a depth of 25
fathoms.

PLATE CXIU.

385, 385A, B. Peristedion miniatum, Goode 470

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from type No. 26023, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk,
at station 869, in N. lat. 40° 02' 18", W. Ion. 70° 23' 06", at a depth of 192 fathoms. (No.
385 reduced about one-half; Nos. 385A, B natural size.)

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. :>.">*

PLATE CX1V.

if. i i

386. Peristedion longispatha, Coode and Bean 472

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, a1 station
lviii., "it I l.i \ aim. in I'll! fathoms. (About seven-ninths natural si •

387. Peristedion gracile, Goode and I Iran IT.;

I hawing by II. I.. Todd, from the type specimen, collected bj the steamer Albatross, at station
2401, in N. lat. 28 38 30 , W. Ion. 85 52 30 . at a depth of I 12 lath. mis.

388A, H. Peristedion platycephalum, Goode and Bean 171

Drawings by II. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by the steamer Blake, at station
i.\. off Barbados, in 123 fathoms. (Natural size.)

PLATE (XV.

389. Lophotes Cepedianus, Giorna 349

Drawing from Temmincls and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, PI. i \\i. Pig. 2.

390. Lophotes Capellei. Teinminck and Schlegel 351

Outline from Temminck and Schlegel, fauna Japonica, PI. lxxi.

391. Trachyptenis iris, (Gmeliu), Cuvier and Valenciennes 477

outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des l'oissons de la France, PI. 297.

PLATE CXVI.

392. Trachyptenis arcticus, t Briiunich), Xilssou 479

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Inland, Vol. I, PI. i.xm.

393. Stylephorus chordatus. Shaw 182

Outline from Blainville, Journal de Physique, Vol. t.xxwn. PI. i.

394. Stylephorus chordatus. Shaw 182

Outline from Shaw, Transactions ol the Linna-an Society of London. Vol. I. p. 90.

PLATE (XVII.

395. Regalecus glesne. A scan ins 480

Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Inland. PI. 64.

39*5. Macrorhamphosus scolopax, (l.iunaus), Goode ami Bean 483

Drawing by H. I.. Todd, from No. 28755, IT. S. N. M.. collected by the steamer Fish Haul;, at
station 940, in X. lat. 39 51 . \V. Ion. till 51' 30', at a depth of Kin fathoms. (Enlarged one-
fourth.)

397. Aulostoma longipes, Vaillant 484

Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travaillenr et du Talisman, PI. xxvn, Fig.
4. (Fight times natural size. I

398. Chaunax pictus. Low. 487

Drawing by H. I.. Todd, from No. 26021. F. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk, at
station 869, off Martha's Vineyard, in 102 fathoms. (Four times natural size.)

399. Ceiatias Holbolli, Kroyer 4811

Drawing from Gaimard, Voy. Skand., l'oissons, PI. tx.

PLATE (Will.

4(1(1, 100 A, B. Lophius piscatorius. Linnaeus 485

Drawings by S. F. Denton, from No. 39344, F. S. N. M., collected by the (J. s. Fish Commis-
sion, 20 miles south of No Man's Land.

PLATE (XIX.

401. Mancalias Shufeldtii, (fill 490

Drawing by II. I.. Todd, from No. 33552, F. S. X. St., collected by the steamer Albatross, Hi sta-
tion 2O00. in X. lat. 37 12' 20", W. Ion. 69 30, at a depth of 2.940 fathoms. (About two
and a half t imes natural size.)

402. Cryptopsaras Couesii. ( : ill 491

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33558, U. S.N. M., collected bj the steamer Albatross, ai sta-
tion 2101, in X. lat. 3S 13 30 , \V. Ion. 68 24, at a depth ot 1,686 fathoms. (Three am'
three-fourths times natural size.)

26* DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Text page.

403. Halieutaea stellata, Cnvier ami Valenciennes 499

• tutline from Temmiuck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, PI. 82.

404. Faroneirodes glomerosus, Alcoek 493

Drawing from Alcoek, Annals ami Magazine of Natural History, Vol. ii, PI. IX, Fig. 6. (Very
slightly reduced.)

PLATE CXX.

405. Corynolophus Reinhardtii, ( Liitken ) , Gill 494

Drawing from Liitken, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Natnrvid. og Math. Afh., iv, PI.. 334.

406. Melanocetus Johnsonii, Giinther 494

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 38055, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at sta-
tion 2149, in X. lat. 13 01' 30", W. Ion. 81° 25 , at a depth of 992 fathoms.

407. Liocetus Murray], Giinther 495

I ira wing from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxn, PI. XI.

PLATE CXXI.

408. Linophryne lucifer, Collett 496

Drawing from Collett, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1*86, PI. XV.

409. Caulophryne setosus, Goode and Bean 496

I (rawing by S. F. Denton, from type Xo. 39265, U. S. X. M., collected by the steamer Albatross,
in X. lat. 39- 27 , W. Ion. 71 1.". . at a depth of 1,276 fathoms. (Nearly three times natural
si/e. )

410. Halieutasa coccinea, Alcoek 500

Drawing from Alcoek. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6. Vol. VIII, PI. Vin.

411. Malthopsis luteup, Alcoek 529

Drawing from Alcoek, Annals anil .Magazine of Xatural History, Series 6, Vol. VIM, PI. VIII.

PLATE CXXII.

412A. B. Halieutella lappa, Goode and Bean 500

1 Ha wings by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 31862, U. S. X. M.. collected by the Btean er Fish Haul,, at sta-
tion 1151. in X. lat.39 58 30 . W. Ion. 70° 37', at a depth of 12.". fathoms.

413. Dibranchus atlanticuf. Peters 501

Drawings by H. 1.. Todd, from Xo. 26088, 1'. S. X. M., collected bj tin- ates r Fish Hank, at sta-
tion 879. oil' Marthas Vineyard, in 225 fathoms. (Xo. 413A. natural si/e; Xo. 413B. enlarged
one-third. |

4 14 A. B. Halieutichthys aculeatus, (Mitchill), Goode 504

Drawings by H. L. Todd, from Xo. 23552. U.S. X. M., collected at Key West. Fla.. by J.W.Nelie.
i Xatural size.)

PLATE CXXIII.

415. Bathyclupea argentea, Goode and Bean 190

1 trawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, at station XXXVII,
off Xeris, in 365 fathoms. (About one-half natural size.)

416. Schedophilopsis spinosus, Steindachner 216

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen obtained at Astoria, Oregon, by Dr. Aug. C. Kin-
ney. (Four-fifths natural size.)

417. Tetragonurus Cuvieri, Risso 230

■Drawing by M. M. Hildebrant, from Xo. 44436. V. S. X. M., collected at Woods Holl, Mass., by
Vina! X. Edwards. (About two and a half times natural size.)

300DE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE I

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GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE II.

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I. SCYMNI IRIIIN l - I li III x i |i. i. i
li. SCYI.LN mill \ l S 1:1 Ml Eli. i |i. 111. i

5. E i Ml H'l i i:i - i-i -i i i i - ■ |i. 10. I

7. ( INI Rl isi YLLIITM I \l:l:lrll. (p. 11. I

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE III.

^MOTffili PiR

^~ -.■- "if- ■'■ -ii-'-' -'•-•'"

ps

» aiSB. w' '-ii^

^^'^m^^Z^''^^~^&^^: y^ m

M

s. SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHAIJJS. I|>. 7.)
10. Pristh BUS MELASTOMI s. (p. 20.)

9. ECHINORHINUS SPINOSUS. (p. 8.)

II. CENTROPHORUS GRAN1 LOSCS. (p. 12.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY-

PLATE IV.

=5sr>v>i

S^Bte,,

^W

: < ■

**-

V---

;

■

12. S( VTINODON RINGENS. I p. 1 1.1 13. CENTROSCYMNl S COELOLEPIS. (p. 14.) 14,15. SCYLLIORHINXJS RETIFER. (p. II

p. It. I

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE V.

17

16. SCYLLIORHINTJS FROFUNDORCM. (p. 17.)
is. Si'INAX NIGER, (p 10. i

17. PSEUDOTRIAI I- Mil RODON. (p. 18.)

19. Cetorhini s maximds. (p. 21.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE VI.

SO. Pristiurus vtlanticus. (p. 21.) 21. OXYNOTUS CENTRINA. (p. 15.) 22. Chlamydoselachus anguineus. (p. 22.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE VII.

■^, /■)■'"

24. TJaia ACKLEY1 ORNATA. (p. 26.)

GOODE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE VIII.

25. Rata cntCULABIS. (p. 27.)

26. Rai.v ri.nosiA. (p. 27.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE IX.

\

/

."-•"

27. RAIA RADIATA. (]>. 25.)
29. Raia l.evis. (p. 38

38. Raia hyperbohea. (p. 28.)
30. Raia (iHA.Mi.ATA. (p. 29.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE X.

81. Crdlsra monstrosa. (p. 31.) 82-35. Chimera affiihs. (p. 31.) 36. Callorhynchus antarcticos. (p. 32.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XI.

37

"^^^as^itws^*

... -^ -.

:; to Barriotta Raleighana. (p. 33.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XII.

41. AiEPOCEPHALUS ROSTRATUS. (p. %C>.)
43. CONOCARA MACROPTERA. (p. 39.)

4'2. A.LEPOCEPHALUS NIGER, (p. 38.)

It. BATHYTROCTES MACROLEPIS. p. II. i

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XIII.

i

"BfSf?^"

46

X

a£j^'-^s*i****^*W^ ' *-\j^§^<Vn^

^6^
^^^??^^

l-">. \l EPOCEPHALUS AGASSIZII. (p !l
•~ \l I POl I I'll \n- BAIRDII. (p. 88

If, Mil Ill Ml - PRODI CTDS '|'. 37.)

I"- Cms,,, m:\ Mi D"N M HI. 'I'. :'•'•'. I

GOOOE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XIV.

S£^£i&ik*,-f'X'^£8SU2!:r:t<SS>t-Br~*~'*£4S~

%

40

££?*

--,_-,-<

sc-swgia^l^*

"~.y. -. -

» - - » - - -

- % ' i i

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->.v;:vi

^

i'1- Bathytroctes antillarum. (p. 44.)
51. Vleposomus Copei. (p. 17. i

50 Bathytroctes jEQi itoris. i]>. 44.)
52. Pterothrissi - oissi . i p. 51. i

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XV.

56

53. Platytroctes APUS. (|>. 4fi.)

55. AULASTOMATOMOEPHA PBOSFHOROPS. (p. 50.)

54. A.NOMALOPTKRUS PINGDIS. (p. I'M

."it;. Leptoderma macrops. (p. 49.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XVI.

57. XeNODBEMICHTHYS NODULOSDS. (p. 46.)
59. MICROSTOMA ROTUNDATUM. (p. 53.)

58. AXEPOSOMUS SOCIALIS. (d. 48.)

6i). Harpodon mac-kochir. (p. 59.)

GOODE AND BEAN-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XVII.

l-l-J

61. Argentina silus. (p. 52.)

68, l:\ I r l N LAGUS BCRYOPS. (p. 55.)

62. Argentina striata, (p. 52.)
64. Bathylagus Benedicti. (p. 55.)

GOOOE AND BEAN-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XVIII.

■

w

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-

,^U ' Ji ■*'.■!.»-.

S S^a

66

60. fit;. BaTHYSAUKUS FEROX. (p. 58.) 67,68. [PNOPS MUKRAYI. (p. 67.) 69. BATHYLACO NIGRII UTS (p 57

GOOOE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOCY

PLATE XIX.

70. Chlorophthalmus Agassizii. (p. 60.)

72. CHLOROPHTHALM1 s Tin l I LENTUS. (p. 61.)

71. Chlorophthalmus chalybeihs. (p. 60.)
7:;. Benthosauri sqrallator. (p. 62.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XX

74. Bathyptbrois dubids. (p. 64.

7ii. Bathyptbrois lonqipes. (p. 66.)

75. Bathyptbrois qtjadrifilis. (p. 65.

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXI.

"-

&«

. _*»-'-,> :r^r M T

.

77. RONDELETIA BICOLOR. (p. 68.) 78. CETOMIMCS GlLLII. (p. 69.) 79. CETOMIMUS STORERI. (|>.G9.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXII.

-

- - -

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ggg

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►* r" H

- - IC

P a -J

< z a

g = z

S3 § S

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- s s
P p p

8- 8- 8-
O O C

y > >

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XXIII

fc;'*'.\$

8. LaMPANYCTUS CROCODILUS. (p. 79.)

88. LAMPANYCTUS GEMMIFEK. (p. 80.)

87. I.AMI'ANYi TVS Gemellakii. p. 80.

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXIV.

St

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a

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GOODE AND BEAN-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XXV.

84. NOTOSCOPELUS RESPLENDENS. (p. 83.) 95. NOTOSCOPELUS CASTANECS. (p. 84

96. XoTuSC'OPELCS CAODISPINOSUS. (p. S4.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXVI.

%&£&■

\^>'

100

nr. NOTOSCOPELUS QUERCINUS. (p. 83.)

09. Lamfadena specuhgeka. (p. 83.)

its. XuTOSCOPEHS MAKGAHITIPEEtre. (p. 84.)
100. COLLETTIA RaFTNESQUEI. (p. 88.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXVII.

*w

1C3

101. ^Ethoprora metopoclampa. (p. 86.)

103. .KTH'iI'RORA EFFl LOENS. (p. *"■>

102. /Ethopror \ i.i i id \. p. 87.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXVIII.

v

'-•^-.•■aj.-

li xM&m

■ ^^Mi^^^M^^^0^,

104. Rhinoscopeujs Coccoi. (p. 90.)
106. Dasyscopblus asper. (p. 92.)

105. Tarletonbeania tknta. (p. 89.)
ldT. Electrona Kissoi. (p. 91.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXIX.

:X7>

,;^S ■ ' -

110

108, 109. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus. (p. 93.)

110. Nannobrachium Mai Donaldi. (p. 94.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXX.

P

38

O o

p d

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<= •

. p

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1 B

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

\ • '

PLATE XXXI.

X.

115

1 SlW!

115. i n\i UODUS SLOANn. (p. 96.)
117. GrONOSTOMA BREVIDENS. (p. 98.)

116. GONOSTOMA DENUDATUM. (p. 98.)
118. C'YCLOTHOXE BATHYPHII.A. (p. 100.)

GOOOE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXXII.

119

L19. I'yi i.Di imvi: fiiiNnri. (p.101.)
121. Yarkella Blackfordi. (p. lOa.j

120. BONAPARTIA PEDAL10TA. (]>. 102.)
121'. PHOTICHTHY8 AJRGKNTKUS. (\>. 104.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLaTE XXXIII

123. ASTRONESTHES NIGER, (p. 105.) 124. ASTRONESTHES GEMMIFER. (p. 105.) 12">. ASTRONESTHES RlCHARDSONH. (p. 106.

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

I LATE XXXIV

126

.' '-

S

,^>y%* c*.

129

i:;^±±^^&***^ *****&£&& ■ ■

126. I 'mi. iPHOS \xs\ \. (p. in!.)
128. Stomias boa. (p. L08. i

121 St. .mi is II ROX (p 1 ;

129. Stomias affinis. (p

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XXXV.

wjytJiu.'!. ,i .J<;,JI|Jm,iM^!ja!5!

:S^^m^:^i^^^^Mj^^Mi!,

132

'^SSS^55

130. ECHIOSTOM \ BARBATUM. <\< 109.)

132. Opostomias micripnus. i|>. mi.)

131. ECHIOSTOMA MAEGABITA. i|i. 109.)

133. Grammatostomias dentatus. (p. 110.)

GOODE AND BEAT!— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXXVI.

130

'■)»-'^W- -^ywnH" :-"i9:i't>!tW .'^WWV.

ii i ii i i uiiwmuii i)ifwjg.im w^

K!4. Pachystomias MICRODON. (p. 111. I
136. BATHOPHILCS NIGERRDtUS. (p. 111.)

135. EUSTOM] VS OBSC1 l;l S. (p. 111.)
137. PHOTONECTES GRACILIS, (p. 112.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXXVII.

w^W^^^fm^m^f^r- ■

138

O 0©»t>00<»»e"*a''oflfl'*"

r> J?£ £ " S°<?j>'

i^^-'S^.^^'IPP^^^P

138. Mai.acosteus nigkr. (p. 114.)

1 In. PHOTOSTOMl \- i.i ij:m:i. (p. 1 15.)

139. Malacosteus choristodactyl.us. (p. 114.)

111. '1'llAl MATOSTOMIAS ATliOX. (p. 115.)

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXXVIII.

I I'.'. Alepisauri s ferox. (p. 117.)

143a. PaRALEPIS COREGONOIDES. (p. 119.)

I 15. ( (DOKTOSTI 'Ml S IIY.\I.INI

I 13 I'm: LLEPIS BORE \i i\ p. 1 19.)
1 1 1. Sums nv ai.in \. (p. 121.)
(p.121.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XXXIX.

1406

.

re, -v .■ ■•»■'■ '. 'Vi » j j '■"■'■'»'■'.'.■."• f*^- —it— -„

148a

14ti. 146Jj. Sternoptyx diaphana. (p. 124.)

148. POLYIPNUS SPINOSUS. (p. 128.)

Mil. PARALEPIS COREGONOIDES. (p. 119.)

147. Argyropelecus HESOGYMNUS. (p. 12fi.l
148«. Aruyropelects Olfkrsii. (p. 126.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XL.

^^

' i

153

I" KOS1 DIS LOWII. i 1 1. 122.)

1")'-'. II M.cism IM s ( IWI.M. (p. 130.)

151. Idiacantih PEEOX. (p. 129.)

153. II ILOSAl i:i 5 Ji 'M S ONIANl S. (p. 131

(p. 131.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLI.

— ( ■ ....■ . ..v.,..':^__^i.' .

ab - i*.'^}*

. ■ -

154

J

•".

<"-"

^

,5

jT^r^^fS^5^?^

154. Aldrovandia rostrata. (p. 132.) 155, t55a. Aldrovandla hacrochira. (p. 133.)

L56. Aldrovandla phalacrus. (p. 134.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLII.

157

. -

"Q^.vJUSl )

150

157. A.LDROVANDIA GRACILIS. I|>. 134.)
159. CONGERMUR^ENA FLAVA. (p. 138.)

158. Lldrovandia pallida, (p. 135.)
160. i."k' m onger \ ii inus. (p. 138.

GOODE AND BEAN-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLIII

: '■ .

*-i 'n in ^ ■••—'

• :v-

.-.-■ '

,-.. ■■,■•■,-.-.■.. ■:*.■:■.■-■:■. '■ _

S^ft^tfifi^t^irtiaiiiiitfaiiinli^^iacfliiiiiitii

.

sffi.^iiife^ _. ... y,-:'-.-. -,.Tv ■ Vf, r; ..■L.:.:A>y .:.::-;...

161. SlMENCHELYS PARASITICUS, (p. 139.)

163. HOPLUNNIS DIOMED1 \m

162. [M I iPHIS 1:1M\M I

1 1. I 16.)

|, I I!. i

GOODE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLIV

y^

■:-,-~.,.

* '

164. STNAPHOBRANCHOS PINNATUS. (p. II"..) 165. HlSTIOBRANCHUS [NFERNALIS. (p. 145.)

166. PlSOODONOPHIS CKUENTIPER. (p. 117.)

GOODE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLV

~r-jf • ■ '*• ~'

fs^-^-^Z^

7>— _ _-a« ft

169

167. Myrus pachyrhynchus. (p. 148.) !ns- Venefica procera. (p. II'.'

169. I69a.6. Derichthys serpentetus. (p. 161.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLVI.

-

,M»;^ir"'''-,;?**v.-'«'*i.-'««M^M^^.<«r.--: .■->«..•"•'

i'-> .:-' W-- 'r-^C-"---

tfi<ft'>m iHipi^wiHj i!p ^7

.^wi' "

■71 ■>. -.:-:^r»=-"=rj:..^, ^^a^H^i^i^tjflf^^jj/^g^g^

WM^^M0M'mmimmm!>^m

■

mm

171

^jrf^tj'.v.

^' JH^

J^SaSI!

it«JMfc&s'JJ.'.v.V.> •""'

. ...■*»*"■**"-

173

170. NEMICHTHYS SCOLOPACEUS. (p. 152.) 171. LABICHTHYS CAKINATUS. (p. 153.)

IT'.'. Labichthys elongatus. (p. 153.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLVII

i jjjjnmw.ru ■■ --w-w

.

sfhtomwtoww

i&mimd .,-■■■■'-

173

cssa — ---_-..- ^s^- -.:«^..-.

174

17:'.. Lai'.k iitiiys inians. (p. L53.)

174. Labichthys infans (after Gunther). (p. 158.
175. SERR1VOMEK I'.kami. (p. L55.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLVIII.

"A<iatwi-fia-ja;'MiVi,- l_ . . ■_.

176

176. Cyema atkum. (p. 154.) 177. Ecrypharynx pelecanoides. (p. 157.)

L78. Saccopharyns flagellum. (p. L59.)

GOOOE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XLIX

Vi

_-:';;vv; .,.;..-m,V .«.

" 'g',fJl^p?ilsg^5S?^S^p^C;

' '.*-■-- ■■>■ V^^Mi5yi^^g>;^<£^ia;:^&^

179,180. Saccophabyns flagellum. (p. 157.)

181,182. G-ASTROSToarcs Bairdii. (p. 159.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE L.

®

„._„_ -->-r^

184

185

1SI1

183. Ni it \< sstiii - \ \-i s. (p. 164

185. NOTACANTHCS BONAPAKTIX. (p. 166.)

184. Not \< ■anthi - an UJS. (p. 16!

186. NOTACANTHCS PHASGANORUS. (p. 167.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LI.

?!&?r&frg*l.rr£^-jv~*vr.

is;

.^rTTOT"r*.'V'"-**^-T*>'"<' ~-.vv?-7r~— *»>i-^J ::'

.

-W-.

K^fUCTW-""?."" i.^'m^JW- '«»-S55{m

****?«*-

V§M§§?

■

189

^a^""

1*7. GrlGLIOUA MOSEI.EYI. (p. 1(1!). )
189. MACDONAJLDIA EtOSTRATA. (p. 171.)

1SS. |', iI.YAOAXTHOXOTUS RISSOAXTS. I]). 170.)

lliii. Lifogenys (in.Lii. (p. 17:;. i

GOODE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE Lll.

i.'ffifcfeij.i .

'^.: '/

1916.

""^^■tJsWs^' -i

192a.

1926.

"W^S^". .

1 ; '

IC46

19U6.

191a, 6, NOTACANTHCS ANAI.I-. (p. 165.)
193. GlGLIOLIA MOSELE-i I. (p. 169.)

195a, 6. Macdonaldia rostrata. (p. 171

192a, b. NOTACANTHTJS SEXSPINIS. (p. 163.)
194a, &. POLYACANTHONOTUS RISSOANCS. (p. 170.)

1 96a, b. Lipogenys < Iillii. (p 173

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE Llll.

■'fffr.^

Si

.-.&£'"

aooa

1!I7. BERYX SPLENDENS. (p. ITfi. )
199. SCOPELOGADUS COCLES. (p. 182.)

200a. I'i.i ' ntOMi - i rassiceps. (p. 180.

198. MELAMPa«S TYPHLOPS. I p. 177.1
200. POROMITRA CAPTTO. (p. 183.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LIV.

'

- ^

-

'->"A.

-■-' . r- '-. .

-jgiiSBi&sii^'.-.'.'i^^w ..

■ ;

-.via

\U4

201. Plectrojtcs suborbital, (p. 179 •"-' Pusctromcs Beanii. (p. 179.)

203. A.NOPLOGASTER CORNUTUS. (p. Is!

\s.

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LV.

-*\s:

%c$i ^

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!.:.::fS=

m

'.%

a V

.

■ ■

■ ■ 1 ■ 3

-^...j-;', ;■<! <•:■:■; ',*•' •'*■•* V'SA-

204,204a. Caulolehs longedens. (p. 185.)

205. Stefhanoberyx mux.e. (p. 186.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LVI.

'■'/M^^j

20fi. Stephanoberyx liii.i.n. (p. 187.) 207. Trachichthys Ihrwinh. (p. 188.

■-'US. HOPJLOSTETHtJS MEDITERRANEUS. (p. IV-

UOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LVII.

/^•%

-

>^m$®$&&®*^

mt^m

,V*?3f^f >?

209. Thtbsttops violacei's. (p. 195 i
211. Epixxul.v magistralis. (p. 198.)

210. RUVETTUS PHETIOSUS. (p. I960
212. DlCROTUS PAKVIPINNIS. (p. 201.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LVIII.

' ' 5

au

^^-^^2222:^^222222222^22252;- ^32E%5>.

.

x^

213. Lepidopus oaudatus. (p. 203.) 214. Evoxtmetopon tjeniatus. (p. 2040

215. Benthodesmus atlanticus. (p. 205. )

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LIX.

816. Aphanopcs cakbo. (p. 207.1 217. Trichiukus lepttous. (p. 20S.)

218. Ptekacus carolinus. (p. 212.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LX

*<£}

fete-*-..

219. Coryp&kna HIPPDKUS ml, I male). I p. 209.) 220. CORYPH-EH \ mi ti Rl S (young I. (p. 209J

220a, 6. CoryphjENa hippurus. (p. 209.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE L>l.

rim

221

821. GRAMMICOLEPIS BKACHTOSCULTJS. (p. 218.) 222. i'imi: PHUS POMPILUS. (p. 214.

•^■i. SCHEDOPHILUS MEDUSOPHAGUS. (p. 214.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXII.

if***" '&* T'X "

F»^ - *■■■■.

#<M .... V... " '< ;,^" V ■",-< „•# >*^?>

*4"£

^1

SSF

226

224. [COSTEUS ENIQMATICUS. (p. 215.) 225. A.CHOTUS WlLLOUGHBYI. (p. 217.)

226. [CICHTHYS LOCKINQTONII. (p. 216.)

GOOuE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXIII.

'-;>Tr-_

227. Nomecs Geonovii. (p. 220.) 228. Psenes peixucidus. (p. 221.)

229. Psenes «ai ti.atus. (p. 221.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXIV.

V&m-;

230. LrvARi-s qiperialis. (p 222.) 231. Glossamia pandionis. (p. 231.)

232. Verilus sordidus. (p. 240.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATF LXV

'

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s*-

t

h

-
1

Z
-

GOODE AND BEAN —OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXVI

336. Epigonus occidentalis. (p. 233.)

338. POLYPRION AMERICANUM. (p.

'.':17. Hypoclydonia BELLA. (p. 236

339,240. Pseudopiuai wimi \i.ti-. (p. 242.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYCLCCY.

PLATE LXVII.

-II. POLTMIXl \ NOBILIS. (p. 343. i

343. SCORPJENA AGASSlZn. (p. 347.)

342. SCORP.SNA CRISTDLATA. (p. 346.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOCY.

PLATE LXVIII.

244. HelICOLENUS DACTTLOPTERUS. (p. 250.) 845. PONTDIDS RATHBUM.

240. PONTIND3 LONGISPINIS, (p. 858.

(p. 855.)

GOOOE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE LXIX

•*::;

247

'.'17 PONTINUS MACROLEPIS (p. 257.)

248. Sebastes mahinus. (p. 260.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXX

251

2316

249. SETAKCHES PARMATUS. (p. '-'114.)

251, 251a, b. Caeeproctds ranula. (p. 275.)

250. KlMICROTKEMlS SPINOSI s. (p. 272.)
252. MONOMITRA LXPARINA. (p. 278.)

-— <

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXI.

!S6

•2~i'-'k I'akai [PARIS < i PEL (p. £79. 1

255. Artediellus xjkcinatus. (p. 267.)

254. Oymnolycodes Edwardsi. (p. 281.)
256. Triglops riv.i.ui. (p. 269

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXII

A

■

:

9

;r-^?':

259

.

257. COTTTJN< IDLTJS incROPS. (p. 269.)
259. PODOTHECUS DECAGONUS. (p. 282.

(p. 282.)

2")S. COTTUNCtTLTJS Tiiiimsiinii. (p. -.'Til.)

260. A.SPIDOPHOROIDES MONOPTERYGIUS (p. 283 I

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXI

i

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if

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■

261a, 6. CkHTUNCULUS MICROFS. (p. 269.)

262a. b. COTTUNCCLUS THOMSONII. (p. 270.)

GOODE AND BEAN — OCEAN 10 ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXIV.

263, 263a, b. Hypsicometes gobioides. (p. 290.)

264,264a. Chiasmodom nicer, (p. 292.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXV.

L'fi."i. LOPHOLATILTJS CHAILELEONTICEPS. (p. 2840

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXVI.

366. PSEUDOSCOPEUJS SCRIPTUS. (p. 3920 267. PORICHTHYS POROSISSIMUS. (p. 294.)

268, 268a, '-. Callionymus himantophorus. (p. 296.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXVM.

*&. w_ %«

40 * «&

;&'-~w ■*'?/, „,

■ " ' ■■■■:;' ■' ' ■' —

2G9. Anarrhiciias lupus, (p. 299.) 270. \nai:i;hiciias minoh. (p. 801.)

271. Anakrhichas latifrons. (p. 301.)

GOODE AND BEAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXVIII.

are

wl

v- .

a<3

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■ ~ : lUi-Jj.

"*iito ■■ ?5^**-

m

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273. Lycodes ESMAKKn. (p. 303.)

274. Lycodes frigidus. (p. 305. i

273 Lycodes reticulatcs. (p. 305.)
275. Lyi ODES mi com s. (p. 306.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXIX.

b5

.,. . ,

-€'

sru

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6 /'*j£L"- '

' ** * ■ ■ - ■■ . ■ - : . ; giiSgi <$3 §

-- ••

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277a

276, 276a. Lycodes zoakchUS. (p. 308.)

•-'77. 277a. Lycenchelys Verrii.lii. (p. 309.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXX.

278a

....

... .: ■ ■■

3 -**ft*4?Sg3^!??iy*-

•379

^^^ff^^^im^^^f^ef^!^^^^t^, .^.^^

t*~;r?y-A

279o

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278,278a. Ltcodes perspicillum. (p. 307.1 279, 279a. Lycenchelys paxillus. (p. 311.)

280. Lycodokos MIRAB1L1S. {l>. 312.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXI

4 f ■

1 »

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I

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2816

I

283c

283a

2836

281 a, 6. Lycodes reticulatus. (p. 305.)
883a, b. Lyi odes hucosus. (p. 306.)

282. Lycenchelys paxillus. (p. 311.)
283c. Lyi odes zoari hi -. (p. 308.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXII

284

•is;.

384. MELANOSTIGMA GELATINOSUM. (p. 314.) 285. DlCROMITA A.GASSIZII. (p. 31fl.)

286. Bassozetcs catena, (p. 323.) 287. Bassozetus normalis. [p. 322.)

288. Benthocometes bobustus. (p. 327.)

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXIII.

"--■—__

<:%»».

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£ '

CS

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.;..&'*'-'

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289. Neobythites Gillii. (p. 825.)
291. Bassogig us Gilui. (p. 328.)

.".in Neobythites karginatus. (p. 326.)

292. POROG \l'l - MILES, (p. 334. i

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXIV.

■. ' » '

V

2!):!. It.nopus Macdonaldi. (p. 336.) 294. B miathrodemis manatixts. (p. 332.)

295. Nematonus PECTORAUS. (p. 333.) 296a. Mixonus lath eps. (p. 339.)

2'Mb. Tauredopiiidium HeXTII. (p. 336.;

GOODE AND BEAN. -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXV

.■--■yr^','^W,:!y".

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\

■

i

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■ ■ ■ '

-■^^■■- s:

J97,297a,6. Dicroleni intronigra. (p. 338.) '•"•'s Barathronds bicolor. (p. 341.)

.".Hi. Vphyoni s mollis, (p. 342.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXVI.

/<:<■■:■.

300. Alexeterion parfaiti. (p. 343.)

302. LAMPROGRAiDIUS NIGER, (p. 344.)

301. Hephthocara simtm. (p. 344.)
303. Rhodichthvs r.EiiiXA. (p. 342.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXVII.

104

^ . ___™_^

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■ ■:■■■■ . &&&**&&>**

308
804. PTIMCHTHYS GOODEI. (p. 802.) 305. OTOPHJDIUM OMOSTIG&A p. 345

806. I.: ptophidii m i i i:\ im m. (p. 346.) 307. Leptophidium profundorum. (p. 347.)

308. Leptophidh w marmoratum. (p. 348.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC IChTHVOLOGY.

PLATE LXXXVIII.

-'s^^J-.-?^-

/*

}mmm -

. ,xj

i.!IW«,JMj»,

, -rr-.!..

' *

311

309. Phycis regius. (p. 357.)

310. Phycis cirratus. (p. 358.)

311. Piiycis CHUSS. (p. 359.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

(LATE LXXXIX

s*K$gggjg ^v^--

x*

314

S12. Phycis tenuis, (p. 359.) 313. Phycis Chesteki. (p. 360.) :: 1 4. Aprion macrophthalmcs. (p. 239.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYl

PLATE XC.

>^

'%&

*i?X&$£

..

:

i

316

315, 315a. LuEMONEMA bakbatcla. (p. 362.) 316. L^emonema melantrum. (p. 363.)

:'.l T. MOM a \ ti.c \i;is. (p. 36 I.

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCI.

318. Physk ri. t s Kaci'i. (p. 366.) 319. Physicclus fulvus. (p. 366.) 320. Uealeptus Makaldi. ip. 367.)

GOODE AND BEAN -OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCII.

•■ -■■ ■'.;■:'. ;•..-.•.■. . • • .'■"rT1-"-^^.-.,-..-

. , ££SE ;.:';.^.^::::::.':;':::'::..

■ • .'■. . ■• '•'■;■."'.■'.'■' ■ ..'■•; ■'..'■ ■'■
... .•.•-.;>-K':,'. • ■ ... •. • ■•...-

321. LOTELLA MAXILLARIS. (p. i

,.868.) 332. Mora, mediterranea. (p.369.) 323. Lepidion Rissoi. (p. 370.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCIII

S?!.

■***■■>/,.< -

*•*¥<-.

*M

824 \ ntim< >i: \ viola, (p. 373.) 335. Halakqybeus brevepes. (p. 375.) 326. Strinsia tinca. (p. 380.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOCY.

PLATE XCIV.

<c£V

/

■ ■ ,

IpssfsfsS

328

837. I INOS ENSIS. (p. 881.)

S'.'S. RHINONEM1 S CIMBRTOS. (p. 384.)

S29. Brosmius brosme. (p '■'•<'.>

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCV.

J' /

/ '■-'.:- ... J , ;.-//;\.-^:

w

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- ^

330

.

SS^

-

-

332

J?

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333

'

330. Merlucids bilinearis. (p. 386.) 331. Bregmaceros ATLANTICUS. (p. 388.)

332,333. CCELORHYNCHUS OCCA. lp. -100.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XCVI

V.\W

334

B V

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836

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V.

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337

n34. Macrtous berglax. (p. 3910

'■'M\. ( 'iKI.i 'RHYNC'III - i u:\ti\ \ n s. I p. 398

835. Macrurus Bairdh. (p. 393.)

:'.:!?. ( ICELORHYNCHl S OCCA. (p. WOO

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE XCVII.

338

•

*

140

338. CCELORHYNCHUS CAKIBB^iUS. (p. 101.)
340. HYMENOCEPHALUS GOODEI. (p. HIT. i

339. Coi» I'll 1 NOID] - ' VRAPINUS. [p. 404
:{4l. HYMENOCEPHALUS CAVERNOSCS. (p. I"s

GOOOE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCVIh

:!4'-». LlONURCS FILICAUDA. (p. 109.)
344. CETONURUS GLOBICEPS. (p. 111.)

343. Trachontjrus sulcatus. (p. 410.)
345. ( ii viimra SIMULA. ' p. 412.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE XCIX.

"M~l<t. f'HAUNTRA MEDITERKANEA. (p. 525.) 346. NEMATONCRUS GIGAS. (|>. IUk

:UT. MOSELEYA LONGIPIL1S. (p. 417.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE C.

348. ABYSSICOLA MA.un.HIKA. (p. 417.) 349. TRACHYBHYMCHUS SCABRUS. (p. 417.)

349a. MACHURDS LONGDTILIS. (p. 41..)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CI.

SJS

*

""--.

' .7' : ■ '-■■ "

^s?

353

850. Macruronus nov.-f.-zf.lanpi.f.. (p. 418.)
352. Bathygadus pavosus. (p. 420.)

■

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* \

854

351. STEINDACHNERIA IRGENTEA. (p. 419.)
353,354. COELORHYNCHUS CARMINATUS. (p.

398. i

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CM.

■

/

\

/

: v

/ s

\

\

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, '%

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3

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dS5a-d. Limanda Beanii. (p. i'-'s.<

356a, h. (ii.YPT<" i riiAi.i - cynoglossus. (p. 430.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE Clll.

\

■ IV.

w

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857a, b. MONOLENE SESSILICAUDA. |}. IV.'.

& ■ a

■j

358,359. MONOLENE ATRIMANA. (p. 455.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CIV.

'.

®

.

Ml

••

360, 381. ETROPDS KIMOSDS. (p. 450.)

362. Notosema dilecta. (p. 487.)

GOODE AND BEAN-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

.---:>-

PLATE CV

,.!'

...

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,

86:1

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.

364

.;^'

363. HlPPOGLOSSUS VULGARIS, (p. 434.)

364. PLATYSOMATIOHTHYS hippoglossoides. (p. 435.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CVI.

h

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365a. 6. Notosema dilecta. (p. 4370

366a. b. ClTHABICHTHYS iRCTIFRONS. (p. 442.)

GOODE AMD BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CVII.

^

I"'''

W&T-":

«-*

■■'/

J:

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~fy&

HlPPOGLOSSOIDES 1M.ATESSOIDES. (p. 438.)

368. Cyclopsetta fimbriata. (p. 451.)

GOOOE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CVIII.

liljllli.

, -:'!

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3690, t). ('ITHARUHTIIYS CNICOKNCS. I]). 444.')

370. ClTHARICHTHYS SPILOPTERUS. (p. 14' I

371. SCIANECTKS MAC'ROPHTHALMIS. (p. 440.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CIX.

!;<

tth

»'-:^

V v

\ *

.

372. Trichopsetta ventralis. (p. 440.)

373. ClTHARK'HTHYS P.-ETULUS. (p. 448.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEAN IC ICHThYuLOGY.

PLATE CX.

.

• •

\

-■ "'!',

17

■i

y

y

APHORISTIA PASCIATA. (p. 158

877. Aphoristia pigra. (p. 460.)

375. APHORISTIA NEBULOSA. (p.458.) 376. i-PHORlSTIA MARGINATA. (p. 459.)

378. Aphoristia diomediana. (p. 460.; 879. Aphoristia pusilla. (p. 461.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXI

I ^

ft?-

r'^Li^S***"'

.

•^v

380. Prioxotus militaris. (p 164.) 381. Prioxotus egretta. (p. 465.) 382. PEIONOTUS alatds. (p. 467.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXII

3836

383, 3836. Prionotus trixitatis. (p. 468.)

384. PrIONOTUS MILITARIS. (p. 4IJ4.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CX 1 1 1

*

'

s
i

385

■ .

*

.

$ s

■

f -! -1

■

385a

385b

385, 385a, 6. Peristediok mimatvm. (p. 470.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXIV

>-/.

386. Peristedion LONciisPATiiA. (p. 472.) 387. Peristedion gracile. (p. 473.)

388a, 6. Peristedion platycephalum. (p. 474.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXV.

--x-^V

--. ;•'■

389. LOPHOTES Cepedianus I]i. :U9.) 390. Lophotes Capellei. (p. 351.)

391. Tbachypterus mis. (p. 177.1

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXVI.

aM5ffiffiSte«m

39',>. Thai hypteius AKCTICOS. (p. 479.) 393,394. STYLEPHOKUS CHOEDATUS. (p. 482.)

GOODE ANO BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CX VII.

..-'^ .

- ^

3!)fi

■I

^s&. -JSP>

395. REGALECUS GLESNE. (p. 480.) 396. MACRORHAMPHOSUS SCOLOPAX. (p. 483.) 397 ^DLOSTOBIA LONGIPES. (p. 484.)

898. Chaunax fictos. (p. 187.) 399. Cekatias IIolbolli. (p. 489.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXVIII.

-IOU6

tOO, 400a, 6. Lophius piscatorids. (p. 485.)

GOODE AND GEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXIX.

401, Mancaxias Shufeldth. (p. 490.)
403. Halielt.ea stellata. (p. 499.)

In.'. ( \i\ PTOPSARAS » lOUESII. (p. 491.)
404. Paroneirodes glomerosus. (p. 493.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY

PLATE CXX.

405. Cobtoolophus Reinhahdtii (p. 494.) 108. Melanocetus Johhsonh. (p. 494.)

407. LlOCETDS Mukrayi. (p. 495.)

GOODE AND BEAN.— OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXXI.

HIS. LlNOPHKYNE LUCIFER, (p. 196.)

110 llAI.II'.r'I.KA < (H C1NEA. (p. 500.)

409. i ' \n mi'iikvm: SETOSUS. (p. 196.)
111. MALTHOPSIS I.iti is. (p. 529.)

GOODE AND BtAN.-OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY.

£V

PLATE CXXII.

%.

412b

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• -nn , 413 DlBRAMiirs ATLANTIC'!. S. p. 501.)

413a,b. IlALIEl'TELLA LAPPA. (p. 500.) m„»nc rn mi

4Ut( &. llM.Il.LTK IITIIYS AL'LLLATIS. (p. 0U4.)

GOODE AND BEAN— OCEAN IC ICHTHYOLOGY.

PLATE CXXIII

;£&,

, '

y&$*?.

.■.-a^*-**-*

415. Bathyclcpea aegentea, (p. 190.) 4lf>. Schedophilopsis spinosus. (p.

H7. Tetragonurus Ccvieei. (p.

re/ «L

k«

4&PJl££

<£

$■