OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
IN THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

FISCAL YEAR

FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

United States of America

ICO PAMPHLET NO. 5
JUNE 1962

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FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JEROME B. WIESNER, Chairman

Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology

HAROLD BROWN
Director of Defense Research and Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
EDWARD GUDEMAN, JR.

Under Secretary
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BOISFEUILLET JONES
Special Assistant to the Secretary for Health and Medical Affairs
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

ROGER REVELLE
Science Adviser to the Secretary

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WALTER G. WHITMAN

Science Adviser to the Secretary

DEPARTMENT OF STATE (Observer)

GLENN T. SEABORG
Chairman

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
ALAN T. WATERMAN

Director

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
JAMES E. WEBB

Administrator

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FRANK J. WELCH

Assistant Secretary for Federal-State Relations
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ELMER B. STAATS
Deputy Director
BUREAU OF THE BUDGET (Observer)

EDWARD WENK, JR.
Office of the Special Assistant to the President
for Science and Technology (Executive Secretary)

INTERAGENCY COMMITTE ON OCEANOGRAPHY

JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., Chairman
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(Research and Development)

RADM. H. ARNOLD KARO
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

DONALD L. McKERNAN
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

RADM. DONALD McG MORRISON
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
U.S. Coast Guard

RANDAL M. ROBERTSON
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

HARRY G. HANSON
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service

JOHN N. WOLFE
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

ROBERT B. ABEL
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
(Secretary)

ON AON NAN

O 0301 0032914 o

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

ICO Pamphlet No.
(Supplement to ICO Pamphlet } 3,

National Oceanographic Program,

Fiscal Year 1963)

Interagency Committee on Oceanography

of the

3 Taal} nol 7
Federal Council for Science & Technolog

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w=

REPORT OF THE
INTERAGENCY COMMITTER ON OCKANOGRAPHY
PANEL ON RESEARCH

FOREWORD i
INTRODUCTION alabat
OBJECTIVE ONE - To describe the distribution of physical al

and chemical properties of the oceans
and to understand the dynamic processes
which affect this distribution.

OBJECTIVE TWO - To determine the interrelationships of 10
the oceans and atmosphere.

OBJECTIVE THREE - To determine the distribution, kind and 1)
adaptation of the living population of
the sea and to understand the inter-
relationship of the marine organisms to
the physical and chemical properties of
the sea

OBJECTIVE FOUR - To describe the sea floor and to under- aif
stand its long-term and short-term
evolution; including the topography,
geophysical nature and subsurface
structure, with particular interest in
the sea floor's relation to the sur-
rounding land masses.

OBJECTIVE FIVE - To determine how the oceans can be 38
exploited to benefit mankind.

OBJECTIVE SIX - To determine the effect of radioactivity Fal
and pollution on the physical, chemical,
geological and biological properties of
the oceans.

BUDGET - eo ok eyretgia! oo fers) of eine, Jou oll womens. < ve as eeis 50

FOREWORD

The Federal Council for Science and Technology was created by the President
to "consider problems and developments in the field of science and tech-
nology .. . affecting more than one Federal agency or concerning the
overall advancement of the nation's science and technology ... ." To
facilitate the review and coordination of government-sponsored work in

the marine sciences, the Federal Council formed the Interagency Committee
on Oceanography. Since fiscal year 1960, the Interagency Committee on
Oceanography has been responsible for preparing a coordinated national
plan for work in oceanography. This plan has been published each year

as the National Oceanographic Program.

In accomplishing its planning and coordinating functions, the Interagency
Committee employs the services of panels of specialists in the various
areas which make up the national program: research, surveys, ship con-
struction, instrumentation and facilities, international cooperation, and
manpower and training. In preparing the fiscal year 1963 National Oceano-
graphic Plan, the Interagency Committee asked its Panel on Research to
prepare a summary of oceanographic research accomplished by government
agencies in FY 1962 or planned for FY 1963.

The Panel provides a forum in which proposed research projects are discussed
and evaluated on a government-wide basis. This exchange of research infor-
mation is a valuable contribution to the advancement of oceanography, and
through this device each government agency may benefit from research _
performed by all others, The information included in Oceanographic Research
in the Federal Government was compiled by the Panel from the contributions
of member agencies, and by contacting nonmember agencies for descriptions

of their programs. Members of the Panel responsible for this report are:

Dr. A. E. Maxwell, Chairman Office of Naval Research

Mace eBoy Hie Olson U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office
Mr. V. Brock Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Dre fH. Bo stewart. Ji. U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
Dr. Ro G. Bader National Science Foundation
Dr. I. E. Wallen Atomic Energy Commission
Dist Ae) Chacesmdn. Smithsonian Institution

Dr. D. L. Ray, Observer National Academy of Sciences

Committee on Oceanography

The ICO is also indebted to representatives of agencies who are not members
of the Research Panel for information concerning the programs of their own
institutions.

The Federal Council for Science and Technology believes that oceanographic
research is vital to the defense of the United States, and to the welfare
of its people. This report has been published to facilitate the exchange
of research information among government agencies, and to provide infor-
mation to private users about existing research programs in the Federal
Government. It is hoped that it will be useful in assessing the quality
and extent of present day research and in providing a basis for future
planning.

SaaS

INTRODUCTION

In ICO Report No. 3, The National Oceanographic Program for FY 1963,
representing activities of eight Federal departments or agencies, is
set forth in broad functional areas of research, instrumentation, ship
construction, surveys, facilities and support of the International
Indian Ocean Expedition, This current report contains details of the
research program itself. It has been prepared primarily as a medium
for exchanging information on current as well as planned research,

to implement coordination between different agencies engaged either in
the sponsorship or active conduct of this program, and as a compendium
of on-going activity, to serve as a guide to participating scientists.

The report has been organized around six major research objectives, or
fundamental questions about the sea. Within each category, projects
have been grouped by sponsoring Federal agency, with budget data for
FY 1962 and FY 1963. Needless to say, many research programs may
simultaneously attack more than one scientific objective. In this
event, the project description has been repeated, but funding has been
split so that amounts listed are mutually exclusive. In those cases
where an agency lends personnel or equipment in support of research,
but without specific budget allocation, the funding amount is simply
shown as zero. Totals, delineated by objective and by agency, are
tabulated at the end of the report.

Because the missions and roles of individual agencies do not coincide
identically with the various scientific objectives, more than one
agency may be obliged to engage in the same type of research. The
problem of describing and determining the factors governing oceanic
circulation is an example. Currents govern the distribution of
salinity, temperature, and other characteristics affecting underwater
sound transmission - a principal concern of the Office of Naval Research.
Currents are important in Bureau of Commercial Fisheries studies of the
distribution of larval fish, commercial fish populations, and nutrient
materials involved in marine food cycles. Information about the
velocities and directions of currents is important to the Coast and
Geodetic Survey for use in navigational studies. As a consequence,

the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Navy Hydrographic Office, the

Coast and Geodetic Survey, and several other agencies are all

involved in research concerning ocean currents.

Through programs of mutual support by these different agencies, an
understanding of the sea may be achieved far more swiftly than with
only a single agency's efforts, focused on a more limited set of
objectives. In fact, only by such cooperation can this program
advance at a satisfactory pace, and without duplication.

-iii-

Although this report deals with the National Oceanographic Program, which
is largely financed with Federal funds, much of the research itself is
conducted at private oceanographic institutions and universities. These
have been identified wherever feasible in the report. The accomplishments
of scientists at these private laboratories have in great measure con-

tributed to the success of the United States in advancing its research
program in oceanography.

Salevia

OBJECTIVE ONE - TO DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE OCEANS AND TO UNDERSTAND THE DYNAMIC PROCESSES WHICH

AFFECT THIS DISTRIBUTION

No portion of the oceanographic research program is so fundamental to the
understanding of the ocean as is the study of its motion. Whether it be
small scale turbulence or general circulation patterns, these movements
determine the distribution of the physical, chemical and biological
properties within the sea. In a like manner, the air-sea interactions
and geological characteristics of the sea bottom are either affected by
or affect the ocean circulation. It is the study of the water's charac-
. teristics and dynamics that pervades all of oceanography. Since before
the time of the Challenger Expedition in 1872, which is usually ac-
knowledged as the "beginning of oceanography", man has striven to describe
the ocean movements and to determine the dynamic forces which drive them.
Through field studies much has been learned about the surface circulation,
its westward intensification and the meandering nature of its major
currents. Similarly, theoretical and model studies have produced sig-
nificant advances in the understanding of the ocean movement. Yet, less
than ten years ago, a new ocean current was discovered in the Equatorial
Pacific which is second only to the Kuroshio. Neither the origin nor
terminus of this Equatorial Undercurrent has been fully described, nor
have the dynamics been successfully determined. This one example only
~serves to illustrate the immensity and complexity of research tasks
devoted toward achieving objective one.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Office of Naval Research FY-62 $5,234,000
FY-63 $6,397,000

Every seagoing research ship supported by this office contributes contin-
uously to the stockpile of descriptive information about the oceans.
Soundings, bathythermographs, hydrographic stations, biological trawls and
sediment cores are routine procedures on research expeditions. Data of
this nature will be collected in nearly every geographic area of the world,
including the Norwegian, North, Baltic, Mediterranean, Bering, Chukchi,
Caribbean and South China Seas, as well as the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian,
Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. Much of this work is done in areas of strategic
interest to the Navy.

Within objective one, problems of general and detailed circulation of the
oceans are receiving the most attention. Theoretical approaches to determine
the ocean circulation are pursued actively at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, New York University, Chesapeake Bay Institute, University of
Stockholm and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Recently, a series

of equations was derived that described the entire mass transport of the
Atlantic Ocean. To improve these equations future work will be directed

toward several parameters such as wind stress over the water, coastal
boundary conditions and the effect of bottom topography on currents.

With the rapid accumulation of current observations it is becoming possible
to verify and modify the theoretical work.

In order to test theoretical studies, work is being carried out with
several experimental models, some of which use rotating basins. While
earlier work attempted to model the real oceans, the present trend is

to reach agreement between theory and experiment by using simple boundary
conditions. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University
of Stockholm have strong and well-coordinated model investigations which
are being accelerated. Results of theoretical and model work are proving
to be extremely valuable in planning field investigations.

Gross field measurements of the large scale circulation systems will
be continued in FY-63, and detailed investigations of individual
current systems and of circulation in the deep ocean will receive
increased attention.

The Arctic Research Laboratory of the Universisty of Alaska has developed
techniques enabling it to maintain small research stations upon pack ice.
This technique permits the establishment of several floating stations
throughout the Arctic Basin which should greatly add to our understanding
of Arctic circulation. The newly discovered ice island, ARLIS II, will
continue to be occupied as long as it remains in an area of interest.

Ice island T-3, now in a favorable position, will be occupied. In the
Arctic, Lamont's standard oceanographic measurements and geochemical
observations are closely coordinated with those of the Arctic Research
Laboratory and other groups making geophysical investigations. Also in
the Antarctic, Lamont will emphasize the region proximate to the Antarctic
convergence.

Much of the work will be concentrated in the equatorial regions, New York
University, Texas A & M College, Johns Hopkins University, University

of Miami, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Narragansett Marine
Laboratory will participate in the investigation of the Equatorial Atlantic
and the region off the west coast of Africa in cooperation with the efforts
of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and Coast & Geodetic Survey. Deep
current work will be carried out in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by
scientists from the Narragansett Marine Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution and Scripps Institution of Oceanography using new techniques
and equipment. Anchored buoys and Swallow floats will play an important
role in these measurements. It is anticipated that radio telemetering
will be installed on the line of buoys measuring currents between Cape Cod
and Bermuda.

FY-63 will also see the first major effort to observe the Indian Ocean

current structure and changes in it caused by shifting monsoon winds.
Operating on Office of Naval Research funds, ships from the Scripps

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Institution of Oceanography, Lamont Geological Observatory, and Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution will participate in these investigations. The
Navy's support in this area constitutes a substantial portion of the

U. S. part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition.

Other oceanographic institutions have extensive current programs in
waters adjacent to their laboratories. For example, the Chesapeake Bay
Institute has a program to trace the movement of a fluorescent dye,
Rhodamine B, in Chesapeake Bay. This dye can be followed over a

10-20 day period permitting the determination of weak current patterns
not readily detectable from direct current measurements. Similarly,
regional programs will be continued and expanded where possible.

Numerous programs are underway within institution and industry labora-
tories to develop new and better equipment for the measurement of
currents and other parameters associated with the physical and chemi-
cal variables in the sea, These efforts will be accelerated and the
resulting improvements of techniques made available to other labora-
tory and agency programs.

An understanding of turbulent processes is a necessary prerequisite

to the development of objective forecasting systems for any of the
internal oceanic parameters. The use of Rhodamine B in tracing water
particles will be further developed by the Chesapeake Bay Institute
primarily to study the estuarine diffusion problems. Lamont Geological
Observatory will apply this same technique to deep sea diffusion
problems. At the University of Miami and New York University, surface
measurements of diffusion will be expanded to include subsurface
measurements.

In addition to the foregoing programs that are concerned primarily

with acquiring more basic knowledge about the oceans, there are many
programs in the Office of Naval Research devoted to applying this
knowledge to Naval problems, These programs, which provide infor-

mation for anti-submarine warfare, are also very productive in gaining

a further understanding of the oceans, and they will continue in

FY-63 with greater emphasis on the effects of the environment. The
applied programs are,concentrated at the Marine Physical Laboratory

and the Applied Oceanographic Group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Hudson Laboratories of Columbia University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution.

Hydrographic Office FY-62 $80,000
FY-63 $80,000

Hydrographic Office research in physical and chemical properties of the
oceans is directed toward the solution of military problems, Oceano-
graphic data are particularly valuable for military planning and for
utilization in forecasting. Emphasis will be placed on three activities:
refinement of data collection, especially instrumentation; research into
dynamic oceanic principles; and utilization of data for specific military
applications.

Data from synoptic observations have become increasingly important in
developing prediction techniques and in supplying information necessary
for climatic presentations, Increased use of fixed stations - Texas
towers, ocean station vessels, and shore facilities - has given rise

to changing instrumentation requirements. Ocean survey and research
vessels also need more sophisticated instrumentation, Design work is
proceeding on a package system for these vessels. Data presentation
techniques will be reviewed to produce more refined and usable environ-
mental data. Emphasis will be directed toward presentation of data in
terms of operational problems. |

Bureau of Ships FY-62 $334,000
' FY-63 $570,000

Through programs at the Navy Electronics Laboratory and Lamont Geological
Observatory, the Bureau maintains an active interest in the distribution
of the physical and chemical properties of the ocean with emphasis on
the effect of distribution on sonar conditions. Emphasis is placed
on the spacial and.temporal changes of these properties with con-
siderable effort being- directed to the Arctic region. A program of
near-shore oceanography is pursued by the Mine Defense Laboratory.
Again, this program has the application to military problems - mine
warfare - as the primary goal.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

"Office of the Chief of Engineers FY-62 $30,000
FY-63 $50,000

The provision of navigation channels into the seacoast ports requires
studies of tides, salinity intrusion into bays and estuaries, and the
mixing of the saline waters with the fresh water. Studies of tidal
theory (including currents) as applied to coastal water and estuaries
and the methods of applying these theoretical studies to field
conditions will be continued as an important part of the research
program.

The mixing of the saline waters with the fresh water has created problems
of silting by flocculation, and research on the nature of mixing and
flocculation is a continuing project in the field and laboratory. The
chemical and physical properties of estuarine waters to a considerable
extent determine the degree (and location) of shoaling. Work to define
these properties, and the basic mechanisms of their interactions, is
continuing.

Beach Erosion Board FY-62 $ 22,000
FY-63 $134,000
Tidal currents at inlets and estuaries are important in beach erosion
processes near inlets. Studies of the nature of these tidal currents
are part of the Board's FY-1963 research project for the study of the
effect of inlets on adjacent beaches,

he

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Coast & Geodetic Survey FY-62 $200,000
FY-63 $300,000

Although some of the Coast & Geodetic Survey's work at sea is motivated
by specific research problems on which the Bureau is engaged, the
greatest portion is of an exploratory type aimed at (1) description
of the physical and chemical characteristics of the oceans, and (2)
acquisition of oceanographic research data for the Bureau and for
others working in the field of oceanography. The Coast Survey is
undertaking comprehensive investigations in cooperation with scientists
from other agencies, In the extensive oceanographic investigations
carried out in FY-1962 by the USC&GS ship PIONEER in the North Pacific,
information was compiled on many phases of oceanography including
bathymetry, gravity, magnetics, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen,
plankton, currents, bottom sediments, radiochemistry, productivity, and
meteorological measurements. In addition to work of the PIONEER, other
USC&GS ships are adding increasing amounts of oceanographic work to
their charting activities, The working season of the four major ships
is being extended to permit the collection of additional oceanographic
data,

The Coast Survey's world-wide network of tide stations is the only source
of information on sea level variations, and these observations will
continue in FY-1963.

In addition to providing needed data for research on physical and chemical
properties of the ocean, the USC&GS utilizes these data to study the
dynamic processes that affect the observed distributions. Recent projects
include studies of the effect of bottom topography on tsunamis (seismic
sea waves), and it is planned to contract for additional research on the
modes of generation of these destructive waves. Research has proceeded
on the effect of waves and currents of migrating underwater sand ridges
and the Bureau is providing a grant to Johns Hopkins University to
continue this research. Studies have related the observed temperature

and sea level anomalies along the west coast to variations in atmospheric
circulation. An upwelling situation along the Florida east coast has

been described and explained; an anomalous rise of the land in southeast
Alaska is being studied by utilization of sea level information; bottom
currents have been studied at the outer edge of the continental shelf;

and aerial photogrammetric techniques are being investigated as a means

of understanding coastal and estuarine currents. Research of this type
will continue in FY-63,

In FY-63 the development plan of the USC&GS is aimed toward providing
instrumentation for use in understanding the physics of the oceans.
Developmental work is planned on systems for monitoring coastal and
estuarine currents, on a multisampler for rapid observations of
physical and chemical factors, and improved deep-sea current measuring
devices.

ae

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $ 850,000
FY-63 $1,219,000

Surface currents, upwelling, temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphate
content and many other oceanographic parameters greatly influence the
biological productivity of the sea. Divergent and convergent currents
may create areas of enrichment and they often concentrate the food
of important fishes such as herring, mackerel, salmon, sardines and
tuna, Time and rate of seasonal warming of coastal and offshore waters
influence distribution and migrations of fishes; for example, the
northward movement of Atlantic menhaden in the spring of the year and
the appearance of large skipjack tuna in the summer fishery of the
Hawaiian Islands can now be predicted on the basis of time of spring
warming. The peak spawning time of Pacific sardines is known to vary
from one year to the next by as much as two months in responsé to
oceanic temperature changes no greater than 1°C. Unfavorable currents
in some years may carry haddock larvae away from the usual nursery areas
and a large part of the young are lost. Fishery scientists believe that
the pattern of ocean currentS at the time of spawning is an important
factor in the survival of year broods in many important fisheries.

Oceanography of the central and eastern Pacific is currently being
studied from several Bureau laboratories located in Hawaii, Alaska

and along the Pacific coast of the United States, Some principal
contributions are: (1) monitoring the seasonal north-south drift of the
California current extension from stations near Hawaii where trends in
sea surface temperatures, salinity and sea levels are determined; (2)
definition of physical and chemical features of Pacific subarctic waters
as part of an extensive program to explain factors controlling high-seas
distribution of salmon; (3) detailed analysis of North Pacific sea-
surface temperature data by months from 1935 to the present along with
related meteorological processes which may cause variations in water
transport, heat gain or loss and sea levels; (lh) cooperative studies
with California agencies on the California current system and physical
oceanographic features of the easter, subtropical and tropical Pacific.
Prevailing sea-surface temperatures for the North Pacific east of 180°
longitude are charted and published monthly for use in fishing and
research operations.

Much of the Bureau's research in the Gulf of Mexico and along the
Atlantic coast is directed towards coastal and inshore oceanography to
describe the environment and to determine productivity of coastal
resources, Circulation and net current flow through bays and inland
passages are under study as a significant contribution to research on
shrimp, oysters and menhaden. Through a small contract with Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, temperature and salinity conditions are
monitored routinely at numerous Atlantic coastal stations and from
lightships and Texas towers, Circulation patterns over the New England
offshore banks and in the Gulf of Maine are studied by use of drift

War

bottles and transponding, free-floating buoys. The Bureau's laboratory

in Washington, D. C., is preparing monthly Atlantic coastal and offshore

sea-surface temperature charts for the period of 1953 to the present.

Research presently underway will be continued by the Bureau during

FY-63 and in addition new programs will be commenced which will contribute

significantly to knowledge of physical and chemical properties of the

oceans. A biological and physical oceanographic investigation of the

tropical, equatorial Atlantic and West African coastal and offshore

waters will commence in the spring of 1963. Objectives of this program

are to describe the extent of fishery resources in the equatorial Atlantic,

to relate distributions of fish populations to énvironmental conditions

and to contribute knowledge on physical attributes of Atlantic waters.

It is planned that this program be a cooperative effort with the Navy,

_ Coast & Geodetic Survey, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and several
private oceanographic institutions.

Oceanographic research in the eastern tropical Pacific is to be increased
to define zones of high biological productivity. Areas of nutrient
enrichment through upwelling and mixing along current boundaries will

be sought. Thermocline topography and changes within the mixed layer
will be studied. Monthly charts of sea-surface temperatures which the
Bureau is now preparing for more northerly waters will be extended to

at least 10°S. latitude and offshore to 100° or 110° W. longitude,
depending upon availability of data from merchant ships and fishing
vessels.

Since many of the marine research programs of the Bureau require data
over a series of years before results are meaningful, much of its
research on physical and chemical properties of the oceans during FY-62
will be continued into 1963. A follow-up expedition into the equatorial
Atlantic is planned for the latter part of calendar year 1963, and
oceanographic studies in the eastern tropical Pacific will be continued.

In addition to these programs of research, it is realized that there is
a need for greater.amounts of biological, chemical and physical oceano-
graphic data collected in time series over wide expanses of the oceans.
Such data will provide clues to changes in the ocean climate to which
fish respond. Therefore, an expansion of research is proposed which
will monitor environmental conditions. Quarterly biological and
oceanographic surveys are to be started in New England waters of the
Atlantic.

The Bureau proposes to investigate the trade winds zone of the central
Pacific to determine principles and parameters of climatic oceanography
in this area which are of great interest for fisheries, weather,
navigation and national defense. The objective is to be attained by
determination of the seasonal rates of change of surface temperature,
salinity, depths of the mixed layer and currents as they are related

to the physical processes of heat exchange across the sea surface.

-/-

Geological Survey FY-62 $106,000
FY-63 $123,000

Current and proposed studies of the Geological Survey are concerned with
the hydrologic cycle through the marine and near-shore environments.
The principal effort is in shallow ocean areas where the sea is in direct
or indirect communication with fresh surface water and ground water.
Included in the studies that will be pursued in FY-63 are: geological
history of river estuaries and lagoon areas; movement of ground and
surface water to the ocean; salt water incursion into fresh water
supplies; occurrence and origin of fresh and salt water bodies in
coastal areas; circulation and dispersion of dissolved and suspended
solids in coastal areas; dynamics of tidal and contiguous ground waters;
and the development of techniques and methods for measuring processes
and obtaining data, Among other things, these studies will provide
knowledge about the sources, the circulation, and the fate of radio-
active, organic, and industrial waste pollutants; as well as the products
of natural weathering and erosion in ground water and rivers that drain
into the sea.

Determination of significant physical and chemical properties and patterns
will of necessity be undertaken in connection with local and regional
studies of general environments of sedimentary systems.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Coast’ Guard FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0

Within the Coast Guard, the principal field of research into pvhysical
and chemical properties and the interrelated dynamic processes lies
in the International Ice Patrol. The principal area of interest is
the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, chiefly the Grand Banks and the Labrador
Sea, These waters have been under continuing study since 191) for the
‘purpose of better understanding the factors which affect the origin,
drift, transport and deterioration of icebergs. Toward this end,
Ice Patrol research includes water mass analysis, surface and sub-
surface currents, volumetric transport and heat budget studies of
the area.

In FY-63, the Ice Patrol oceanographic vessel CGC EVERGREEN will occupy
approximately 00 oceanographic stations during the period March-August.
In addition, a network of buoys will be established across the Labrador
Current to study short term fluctuations in that flow. Results of the
surveys will be analyzed at the Ice Patrol Oceanographic Unit Offices
located at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

In other fields of oceanographic research, Coast Guard activities are
principally those of data collection in cooperation with other agencies.
These include operations of ocean stations, Bering Sea Patrol, polar
operations, lightships, and offshore light towers.

ane

These programs are not funded as part of the Coast Guard research
program, but through the budgets of the Ice Patrol and Ocean Station

Vessels.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

FY-62 $2,150,000
FY-63 $2,450,000
The Earth Sciences Program of the Division of Physical, Mathematical and
Engineering Sciences supports a variety of research aimed at developing
a better understanding of the dynamic processes associated with the
physical and chemical properties of the ocean. Oceanography is supported
at some 30 universities, colleges and other institutions; the investigations
include the coastal and near-shore waters as well as the deeper areas of
the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the
Gulf of Mexico.

Theoretical investigations and model studies on general circulation and
exchange rates are being undertaken by scientists at New York University,
Harvard University, the Johns Hopkins University and the University of
Washington. Such work will advance our understanding of oceanic current
development and estuarine and coastal circulation.

Major field studies aimed at elucidating the character of both deep and
shallow water circulation are being undertaken by Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Oregon State Uni~
versity, the University of Miami, the University of Washington, Texas A&M
College and Rhode Island State University.

Likewise, the chemistry of sea water is being investigated by various

means, For example, mass spectrographic analyses of dissolved gases

are being accomplished at Amherst University, Scripps, and the University

of Washington. These efforts are concentrated on quantities such as
oxygen-18, nitrogen-15, carbon dioxide, deuterium, -argon, etc., for the
purpose of understanding the history of sea water and the exchange

_ processes between the sea surface and the atmosphere, Trace element
chemistry of both the stable and-radioactive isotopes are being investigated
at Scripps, Woods Hole and Miami.

The U. S. participation in the International Indian Ocean Expedition is
being supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Scripps,
Woods Hole, Lamont and Rhode Island will conduct physical and chemical
oceanographic programs. In addition the R/V ELTANIN will operate in
Antarctic waters.

The National Science Foundation support of research vessel construction,

conversion, and operation will enhance the physical and chemical invest -
gations in the oceans as well as all other oceanographic research programs.

2On

OBJECTIVE TWO - TO DETERMINE THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE OCEAN AND
ATMOSPHERE

The mutual effects of atmosphere and ocean are so interrelated and
complex that study of the oceanic environment cannot be conducted without
simultaneous consideration of the atmospheric environment. Conversely,
the study of marine meteorology cannot neglect oceanographic factors.

Sea swell and storm surges, alli products of the surface winds, con-
tinually modify the air-sea boundary. Although the exchange of matter
and energy occurs at the air-sea interface, to understand fully the
impact of these exchanges, studies must extend to some depth in both ocean
and atmosphere. Turbulent mixing and convective processes distribute
heat energy within a thick layer at the ocean's surface. The ocean,
thereby, becomes a tremendous storehouse of energy. This layer at the
ocean's surface is of prime concern in this research. It shows annual,
seasonal and diurnal changes in thickness, heat content, and other
characteristics, Similarly, the lower atmosphere over the ocean is

laden with moisture and salt nuclei received from the oceans and its
stability is determined in a large measure by the temperature of the
water body over which it has traveled.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Office of Naval Research FY-62 $1,291,000
FY-63 $1,365,000

Measurements of surface roughness, surface water temperatures, lapse
rate in the air, incoming and outgoing radiation, wind velocities and
turbulence in the water and air are providing new insights into the
interrelationship of the ocean and atmosphere. These inrivestigations
are being carried out intensively in the Atlantic by Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution and New York University, and by Texas
Agricultural & Mechanical College in the Gulf of Mexico.

Investigators at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution are critically
examining both sides of the ocean-atmosphere interface and the exchange
of energy, water vapor and chemicals, For example, they will thoroughly
study the effect of bubbles on transmission of sound in the water and
the introduction of salt nuclei into the air through bursting of the
bubbles, a phenomenon which appears to be an important factor in
producing rainfall. Acquisition of a four engine aircraft, especially
modified for meteorological measurements, will greatly extend the
geographical coverage of this program during FY-63.

During the International Geophysical Year, the Navy initiated research

to investigate the abundance of carbon dioxide in the oceans and the
atmosphere. During FY-63 this work will continue at a modest level at
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
University of Stockholm, and Texas Agricultural & Mechanical College.
Research is now concentrating in areas of high latitude in order to
obtain a more complete global picture of the distribution of CO, in

Ea HOE:

the atmosphere and to determine the amount being absorbed by the sea.
These studies will attempt to determine if man is significantly
modifying the world's climate through the introduction of large
quantities of CO, into the air from the burning of fossil fuels.

The extensive program on air-sea interaction at New York University will
be accelerated by enlarging the staff and replacing the present ship
with a larger and more efficient vessel. NYU will continue to direct
their interest toward prediction capabilities by integrating computer
techniques into their investigations.

In the Gulf of Mexico, Texas Agricultural & Mechanical College has a
moored buoy recording ocean temperatures at intervals to 1000 feet in
depth in addition to measuring several surface meteorological phenomena.
These results, coupled with the towed thermistor chain in the sur-
rounding area, will provide data on spacial and temporal exchanges far
exceeding that now available. In FY-63 it is planned to expand the
program of buoy, tower and ship instrumentation.

Work on energy exchanges between the water, ice and atmosphere is being
conducted in the Arctic by the University of Washington, It is being
carried out in close cooperation with the Arctic Research Laboratory

at Point Barrow.

Fundamental research is conducted on the whole spectrum of wave energies.
New York University will continue to expand its theoretical work on
non-linear aspects using the La Grangian system. This work is proving
to be very successful, and it is intimately related to non-linear
problems of ship motion. Chesapeake Bay Institute, having explored the
field of waves generated in limited fetches, will shift its emphasis to
directional spectra and the problem of the skewed distribution of wave
energy over the spectrum. The theoretical work will be followed by
experimental verification. Scripps Institution of Oceanography has
concentrated its effort in wave research on digital techniques. These
have proven to be very effective for directional spectrum analysis. Use
of high speed computers with new techniques to remove errors and the use
of mathematical filters will continue to receive a great deal of attention
from SIO.

Hydrographic Office FY-62 $100,000
FY-63 $299,000

Both high density time series data in a local area of the ocean and
the atmosphere, and synoptic information over broad areas of the
ocean are important in the study of ocean-atmosphere relations.
Investigations of the sea surface by the Hydrographic Office will be
in close cooperation with the basic research program of the Office
of Naval Research, but will be directed specifically to problems
requiring an ability to predict oceanic characteristics.

ei]ee

Detailed investigations of the energy exchange processes between at-
mosphere and ocean have already been carried out on Texas Towers.
Advanced instrumentation developed from these studies will be used

on Argus Island, the research tower located off Bermuda. This station
will provide the data required to establish new empirical relation-
ships and to test theoretical relationships between the ocean and
atmosphere, In FY-63 an oceanographic research ship will be instru-
mented to provide a deep-water research operation of the Argus Island

type.

An oceanographic aircraft is now being outfitted and will be available
for long-range survey. It will be capable of providing data such as
sea surface temperature, bathythermographs, ocean wave records and
supporting meteorological data.

A synthesized mathematical model of equations suitable for short-range
sea water temperature structure forecasting have been reduced for
tabular, nomogram and computer usage. Short-range forecasting tech-
nique research will be further developed and extended to longer range
and seasonal outlooks,

Changes in thickness of the isothermal layer cannot always be related
to meteorological and oceanographic activity at that location. Large-
scale movement of surface and subsurface water appears to show direct
relationship to atmospheric circulation. The problem will be ap-
proached from both the synoptic and the longer term climatological
points of view. Additionally, a purely statistical approach to the
problem will be conducted on an ocean-wide basis. A grid of predicted
meteorological and oceanographic factors and extrapolation in time
and space. Special research into this phenomenon will be conducted
aboard ocean station vessels, Hydro survey ships and other ships as
practicable, Radio telemetering oceanographic buoys will provide
additional ocean coverage with repeated observations from fixed loca-
tions,

Research will continue toward a better understanding of surface waves
and wave-induced sea floor pressure fluctuations. This effort will
include directional spectrum analysis and correlation of surface and
bottom pressure records, as well as work on prediction techniques.
Continued importance will be placed on spectral analysis of many
physical parameters. Empirical and semi-empirical wave models will
be studied which will include examination of varied wind conditions
(velocities, durations:-and fetches).

Within arctic regions the physical processes covering the behavior of

the environment become increasingly complex. Here three distinct

layers - atmosphere, cryosphere and hydrosphere - interact. Frictional
forces at the air-ice and ice-water interfaces are the primary influences
in producing ice movements. A major study effort will be directed at

aon

the relationship of wind velocity and direction to ice drift velocity

as well as the development of open water areas, ridges and other pressure-
distribution caused deformations, Ice reconnaissance from aircraft and
by satellites will provide valuable relief data, Bottom roughness data
will come from under-ice submarines operating fathometers and other
devices. Arctic ice drift stations will assist in development of
specialized stress equipment.

Bureau of Ships FY-62 $00,000
FY-63 $715,000

Because the Navy's increased submarine operations in the Arctic Ocean
require a detailed knowledge of the ice conditions, the Bureau will
continue to increase its efforts to understand the fundamental physics
of ice formation and break up. Both laboratory and field work in

ice physics will be undertaken by the Navy Electronics Laboratory.
Field work will concentrate on energy exchange processes and will be
carried out on temporary ice stations occupied from light aircraft.
The Office of Naval Research, Hydrographic Office, and Bureau of
Ships programs in the Arctic represent an integrated attack on this
large and difficult-to-study area,

Studies at the Navy Electronics Laboratory's offshore tower will be
accelerated to gain further insight into the hydrodynamics of surface
waves and their relation to internal waves, At the University of
Miami investigation will continue into the high frequency spectrum of
surface waves and the ambient noise in the ocean caused therefrom. In
addition, the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory will investigate
the role of waves in the distribution of radioactivity.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Office of the Chief of Engineers FY-62 $100,000
FY-63 $150,000
Wave generation by winds, the decay and modification of these waves
as they travel to the shore, and the mechanics of breaking waves are
part of the Corps! research program. These waves are the major de-
structive forces on jetties and seawalls built for navigation
improvement or for protection of the shore from hurricane attack.

Beach Erosion Board FY-62 $79,000
FY-63 $81,000

Measurements of ocean waves to determine the statistical wave climate
in selected coastal areas is part of the Board's research program.
The improvement of wave generation theory will be pursued as part of
this program because waves are the most important factor in shore
erosion processes. This will involve descriptions of the wave spectrum
and wave variability and measurement of wave properties (as velocities,
form, pressures, particle motion, etc.). At present, the Board has
thirteen automatic recording stations in coastal waters and plans to

ages

add at least four new stations in FY-63. Some of these stations are
operated entirely with Beach Erosion Board funds and some on a
cooperative basis with other public or private agencies. Work will be
continued on the development of an economical wave-direction indicator
to be installed as a component of the wave-recording stations, Some
of these newer stations will utilize Coast Guard light towers as
installation platforms.

Research will be continued on the construction of wave refraction and
diffraction diagrams and on the reforming of waves after breaking over
submerged bars.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Weather Bureau FY-62 $123,000
FY-63 $173,000

The Weather Bureau's primary interest falls within the realm of
determining the interrelationship of the ocean and atmosphere. The
interplay between the atmosphere and the ocean is so intimate that they
can be considered as one medium separated by a discontinuity in density
and velocity, The exchange of heat, moisture, momentum, gases (such as
carbon dioxide and oxygen}, and certain chemical elements (such as
sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium and magnesium) has profound
influence on the subsequent behavior of the atmosphere and ocean. In
supplying the atmosphere, the oceans serve as a warehouse of nearly
infinite capacity for heat, moisture, and other properties. In turn,
the faster moving atmosphere supplies the oceans, particularly the
top layers, with much of their momentum. Various salts and elements
released by the ocean to the atmosphere serve as important condensation
nuclei which are necessary for cloud formation and ensuing precipitation.
Studies of these important properties, which are necessary to a better
understanding of the characteristics of both the oceans and the atmos-
phere, will be continued in FY-63.

Long period changes in atmospheric circulation and in weather patterns

may be sensitive to the exchanges of heat and moisture between the

ocean and the atmosphere. For example, an unusual pattern of wind

and weather may aiter the circulation of a large area of an ocean,
bringing warmer temperatures to one part and colder temperatures to
another. This new sea~surface temperature pattern, in turn, influences
the overlying air, thus possibly prolonging the unusual atmospheric
circulation pattern. Oceans are sluggish and once a pattern is
established, it tends to persist, thereby introducing a long range

effect on the overlying atmosphere in the subsequent weather patterns.

The Bureau will continue to study the "feedback" mechanism whereby unusual
weather conditions produce unusual sea conditions, particularly temperature
changes, and the manner in which these, in turn subsequently introduce
atmospheric changes, such as variations in paths and intensities of
storms.

ae

An important practical aspect of the Bureau's meteorological oceanography
program will be concerned with "storm surges" or "storm tides" produced
by hurricanes and other severe wind storms, and which cause most of the
loss of life and property. Studies of these effects will involve, not
only an extensive investigation of the records of abnormal tides and long-
period changes in sea level supplied by the Coast & Geodetic Survey, but
also basic investigations of the effects of wind force and atmospheric
pressure on the height of the sea.

Coastal weather is subject to both continentai and oceanic influences,
and is notoriously variable. The problem assumes new importance with
millions of recreational boats plying coastal waters, and the use of
nuclear-powered vessels and the associated contamination problems that
may arise. Particular emphasis will be placed on harbor and estuarine
forecasting.

Coast & Geodetic Survey FY-62 $0
Ps FY-63 $0

This agency contributes to this research objective primarily by collecting
and processing the data used for the research of others. The Coast Survey,
for example, works closely with the Weather Bureau in providing tidal
data for storm surge studies and with the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
in providing sea level data for use in studies during 1962 of the effect
of atmospheric pressure on sea level. Similarly, the physical oceano-
graphic observations of the Coast Survey (currents, temperature, and
salinity) are used in studies of the air-sea interaction. Meteorologists
from the Weather Bureau carried out a significant program from the
PIONEER in FY-62. This program effort is being doubled in FY-63 although
it will be budgeted under the survey program.

Maritime Administration FY-62 $50,000
WGe Maes. Nae FY-63 $50,000

The interest of the Maritime Administration is largely in the inter-
relationship of the ocean and atmosphere. In conjunction with other
agencies, factors influencing weather, iceberg movements, and wave
formation will be studied with increasing emphasis. Wave spectra will
be recorded on ocean vessels, buoys, Texas towers, and shallow water
stations. Concurrent programs in model basins equipped with wave-
makers will attempt to reproduce irregular seas into which ship models
can be run at various headings. The ultimate objective is to find
means of calculating ship motions from model tests with greater
accuracy than is possible today.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $25,000
FY-63 $36,000
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries studies processes which may affect
the distribution of surface properties in the Pacific. An "Atlas of
the Oceanographic Climate of the Hawaiian Islands Region", prepared

Bole

by the Bureau's Biological Laboratory in Honolulu is being readied for
publication. This contains discussions on heat exchange across the
sea surface, and considers the ocean-atmosphere feedback system in an
area where trade winds are a major driving force in ocean circulation.
Wind induced advection is being examined at the Bureau's Stanford,
California laboratory in an effort to deduce a sea-surface temperature
forecasting system.

The Bureau will not make a major contribution to an understanding of
ocean-atmosphere interrelationships as part of future programs. The
oceanographic investigation in the Central North Pacific, described under
Objective One, will, however, examine heat exchange processes as part

of the total study on the marine climate of the trade wind zone.

Geological Survey FY-62 $10,000

Whe ko fe oe, FY-63 $3,000
Research by the Water Resources Division of the Geological Survey con-
tributes to understanding the interrelationship between the sea and
atmosphere through studies of the exchange of chemical substances in
the hydrologic cycle; the physics and chemistry of atmospheric and
surface waters near land-sea margins; and the atmospheric transfer of
ions and solid particles. These investigations, which are a part of
a program to study the complete hydrologic cycle, will be expanded
wherever possible. In addition, during FY-63, an analysis and inter-
pretation of waters collected on three cruises of the International
Indian Ocean Expedition will be undertaken.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Coast Guard FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0

Coast Guard activities will include marine meteorological and ocean
wave observations from six ocean stations and approximately three off-
shore light towers. In addition, studies of the International Ice
Patrol will include the effects of short term meteorological factors
on surface currents, ice transport and ice deterioration. These
activities are budgeted under non research programs of the Coast Guard,

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

FY-62 $ 750,000

FY-63 $1,200,000
Air-sea interaction studies are being supported by the Atmospheric
Sciences Program, Earth Sciences Program and the Office of Antarctic
Programs of the National Science Foundation. These investigations,
combined with those conducted or supported by other agencies will
greatly enhance the knowledge in this area so vital to our understanding
of climatic shifts, wave generation, the carbon dioxide budget, and the
transfer of heat, water vapor and momentum. In addition it should
improve our prediction capabilities with respect to sea state.

Ge

A major item of the air-sea relationship supported by the Foundation will
be done in conjunction with the International Indian Ocean Expedition,
primarily by scientists from the University of Hawaii, the University

of Michigan and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Antarctic
research will be conducted aboard the R/V ELTANIN and from the shore
stations. Investigations in the North Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic
Ocean are underway at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University
of California at Berkeley, the University of Washington and Oregon

State University.

AY

OBJECTIVE THREE - TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION, KIND AND ADAPTATION
OF THE LIVING POPULATIONS OF THE SEA AND TO UNDERSTAND THE INTER-
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MARINE ORGANISMS TO THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE SEA

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Office of Naval Research FY-62 $1,232,000

ergy see Gage me = “Peay 4 FY-63 $1,803,000
Marine biological interference with the propagation of acoustic signals
underwater represents a serious problem to the Navy. This problem
encompasses the recognition of false targets represented by whales,
large fish, etc., and the reverberation and attenuation of energies
resulting from the presence of concentrations of biological particulates
in the water. Active sound production by marine animals is a corollary
problem since many biological sounds closely resemble operational noises
and seismic disturbances, Analyses of biological sounds will continue
to be made to determine their purpose and their acoustic characteristics
so that they can be predicted or recognized. Also, accurate emulation
of biological sounds underwater will be investigated and may result in
improved transmission systems for specialized uses,

Investigations will be made of hydrodynamic characteristics and the
propulsion of marine animals. These may give insight into mechanisms

to control turbulence and to manipulate boundary layers. Additional
knowledge of these mechanisms would be useful in hull design for

surface ships, submarines and underwater ordnance. Of interest also are
the orientation capabilities of marine animals which allow them to
identify targets, select them and navigate to them,

Much additional information will be sought on the control of marine
deterioration and fouling of ship bottoms, cables, moored and bottom
mines, underwater sound equipment and hydrofoils. Since the biological
organisms responsible for deterioration and fouling often affect the
configurations of carefully planned shapes and coatings adversely,
causing them to lose their streamlining or anechoic properties, studies
will continue of life cycles of the animals and their reaction to
chemical substrata under various environmental conditions. An expansion
in scope in FY-63 will emphasize investigations of deep ocean conditions
Since so little is known about the environment of abyssal waters and

the range of adaptability of marine organisms.

Another area of interest will include investigations of biochemical and
biophysical properties of individual organisms and populations, since
such properties may affect the bottom sediments, the surrounding water
or the surface. Some organisms are capable of modifying bottom sediments
by affecting their hardness, compactness and motility. Also of interest
are the products these organisms put into the water as a result of normal

21:8=

metabolic activities which modify viscosity, temperature, and other
physical characteristics of the water.

Considerable effort will continue to be directed to the problem of
marine biological particulates which may interfere with submarine

and anti-submarine warfare. Marine organisms have been shown to be
extraordinarily sensitive to changes in the ambient chemistry or
physical conditions of their environment. As more is learned about
these phenomena, there will be corresponding increases in the level

of effort, Programs of research on poisonous and venomous fishes,

on the biology of sharks and shark repellents and on biologically
-active substances from marine organisms have been underway for several
_years and will be accelerated during FY-63. Of concern, is the
chemical identification and pharmacological action of these substances,
some of which are extremely potent and very different structurally
from related substances commonly used in drugs and medicines.

Hydrographic Office FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0

While the marine biology program of ONR is directed toward an under-
standing of the behavior, the physical and chemical characteristics
and the reaction to the environment of marine organisms, the Hydro~
graphic Office is directing its biological endeavors toward the
solution of operational problems. For example, fouling of ships and
underwater equipment; damage to wood and other materials by shipworms
and other borers; bioluminescence, which can disclose the location
of ships and submarines at night; scattering and attenuation of
underwater sound by plankton and nekton; and active interference with
sonar operations by sonic animals are problems that will be attacked.

Using test panels and racks, the effects of fouling organisms and
marine borers on wood and underwater equipment will be studied. The
test equipment arrays will be located in shallow-water coastal areas
and at selected sites in deep ocean areas, Relationships between
abundance and distribution of plankton organisms and the intensity
of fouling will be studied.

Bioluminescent phenomena are of increasing importance to the Navy.
Intensity of overall bioluminescence will be measured by photocelis.
Direct enumeration of bioluminescent organisms will be accomplished
by using counters. Plankton from net collections and organisms
filtered from water samples will be analyzed.

Primary productivity for various ocean areas will be estimated and
attempts will be made to develop direct methods of predicting marine
biological phenomena of importance to the Navy.

Sounds produced by marine animals will be recorded and analyzed, and
the causative animals will be identified, This work wiil supplement
previous work and will speed the eventual collection of a reference
library of sounds produced by all sonic marine animals.

aes

Scattering and attenuation of underwater sound by marine life will be
studied by two methods, An attempt will be made to correlate

scattering and attenuation measurements with an analysis of the plankton
collected in the area, A second study will be based on collection of
plankton and nekton from within the deep scattering layer as located

by echo sounders and from concurrent photographs and television
observations.

This research program in biology at the Hydrographic Office is funded
entirely with non-research funds,

Bureau of Ships FY-62 $166,000
FY-63 $198,000

The Bureau will expand the Navy Electronics Laboratory's program of
identification and classification of noises originating from marine
organisms. The expanded program will include analysis of ambient
noise recordings from San Clemente Island and Cape Prince of Wales
to determine seasonal and other characteristics. In addition, the
research program of the bathyscaph TRIESTE, also carried out by scien-
tists at NEL, will include studies of the population of the sea and the
correlation of the population with the physical and chemical properties
of the sea at various depths.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Office of the Chief of Mngineers FY-62 $0
FY-63 $10,000

Information on marine borers which infest waters of the United States
will be analyzed in order to determine the expected useful life of
wood and concrete structures in coastal waters, This analysis will
also serve to indicate the economic justification of various methods
of protecting against these borers. Biological studies of borers
are not planned; rather the project is an analysis of the findings
of others for application to the needs of the Corps.

Beach Erosion Board FY-62 $ 3,000
FY-63 $10,000
The interests of the Board in this research objective are similar to
that of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, as described in the
preceding paragraph. These studies, which concern marine borer
activity, will be pursued jointly by the Office of the Chief of
Engineers and the Board,

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The Weather Bureau and the Coast & Geodetic Survey do not budget funds
specifically for research on the living populations of the sea.
However, the Coast Survey contributes indirectly in two ways. First,
it encourages other agencies and private institutions to place biolog-
ical oceanographers aboard its ships, and it does on request collect

SOs

biological samples at sea for specific research problems. FY-1962,
for example, saw biologists from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
using plankton nets and mid-water trawls from the PIONEER to collect
samples for research projects on which they are engaged, and the
University of Hawaii had personnel aboard carrying out phytoplankton
productivity investigations. Secondly, the Coast Survey, through its
oceanographic survey operations, provides environmental data used by
the biological oceadnographer in determining the interrelationships
between marine organisms and their environment.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $5,598,000
FY-63 $6,136,000
- Present research, although primarily ecological studies of marine
communities, is criented towards important commercial species. For
these, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries seeks an understanding of
their interrelations with the physical and biological environment
and studies life histories, rates of growth, recruitment, mortality,
productive potential and behavior patterns which are important for
efficient harvesting. Statistical research on catch and fishing
effort is conducted to define abundance levels. This, in turn, allows
examination of principles which govern abundance fluctuations.

In the north Pacific particular attention will be given to several
species of salmon where their distribution and high seas migrations
are being studied in relation to changing oceanographic conditions.
Explorations for new resources, such as shrimps, crabs and bottom
fishes will continue to be carried out along with ecological studies
which have been undertaken on crabs and herring.

Migrations, behavior, food habits, life history and development will
continue to be investigated for the yeilow fin, skipjack and albacore
tunas, Unexploited stocks of large tuna have been discovered ‘in
subsurface layers of the central equatorial Pacific. Forecasts of
seasonal abundance of Hawaiian skipjack as shown by their response
to shifts in the California current extension have been remarkably
successful.

Pacific sardines, which once supported a very large fishery, have been
the subject of cooperative biological-oceanographic investigations for
several years. This program has shown that survival of young from
‘spawning is highly variable from year to year, and that changing
oceanographic conditions cause substantial changes in the centers of
sardine abundance, Studies will continue to be conducted on behavior,
physiology and genetic composition of stocks.

Studies in the Gulf of Mexico will continue to be concerned with oysters,
shrimp, menhaden and other coastal fishes which are used for reduction

SOT

or for pet food. Large unfished stocks of sardine-like fishes have been
discovered through exploratory surveys.

In the Atlantic Ocean, the major fishery resources are harvested from
coastal waters or from offshore banks, The principal invertebrates
and marine fishes requiring continued studies are oysters, clams,
scallops, crabs, menhaden, flounder, herring, haddock, red fish and
whiting.

Research on living. populations is to be augmented in three principal
areas: the equatorial Atlantic eastward to the coast of Africa; the
Gulf of Mexico; and on the offshore New England banks.

The principal goals of the proposed equatorial Atlantic and West African
biological investigation are definition of the geographic extent of
fishery resources and research which will reveal the productive potential
of these relatively poorly known waters. While there have been a number
of oceanographic expeditions in the equatorial area of the Atlantic,
there have not been systematic cruises across the equatorial belt from
South America to Africa which have sampled biological populations and
related them to current systems which may control their location and
productivity. The first effort will be exploratory to show what additional
work beyond an initial cruise will be needed to understand fully the
physical and biological characteristics of the equatorial Atlantic.

A new research ship, the ALBATROSS IV, will be placed in service in
New England waters in October 1962, New investigations into seasonal
abundance, distribution and behavior of groundfish species will be
undertaken, Principal areas of investigation will be the Gulf of Maine
and Georges Bank.

While there is a need to increase knowledge about economically important
species, the greatest progress in fishery research probably will be made
through basic research not necessarily related to a particular species.
Some lesser known marine animals are adaptable to experimental conditions
and may be used to uncover principles which can be explored with respect
to important food species that are more difficult to hold in the
laboratory.

In FY-63, the Bureau's program on living populations will fall into two
categories: continuation of substantiai marine research effort now
underway; and the launching of a new basic research effort to increase
knowledge on biology of marine organisms, The principal new studies
will be on:

(a) Disease and parasite infections;

(b) Determination of factors which control

survival of critical young stages;
(c) Taxonomic relationships.

200"

Attention will also be given to improvements in techniques and instru~
mentation to increase the rate of present research and make possible
new undertakings which cannot be accomplished with existing methods.

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife FY-62 $100,000
FY-63 $17,000
Continuing studies will be undertaken of migratory marine fishes which
are of interest to recreational fishermen. Through support received
in 1960, a center of game fish research was established at Sandy Hook,
New Jersey. Major activities in this center are:

1) conducting a National Survey of catches
and an inventory of fishing facilities;

2) establishing a compendium of all
available information on game fishes
and fishing and research in progress;

3) developing facilities for basic re-
search in both experimental and
environmental fields;

)) investigation into game fish problems
through contact with appropriate persons
and agencies around the country;

SY

drawing up a program for research and
services to be established during the
period 1961-1965.

Research will be accomplished through fellowships, grants and contracts
to state conservation organizations and universities, in addition to
the Bureau's own undertakings.

A program of coastal environmental research is planned for the Pacific
Coast in the area between Cape Flattery and Point Conception and from
Long Island to Southern Florida in the Atlantic. The role of estuaries
in the lives of game fishes is to be studied. Collections of larvae
and young fishes will be made in a number of estuaries. Basic life
history information for game fish species will be sought.

Provision is being made for physiological studies and research on methods
of rearing marine game fishes in order to learn their physical and
biological requirements for early survival and growth, This research
will commence in FY-62 and will continue in 1963. A deactivated

Naval Base at Tiburon, California has been obtained for future West Coast
operations.

pee

Geological Survey FY-62 $7,060
FY-63 $80,000

Research on a number of marine biological and biochemical problems
involving the. geologic history of ocean basins; the origins of marine
sedimentary rocks, ores, and fuels; and isotopic and other chemical
processes of present-day relevance is now being carried out in various
Geological Survey laboratories. A significant expansion of such work
is planned for FY-63. Typical subjects of this research include: the
analysis of modern planktonic skeletal materiais; the role of organisms
in the origin of carbonate sediments and petroleum; the recently
discovered fractionation of hydrogen isotopes by marine bacteria;
paleontological investigations of past land and ocean~current config-
urations; the use of marine fossils for determination of ancient
climatic conditions and the dating of marine sediments; shoal-water
ecology and paleoecology as applied to stratigraphic interpretation;
and the investigation and possible development of a fuel cell basically
powered by marine bacterial oxidation. Results of such work will
apply over a very broad range of problems relating to earth history,
animal physiology, mineral exploration, climatology and energy
sources.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

Office of Education FY-62 $59,000
et, FY-63 $59,000
The Office of Education awards a number of graduate fellowships for
new and expanded programs in oceanography that contribute to this
objective as well as objective one,

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Coast Guard FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0
Under Objective Three, the Coast Guard has no direct research activities
other than the collection of data in cooperation with other research
agencies, This includes plankton hauls and sampling from ocean station
vessels, lightships, and the Bering sea patrol, This will continue
in 1963.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

FY-62 $2,600,000

FY-63 $3,100,000
The Division of Biclogical and Medical Sciences supports a wide variety
of studies that show promise of leading to a greater understanding of
life and living processes in the marine and estuarine environments.
Much of this work is done at marine laboratories either on a continuing
or @ seasonal basis, and much more is carried on in other laboratories
in which marine organisms are being used as experimental materials in

a) he

a variety of research problems ranging from physiology to pharmacology,
and from genetics and behavioral studies to biogeography. In FY-62 and 63,
individual research projects that aim to contribute to the knowledge of
marine organisms will be supported in essentially all (some 20) non-
governmental marine laboratories in the country where such work is
conducted, and in some 70 additional universities, colleges, and other
research institutions. Such work will include, for example, systematic
studies on the classification, relationships, variation and evolution
of marine invertebrates, fishes, algae, plankton and parasitic forms;
studies on the distribution, migration, life histories and growth of
such forms; their physiology, reproduction, climatic adaptations,
locomotion, tolerances, behavior and functions, Work will be supported,
also, dealing with the productivity of the sea, the nitrogen cycle, the
effects of chemical constituents on the biota, and shallow water and
deep sea communities. Support is also provided for ship time for
biological oceanography and for the expansion and improvement of marine
laboratories and their graduate training programs.

During FY-63, major ship facilities will be significantly advanced,

with a biological research vessel being built for Duke University on the
East Coast, and two made ready on the West Coast, one for Hopkins Marine
Laboratory of Stanford University that is to have unique training
features as a floating classroom and laboratory combined, and another

at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Other types of facilities that
-will be supported or that are now becoming operational include a new
laboratory building at Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University

of Washington; a controlled-environment facility, called a marinostat,

at Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove; a new laboratory building to
house biological and chemical research at Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution; and a laboratory at Lamont Geological Observatory. Facility-
type support is also being given to the construction of a boat basin for
marine research in Texas, building expansion at the Bermuda Biological
Station, the marine biological laboratory at the University of California,
Santa Barbara, and the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory, and the establishment
and support of the Vermillion Sea Field Station.

The biological portion of the United States participation in the
International Indian Ocean Expedition will be entirely supported by NSF
through Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Logistic support has been
given by NSF to the development of the biological research program, and
the USS WILLIAMSBURG is now being taken over from the Navy and undergoing
reactivation in order to serve as the U. S. biological research vessel

in that activity during FY-63 to 65. Some 250 American biologists responded
to the invitation to submit plans for participation in this expedition,
and it is foreseen that sufficient data will be gathered in Indian Ocean
waters to require continuing logistic support for its assimilation for
several years beyond the official termination of I.1.0.E.

=058

Marine biological studies in Antarctic waters will also comprise an
important part of the research activity of the USNS ELTANIN-and shore
stations in the Antarctic.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FY-62 $0

FY-63 $250,000
An obvious need in any oceanographic program is for adequate description
of the animals and plants of the sea, any one of which may become the
basis for an intensive study now or at some future date. The study of
ecology of these organisms naturally comes after the precise identi-
fication and description of species are available. The development of
ecological biology, the foundation of all national appraisal and control
of our living resources, depends to a great degree on the rapid, accurate
and specific identification of organisms encountered, Accurate identi-
fication of species of organisms is a basic requirement for the elucidation
of marine biological phenomena and for an understanding of the complexion
of the resources of the sea,

In order to provide basic identifications of marine organisms to other
scientists engaged in this national effort, and to-prepare revisions
and monographs of biological groups about which little is yet know,
the Museum of Natural History staff wili be increased from its present
21 to 70 over a ten-year period. FY-63 will see the initial effort of
this expansion, Until an adequate staff is achieved, some of the
early work must be carried out by contract to other institutions.

OBJECTIVE FOUR ~ TO DESCRIBE THE SEA FLOOR AND TO UNDERSTAND ITS LONG-
TERM AND. SHORT-TERM EVOLUTION; INCLUDING THE TOPOGRAPHY, GEOPHYSICAL
NATURE AND SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE WITH PARTICULAR INTEREST IN THE SEA
FLOOR'S RELATION TO THE SURROUNDING LAND MASSES

Some of the most marked advances in understanding the ocean basins have
come about through geological and geophysical investigations of the sea
floor. Less than fifteen years ago, little was known about the ocean
bottom and its structure. There were few reliable soundings, no seismic
refraction results, and very little magnetic or gravity data. Geothermal
measurements were unknown, Within the past decade precision depth
recorders and seismic refraction techniques have evelved, gravity meters
have been developed that can operate on surface ships, highly sensitive
magnetometers have been towed routinely by research ships and geothermal
measurements have been carried out over large areas of the ocean, A
large part of the significant advances in this field can be attributed
to the massive effort that has been undertaken, but, in addition, some
of the success can-be traced to the fact that once a marine geophysical
technique has been developed, it has almost invariably proved simpler
and quicker to collect data at sea rather than on the continents.

Results of geological and geophysical research at sea during the past
decade may be divided into three categories, The first is the identi-
fication and charting of the massive features that characterize the
ocean bottom —- the trenches, mountain ranges and sea mounts. Even today
these features are known only in the most gross detail. Secondly,

the nature and composition of the vast blanket of sediments have been
investigated and described - again only in 4 cursory manner. Third,
and more recently, the structure of the crust beneath the sediments has
been examined, and attempts are being made to determine the orogenic
processes that are continually modifying it. Results from.all three

of these categories are providing the fundamental knowledge required
to understand basic problems such as the origin of the earth and other
planets.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Office of Naval Research FY-62 $6,160,000
FY-63 $7,380,000
The geological and geophysical research program of the Office of Naval.
Research has, for the most part, been directed at a fundamental compre-
hension of the sea floor, its substructure and history.

One of the prime objectives in the program is to describe the sea floor,
delineating the major features such as trenches, ridges and sea mounts
and to understand their origin. This effort is carried out by all sea-
going vessels supported by ONR. Precision depth recorders will be

placed aboard all ships not now having this capability. New techniques
of scanning the sea bottom to increase the effectiveness of research
ships will be pursued jointly with other groups within the Navy. in
addition, research into new and better navigation techniques will con-
tinue in order that positioning does not become a limiting factor in
these investigations, Coring and dredging will be done in close har-
mony with the bathymetric program to provide information on the nature
of sedimentation and its physical and chemical properties and to under-
stand the processes taking place that continually modify the sediments.
Most of the sedimentation studies will be carried out by oceanographic
laboratories such as Lamont Geological Observatory, Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, University of Miami, Texas A & M, Scripps Insti-
tution of Oceanography and Cambridge University, England. Every
oceanic area will receive attention in this program, with major em-
phasis in the areas of good navigational control, These studies will
be conducted in to the shore line in many places to develop an under-
standing of the relation of the sea bottom to the continents. For
example, the continental borderland off Southern California and the
South China Sea will be investigated by the University of Southern
California, Similarly, coastal geography studies will be made along
the East and Gulf Coast of the United States, Applied programs: con-
cerning the acoustical properties of the sediments and the reflectivity
and reverberation of the topography will be accelerated in FY-63. The
Hudson Laboratories of Columbia University, the Marine Physical Labora-
tory of Scripps Institution and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
will undertake the bulk of the applied research.

Other geophysical investigations of the sea floor and its substructure
will be made in cooperation with the aforementioned studies. While
underway, the research ships will continually measure gravity and the
magnetic properties of the bottom. These results will be correlated
with topography. On station, the ships will make seismic reflection
and refraction measurements and will measure heat flow when possible.
None of these measurements by itself can provide definitive knowledge

of the earth's substructure, but the combination of all provides the
only effective manner in which the crustal properties can be studied.

In the past, the major features such as the mid-Atlantic Ridge and the
East Pacific Rise have received the primary attention of the geophysical
investigations, Studies of these areas, in particular the geophysically
anomalous area of the East Pacific Rise, will continue during FY-63.
Additionally;.the topographic features of the Indian and Antarctic
Oceans will be examined to determine what relation, if any, they have
with the predominant features of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, As
most of this work requires the use of two ships, both national and
international cooperation will be fostered. In the Atlantic, the

Woods Hole group will continue to work with the group at Cambridge.
Lamont will cooperate with the South American countries - Argentina,
Chile and Peru - and will also participate in the Indian Ocean Expedition.
Texas A & M will be encouraged to expand its geophysical work. Scripps

=20=

will have three large ships capable of doing geophysical investigations
in any oceanic area with the exception of the Arctic. The South Pacific
and Indian Oceans will be the areas of concentration by the Scripps
Institution. The Universities of Wisconsin and Michigan will cooperate
with the Lamont Geological Observatory and the Arctic Research Laboratory
in the geophysical investigation of the Arctic basin. Ice islands and
sea floe stations will be utilized, It is hoped that a ship can also

be "frozen in'’ as a semipermanent laboratory.

A concerted effort will be made to improve geophysical techniques. New
methods of sub-bottom exploration will be examined. Magnetic and gravity
instruments will be improved-by making them more sensitive and more
reliable. An attempt will be made to integrate the output of many of
these sensors on punched or magnetic tape for digital use along with
providing the conventional analog display. Computer techniques for
analyzing seismic records will be investigated.

Non-routine ideas for exploring the ocean bottom will be supported.
These will include scientific investigation made by the TRIESTE and
ALUMEINAUT, In addition, the Navy will continue to support, along with
the National Science Foundation, the program of deep ocean drilling in
Project MOHOLE.

Hydrographic Office FY-62 $100,000
FY-63 $130,000

The Hydrographic Office program for FY-63 includes research leading
to improvements in survey equipment and techniques for application
on, above and beneath the surface of the sea, and to the development
of new and improved methods of data analysis programmed to the max-
imum possible utilization of electronic computer technology. The
conversion of oceanographic information into appropriate military
terms and the prediction of environmental conditions in both time and
space are major research objectives. improved capabilities for naval
operations through improved knowledge of the interactions of the
marine environment with naval systems will be emphasized.

In its FY-63 program the Hydrographic Office will devote considerable
research effort to the description and understanding of the sea floor
and associated geophysical and geological phenomena, A number of tasks
will be concerned with longer range objectives leading to the scien-
tific extrapolation of geophysical and geological conditions and the
conversion and display of these preocuce conditions into forecasts

of military significance.

The use of data concerning sea floor and related phenomena depends to
-a large extent on the ability to position accurately at sea. Analysis
of present, navigation system capabilities, accuracies, and limitations
-will be undertaken along with other Naval activities, and the data
obtained will be used to provide guidance for improving present capa-
bilittes and in evaluating new systems. Capabilities for rapid and

=29%

accurate topographic and physiographic descriptions of the sea floor
will be developed through advances in bathymetric measuring techniques.
Improvements in micro-bathymetric techniques will be attempted by
towing a transducer close to the ocean bottom. This may allow for

more detailed study of the floor than is at present possible. Con-
currently, reflectivity measurements of the ocean floor will be

taken for use in future reflectivity prediction studies, Specialized
photogrammetric instruments are to be developed to allow rapid

and accurate compilation of bathymetric features with the use of under-
water photography.

Observations of gravity data will provide information on the sea floor
and the underlying mass as manifested in density contrasts, Develop-
ment, testing and evaluation of an airborne gravity measuring system
Will be undertaken. This system must be compatible with the types

of naval aircraft and navigational systems available for collecting
other geophysical data.

Analyses will be made of the frequency and lower spectrum of magnetic

ignals as monitored from aircraft. This project requires geomagnetic
data of high quality obtained under controlled conditions, Magnetic
tape recordings of geomagnetic information will be used during analysis
of procedures.

Bureau of Ships FY-62 $575,000

FY-63 $802,000

Within the Bureau, geological-geophysical research will be supported

-at the Navy Electronics Laboratory and the Lamont Geological Observatory.
Both programs contain elements of basic research although emphasis is

on problems of sound propagation, Sea floor studies at NEL will

consist of sound transmission characteristics in sediments, identifiable
properties correlated with acoustic properties, sediment types and
formation affecting mine hunting and mine burial, shear strength of
sediments, theory of deep water sediments (lithification, etc.), deep
photographic studies cf ripples, sediment transport and canyon flushing.
The TRIESTE will be used in connection with these studies wherever its
unique operaticnal characteristics permit, Acoustic investigation of
the sub-bottom wili be pursued using sonoprobe techniques, Likewise,
the program at Lamont is directed toward understanding the charac-
teristics of ocean sediments and the earth's crust beneath them as they
affect sound transmission, This will include detailed bathymetric

work, analysis of core samples, seismic studies and the development of
special instruments for use in marine geophysics.

Establishment of an acoustic data center, where the mass of unassessed
and uncorrelated information from various laboratories can be drawn
together, evaluated and placed in a fast data-retrieval system, is
being considered at the Underwater Sound Laboratory.

DEPARTMENT CF THE ARMY

Office of the Chief of Engineers FY-62 $ 63,000

i FY-63 $100,000
Topographic changes in coastal waters will be studied with relation to
navigation channels, the silting of jetties and breakwaters and the
control of shoaling. These changes represent a complex interaction

of tidal currents, wave action and littoral drift. The projects
involve field studies, laboratory tests, and data analyses. Use will
be made of research institutions as well as government laboratories

in this work.

The meeting of tidal currents and storm waves at inlet bars represents ~

probably the most violent aspect of oceanography, and the study of this

action is costly and difficult. A research study is underway to improve
the ability to analyze these actions in smali-scale laboratory wave

and tidal basins.

The mechanics of tsunamis (earthquake generated waves) will be studied
with particular reference to the increase in height in shallow water
and the run-up of these waves on the shore.

Startling changes in the cceanic environment have occurred in the coastal
zone where the tidal bays, lagoons and estuaries are subjected to shoaling
processes from silting and to erosion by internal waves and tidal cur-
rents, Here, the interplay has resulted in the silting up, within his-
toric times, of large bays (e.g. - the Louisiana marshes) and, conversely,
the erosion of great areas by wave attack (e.g. - banks of Chesapeake Bay).
Studies of the shoaling and the erosion in these tidal waters will be
carried out as part of this research program.

Beach Erosion Board i FY-62 $149,000
FY-63 $152,000

Every wind movement over the ocean generates a wave train, The accum-
lated energy in these wave trains is constantly being dissipated on the
shores and beaches of the land masses. The Board's research program
contains a series of studies to determine the relationship between
the character of the waves and the changes (erosion or accretion) of
the shore. Studies will continue to be made to determine seasonal
beach changes from wave action, as well as more abrupt changes, from
a single violent storm.

The formation and disappearance of offshore bars and beach cusps, berm
creation and destruction, equilibrium profiles, and the rate of littoral
transport of sand along the shore are other projects that will be
continued or begun in FY-63. Studies on basic mechanisms of transport
by waves and currents will be continued, through both university con-
tract and laboratory work. The amount of sand in suspension under wave
action is under study, as is the proportionate relation of this sus-
pended material to littoral transport rate. Use of various fluorescent

=3i..

field studies in FY-63. Better description of shore and nearshore
materials are being sought, particularly through statistical means
utilizing computers, and studies are underway on the sorting and redis
tribution of materials under wave action.

and radioactive tracer materials in beach studies is contemplated in
|
\

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Weather Bureau FYy-62 $0

cit mane FY-63 $ 0
The Weather Bureau's interest in the sea floor topography and its
eines to surrounding land masses is restricted to the deflection,

blocking, or channeling of major ocean currents and the resulting

climatic effects, The potential of areal weather and climatic modifi-
cation could conceivably include the physical change in the flow pattern
of ocean currents.
The Weather Bureau is interested in studies relating current, topo-
graphy and climatic change, but does not plan to fund for such research
in FY-63.

Coast & Geodetic Survey FY-62 $206,000
g 5 FY~63 $301,000

The hydrographic surveys and marine geophysical (magnetic and gravity)
operations of tne Coast Survey contribute directly to this research
Objective. Although most of the funds for these operations are
listed under "surveys", there is no sharp dividing line between sur-
veys and research, Recent research projects have been reported in
professional publications and include the geological interpretation
of bathymetry along the centinental slope off southwest Florida
and a similar study of the Florida Straits south of the Keys. ‘Other
research projects include the geology of a newly-discovered bank
rising from deep water in the Caribbean, a study of migrating sand
waves on Georges Bank, a study of the area of bottom erosion and
sedimentation in Chesapeake Bay, the geology of the sea floor in the
Guif of Alaska, chetees in Lituya Bay, Alaska, resulting from recent
earthquakes, and a tents of the rising land mass in southeast Alaska,
Investigations of this nature will be considerably expanded in FY-1963.

Working with the Geological Survey, geophysicists of the Coast Survey
are studying the distribution of magnetic anomalies in the Arctic.
Marine Geophysical work is currently being carried ovt in the Chukchi
Sea, in the North Pacific and off the northeast Atlantic Coast:
equisition of additional magnetometers and another shipboard gravity
meter planned for FY-1963 will increase the capabilities of the
Coast Survey in this field.

Equipment has been purchased which will provide information on the
thickness of recent sediments and structure of the subsurface layers.

A new deep-sea camera to be used jointly by Coast Survey photo-
grammetrists and oceanographers will be used for research on the sea floor.

S835

Rock samples from the Florida Straits and the West Florida Shelf,

and sediment cores from the North Pacific, collected from Coast Survey
ships, have been analyzed by the U. S. Geological Survey on a
cooperative basis, and marine geophysicists from that agency and from
the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have and will continue to work
with the Coast Survey on cooperative research projects.

During FY-1962, the extensive ocean-wide survey operations in the North
Pacific provided for the first time, accurately controlled data from
which the Coast Survey is constructing charts which will show for the
same area the total magnetic field, the gravity anomalies, and the
bottom topography. These are valuable research tools for studies

of the geologic history of the ocean basin.

During FY-1962, the Coast Survey made its first research grant for
marine geological research, This was to a graduate student at Johns
Hopkins working on the problem of underwater sand ridges. This

grant will probably continue in FY-1963, and it is planned that others
will be made when the funds become available.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $11,000
FY-63 $ 9,000

The Bureau's program does not contribute significantly to this Objective,
although an increasing awareness of the relation of fisheries to topo-
graphic features is being followed closely. In cooperation with
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a series of topographic charts
showing locations of sea mounts in the eastern Pacific is being
produced, These are for use primarily by tuna fishermen, as past
research has shown that tuna concentrate near sea mounts.

Geological Survey FY-62 $205,000
FY-63 $230,000
The Geological Survey program contributing to knowledge of the sea floor
and marine sedimentary processes can best be illustrated by the
following tabulation of long-range programs to begin or to be extended
in FY-63.

1) Structure, geologic evolution, and sedimentation
of the Pacific continental margin, Western United
States.

2) Geologic history, substructure, and sedimentary
regime of the Alaskan epicontinental seas and
the Aleutian Island arc.

3) Petrogenic provinces and boundary structures of

the Pacific Basin.

age

lh.) Quaternary history and structure of New England

continental shelf.

5) Substructure of the Atlantic continental shelf.

6)

7)

8)

Sedimentary and diagenetic processes and provinces
of the Floridian shelf seas and adjacent water
areas,

Syntheses of existing knowledge of world conti-
nental shelves.

Ecology and biogeography of living and extinct ‘
marine faunas important in interpreting the {
geologic record. ;

Most of these programs have the threefold objective of: (1) determining
the geologic history, subsurface structure, petrography, and evolution
of the sea floor (mainly continental shelves and borderlands), (2)

identifying the sedimentary, geochemical, diagenetic, structural and

geologically important biological processes operating at, above, and
below the sea floor, and (3) delineating and evaluating mineral and
mineral fuel occurrences.

The following investigation will be carried out relative to the above:

1) Analytical laboratories.

2

—

Studies of diagenetic processes with special
reference to glauconite, zeolites and clays.

Spectrochemical analysis of aquatic sediments
and related waters.

Isotope geology.

Continuovs gamma radiation profiles of bottom
sediments,

Investigation of physical properties with in
situ measuring and sampling devices.

Marine geochronological and paleotemperature
research.

Geochemical exploration and minor elements,

Studies of materials and minor elements in
marine sediments.

aahie

Preparation of standards for, construction and
operation of compact mobile laboratories for
shipboard and shoreside use.

Special research on minor element distribution
in the aquatic realm.

l.) Experimental geochemistry and mineralogy.
Studies of mineralogy of marine sediments.
Marine geochemical research.

5) Paleontology and stratigraphy.

Marine geochronological and ecological research.

6) Theoretical geophysics.

Measurements and instrumentation for special
physical properties in connection with Project
MOHOLE .

Research with marine surface gravimeter and
magnetometer.

Extension of seismic investigations to the sea off
southern California.

The aim of the FY-63 program is to develop new concepts and improved
techniques that will be useful in (1) understanding and describing the
distribution and variations in abundance of the elements and their
compounds in space and time, (2) determining the composition, structure
and history of the earth, and (3) delineating and evaluating mineral
deposits, fuel deposits and water resources.

Bureau of Mines FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0
The investigation of the Bureau of Mines that leads toward this Objective
is described under Objective Five.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Coast Guard FY-62 $0

ue aren FY-63 $0
Coast Guard activity in Objective Four is limited to bathymetric sounding
tracks in conjunction with other Coast Guard functions, This is in
cooperation with the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. In FY-63 it is
estimated that 365,000 miles of echo sounding tracks will be compiled.
This activity is not funded with research money.

—35-

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

FY-62 $1,550,000

FY-63 $2,130,000
The geological, geochemical and geophysical oceanographic investigations
supported by the Earth Sciences Program of the National Science Foundation
are directed toward obtaining a basic understanding of the sea floor and
its structure. Among others, research in these areas is supported at
the Universities of Miami, California, Washington, Michigan, Southern
California, Missouri, and Georgia, as well as Florida State, Columbia,
Yale, and Rice University.

The geological and geochemical research covers a wide range of problems
requiring both laboratory and field efforts. Some of the general topics
receiving support are:
(a) the stratigraphy of deep-sea cores in the Atlantic
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the
Caribbean Sea;

(b) X-ray diffraction and spectrographic studies
of oceanic and coastal marine sediments;

(c) micropaleontological studies of Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean cores;

(d) paleotemperatures as determined by the oxygen 16-18
ratios of the calcium carbonate fractions of
deep-sea sediments;

(e) rates of sedimentation principally by
Carbon-1l analysis;

(f) the dynamics of sediment transportation;

(g) the geochemistry of radioactive and stable
isotopes;

(h) the exchange phenomenon between the sediments
and the sea3 6

(i) sediment petrology and the development of
minerals; and

(3) lithofacie and biofacie surveys of marine
sediments.

The principal aim of geophysical investigations at sea is to advance
our knowledge of the surface and subsurface of the sea floor. Bathymetric,

2365

seismic, gravity, magnetic and thermal investigations receive both
direct support and indirect support in the form of ship construction,
modification and operation. During the numerous cruises and expeditions
sponsored by the National Science Foundation, many geophysical measure-
ments are taken, An example of this is the geophysics program supported
by the Foundation and conducted by Scripps, Lamont and Woods Hole.

BO7ie

OBJECTIVE FIVE - TO DETERMINE HOW THE OCEANS CAN BE EXPLOITED TO BENEFIT
MANKIND

All oceanographic investigations are pointed toward the ultimate goal
of maximum utilization of the world ocean for the betterment of man-
kind, Much of the present and planned research is immediately
pertinent to this goal, In most cases, however, we cannot immediately
evaluate the ultimate use of basic cceanographic research. However,
all the hopes for ultimate utilization of the oceans are dependent
upon basic research. For example, if we hope eventually to be able

to modify and control the weather the physical oceanographers and
meteorologists must have a better understanding of the processes

now in operation at the air-sea interface, Such control is pure
speculation without this understanding. The same holds true for
increasing our food supply from the sea, and obtaining more minerals.
We must understand what is going on in the sea before we can exploit
it. Once we have the facts ~ and only then - will we have the potential
to understand the ocean to utilize its fullest potential.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Office of the Chief of Engineers FY-62 $21,000

FFs ee CE ee FY-63 $20,000
Flood control works of man frequently divert large quantities of fresh
water from one estuary to another. These diversions may produce great
changes in the bays and estuaries affected by the change. For instance,
the diversion of Mississippi flow into the Atchafalaya has resulted
in significant changes in the Atchafalaya delta, Resulting salinity
and silting conditions have affected both the fish life and the
hydrography. Such changes can be made to be beneficial rather than
harmful to mankind.

As part of its research program the Corps is evaluating the factors
controlling salinity, mixing, flushing and silting of estuaries.

The goal is to obtain a quantitative evaluation of these factors
enabling the effects of river diversion of the oceanic environment

to be calculated beforehand so that harmful effects can be anticipated
and avoided, The program of research is rather broad and will include
studies of salinity, currents, flocculations, and the erosion and
transportation of bottom materials both in the laboratory and field.
Research will also include studies of the effects of enlarging the
entrance channels to inlets and estuaries.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Weather Bureau HY=62 nO
73 FY-63 $0

Most of the Weather Bureau's program, described under Objective Two,
also contributes to Objective Five, If weather is to be controlled

=30—

Sat cali

A tin aed Rap nae nities ES aot N

ry i

=u

to the benefit of man, we must understand more thoroughly air-sea
interactions.

Coast & Geodetic Survey Coy S50)
HYE 63-1 520

All of the Coast & Geodetic Survey's programs such as: research on
tsunamis to improve the prediction techniques for the warning system,
current studies and charting activities for navigation, tidal studies
for use by coastal engineers and for storm surge studies are germane
to Objective Five. However, they have been described and budgeted
in either the other objectives of this report or within the Survey
Program.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $825,000

Tat eee ee eee FY-63 $914,000
One of the principal ways in which man may modify the oceans is through
inducing a biological imbalance by the continued harvesting of certain
desirable species and the neglect of species of no commercial value.
Such selection imposes an additional mortality on species sought by
fishermen over that which occurs naturally, and it raises two questions:
(1) what effect does fishing have on relations between species and
(2) what rate of exploitation can be applied to a population to obtain
the maximum sustainable yield? The Bureau directs considerable
research towards the first question in present programs and will
continue to do so in the future. No new programs are planned specifi-
cally on rates of exploitation in 1963.

Experiments to induce mass biological productivity, such as creation
of artificial upwelling or fertilization of the sea with trace elements
which may be critical to high abundance of basic producers, have been
proposed. It would appear that such experiments can, in time, be
successful but that their chances of success will be greatly enhanced
after the relations between productivity and physical and biologic
processes are better known. Biologists do not know how most marine
animals respond to their present environment except in a very crude
way for some species. Therefore, this information should be gained
before giving high priority to experiments which would have to be
conducted on a trial basis because of lack of present information to
design them properly.

Improvements in ways to catch fish are being sought. For example,
experiments will be made to herd fish, with curtains made from air
bubbles, into electrical fields from which they will be pumped aboard
ship.

Research on coastal and inshore oceanographic conditions in the Gulf

of Mexico is to. be expanded. The aim for this work is to learn the
extent that engineering and industrial developments are altering the

m30=

natural biological, physical and chemical regimes and consequently
the productivity of Gulf coastal and estuarine areas. The effects
which dredging, channelization, land reclamation and other modifica-
tions have on circulation, sedimentation and salinity will be studied.

Geological Survey FY-62 $15,000
FY-63 $63,000

One of the primary responsibilities of the Geological Survey is to
locate, delineate and evaluate potentially useful deposits of minerals |
and mineral fuels on and beneath the continental shelves, slopes and
borderlands, the deep sea floor and in the waters of the sea itself.
A substantial increase in effort to carry out this responsibility
will be made during FY-63.

Bureau of Mines FY-62 $50,000

Sa ere FY-63 $50,000
One of the principal missions of the Bureau of Mines is the conservation
and development of mineral resources. To discharge this responsibility,
the Bureau of Mines investigates occurrences of minerals and conducts
research on mining and means of extracting metals from their ores
or otherwise preparing minerals for market. Its activities have been
confined largely to minerals and fuel deposits on land. Many such
deposits were laid down beneath prehistoric seas and the knowledge
gained from their study can be extrapolated readily to present-day
ocean bottom deposits. The need to broaden the Nation's mineral
resources base makes it both logical and imperative to extend Bureau
of Mines investigations to encompass the mineral deposits that lie
beneath the ocean and to the elements that are dissolved in the ocean
itself.

The Bureau of Mines has begun a limited program of analyzing ocean
bottom samples, taken by other oceanographic research organizations,
to determine the occurrence of valuable elements and minerals in the
sediments on the sea floor, Available data on such occurrence is
being collected and evaluated as a basis for future programs.

Theories and techniques of sampling the huge sea areas of the sea floor
will be studied. Research will be undertaken on means of selective
separation of trace elements from the very dilute solution that is

sea water.

-)0-

OBJECTIVE SIX - TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVITY AND POLLUTION
ON THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE

OCEANS

Although research in this category may overlap with any or all of the
preceding objectives, the implications of contamination of the ocean
seem to justify a separate examination of this aspect of the oceano-
graphic program. Studies of radioactivity and other pollution are
supported by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Department of
Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), and the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (BCF). The AEC has the principal research program concerning
radioactivity in the ocean; the HEW is principally involved in actual
and potential health problems in the ocean; and the BCF is concerned
with the effects of pollution on fishery resources now and in the
future. In addition, the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, Navy,
the Coast Guard, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Bureau of Mines,
the Army Engineers and other agencies must be vrepared to consider
their operations from the standpoint of pollution and under given
circumstances any of these agencies may develop an operational program
in pollution research. For example, the Navy has carried out pollution
research in connection with its weapons development program and the
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife is developing a capability for
investigating pollution as an aspect of its responsibility for marine
fishery resources,

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office FY-62 $20,000
FY-63 $20,000
A critical area for additional effort will be field and theoretical
studies of flushing and dispersion of contaminants which go into
solution. Dye dispersal techniques and turbulence measurements will
be valuable. Studies on motion of contaminated water will be carried
out in nearshore, estuarine and deep oceanic waters.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Office of the Chief of Engineers FY-62 $21,000

‘ae eh Cpa eee aCe FY-63- $20,000
Hurricane protection measures often involve the construction of vermanent
seawalls or dikes across inlets to shut out the hurricane surge. These
walls or dikes may alter mixing and flushing characteristics of the
tidal flow and affect the pollution and the fish life of the area.
The FY-63 research program will include studies to evaluate the effects
of full or partial barriers to tidal flow.

Nola

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Coast & Geodetic Survey FY-62 $0
FY-63 $0

To date, the contribution of the Coast and Geodetic Survey to this
research objective has been only as a reimbursable collector of data.
Under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission, the C&GS has carried
out several environmental studies off the Atlantic Coast; studies
involving currents, bottom topography, sediments and bottom-dwelling
organisms, In the past the Coast Survey, at the request of the }
Atomic Energy Commission and the Maritime Administration, carried
out an extensive study of the currents, temperature, and salinity
of New York Harbor to provide the basic information for estimating
the flushing time of radioactive contamination from the Harbor.
Special sediment collections have been made for the Public Health
Service for use in their radioactivity surveillance program.

During FY-1962, the PIONEER had aboard a radiochemist from the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography who was carrying out sampling and concentration
operations as part of a study of the distribution of Cesium-137 in the
North Pacific. Cooperative endeavors of this type will continue in FY-1963.

In FY-63 the C&GS obtained one small vessel specifically for shallow
water and estuarine circulatory surveys. In FY-63 this ship will be
used in Charleston Harbor in an extensive study of the current regime,
and the resulting studies will provide information of use in this
research objective.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries FY-62 $100,000
FY-63 $151,000

Radioactivity - The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has conducted
research in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission for more than
10 years at the Beaufort, North Carolina laboratory. This research is
providing information on the accumulation of radioactivity by marine
species and the effect of this accumulation upon the well-being of the
species. This is a continuing program providing basic information which
can be used to evaluate the hazards of various levels of radioactivity
upon food fish products. It is expected that research, which until now
has been in the laboratory, will be expanded to consider results in
small enclosed pools or tanks,

In 1961, the Bureau began a cooperative study with Public Health Service
on the distribution of radioactive substances in the estuary of the
Savannah River in Georgia. The Bureau's part of this project has been

to supply a marine biologist to assist in planning and carrying out field
sampling to develop satisfactory procedures for monitoring levels of
radioactivity in streams. Funds for this project were supplied by the
Division of Radiological Health of the Public Health Service.

ae

The Bureau also began a radiobiology consultation program in 1961 to
evaluate the effect of proposed nuclear plants upon fish and shellfish.
This project, which is based in Washington, D. C., will be expanded in
FY-63 since at least two more specialists will be required to meet the
increased workload caused by the increase in the number of applications
for Federal licenses to construct nuclear plants.

The Bureau also plans to construct a new radiobiology laboratory at
Beaufort, North Carolina during 1963. This will replace an existing
laboratory which has been frequently flooded by hurricanes.

Pesticides - Under special authorization by Congress, both Bureaus

in the Fish and Wildlife Service are conducting research on the effects
of pesticides on fish and wildlife. Research is being carried on at
Milford, Connecticut, where the effects of pesticides on oyster and
clam larvae are being studied. In Alaska the Bureau is cooperating
with the Forest Service in evaluating the effect of forest spraying

on the eggs and fry of salmon. The major portion of the Bureau's
research on pesticides is conducted at the Gulf Breeze, Florida
laboratory, and at present concerns the effects of pesticides on
juvenile and adult fish and shellfish.

In 1963, field studies on the effect of pesticides will begin in

the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. This project will probably
continue for a number of years since many pesticide chemicals have not
yet been studied, and since more information is required before the
Bureau can advise pest control agencies of safe tolerance limits for
aquatic species.

Estuarine Studies - In the broad sense, studies of the bays and estuaries
along the Gulf Coast are concerned with effects of changes in the
environment which might be described as pollution. These studies,

which are based at Bureau laboratories at Galveston, Texas and

St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, are concerned with the hydrology of
inshore waters and the tolerance of estuarine species to changes in
their environment. Information gathered in these studies will provide

a basis for predicting the effect of proposed engineering changes in
coastlines, waterways, marshes and bays upon commercial fishery species.
Among the possible changes in environment are increased turbidity,
changes in salinity and temperature, reduced fishing rates, and
decreased river flows which might reduce the dilution of domestic wastes.
These studies began in 1961 and were continued in 1962. It is planned
that funds for estuarine studies will be increased for FY-63.

Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife FY-62 $ 5,000
FY-63 $100,000
Pesticides - The Bureau operates a Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory
to study the effects of insecticides and other pesticides on fishery
resources. Studies involve the identification and measurement by

elie

chemical analysis and bioassay of pesticide chemicals in fishes, and
the plants and animals on which they depend; definition of the immediate
and cumulative effects of the chemicals; and the determination of the
toxic and lethal levels of both dissolved and ingested pesticides.
Standards for pesticide content of the environment which can be endured
without severe chronic effects are one objective of these studies.
Tolerance limits of various organisms are another.

Oil Pollution - Research is needed on the effects of oil on sport
fish species, their foods, and upon waterfowl. The Bureau assists in
determining areas of pollution and in the formulation of regulations
covering dumping of oils in prohibited zones.

Estuarine Studies - The Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory (New Jersey)
commenced a study in FY-62 of the Shrewsbury River estuary. Plans are
to expand this study to include areas on both the Atlantic and Pacific
Coasts, and to include documentation of environmental conditions
affecting young game fish and their foods.

Experimental Biology - A prerequisite to determination of the effects
of pollutants is an understanding of the survival, growth and well-
being of marine organisms in relation to their environment. In FY-62,
an experimental laboratory program was commenced at the Bureau's
Sandy Hook Laboratory to study the influence of various environmental
factors including microorganisms, under controlled conditions, on
growth and physiology of marine fishes. This involves the establishment
of a number of plankton cultures, a determination of their nutritional
and physiological requirements, an evaluation of biochemical inter-
relationships among plankton species, and test feeding of larval and
juvenile fishes with various cultures of plankton tagged with radio-
isotopes. This program will be continued in FY-63.

Geological Survey FY-62 $15,000
FY-63 $20,000

Modifications of the oceans resulting from the activities of man are
also the subject of Geological Survey research now in progress and
planned for FY-63. Such research includes the effects and fate of
radio nuclides and other pollutants delivered to the oceans by runoff
from the land; the possible results of the use of nuclear energy for
coastline modification (Project CHARIOT); the effects of man-made
structures on coastal erosion; and the effect on ground-water salinity
of high-water withdrawal rates in coastal areas.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

Public Health Service FY-62 $1,150,000
FY-63 $1,500,000

Fundamental to the safe disposal of wastes in the marine environment
is the full understanding of the effects of such wastes on marine

Shine

organisms; also any interactions between waste materials and the physical
and chemical properties of sea water. This includes toxic effects on
the marine organisms; concentration of toxic chemicals and pathogenic
organisms in the food chain of edible marine food resources; the
mechanisms causing paralytic shellfish poisoning and poisonous fish;
understanding of the biology of marine organisms which may lead to their
control in assimilating pollutional materials; the survival rate of
pathogenic organisms in the marine situation; generic studies of marine
organisms which may lead to new knowledge of human life and health; and
studies to determine any medically or pharmacologically important
substances which may be produced by marine organisms.

Research studies include the effect of sewage on fertilization and the
effect of certain industrial wastes on the productivity of the euphotic
zone; oxygen and carbon dioxide relationships with photosynthesis,
respiration and growth of marine algae, bacteria and other organisms;
and the relationship and effects of radiation and wind movements on
biological growth and distribution. Where possible the basic findings
of other agencies doing research on radiation and air-sea interface
phenomena will be utilized or studied cooperatively.

During FY-63 the Public Health Service hopes to have completed two new
research laboratories, one in New England and one on the Gulf Coast,
in support of an expanded National Shellfish Sanitation Program. It
also hopes to have in the planning stage a field laboratory and
research center for pollution control, including studies of pollution
of estuarine and inshore waters. The planned direct oceanographic
research program for FY-1963 relating to pollution is as follows:

1. Chemical and bioassay studies of industrial wastes to
determine their fate and toxicity in the marine environment;
particularly as these affect shellfish, fin fish, and other
aquatic life. Studies of the mechanisms and rates of
biochemical reactions in sea water in relation to assimilation
of sewage and industrial wastes.

2. Determination of the longevity and fate in sea water of
bacteria and viruses of human origin,.with special refer-
ence to contamination of recreational beaches and harbors,
and saline waters that may be converted to fresh water.

3. Studies to determine the adverse effects of municipal and
industrial wastes on shellfish, and of natural environmental
factors which make dangerous their ingestion by man or interfere
with their reproduction and growth.

l.. Research to develop and perfect instrumentation and pro-

cedures for routinely detecting and measuring pollution by
radioactive wastes in the inshore and estuarine waters,

ise

including evaluation of the influence of such wastes on
fishery resources and relationship to the health of consuming

populations.

5. Field studies to determine dispersal patterns and velocity
of water movements in inshore waters, horizontal and vertical
velocities in estuarine and inshore tidal movements, and
sedimentation rates under various conditions of water movement
and marine topography.

The Public Health Service hopes to implement its authority to establish
fellowships and make training grants at the graduate level, including
support in the oceanographic sciences. It will continue to make grants
for research in oceanography and oceanographic-related projects.
Consultative services will be provided to state agencies and other
federal agencies, Comprehensive programs for water pollution control
for the Columbia River Basin, the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River
Basins, the Lower Delaware River and Raritan Bay Basins, and the
Tri-State Metropolitan and Hudson River Basins (New Jersey, New York
and Connecticut) will include the necessary research and studies for
the estuarine and harbor areas, including the fate of radioactive
materials in the Columbia River estuary.

In cooperation with other state and Federal agencies, the Public
Health Service conducts radiological environmental surveys in estuaries.

In some instances these surveys were originated to obtain information
about the background radiation levels in an estuary prior to the

start of nuclear operations. In other cases, surveys were initiated

to assure that the nuclear operations do not cause high activity in the
marine food supply, and in still other cases they were designed to
obtain basic information as to the route of radio nuclides from marine
disposal to the food chain, In these investigations attention is
focused towards finding indicator organisms and correlating the
concentrations of radioactive substances in these organisms to the
radioactive discharge from the source.

All estuary environmental survey projects are conducted on a basis

that allows direct comparison of data and data examination, The
samples taken and the division of samples have been detailed so as

to be compatible with other estuarial areas and will allow for more
precise and detailed data reporting and comparison than previously

were possible. The samples are divided into significant component
parts and the data are reported in a form that is adaptable to computer
punched card manipulations.

The purpose of all sampling is:
1. To determine the radiation levels of seafood with due regard

to nuclear weapons testing fallout, nuclear operations and
other sources;

igs

2. To select appropriate indicator organisms to be used in
surveys for radio nuclides in marine environments;

3. To learn of the possible effects on the fishing industry;

h. To obtain basic data useful in determining the fate of
radio nuclides in the water medium and also in the develop-
ment of mechanisms for the removal of such nuclides from
the aquatic environment.

Comprehensive program development projects are underway for the Columbia
River Basin and the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River Basins. These
studies will include the water quality requirements and pollution
control measures needed for the maximum utilization of the estuarine,
harbor and inshore waters associated with the Columbia River Basin

and Chesapeake Bay. All pollutants and their effects will be determined,
including chemical toxicants and radioactive materials.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

FY-62 $3,840,000

FY-63 $5,335,000
Radioactive materials have been added to the ocean from a variety of
sources, including fallout from nuclear tests, packaged waste disposal,
the operation of river and shore based reactors and the operation of
ocean-going vessels. Since the magnitude of added radioactivity from
some of these sources, as well as from exploitation of additional
applications of nuclear energy in the ocean, is increasing, it is
necessary to determine the actual and potential impact of such intro-
duction of radioactivity on man and his marine resources. An understanding
of general principles must be developed as well as an explanation of the
processes resulting from addition of radiation and radioactive isotopes.

The marine sciences research in the AEC is aimed at the determination

of the impact of radioactivity on the oceans and their contained life.
Such research may be in reasonably close support of developments in
nuclear devices and their operational testing. However, the research
problems generally have applications that extend well beyond the specific
experiment.

Research into the abundance, periodicities and fluctuations, as well
as of the economic importance of marine organisms, are made of areas
adjacent to or potentially affected by such operations and sites for
disposal of wastes from nuclear industries. Studies include inter-
relationships of organisms in food webs, reproductive cycles,
migratory habits, aggregation, etc. in order to evaluate properly
the many ways that radioactivity may be concentrated and dispersed
in the marine environment.

ships

Different organisms have been demonstrated to be especially effective
in concentrating isotopes of cobalt, iron, manganese, phosphorus,
strontium, zinc, ruthenium, yttrium, cerium, etc. The AKC is seeking
to learn whether the concentration is repeated at various trophic
levels and whether such concentrating ability results in hazard to
man as well as whether or not the concentrating power can be used to
advantage in decontaminating radioactive areas in the ocean, Since
at least twenty to thirty important isotopes may occur in thousands
of significant marine species in variously acceptable chemical states,
it would appear that studies must be continued for a long time before
the role of radioactivity in the marine environment is determined with
reasonable assurance.

Radioactive materials may go into true solution, they may occur in a
colloidal state or they may be particulate in the ocean. Sediment
transport and sedimentation phenomena must be studied to permit
predictions concerning distribution of oceanic radioactivity. Studies
are necessary of the modes of transfer of radioelements from sea water
to sediments and from sediments to sea water in order to understand
their reactions and to trace geochemical processes that affect their
distribution.

Naturally radioactive elements and cosmic ray produced isotopes are
apparently at equilibrium in the ocean with geological time. The
movements and effects of introduced radioactivity may be with similar
naturally occuring radioactive. isotopes; thus, studies of the
naturally radioactive materials are necessary. Since the rates of
decay are constant of uranium and thorium as well as their radioactive
daughter elements, the absolute quantities of such isotopes can be
related to produce an approximate age of sediments and to trace
geochemical processes of importance in the materials budget of the
earth.

Biological processes modify theoretical distribution of sediments.
Studies of biological processes will give considerable data concerning
the relative effectiveness of chemical and biochemical processes

in the removal of radioactivity from the ocean water. Investigations
of the removal of radioactivity by feeding marine organisms and the
binding of such material in their waste products will continue.

In attempting to explain the actual and potential distribution of
radioactive isotopes in the ocean, circulation and mixing processes
are studied in various ways.

Radioactive isotopes from fallout are useful in providing knowledge
of the vertical and horizontal mixing of ocean waters. Some isotopes
apparently move with horizontal currents and others may show laminar
flow along thermal layers. Abundance with depth of radioactive
isotopes which were added in a reasonably uniform manner to surface

-)8-

waters gives information concerning the ocean that is otherwise
difficult to obtain.

Recent developments in techniques for study of fluorescent dyes indicate
that diffusion studies of materials at depths in the ocean will soon

be feasible. Along with carefully controlled introduction of nuclear
materials, diffusion tests will help to explain oceanic phenomena as
well as improve the prediction of effects of accidental or deliberate
loss of nuclear devices into the ocean.

Studies of circulation and mixing processes in coastal waters and
estuaries provide information of value to nuclear operations in these
waters, and they may add substantive information to our understanding
of such processes as upwelling and fishery production.

-)9-

BUDGET for Fiscal Year 1962 and 1963
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