OCEANOGRAPHIC. SHIPS ~ ¢ hOe22000 TOEO oO MOC 0 0 1OHM/18 Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy OCEANOGRAPHIC SHIPS Fore and Aft by Stewart B. Nelson 1971 And Neptune mused, “What manner of men be these that disturb me in my depths? “T feel the lash of their wire, the bite of their hooks, the sting of their cores and drills. “T shall forgive them these abuses and tolerant be of their demands if they show deference to my domain. “But be they thoughtless guests, and I shall give them fish not fit to eat and water not fit to touch.” SBN For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $4.50 Stock Number 0842-0050 FOREWORD For oceanographers the ocean itself is the laboratory, and the adequacy of the ships used will significantly affect the oceanographers’ ability to work at sea. As Mr. Nelson has depicted, prior to 1960, the oceanographer in his ships, with few excep- tions, had to content himself with miscellaneous, jury-rigged conversions. The immense progress we have made in this past decade to explore and exploit our planet’s water resources has in large measure been made possible by the specially designed oceanographic ships that have been built. Yet we are caught in a paradoxical web... the more we learn and the further we venture, the greater the demands we must place upon our facilities. Our new tools of yesterday thus become tomorrow’s obsolescent ships. We are now faced with a tremendous challenge in trying to achieve a quality environment. This challenge can be met . . . but it will require resources and a major cooperative effort. As in the past, the Navy will continue its leadership in the marine sciences and will continue to work with and share its knowledge with other national and international programs to the maximum extent consistent with our country’s security. Rear Admiral W. W. Behrens, Jr., USN Oceanographer of the Navy PREFACE The early history of oceanography is inseparable from that of discovery and exploration, which in turn depended upon a thirst for knowledge and the quest for trade. The sailors of old, despite knowing little or nothing of what lay beyond and inadequately provided with ships and gear, put to sea resolved to do their best to accomplish something of note and to bring back their data and conclusions. Today we are confronted with challenges that need the sprit and imagination of yesterday’s adventurers. Through tales of ships and deeds, Mr. Nelson’s treatise illustrates the long and mutually beneficial association of the Navy with science and industry, with fisherman, and with the mer- chant marine in the broad field known as oceanography. It is by this continuing spirit of coopera- tion that we will ensure that our country maintains its leadership in the effective use of the sea and fulfills its obligation to mankind. Rear Admiral O. D. Waters, Jr., USN Oceanographer of the Navy (1966-1970) i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is written primarily for the general public and for those who may become the future marine scientists, naval architects, marine engineers and ship operators. Hopefully it will excite their imagination and also instill an appreciation for the efforts of those who have preceded them. It is also my intention to provide a record of those men and ships which expanded the frontiers of oceanography and to remind us of both past accomplishments and future aspirations. For their invaluable assistance and cooperation during the preparation of this book | am especially indebted to Captain James E. Ayres, USN, of the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy; Captain Francis L. Slattery, USN, Commander of the Naval Oceanographic Office; Mr. Aubrey W. Bailey of the Naval Ship Systems Command; Mr. Frank Guaragna of the Naval Oceanographic Office; Lieutenant J. Michael Kirchberg, Jr., USN, of the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy; and Mr. Maxwell Silverman of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. For their great trouble in helping me to locate long-buried photographs, drawings, biographies, and ship histories I gratefully acknowledge Mr. Frank Bean of the University of Washington; Mr. Howard I. Chapelle of the Smithsonian Institution; Dr. John Dermody of the University of Washington; Mr. Jack Dullaghan of Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Mr. Richard Edwards of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Mr. William Geoghegan of the Smithsonian Institution; Mr. James Gibbons of the University of Miami; Mr. Charles Haberlain of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division; Miss Mary Johrde of the National Science Foundation; Mr. Lawrence Liebrecht of the Naval Oceanographic Office; Mr. Jonathan Lieby of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Mr. John Leavitt of the Marine Historical Association, Mystic Seaport; Mr. John Lochhead of The Mariners Museum; Mr. Larry Manning of the Military Sealift Command; Mr. James Pollack of Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Mr. John Rowe of the publication SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT, U. S. FLEET; Mr. Edward Schaefers of the Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service; Mr. Phillip C. F. Smith of the Peabody Museum; Mr. Dale Tidrick of the Naval Oceanographic Office; Mr. Peter Trapani of Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Mr. James Walczak of the Naval Oceanographic Office; Mr. Paul Watson of OUR NAVY magazine; and Messrs. William West and Raymond Wilcove of the Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Lastly, but not least, to my wife and children for their patience and always ready helping hands. STEWART B. NELSON Director of Facilities Acquisition Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy vil CONTENTS Page ROREWORD: iirc fii cuchons ry cok te cle oe oa hears atesie foice cee otcl chesttemetiaaercl aniorelvel iii PREVA GR ra See coy aes oenchicue ote ov ease halen cete estates avrernee svisitsh oaewenntee hayay oe tetterse v ACKNOWEEDGMIENTS: s cisiesiie cosa: oie cete cles cronexeicus, cetersenate. sceusrefen ese) ot’ vil [LIESSECO) Se CI CLUFSH Ee HONS Seacuodicoboeaoos cues oaconanndcgn nor xi INR ODUGIION Ir rtotean tata a ere sekers teh shes Sate cee etter ca eeeteteteeesetenens: xvii Chapter I. HIEABARIE Va YAIR cote es cresteve eG cor ci eeaeerlens, sesceseas ti aasherUscens onebaveasenecs 3 Il. SNEME NS OOS eta tes eo cs.re cere a nue nate weve ais eisisterniy ia, oi shsutnn sh Seas eines 9 Ill. TOIREART HARBOR: aecica cesceeecisesie AG Oe e Hoe srersercneen ceeeiere ava m 85 IV. AURA RWW AVREYAB VANES 5 cores eseper Sucre oviart ai Gore arena te stencueye eiilele versus ee eb aves ovate 111 Ve THE POSTWARSYBARS Ci946-1:95 6) earrecscriciantae ries eeeree ayer 131 VI. THESYWPARS OR IMPETUS IG 957-1959) Paeeeeecierior secre net 154 VIL. THEANEWABMERGENGCEI(SGO=19 Gi) rere) ereeveicrenciei clone reteienaierarl 161 VII. AVIBW TOWARD THE RPUMUIRE yn. cits cerachovaryer. torcraveiciere panel arate 214 APPENDIX A CURRENT INVENTORY OF MAJOR U.S. OCEANOGRAPHIC SHIPS yes rrsy-seveicue ce eisnetee stele cite ister 221 APPENDIX B ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ....:.....-........ 227 APPENDIX: C3RERERBNCES: 225 a a acetone © teye cucyeny oysieiee oaeaeesPen 229 TIN) Xero oso aire ops, See ee Go, HOS Aeiegs Smee daa RIE Or eas eC remeber 232 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS THE EARLY YEARS Page Benjamint Brankslinite 98 tee perp. ene oe Cciteep teen soe eae anager genic oie mea 2 Branklinis!@hantonthe, Gulfzstreamierrersiaiers cic ieee ie neice ne nae aero 4 TUNCAES Dab atony CAAA WESINENA? Goongodsocapoonndocdonmoenaeune 5 THE 1800s Nathaniel Bowditch, “Father of Modern Navigation” .................... 8 JohnsRodpers, Commodore UESsNavVaeeicieiecie ice recline nero 24 GConsiinution te Oldilronsidesgain cates ie eee nee eee 25 Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, First Superintendent of the Coast Survey ......... 26 asslers:24-inchbheodolite®....3 Nom sites eae ee Ee ee chee honey ene 27 Louis M. Goldsborough, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy, First Officer-in-Charge of the NavygsiDepotot @hartsiandi Instruments eee eee eet 28 EX periment, SCROONED = ete So ete De Oe enn See ote ee eee 29 GharleshWilkessRearsAdmiralyUrssNavvaneeeee ee cei ie ieee eee 30 Porpoise, brig, accompanied by schooners Maria and Badassah .............. 31 Chariot Georees Shoaltand)Banka (published i837) mae eee ae eee 32 GCOnsorigandeLion cers Dil Pst. mean ei ee o cee rene ere ee 33 BiLO TES CHOONC Rake wars tect ero te oe eae es Si Lae ee Ree 34 Vincennessloop-0lewatr merrier ine ner ie oem Oe on ee Oe eee 35 RECCOCKSSIOOD-OL-WAly ELSE HORT e te ere OE eae nee aA ON 35 SCOR GUIDSSCHOONE Dy Ba eee Sent ea eee net en San gh ae A 36 BLVIN GEIS SCHOONEL oot ce Gio Sah eee WES eR He eo On Omens ee eee: 36 RelefastOveshipyrsry: Micayts Mors oo eee ee oe OES Cn ee ee 37] WaSHINGIONADIG ee ete ee ee lee a eect, ee eee eee 37 Matthew Fontaine Maury, Commander, U.S. Navy, “Pathfinder of the Seas” .... 38 IROgEr Blaney @SChOONeL> eo eke Gia ee nL Ae ee ORE Le ee 39 PALDATLVESLOO P-Olew als otic Bae ile toed oe et nad CCS ee 40 Dolphin bil eyes. cine eid era etre. ara es RR ee eee 40 Midshipman John Mercer Brooke’s deep sea sounding devices ............... 41 Niagara, frigate, and Agamemnon, British battleship, laying first trans-Atlantic tele- sraphicabler(iSS8iiee s soles Sa Oe Bite ah Oo Aen ee eee 42 Matthew/CalbraithiPerys\ Commodores SaNavya a> enone a aoe ee 43 SilasbentaMicutenant-WaSaNavyene pence ee eee a eee eae 44 Retny7s Expedition to Japaninwlokyo bay, @uly, 1i853)ee seen ener 45 CadwalademRinggoldsReanAdmiralaUaSsNavene ae ae eee eae 46 Uelann Iolo, Rene Aebaniialls Wo SaINENAY ¢ococooccosavensonscenoovncan 47 Elisha Kent Kane, Passed Assistant Surgeon, U.S. Navy ................... 48 Advance, brie accompanied by the brigRescues 4 4) soe ae Gene eee 49 Wailbievan leierarens ILypavedan, Cayein, Wo NENA? oo cceasoocesbcosncoggonnves 50 SUD DLV SEOLESDIP terest eases eon te ekg oe EE ees oe A Oe TR 51 Chart Engraving by James Abbot McNeil Whistler....................... SP ALGSK a NOUMD OBA sce ateccme 7) Os rs cet0e ed Pea GS EEE OORT) RADE Per EAL eps eC 33} BENICIAMSIOOP-Ol-Wale sparerasa ie sees re Le aie eee Ne ay eae 53 EGIOSSEUNDO Ate a mre R roe oes 503) Cue eer mnes eee eNOS Rin Soe tee eee ee 54 xi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) THE 1800s (con’t) Page Kansas, gunboat. ic pans me re eo 2s © Aerob steer eee 54 Eackawanna, sloop-of-wat = 25.2222 saa soo: 1 eae i oe ee 55 Monocacy; giinboat: -. 5 >.<. «54 Pe cee rl ee OO eee 55 Wachusett, sloop Of-wat (a5) .3 305 grate ove el ies = See ase al eee oe eae nS 56 Shenandoah, sloop-of-wat «. 2s3260.-5 0005554 080580 os (oe eee 56 Narragansett,’sloOp's.< i <3 sage ath oe ee ee Oe Oe ee 57 Bibb: steamer <6. ote-s Soci on a ee eee 57 Blake, steamer: «ox... 2G een ee I eo eee 58 Lincoln, cutter, .....25, 25 tea ates feiss eae ee ee eee 58 Spencer Fullerton Baird, First Commissioner of the U.S. Fish Commission .... . . 59 Baché: steamer s'... Ne AR ec en ne CE ee Ee ee 60 Bluelight tue. hae gene sre EE ee 60 Tuscarora, SlOOP-OL Wali aa act yee ee en eee 61 George Eugene Belknap, Rear Admiral, U.S.Navy ...................--. 62 Tuscarora’s SoundinsiOutfites22. ace 7 clo fos eee 63 Sin William homsonisisoundinganachin cassia tenet aaa 64 Tuscarora’s Journal of Deep Sea Soundings (Cast No. 28—4,356 fathoms) ...... . 65 Muscarora:sisteamiree let OTTO peSOLTICIN ES pn ane 66 GétiySburgs Steamer ~+2 Scene pest whe ct ea eo ee 67 Jamestown: sloop-owatiws'th..57 Soe Rae ee ee ee 67 AlexandermAgassiz Scientist, 2. <1. peste ene ic eaten isnot eee ee 68 Hish Hawks Steamers 24 1s ote oS Crore hee 69 George Washington DeLong, Lieutenant Commander, U.S.Navy ............ 70 Jeannetiesbarke ..8 29%, 5 orate 2 ee ec RO Oe ee ee 71 ATIDALFOSS WSCC AOE. p20 SNES GAG STE Oa RT ae ee 712. Zerabuthen Lanner Captains SaINaVva lee ieee eee nena eae none 73 lEnterprisexcomvette: 235°3 6 22.0 3 oe en ee 74 Ranger: sloop-0f-wat'2.oci-4.6 Seine & 2 mua enolase en) ok eee 75 Rangers Steam) Maunchitakin gy SOUnGin Os eee yew sense eaten TS Concord: gunboat isco: Phe oe ace ee Pe eee 76 Hassler: ‘steainier = 245 Ns Scr ee ee ee he kes a 76 Michigan steamer ivigs ss oe ee cen ne 77 Thetis; ‘cunboat .s.6-c)cienallh Sewers Oro ees POL ee eo eee 77 Charles | DwightSigsbee; Ream Admirals Us SaNavyay eens cre eee 78 Patterson; steamer: 22s 33 wee le Oe OI Cee 79 MeArthur: Steame tie 5: din a tenS ence): cee che ee Peak ee 79 Pathfinder, steamer (renamed Research in 1940) ..............-.-----+-- 80 Fathomiersteamer 2 oon, es PE es eee ee 80 Marinduque: steamer: a2 5 2935 sea eer oe ee Oe Cee eee 81 Romblon; Stéamer vised asics) SR ee ee ee 81 TO PEARL HARBOR Mayflower exsyacht. ¢/0 she RG re ee ee 84 Eagle: ex:yacht 86,20... 3 ees OC ee ee 89 Yankton; ex-yacht: . ¢5 note oe OO ee ee 89 Hannibal, exsteamer . 5 sho bs ee ee ee ee ee 90 Leonidas; exssteamet:.3 52 52h Soe ne ee ee 91 Paducah; gunboat: : 224.2 6 noe Bebe oe ee 91 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) TO PEARL HARBOR (con't) Page DAHA. ROM ose ce dmpebenceesoucocuowsonomsncc gos bos oouR 92 OlpmpiaSciuisciannert re ee ee hk ee aL 93 (Galileesschoone marae meee ee eee iar 93 Carne sie anon-Mmagne icay ac lta seit et ahem n teen 94 Birmait HATA ClUISCE 8 ctv Ces cctexe oe. ace tne erates ite Fe ug Wea BON ere fon ee Oe 95 (GhesternGnuiser ene ge xo ee SE eR eee 95 GeaepenOrs SECAMIET ee iKone: (eA GS) ace ea oe eee LEN eh hee ee Wilkes (T-AGS 33) (while under construction - launching) XV Page 160 165 166 166 167 168 168 169 170 170 171 171 Wiz 172 173 174 175 176 176 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 181 181 182 183 183 184 184 185 186 186 187 187 188 189 190 191 191 192 192 193 194 194 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960 - 1967) (Con’t) Page Chauvenet (T-AGS)29) ave iewihSe ie hots ee Oe ee 195 Harkness (T-AGS 32) (while under construction - launching) ............... 195 Wyman) (T-AGS)34)\(while underconstriction) s+ ae eee 196 Se (CHANIA SONI), CARO SD) oossscconcsecsesanecatcacuenuoaues 197 S271 Geore es DU NCathigyeX { demeor of y errand Te by aravr af Ine Bom U.S. Brigs Consort and Pioneer The brigs Consort and Pioneer were built in 1837 by Boston Navy Yard and Norfolk Navy Yard, respectively, especially for Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition. Tested in 1837, they were found to be too slow for participating in the expedition. Until their disposal in 1844, they were assigned routine duties and both ships were used for a while making surveys along the U.S. coasts. Length: 78° 9” (between perpendiculars) Displacement: 230 tons 33 Draught of ehvaran gor the and Bay Gepudlion. Posy eee Length bel dew eps ES O- joan mouiaed FOP” Bg Death a hold eck acre of al sotecpceted from nikwson | Rele wu BE pene hecprele Pelerence “a Keght of PrtillahO UT Grom of Deck 4 Leck 2} Coiling ¢, Plank ? Wars ?§ lot J fewer iprovets on fore 2 man U.S. Schooner Pilot The Pilot was built by New York Navy Yard in 1837 especially for the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition. Found to be too slow to participate in the expedition, she was sold the following year. Length: 65° (between perpendiculars) Displacement: 120 tons 34 U.S. Sloop-of-War Vincennes Built in 1826 by Brooklyn Navy Yard, flagship for both Boston Navy Yard in 1865, Vincennes was sold for $8,600 in Lieutenant Charles Wilkes’ U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838 - 1867 at public sale. 1842) and Commodore Cadwalader Ringgold’s Northern Pacific and Arctic Surveying Expedition (1853 - 1856). Laid-up at '@ngth: 127° Displacement: 780 tons IPPAQGON JOY WGA WE Ty U.S. Sloop-of-War Peacock Built in 1814 by New York Navy Yard. Peacock was assigned to _ grounded. Abandoned by her crew, Peacock pounded herself to the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition and while attempting to cross _ pieces. the bar at the mouth of the Columbia River in July 1841, she Length: 117’ 11” Displacement: 650 tons 35 U.S. Schooner Sea Gull Originally the New York pilot boat New Jersey. Purchased by pilot boat, renamed the Flying Fish) for conducting inshore the Navy in 1838 for $11,000 to serve with the Wilkes’ surveys and approaching the ice barrier. Sea Gull was lost with- Exploring Expedition (1838 - 1842). A small vessel of shallow out a trace in May 1839 off the coast of Chile. draft, the Sea Gull was purchased (along with another New York _—_ Length: 96’ Displacement: 110 tons NITED STATES SCHOONER FLYING FISH Tender to the EXPLORING EXPEDITION U.S. Schooner Flying Fish Formerly the New York pilot boat /ndependence which was poor condition she was sold in February 1842 at public auction employed on the Sandy Hook run. Purchased by the Navy for in Singapore for $3,700 and, under the name Spec, became an $10,000 and renamed Flying Fish, she joined Lieutenant Charles opium smuggler. Wilkes’ U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838-1842). Because of her Length: 85° 6” Displacement: 96 tons 36 U.S. Storeship Relief Built in 1836 by Philadelphia Navy Yard especially for the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838 - 1842). Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, leader of the expedition, ordered the Relief home in 1839 from Callao, Peru since he felt her slowness retarded all his operations and made her a constant source of anxiety. She sailed for home after being “smoked” to destroy the rats with which she was infested and having taken aboard, as Wilkes described them, “all invalids and idlers’”. After calling at Honolulu and Sydney she arrived in New York in March 1840. The following years were spent on routine service and in 1878 she was laid-up at Washington Navy Yard until her sale in 1883. Length: 109° Displacement: 468 tons U.S. Brig Washington A 94-foot schooner built in 1837 for the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service. Re-rigged the following year as a brig, she spent the winter months as a Revenue Cutter and the summer months as a survey ship for the Coast Survey. From 1840 to 1852 she served 37 exclusively asa Coast Survey brig. Returned to the Revenue Cutter Service in 1852, she was seized by the authorities at New Orleans when Louisiana seceded on 31 January 1861 and saw service as the Confederate States Ship Washington. Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury, U. S. Navy (1806 - 1873) An astronomer and hydrographer, Maury was appointed in 1842 Officer-in-Charge of the Depot of Charts and Instruments out of which grew, a short time later, the U. S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office (the Hydrographic Office was not es- tablished as a separate institution until 1866). Until his resignation in April 1861 Maury published many acclaimed scientific works. He became world famous as “Pathfinder of the Seas”. Following his resignation at the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Confederate Navy, attaining the rank of Commo- dore. At the end of the war, following an unsuccessful attempt to form a colony of Confederate expatriates in Mexico, he accepted the professorship of meteorology at the Virginia Military Institute. 38 suo) 9/ :UaWadRdsIG .Sg :y)3UuaT “POTS 105 SSSI Avenues ur desos 10} pjos sem ays Jey} pasewep Ajpeq os SPA pue ‘BISIOAD ‘pueys] aoqA] reou Suiuoy Ys] Aq yonays sea 94g *ADAING }SLOD AY) 0} PooJsuvs) sem douyy OY) ‘QS8T Isn3ny Ul “ONURYY YWON oy} ur soynor aJqeo ydeisoja} 10j Surpunos DATOS JeINadS pousisse sea QYSRI-PIW 0} GPR wo pue / PST ul AABN) OY} 0} POTAJSuBD SEM aYS ‘YIOX MON JO UdTTW pure qqom Aq dd1AIag 10}]ND enudady *§*— AY) 1OJ EE YT UI JING ToUOOYIS VW Maun] "g 42804 rWU0OYIS “Sf 1d) Aree U4 6b PA bd 1/99 OY FO IT) IF I/D ON Ob UCR Lapp (er de, Y vomes cay "per bemerys ween. aes ae aD bine f fUMIOND FLAW 14) pgm 04 died ime ow fetes * ule Ye yer yjebrd . ob E ws OIF woe OM IF O99 pony Yio} yous Wey 290 6 me og MF ECS Fay I ae joete 00 911% fade 6) (y/o og wdpe 15°F Fal pam CL shed y meas Pec ie Ip uigie afr ee ioe, en! oe mae gf P/0y i eed (9.02 gepjnow wosg Ib stued jog jbus} 97 seer) Ag preg? Mil) G2 MO peyrvoe?) YIN MN Ye IGM AT 19 Aruoz yp wbey rey TMT 39 ne. ee rine ce USS Albany A first-class sloop-of-war built in 1846 by New York Navy Yard. 1854 she sailed from Aspinwall, Panama enroute to New York She was assigned special survey duty in 1852 in the North and was never heard from again. Atlantic under the direction of Matthew Maury. In September Length: 163° 6” Displacement: 1,064 tons ——- | ¥ = nm A\ = pe TTT LU SAIL PLAN—DOLPHIN AND PORPOISE USS Dolphin A brig built in 1836 by the New York Navy Yard. Dolphin was This special duty, concentrated in the North Atlantic, com- one of the three ships (Taney and Albany the other two) menced in 1852 and ended in 1854. Dolphin’s career ended at assigned to Maury as authorized by Congress “for testing new Norfolk Navy Yard in April 1961 when she was burned by routes, and perfecting the discoveries made by Maury in the Union forces to prevent her falling into Confederate hands. course of his investigations of winds and currents of the oceans.” Length: 88’ Displacement: 224 tons 40 BROOKE'S DEEP SEA SOUNDING APPARATUS Fig.l. Fig 2. The deep-sea sounding devices devised in 1852 by Midshipman John Mercer Brooke, a protege of Matthew Maury. 41 USS Niagara A steam frigate built in 1857 by New York Navy Yard. Niagara’s first service was laying the first trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. This venture was promoted by Cyrus W. Field, a New England merchant. The British government assisted by lending the battleship Agamemnon, shown here at the right, to help lay the cable. After several mishaps the project was completed one year later (August 1858) and a copper wire 1,950 miles long connected Trinity Bay, Newfoundland with Valentia, Ireland. Niagara was disposed of in 1865. Length: 328’ 10” Displacement: 5,540 tons 42 Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, U.S. Navy (1794 - 1858) In 1852 Perry was appointed commander of a naval expedition sent to Japan to induce the government to establish diplomatic relations with the United States. His decision “to demand as a right, and not to solicit as a favor, those acts of courtesy which are due from one civilized country to another . . .” resulted in the first treaty between the U.S. and Japan recognizing however that Japan’s acceptance of the treaty documents could be attributed to Perry’s proclamation to “go on shore with a suitable force and deliver them personally, be the consequences what they might.” Although the expedition was primarily a diplomatic mission, hydrographic surveys were made which included Tokyo Bay, and the first definitive study was made of the Kuroshio, the “Gulf Stream” of the Pacific. 43 Lieutenant Silas Bent, U.S. Navy (1820 - 1887) Bent served under Commodore Matthew C. Perry on his expedition to Japan, 1852 - 1854. He was placed in charge of conducting hydrographic surveys and his excellent work became the basis for surveys undertaken later by the Japanese government. His most important work was to delineate and scientifically describe the Kuroshio, or Black Tide, the great northern stream of the Pacific which resembles the Gulf Stream. His study was printed in Perry’s official report of the Japan Expedition. In 1860 Bent was detailed to the Coast Survey but the following year he resigned his commission because of his sympathies for the South and assumed the management of his wife’s family estate in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1868, he published his work, THE THERMOMETRIC GATEWAYS TO THE POLE, postulating that the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic and the Kuroshio from the Pacific maintained an open sea about the North Pole. Ad yorum uvder "ES8I ‘8 Ainge uo Aeg OAYO] porajua uorpenbs ay} SuIMoys uonensny ue “(PSst - ZS8T) 0} uontpedxg s,Aliag yyeiq7ed Moye sOpoWUOD =- Cyt oe eeu (ie¥s Jia’ tT bes SASS le ae ay ayn Ci Reowoersien an Rear Admiral Cadwalader Ringgold, U.S. Navy (1802 - 1867) Commander of the Porpoise in the Wilkes’ U. S. Exploring Expedition (1838 - 1842). In 1853 he was placed in command of the Northern Pacific and Arctic Surveying Expedition. However, the following year while the Expedition was in China he suffered severe attacks of intermittent fever which weakened him both physically and mentally. A medical examination was ordered by Commodore Matthew Perry with the resulting pronouncement that Ringgold was insane. Relieved of command, Ringgold was sent home on the Susquehanna. In 1857, Ringgold underwent another medical review and was declared fully recovered and returned to active duty. He was promoted to Rear Admiral on the retired list in 1866. 46 Rear Admiral John Rodgers, U. S. Navy (1812 - 1882) Son of Commodore John Rodgers, he entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1828. In 1853 he was placed in command of the USS John Hancock and joined Commodore Cadwalader Ringgold’s Northern Pacific and Arctic Surveying Expedition (1853 - 1856). In 1854 serious illness compelled Commodore Ringgold to relinquish command of the expedition to Rodgers, then a Lieutenant. Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1869, Rodgers also saw duty as Commander of the Naval Observatory. 47 Passed Assistant Surgeon Elisha Kent Kane, U.S. Navy (1820 - 1857) Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842, he became an Assistant Surgeon in the Navy the following year. In 1850, after serving in China, Africa and Mexico, he was assigned to the Coast Survey. However, in that same year he sought and obtained the position of senior medical officer of the unsuccessful Grinnell Arctic Expedition searching for explorer Sir John Franklin, lost since 1845. Kane organized and headed a second rescue expedition (Second Grinnell Expedition) which sailed from New York in 1853. Though scurvy-ridden and at times near death Kane pressed on. He charted Smith Sound (now called Kane Basin) and penetrated farther north than any other explorer had done up to that time. At Cape Constitution he discovered ice-free Kennedy Channel, later followed by Hayes, Hall, Greeley, and Peary in turn as they drove toward the North Pole. Kane finally had to abandon his icebound brig Advance in May of 1855 and undertake an overland march of 83 days to reach safety. Kane returned to New York in October 1855 and the following year he published his two-volume ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. After visiting England, he sailed to Havana where he died on 16 February 1857, at the age of 37. 48 Captain William Francis Lynch, U.S. Navy (1801 - 1865) In 1847 Lynch, then a Lieutenant, led an expedition to survey and explore the Dead Sea. Taking command of the storeship Supply, he sailed from New York to Acre carrying two metallic boats, one of copper and one of galvanized iron. From Acre he proceeded overland to the Sea of Galilee using camels to haul the boats. After a 200-mile trip down the winding Jordan River, the Dead Sea was reached and three weeks were spent in charting and exploring its waters. In 1852, Lynch, now a Captain, explored theinterior of Africa for purposes of possible coloni- zation. Lynch resigned from the U.S. Navy in 1861 to cast his lot with the Confederacy. The oceanographic research ship T-AGOR 7 built in 1965 is named in his honor. 49 U.S. Brig Advance The 140-ton brig Advance was loaned to the Navy by Henry Grinnell in 1850 as part of the First Grinnell Arctic Expedition to search for the explorer Sir John Franklin, missing since 1845. The expedition returned in 1851 without having found Franklin. In 1853, Grinnell again donated the Advance for the Second Grinnell Expedition under the command of Passed Assistant Surgeon Elisha Kent Kane, U.S. Navy. In 1855 the icebound Advance was abandoned and his party undertook an overland trek of 83 days to safety. The Advance is shown here accompanied by the 90-ton brig Rescue entering Lancaster Sound during the First Grinnell Expedition in 1850. 50 suo} Lp :yusWaoRdsig [pI :yI3usT OE 1$ 103 PIOS SEM OYS USYM HRRy UI papua Jose. poleaiopH ‘usping jo sysvaq se AWIY “SQ 24} Aq asn 10J sexay, 0} BOW YVION wodj sjawes payiodsuey ays 19}10g “| PIAeG JULUA}NAIT JO pueWWOD ay} Jopun ¢Ccgy uy “diysorojs & se (pSgl - TSE) ueder oy uonipedxq s,Aulag Moy}}e WOpowWOD poaurtof ayg “kag prog ay) Aoains pue o10]dx9 0} uonIpedxa s,youAT 103 sarjddns pue $780q oy) SutAired YIOX MON Wor popes ays YOUAT “4 WITTY JUBUSINAIT JO pueUWIOD ay} JapuN ‘/ pgy uy “A7ddng ay} poweuss pue 000'09$ OJ AAeNy ay) Aq re9A oues yey) pomnboy ~vappsn4D diys JuByoIoW oy} se szJosnyoessep ‘pIOJpop 3 OPRT ul jing djddng ssn 51 42]151Y4 M IPLINIPy Ssauovf fq paavidug puvjpvay syOmy De Suny yp wpe wf AG ¢buz 7Ssl SIS 13S'S8V NS 11 SNAADLS HL ery Ag TANNVH) VUVEUVE VINVS NI GNVWISI VdVIVNV JO yeas wdng aHOVa'av AdAUNS LSVOO'S 0° Prearynosg em moi pues, edeoruy jo Aymueijxe maysey em jo MITA ea TM AY owt wuipuapy suubup acer =" -eppeany aaeubopy ey1 yo uoyolto, ALOJOALES GO) Wiawag way Yy EC GI Suc] puv oo Fe 10 7/xoiddv/ Ul puvjs] mL) DUDS yo 1svY mp sz pues] edeoeay a10N *ADAING JSCOD oY} JOJ ULUIS}JEIp & ‘pogy] ul syjuOW sory} Ajo}euXxXOIdde Joy “pue ysyze uBoWeUWTY 94) “(EO6T - PEST) JONSIUM TIHENOW yoqqy sowes Aq paaviZua yreEyo AdAING jseOD sSiy) JO pue[peayy 52 USS Alaska A wooden screw gunboat built in 1869 by Boston Navy Yard. Expedition in 1871. Alaska was disposed of in 1883. Her crew’s She was often assigned to survey duty, primarily in the Pacific. laundry is shown drying out in her rigging. She also participated in Rear Admiral John Roger’s Korean Length: 250° 6” Displacement: 2,400 tons USS Benicia A steam sloop-of-war built in 1869 by Portsmouth Navy Yard. Hawaiian Islands. In 1874 she carried His Majesty King Kalakaua Her career, albeit short, was active. Benicia operated with the and his suite from Honolulu to San Francisco. Laid-up at Mare Asiatic Fleet, sailed with Rear Admiral John Rodger’s Korean Island Navy Yard in 1875, Benicia was finally sold in 1884 at Expedition in 1871 where she conducted surveys of Korean _ public auction. waters, Operated with the North Pacific squadron and in the Length: 250’ 6” Displacement: 2,400 tons 53 USS Palos An iron hull, screw gunboat built in 1866 by James Tetlow of became the first U. S. ship of war to pass through the Canal. Boston, originally as a screw tug. She served as a yard tug at Palos was sold in 1893 at auction in Nagasaki. Boston Navy yard until 1870 when she was reclassified as a gunboat and sailed for Asiatic duty via the Suez Canal where she Beng tice 7 Bispace me ttn Ve ede we ‘ es ie ' ~ vy ~ sot. | eicigetd “chao ie se gees wail shat he i, Ps | _~ See ee a a ee ae - a _ it oe. USS Kansas A steam gunboat built in 1863 by Philadelphia Navy Yard. A_ routes. Laid-up at Portsmouth Navy Yard in 1875, she was — veteran of the Civil War, Kansas made several surveying finally sold in 1883. expeditions to Central America for potential inter-oceanic canal Length: 129° 6” Displacement: 625 tons 54 . } ! USS Lackawanna A wooden hull, steam sloop-of-war built in 1863 by New York assigned to survey duty. Decommissioned in 1885, she was sold Navy Yard. Operating primarily in the Pacific, she was often in 1887 at Mare Island. Length: 237’ Displacement: 2,526 tons USS Monocacy A sidewheel gunboat built in 1866 by A. & W. Denmead and Son of Baltimore. Assigned to the Asiatic Station, Monocacy remained there until decommissioned in 1903, a period of service so long that the light-draft gunboat was given the 55 nick-name “Jinrikisha of the Navy”. Surveying the waters of Japan, Korea and China occupied much of her time. Monocacy was sold in 1903 at Nagasaki. Length: 265’ Displacement: 1,370 tons USS Wachusett A screw sloop of war built in 1862 by Boston Navy Yard. Conducted routine survey operations, primarily in the Pacific. She was disposed of in 1887. Length: 201° 4” Displacement: 1,488 tons USS Shenandoah A steam sloop-of-war built in 1863 by Philadelphia Navy Yard. Between 1866 and 1869, conducted many harbor and river surveys in Japan and Korea. She was disposed of in 1886. Length: 237’ Displacement: 2,030 tons 56 Courtesy of Peabody Museum of Salem USS Narragansett A second class, wooden hull, screw sloop built in 1859 by Pacific. She was laid up in 1875 at Mare Island Navy Yard until Boston Navy Yard. From 1873 to 1875, under the command of sold in 1883. Commander George Dewey, she surveyed trade routes in the Length: 186’ Displacement: 804 tons Coast Survey Steamer Bibb A 150-foot sidewheel steamer used by the Survey from 1853 to 1873. 57 Coast Survey Steamer Blake A 148-foot steamer built in 1874 for the Coast Survey and in service until 1905. U.S. Revenue Cutter Lincoln In 1867, Lincoln was dispatched to work with the Coast Survey on the first official United States exploration of Alaskan waters after the Territory was acquired from Imperial Russia. 58 Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823 - 1887) Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and, concurrently, first Commissioner of the U.S. Fish Commission from 1871 until his death in 1887 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 59 Coast Survey Steamer Bache A 145-foot steamer built in 1872 by the Coast Survey and in service until 1901. USS Bluelight A steam screw tug built in 1864 by Portsmouth Navy Yard. Her inglorious career as a yard tug was temporarily interrupted when in 1873, she was assigned to the Fish Commission’s laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. She was disposed of in 1883. Length: 100° Displacement: 100 tons 60 JO posodsip sew oyg ct oul suo) LSP yp suotuoseydsiqg (9 S6p syy8u07 "E QR] Ul INOS MIM OY YIN poddinbs oq 0) diys ysayy oy) sea ays M 41g Aq poyuoaur ouryoeur “paw Aacyy erydpopepyd Aq TORT UL ying ae Jo dooys Moss y DAOADISN TE SS) | : 61 Rear Admiral George Eugene Belknap U.S. Navy (1832 - 1903) Belknap perfected the piano-wire sounding machine invented by Sir William Thomson. The sloop 7uscarora, under Belknap’s command, was assigned a two year mission (1873 - 1874) to survey a cable route from the United States to Japan. The first ship to be equipped with a Thomson Sounding Machine, the Tuscarora successfully demonstrated the use of wire over rope for taking soundings. 62 SOUNDING OUTFIT OF USS TUSCARORA FOR THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN SURVEY (1873 - 1874) 1 Sir Willian Thomson's sounding-machine for piano-wine, (original pattern), with spare drum, 1 sounding-machine for rope, wth steam-reel, and a dynamometer designed by Passed Assistant Engineer T. W. Rae, (originally fitted for the Juniata). 10 Brooke's sounding-rods. 6 Brooke's sounding rods, (Long). 15 Brooke's modified attachment and sinkers. 210 stings for Brooke's Sounding-apparatus. 11 Sands' cups f0r sounding-purposes. ] Spare sprtng for Sounding-purposes. 6 Fitzgerakd's sounding-apparatus. & sounding-cylinders. 100 copper skeeves for Sounding-rods. ] Massey's registering-apparatus. 1 Trowbridge'’s registering-apparatus. 600 bored shot, VIII-inch, for sinkers. 50 bored shot, 32-pounder, for sinkers. 25 bored shot, XV-inch, for sinkers. Square sinkers, 18 to 30 pounds, for the Fitzgerald apparatus. Split sinkers, from 20 to 300 pounds. 1 200-pound sounding-Lead. 2 150-pound sounding-Lead. 2 100-pound sounding-Lead. 6 90-pound sounding-Lead, ] &0-pound sounding-Lead. 1 50-pound sounding-Lead. 180 pounds piano-wire, Biuningham gauge No. 22. 950 pounds Albacore Line, (3/4 inch untarred hemp, 9 thread). 2,270 pounds 1 1/4 inch Manilla Whale-Line. 1,700 pounds 2 1/2 inch Manilla carbolized Line. 3,750 pounds 1 1/4 inch carbolkized Line. 2,600 pounds 1 1/2 inch carbolized Line. 1,575 pounds 1 3/4 inch carbolized Line. 665 pounds 1 1/4 inch Lead-Line. 590 pounds 1 1/2 snch Lead-Line. 9 dozen cod-Line. 1 Burt's buoy and nipper. 3 accumulators. 3 “non dredge- frames. 22 suivels 1 gakvanized-iron tub. 12 Mikher-Cassella thewnometers. 6 sekf-negistering thevnometers, (Saxton's). 1 standard thevnometer. 1 photographic apparatus. ] microscope. 100 glass bottles for speconens of the bottom. 4 cans of caustic soda for preserving the wire. Drawing-Lnstruments and materials. Surveying-instraunents. 63 388-301 jaseen om uo pajnuisues emerdde ur-Burjaas ayy 210K, am ommd pue sumpem s.uosuoy] 2MaIS Suisn ‘ul Sunsail io) juemESueue 2 pur uoNisod sy Sumoljs VYOUVISNL SSN JHL 40 JOGIYS ONIAT4 3Hi 40 NOILWA313 3011S ‘DAOADISNT, ay} preoquo pajonysuod sem snjeredde ul-durjoor oyy, “(PLE - EL8T) yl9ed YON 94} UT suoKeIedo AsaIns IO} D/OUvISN] SSN ey? Jo a8pliq BuATJ 9Y} UO poyE}suT oA OURId I0; SUIYOEU ZUIPUNOS S,UOSWOY], We Ts Surmoys uoneysny uy SEA SOUNDINGS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN Journal of deep-sea soundings, North Pacific Ocean, by United States steamship Tuscarora } =~? r ’ Ps J Commander George E. Belknap, commanding ; Yokohama, Japan, to Cape Flattery, via Aleutian Islands Cast No. 28.—JuneE 17, 1874. Number ....-- | 28. Latitude, 42° 57’ N., obs. Longitude, 148° 23’ I., chro. | Hour ..-...--. 9h. 50 m. 548., &. m. Barometer, 30,18 ; ther. att’d. 559.3. Wind. .... .-.| Variale, ‘Temperatures : Air, 549.6, D. B.; 55° W. B. Koree)-=------ 0.5 to 1. Sea-surfuce, 49° 5 Weather. .__. be fclouds, cirrus. Prop. clear. 8. Under-surface 700 fins., 34°—0°.49=33°.51. (18143.) Depth, 4,356 fins. ED) Seecesosss Smooth. Bottom, yellowish mud with sand and specks of lava. Heini@les geen Piano-wire, No. 22. Surface-current, 3 fins. N. E. Under-eurrent : Sinker .....-- inch shot and 19 Ibs. lead weight on 'ms., 3 fms. NE. by N. casting. - ,tfms. N. W. Weight ...... 74 Ibs. lfm. W. 1k fins. W Machine -.-- Sir William Thomson's. 2fms. W. by S | 200 fins., 6 fms. SW. by S App. forspec..| Belknap cylinder, No. 1. Value of sounding, undoubtedly good. [fe | = Current shown by observation during past 24 hours, N. 45° E., 3 fms. per hour. = | c 2 Inter- |. rs Time hanl- og Time. = Fil 2d Diff. ing in. x f = ] = ] ] ] Remarks. Safe 5 || lie - + Sous Sele) SG euesnheslesulsuleeirs BERR la| < [Rl e/a le |s | |e | Ta i 9 | 59 | 54 | a.m. | ...|... | Fine calm weather; engines moved occasionally ; Lieu- | yoo] 9 | 52 | 02 /a.m.| 1] 08 |.. 1/12 tenant F. M. Symonds went out in whale-boat to try | ono | 9 | 52/53 |um | 51 0 1 | 08 nnder-surface currents. | | 300 9} 53) 43 | a.m 50 | } 1 2) 02 |) Before beginning this cast, wound 706 fathoms more of 400 | 9 | 54 | 33 | a.m.] .-.| 50 | ess 1 | 23 wire on the reel, Reel so much strained by these deep 500 | 9 | 55 | 295 }a.m.|.-..] 52|....] 2 1 | 29 casts that the wire will have to be wound upon o new 600 | 9) 56] 19 Jaem.|.-.) 54 ]--..| 2h...) 1}a6] one TO | 9) 57} 14 | a.m.]..-.) 55 1 | 1) 29) At end of cast kept on course under tore and att sail, fore- 800 | 9] 58] 10 }a.m.}... | 56 1 1 | 28 sail, and steam; wind very light. 900 9 | 59 | 07 | a.m. - | 37 1 1] 32 1000 | 10 | 00 | 08 | a.m 1] 01] 4 1] 59 SERIAL TEMPERATURES. 1100/10} 1] a1 }a.m.| 1] 03]....| 2 1| 59} sarface 00} 10| 2] 16 }am.) 1] 05 | 2 ii |} Zs} ) Stee Rn ev 1300 | 10 | 3} 22}a.m.| 1 | 06 1 1} 54] 45 No. 18145. 1490 | 10 4} 29 }4.m 1 | 07 -} 1 2 | 02 5 No. 18145. 1500 | 10 | 5 | 36} a.m.| 1} 07 2 | 07 No. 18143, 1600 | 10 6 | 47 | a.m 1] 11 5 lec 2 | 19 No. 18143. 11700 | 10 | 7) 57/am 1/10}... } 1]....) 2] Qn] 300 fms., 33°.2—0°.2 No. 18145. }1800 10} 9/10}a.m.] 1 j13}--.] 3)... || 2]/00 500 fins , 349.5—0°. No. 14145. | | | | | 7 fins.. B42 —0°.46 vo. & 1900 | 10 | 10 | 93. |a.m.| 1 me) | eee | 2] 04 00 fms.. 34 0°. No. 18143 { 200 | 10 | 11 | 37 | a.m. 1} 14 | J 2 | OR A\eselitaton fallen Dyncind 2100 | 10 | 12] 53 }a.m.] 1} 16 2 2] 10 Nectar Sees a8 Ih 16 | | | | od | = SPAY Seen cose 48 Ibs. (ERD || AD eo pe ee) Oe ! a) 90 Ibs .......--. 44 Ibs .... 5u fms. 2300 | 10} 15 | 28} a.m.} 1 | 18 | 1 2/19 651bs .. 2... .. 36 1bs .... 70 fms. | 2400 | 10] 16 | 47} a.m.}] 1] 19 1 Pay] ri 5) Ibs 30 Ibs. .--. 90 fms. 2500 | 10 | 18 | 07 | a.m.} 1 | 20 | 1 2 | 37 25 lbs - 18 lbs ... 170 fms. | 2600 | 10 | 19} 24} a.m.] 1] 17 | | 3 2 | 43 40 lbs 18 Ibs... 970 fms. 2700 | 10! 20! 43 \a.m.| 1] 19 | 2 2 | 27 90 Ibs 35 Ibs. - 3,390 fms. é les i g iS 112 Ibs 40 lbs. . 3.600 fms. 2800 | 10 | 22 | 00 )a.m.| 1 | 17 2 2/15 150 Ibs 47 lbs. .-3.985 fms- 2900 | 10 | 23 | 23}a.m.} 1 | 23 6 2|14 ; Saar ea 3000 | 10 | m4 | 45 | aes Te | 1 S 21] 51) Number of revolutions, 4,071. 3100 | 10 | 26 | 09 | a.m. 1 | 24 = 2 . 2) 49 3200 | 10 | 27 | 33 | a.m.] 1 | 24 BSS 2 | 47 | Number of measured fathoms........ wei oecoueg 4,331 93300) }) 10) | 29) OL! |iacims UP OR) Pees ai se:|) (onlin | Stray line se. cesses neceenswas ceca ccer eens 3400 | 10 30 | 43 |a.m.]| 1 | 42 - | 14 . 2 | 40 | 3500 | 10 | 32/25 }a.m.} 1 2 | 56 EAD 22 | 3600 | 10 | 34 | 05 | a. m. 1 2) 54 | 3700 | 10 | 35 | 55|a.m.| 1 2| 31 3800 | 10 | 37| 48 |a.m.| 1 2 | 50 3900 | 10 | 39 | 46 | a.m.| 1 2] 59 4000 | 10 | 41 | 51) a.w.| 2 2| 51 | 4071 | 10 | 43 | 30 |a.m.} 1 2 | 02 Time going out.--....- 52 Finished An extract from the official journal of the USS Tuscarora ing cast (Cast No. 28 - June 17, 1874) using the Thomson recording the deepest bottom specimen obtained with a sound- sounding machine for piano wire. 65 An illustration showing, installed on the forecastle, the USS Tuscarora’s sounding machine for rope with its steam-reel and dynamometer. X rss iS Sv =—\~ = SSE ——_ = = = a) )\ > OT — a. S2zye---- = ©) Mi Vann 3)55 win NS Y/ —. < aS == = S J, = X nS with ropa STE. SKETCH OF REEL ON FORECASTLE. E e ¥ s § a t G USS Gettysburg An iron-hulled, screw, steamer built in 1858 at Glasgow, Scotland and originally named Dougiass, then Margaret and Jessie. She was captured as a blockade runner in 1863 and purchased the following year by the Navy from the New York Prize Court and renamed Gettysburg. Following her service in the Civil War, she assisted in the laying of a telegraph cable from Key West to Havana in 1868. Between 1873 and 1875 she supported the survey teams and engineers engaged in seeking routes for an inter-oceanic canal. In 1876 she conducted surveys for the Hydrographic Office in the Caribbean and from 1877 to 1879 she was assigned special duty to the Mediterranean to obtain navigational information about coasts and islands of the area. Following her two year Mediterranean survey expedition, Gettysburg was sold in 1879. Length: 221’ Displacement: 950 tons USS Jamestown A sloop-of-war built in 1844 at Gosport, Virginia. From 1876 to 1879, she operated in the Hawaiian Islands as a State Public Marine School. Returned to the Navy in 1879, Jamestown was 67 assigned to survey the harbor of Sitka, Alaska. She was destroyed by fire at Norfolk Navy Yard in January 1913. Length: 163’ 6” Displacement: 1,150 tons Alexander Agassiz (1835 - 1910) Born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, he emigrated to the United States in 1849 with his father, Jean Louis Randolphe Agassiz, later the famed Harvard University naturalist. Alexander was a specialist in marine ichthyology assisting Sir Wyville Thomson in the examination and classification of the examination and classification of the collections of England’s Challenger Explor- ing Expedition. He also conducted several scientific expeditions for the Coast Survey and U.S. Fish Commission. Throughout his active career he remained associated with Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology. 68 suo) PRP :qUaMadeIdsIG ../ 9ST :yI3UET *ArayoyeY YSiy SUNLOL & se Padres ‘sea / f pouueds J99IB9 ASOYM ‘YD YS1-J SULUING-[eOd IY] *UOISSIWIWOD YsI-y oy) 10} 6L81 Ul UOBUIWTIM Jo AuedwoD souog pue Aasng Aq ying YMOAT YSLT JOWLA}G UOISSIWIWOD Ysty “S"Q 69 Lieutenant Commander George Washington DeLong U.S. Navy (1844 - 1881) DeLong was selected to lead the Arctic Expedition being steam bark owned by Bennett. Jeannette became embedded in fitted-out by James Gordon Bennett, owner of the New York the polar ice pack from which she never escaped. The long trek Herald and an Arctic enthusiast. DeLong sailed from San to the Siberian coast claimed the lives of DeLong and part of his Francisco in July 1879 in command of the Jeannette, a 142-foot crew. 70 *TS8T oung ul yuns pue 901 ay} Aq poysnio sem oys [Wun syyuow JZ 10J Ajssajdjay payjip ayzauuvar ‘yoeg 991 rejod ay} ul 3YSneD ‘roI0]dxe oNOTY UbIA}0A & ‘BUOTOq UO}BUTYseEM as1005) JopueWWOD jUeUaINeEIT JO pueWwUOD 9Y4} JopuN 6L81 Atng ut onary oy) roy poyredap oys ‘preA AACN purysy are Je JNO-p|jzy “OOTY sy} 0} UOITIPadxe ue IOJ azjauuvar ayy JNO 3UI}}IJ UT JUDWIUIZAOS “G*—) BY} JO JOUR}SISSeE puke UOI}eIOdO09 dy} Poute}qo ‘jseIsnyjyUs oHoTW Ue ‘jJOUUOg “p[eIoF] YIOA MON ay} JO 1oUMO ‘yJoUUNgG UOPIOy soles Aq poseyornd sem ‘g/8T ur ‘yorym ‘AaenNy TeAOY ay} JO yeOqun3 300;-7p] & ApeuIsuCE ajjauuvar AIeg WeI}S oa na Sa teal 71 Su) PLO'T :WuoWwaoRdsiq pez :yISUIT *1Z6[ UL JO posodsip sem ssoung) py “BUO] 1994 Obs SEA YS oy} 1OJ pasn a]qeo vos doap oy, ‘sUoIEIS 1YSI qysIu 0} sjewiue 19yjJO pue Ysty SuNoesyje Oy pue 7YsIU ye suUsTUBDIO QUIIEW JO UOIBAIASGO JayeAIApUN JOY pasn ose oo sdusey MOGIo uUoOsipy ‘sdusrey QZ] 1OJ JUSIIND & pue s}]OA [G Pojerouds pue uosipy sewoyy Aq pousisop sem oweudp oy, *s) yt] d1j99]9 YPM ynoysZnosy) poddinbo aq 07 JasseA JUoWUIZADS jSMJ OY) Uddq oALY OF Payndar si ssoung)Y IYI “sxeaA Z]{ JOA JO} parse] YOIYM JUSWUTISse UB ‘19d1JJO SUIPUBLUWOD ySNy JOY osje SEM OYM ‘NSA ‘ouuRy, “YT e19Z Jopuewuoy Aq postarodns SEM UOHONSUOD JOP] “}UAUTUIBAOS Aue Aq YorROSoI OUTIRU 104 Ayeroadsa (QO8*SPT$ JO 1809 & 3B) FING JasSeA JsMJy OY) SEA OYS -u0}3urwyiM Jo sauog pue Aasng Aq ZRRI Ul IINg pue purjodoD "M Sapeyd Aq pousisop Jesse Maros-uIm, “poy[ny-uoN uy S§0.1JDG] PV IOUILA}G UOISSIWWOD Yst4 “SA Captain Zera Luther Tanner, U.S. Navy (1835 - 1906) Entered the Navy in 1862 and saw service in the Civil War. Following the War and a one year furlough for study abroad, he was ordered to the Hydrographic Office. He was assigned to supervise the construction of the steamer Albatross for the U.S. Fish Commission. Completed in 1882, Albatross was com- manded by Tanner for over 12 years. In 1897 he was placed on the retired list and in 1906 advanced to the rank of Captain. 73 suo) SLE‘ sqUaWaoedsIG (srenoipuodiad usamj0q) Sgt :4ysUeT ‘diyspooyos ownjieus & se Aynp JOJ s}Jasnyoesse |, JO IJBOMUOWWOD dy} 0} JUdT SBM asTdiaIUT 6061 Ul ayes Jal [Wun 768] Woy *pylom oy) punose Ajajyajduos yoy Yoo) yory Asams o1ydessorpAy reoh-¢ & uo payredap ‘ioyIeEg “§ JOqTV JopueEWIWOD JO puBWWOD 94} JopuN ‘asiidialUy EQgt Arenuer Uy ‘uOzeUTY ay}? JO YNOW ay) Wo saw QOE*T JO IouE}SIP B ‘SIOATY ENOpeW pue uozewy oy} BurAodains syyuoW IMoy quads ays (9281) rw0A SuImopoy ayy, “AoArY iddississiyp ayy Jo Y now oy} ye suOIesodo AdANS JONPUOD 0} SEM DdIAIS UT paoeld Suiaq uodn yuoWUTISsE Jsm1y JOH] “pre A AABN YINOUWIS}I0g AQ 1/81 UI JING JOMOd [res ArerpIXne YIM 9)}9ATOD UWed}S ‘][NY-“opoOM Vy asiudsaquq SSN 74 — USS Ranger A full rigged, iron vessel with auxiliary steam power built in changed to Rockport in 1917 and the following year to 1876 by Harlan and Hollingsworth of Wilmington. Ranger saw Nantucket. The Ranger’s long career ended when she was towed service in the North Atlantic, Asiatic and Pacific waters with 12 to a Baltimore scrap yard in 1959. years spent on surveying duty. In 1909 she was loaned to the state of Massachusetts as a nautical school. Her name was Length: 199° 9” Displacement: 1,300 tons USS Ranger’s Steam Launch conducting sounding operations off the west coast of Mexico (1899 - 1890) 75 USS Concord A twin-screw gunboat built in 1891 by Delaware River Iron Works. In 1894 Concord cruised the North Pacific to carry out the provisions of the treaty between the United States and Great Britian which empowered her to seize all vessels violating the laws protecting the valuable fur seal. She gathered hydrographic information to correct Bering Sea charts and conducted scientific observations of the fur seal. Concord was disposed of in 1929. Length: 244’ 5” Displacement: 1,710 tons Coast Survey Steamer Hassler A 159° 6” steamer built in 1872 by the Coast Survey and in service until 1895. 76 USS Michigan The Navy’s first iron-hulled warship. She was fabricated in parts by Stackhouse and Tombinson of Pittsburgh in 1842 and carried overland to Erie where whe was assembled. Secretary of the Navy A. P. Upshur had selected iron for her hull “to use the immense resource of our country in that most valuable metal” and “to ascertain the practicability and utility of building vessels, at least for harbor defense, of so cheap and indestructible a material.” Michigan operated on the Great Lakes out of Erie, Pa. throughout her career. In 1889 she commenced a 12-year intermittent survey of the Great Lakes. Renamed Wolverine in 1905, she was retired from active service in 1923 following a casualty to her machinery plant. In 1927, she was pushed up on a sandbank in Erie Harbor and loaned to the city of Erie as a relic. When a fund-raising drive failed to acquire sufficient funds for her restoration and preservation, she was cut up and sold for scrap in 1949. In 1950 a monument to the “Iron Steamer” was erected in Erie featuring her actual bow and cutwater. Length: 163’ 3” Displacement: 685 tons USS Thetis A 1,250 ton steam whaler built by Alexander Stephen and Sons of Scotland and purchased by the Navy in 1884 to search for the survivors of Lieutenant Adolphus W. Greeley’s Arctic Expedi- tion. In 1887 she was fitted-out as a gunboat and was engaged primarily in survey operations off the waters of Hawaii and i, California. Thetis was transferred to the Treasury Department in 1899 for revenue cutter service. Sold in 1916, she operated with a sealing fleet out of Newfoundland until broken up in 1950. Her figurehead is retained in St. Johns, Newfoundland. Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee U.S. Navy (1845 - 1923) A veteran of two wars, the Civil War and the Spanish-American War, he achieved greater distinction for his services as an inventor and scientist than as a warrior. From 1875 - 1878, he was in command of the Coast Survey Steamer Blake where he was associated with Alexander Agassiz in deep-sea surveys and explorations, principally in the Gulf of Mexico. In recognition of this work, the Gulf’s deepest area was named Sigsbee Deep. Many oceanographic devices were invented or perfected by Sigsbee particularly in the field of deep-sea sounding and dredging. For his contributions to the advance of scientific 78 exploration Emperor William I of Germany bestowed upon him the decoration of the Red Eagle of Prussia and at the International Fisheries Exhibition of London he was awarded a gold medal. He spent a total of ten years in the Navy’s Hydrographic Office and from 1893 to 1897 was the Hydro- grapher of the Navy. In 1897 he was advanced to the rank of Captain and was in command of the battleship Maine when, the following year, she was blown up and destroyed in Havana Harbor. He was commissioned Rear Admiral in 1903 and retired in 1907. Coast Survey Steamer Patterson Built in 1882 at Brooklyn for the Coast Survey. In 1918 she was transferred to the Navy, renamed the Forward, and assigned survey and patrol duty in Alaskan waters. The following year she conducted surveys along the Mexican coast and in that same year returned to the Coast and Geodetic Survey and placed out of service. Length: 163’ Displacement: 719 tons Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer McArthur A 1145-foot steamer built in 1877 for the Survey and in service until 1917. 79 — Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer Pathfinder A 168-foot steamer built in 1899 for the Survey. In 1940 she was renamed the Research and during World War II beached in a sinking condition at Bataan. Fathomer A 144-foot steamer owned by the Philippine Insular Government was captured by the Japanese with the fall of Bataan and put to and placed under the command of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic use as a transport. She was destroyed by American bombs during Survey officers for survey work in the Philippines. The Fathomer _ the recapture of the Islands. 80 Marinduque A 132-foot steamer owned by the Philippine Insular Government and, in the early 1900’s, placed under the command of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey officers for survey work in the Philippines. Romblon A 132-foot steamer owned by the Philippine Insular Government and, in the early 1900s, placed under the command of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey officers for survey work in the Philippines. 81 CHAPTER IIL. TO PEARL HARBOR SUuO} 069°7 sJUdWOORIdSIG .¢/7 :y)3UAT LPOT SNpOXY poyres-tt ay} JO sxaduassed JOWIOJ dI9M WOYA JO JsOU ‘soaSnyor YysIMor SurAireo aurysajed ‘eyrey] JO j10d oy) posozua yYyoRA Jenuapisoid JOWIOJ SIND “GPG Jaquiajdag p uo ‘19}e] SAepP YS! oWOg “Sopplase Woy Ayos9as poyres oys ‘Seyy uelUeWeUe ayy Jopun yn oY) poweUdYy ‘ueoUeIIO)IPOW 94} Ul ape} ]BISLOD IOJ aIQISUd}SO YIOA MON JO sIO}NgLNSIG SUTT]OD O} BPG UE plos AjUanbasqns sem oyg -asewep aaisua}xa pasnes ouisua Joy Ul ony pue uorsojdxa ue ‘IaAaMOY ‘I9ETeD MOU SIY} USUIWOD P[NOd oYS aOJag *Jo]BAS BSE OOTY OY) UT asn 104 TOA SUIMOTIOJ OY} PJOs SEM JaMOL{ADY ‘OFS Ul pouorsstUWOIAG ‘uo pend yseoD pue AACNY JO spuesnoy) Sururey diysjooyos Sutures] uoHeUOyU; yequiog ke se Ayjediound paaros ays ‘TL 2M POM Suing *preny se0D “SQ, 94) Aq pornboe sem ays ‘Trl Ul ‘Aleut “}USWUIDAOS asoueder oy} 0} aJes UdAa pu ‘oIJar DHO}SIY & SE UONEIOJSAL ‘UOTES BUNeOL & ‘apes [e}SeOO UBOOUTY YyNog oy} UT asn Burpnjour syoafosd yo Ajaurea apim & Suyowosd SI9UMO 9AISSADINS JO JOqUINU B YSNOIYy? JUAM dYg ‘adIAIAS 0} P2tOJSOI SBA Ys sJ9IJBOIOY} AjIOYS pue SOT‘9I¢ 10} pyos SPM yINY JOH “omy e Aq posewep Ajpeq sem oy Udy pre ACN e1ydjapeyiyg 38 [EG] Ul Jeoqund e& 0} UOIsIoAUOD surodiapun SEM OYS “6Z7H] Ul WYORA [eUapisaid e& se ddIAIOS WOIJ UMEIPYIIM ‘aBPOOD ULATED pue ‘Burpsrey] uowEM ‘UOSTIM MOIPOOM Wel WEITTIM “JJOAVSOOY BOpoay] 10J JYoeA JeHuapisoid se is99Ie9 19Y P2UIUIWOD 9Ys ZY6] Ul “UBaqqiIeD ay} ul Aynp Adains pauadisse SEM OYS [O61 Ul “Ory OJJoNg JO OUIOAOD 9y) 104 diys ssd}4eNb -PROY [EIOIJJO DY} Se yNO-pazzty SEM ays eM ULAWW—ysiuedg AY} BUIMOTOY “OOO'OEPS 10) 868T UL AABN oy2 Aq posnboe sem damojfdoy *L88{ ut Aydoxy Suoes yyorA .dnp seouowy,, ay} 1OJ OJWadWIOD ‘aysI4f, PaUBIsap osje OYM UOSIEM “T 981095) SEM OUISAP IOP] “}9[90D uap3Q “IW 105 1yoRA ajeaud oy) SB pue}}Oog “yueg opA[D Jo uosdwoyy “5 7 “¢ Aq 9681 UL YING damoyfanwy §Sn pei WU ill Bs DRC a 84 TO PEARL HARBOR During the early 1900s the Navy was concentrating on acquiring hydrographic data needed for nautical charts of strategic areas in the Caribbean, Central America and the Pacific. The principal ships were the converted yachts Mayflower, Eagle and Yankton, the former colliers Hannibal and Leonidas (both converted steamers built in Sunderland, England and acquired by the Navy in 1898), the gunboat Paducah, the gunboat Dolphin, and the cruiser Olympia, which in 1898 carried Admiral Dewey’s flag at the battle of Manila Bay and was the podium for his: ““You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.” In 1901, the Mayflower, a ship whose history is as proud as its name, sounded and charted approaches into various bays and sounds of Puerto Rico and the waters ranging to the coast of La Guiara, Venezuela. Originally, the private yacht of Mr. Ogden Goelet, the Mayflower was built in 1896 by J. and G. Thompson, Clyde Bank, Scotland. Her designer was George L. Watson who also designed Thistle, competitor for the America’s Cup yacht racing trophy in 1887. Acquired by the Navy in 1889 for $430,000, following the death of Mr. Goelet, the Mayflower’s career included service in the Spanish-American War, as presidential yacht for Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, and Calvin Coolidge, and as a U.S. Coast Guard training ship. After sale by the government, she was acquired by Collins Distributors of New York, renamed the Mala and registered under the Panamanian flag supposedly for short haul cargo duty in the Mediterranean. On 4 September 1948, this former presidential yacht, having sailed from Marseilles, France some 8 days previous, entered the port of Haifa, Palestine carrying a group of Jewish refugees singing the Israeli national anthem. These refugees were all from Europe, most of them from the illfated Exodus 1947 which had been turned back from Palestine in the summer of 1947. In 1902 the Carnegie Institution of Washington was founded and endowed by Andrew Carnegie with an original endowment of $10 million to “encourage, in the broadest and liberal manner, investigation, research, discovery and the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind . . .” In 1905 it began a comprehensive world wide study of the magnetic, electric and chemical properties of the oceans using the ship Galilee. The Galilee was a 132-foot, 600-ton, wooden sailing vessel built in 1891 by Matthew Turner of California for hauling freight in the Pacific. She was chartered by the Carnegie Institution for a three year period (1905 - 1908). The year 1909 saw the construction of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie. The Carnegie was the second U.S. ship (preceded 27 years earlier by the Albatross) to be built especially for ocean research. She was active from 1909 until her loss in 1929 at Apia, Samoa from a gasoline explosion. There was increasing interest in the broad physical aspects of deep ocean circulation stimulated primarily from the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 in the North Atlantic. One of the direct results of this disaster was the Navy’s detailing (at the recommendation of the Hydrographic Office) of the cruisers Birmingham and Chester to patrol in the iceberg region near the tail of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland as an ice patrol for passing vessels. This particular service was the forerunner of what is now the International Ice Patrol. World War I saw ships diverted to support the war effort, and, once again, oceanography was placed in limbo. By legislative order, five ships of the Survey, the Surveyor, Isis, Bache, Patterson and Explorer, with their officer complements, were assigned to the Navy, where they participated primarily in troop and cargo convoy duty, seeing little combat. The Surveyor, however. was later cited and decorated for disabling, by use of depth charges, the German submarine U-39, which had sunk the Lusitania. This action occurred during an attack on a ship convoy and resulted in the internment of the damaged U-39 in Spain. Other Survey ships were placed under Navy jurisdiction, such as the 101-foot wooden steam launch Hydrographer, performing surveying and coastal patrol duties. 85 TO PEARL HARBOR - (Cont'd) After the war, the Navy resumed its surveying efforts using primarily the Hannibal, the 243-foot Nokomis (the former yacht of Horace E. Dodge, which was purchased by the Navy for $510,000 in 1917) and the converted 250-foot steam yacht Niagara, all operating under the direction of the Hydrographic Office. In 1921 a major development in oceanographic instrumentation heralded a new dimension of oceanography. Dr. Harvey C. Hayes, a scientist with the U. S. Naval Experimental Station at Fort Trumbull, New London, Connecticut, and later Superintendent of the Sound Division at the Naval Research Laboratory (a position he held for 25 years), developed the sonic-depth finder. Hayes’ depth finder was first-used successfully in 1922 by the destroyer Stewart, which took over 900 deep soundings enroute from Newport, Rhode Island to Gibraltar. The following year sonic depth findérs were installed on the destroyers Hull and Corry to obtain profiles of the Pacific continental shelf in support of investigations being carried out by the Carnegie Institution in determining the cause of earthquakes. This effort resulted in the publication, in 1923, by the Navy Hydrographic Office of the first bathymetric chart compiled from sonic soundings. In 1925 the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship Lydonia, a 181-foot converted yacht, had installed a sonic-depth finder called ‘‘Fathometer’” which had been developed by the Submarine Signal Company of Boston and adopted in preference to Hayes’ unit. The first bathymetric chart published by the Coast and Geodetic Survey based on sonic soundings was in 1939; it covered the coastal waters between San Diego and Santa Rosa Island, California. It is interesting to note that prior to the development of the sonic depth finder the total recorded soundings greater than 550 fathoms that had been taken from all the ocean basins of the world totaled only about 15,000: an average of enly one sounding for each 5,500 square miles in the Atlantic, one for each 10,000 square miles in the Pacific and one for each 10,500 square miles in the Indian Ocean. Though progress was being made, the United States’ overall efforts in oceanography lagged far behind those of other countries. The 1920s saw a series of extensive government sponsored expeditions being carried out by Germany, Holland, Denmark and England. In 1925 the Germans made the first determined effort to extract minerals from the oceans. Fritz Haber, the 1918 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, conceived the idea of extracting enough gold from the sea to pay the German war debt. With optimism running high, the German South Atlantic Expedition was sponsored using the converted 200-foot gunboat Meteor to cross and recross the Atlantic, sampling the water. The venture was abandoned in 1927 when the yield was less than expected and the cost of extraction far greater than the value of the gold obtained. In July 1924, at the invitation of the Secretary of the Navy to consider all matters pertaining to a proposed United States Naval expedition for research in oceanography, the first General Conference on Oceanography was held at the Hydrographic Office. Participating in this conference were representatives from the State, Treasury and War Departments and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Included in the official report of this conference were the following items: “Tt is recommended that a naval vessel or vessels be permanently assigned to oceanographic work. Such vessels should, if practicable, have twin screws and low freeboard and must have a large cruising range. They should have laboratories and sufficient living quarters and cabins comfortably to accommodate the personnel. While the above requirements are preferred, the conference desires to state that any suitable vessel or vessels that the Navy Department can assign for this purpose will be acceptable .. . 86 TO PEARL HARBOR - (Cont’d) The conference recommends that this oceanographic undertaking be known as the Maury United States Naval Oceanographic Research, in honor of Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury, United States Navy, whose pioneer work in practically all branches of oceanography entitles him to this distinction. It is further recommended that the major ship that is assigned to this work be named the USS Tanner, in honor of Commander Zera L. Tanner United States Navy, whose long-continued oceanographic work has contributed much to the advance of this science.” Although the importance of initiating a national cooperative program was recognized, no positive steps were taken. Recognizing this lack of scientific leadership, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences established its first Committee on Oceanography (NASCO) in 1927, to consider the role of the United States in a worldwide program of oceanographic research. The results of the NASCO recommendations led to a series of grants from the Rockefeller Foundation which were used to establish the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Oceanographic Laboratory at the University of Washington-and additional facilities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. For the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation provided $2.5 million for endowment, a ship and buildings. The Carnegie Corporation supplied the funds to purchase the land. In 1930 the Trustees of this newly founded institution “appreciated that one of the most important things it could do would be to operate a seagoing ship of moderate size with convenient living quarters, and equipped to carry on investigations at all depths of the various lines of sea science.” By the end of 1930, the 142-foot steel ketch, Atlantis, was launched in Copenhagen. Much of the oceanographic equipment was purchased abroad. A fathometer and a radio for sending messages were installed when the Atlantis arrived in the United States in the Fall of 193]. The Atlantis thus became the third U. S. ship built especially for oceanography, but the first specifically designed for multi-discipline research. For a period of about 20 years after her delivery, the Atlantis was really the only United States representative in basic deep sea research. Prior to her sale to Argentina in 1964, the venerable Atlantis had logged more than a million miles at sea and made more than 5,000 oceanographic stations. As Woods Hole was a single-ship institution in the 1930s with its Atlantis, so also were the University of Washington with the 75-foot vessel Catalyst and Scripps with the 104-foot schooner E. W. Scripps. The Bureau of Fisheries (formerly the Fish Commission) was also reduced to a single-ship activity. The Albatross had been sold in 1921 and the Fish Hawk was disposed of in 1926. As a replacement for the Fish Hawk the Navy transferred the 150-foot, two-masted, steel-hulled ocean tug Patuxent which was renamed the Albatross IT. Another recommendation of the NASCO in 1927 was that oceanographic research be undertaken by a Navy vessel specially fitted for the work. This recommendation enabled the Hydrographic Office to acquire in 1931 its first suite of oceanographic equipment which was used only incidentially onboard the hydrographic survey ship Hannibal. In 1929 the Secretary of the Navy convened a special board under the chairmanship of Rear Admiral Frank H. Schofield to review the Navy’s role in future oceanographic programs. The recommendations of the Schofield Board for the expansion of Navy oceanographic programs resulted in the establishment of a Section of Oceanography in the Hydrographic Office (1933) and increased cooperation with private and academic oceanographic institutions. Throughout the 87 TO PEARL HARBOR - (Cont'd) 1930s, these institutions, primarily Woods Hole, Scripps and the University of Washington, were able to expand their oceanographic efforts through the utilization of Navy vessels assigned to survey duty. These included the Oglala (originally the S. S. Massachusetts of the Fall River Line) which conducted the Aleutian Islands Survey Expedition (1934 - 1936), the minesweeper Gannet on summer-month survey expeditions to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, the Nokomis, the Hannibal, and the former World War I submarine tender Bushnell. The installation of sonic echo sounders onboard Navy vessels resulted in a staggering collection of dynamic soundings. One ship, the Ramapo, acquired over 37,000 soundings during 51 crossings of the North Pacific in a nine year period (1929 - 1938). The Ramapo also acquired a degree of renown when in February 1933, while preceding from Manila to San Diego, she recorded a giant wave the height of which was 112 feet. In 1932 the Navy’s Gravity-at-Sea Expedition, in cooperation with the Princeton University sponsored International Scientific Expedition to the West Indies, assigned the submarine S-48 and the submarine rescue ship Chewink the task of conducting gravity measurements. The members of the Gravity-at-Sea Expedition included Dr. F. A. Vening Meinesz, of the Netherlands Geodetic Commission, who brought with him from Holland his Multipendulum instrument for installation onboard the S-48, Dr. H. H. Hess from Princeton University, Lieutenant Commander A. H. Gosnell, U. S. Naval Reserve, historian, and Mr. Townsend Brown, Naval Research Laboratory. Gravity-at-Sea measurements were taken in conjunction with measurements taken ashore by members of Coast and Geodetic Survey, the entire expedition being directed by Professor Richard M. Field of Princeton’s Department of Geology. The Navy’s survey efforts during the 1930s were, as before, being concentrated primarily along trade routes. By the end of the decade only two ships were conducting surveys on what could be considered a full-time basis; the slow (7 knot), coal burning Hannibal and the former submarine tender Bushnell. 88 USS Eagle Formerly the yacht A/my built in 1890 by Harlan and Hollingsworth of Wilmington. Purchased in 1898 by the Navy, Eagle was fitted out as a survey vessel, her principal employment throughout her naval service. She conducted her survey opera- ja od al tions mainly in the Caribbean area. Decommissioned in 1919, she was sold the following year. She is shown here in drydock at Portsmouth Navy Yard (1916). Length: 155’ 6” Displacement: 434 tons An atic — USS Yankton Built by Ramage and Ferguson of Leith, Scotland in 1893 as the private yacht Penelope for Prince Edward VII of England. Acquired by Sarah Bernhardt the yacht became the Cleopatra. Later purchased by an American, the yacht, was renamed the Sapphire. In 1898 the yacht was purchased by the Navy, converted to a gunboat, and renamed the Yankton. Following her participation in the Spanish - American War, Yankton was 89 assigned survey duty in Cuban waters. During World War I she served primarily on coastal and anti-submarine patrols with one submarine sinking to her credit. Sold in 1921, the Yankton was seized two years later as a rum runner. After a brief period engaged in honest commerce, she was scrapped in 1930. Length: 185’ Displacement: 975 tons | Ys! 4) J 7 / a Ph i Wh / i SU0} 00O'P :WUaWadETdsIq 1 LZ :y3UTT “read BUIMOTIOJ dy) JIE} Surquiog & se yuns SEM joqiuUDH “prot Ul pauolsstuWooag ‘aduer BurissneSop Avg ayeadesoy) oy} 0} paudisse sem oys TT reM POM Surmng ‘Oré6l Tun paysey Yorya Jared AQAINS UBaqqiED JOY palunser ays [Z6T UY "Sdaseyoqns 0} Japua, & se Ajuewd | rem pom juads ous “ubaqqHe) ay} UI SuoHeIado AdAIns Bu19Npuod UoIpeNnbs Adaing ‘S'D OU) 0} pausisse sem oys /T6T 01 [161 Wor “TI61 - 8681 WOT DATOS IOJOI BY} Ul PaAtas joqiuunpy “TedK oures yeyy AAeN ay) Aq paxnboe pue puejsuq ‘puejzapung jo ‘oD pue sowing ‘t Aq punjoy ydasor se g6gt ut yng soWeaS 19,0A\U09 YW Joquunzy ssn 90 USS Leonidas Originally the Elizabeth Holland built in 1898 by S. P. Austin again, this time to a tender for submarine chasers. In 1922 she and Son, Ltd., of Sunderland, England. Purchased that same year was sold to Ammunitions Products Corporation of Washington, by the Navy she was fitted-out as a collier. In 1914 she was D.C. Photographed here as a survey ship in 1914. converted to a survey ship, but with the outbreak of World War | she was assigned patrol duty. At war’s end she was converted Length: 264” 3” Displacement: 4,264 tons USS Paducah A gunboat built in 1905 by the Gas Engine and Power Company 1948 was renamed the Geula and was one of the Exodus ships and C. L. Seabury Company of Morris Heights, New York. She carrying Jewish refugees to Palestine. conducted routine survey operations during the course of her 7 oa naval service. Sold to private interests in 1945, the Paducah in Length: 200° Displacement: 940 tons 91 USS Dolphin A gunboat built in 1885 by John Roach and Sons of Chester, Pennsylvania. The first of the ships of the “New Navy” to be completed, Dolphin deployed on an around-the-world cruise which ended at New York in September 1889. Assigned to the Special Service Squadron, she made surveying expeditions to Guatemala (1896), Venezuela (1899 - 1900), and Santo Domingo (1902). The following years were occupied on patrol and dispatch duty and protection of American interests. Decom- missioned in 1921, Dolphin was sold the following year. Length: 256’ 6” Displacement: 1,486 tons 92 USS Olympia A cruiser built in 1895 by Union Iron Works of San Francisco, The oldest existing steel ship of the Navy, she now houses many this famous flagship of Admiral George Dewey at the battle of _ relics of the Spanish-American War. Manila (“You may fire when you are ready, Gridley”) is maintained by the Cruiser Olympia Association of Philadelphia. Length: 344° 1” Displacement: 5,870/tons The Schooner Galilee A wooden sailing ship built by Matthew Turner of Californiain a magnetic survey vessel. In her day Galilee was one of the 1891 for hauling freight. Chartered by the Carnegie Institution _ fastest sailing vessels of her size in the Pacific Ocean. of Washington for the three-year period 1905 to 1908 for use as Length: 132’ Displacement: 600 tons 93 The Non-Magnetic Yacht Carnegie Designed by H. J. Gielow and built by Tebo Yacht Basin Company of New York in 1909, the Carnegie was the first specifically constructed non-magnetic vessel in which every effort was made to avoid the use of steel. She was also the first sea-going vessel equipped with a producer gas engine. Her mission was mapping out the magnetic forces as they prevail over the oceans. She was active in this role until her tragic loss in 1929 at Apia, Samoa from a gasoline explosion. Length: 155’ 6” Displacement: 568 tons 94 USS Birmingham A cruiser built in 1908 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company of | recommendation of the Hydrographic Office to ice patrol duty, Quincy, Massachusetts. Following the sinking of the Titanic in a forerunner of what is now the International Ice Patrol. She was 1912, the cruisers Birmingham and Chester were assigned at the disposed of in 1923. Length: 423’ 1” Displacement: 3,750 tons USS Chester A cruiser built in 1908 by Bath Iron Works of Bath, Maine. the Hydrographic Office to ice patrol duty, a forerunner of what Following the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, Chester and her is now the International Ice Patrol. The Chester was sold in sister ship Birmingham were assigned at the recommendation of — 1921. Length: 423’ 1” Displacement: 3,750 tons 95 USC & GSS Surveyor Built in 1917 for the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Surveyor was a veteran of both World War I and II. During World War I, she was cited and decorated for disabling, by use of depth charges, the German submarine U-39, which had sunk the Lusitania. She was sold in 1950. Length: 186’ Displacement: 1,150 tons USC & GSS Isis A screw steamer built in 1902 for the Coast and Geodetic Survey. /sis was taken over by the Navy during World War I and Operated out of New York and then Norfolk. She was returned to the Survey in 1919. Length: 199’ Displacement: 555 tons 96 USC & GSS Explorer Built in 1904 for the Coast and Geodetic Survey at Wilmington. Transferred to the Navy in 1918, the Explorer was assigned to patrol duty off Alaska during World War I. She was returned to the Survey in 1919 and retired from service in 1939. Length: 135’ Displacement: 450 tons USC & GSS Hydrographer A wooden-hull steam vessel built in 1901 at Port Jefferson, New York for the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The first Survey ship to bear the name Hydrographer. Length: 101’ Displacement: 146 tons 97 USS Nokomis Built by Pusey and Jones of Wilmington in 1917 as the 243-foot steam yacht Kwaswind for Horace E. Dodge. Purchased by the Navy that same year for $510,000. From 1919 to 1934 she was assigned surveying duty in Mexican and Caribbean waters. USS Niagara A private steam yacht built in 1898 by Harlan and Hollingsworth of Wilmington. She was purchased by the Navy in 1917, converted to an armed patrol yacht, and placed in commission the following year. Between 1924 and 1930 Niagara was engaged in surveying duty in Caribbean waters. Decommissioned in 1930, she was sold for scrap the following year. Length: 250’ Displacement: 2,600 tons 98 Harvey Cornelius Hayes (1878 - 1968) Developed the sonic depth finder in 1921 at the Naval Experimental Station at Fort Trumbell, New London, Connecticut. From 1923 - 1947 Hayes was Superintendent of the Sound Division at the Naval Research Laboratory. The Navy’s first catamaran-hull oceanographic research ship, the T-AGOR 16, is named in his honor. 99 SUu0} 6ES‘T :2UaUIODRIdSIq ..S PIE :yWBUST *yuns pue 037e) Surquiog & se pasn sem ays UdYyM IedA SUIMOT]OJ 24} Papuo Jose Joy ‘aseg [CAEN OMY }e JOYOUE 3e SuIply punoj sem ays UdYM pud S.1eM 7e SpE] Ul UTeZe 10AO ude], “AABN aSouRdeg 94) JO ZOT [28S9A [OMe se vas 0} yORG jUAS pue osoueder oy) Aq paseayes sem oys ‘eaeg ‘eAequing pouopuege S901OJ PITY 94} USYM JOqIeY oY} UT PI}ING “]] IM PIIOM Surmp asoueder oy) Aq pasn pue pornjdeo drys AAeN jUe}eqQUIOO AjUO dy} Bulag JO UOTOUTISIP 9JeUNJIOJUN oY} sey IaAONSOp SITY] *jdvMajg ayy Aq Teak Burmoyjoy oy} Ayjnyssooons pasn ysny sea IZ61 wt sadkepy “dD Aoarexy Aq podojaaop roputy yydop-o1uos ayy, “erydjapepyd Jo AueduroD surpyinqdiyg dues Aq QZ6T Ut ING (b@Z Ad) Woma7§ SSN 100 USS Hull (DD 330) Built in 1921 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation of San Francisco. In 1922 Hull conducted sounding operations along the coast of southern California using the newly developed sonic depth sounder. This project was sponsored by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in determining the cause of earth- quakes. In 1924 Hull was assigned to take soundings between Seattle, Washington and Seward, Alaska in preparation for laying an Alaska communications cable. Decommissioned in 1930, she was sold for scrap in 1931 in accordance with the London Treaty of 1930 for the limitation of naval armament. Length: 314 4” Displacement: 1,308 tons USS Corry (DD 334) Built in 1921 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation of San Francisco. In 1923 the Corry, together with her sister ship Hull (DD 330), had the newly developed sonic depth finders installed and conducted sounding operations of the Pacific continental shelf in support of earthquake investigations being carried out by 101 the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Corry was stripped and sold for scrap in 1930 in accordance with the terms of the London Treaty. Length: 314’ 5” Displacement: 1,190 tons. US. A) RCN SUI0YIS} GOT [P420)6y sEM,WEZ) zzer TTOH 8'8'N Pee ANHOOB B12 Aa -UdGNIA HLddd OINOS. WIM peuresgo wep wory paliduroy “UO N}SUy a1BauIe| ay} Aq parosuods suonedsiysoaut oyenbyjsee yo j10ddns ur Joys [eJUsUTJUOD o1FIOeG OY)? JO suoKe1odo Noyy ur (w0D pue jny sraAonsap ay) Aq poyoa]Joo eyep Burpunos wor payidwios sei jxeyo sty} ‘901JJQ d1ydesrdompAH S,Aaeyy oy} Aq E76] UE poystgnd *sBUIPUNOS OYOS d1UOS WO popidusod yey dIJOW AYE ISM OY], 102 SUO} (6p :JuUdWOEIdSIG .[ 8] :4yI3UeT “QDIAIBG I1JapOoy puke jseO_ ay} 0} poreysueyn Sem DIUOPAT AY) 6161 Ul “I JEM P]IOM BulmNp 3e0q joned B SB ddIAIOS 10} / [6] ul AaeNY ay? Aq ponnboe pue uojZurwpM Jo souog pue Aasng Aq 716] Ul IINq WYOeA ajeatd & AyJOWIOY DIUOPAT 103 R/V Atlantis I A 142-foot steel ketch built in Copenhagen in 1931 for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In 1964 Atlantis was sold to the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Technicas, Buenos Aires, Repulica de Argentina, where she was renamed El Austral. 104 Courtesy of Marine Photo Shop, Joe D. Williamson, 285 Shannon Drive S.E., Winslow, Washington R/V Catalyst A 75-foot converted vessel used for oceanographic research in the 1930s by the University of Washington. R/V E.W. Scripps Originally the 104-foot luxury yacht Serena of Hollywood actor Lewis Stone. In 1937 she was purchased by Mr. Robert P. Scripps and presented to Scripps for use as a research ship. Disposed of in 1955 she was used for the movie “Around the World in Eighty Days” and later became a South Seas island schooner. The E.W. Scripps now rests on the bottom of the Papeete Harbor in Tahiti. 105 Albatross IT The former 150-foot, two-masted, steel-hulled, Navy sea going Albatross II. Plagued by mechanical troubles, she was finally Tug Number 11 built in 1911 by Norfolk Navy Yard. In 1926 disposed of in 1934. she was transferred to the Bureau of Fisheries and renamed the - a pe ; =e" ee ans USS Oglala Built by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in 1907 as the duty as Flagship of Mine Division One. Oglala was sunk by a SS Massachusetts for the Fall River Line. Acquired by the Navy torpedo hit while berthed at Pearl Harbor when the Japanese in 1918 and converted to a minelayer, she was renamed USS _ launched their attack. Later salvaged, the Oglala provided repair Shawmut (CM 4). Later, refitted as an aircraft tender, she to landing and patrol craft for the rest of the war. She was operated with the fledgling naval air arm in the early 1920s. In disposed of in 1947. 1928 her name was changed to USS Oglala and she was assigned Length: 386’ Displacement: 3,746 tons 106 USS Gannet (AM-21) Built in 1919 by Todd Shipyard Corporation of New York. scientists from academic and private oceanographic institutions. During the summers of 1926, 1929, and 1932 through 1935, she In June, 1942 while operating northwest of Bermuda, Gannet acted as an aircraft tender accompanying survey expeditions was hit by torpedoes and sunk. (which included aerial surveys) to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Participating in these summer expeditions were civilian Fength: 187" 10> Displacement::950)tons USS Ramapo A single screw, commercial type oil tanker built in 1919 by 51 crossings of the North Pacific from 1929 to 1938 coinci- Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport dental with her tanker duties. She was disposed of in 1946. News, Virginia. She gathered extensive sounding data during her Length: 477’ 10” Displacement: 19,189 tons 107 Oe et CHAPTER IV. THE WAR YEARS Su} THLE s}UoWEIdsI ..9 OSE :yI3UTT “OP6] UL POUOISSIWIWIODOP SEM IY *s}89} QuIOG d1W07e Surwso0s ay) OJ uOWeredoid ur SAQAINS JONpUOD 0} []OV IULYIG 0} payres dauing ‘eM oY} BUIMO|JOY *S SDV 0} posueyo useq pey uoleUsIsop IOY EPGT Ul “S*Q OY? pomMo} so}e] pue podeayes sea YoOIyA ourewqns jospru ssouede¢ pouopueqe ue Po} LOO] Osye ays pue sJoquIOg aarp osouedes OM} UMOP BUTVOOYS YIM pojipaid sem ayg ‘Bare eUulyD-ea1Oy puke s1jloeq YINOS OY) Ul J] JM P[TOM NoYysnosy) Joes BurAoamns Joy panunuod ays (ZE OV) “auwing payeusisapor puke paweual sem ays OP6l uy ‘eoweg pue ‘eouIns) ysnug ‘pepriuliy ‘ejanzoua, ‘erquinjod JO s}seoo ay)? JJO [PGT [uN sAvains yno BurAured 991jO o1ydessorpAy S,AAeyy ay) YpIM ANP 0} powaysuey sem jjauysng ay) ‘L€6, ul “Auedwog yooq Aq pue uolnjonysuoD apjjeag Aq’s To Ul ying (Z SW) /auysng opus} ourreurqns oy} ATPeUrsIO (¢ SOV) 4auiung Ssn 110 THE WAR YEARS During World War II the Navy vigorously pursued oceanographic research to meet vital defense needs. Turning to the private and academic institutions for the scientific expertise required, the significant contributions resulting were to include improved oceanographic instruments, bottom sediment charts, studies that improved the maintenance of trim on submarines, long-range weather forecasts, evaluation of beach information for amphibious landings, development of submarine detection equipment and sonar operators’ manuals for the Fleet, indentification of the deep scattering layer. and underwater sound and explosive phenomena. The urgent need for extensive hydrographic surveys, especially in the Pacific, saw the enlistment of a varied lot of converted ships: the old subtender Bushnell (renamed Summer); the Grace Lines cargo-passenger ship S. S. Santa Inez (renamed Bowditch) which replaced the Hannibal; the private schooners Effie M. Morrissey and Bowdoin; the famed 199-foot sailing ship Bear, of the Greeley Relief Expedition and Rear Admiral Byrd’s Antarctic Expeditions; the 136-foot motor minesweepers Chauvenet, Harkness, James M. Gilliss and Simon Newcomb, the 136-foot subchasers John Blish, Armistead Rust, Littlehales and Dutton, and the three 98-foot, steel-hull, auxiliary patrol craft YP 41, 42 and 56 which operated with the Bowditch. Six of the Coast and Geodetic Survey’s major ships were ordered to duty with the Navy: the Guide, Discoverer, and Pioneer which were former Navy minesweepers transferred to the Survey after World War I; the Oceanographer which was the former $3.0 million luxury yacht Corsair IT built in 1897 for J. P. Morgan and acquired by the Survey in 1930; and the Hydrographer and the Pathfinder which were built by the Survey in 1931 and 1942, respectively. These ships had their days in battle, often under fire acquiring the data needed to take our fighting ships deeper into enemy-held waters. At Tarawa, the Sumner was under Japanese air attack for 26 out of 30 days as she struggled to update the only available charts of that island, which were nearly 100 years old. At Iwo Jima, the Sumner again was under attack when she added a nearly forgotten hydrographic footnote to history. As the fighting raged on and the enemy lobbed shells at the Susner, the hydrographers went about their jobs of surveying — setting up one of their triangulation markers alongside the now famous flag raised by the Marines on Mount Suribachi! At Okinawa, the Bowditch conducted survey operations hand-in-hand with fighting. Almost daily the guns of the Bowditch answered the attacks by enemy planes and, in all, some 264 general quarters were sounded and four Japanese planes downed, one by the YP 41. The Hydrographer operated with Army assault forces in the Aleutians sounding out safe anchorages and ship lanes for attack transports and other auxiliaries. Also assigned to survey operations in the western Pacific, the Hydrographer {ought otf frequent raids by the enemy while operating in the Palaus and one night destroyed a three-man assault team which sought to blow-up the ship while it lay at anchor in the harbor. The Pathfinder was also attacked by Kamikaze planes at Okinawa,one of which crashed into a gun platform, killing one man and setting a fire which was extinguished without serious damage to the vessel. The Coast and Geodetic Survey retained jurisdiction over their remaining ships, all of which participated in the war effort. The ships — Surveyor and Explorer, built for the Survey in 1917 and 1939, respectively; Derickson, a former Navy patrol craft; Lester Jones and Patton, two 88-foot hydrographic survey and wire drag vessels; and the 77-foot survey launch Westdahl — were engaged primarily in surveys of the Aleutian Islands and of the Alaska Peninsula. These surveys, accomplished at the request of various branches of the Army and Navy, included wire dragging of areas for deep submergence tests of submarines, hydrographic surveys of special anchorages for naval use, and surveys used for laying of submarine nets. Several of these ships were provided with armament furnished and installed by the Navy and in many instances these ships were used for emergency convoy duty. 111 388-301 O 71 9 SU} COPS :}UoWIDIEIdSIG .Og¢ :yI3UET ‘YOUpPMO I} YVIM poayerodo yory yyer9 joed Arerrxne MIOJION Aq drys Aoams & 0} pazioAUuOd pue Qp6T Ul AACN ay} Aq }00J-86 9214} AY} JO aUO SI OpIssuoTyY ‘“pp~ET Ul Weny Jo poseyoind sem ayg ‘zauy vung diys roduassed-o81e9 sour] a0e15) UMOYS SI YIUPMO aI, *T] TEM P]IOM UT SOFAS IOJ prex AACN ay} se uaseyusdoD Jo ureM pue so}s1owINg Aq 676] Ul IINg (F SDV) Youpmog ssn 112 THE WAR YEARS - (Cont'd) The Survey also conducted surveys, at the request of the Navy, in the British West Indies at sites of proposed naval bases, and in Casco Bay, Maine and adjacent waters which were used extensively as anchorages for naval vessels and particularly for ships engaged in convoy duty The Survey ships Lydonia and Gilbert were engaged primarily in these surveys. The hundreds of wrecks along the Atlantic coast caused by enemy submarine action constituted dangers to navigation. Concentrating in areas of immediate concern, the Survey’s two small (66-foot), wooden hulled, wiredragging vessels Wainwright and Hilgard searched for underwater hazards off Delaware and Chesapeake Bays and along the coast of Florida. Several Navy and Coast Guard ships to which Coast and Geodetic Survey Officers were assigned also participated in these essential surveys. Before the war, surveying and charting of the Philippine Islands were being carried on under a cooperative agreement with the Insular Government. Two ships were engaged in this effort, the Fathomer which was owned by the Insular Government but under the command of Survey officers and the Survey’s Research which was the original Pathfinder built in 1899 and renamed in 1940. At the outbreak of the war these two ships were engaged in surveys requested by the Navy in Coron Passage, north of Palawan and off Bataan. The Research was damaged by a bombing attack on Manila and later both ships proceeded to Corregidor where they suffered further damage from bombs. The Research, which also served temporarily as a hospital ship, was finally beached in a sinking condition at Bataan. The Fathomer was captured by the Japanese with the fall of Bataan and put to use as a transport. She was destroyed by American bombing during the recapture of the Islands. The valiant surveying efforts of this astonishing variety of ships are best attested to by the over 43 million charts which were printed and issued by the Hydrographic Office in the peak year 1944. 113 a Photograph courtesy of the Marine Historical Effie M. Morrissey A 93-foot schooner built in 1894 by James and Tarr of Essex, Mass. for Robert Bartlett. The Effie M. Morrissey was loaned to the Navy during World War II and used briefly for Greenland survey Operations. Returned to her owner by the Navy after her military service, she was sold in the 1960s to Portuguese interests. She is shown here in drydock being sheathed with Greenheart. Association, Incorporated. Bowdoin An auxiliary knockabout schooner designed by William H. Hand and built in 1921 by Hodgdon Brothers of East Boothbay, Maine. She was built to the order of Admiral Donald D. MacMillan who had been a member of the Peary polar expedition and who later undertook a series of scientific expeditions in the Bowdoin to Greenland and the Far North. In 1941, she was purchased by the Navy for $35,000, given the hull designation IX-50, and assigned to the South Greenland Patrol where one of her duties was conducting hydrographic surveys. She was disposed of in 1945 after being declared unfit for further Naval service. Still in existence the schooner Bowdoin is shown here as she appeared as an exhibit vessel at Mystic Seaport from 1959 to 1968. Length: 87’ Displacement: 110 tons 114 suo} $19‘, sjuaWaoesdsiq ..9 861 :4I3UET *aWOY MOU JdY O} MO} JOpUN ay YUNS pue palopunoy dpag ayy ‘erydjopeyyg ul Wnosnuw ounjueul pue jueInejsor Sunjeoyy & sUI0D9q 0} 796] UI UIeSe pjog “xeyey JO no Suneiodo sajvag o124p diys Sureos ay} sw099q 0} pjos Ajorqnd SEM QP6l Ul pur pH] UI PouOIssIWWODap sem Avag ‘“SAdAINS orydes301pAy = B3unonpuoo Ajiewnid $jored puejusaiy jsva -YJION 94} YIM paasos ays J] JEM POM BurmMg ‘suontpedxy onoreyuy s.piAg “4A ‘“Y [enwpy mwoy ul pojedionred wag ay} ‘EEG ut AaeN oy) Aq ponnboy ‘winasnur e se asn I0j PIUIOJED “PuepyeO JO APD ay} 0} pos sem “676 Ul ‘pue (preny JSBOD JY} MOU) DOIAING 10}}ND onudAdY oY} 0} PoLejsuey sear ays S88T UT ‘HOTY ey) UT pouOoreU UONIpedxe sty pue ‘WSN ‘Aajaat *M “VW JURUAINAIT JO anosar ay) UI asn IOJ PRgy ul AaeN ayy Aq paseyoind sem uvag “diys Buryeas e& se ‘puepjoog ‘ueAoy ‘asnoyjUry “py ‘suog pue usydajg ropuexapy Aq p/8] Ul JING (6Z DV) 472g SSN 115 Courtesy of T. F. Gundlach; Belleville, [llinois USS Chauvenet (AGS 11) Originally built as a motor minesweeper (YMS 195) in 1943 by C. Hiltebrant Drydock Company of Kingston, New York, she underwent conversion to a surveying ship in 1945 receiving the name Chauvenet and the designation AGS 11 and departed for duty in the Pacific. Decommissioned in 1946 she was sold the following year and became the British mercantile Zipper. In 1963 she foundered 100 miles off Georgetown, British Guinea. Length: 136’ Displacement: 215 tons USS Harkness (AGS 12) Originally the motor minesweeper YMS 242 built in 1943 by Tacoma Boat Building Company. Converted to a surveying ship in 1945 and redesignated the Harkness (AGS 12), she deployed to the Western Pacific where she conducted survey operations in the Marshalls and at Okinawa and, following the war, at Japan. 116 Redesignated a coastal surveying ship (AGSC 12) in 1946, she operated along the Atlantic Coast for over three years. In 1951 Harkness’ survey career ended and she was converted to a mine hunter. She was sold at public auction in 1960. Length: 136’ Displacement: 245 tons USS James M. Gilliss(AGS 13) Onginally the motor minesweeper YMS 262 built in 1943 by the South Coast Company of Newport Beach, California. In 1945 she was converted to a survey ship at California Shipbuilding Corporation, Wilmington, California and redesignated the James M. Gilliss (AGS 13). She conducted surveys at Okinawa and then at Nagoya, Japan in support of occupation operations. In 1946 she operated between Bikini and Eniwetok conducting hydrographic and oceanographic surveys to support Operation “Crossroads”, the atomic bomb tests. Later that same year she was classified as a coastal survey ship, AGSC 13, and assigned coastal survey operations from the North Atlantic to the Caribbean. In 1950 she ended her survey career and was converted to a minehunter, AMCU 13. Inactivated in 1958, she was sold in 1960. The Gilliss is shown off the coast of Labrador in 1949. On her fantail is the helicopter from the USS Tanner (AGS 15) being taken to Goose Bay for repairs. Length: 136’ Displacement: 265 tons USS Simon Newcomb (AGS 14) Originally the motor minesweeper YMS 263 built in 1943 by the South Coast Company, Newport Beach, California. Active in the South Pacific, she was assigned after the war to survey operations along the Atlantic Coast. In 1949 she was blown aground on Mother Burns Cove, Labrador. Shown here personnel are unloading all removable gear and ballast prior to salvage attempt. Although successfully salvaged by the USS Hoist (ARS 40), the Newcomb was disposed of later that year. Length: 136’ Displacement: 265 tons 117 USS John Blish (AGS 10) The former subchaser PCS /457 built in 1944 by Ballard Marine Railway Company of Seattle. In 1945 she was reclassified as the survey ship AGS 10 and named John Blish. Throughout the remaining months of the war she provided hydrographic infor- mation for the Allied efforts in the Pacific and actively participated in the invasion of Okinawa. In 1946 she was reclassified as a coastal survey ship, the AGSC 10, and operated off the West Coast. The John Blish also participated in Operation “Crossroads”, the atomic weapons tests at Bikini in 1946. Decommissioned in 1949, she was sold for scrapping the following year. John Blish is shown passing the oldest pagoda in China as she steams pass the small town of Anking on a hydrographic survey of the Yangtze River, China in November 1945. This was the first official U.S. patrol up the Yangtze since 1937. Length: 136’ Displacement: 245 tons USS Armistead Rust (AGS 9) Originally the subchaser PCS 1404 built in 1944 by Colbert Boat Works of Stockton, California. In 1945 she was renamed Armistead Rust and reclassified as the survey ship AGS 9. She conducted survey operations at Okinawa, the Philippines, Manila, and Subic Bay. Decommissioned in 1946, she was sold in 1948. Length: 136’ Displacement: 260 tons 118 USS Littlehales (AGS 7) Originally the subchaser PCS /388 built in 1943 by Robert Jacob, Inc. of City Island, New York. Redesignated as a survey ship in 1945 and named Littlehales (the first ship to bear that name), she actively participated in Pacific operations. After the war Littlehales conducted far-flung hydrographic operations until decommissioned in 1949. The following year she was sold to Haylew Fisheries, Inc. of Reedville, Virginia. Length: 136’ Displacement: 245 tons USS Dutton (AGS 8) Originally the subchaser PCS 1396 built in 1944 by South Coast Company of Newport Beach, California. In 1945 she was reclassified as a survey ship, AGS 8, and assigned the name Dutton. During the battle of Okinawa the Dutton conducted surveys to determine suitable landing beaches for amphibious craft. At Okinawa a Japanese plane crashed into her, carrying 119 away part of the bridge, blowing one of her crew overboard, and holing her, fortunately only above the water line. The Dutton continued her survey career after the war, including participation in Operation “Crossroads”, until her decommissioning in 1949. She was sold the following year. Length: 136’ Displacement: 240 tons USC & GSS Guide Formerly the Navy minesweeper Flamingo (AM 32) built in 1919 by New Jersey Drydock and Transportation Co. of Elizabethport, New Jersey. She was transferred to the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1923 and renamed the Guide. In 1941 she was recalled by the Navy for service in World War II and converted to a salvage ship with the name and classification of Viking (ARS 1). Viking was sold in 1953. Length: 187’ 10” Displacement: 950 tons USC & GSS Discoverer Originally the Navy minesweeper Auk (AM 38) built in 1919 by Todd Shipyard Corporation of Brooklyn, New York. In 1922 she was transferred to the Coast and Geodetic Survey and renamed Discoverer. She was returned to the Navy in 1941 and 120 underwent conversion to a salvage ship (ARS 3), retaining the name Discoverer. She was disposed of in 1947. Length: 187’ 10” Displacement: 950 tons USC & GSS Pioneer Formerly the Navy minesweeper Osprey (AM 29) built in 1918 by the Gas Engine and Power Company of Morris Heights, New York. In 1922 she was transferred to the Coast and Geodetic Survey and renamed Pioneer. Recalled by the Navy in 1941 for World War II service, she was converted to a salvage ship and renamed and reclassified Crusader (ARS 2). She was sold in 1947. Length: 187° 10” Displacement: 950 tons Oceanographer Originally the $3 million luxury yacht Corsair // of J. P. Morgan, Sr., built in 1897 by W. & A. Fletcher Company of Hoboken, New Jersey. She served as Morgan’s pleasure craft until 1930, except for a brief period during World War I when she was commissioned by the Navy (designated the PY 159). Corsair II was credited with sinking a German U-boat. She was acquired by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1930 and renamed Oceanog- 121 rapher (OSS 26). With the outbreak of World War II, she was again commissioned by the Navy (this time with the designation AGS 3). She conducted survey and charting operations off Alaska and in the South Pacific. Tired and worn, Oceanographer was decommissioned in September 1944 and a few months later scrapped. Length: 304’ Displacement: 1,600 tons $uo}) pro] swuowooeldsiq TT p91 :yysueT *Q96] Ul OOIAIOS WOIy pomjor Sem 4aydns0APAFH] AY) OPH] Ul Adamng ay} 0} pouinjay “spurysy neyed pue yeysreyy ‘ogy ‘oyem ‘wendy je pue suennapy oy) ur suonesodo Adains ul payedronsed ays rem oy) Suring (7 SOV) AaydvssoApAH] SSM 2y) payeusisap pue AaeNy oy) 0} posuajsuey SPA OYS J] TEM PUOM Burling ‘euisNA ‘YJOJION JO syIOM oUIsUq readg Aq Adaing sapoay pue yseoD oy) OJ [EST Ul ying daydvasoapaAH SSD ¥ ISN 122 USC & GSS Pathfinder (OSS 30) Built in 1942 for the Coast and Geodetic Survey by Lake Kamikaze crashed into the stern gun platform. Her wartime Washington Shipyards of Houghton, Washington. During World performance was sufficiently extensive for Tokyo Rose to report War II Pathfinder was transferred to the Navy for hydrographic Pathfinder destroyed on six occasions. operations near New Caledonia, Guam, Guadalcanal and other ern Z ’ South Pacific areas. She was damaged off Okinawa when a Wecipeliee2 22) Displacement:/2,000Kons 123 USC & GSS Explorer Built in 1939 for the Coast and Geodetic Survey by Lake Washington Shipyards of Houghton, Washington. During World War II the Explorer, which remained under the Survey’s operations. Decommissioned in 1968, the Explorer, which was transferred to the Department of Labor, is now permanently berthed at the Washington Navy Yard and serves as a floating jurisdiction, participated in hydrographic surveys in the Aleutians and the South Pacific in support of U.S. military classroom for training oceanographic aides. Length: 219’ 6” Displacement: 1,900 tons USC & GSS Derickson Originally the Navy subchaser PCS 1458 built in 1944 by Ballard operated during World War II under the Survey’s jurisdiction. In Marine Railway Company of Seattle. She was loaned to the 1948 she was permanently transferred to the Survey. Coast and Geodetic Survey upon completion of her construc- tion, and renamed and reclassified USS Derickson (AGS 6), but Length: 136° Displacement: 267 tons 124 USC & GSS Lester Jones and USC & GSS Patton Two hydrographic survey and wire drag vessels built in 1940 and 1941, respectively, for the Coast and Geodetic Survey and in service on the West Coast until 1968. Length: 88’ Displacement: 150 tons 125 “Ob6I Ul JO posodsip sem /YopIsaM ‘UOSaAIQ ‘puRyIOg JO syIOM UOT ouleEW eUIqyy Aq Adding ay) OJ 6Z6T Ul ING Youney Adains payjny-uspoom }00j-21 V 140P1s29M SSO ¥ OSD 126 USC & GSS Gilbert A small hydrographic survey launch built in 1930 for the Survey and in use until the early 1960s. Length: 77’ 8” Displacement: 95 tons USC & GSS Wainwright The wooden hull Wainwright and her sister ship //ilgard were built in 1942 at Benton Harbor, Michigan for the Coast and Geodetic Survey. They were the first ships to be built specif- ically for wire dragging Operations. By virtue of their mission they were “inseparable” ships, joined together by a quarter-inch 127 stainless steel wire that was dragged between them as they moved slowly at distances a half-mile to two miles apart. These ships—disposed of in 1966—had the unique distinction of sharing one captain for both ships. Length: 66° Displacement: 48 tons ir La a A cx |i CHAPTER V. THE POSTWAR YEARS (1946—1956) SUO} OBS :UWDRIdsIg OTT :yIsUT *BIUJOJTED UIBYINOS Jo AyisioAtuA a4 Aq pouMo SI OYS “SUIZparp Jeo1SojOa9 104 Ws9}s OY} UT YEP T]9A\ MO] B YIM paiyipour usisap saddiyo euny oiseq & SI A] O42/9A “R6T UE NIN “fypD ‘pa1u0py viuvg ‘Ay dpas0lOud “ayjoM uvaq uDnj|P fo dsaj4noz 010d AT 042)2A AIM = N * lNWW ‘O'S'N 130 THE POSTWAR YEARS (1946 - 1956) Following World War II, the government, stimulated by the techniques and programs evolved during the war, continued to support oceanographic research at universities and institutions through such agencies as the Office of Naval Research (created in 1946), the Navy Hydrographic Office (now the Naval Oceanographic Office), the Bureau of Ships (now the Naval Ship Systems Command), the Atomic Energy Commission (established in 1946) and the National Science Foundation (established in 1950). Numerous ocean-oriented educational and research programs were launched at such universities as Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Rhode Island, New York, Oregon State, Miami, and Texas A&M. At the same time, applied ocean research directly related to defense problems was being expanded in the Navy’s own laboratories such as the Naval Research Laboratory, Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, Naval Electronics Laboratory and Naval Ordnance Laboratory. During this postwar period the oceanographic research fleet consisted wholly of converted ships with two exceptions, the Atlantis of Woods Hole and the Velero IV of the University of Southern California. Unlike the Atlantis though, which was specifically designed and built for research, the Velero IV, which was presented to the University in 1948 by Captain Allan Hancock, was basically a tuna clipper design modified with a low well deck in the stern for geological dredging. Included in this collection of institution conversion were the tugs Spencer Baird and Horizon at Scripps; the Navy harbor minesweeper Crest (Scripps); the yachts Stranger (Scripps), Vema (Lamont Geological Observatory), Action (New York University); the fishing vessels Paolina-T (Scripps), Hugh M. Smith (Scripps), Gerda (University of Miami), Oncorhynchus (University of Miami); the Coast Guard boats Orca (Scripps) and Crawford (Woods Hole); and the coastal freighters Bear (Woods Hole) and Brown Bear (University of Washington). Correspondingly, ocean going support for the Navy laboratories was provided by the converted 185-foot escort craft Marysville, Rockville, Rexburg, Brattleboro, Somersworth, Fairview, Whitehall, and the converted 173-foot subchaser Weatherford. For fisheries research a “new” conversion was acquired in 1948 to replace the “old” conversion Albatross IT. This ship, the former 179-foot steam trawler Harvard built in 1926, had actually been acquired in 1939 and was undergoing conversion to a fishery research vessel when War erupted. She was immediately requisitioned by the Navy for the Coast Guard and renamed Bellefonte. The ship was returned in 1944, funds were finally allocated in 1948 to reconvert her back to a fishery research vessel and she was renamed the A/batross III. The Navy’s hydrographic surveying ship capability, proven essential in World War II, continued to be a game of musical conversions. In 1947, the Bowditch and Sumner, which had participated in Operation Crossroads at Bikini Atoll, were replaced with two converted 426-foot attack-cargo ships renamed Tanner and Maury. These ships eventually carried four 52-foot survey boats, a Marine Corps coastal survey team, a helicopter, and chart compilation and production facilities. They were the largest and best equipped ships of their time and they pioneered the use of helicopters for support of coastal surveying operations. The Tanner was assigned to the Atlantic area and mothered a survey group consisting of the former minesweepers Harkness, Gilliss and Newcomb. A similar Pacific survey group was made up of Maury and the former subchasers Blish, Dutton and Littlehales which in 1948 were replaced by the two 180-foot auxiliary ocean-going tugs, Allegheny and Stallion, they in turn were replaced in 1952 by the minesweepers Sheldrake and Prevail. The Newcomb was blown aground on the Labrador coast in 1949 and, although successfully salvaged, was stricken from the active list later that year. In 1950 the Gilliss and Harkness were replaced by the 220-foot, steel-hulled, fleet minesweepers Pursuit and Requisite which were later to be replaced by the fleet tug Serrano and the minesweeper Towhee in 1960 and 1964, respectively. 131 THE POSTWAR YEARS (1946 - 1956) - (Cont'd) In 1949 an additional capability was provided to the Navy’s survey fleet with the introduction of the converted seaplane tenders San Pablo and Rehoboth. These were the first ships specifically designated to conduct deep ocean oceanographic surveys for the Hydrographic Office. The 132-foot freight lighter YF-854 was acquired in 1952 and used for conducting harbor surveys which ranged from Alaska to Panama on the West Coast and from Florida to Newfoundland on the East Coast. Renamed the Littlehales (the second ship to bear that name) she was assigned to Project AUTEC (Atlantic Underwater Test and Evaluation Center) from 1962 until her disposal in 1968. Also in the early 1950s, the 204-foot landing ship LSM-398 was converted to support testing of experimental sonar equipment for the Naval Research Laboratory. Designated the Hunting (EAG-398), she was plagued by mechanical problems and finally placed out of service in 1962. Recognizing that, since the Atlantis in 1931, no American oceanographic research ship had been specifically designed and built, and concerned with the present hodge-podge of jury-rigs, the Office of Naval Research established a ship panel at the June 1952 symposium on Oceanographic Instrumentation in Rancho Santa Fe, California. This panel stimulated the oceanographic community’s interest in ship design, and many concepts and recommendations were made which were representative of the highly individualistic and motivated personages in attendance. Consequently, in that same year, ONR provided funds to Woods Hole to conduct a predesign engineering study of oceanographic vessels reflecting existing ideas and exploring further the most logical choices of power plant, ship size and outfitting. The study was directed by an Advisory Committee consisting of Mr. Francis Minot, Chairman, who was the Woods Hole naval architect; Dr. Columbus O’D. Iselin, then Director of Woods Hole; Professor Emeritus H. L. Seward of Yale University; Dr. K. S. M. Davidson, then Director of the Experimental Towing Tank at Stevens Institute of Technology; and Mr. Mandel Rosenblatt, naval architect. This was the most comprehensive study at that time to describe the general requirements of oceanographic vessels. Shortly after the study became available, the Office of Naval Research, in October 1953, sponsored a conference in Washington, D. C. on oceanographic ships. It was attended by over 50 representatives of academic and private institutions, Navy laboratories, the Hydrographic Office and the Bureau of Ships. General ship characteristics for an oceanographic vessel were evolved, but it was the consensus that a steering committee be established for further definition. This steering committee was composed of representatives of each of several institutions and Navy activities. However, the ship characteristics adopted were those proposed by the Scripps Institution representative, Rear Admiral C. D. Wheelock, USN (Retired), formerly professor of Naval Construction at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Deputy Chief of the Navy’s Bureau of Ships. In 1955 the Bureau of Ships undertook and completed a preliminary design study investigating the feasibility of these characteristics. The project, which eventually resulted in the basic design for the AGOR 3 Class research vessels, was to remain dormant. however, for more than three years while awaiting the appropriation of funds for construction of an especially designed oceanographic ship. 132 R/V Spencer Baird Originally the U.S. Army sea-going tug, L758/. Acquired by Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1952 for use as an oceanographic research ship. In 1965, she was transferred to the Vietnamese government and renamed Tien Sa. Length: 145’ Displacement: 997 tons R/V Horizon The former Navy sea-going tug A7A 1/80 built in 1944. Acquired by Scripps in 1948 and converted to an oceanographic research ship. Horizon was disposed of in 1969. Length: 143’ Displacement: 900 tons 133 R/V Crest A former 136-foot Navy minesweeper built in 1944 and provided to Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1948 for use as a research ship. Renamed the Crest by Scripps, she was disposed of in 1956. R/V Stranger A wooden hulled yacht built in 1938 and acquired by Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1955 for use as an oceanographic research ship. Stranger was disposed of in 1962. Length: 134 Displacement: 405 tons 134 R/V Vema An iron hull schooner built in 1923. Acquired in 1953 and converted to a research ship by Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University. Length: 202’ Displacement: 743 tons 135 R/V Action A 55-foot schooner built in 1931 and used during the period of 1956 to 1962 by the Department of Meteorology and Oceanog- raphy, New York University. 136 —e ane R/V Paolina-T A wooden hulled purse seiner built in 1944. Acquired by Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1948 for use as a research ship. She was disposed of in 1964. Length: 80° 3” Displacement: 170 tons R/V Hugh M. Smith A wooden hulled tuna clipper built in 1945. Owned by the U.S. _ tion of Oceanography from 1959 to 1963 on a loan basis. Fish and Wildlife Service, she was operated by Scripps Institu- Length: 128’ Displacement: 561 tons 137 R/V Gerda A wooden North Sea trawler design yacht built in 1947 in Denmark. Acquired by the University of Miami in 1954 for use as a research ship. Length: 76’ 6” Displacement: 213 tons R/V Orca \ wrought-iron hulled former Coast Guard patrol vessel built in vessel in the Gulf of Mexico. In April 1970, Texas A&M 1926. She was acquired by Scripps Institution of Oceanography — University obtained the Orca for use as a research vessel. in 1956 and converted to a research vessel. In 1961 the Orca was sold to Teledyne, Inc. and employed as a geophysical survey Reng te og oeplacements205)on: 138 R/V Crawford Formerly a Coast Guard cutter built in 1927. She was acquired by Woods Hole in 1956 for use as an oceanographic research vessel and, after 175 cruises, laid up in 1968. She was purchased in 1970 by the University of Puerto Rico. Length: 125’ Displacement: 304 tons R/V Oncorhynchus Formerly a motor launch built in 1937 and acquired by the University of Washington in 1948 for use as a research vessel. She was disposed of in 1951. Length: 50° Displacement: 27 tons 139 R/V Bear A former coastal freighter built in 1943 and acquired by Woods Hole in 1957 for use as a research vessel. Bear was disposed of in 1965. Length: 100° Displacement: 260 tons 7 y { ef es BRoy N BEAR R/V Brown Bear A wooden-hulled coastal freighter built in 1934. Acquired by the Brown Bear was returned to the Fish and Wildlife Commission. University of Washington in 1950 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Commission for use as a research ship. In 1965 the Length: 114’ Displacement: 270 tons 140 USS Marysville (PCER 857) A former escort craft built in 1944 and, in 1951, assigned to support research and development projects at West Coast Navy laboratories. Marysville was inactivated in 1970. Length: 185’ Displacement: 900 tons USS Rockville (PCER 851) A former escort craft built in 1944 by Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Company of Chicago. In 1953 she was assigned to support research and development projects at Navy laboratories, principally the Naval Research Laboratory. Rockville partic- 141 ipated as part of the Task Group which conducted the first year search operations for the nuclear submarine Thresher. Rockville was disposed of in 1969. Length: 185’ Displacement: 900 tons USS Rexburg (PCER 855) A former 185-foot escort craft built in 1944 and, in 1951, assigned to support research and development projects at West Coast Navy laboratories. Rexburg was inactivated in 1970. USS Brattleboro (PCER 852) A former 185-foot escort craft built in 1944 and after the War assigned to support research and development projects at East Coast Navy laboratories. Brattleboro was disposed of in 1965. 142 USS Somersworth (PCER 849) and USS Fairview (PCER 850) Former 185-foot escort craft built in 1944 by Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Co. of Chicago. In 1947 they were assigned to support research and development projects at East Coast Navy laboratories. In this 1954 photograph Somersworth and Fairview are shown at the dock of the Navy’s Underwater Sound Laboratory in New London, Connecticut. Wire rope (5/8 inch diameter) is being reeled onto the Farview’s aft electrical winch. In the background is General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division Shipyard. Somersworth and Fairview were disposed of in 1965 and 1968, respectively. M1 143 SuO} 7S :juaWadEdsiq 6/1 :ySueT “6S61 Ul ayes JOY [HUN diys yoreasar sataysiy ev se paaros 24S “Sh6I UL paystjdwoooe Ajjeury sem siyy “jassaa yorrasal b 0} UOISTOAUOD TOF PI[Npayos a1Ou! aouo puv fpE] UL neaing ay) 07 PaUANjJor SEA AYS “asUOsajjag ay) paweuar uy) sem ays *SoInjeay Are} IW JOYIO puke yuoWeLUTe Suippe pue sreos Surymen Sutraouas “HRIVAO 399¥ G11 O} 99} Op] Woy Jassaa ayy Suluay) sua] Aq UOIsIaAUOD aWANXa UR Pajyoajjo AABN OUT “IT 1eM pLOM ur Ajnp joxjed 104 pasn 9q OF preNH ysvoD oy) JOy Aven amp Aq 10A0 Uaye} sea ays UoYyM ABAOPUN JOA SBAL JaSSAA YorRasar SOHOYSI] B 0} UOISIOAUOD JOY ZHI UT OO'T$ 410OJ sataysiy JO neoING AY} 0} UOHeIOdIOD spooyeag je1dUay ay) Aq pjos sea OUS UOYM GEG] [HUN siojeM puelsuq Many ayy Poysy pue samen Weds BSE O76] UI JING sem ays puvauyz] aYY poweU Ayjeursig Til SSOAJDG] V 144 USS Tanner(AGS 15) and USS Maury (AGS 16) Originally the attack cargo ships USS Pamina (AKA 34) and USS Renate (AKA 36), respectively, built in 1945 by Walsh-Kaiser Shipyard of Providence, Rhode Island. The following year they were converted to hydrographic survey ships by Norfolk Navy Yard (Tanner) and Portsmouth Navy Yard (Maury). Initially, they carried two 40-foot and two 50-foot sounding boats but later four 52-foot sounding boats were substituted. Also carried 145 were six small landing crafts, two amphibious trucks (DUKWs), several jeeps and trucks, a portable electronic positioning system, and a small amphibian aircraft which was replaced by a helicopter in 1948. Stricken from the list of active ships in 1969, Tanner’s and Maury’s survey career spanned 23 years of continuous service for the Navy’s Oceanographic Office. Length: 426’ Displacement: 6,000 tons R/V Allegheny (ATA 179) Built in 1944, this Navy auxiliary ocean tug was assigned to hydrographic survey duty from 1948 - 1952. Allegheny was then made available (1952 - 1969) to support research projects at Hudson Laboratories of Columbia University. In 1969 the if P i : 7] Allegheny, declared excess to Navy needs, was acquired by Northwestern Michigan College. Length: 143’ Displacement: 860 tons P « ok Wieoe USS Stallion (ATA 193) Built in 1945 by Livingstone Shipyard of Orange, Texas and placed in the Reserve Fleet the following year. In 1948 she was recommissioned and assigned to the Navy’s Hydrographic Office for survey service in the Persian Gulf. In 1952 Stallion completed her tour in the Persian Gulf and was then assigned to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory until 1955 to assist in test and evaluation of new developments in underwater ordnance. Her next employment was primarily towing assignments operating out of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Length: 143’ Displacement: 860 tons 146 USS Sheldrake (AGS 19) Originally the fleet minesweeper AM 62 built in 1942 by General converted to a hydrographic survey vessel in 1952 and redesig- Engine and Dry Dock Company of Alameda, California. She was nated the AGS 19. Sheldrake was disposed of in 1968. Length: 221’ Displacement: 1,200 tons USS Prevail (AGS 20) Originally the fleet minesweeper AM 107 built in 1943 by hydrographic survey ship in 1952, Prevail was continuously Pennsylvania Shipyards of Beaumont, Texas. Converted to a employed in this service until her disposal in 1964. Length: 221’ Displacement: 1,200 tons 147 USS Pursuit (AGS 17) Originally the fleet minesweeper AM 108 built in 1943 by Winslow Marine. Converted to a hydrographic survey ship in 1950 and in service until disposed of in 1960. Length: 221° Displacement: 1,200 tons USS Requisite (AGS 18) Originally the fleet minesweeper AM 109 built in 1943 by 1952 Requisite was continually employed in survey operations Winslow Marine. Converted to a hydrographic survey ship in until her disposal in 1964. Length: 221° Displacement: 1,200 tons 148 USS Serrano (AGS 24) The former fleet ocean tug ATF 112 built in 1944 and converted to a hydrographic survey ship in 1960. Serrano was disposed of in 1970. Length: 205’ Displacement: 1,680 tons USS Towhee (AGS 28) The former fleet minesweeper AM 388 built in 1945 by American Ship Building Company of Cleveland. In 1964, Towhee was converted to the hydrographic survey ship (AGS 28) and engaged in survey operations until her disposal in 1969. Length: 221’ Displacement: 1,200 tons 149 USS San Pablo (AGS 30) The former seaplane tender AVP 30 built in 1943 by Associated Shipbuilding Company of Seattle. In 1949 the San Pablo was converted to a deep ocean oceanographic survey ship and assigned to the technical control of the Navy’s Hydrographer. Her active career in furthering the frontiers of oceanography ended with her disposal in 1969. Length: 311’ Displacement: 2,720 tons USS Rehoboth (AGS 50) The former seaplane tender AVP 50 built in 1944 by Lake Washington Shipyard of Houghton, Washington. In 1949, the Rehoboth was converted to a deep Ocean Oceanographic survey ship and assigned to the technical control of the Hydrographer. Her active career in Oceanography ended with her disposal in 1970. Rehoboth’s demise also represented the last Navy-manned survey ship since all Navy survey ships are now operated by civilians of the Military Sealift Command (formerly the Military Sea Transportation Service). Length: 311’ Displacement: 2,720 tons 150 USS Littlehales (AGSC 15) The second ship to bear the name Lift/ehales was originally the Littlehales and redesignated the AGSC 15. From 1962 until her 132-foot freight lighter YF 854 built in 1945 by Erie Concrete disposal in 1968 the Littlehales was assigned to the Atlantic and Steel Company of Erie, Pennsylvania. Launched at the end of World War II the YF 854 remained inactive until 1952 when she was uttlized as a survey vessel. In 1959 she was named the Underwater Test and Evaluation Center conducting operations in the Tongue of the Ocean off the Bahamas. USS Hunting (EAG 398) Originally the medium landing ship LSM 398 built in 1945 by Charleston Naval Shipyard. In 1954 she was converted to an experimental ship (redesignated the EAG 398) for testing advance sonar equipment for the Naval Research Laboratory. The name Hunting was assigned in 1957. During her conversion the Hunting had an internal well (30° x 12’) installed for handling scientific equipment through the center of the ship, a unique feature for U.S. research ships at that time. Hunting had the distinction of being the first ship to tow the heaviest “fish” (28° 151 long x 8’ wide x 11’ high, and 30,000 pounds) at a depth of 600 feet. She also made the first deep tow of a “fish” (S’ long x 2’ wide x 3’ high and 6,000 pounds) at a depth of 16,000 feet. Her career unfortunately was plagued by mechanical problems and she was finally decommissioned in 1962 and sold the following year. Length: 203’ 6” Displacement: 1,095 tons “ CHAPTER VI. THE YEARS OF IMPETUS (1957-1959) THE YEARS OF IMPETUS (1957 - 1959) In 1957 the third National Academy of Science’s Committee on Oceanography (NASCO) was established. The second committee, established in 1949, produced a report OCEANOG- RAPHY 1951 which was overshadowed by the Korean War and thus received little attention. This report stressed the necessity of regaining the balanced program of basic research that had characterized oceanography in the years before World War II. The third Oceanography Committee consisted of the following members: Maurice Ewing, Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University; Columbus O’D. Iselin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Fritz Koczy, Marine Laboratory, University of Miami; Sumner Pike, formerly with the Atomic Energy Commission: Collin Pittendrigh, Department of Biology, Princeton University; Roger Revelle, Director, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Gorden Riley, Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University: Milner R. Schaefer, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission; Athelstan Spilhaus, Institute of Technology, University of Minnesota; and Richard Vetter, Office of Naval Research. The creation of this committee was promoted by three Federal activities with oceanographic programs: The Office of Naval Research, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Atomic Energy Commission. These activities, concerned that the United States was spending less than one-half percent of the national basic research budget annually for studies of the ocean, requested NASCO to identify the national requirements for oceanography and to propose a ten-year program for their accomplishments. The first task of NASCO was to make a thorough survey of U.S. marine research—the level of support, activities, manpower, facilities andproblems—and to evaluate the probable future needs for oceanographic information and understanding. Based upon the status and forecast of needs, NASCO prepared a set of recommendations for minimal strengthening of U.S. marine science over a ten-year period at a rate considered consistent with the requirements and limitations imposed by reasonable increases in shipbuilding, laboratory building, recruitment and training. While NASCO labored to prepare a series of reports under the general title OCEANOG- RAPHY 1960 - 1970, the excitement created over the launching of Russia’s SPUTNIK in October 1957 and the attention being aroused by the significant oceanographic programs of the Inter- national Geophysical Year (1957 - 1958), had placed the U.S. on the verge of a scientific explosion. The NASCO Report was released in 1959 with the conclusion that: “Action on a scale appreciably less than that recommended will jeopardize the position of oceanography in the United States relative to the position of the sciences in other major nations, thereby accentuating serious military and po- litical dangers and placing the nation at a disadvantage in the future use of the resources of the sea.” This awakening of national concern over the need to expand the marine sciences necessitated the infusion of larger and more capable oceanographic ships. The Navy provided two 217-foot, 2,000-ton, ocean going salvage tugs, one to Woods Hole (R/V Chain) and the other to Scripps Institution (R/V Argo), and also a 310-foot seaplane tender (USNS Josiah Willard Gibbs) to Hudson Laboratories of Columbia University. The Navy’s hydrographic survey fleet was enhanced by the addition of three 455-foot, 13,000-ton Victory ships for deep-ocean surveying, renamed USNS Bowditch (T-AGS 21), USNS Dutton (T-AGS 22) and USNS Michelson (T-AGS 23). 154 \ \ponieeemee R/V Chain (AGOR 17) The Navy-owned Chain was built in 1944 asa salvage ship, ARS 1958 and provided to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for 20. She was converted to an oceanographic research vessel in operation in support of Navy basic research projects. Length: 213° Displacement: 2,100 tons R/V Argo (AGOR 18) This Navy-owned converted salvage ship, the ex-USS Snatch March 1970 after 10 years of research service totaling 446,906 (ARS 27) built in 1944, was provided to Scripps in 1959 for miles of steaming. Operation as a research ship. Argo was placed out of service in Length: 213” Displacement: 2,079 tons 155 Suo}) YOST :UOWOoRdsIG .[1¢ :yy3UudT *AIOVVIOGL] YOIBASOY [RAEN OY) OF POUTISse SEM OYS QOGT UY ‘SolOJRIOGeT] UOSpN}{ s AVsIOAIUA) eIquINjOD ye sjooford AaeN 1soddns 0} poudisse sem oys (fT WOODV-L) S741) SNSN Oy) poyeusisopor pue poureuas pue gcse] ur diys yoreosor o1ydessoura00 ue 0} poaIaAUO) “uO}SUTYSeM ‘UOJYSNOF] JO preAdiyg uoBurysem oyxeqT Aq pr6l Ul WING (TS dAW) SO/42) Urs Sgf Jopus} ouRldras JaWIOJ ayy (1 HOOV-L) S941) PAD]EM YPISOf SNSN 156 SUO0} QOO'ET WUswWadedsiq Sop :yIsUIT [RAEN UOJSOPIEYD JL UOISIDAUOD JUAATOPUN ays */ SH] Ul AABN) OyD *SS6[ Ul Qd1AI08 Aq pormnboy ‘uo8a1¢9 ‘pueyjiog Jo Auedwo, surppingdiyg uoseG ur paoeyd sea ays (TZ SOV-L) YUIPNOT SNSN IY) Paljlssepo Aq UOISsSHWWOD SWE AY) 10} SHOT UE IING TINY EdV-S-ZOA pue poweuoy ‘drys Asains ora Ayjeq ueaso0 doop eb 0} preAdiys B ‘40914 puag YINog *§ *§ diys ,AIOJIIA,, JOWIOY JYL (IZ SOV-L) 492PMOg SNSN WI110808 ans 157 USNS Dutton (T-AGS 22) The former “Victory” ship S.S. Tuskegee Victory, a VC2-S-AP3 hull, built in 1944 for the Maritime Commission by Oregon Shipbuilding Company of Portland, Oregon. Acquired by the Navy in 1957, she was converted to a deep ocean bathymetric survey ship by Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. She was placed in service in 1958 as the USNS Dutton (T-AGS 22). Length: 455’ Displacement: 13,000 tons USNS Michelson (T-AGS 23) The former “Victory” ship S. S. Joliet Victory, a VC2-S-AP3 hull, built in 1944 for the Maritime Commission by Oregon Shipbuilding Company of Portland, Oregon. Acquired by the Navy in 1958 she was converted to a deep ocean bathymetric survey ship by Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Renamed and classified USNS Michelson (T-AGS 23), she was placed in service in December 1958. Length: 455° Displacement: 13,000 tons 158 hi; vf / ths Wha Meds. y CHAPTER VII. THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960—1967) R/VRobert D. Conrad(AGOR 3) Built in 1962 by Gibbs Corporation of Jacksonville, Florida, the Conrad was the first Navy ship especially designed for oceano- graphic research. She is assigned to and operated by Lamont-Deherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University. Length: 2084” Displacement: 1,370 tons 160 THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960 - 1967) The concepts and guidelines developed by the NASCO report provided the basis for long-range plans generated by the various Federal agencies. Of particular significance was the Navy’s TEN YEAR PROGRAM IN OCEANOGRAPHY (TENOC). The ten-year ship construction program recommended by TENOC called for 20 research ships (including 12 for institutions), 9 oceanographic surveying ships, and 11 hydrographic surveying ships. This construction program began in 1960 when funds were appropriated for the Navy’s first new-construction vessel, the 208-foot, 1,370-ton oceanographic research ship R/V Robert D. Conrad (AGOR 3), which, when completed in 1962, was to be operated by Lamont Geological Observatory. While the Bureau of ° Ships was dusting off its earlier preliminary design studies for the Conrad, a coincidental design effort was being undertaken by Woods Hole. With a grant provided by the National Science Foundation, they undertook the design and construction of their own research vessel. In collabo- ration with their design agent, M. Rosenblatt and Son, Inc., they completed in 1959 an extensive study encompassing a series of research ship preliminary designs ranging in size from 400 to 3,000 tons. The ship which finally evolved was the 210-foot, 2,100-ton R/V Atlantis IT, which was completed in 1963. Generally speaking, Woods Hole’s Atlantis IT has proved to be a more viable platform than the Navy’s Conrad (AGOR 3) class of ships. Maneuverability of the Aflantis II is more effective with the combination of twin screws and bow thruster than the AGOR 3’s single screw and bow thruster (the last two ships of the AGOR 3 class were also equipped with an active rudder). The Atlantis II’s accommodation for 25 scientists and laboratory space of approximately 2,500 square feet is almost double that of the AGOR 3 Class ships. The Atlantis II also features an internal well, bow observation chamber, a stern ramp, and an aloft observation tower (enclosed crow’s nest). Over a five year.(1960 - 1965), eleven ships of the AGOR 3 type (including the Conrad) were funded. The disposition of these ships is as follows: SHIP NAME USER DELIVERED AGOR 3 (R/V Conrad) Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory 1962 T-AGOR 4 (USNS Gilliss) Navy Lab East Coast Pool 1962 T-AGOR 5 (USNS Davis) Navy Lab West Coast Pool 1963 T-AGOR 6 (USNS Sands) Navy Lab East Coast Pool 1964 T-AGOR 7 (USNS Lynch) Navy Lab East Coast Pool 1965 AGOR 9 (R/V Thompson) University of Washington 1965 AGOR 10 (R/V Washington) Scripps Institution 1965 T-AGOR 12 (USNS DeSteiguer) Navy Lab West Coast Pool 1969 T-AGOR 13 (USNS Bartlett) Navy Lab West Coast Pool 1969 T-AGS 25 (USNS Kellar) Naval Oceanographic Office 1969 T-AGS 31 (USNS Lee) Naval Oceanographic Office 1968 Two ships of the AGOR 3 type, the USNS Kellar (T-AGS 25) and USNS Lee (T-AGS 31), were modified for hydrographic surveying. Basically, this surveying modification included the addition of a 26-foot survey launch, multi-beam echo sounders, a side scanning sonar, a stabilized gyro compass, and an active rudder. If an award for notoriety is ever considered, the poor Kellar 161 THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960 - 1967) - (Cont'd) will have to be theundisputed winner. The highlight of her unprecedented seven year construction period was her capsizing when approximately 85 percent complete (between two sewer outlets!) at New Orleans in 1965 during Hurricane Bestsy. The year 1960 also saw the introduction of the USNS Mission Capistrano a 524-foot tanker, which was specifically converted to an experimental platform for research in underwater sound in support of new sonar systems. In 1964 the Navy converted a 266-foot cargo ship, the USNS Mizar, for oceanographic research. Her scientific facilities include an internal well and an aloft observation tower. The Mizar, which is operated for the Naval Research Laboratory, has received wide acclaim for her successful role in three of the most widely publicized undersea searches of modern times — those for the ill-fated nuclear submarines Thresher and Scorpion and for the H-bomb lost off Palomares, Spain. Her most recent achievement was in the recovery of the Deep Research Vehicle Alvin from a depth of over 5,000 feet, which set a record for object size. depth and salvage time for deep ocean operations. Many small converted ships were also provided by the Navy for use by the institutions. These conversions included the harbor minesweeper Sir Horace Lamb for Lamont; the tugs Oconostota for Scripps and Hoh for the University of Washington (prior to her introduction to oceanography, the Hoh had served as the Alcatraz Prison ferry); the 65-foot Army cargo and passenger “T” boats Onar for the University of Washington, Kyma for New York University, T-441 for Scripps (now operated by the University of Connecticut), Manning for Hudson Laboratories, Columbia University (now operated by Crumb School of Mines, Columbia University), 7-426 for Bermuda Biological Station, Columbia University (now operated by Florida Institute of Technology), and Tursiops for the University of Miami (now assigned to Florida State University); and the supply boat Erline for Lamont. During the 1960s, the National Science Foundation provided many institutional grants for ship conversions. Most notable of these were the 135-foot schooner Te Vega (Stanford University), which was sold in 1969 and replaced by the 100-foot fishing boat Proteus; the 96-foot yacht Teritu (University of Hawaii); the 114-foot Army island freighter /nland Seas (University of Michigan); and the 180-foot Army island freighters: Alaminos (Texas A&M) which replaced the 136-foot subchaser Hidalgo, Trident (University of Rhode Island), Pillsbury (University of Miami), and Yaquina (Oregon State University) which replaced the Navy-owned 80-foot trawler type boat Acona that had been transferred to the University of Alaska. Oregon State University later received a grant to construct another 80-foot boat, the Cayuse. The National Science Foundation also funded for the construction of the 118-foot Eastward for Duke University and the 133-foot Alpha Helix for Scripps. Both of these ships are employed as-national co- operative facilities for biological research. The 243-foot Williamsburg, former presidential yacht of Harry S. Truman, was acquired by NSF, renamed the Anton Bruun, and converted to a research vessel for participation in the four-year long International Indian Ocean Expedition. The 266-foot cargo ship USNS Eltanin was converted by NSF to support research in the Antarctic. Also for Antarctic research, NSF later constructed a125-foot, wooden-hulled, trawler type vessel named the R/V Hero. The diesel powered Hero is equipped with sails which provide propulsive power when ultra-quiet ship operations are required. The institutions were also utilizing their own efforts to obtain such ships as Scripps’ Agassiz, another 180-foot Army freighter, and Ellen B. Scripps, a 95-foot otf-shore oil supply boat: Woods Hole’s 99-foot Army freighter Gosnold, and the University of Georgia’s 64-foot tug Kit Jones. The 1960s have also seen the Navy’s construction of a new class of 285-foot oceanographic Surveying ships specifically designed for conducting systematic multi-disciplined surveys on a 162 THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960 - 1956) - (Cont’d) world-wide basis. Currently, two ships of this class, the USNS Bent (T-AGS 26) and USNS Kane (T-AGS 27) are operational and a third ship, the USNS Wilkes (T-AGS 33) currently under construction in Bay City, Michigan, is scheduled for delivery in mid-1971. Five new hydrographic surveying ships were also funded during this period. The aforementioned USNS Kellar (T-AGS 25) and USNS Lee (T-AGS 31) are operational and have replaced the Navy-manned conversions Sheldrake and Towhee. The new design 393-foot coastal survey ships USNS Chauvenet (T-AGS 29) and USNS Harkness (T-AGS 32), completing con- struction in Glasgow, Scotland, will replace the Navy-manned survey ships Tanner and Maury which were inactivated in 1969. The Chauvenet and Harkness are designed to carry four 36-foot survey launches, two helicopters, a combined naval/civilian hydrographic survey detachment, and a Marine Corps coastal survey team. The USNS Wyman (T-AGS 34) is also under construction in Bay City, Michigan, and, when delivered in late 1971 will replace the Serrano which was inacti- vated in January 1970. The 285-foot Wyman is the same class as the Bent (T-AGS 26) but modified for hydrographic surveying. In addition to these ships, the Navy converted two cargo ships for ocean gravity surveys, the USNS Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup and USNS Sgt. George D. Keathley. In 1966 the limitations of the AGOR 3 class research ships to meet changing oceanographic requirements were recognized and, primarily through the efforts of the Office of Naval Research, a new and novel design was conceived. This new design was designated the AGOR 14 class. Among the number of new concepts which were incorporated was the utilization of cycloidal propellers, a major advancement in position keeping and maneuverability, and the capability to “customize” the basic design to meet the diversity of requirements among the prospective institutional and government users. This first two ships of this class, the R/V Melville (AGOR 14) delivered to the Navy in August 1969, and R/V Knorr (AGOR 15), delivered in January 1970 have been assigned to Scripps Institution and Woods Hole, respectively. These ships have an overall length of 245 feet, maximum beam of 46 feet, full load displacement of approximately 2,100 tons, 2,000 square feet of laboratory space and accommodations for 25 crew and 25 scientists. The customized features incorporated include a drill rig for the Melville and submersible handling facilities on the Knorr. Other new avenues in the design of research vessels were also being explored. In 1967, the catamaran-hull research vessel Ridgely Warfield was completed. This all aluminum 106-foot catamaran was built by Johns Hopkins University through a grant provided by the National Science Foundation. About the same time the AGOR 14 class design was being completed, the Navy was also investigating designs for a specialized platform capable of handling large deep sea vehicles and acoustical arrays in open ocean and high sea states. The result of these investigations was the USNS Hayes (T-AGOR 16) which features a catamaran hull. Funded in 1967, the Hayes (which is named for Harvey C. Hayes, developer of the sonic-depth finder) is now under construction in Seattle, Washington, and when delivered in mid-1971 will be used by the Naval Research Laboratory. This catamaran research ship provides a major improvement in stability with increased deck area and laboratory space in contrast to a single-hull ship of the same displacement. The laboratory space, for instance, is more than double that of the Atlantis I] or the AGOR 14 Class ships. The large separation between the controllable, reversible-pitch (CRP) propellers on each hull allows a high degree of maneuverability thereby eliminating the need for bow thrusters and active rudders used in previous ship designs. At slow speeds the Hayes will be able to turn almost within her own length. The principal characteristic of this first Navy catamaran* research ship are: 163 THE NEW EMERGENCE (1960 - 1967) - (Cont’d) Length overall 246 feet Sustained speed 15 knots Beam maximum 75 feet Accommodations: Beam, each hull 24 feet Civilian Crew 44 Draft, full load 18 feet Scientists 25 Displacement, full load 3,100 tons *Historically, the Navy’s first experience with successful and was renamed the “‘Fu/ton’’ in honor catamaran ships goes back 155 years when the U. S. Floating Battery Demologos was constructed. This twin hulled ship, designed by Robert Fulton, is reputed to have been the first steam warship in history. The War of 1812 was in progress at the time, but hostilities were suspended before it could be put to a practical test against the British fleet. Shortly after her launching on October 29, 1814, Fulton died and certain changes, notably the addition of sails which the designer had considered unnecessary, were made by Captain David Porter. Although her of her inventor. She was 156 feet long with a beam of 56 feet including a 14-foot separation between her hulls. A single paddlewheel of 16-foot diameter, which was powered by a 120 horsepower steam engine, was mounted between her hulls. On her original trials she attained a speed of five and a half knots although Fulton had promised the Government only three knots. Unfortunately, the Fulton has an ignoble career — she was used as a receiving ship in Brooklyn and never left New York Harbor. Her demise was more spectacular though, when on 4 June 1829 her powder efficiency was somewhat reduced, the ship was magazine exploded, and she was totally destroyed. The 1960s also heralded in many new construction oceanographic ships for other agencies. The National Ocean Survey (formerly the Coast and Geodetic Survey) had 16 new survey ships constructed during this decade. They include the 303-foot ships Oceanographer and Discoverer; the 292-foot Surveyor; the 278-foot Researcher; the 231-foot ships Fairweather, Mt. Mitchell, and Rainier; the 175-foot ships Davidson and McArthur; the 164-foot ships Pierce and Whiting; the 133-foot current survey ship Ferrel whose design is based upon the standard offshore oil supply boat; the 90-foot wire drag ships Heck and Rude; and, finally, the 59-foot high-speed sounding boats 1255 and 1257. The National Marine Fisheries Service (formerly the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) during the 1960s constructed six major fisheries research ships: the 216-foot Miller Freeman; the 187-foot Albatross IV; the 171-foot David Starr Jordan; the 170-foot Oregon II; the 158-foot Townsend Cromwell; and the 155-foot Delaware II. The Federal Water Quality Administration (formerly the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration) also built, for estuarine monitoring, the boats Clean Waters (65-foot) and H.W. Streeter (45-foot). The Coast Guard in 1969 completed the design for a 388-foot, 3,950-ton research ship especially configured for near-polar operations. This new ship, whose construction is still un- funded, is intended to replace the 180-foot, 1,025-ton converted buoy tender Evergreen which in 1970 commenced her 24th year in support of the International Ice Patrol. During the 1960s the Navy, starting with the Conrad (AGOR 3) and ending with the catamaran ship Hayes (T-AGOR 16), has funded for the construction of 20 new oceanographic ships. Unfortunately, this number is only one half that recommended by TENOC for this decade, and the new additions have been offset by an equivalent number of inactivations. With the close of this decade the Navy has also experienced a major transition in the Operation of its survey fleet. The Rehoboth, retired from the active list in April 1970, represented the last Navy-manned survey ship. Primarily as a result of manpower and budget constraints, Navy crews no longer operate the Navy’s survey ships. This function has been assumed by civilians of the Military Sealift Command (formerly the Military Sea Transportation Service). Although ending their role as operators of survey ships, Navy personnel will continue to be used to accomplish the actual hydrographic survey requirements. 164 suo) NOES UaWadEIdsIq OTT: BUT “OIOWNIEY jo Auedwioy yoopArq pue Surppingdiys pueyArew Aq €961 Ut Ying ‘uOINNSuy o1ydesoULIG OH SPOOM JO /] SHUI) Vv A/M 165 USNS James M. Gilliss (T-AGOR 4) Built in 1962 by Christy Corporation of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. Gilliss is operated by the Military Sealift Command as a “pool” research ship for East Coast Navy laboratories. Length: 208’ 4” Displacement: 1,370 tons USNS Charles H. Davis (T-AGOR 5) Built in 1963 by Christy Corporation of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. Davis is operated by the Military Sealift Command as a “pool” research ship for West Coast Navy laboratories. Length: 208’ 4” Displacement: 1,370 tons 166 AreqtW ayy Aq payesado are Aayy *Aaaroadsar : Gr ds une PuUBLULO) I JITBag "! ! OP Ua ae ame aca OCR AL aa “S961 PUR PO6T Ul eIUIaMA sam ‘JUESaTq UIOog Jo Aued *Sa110je10qe] AABN }SEOD ISeq 10J Sdiys yoreasar ,Jood,, se WO) BulmMjoRjnueW eyarIepW Aq yINq alam Youd T pue spung (L YOOV-L) 42U47 SNSA pue (9 YOOV-L) spurs SNSN 167 R/V Thomas G. Thompson (AGOR 9) A Navy-owned oceanographic research ship built in 1965 by Marinette Marine Corporation, Marinette, Wisconsin and assigned to the University of Washington for operation. Length: 208’ 4” Displacement: 1,362 tons R/V Thomas Washington (AGOR 10) Owned by the Navy and assigned to Scripps Institution for operation. The Washington was built in 1965 by Marinette Marine Corporation of Marinette, Wisconsin. Length: 208’ 4” Displacement: 1,362 tons 168 SUO}) OPE T sJUoWadETdsIq .f BOT 74IBUIT *sa1r0ye10qe] AABN JSBOD JSAM JO] drys yoreasas ,J0od,, & se puRWUOD IJITRIg Ae, 24) Aq pajyesodg ‘uosaIGQ ‘puepiog JO SY1OM UOT] oUTIeEP| JSAMUIION Aq 696] UT WING (Zl YOOV—L) 4ansie1g 2g SNSN 169 ones »