I I

LUMI n NO.I

1NIER 1953

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRA

WOODS HOLE , MASSAC

•t

EDITOR: JAN HAHN

Published seml-onnually and distributed to the
Associates of the Woods Hole Oceonogrophic Institution
and others interested in Oceanography.

Composed and printed by the reproduction departments
of the Institution.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPH1C INSTITUTION
WOODS HOLE , MASSACHUSETTS

Henry B. Bigelow
- Chairmen of the Board of Trustees —

Edward H. Smith

— Director —

Arnaud C. Marts

— President of the Corporation-

Alfred C. Red field

— Associate Director —

Columbus O'D. Iselin
— Senior Oceanographer —

OVER

r

The crews of our vessels are sailors in the best meaning
of that word. Together with some fishermen and the yachtsmen
they are among the few who represent and carry on the proud
sailing ship history of our country.

The work on board our small lightly manned ships often is
hard, the voyages long, the days in port short, few, and far
apart. Probably our research vessels are the smallest ships
that regularly sail the deep ocean. The cruises can be plea-
sant when the weather is fine, when the work goes well, and
when valuable instruments are not lost. However, fatigue caused
by cramped quarters, crowded deck space, and always present wave
motion limits the pleasures.

Often we have seen merchant vessels of the "small" type
pass by with but the slightest, stately, pitching motion while
we on board ATLANTIS or CARYW were receiving a good boneshaking
and had to "keep one hand for the ship and one for ourselves."

Unfortunately, sail is not used as often as it was in the
pre-war years when oceanography was calmer and more "gentle-
manly". Modern oceanography demands frequent course changes
or straight line sailing so that the diesels have become pri-
mary rather thon auxiliary power. The sails, nevertheless, are
useful to steady ship or to heave to, while on several occasions
they have brought the ships safely to port. ATLANTIS once lost
her propeller off the Cape Verde Islands and against many odds
returned in time to allow scientists and crew to celebrate
Christmas at home.

EDITORIAL

This will be an Important year In the history of our
Institution. In June the Office of Naval Research's "Labo-
ratory Of Oceanography" will be dedicated and will give us
much needed "elbowroom" . (see page 2). Little did the
modest founders of the Institution realize that their plans
were so well laid that oceanography's expansion would require
almost a doubling of the available space within twenty years.

Some time during the year ATLANTIS will sail on cruise
#300. Three hundred cruises during which almost two million
miles of ocean were traversed Is a record without parallel
In the history of oceanographlc vessels here and abroad.
Although the event Is not likely to take place until autumn
when Woods Hole's population has decreased to winter size,
we hope that a suitable ceremony will be possible.

The main article In this issue is devoted to marine biology.
New light is thrown on the distribution of large animals in the
sea through game fish investigations made by Frank J. Mather III,
sport fisherman and biologist. A forecast is made for the pos-
sible development of important recreational and commerical game
fishing in the Atlantic Ocean.

NEW BUILDING

Great plans are under way for the dedication and convoca-
tion of the new LABORATORY OP OCEANOGRAPHY of the Office of
Naval Research which has been erected adjacent to our Institu-
tion. The dedication will take place on June 21st and it is
hoped that many noted civilian and military persons will be
present. The Chief of Naval Research will announce the names
of the principal speakers in the near future.

The plans are to have an official opening, followed by
three days of informal scientific discussions. Many American
and foreign scientists will be invited to take part in the dis-
cussions. Popular lectures will be arranged for the evening
hours.

Although the building is owned by the U. S. Navy it will
be staffed and operated by civilian personnel of our Institu-
tion. This will relieve the overcrowded conditions in the pre-
sent laboratory which came about through the great expansion
that took place during and since the war years. The "old"
building will largely be taken over by nonclassif led research
programs and it is hoped that marine biological and chemical
investigations will expand to keep pace with the advances made
in other oceanographic subjects.

School of small tuna swimming Just below the surface

f THE SWIFT AND THE ROVING

Except for the distant spout of a whale and the occasional
flights of flying fishes, few if any other signs of marine life
are observed from a ship crossing the Atlantic Ocean. It was
generally believed that the open Atlantic is a desert of life,
until Frank J. Mather III, biologist on our staff and a sport
fisherman of no mean repute, started to troll fishing lines from
our research vessels. The results have been astonishing. They
show that the "desert of life" theory is open to question, to
state it mildly.

During three years of part-time fishing on the open sea Mr.
Mather, other scientists and crew members of our ships, captured
a total of 225 game fishes such as tuna, blue and white marlin,
mackerel- like fishes, dolphins, amber Jacks, and barracuda. Some
rare and little-known fishes such as the snake mackerel were

fllsc caught. In addition they lost one hundred or more fish
a:iu obtalnec sight records of over 3,000 large animals. In
cize the catches ranged from an eight foot two inch blue mar-
lln to an 11-1/2 inch bluefin tuna. Though a sport fisherman
mltfht have thrown that little fellow overboard in disgust, to
Mather the catch was both interesting and important since fewer
than a dozen bluefin of that size were known to have been caught
in the western North Atlantic. Since then Mather caught five
more. Actually these fishes, judged to be the young of the
yc;ar, must Le extremely numerous.

The smallest catches that were made consisted of a l/i| inch
swordfish and several skipjacks about 1/8 inch long. These were
taken by towing a silk plankton net at the surface of the sea in
an effort to flnu the spawning areas of oceanic fishes.

Although the number of fishes caught may appear small, it
must be borne in mind that the work is being done entirely as a
part-time voluntary activity. Regular shipboard duties prevail
and at no time can the course of the ship oe changed from its
primary mission.

This can be most frustrating to an ardent fisherman. After
two years, Mather still winces as he recalls the capture within
75 minutes of five blackfin tuna, two false albacore and a wahoo
while the ATLANTIS crossed an uncharted shoal off Brazil. "If
we could only have stayed there for a whole day," he sighed.
Another time off Fernando Noronha, a small island off the coast
of Brazil, thousands of birds were seen circling over large
wildly turbulent patches of water indicating the presence of
game fish. The ship's course could not be changed and passed
within a mile of these promising fishing areas.

The fishing was not always successful; "the big ones got
a^ay". occasionally the heaviest lines were broken and large
hooka were straightened out. Once a heavy colled spring, two
inches in alameter, ^hlch was used as a shock absorber, was
stretched out straight into a ten foot piece of wirel Oceano-
graphic instruments were often attacked by unknown assailants.
A metal, 35 pounu, instrument was almost bitten in two while
others showed evidence on their recording apparatus of having
hit large objects while being lowered. Further evidence of the
existence of large forms of lil'e has come from high-speed plank-
ton samplers. These ins truments, consisting of hollow brass
tubes, are towed at high speed below the surface. Not infre-
quently the samplers contain a neat "core" cut from an unhappy
and unidentified fish.

Encouraged by the number of fish caught and their wide dis-
tribution, Mr. Mather is planning a more extensive program for
the investigation of game fish. He has no doubt that this will
become possible since during comparatively recent years the pur-
suit of these fishes has become more and more important. Thou-
sands of persons take to sea on week-ends for recreation on
party fishing boats, directly and indirectly they support other
thousands, while a commercial fishery utilizing some of the most
expensive and most specialized fishing vessels in the world is
based on game fish.

Studies must be made not only for their purely scientific
value, to obtain knowledge of "the world we live in", but also
to place fishing on a scientific basis in order properly to
utilize this important resource and to settle on a rational

rather than on a emotional basis any conflicts that may come
about between sports and commercial interests.

MANY QUESTIONS

As is true for many other fisheries, virtually nothing Is
known about the life cycle of game fishes. Swordflsh are caught
during the summer months off New England. Where do they go dur-
ing the rest of the year? Where do the game fish spawn? Where
do they migrate to? How old do they get and how old are they at
a certain size? What are their enemies and diseases? Only frag-
mentary evidence is available about some of these questions. The
oceanic nature of game fish and the fact that they are influenced
by physical and chemical changes in sea water and by meteorologi-
cal conditions make such an investigation a suitable one for this
Institution.

While the Pacific supports a gigantic tuna fishery, the open
waters of the Atlantic are untouched. It may be possible that
organized research would find new food resources at a tin* when
the northwestern Atlantic fishing industry is desperately, seeking
a new stimulus.

From the biological point of view, a fortunate condition
exists in the Atlantic Ocean as no organized fishery exists and
there still is time to study an untouched stock. The tunas of
the Pacific and off western Europe have received much scientific
attention but only after the stock had been heavily fished. Most
fishery biologists bewail the fact that their studies receive
support only once a stock IB showing decline and that they never
have a chance to investigate an untouched stock In its natural
balance.

O

DISTRIBUTION

Mather's enthusiasm and tenacity has laid the groundwork
on which a larger program can be based. Certainly it has shown
valuable Information, considering the limited nature of the work.
For instance, much has been learned about the distribution of
game fishes. The known northern range of blackfin tuna, falcate
and little amberjacks, the little dolphin and other game fishes
has been extended. Wahoo, which was known from the Gulf of
Mexico and the Caribbean, was caught near the Cape Verde Islands
thus enlarging its eastern range by two thousand miles. These
findings have resulted in the publication of a number of mono-
graphs in a scientific journal.

Since most of our investigations have taken place in the
northern hemisphere, virtually nothing is known about the pela-
gic fishes that inhabit the southern Atlantic. For the same rea-
son nothing is known about the southern limits of the northern
species. As far as the density of the distribution is concerned
the best catches were made in the Equatorial Current and the
Guiana Current. The colder waters of the Canaries Current off
West Africa were slightly less productive, nevertheless they
yielded good catches of tuna-like fishes. As might be expected
the poorest results were obtained in the Sargasso Sea where dol-
phins were the only interesting fish caught.

Plankton tows made during our Equatorial cruises, in an
effort to discover spawning areas, yielded in addition to the
miniature swordfish and oceanic bonito already mentioned, many
tuna larvae which were tentatively identified as yellowfin or
blackfin tuna. The state of our knowledge lies exposed when
such relatively insignificant hauls are considered worthy of

mention. It Is astonishing to realize that our lack of knowl-
edge concerning the initial stages of game fish makes it appear
as if the swift and roving animals of the sea spring up fullj grown.

SHARK
OOL PHIN

TUHASond LARGE
MACKEREL

BARRACUDA
MARLIN

SNAKE MACKEREL

MISCELLANEOUS
or

UNIDENTIFIED

Distribution of pelagic fishes In southern waters
If tuna eggs and larvae follow the fate of the myriads of
other fish eggs, so that only one out of thousands survives,
then somewhere at some time there must be untold numbers of tuna
eggs. Only an extensive search by a vessel sent out for that
task or an accidental discovery will ever find such a time and
place. One generally does not realize the extent of the ocean
r.or the limitations of oceanographlc research. Plankton tows
demand a slow speed of the ship, so that they are only made at
certain times and occasions. A further dilemma lies in the fact
that since so few eggs and larvae have been found there remains
the difficulty of identification.

8

Frank J. Mather shows result of 75 minutes fishing

BLUEFIN TUNA

When not at sea, Mr. Mather has been busy on a cooperative
bluefin investigation with Mr. Howard S. Schuck of the Fish and
Wildlife Service. A scientific paper on this work is in prepara-
tion. Suffice it to say here that as a result of their labors
the growth rates of the fish up to ten years of age can be mea-
sured. It is rather astonishing to realize that the larger tuna
gain one hundred pounds during the three summer months while the
smaller ones gain one inch every month.

Thousands of bluefin weighing from 1-1/2 to 950 pounds were
measured and weighed while two hundred were measured in great
detail and found to be a race separate from the Pacific and Euro-
pean bluefin. Taxonomic questions have to be settled to differen-
tiate between races of the same species. The different races do

not have the sane spawning areas and migration routes so that they
should be handled as a separate stock as far as fishing Is concer-
ned. Many other data such as Information on their food, habits,
and sexual maturity were also collected.

As a result of this work some theories were developed regard-
Ing the migration routes of bluefln tuna. The fish fall Into three
groups by size; of these only the largest group are seen passing
the Bahamas In spring during the northward trek, although It Is not
a conclusively proven fact that these are the same fish that are
being caught off New England during the summer months. Unsuccess-
ful attempts were made to follow the schools by airplane from the
Bahamas and a number of the large fish were tagged with marked hooks
In the hope that they would be recovered later during the year.

The middle-sized group and the smaller one appear from nowhere
off New England during the summer. Since tuna undergo striking sea-
sonal changes in behavior, sometimes swimming at the surface and
feeding avidly while at other times swimming deep and hesitant to
take bait, it is possible that the smaller groups do not wander far
away but remain on their summer grounds at a deeper level.

TAGGING

One way to learn more about such habits is through a program
of tagging which has been so useful in the investigation of other
migratory fishes. No successful way to mark large tunas has been
developed, although recently a method for small fishes has been
evolved. It is one thing to tag a cod or haddock and quite another
thing to mark a fighting, beating tuna. In western Europe, where
distinctive hooks were used by fishermen from different localities,
some information was obtained from hooks found in the throat or

10

A blue marlin taken in the Guiana Current off the coast of Brazil

11

Yellowfin tuna caught 350 miles southwest of Freetown, West Africa

12

A three foot snake mackerel was taken about 500 miles east of Barbados

13

A wahoo, probably the first recorded from the eastern Atlantic

stomach of captured fish which had broken lines during previous
encounters. Encouraged by this report Mather and Schuck marked
hooks used by sport fishermen who often lose fish Involuntarily.
Some of the sportsmen even volunteered to release their catch,
once the fish had been brought alongside their boat. As men-
tioned above quite a few tuna were marked In this way but no
returns have come In to this date.

More recently Pacific Investigators developed a new method
for marking small game fishes, which has shown more success than
any previous system. The mark consists of a plastic loop attached
through the back of the fish just behind the second dorsal. Small
game fishes may be brought Into a boat and held tight In a wooden
trough so that they will not beat themselves to death, marked, and
released as quickly as possible. One albacore was recovered In
the Pacific after swimming a distance of U,650 miles In 32i| days.
Mr. Mather is now planning to use this method to tag several hun-
dred small bluefln during the summer when they usually appear In
great numbers off southern New England.

THE FUTURE

Much more must be learned. It is hoped that a larger program
will become possible, although the emphasis necessarily would be
on tuna--as the most valuable food and game fish--much information
on other game fishes would be obtained simultaneously.

Further work must be done on the distribution of game fishes
in the Atlantic Ocean and extensive work on the location of spawn-
ing grounds and migration routes could be done with the aid of
sonic sounding and ranging, and by airplane spotting. Tuna would
be located and followed as far as possible by these methods,

15

preferably to their spawning grounds. For identification purposes
a number of fishing techniques would be used, such as surface troll-
ing, deep trolling with depressors, chumming, drifting with deep
lines, night fishing by lights, etc.

If contact can be maintained to the spawning area extensive
plankton hauls would be made to follow the life history of eggs,
larvae, and young. Every bit of information on the biological com-
munity, on enemies, diseases, food and water conditions should be
obtained at the same time.

If the fish cannot be followed to the spawning areas, these
should be found by extensive plankton hauls covering hundreds of
miles of the Caribbean Sea, while tows in other areas, during all
seasons, are also desirable.

Identification of the plankton catch will aid in the location
of centers of production, to estimate the quantities of newly
spawned eggs (and thereby deduce the number of spawners), to trace
the drift of larvae, and to obtain a knowledge of their survival
from natural conditions.

Physiological study will also be necessary. One investigator
has indicated that tuna find their food by smell, just as sharks do.
How far they can smell, how far they can see, how they respond to
sound, color, and light are other interesting questions whose ans-
wers could benefit the angler and commercial fisherman alike. A
vital answer may come from an unexpected direction. For instance,
in the Pacific Ocean the tuna's reaction to high-frequency vibra-
tions are being investigated. One fishing boat is reported as
having been fitted out with a high-frequency vibrator in an effort
to attract the fish.

16

The pursuit of the big game of the sea is an exciting pastime.
The fish are there; the scientific and technological knowledge
oxists to start on a program which would make the catching more
rewarding and place it on a suitable basis—relating catch to dis-
tribution and abundance.

In comparison, stock breeding on land has been placed on a
scientific basis through the efforts of many agricultural stations.
If the farmer had no knowledge about the abundance of cattle, its
whereabouts during eight months of the year; if he did not know
the number of its young, its diseases and enemies; if all these
things were true the price of a steak might well be ten dollars a
pound which, fortunately, is not yet the case.

"Trade Wind Clouds" is the title of an article In the Novem-
ber 1953 Issue of Scientific American. The article was written
by Dr. Joanne Malkus, marine meteorologist on our staff. It
describes some of the work performed by our meteorologists at
Puerto Rico during the spring of 1953 » while using the amphibious
PBY airplane loaned to the Institution by the U. S. Navy.

17

t

'The time has come,' the Walrus said,
"To talk of many ides;

Of clams--and barnacles--and altitudes
Of lizards--and of tides.'

(with apologies to Lewis Carroll)

The word "respect" denoting honor and esteem serves excel-
lently to describe the feeling of anyone meeting our Associate
Director and Senior Biologist, Dr. Alfred C. Redfield. A long
career in the service of science has made him conversant with a
great variety of biological, chemical, and physical aspects
which culminated in what is probably his most outstanding ability;
being able to absorb a welter of data, sift them, and come directly
to the heart of a problem.

This ability probably is responsible for the characteristic
preoccupied way in which Dr. Redfield is seen wandering down the
halls of the Institution. Rarely using the "inside" telephone
system or calling people to his office, he dill climb the stairs
to state his subject directly and lucidly to the person involved.

The title Senior Biologist is too restricted to describe Dr.
Redfield1 s scientific acumen. A physiologist he is Professor at
Harvard where he obtained his doctorate in 1917 on a thesis des-
cribing early work on hormones, particularly the role of the adrena-
lin glands in producing color changes in lizards.

18

A voluble proponent of pure science, Dr. Redfield has long
been associated with Woods Hole. For many summers he worked at
the Fisheries Commission and at the Marine Biological Laboratory,
in the days before the Oceanographic Institution was even a glim-
mer of future hope. Teaching research at harvard's Medical School,
he became interested in the ten new radium techniques as a result
of a grant made to Harvard by members of the Forbes1 family. His
experiences in. this field will benefit our Institution in the near
future since it is planned to install a radio-isotope laboratory
for measurements of the basic productivity of the sea.

Although Dr. Redfield gives the impression that he would rather
stay at home than be on the move, he is widely travelled and has just
returned from a second trip to Venezuela to study the circulation of
Lake Maracaibo. As a young man he went to the Cavendish Physical
Laboratory at Cambridge, England, and undertook the study of oxygen
deficiencies experienced by people living at high altitudes. Subse-
quently an expedition to Peru was responsible for an important change
in his life. While there he became interested in ecology, the rela-
tionship between animals and their environment, which led him away
from medical research.

In 1930, a sabbatical year, the associate professor at Harvard
decided to follow a long-felt urge to study niore organic chemistry.
Travelling to Munich, Germany, he found out that, "I never learned
but got rid of an inferiority complex," as he dryly commented.

At about this time Dr. H. B. Bigelow was scouting for people
interested in appointments to the staff of our newly founded insti-
tution. Apparently Dr. Eigelow did not need to convince our senior
biologist too hard that summers at Woods Hole were never misspent.
During the following years Dr. Redfield took part in many cruises
of the ATLANTIS while continuing to amass other duties, becoming a
full professor at harvard's Department of biology and a Trustee of
the Marine Biological Laboratory.

19

In 1914.0 he came permanently to woods Hole as Associate Director
and headed a large group of scientists investigating the biological
fouling of underwater structures and ship's hulls. This work
resulted in the publication in book form of "Marine Fouling and Its
Prevention", and placed the manufacture of antifouling paints on a
scientific basis. At the same time a variety of other problems
attracted his attention, such as the buoyancy control in submarines,
the wake of surface ships, and others. After the war shellfish in-
vestigations and local tides came under his scrutiny, while perhaps
his major postwar achievement was the study of pollution in harbors
and estuaries. A proponent of clean beaches and better recreational
facilities, Dr. Redfield, together with Dr. Bostwick H. Ketchum,
attacked the problems with such vigor and novel approach that the
results have caused great interest among engineers having to deal
with the flushing of harbors and among scientists studying the mix-
ing of superimposed layers of fresh and salt water in such structures.

Dr. and Mrs. Redfield, whose home overlooks Vineyard Sound, are
both active leaders in civic affairs and between their labors, still
find time to visit their three married children who are spread from
Cambridge to Mexico.

How did he start? "As a boy i was interested in birds and wanted
to be a naturalist."

A revision of "Fishes of the Gulf of Maine" has just been
published as Fishery Bulletin ?1| of the Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice, U. S. Department of the Interior.

The authors, Dr. H. B. bigelow and Mr. William C. Schroeder,

have worked for years keeping up-to-date files on the contents
of the original edition published in 1925.

20

ASSOCIATES NEWS

The Annual Dinner at the New York Yacht Club was a great
success, due to the courtesy of the Edo Foundation which sup-
plied the wherewithall and also the principal speaker, Captain
Jacques-Yves Cousteau. More than 175 people were present and
listened with rapt attention to Captain Cousteau1 s interesting
accounts of his underwater activities. Striking underwater
motion pictures, particularly those showing the salvage of a
Grecian ship in the Mediterranean, were shown by our French
colleague, whose modesty hides the fact that he is undeniably
a brave man.

At the conclusion of the dinner Captain Cousteau presented
the Institution with a gracefully shaped Amphora, a Grecian
wine vessel, salvaged from a wreck which sank more than 2,000
years ago.

YOUR STAKE IN THE LAST FRONTIER, our brochure aimed at
industrial support is off the press and ready for distribution.
Mr. Noel B. McLean of New York City, President of the Edo Cor-
poration, has accepted the post of Chairman of the Corporate
Associates and is forming a committee to aid him in his tasks.

General Foods Corporation has become the first industrial
member of the Associates (see: Gifts and Grants). Following
this announcement the boston Herald stated in an editorial:
"We hope that other industries will follow the spirit of General
Foods' statement and support research which will increase man's
knowledge, for the progress of man depends directly on such
pioneer work."

21

GIFTS AND GRANTS

The largest gift received since the original Rockefeller
Foundation endowment came our way when the General Foods Cor-
poration donated their East Boston Marine Base and a check for
$15,000. In addition General Foods Corporation became the
first Corporate Associate of the Institution.

The East Boston base consists of four wharfs, almost six
acres of ground, and a number of buildings. The check and deed
to the property were presented to Admiral Smith by Udell C.
Young, Vice-President of General Foods.

Mr. Young explained that his company made the gift as a
means of supporting oceanographic research. "Since General
Foods is a leader in supplying America's homes with frozen sea-
food," he said, "it is natural that we should be interested in
supporting man's efforts to increase his knowledge of the sea
and its inhabitant s."

One thousand copies of S. Kip Farrington, Jr.'s "Game
Fishes of the Pacific" were donated by Mr. John M. Olin, Presi-
dent of Olin Industries and a well-known game fisherman. Both
author and donor are members of the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Associates. The books may De used in any way the Institution
desires. This is not the first time that Mr. Olin has aided
science. In 1952 he caught a 50l| lb. Mako shark which when
opened was found to carry ten young. One of the shark embryo
was sent to our shark expert, Mr. Schroeder, who was most happy
to receive it, as little was known about the size and number of
Mako young in a brood.

22

Dr. Joanne S. Malkus, marine meteorologist, has received
a grant of $5,000 for one year's stay at the Imperial College
of Science and Technology in London, England. Dr. Malkus will
do research on cloud pnysics and will have the status of Hono-
rary Lecturer in the Meteorological Department of the Imperial
College. The grant was made by the Munitalp Foundation, Inc.
Dr. Malkus, who has published many papers in marine meteorology,
has made frequent flights with the PBY amphibious plane (on
loan to us from the U. S. Navy). Her husband, Dr. Willem V. R.
Malkus, is physical oceanographer on our staff.

The National Science Foundation granted a sum of $6,200 to
Dr. George L. Clarke, marine biologist on our staff, to support
research for one year on the penetration of light into the sea
and its effect on aquatic organisms. Dr. Clarke has been on
our staff since the opening of the Institution and has made
valuable contributions to marine biology. Outstanding among
these are his studies on the penetration of light into the sea
and on the vertical distribution of plankton.

Dr. Per L. Scholander, physiologist, has received a grant
of s?3,500 from the National Science Foundation. Dr. Scholander
has made Important studies of the mechanism of diving in aqua-
tic mammals; the temperature control of arctic and tropical ani-
mals; and the secretion of gas in the swim bladder of deep-sea
fishes.

23

CURRENTS AND TIDES

Dr. Bostwick H. Ketohum was
recently promoted to Senior
Biologist on our staff. Dr.
Ketchum represented the Insti-
tution at the International
Congress of Bacteriologists
held at Rome, Italy, last Sep-
tember.

Crown Prince Akihito of Japan
visited the Institution on Sep-
tember 20th. A rare deep-sea
fish, caught by Mr. Schroeder
last year, was presented to the
Prince as a gift for the Emperor,
whose interest in marine biology
is well known.

We are deeply grateful for tWe
miraculous rescue of Dr. Maurice
Ewing who was washed overboard
from the research vessel VEMA
during a gale off Bermuda. Dr.
Ewing, an Associate member of
our staff, is Director of the
Lament Geophysical Observatory
at Columbia University.

"Philanthrophy's Role in Civiliza-
tion" is the title of a book writ-
ten by Dr. Arnaud C. Marts, Presi-

dent of our Institution. Pub-
lished by Harper Bros., the
book describes the vital role
played by the millions of Ameri-
cans who contributed and continue
to contribute to good causes.

In addition to the scientific
staffs at sea or in the air
our staff members range far
and wide. Drs. Redfield and
Ketchum and Mr. Bumpus were
in Venezuela during March to
study the circulation of Lake
Maracaibo. Mr. Metcalf was on
board an icebreaker in the Arc-
tic Ocean. Mr. Puglister and
Mr. von Arx are on leave of
absence, respectively, at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and
at the M.I.T.

Dr. and Mrs. Scholander and Dr.
van Dam were at Miami, Florida.
Mr. Stommel and his associates
have been at the Bermuda Biolo-
gical Station all winter. This
group is using the island as a
fixed "anchor station" out in
the Atlantic Ocean.

MBL/WHOI LIBRARY

UH 17YJ 0

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

of the
WOODS HOLE OCEANOCRAPHIC ASSOCIATES

GERARD SWOPE, JR., President
JOHN A. GIFFORD, Secretary

WINSLOW CARLTON
RACHEL L. CARSON
GEORGE F. JEWETT
HENRY S. MORGAN

EDWARD A. NORMAN

MALCOLM S. PARK

THOMAS J. WATSON, JR.

JAMES H. WICKERSHAM

WILLIAM D. WINTER

Chairman

NOEL B. MCLEAN

Committee of Corporate Associates

EX OFFICIO: OFFICERS

of the
WOODS HOLE OCEANOCRAPHIC INSTITUTION

ARNAUD C. MARTS, President

EDWARD H. SMITH, Director

EDWIN D. BROOKS, JR., Treasurer