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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

xO

i

d-

SACRATISSIMO DOMINO NOSTFxO

CAROLO

DEI GRATIA, MAG. feRITANIiE,
FRANCIS ET HIBEPvNI^ REG I;
TERR^ MARISQ, POtENTlSSIMO
PRINGIPI: OCEANI BRITANNICI
AD aUATUOR MUNDI PLAGAS
DISPARTITI IMPERATORI: DOMINO
VIRGINIiE ET VASTORUM
TERRITORIORUM ADJACENTIUM
ET DISPERSARUM INSULARUM
IN OCEANO OCCIDENTAL!.

CHRISTIANiE FIDEI DEFENSORI,

PACIS INSTAURATORI, PUB.

SECURITATIS AUCTORI

PIO FEL. AUG,

[A 2]

NEC-NON

i}Ji :"^7

NEC-NON

SUB SUI NUMINIS

INFLUENTIA AC CLIENTELA

DUOBUS MAX. MUNDI LUMINARIBUS

PERPETUIS SAPIENTIyE FLAMMIS

CERTISS. SCIENTIARUM CYNOSURIS

UTRISCb ANGLIC ACADEMIIS

I N F I M V S HVMILLIMVS

VERULAMII INTERPRES
HANC PRIMAM I NSTAUR ATIONIS
MAGN^ PARTEM

D. K C. Q.

TO THE

PRINCE

O F

GREAT BRITAIN,

FRANCE and IRELAND;

T H F.

GROWING GLORY

O F A

Future Age.

HE facrifice of my Devotions in the Dedica-
tion of thefe Labours (^excellent Triaci) had
gone a more hymble way of Ambition, than
through the hands of Kings and Princes,
could I afterwards have juftified fuch humi-
nations. But the Tenure of this work is a Title- Royal,
which no lapfe of time, nor alteration of language can re-
verie. In the Original entitled to a King i fo con-
tmued in the Tranflation , and fo in a direct: line de-
icends upon Tour Highnefs , as a part of a Royal Patri-
mony, which I durft not alienate by a lower infcription.
The Author is Sir Francis Bacon , a name well known in
the European World i a learned mao , happily the

ear*

TothePB. INCE,

learned'ft, that ever lived, fince the decay of the Grecian
and Roman Empires 5 when Learning was at a high pitch ;
and which rife and fell with thofe Monarchies i for Sce-
pters and Sciences have the fame revolutions, the fame pe-
riod. ' in theVaft fpaces oT time betweenthoffef arid thefe
laft Ages, Philofophy hath been, as it were in aflumberj
for many centuries of years. For after the Chrifiian
Faith grew up, the moft Writers betook themfelves to
Theology , and fomc miftaking the right limits of Faith
and Reafon, fell foul upon AriUotle , and other Philofo-
phers, as Patrialrchs of Herefie, which were the Patrons
of Reafon. Somewhat awaked from this flumber /he was
by the Arabian Writers, the School-Dofl:ors, and Spanifli
Interpreters j made more adive by the Chymick Philofo*
phers, but never perfe^Wy recovered until the days of this
Author, who is the firft that ever joyn'd Rational and Ex-
perimental Philofophy in a regular correfpondence i which
before was either a fubtilty of words, or a confufion of
matter. He,after he had furveyed all the Records of An-
tiquity, after the volumes of men, betook himfelf to the
ftudy of the volume of the world j and having conquer'd
whatever books pofleft (his fpacious fpirit not thus bound,
cd) fet upon the Kingdom of Nature , and carried that
vifiory very far, and which was more than thofe viftoi
ries, himfelf being mortal , left fuch laws behind him,
as may fuffice to fubdue thereft , if Princes encourage
men , and men be not wanting to themfelves. This at-
tempt of his U'as favour'd by the Stars of his Nativi-
ty. For it was his felicity to live in the times of two
Great Patronf of Learnings King JAMES, Tx)ur High-

mfs

To the PR INCE.

nefs Grand- father of bJeffcd memory, and Your Royal
Father now Reigning ; and it was their glory that he
lived in their times j and will be the eternal honour of
this Nation, that the Greateji Kings and the Createfi
Thilofophet met together in one age , in one Ifland-
By the favour of his Prince^ who well knew the value of
Learning and Learned men, he was raifed to the higheft
dignities in the Civil ftate , and by his own happy Geni-
us, to the higheft degree in the ftate of Learning.'
which was the greateft wonder of the two i being fuch
incompatible perfe£lions, and divided, enough to fill up
the Sphere of the greateft ablities alive. Yet with great
applaufe he a6ted both thefe high parts, of the greateft
Scholar, and the greateft States-man of his time ; and Co
quit himfelf jn bottr, as one and the fame Perfon, in
title and merit 5 became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
of England^ and of the Great Seal of Nature both at
once 5 which is a Myftery beyond the comprehenfion of
his own times, and a Miracle requires a great meafure
of -Faith in Pofterity i, to believe it. This is the Author
I here prefent unto Tour Highnefs ^ this his work ,
which by the powerful influence of Your favour fhall
profper, and, it may be, be quickned to the regeneration
of another Phoznix out of his Afhes , to adorn your
World : for it is only the benign afpeft , and irradiati-
on of Princes, that infpires the Glob of Learning, and
makes Arts and Sciences, grow up and flouriHi. Heaven
blcfs Tour Highnejs with bleffings on the right hand, and
on the left, and make You Heir of all the vertues of
your Royal Progenitors , that the Honour of Princes

begun

Tothe PRINCE.

beaun in them, may be continued in Your perfpn i an4
that a future age may be fo blefled in You , as the pre*
fent is in Your Royal Father, the Glory of Kiugs and thir
Admiration.

YOUR H IG H N E5^

yiofi bHmUy devote^

GILBERT WAT8,

^.m-'mmm^^f^^m^'tm^^^m^mmmmf^ata^ma^^^f^i^tmf^

<i - FA-^

—A-K «*««^»*

FAVOURABLE

READER.

HE intended Apologetick, for the In-
ilauration of Sciences, and the jitfiifi-
cation of this Author, nphichjhonld ha^e
been prefix'd this worJ^j, as a preparation
thereto J is not pHhIi/ht. Motii^ei tothis
rcfolution, were di'vers^ whereof fome are
'very concerning. Apologeticks/br/«f^
Authors and fnch enterprifes are entertained with jealoufeesy
as if they threatned an innovation in the Jiate of Learning j
by re'verjing the judgements of Antiquity, and the Piacits of
the Modern ; and by bringing in a nerp Primum Mobile ,
into the IntelleciHal Globe of Sciences , to the fnbverfion of
the Arts received. But thefe are groundhfs fears, fancied
by fuchy rvho either underftand not the intention of this at-
tempt •, or, engaged in ^Profeflbry way , fnfpeEi their pro-
»jit and reputation to be in danger, if fnch dejigns ponld tah^
effeB. Our Author protefis againU fnch daring vanities, the,
raifing of any new Se£i:,upon the ruins of Antiquity 'jand
every where endeavours to improve the labours of Ancient
and Modern Writers, and fo muji he do who defends him,ifhe
mderjiands the buftnefs he goes about. The point is not,touch'
ing what is already done ', nor of the Abilities of the Afrents;
nor of the capacity of their Injiruments ', which could not be
undertaken without emuhus comparifons poth of Perfons, A-
Bions and Things : but the point is touching propagation
and advancement of Knowledges ; the improvement, and
not the confervation only of the Patrimony of our Anafiors :
and that by opening to the under/landing a different way,
than hath been known to former Ages ; and clearing that
glafs to the letting in of a more plentiful light. The ways
and ends of thefe two hjiowledges (I mean of what we have,
and of what we may have) thus different ; and the princi'

[Bj pies,

To the Reader.

pies Hpon xvhich they proceed fo divers '-, both may confiji
rp'tthoHt contradiElions and confutations \ or the in'vafioaf
upon their dijiinguijht riglits : and fo the propagation of
Knowledge, by the ajpjiance, of the Father of Lights,w^j?
be purfuedy with the refer'vation of the honour of Ancient
and Modern Authors^ and the Arts in ufe^ which refpeSi-
ing the*endvphereto they were injiituted^ 'DifpHtation, Ke-
dargution^ and the lih^ , are 'very conducent^ and in their
way of perfeBion highly exalted. And this.ifTfhc firU
motive of deliberating the publication of my Apologetic^
the difficulty of the bujinefs. Another is this. Xhe titne?
into which we are fallen ^ are learned Times^ as ever were
ftnce the Grecian Philofophers, and^ their feconds^ the Ara^
bian Writers .^ which alfo through the great advantages of
the experiments of later Ages, and the direBions of Anti-
quity ^in many particulars ha^e out-gone their Prede€eJfors^
fo as he that dare adventure^ aSjfome do, to intrude wnfiudied
thoughts upon fo learned an Age as this is, neither reve^
rences the age as he ought, nor wifely confults his own repu"
tation ia>ith Pofterity, And as the limes are learned, fo
^ which too frequently falls out^ fomervhat con f dent. Great
Wits, and which have fortified their conceptions by books
andftudy, are Urongly prepojfefi with almoji impregnible an^
ticipations ; and not fo eafily induced, as more inconcerned*
and dif engaged natures are -i tok^iow or nnknow any thing.,
that either Jhould be farther inquired into , or fhould be for-
gotten. And much within thefe two Orbs our Apology moves}
in dtfcovery of Ignorance, and of Error , of what we k^now
not, and of what we Jhould not k^ow. For certainly much
hjtowledge remains yet conceaVd, and the way to this difco*
•very is by foregoing many unprofitable fubtilties '-, and by a
learn d ignorance fallin{> off from' many aery Jpeculations'
to the folid fimplicity of the Ancients. Were we to
compafs a Panegirick^ in praife of the perfeSiions of the
learning of our days , which indeed merits fuch a facri"
fice J the labour were but half what it is , for laudato-
ty hymns feldom come out of feafon ', they need no
preparations , and what might be wanting in the
height of fpeech, would be fupplied by an aptitude
to accept and believe. But in the bufinefs in hand, the

mind

To the Reader.

mind of man, the principal fnbjeci to be tprought upon ^
and her fpccnlations , both nhiih rve fo adfjiire , are fo
zMvntr'd andbloch^ up with corrupt notions^ either from the
plactts of Thilofophers, the depra'ved Lawi of Densonfirj"
lion J or from inherent qua lit kf in the general nature of man^
or individuate temperature of particulars '-, that nothing can
be done until thefe be conzfinced; at leaj}, JubjeBed to ex-
amination : which is another moti<ve that Jiayt we upon
the Land. An other Reafon (which is the laji I will trou-
ble the Reader withaU)is this. Time the meafure of all out
ASiions , without whofe ajfiflance our beH conceptions are
Abortives, by the intercurrence of other engagements (which
1 might hai/e difpencedwithaU, had I rightly underjioocl the
ferz/ile tenure of fecular contraSls)hathfurpri'x.'d me. 1 con-
ceive^ which I pronounce with fomepafjlgn , that a Scholar
for hisjiudies had been the mafler of his own hours- hut he
that trafckj with the world JJyall find it otherwife. Time
which Iprefum'dl could command^and flay 06 I do my Watchy
hath commanded me. And theje diverflons were feconded
( Humane Reader ^ by a fad Accident. It pleafed God
in the heat of my attendance on this bufinefs^ to tal^e away,
by one of the terrors of mortality , the Stone , my dear
brother Sir Richard Scot, fervant to the moU eminent Lord,
the Lord Deputy General of Ireland ; beloved of his dear
Lord to the latefl minute of life j honour d- with his pre-
fence to the farthefl confnes of mortality j and there, by
his Noble Piety., deliver d up, with as much folemnityy as
a Kingdom could confer , unto the immortality of another
World. This deadly Jhaftpafflng through hint:, fo wound-
ed me, that I my f elf was arrived within few paces of the
land of darkpefs. In his filent Marble .^ the beflpart of
that f mall portion of joy 1 had in the World h but all my
hopes are entombed. This penfive cafualty fo tooh^me off'
frombookj andbufinefs , as for fome months after, I could
relijh no thoughts but what were mingled with the contem^
plations of mortality.

Sic fugit interea fugit irrevocabile tempus.

Thefe were the impediments to my A P O L O G E T I C !C-, ,

[B qJ whick

To the Reader.

rfhicb ( if rphat is done he acceded ) ^jall he frefxt the
NOV. ORG. For of this Tranflation this is the
frjl part (Reader.) if it pleafe thee--) if it pleafe thee
not, the laji. Bnt before I tak^e my leai/e , here are jome
tacitc objeBions , which I would meet half way , and
and fo weaken their approaches, leji they fall too heavy
upon me. The firft is , touching the Divilion of the firft
book into Chapters, contrary to the mind of the Author.,
and the tntention of the rvorkc This exception may be thus
fatisfedy That profit is to be preferred before artificial cori'
tri'vancey where both cannot fo conveniently be had; and to
this end-, difcretion to be followed before rule. Were the
Author now alive and his vaji defigns going on, this altera-
tion had been fomewhat bold: but the inimitable Archite^
now dead , having perfeSied little more than the outward
Courts, ao it were., of his magnificent Injiauration '-, and the
whole fttmm of Sciences, and the fiock^of Arts in prefent
poffeffion, not able to defray the charges of fnifhing this Fa*
brich^; I thought fit, by compartitions and dijiributions into
feveral rooms-, to improve what we have, to our beB advan-
tage, fo it might be done without prejudice to the Authors
procedure, and apt coherence, which I hope it is: Having
refpeSi herein ratherto accommodation than decoration '-, for
Houfes (as our Author fay s^ are built to live in, and not to
look on, and therefore ule to be preferred before unifor-
mity. Another exception may be made againU the draught
of the Platform into Analitick Tables, which feemsfome-
what pedant icl{, attd againfi that common rule, Artis eft dif-
fimulare Arcem. To this I anfwer thus. Ordpr and de-
pendance is, as it were, the foul of the World, of the Worlds
of Nature and Art, and that which h^eps them united ,
without which all would fall afunder, and become lil{e the
firji Chaos before the produdlion of light. And of aU Me-
thods that ever were, at leaU that ever came to our hands,
Gur Authors is the mo fi: natural, andmoji dependent. For
Truth, as it refieSts on us, is a congruent conformity of the
IntelleB to the ObjeSl 3 and of the different faculties thereof
to the difference of things : wherefore the trueji Partition of
humane Learning, is that, which hath reference to humane
faculties ; when the Intelle(^ual Globe, and the Globe o£

the

To the Reader.

the VV^orJdj imermix their beams and irradiations in a di-
re6j line offro'jeSiion^ to the Generation of Sciences. This
our Author hath perform d to admiration ; and in this gone
beyond all Antiquity , yet upon their grounds j wlKrein he
can never be out-gone , unlefs follorved by Pojlsrity. The
Ancients indeed were wen of jnoft profound Jpeculations, but
in the delivery of themfel'ves , fomewhat iti'vol'v'd^ as appears
by Plorinus, Procliis, Trifmegiftus ^«(^ (j?/.?er/i and many
of Flsitoes School writ Dialogue-rvife^ which is no doSirinal
zvay. As for Ariftotle, his precepts touching Method (//
anyfuchbooh^rvao written) ihey are perijht, failing inhere
he fcaiters fitch rules here and there , which fjoiild ha-ve
leenfilenced, and are not fo well followed by himfelf. And
for the Methods of the Moderns ^Kdnnas and others J^y theiw-
proifenient 0/ German lFriters-,infpair'd--, they h^it the limbs
of k}iowledge too foon •■, ha-ve bedrva)fed Sciences, and are
become an Art (a^ learned Hooker exprejjes it) which
teaches the way of jpeedy difcoiure , and rcftrains the
mind of man, that it may not wax over-wife. T/j^ Ex-
cellency therefore of our Authors Partitions, induced me to
thefe delineations, for their ufe only, whoha%'e not the lea-
fnre., or patience to obferv^ it, according to the merit; that
by this An^Ltomy, the junSlures and arteries, as it were, of
this great body might mare 'z/ifibJy appear. Another obje-
ction is, touching the Allegations in the Margin, contrary
to the folemn cuflom of Antiquity , and the moji of nra'vcr
Authors. For this I had thefe reafons. It pie a fed our Au-
thor-) though he was himfelf a li'ving fountain of Know-
ledge, and had a wealthy floch^ of his own, yet to tajie ofo-
ther waters, and te borrow from Antiquity, and to acknow-
ledge fuch borrowings; He thus naming his Authors J thought
fit to note them. And as he was a tnan of a moji eh'vated
phanfie and choice concept ions ^fo wa* he in the fcleSion of hit
Authors, andthe pajfages hepleas'dto mdl{e ufe of: and it
is worth the labour to know with whomfuch great Wits ufe
tocon'verfe; to point to the "hAiWQS where they dig their Ore;
and to the fhadows where they repofe at noon. And as his
feleBioa of Authors was 'very choice, fo was his application
of their fay ings, fvery curiou6 ; and in ajirain beyotid the
*vulgar reach. Places out of S2icied Scrtptuves are fo expli-
cated

To the Reader.

catedj fo apply ed., as yon muy fearch all the Comrnenter^
that are extant, and not find the like expo fit ions ^as youJhaU
find in him. As for humane Authors he betters his borrow^
jngsfrom them *, teaching the allegations out ofthem^ a fence
above the meaning of him that lent it him \ and trhich he
repairs too with double interefi for what he borrowed.
Thefe confiderat ions intuited me to Marginal Citations. Thefe
Keafons fet apart , I cannot appro've this weah^ ambition j
and do, not without cenfure, read Modern Authors profti-
tnte to humane allegations j as if the Truth they deliifer^
were to be tryed by 'voices '-, or ha'ving lofl its primitive
Innocence , inuji be cover d with thefe fig-leaves ; or as if
the Authors themf elves were afraid that it fhould mal^e an
efcape out of their Text, if it were not be fet in the Margin
with Authorities oi with a Watch. T-he laft exception is,
touching the Prefaces, and other Introductions prefix'd
this work^^ that mal^e the Gates and Entries fo wide, as they
feem to invite the City to run away. This is thus anfwerd.
It muji be remembred that this worh^ in the Defiqn was
very fpaciom , and is in the performance of what is donefo
ample, that when the fecond and third farts ^j all be added^
(^as added they will be^ //)e Porches <^«<5^ Ingrefles, in the
judgement of any good ArchiteB, are proportionable enouifh.
And if our Authors rule hold , that every fair Fabric\
JJjonld have three Courts ', a green Court , a fecond Court
more garni fljt , and a third to ma\e afquare with the Front ;
then have you here this Epiflle as the mean Court,Judgements
upon this Author living and dead, as the middle Court , and
the Authors own excellent Preface to confront with the work^
it f elf. Now I {houXd fay fomething touchvig Tianflation i
and as it is mine. The very ASiion is fomewhat obnoxiotts
to cenfure '■) being of the nature of thofe, the falling whereof
may difgrace more, than the carrying of it through, credit
the undertaker. But , befides the confcicncQ of the deed
done *, for other ends I could not have •, (the Author novo
dead, and ^Z/T/emihi nee in;uriisnec bcneficiis notus)d»r/
that to be a Tranflator is more than to be an Author , fome
fuch as there be i and that it is no fuch mean office, to bear
a light before ^ Lord Chancellor of Enghnd : I JJjould
excufe it) were the example mine : fo, writes learned Sa-

vil

To the Reader.

yil i fo, eloquent Sandys •, fo, Malvezzi's Noble fnccipre-
ter i with vphom conferred I a»thfs than a pjadoxp : So, ma-'
^2) able and eminent names of France and Italy , and other
Nations ; So the Ancients of former Ages and of aU ArgU"
ments. • But if any he fo folemn , fo feifere , and of fnch
primitive tafles^ they can arvay with no tvafers, which come
not from the fpriug-head'-, nor endure to drinl{^af Tiber ^
that pajfes through Thames ; They may fikte ozier here, if
they fo pleafej and proceed no farther. This interpr^atioK
TPas tjot meant for fiich faUidioii<s palates^ andyet^ it m^be^
for as difiingiiiJJnn^ as theirs are. Nom if this vcryrdBfr
on be thm liable to exception, much more niuji my perfoh
7»ance be. Certainly boo1\s by Trzndadon €ommonfy^ t^l^
wind in the effufion j and for flrength fall jhort of their O-
riginals-, as re flexed beams are tpeak^er than direSi : but
then it mufi be underjiood of Originals , truly fo. For if
a Writer delii/er himfelf out of his Kati've Language, I
fee not why a Tranflator rendring him in it, may not come
near him : and in this cafe , the Author himfelf is the In"
terpreter, being he tranflates his own thoughts, which ori-
ginally fpeah^his mother tongue. Yet for all this. Error i
I kftow there are, andfome lapjes , which require a con-
ni'vence ) and a Reader hath this adz^antage, that he may
flay upon one period-,as long as an Interpreter did on one page;
befidex his peculiar Genius to fom'e fludied pajfages. Some
Errors (pajpng but a trafient eye upon what is done^ I fee
already , and could note them j but I would not willingly
gratife fome kjnd of Readers fo far. They that are Ju-
ditioHs aa-d Ingenious too (for I would ha've no Readers that
ha<ve not ^hefe two ingredients in their compofitions, though
fometimes I name but one , which 1 woidd then, ffjoidd be
predominant) ivill in their judgement fnd them, and in their
mercy pardon them. As for Sophifts ^w;/ Satyrifts, a dege-
nerate Race of men , that fit upon the li'ves and learning
of all that write '-, who refol'v'd to do nothing themfelvesj
viay with maxe fc cur iiy cejjfure.jilhsrs : and them top, who,
as Learned Don deciphers them , forbid not books , but
men", damning what ever fuch a name, hath, or /hall
write : they are things below the merit of my indignation j
objeBs of fcorn -^ which a little flighted, and not inflatned

To the Reader.

hy oppofitioni or countenanced to a reply by confutation^ tvzU
within a rvhile^ of themfel'ves, extingitijh and vanijh ': lik^
Come difperfed ro'z/ing winds^ which without enconnter are
difpirited and die. And it concerns me^ Courteous Reader^
to put onfnch a confidence 06 this ; for being I am likely to
appear in mine orvn perfon^ as I do norv in the perfonofa-
nether ', to be too tender-fronted were to im/ite injuries-, and
to pro^itute fuch unfeafonahle modefiy to abufe. He that tvill
t9 fea^ mufi loeh^for fome cloudy days •■, and to be too fcrupu-
lous or Ceremonious touching Times or Peifons,?> the bane
of bufinefs^and of all well-meant endeavours : according to
that of Solomon, Qpi obfervat vcntHm non feminat , $c
qui confideratnubes, nunquam metet.

TESTI-

TESTIMONIES

CONSECRATED

To the

MERIT

OF THE
INCOMPARABLE PHILOSOPHER

Sir F R A N C I S BACON,

BY

Some of the Beft-learn'd of this inftant Age.

' Lthough feifere Inquijitors of truth ^^ and fuch who
by their learned Labours ftand upon publick Re-
cord in the approv'd Archives of Eternity, may, in
an humble diftance, lay claim and title to that ft-
cred Prerogative — Ego autetH ah homine Tejlitnoni"
um non Capto 5 ipfa enim Opera qu<e facto tefiantur de

mt 5 yet becaufe fuch Great Authors^ in their high flight, are fo

leflen'd in the air of unfrequented contemplations j and take fuch
unbeaten ways, as they become the weak, roonder of common Ca-
pacities, accuftom'd to popular opinions , and authoriz'd Errors ;
and in this admiring Ignorance, the prejudicate obje&s of Emulation,
EnvyJealoufies5and fuch like impotent paflions : It feems (in a fort)
neceffary, that the way be clear'd before fuch Writers 5 and that
they enter the Theatre, as well with the fufFrage of voice , to gain
upon the will j as with the ftrength of Reafon, to convince the Vn-
derjianding.

Wherefore, not fo much for the honour of this Author, (though
that is intended too) as for the aid of forae anticipate Readers, not
yet manu-milfed from a fervile belief to the liberty of their own
judgements, (fuch, I mean, as are yet under the minority of an im-
plicite faith,) I thought good to deliver this imperfeft lift of £>£-
ponents, which the precipitancy of this Edition, would not permit
to fill up with forae other great Names, both of this Kingdom, and
offbrreign Nations. Whdt is wanting here to the accomplifliment
of this Catalogue, Time, the Parent of Truth, (hall confummate.

Lc Sienr Mativan CoUnfellor and Secretary to the King oi France^

[C] id

Judgements upon

in the Epiftle to his l ranflation of a Part of this Work, gives our
Author this Tertimony.

Amor7gji whom every one knows that Sir Francis Bacon, by ntatiy de-
grees o§\ holds the firfi rank^ , both for the vivacity of his Spirit,
eminency of his Learnings Elegancy of his Jiilc. I have jitidied with
diligence all his writings j andpreftme I may do a performance offomc
merit and acceptation^ in prefenting to my Country his Bookj of the Ad-
vancement of Learning, a Work, hafh not becnfeen in our Language.
This is the Book vphkh I have caufcd topafsthe Seas 5 not as jjje gold
of the Indies, to cherifl) vice^ and corrupt our Manners 3 but-gs a fo-
veraign Plant offingular vertue, to cure the tpounds which ignorance
and Pedant ifm have given humane Sciences.

Mr. Peirre D' Ambois. S* de la Magdelaine , in his juft and
elegant difcourfe upon the life of our Author^ delivers his cenfure
thus:

Judgement and Memory never met in any man in that height and mea-
fure they met in him •■, fo as in port time he became Matter of all thofs
Knowledges which are learnt in Schools.

A page after 5 but as he ever valued himfelf^ rather born for other
men, than himfelf-, now that he could not y for want ofimployment, any
longer endow the publick, vcith his Adive perfeftions ; he was dejirous
at leaji to become profitable in a Contemplative way, by his writings and
by his books, monuments certainly meriting to find entertainment in all
the Libraries of the world 3 and which deferve to be ranged with the
fairejiworkj of Antiquity.

The fame noble French-man in his Advertifement to our Authors
Nat. H/^tfry thus exprefles him.

For this Natural Hiftory, where the quality of Metals^ the Nature of
Elements^ the Canfes of Generation and Corruption, the divers a& ions of
Bodies one upon another, andjuch like imprej/ions, are difcourfed with
fuch life and light, that he mayfeem to have learn'dhis knowledge even
in the School of the Firft Man. And though herein he may be thought
to have pafd upon the breaches o/ Ariftotle, Pliny and Cardan; yet
fiotwithllanding he borrows nothingfrom them : as if he had a dejign
to make it appear, that thofe great men have not fo entirely p off eji them-
felves of this fubjeB, but that there remains much to be dijcover'd. For
my part, though it be far from my intention, to raife the reputation of this
Author upon the ruins of Antiquity :, yet I think, it may be avouched
upon the grounds of reafon, that in thisprefent Argument he hath fame
advantage of them : being that the moji of the Ancients which have
written of things Natural, have fatisfed themfelves in reporting things^
as the information of others hath given them intelligence j andconjider'
ing , that oftentimes that which is deliver d them for Hiftory, is far
ejhign'dfrom all verity 5 they have chofen rather, by reajons to confirm
the refohitions of another, than to make an exa^ enquiry, and difcove-
ry themfelves. But Monfieur Bacon not relying upon the meer word
and credit of fuch as went before him, will have F.'x.pei'lencejoyn'd with
Reafon , and examines the rcceivd principles of the Schools, by the
ejfeds of Nature 3 the jpccuUt ions of the Intclledual Globe, by the

operation

The Lord Verulam.

operations of the Corporal. By thii means he hath found cut fo many
rare fecrets, whereof he hath bequeath' d us the invention 5 and mad''.
many axioms acknowledged for falfe^ rchich hithereto have gone currerit
amongji Philofophers, and have been held inviolable.

Tab. Adamii in his Preface to the Realis Philofophia, of that excel-
lent Philosopher Campanel/u (who lives to enjoy that Fame, which
many eminent for their Learning, rarely poflefs after, death} (peaks
his opinion thus.

fp'c ereCi no Se& , efiablifl) no Vlacits of Hereflc^ but endeavour to
tranfcribc univerfal and ever-veritable Philofophy otit of the Ancient 0-
riginal Copy of the World : not according to variable and dijpntable fpe-
culationsy hut according to the ConditHure of fenfe and irrefragable dC'^
pojitions of the Architect himfclf, rvhofe hands in works, dijjents not
from his ivord in writing. And if the great Inftauration of the deep-
mining rhilofopher, Francis Bacon, Lord, VerulamjChancellor of Eng-
land, a work.of high expectation, and mofi worthy, as of conflderation,
foof ajfijlance, be brought to perfection, it will perchance appear, that we
purfue the fame ends 5 feeing we tread the fame foot-Jieps in tracing,andy
as it TPere, hounding nature, by Sence and Experience, d^c,

Sr. Tob. Mathews, in his Epiftle to the Duke of Florence prefixt his
Italick Tranflation of my Lord Bacon^s •^ff^yfi amongft other Elogies
decyphers him thus.

St. Au^in faid of his illegitimate fon, Horrori mihi erat illud inge«
nium, and truly I have known a great number whom I much value, ma-
ny tehom I admire, hut none veho hath fo a^onipt me, and, as it were,
ravijfjt my fenfe s, tofeefomany and fo great parts, which in other men
vpere wont to be incompatible, united, and that in an iminent degree in
one fole Per/on. I kjiownot ivhether this truth will find eafie belief that
there can be found a man beyond the Alpes, of a molt ready wit 5 moU
faithful memory j moji profound judgement ; of a mojl rich and apt cx-
prejjion j univerfal in all ki"ds of knowledge , as in p irt may. be jctt?.
by that rare incomparable piece, the Advancement of Learning, which
future Ages pall render in different languages : But be the faith of other
nations what it will in this point, the matter I report is jo well under-
^tftffs/ z» England, that every man knows and acknowledges as much ,
nay, hath been an eye and ear-witnel? thereof :, nor, if Ifliould expatiate
upon this fnbjeB,f)ould I be held a flatterer, hut rather aj'ufft-agan to
truth.

Mr. George Sandys in his excellent Commentaries on his inimitable
Tranflation of the (lately Metamorphofis, rendred,in an equal felicity
ofexpreffion, to the eternal dres oi" that fvcet-tongudRowmj often
cites the judgement of our Author, from whofe fentence he never
appeals,but rather adores as an Oracle '-, and in an ingenious acknov/-,
ledgementof adiftance from him, thus delivers him to pofterity.

Of Jllodern writers I have receivd the greatest light from Gcmldus,
Pontanus, Ficinus, Vives, Comes, Scaliger, Sabinus, and the Crown
of the later, the Vicount of St. Albans •-, ajftlied, though lejS conjiantly

[C 2] ' con-*

Judgements upon

cottftanily.by other Authors^ almoU of all Ages and Arguments. Having
been true to tit] fin! ptirpoje, in making choice^ for the mo i^ part, of
ihofe interpretations, rvhich either bear thejiamp <?/ Antiquity, or rs-
ceivc ejiimationfrom the honour of the Author.

Marin Mcrfenne , An able man , but a declar'd adverfary to our
Authors defign (whofe Arguments I fhall encounter in my Apolo-
getickforthe Injiaur. of Sciences) in his Book of the Feritj; of Sci-
ences againft the Sceptickj and Tyrrhonians, Lib.i. Cap.xvi. acknow-
ledges thus much, which coming from an Adverlary is therefore

more valid.

Verulam , feems to have no other intention in his New Method,
then to e^ablrp the Verity of Sciences ^ wherefore you mujl not anti-
cipate, as granted, that he makes for yon, or that he is of your opinion 5
he ccnfcffes tee k^oxp little, hut he fnbverts not the Authority of Scnfe
and of Reafon, no, he labours to find out proper and proportionable in-
(iruments, whereby to condu3 the underjianding to the l^otvledge of
J^atnre and her effe&s.

The Authors Cenfure upon himfelf.
For in my judgement, it is a mutter which, concerns not only the Be-
nefit of others , but our own Repetition alfo ;' that no man imagine that
ice have projelhd in our minds fome flight fuperficial notion of thefe
Defigns ; and that they are of the nature of thoje things , which we
could Defire, and which we accept only as good wifties. For they art
ftich as without quefiion, are within the power and pojjibility of men to
compafs, unlefs they be wanting to themfches 5 and hereof, we for onr
parts, have certain and evident demdnfiration , for we come not hither,
as Augures, to raeafure Countries in our mind, for Divinations, but
as Captains, to invade them for conqueft,

Hisanfvver to fomeTaciteObjeftions,
I doforefee that many of thofe things which Iflmll regifier as Defici-
ents will incur divers cenfures ^ as that fome parts of this enterprize
were done long ago, and are now extant j others, that they taiie of CU'
riofity and promife no great fruit '-J others, that they are impojfible to he
compaffed by humane indujiries. For the two firft, let the particulars
fpeakfor themfelves. For thelaft touching impoffibilities , I deter-
mine thus. All thofe things are to be heldpejjible and performable which
maybe accomplifit by fome perfon , though not by every one'-, and which
may be done by the united labours of many, though not by any one apart ^
and which may be effe&ed in a fticcejfton of Ages, though not in the fame
Age '-y and in brief which may befin2f}t by the care and charge ofthepub-
lick,-, though not by the abilities and indujlry of private perfons. If for
all this there be any. who would rather take to himfelf that of Solomon,
DicitPigetjLeo eft in via, than that <?/Virgil

Poflunt quia pofle videntur

it is enough for me, if my labours may be ejieemedas votes, yet the better

fort of wifics: for as it asks fome knowledge to demand a QueftioQ

not impertinent ; fo it requires fome underftanding, to make a wifti

not abiurd. Froem. lib.2. IN

The Lord Verulam.

■ca)»

INHONOR.EM
ILLUSTRISSIMI DOMINI

FRANCISCI
VERULAMIO

Vice-Comitis S""' A LB AN I:
Poft Editam ab eo I N S T A U R. MAG.

QVis ijie tandem ? non mint vultH ambnUt
^otidiano. Nefcit Jgnare ?" audies c
Dux Notioaum , veritntis Tontifex j
Indu&ionJs Dominus j (^ Verulamii 5
Rerum Magijier nnicus^ At non Artiunt :
Frofunditatis Pinus ^ atq^ Elegantis :
Natur£ Arufpex intimus : Fhilofophi£
Mrarium : Sequejier Experient7<e,
Speculationifq--, : Mqmtatis Signifer :
Sctentiarum fub pupilJarijiatH
Degentium olim Emancipator : lu minis
Tremus : Fugator idolum^ atq^Nubium i
CoUega Solis : §luadra Certitudinis :
SophifmatHm Majiix : Brutus Literariuij
Authoritatis exuensTj/rannidcm:
Rationis df fenjus jiupendus Arbiter ;
Repumicator Mentis : Atlas Phyficus^
Alcidefuccumbente Stagiritico :
Columba No£^ qu£ in vetujiis Artibus
'Nullum locum^ requiemve Cernens^ pr£jiititf
Adfejuamqj Matris Arcam regredi.
Subtilitatis terebra j Temporis nepos
Ex veritate mntre : Mellis Alveus,

MHfidiqj

Judgements upon

Mundiq'j C^ Animantm^ftcerdos unicui .
Securis Errorttm : i»q-j Natalibus
Qranumfinaps, acre aliis^ Crcfcem fibi.
0 me, frofe Lajjiim ; Juvate Pofteri.

GEOR. HERBERT Orat. Pub.
in Academ. Cantab.

],?/

T

>' V

rr

MANES

MANES

VERULAMIANI:

SIVE
IN O B I T U M

INCOMPARABILIS

FRANCISCI

D E

VERVLAMIO, &c

E P I C E D I A.

NCLYTA Academia C A NT ABR IG I ENSIS,
cujus felicitas fuit, viro ad(alutem fcientiarum nato^^ti'
mas (apientix mammas prarbere 3 ac rhilofofhum^ poft
occaCum Grxcix, fftaxiMur?!^ orbi dare : fuperfunus A-
lumni fui Lacrymas efFudir, doftas ac duraturas moefti-'
tias. Ex hoc integro Mufarum fonte, modica hsc fed facunda flu-
enta, collegit interpres j ut quod, viventi, feculum dederat decus,
glifcenteadhuc invidii i & morienti dediffeconftaret, cellantenunc
adulatione. Reliqua fui nominis sternitati con(ecranda , continu-
att feculorum ferie ad ultimas ufq^ mundi favillas, rependet poftcri-
tas ; Quis fupremara fuis laudibus manum imponct , novit rantum
Fundiitor il/ej ac Jifffiil evcrfor S ecu lorn w,

Aclhuc

Manes Verulamiani.

ADhucfuferbis infolente purpura
Feretri rapinis Inclitos in tot vires
Sterile Tribunal ^ cilicio dicas diem,
Saccitmqj totamfacito luxurietftfori.
A Themide libra nee geratur penfilis,
Sed urna, pragravis urna Verulamii.
Expendat. Eheu ! Ephorus baud lancempremitg
Sed Areopagus ; nee minor tantus fophos,
^am Portiem bracchata. Nam vefter,fchols,
Gemifcit axis, tanta dum moles ruit.
Orbis (bluta cardo litterarii,
"Vbi iiudio coluit togam df' trabeam pari,
^ualis per umbras Ditis Euridiee vagant
Palpare gejiiit Orpheum, quali Orpheus,
Salient e tandem (vix prius crifpa) Styge^
Alitefibras lyr£ titillavit mann 5
Talis plicata Philologan <enigmatis
Petiit Baeonum vindicem, tali mann
Ladfata crijias extulit Philofophia ,
Humiq'-i foccis reptitantem Comieis
Non proprro Ardelionibus molimine
Sarfit^fed Inftauravit. Hine politiut
Surgit cothurno celjiore, (^ Organo ,
Stagirita Virbius revivifcit Novo.

Calpenfuperbo Abyldmqj vincit remige
Vhebi Columbus, artibus novis. Novum
Daturus Orbem j promovit conamina
'juvenilis ardor, ufq'f ad invidiam trueem
Fati minaeis. ^is Senex vel Hannibal,
OculifuperSiitis timens caliginem,
Signis Suburram ventilat viStricibus .<?
^uis Milo inultus quercubus bilem movet,
SeneUa tauro gibba cum gravior premit ^
Dum nojier Heros traderet fcientias
^ternitati, prorfus expeditior
Sui Sepulehri comperitur ariifex.
Plaeida videtur Ecjiafis fpeculatio,
^a mens tueri volucris ld£as boni
In laUeos proper at Olympi tramites.
His immoratur fedibus Domefiica,
Peregrinapropriis. Redit. J ocular iter
Fugax 5 vagatur rurfus, & rurfus redit.
Furtiva tandem ferio,fefubtrahit
Totamj gemen/i, morbido eadaveri
Sic defuejcit anima,jicjubet mori.

Agite lugubres Mufx, & a Libani jugis
Cumulate thura,Sydus inpyram iUius
Scintillet omne j fcelus fi accendi rogum
Regum Promctbeo culinari foco.

Et

Manes VerulamianL

Etji ^Ha forte ludat in cineresfacror
Aura petula»tior,fuga/»qjJteacleat,
Tunc fiete 3 lacrymis in amplexus ruekt
Clolfulifequacet. Denm fundamine
Ergajiuli everfo radicitks tui
Evehsre fwlix anima, Jacobum/>e/e,
Ojiende, c^ i//nc, civicam Udemfequi,
E Trjpffdejurif, diQites oracula
Themidos alumnir. Sic (^Bsati ctelita)
Aftrsa prijiinofruatur vindice,
Vel cum Bacono rurfus Aftrsam ddte*

R. P.

AVdax exemplum qno Mens hutftAna jeratur,
Et S£cli vindex ingeniofe tui 3
Dum fenio macros recoquisfmliciter artes^

Subtrahis C^ prijco libera coUajugoi,
^0 dejietida modo veniunt tua.funera .<? quales

Expofcunt lacrymas, quid Jihi fata vaUnti
An timuJt Natura parens ne nudajaceret,

Detraxit vefhm dum tua dextrajacram }
Ignotiq'j oculis rerumpatuere Recejfus,

Fugit C^ afpe3um Ejmula nulla tuum ?
Alt ver\ Antiquif olim data Sponfa Maritff,

Conjugis amplexum rejpuit ilia novi ?
An tandem damnofapiis atq^ invida captis,

Corripuit vit<efila (trahenda) tuA ^
Sic ultra vitreum Siculus »e pergeret erhem Archim.

Trivati cecidit militis enfe Senex.
Tuq'y tuos manes idea (Francifce) tulijii,

Ne, non tentandum, perficeretur opus»

s

^Vnt qui defun&i vivant in marmore^ d^ £vum
Annojts credant poHibus omnefuum :
jEre micant alii, autfulvofpeSantur in aurd^

Et, dumfe ludunt, ludere fata put ant.
Altera pars hominum, numerosa prole fuperjies.

Cum Niobe magnos temnit iniqua Deos.
At tua Ctelatis haret nee Fama Columnis,

Nee tumulo legitur, Sifte viator iter ;
Si qua Patrem proles refer at, noncorporis ilia ejij

Sed quaji de cerebro nata Minerva Jovis.
Prima tibi -virtus monumenta perennia pr<eflaty

Altera, nee citius corruitura, Libri :
Tertia Nobilitas ; ducantjam fata triumpho/i

ilu£ (Francifce) tui nil niji corpus habentt
i i [D] Vtr4qh

Manes , Verulamiani.

Vtraq'-) pars mdior^ Mens (^ bona FamafuperfuKt,
Non tanti ut redimas vile cadaver habes.

T. Vincent. T.C.

M

llfxffifidite nunc aquas fereunes
In Threnos^Lacrymifq--) h^oWofundat
^as vel Caftalium tenet Fluentum :
Nam Letho neq^ convenir^ tanto
Pojjint n£nia parva, nee coronent
Immenfa h£c modic£ fepulchra gutt£ :
NervHs ingenii^ Medulla fuad^
Diccndiqj Tagus, reconditarnm
Et gemma pretiofa Literarum,
Fat is concidit^ (heu tritim Sororum
Dnrajiamina)i Nobilis Baconus.
O quam te memorem hucone fffmrne
Nojiro carmine! d^ ilia ghriofa
Cuni^orum monument a fecHlorum,
Excufa ingenio tuo^ d^ Minerva !
^am dociii^ elcgantibus^ profundk,
Inftauratio Magna, p/e»^ re^wj /
^anto litminc tineas Sophorums
DtjpclJitvcterumtenebrJcofas
Ex chao pccreans novum OTCpwcv : ■ ^

Sic jpfi Di'us inditum fepulchro A^.V^ixiv
Corpus re^ituet manupotenti .*
Ergo non moreris (Bacone) nam te
A morte^ d^ tenebris^ ^ a fepulchro^
,.u:;-:a Inftauratio Magna vindicahit^

R. C. T. C-

PArcite r. NoBcr amat facundajilentia Ih&hs^ ■ j
Toiiquam obiitfolus dicere qui potuit :
Dicer e^ qutejiupeat Procerum generoja corona,

Nexaqjjoi/icitisfolvere Jura reis.
Vafium opus. At nofiras etiam Verulamius artes

InHautatveteres, condit C^ ilk novas,
Non qua majoret ; Penitos verum ille recejfus

Naturje, audaci provocat ingenio.
Alt Ea^ (ifte graduni, ferifq j ncpotibus, (inquit,)

Linque quod inventum feda minora juvet.
Sit fatis, his feCe quod nobilitata Juventis,

Jafteq^ ingenio tempora noftra tuo.

Eft

Manes Verulamiani.

Eftaliquid, quo raox ventura fuperbiet xtas.

Eft, foli notum quod decet elle mihi :
Sit tua laus pulchros Corpus duxifle per artus,

Integra cui nemoreddere membra queat ;
Sic opus artificem infeftum commendat Apellem,
^ Cum pingit reliquam nulla manus Venerem.
Dixit ^ C^ jnclulgens c£co Natura /wr^^r;,

Prtefecuit vit£ Fihm OperjfjjfifftHl.
At Tu, qui pendentent attdes detexere feUm,

SvIhs quern condant hac monument x^cics.

H. T. Coll. Trin. Socius.

DVntmoriens tantam nofiris Verulamius Heros
Irifiiiiam MuHsJ/tmif/aqj uda facit :
Credimus hen nuUHKt fieri pvjl fata beatum^
Credimus €^ Samium defipuijje fenem.
Scilicet hie miferis^fceltx nequit ejfe^ CamsniSj

liecfe quam Mufas plus amat iflefuas.
At lu&antem animam Clotho imperiofa. coegit

Ad celum^ invitos traxit in aflrapedes.
Ergone Vhceheizs jacuijfeputabimui artes ^

Atq'i hcrbdt Clarii nil valuijfe Dei ?
PhceSus idem potuit^ nee virtm abfuit herbis^

Hunc artem, atqy iUas vim retinere putes :
At Phcebum (ut metuit ne Rexforet ijie Camxnis)

Rivali medicam crede negajfe manum.
Wnc dolor eji ^ quod cum Phoebo Verulamius Heros

Major erat reliquis^ hacforet arte minor.
Vos tamen b^ tantum Manes dtqj Vmbra^ Camsn^,

Et ptrne inferni pallida turba Jovis,
Sifpiratis adhuc^ d^ non lujifiis ocelles^

Sed neqj poji ilium vosfuperejfe putem :
Si vos ergo aliquis de morte reduxerit Orpheus,

Ilfaqj non aciemfallit imago meant :
Difcite nunc gemitus, C^ lament abile carmen^

Ex oculis vejiris lacryma multajiuat.
En quam multafluit .<? veroi agnojco Camsnas

Et lacrymas^ Helicon vixfatis unus ent ;
Deucalionxis €^ qui non merjus in undis

Peraafiiis Quirum ei?) hifce latebit aquis.
Scilicet hie periityper quern vosvivitis, ^ qui

Multa Pierias nutriit arte Deas.
Vidit ut hie artes nulla radice retentas, ^

Languere utfummo femina fparfafolo j

Crefcere Pegafeas docuit^ velut Hajia Quirini

Crevit^ C^ exiguo tempore Laurus erat.

[Da] Bfgff

Manes Verulamiani.

£r^tf Heliconiadas docuit cum crefcere divas,

Dimimtent hujusfecnla mtUa decus.
Hec ferre nlteriui generofi fe&oris ajiuf

Contempur/tfotnit^ Diva Minerva, tmm,
Reltituit calamus folitnm divwui honor em ^

Difpulit & nubes alter Apollo tiiiis.

DJfpttlit d^ tenebras fed qitas obfufca vetHJias,

Temporis C>^ prifci lippafene^a. tulit ;
Atq't alioi methodosfacrtim iKJiauravit acumetj^

Gnoffiaqi eriprnt^fedfuajila dedit.
Scilicet antiqtto fapietttnm vulgus in £vo

Tarn claros ochIos non habuijje liquet 5
Hi veluti Eoo f»rgens de littore Phoebus,

Hie velut in media fnlget Apollo die :
Hi veluti Typhis tentarunt £quora primum^

At vix dejcruit littora prima ratis^
Pleiadas hie Hyada(qj atq, omnia fidera nofcens,

Syrtes atq--^ tuos^ improba Sylla, canes 5
Scit quod vitandnm eji^ quo dirigat £quore navem,

Certius d^ curfum nautica monjirat acm :
Infantes illi Mulas, hie gignit adultas ^

Mortales iUi, gignit at ijie Deas.
Palmam ideo reliquis Magna Inftauratio libris

Abjiulit, C^ cedunt fqualida turbafophi.
Et vejiita novo Pallas modoprodit ami&u,

Anguis depojitis ut nitet exuviis.
Sic Phoenix cineresfpe&at modo nata paternos^

^fonis C^ rediit prima JHventafenis.
InUauratafuos d^Jtc Verulamia muros

Ja^at^ ^ antiquum fperat ab inde decut.

Sed quanta ejfulgent plus quam mortalis ocelli
Lumina^ dum regni myfiicafacra canat ^

Dum fie nature leges, arcandq^ Regum,
Tanquam a fecretis effet utrifque, canat :

Dum canat Henricum, qui Rex, idemqj Sacerdos^
Connubiojiabili junxit utramq-j Rofam.

Atqui hacfuntnofiris longemajora Camxnis,

l^on h£c infcelix Granta, fed A\i\2ifciat :
Sed cum Granta labris admoverit ubera tantis

'jus habet in laudes (niaxime AlumneJ tuas.
fus habet, ut tncelios lacrymis extingueret ignes,

Foffet ut € medio diripuifje rogo.
At nofir£ tibi nulla fer ant encomia Mufe,

ipfe canis, hudes (jf cants inde tuas.
Uos tamen & laudes, qui poffumus arte, canemus.

Si tamen ars dejitj laus erit iJie dolor.

Tho. Randolph. T. C.

9ic

Manes Verulamiani.

• Oic cadit Aonii rarijjif»a Gloria cmtiis .<?

^ Et placet Aoniis credere femen agris .«•
Frangantur Calami^ difrHmpanturqj hbelli^

Hoc pojjint tetric£Ji mo do jure Dese.
Hen qu£ lingua jilet.^ qu£ jam fucimdia cejptt^

^ojugit ingenii Neciar d^ Efca tui .<?
^Humodo Mufarnm nobis contingit Alumnis

Vt caderet »oJiri prtefes Apollo chori .<?
Si fiilcura^fi'des^ labor^antvigilantiapojjint^

Siqjferet rapidas^ de tribus una^ mantis 3
Cur nos mult a brevi nobis proponimns £vo ^

CurpHtri excutimits fcript afepult-tfttu ,<?
Scilicet ut dignos aliorum a Alorte labores

Dnm rapimns^ nos Alors in fita jura trahdt,
^nid tamen incafum nil proficientia fnndo

Verbal quis optabit^ te reticente, loqui ?
Hemo tunmfpargat violis fragrantibns urnatn^

Nee tibi Pj^ramidum molefepulchra beet j
Nam t Ha cenfervant operofa volumina famam^

Hocfatis^ h£c probihent te monnmenta mori.

Williams.

ORdine fequeretur defcriptio Tumuli VERULAMIANI ^
monumentum Nobiliff. MUTISII, in honorem domini fui
conftru(^um , qua pietate, & dignitatem Patroni fui , quem (quod
rati faciunt, etiam poft cineres Coluit) confuluit j Patris fux op-
probrium diluit 3 fibi nomen condidit. Bufta hxc nondum in vi(it
Interpres, fed invifurus : Interim Leftor tua cura Commoda, & abi
in rem tuam.

Crefcit occulta velut Arbor avo
Fama BACONI

FRAN-

FRANCISCUS

BARO DE VERVLAMIO

Vice-Comes S^' ALB AN I

ALM^ MATRI

Inclytae Acad.
CANrABKlGlENSL S.

DEbita Filii qualia podum
perfolvo 5 quod vero fa-
cio, idem & vos hortor, ut Jug-
mentis Scieniiarum ftrenue incura-
batis : & in Animi raodeftia liber-
tacem ingenii retineatis : Neq^
talentum a veteribus concredi-
tum in fudario reponatis. Affu-
erit proculdubio & afFalferit Di-
vini Luminis Gratiaj 11 humilia-
te

I N C Y T ^

Acadcmiae.

OXONIENSL S.

CUm j^lfȣ Matri rae^e Li-
clytx Academic Ca»tabri-
gienji Scrip(erim , dceffem fane
ofEcio, ^ fimule Amoris pignus
forori ejus non deferrem. Sicut
autem eos hortatus fum, ita &
vos hortor ut Scient'iArum Aiig-
tftentji ftrenue incumbatis , Sc
veterum labores, neq^ nihil, neqj
omnia effe putetis 3 (e vires eti-

am

t^ & fubmifsd Religioni Philofophia
clavibus fenfus legitime & dex-
tre utamini : & amoto omni con-
tradidionis ftudio, Quifq^ cum
alio J ac fi ipfe fecum difputet .
Falete,

am proprias modefte perpenden-
tes, fubinde tamen experiamini ^
omnia cedent quam optirae 5 fi
Arma non alii in alios vertatisftd
junftis copiis in Naturam rerum
impreffionem facialis, fufEcit quip-
pe ilia Honori & Viftoriae, ValetCt

FRAN-

FRANCIS Lord V ERV L A M

Confulted thus,

And tlius concluded with Himfelf ; the publicati-
on whereof he conceived did concern the pre/ent
and future Age.

^Eingit was mdnifejily h^on>n unto hifff, that hu^
mane underjlanding creates it f elf much trouble 5
nor waives an apt andfober ufe of fuch Aids, as
are within the Command of Man j from whence
infinite ignorance of Things j and from the ig-
ftorance of Things , innumerom difad'v ant ages ; his opt'
nion was- that with all our indnjiry wejhould endeai/onr, if
happily that fame Commerce of the Mind and of Things
(than which a greater bleffing can hardly be found on Earth,
certainly of earthly Felicities^ might by any means be en-
tirely reftored ,- at leaft brought to terms of nearer corre-
spondence. But that ErrorS) which ha'z/e prevailed, and
would prei/ail for ever, ofle after another, {if the mind
were left free to itfelf^ jJjould reBife themfel'ves, either
by the inbred power of the underHanding, or by the a/ds and
affijiances of Logick^^ there was no hope at all; becaufe that
the Frimiti've Notions of Things, which the mind with a
too facile andfupine attraBive faculty recei<z/es in , trea-
futes up and accumulates, from which all the reft are de-
ri't/ed , are %tnfound^ confufed, and rafljly abBraSied from
things. The lil^e luxuriant vanity and inconUancy there is in
thefecond and fequent Notions ; whence it comes to pafsythat
all that humane Keafon which we employ^ as touching the In-
^uijition of things, if not well digefted and bnilf-i but like
fame magnificent tile without foundation. For whilft men
admire and celebrate the counterfeit forces of the mind i her
true powers which might be raifed (were right direSlions ad-
tninijired, and ftye taught to become obfequious to things ,
and not impotently to infidt over them ) they pafs by and
lofe. This one way remaineth that the biifinefs be wholly

[Ej re attempted

Vicomt St. AlbanV, &c.

reatteviped with better preparations ; and that there be
ttjroughout^ An Inftauration of Sciences and Arjs, and of
all Humane Learning rais'd from folid foundations. And
this ^ though it may feem ha fort an infinite enterpri'z.e^
and abo'z/e tnortal abilities., yet the fame will be found more
found and advifed^ than thofe performances which hither-
to hazie been atchie^ed : for in this there is fome iffne j but
in the endea'vours now undertaken about Sciences^ a perpe"
tnal Wheeling, Agitation and Circle. Neither is he igno-
rant how unfrequented this Experience is, how difficiland
incredible to perfwade a belief t yet he thought not to defert
the defign^ nor himfelf, but to try andfet upon the way^
which alone is pervioHS and penetrable to the mind of Man,
For it is better to c^i^e a beginning to a thing which may once
come to an end^ than with an eternal contention andjiudy to
be enwrapt in thofe mx%,es whi^h are endlefs. And the ways
of Contemplation for the moJh:part refemble thofe celebrated
ways of ABton j the one, at the>f.rfl entrance hard and dif'
jicult, ends in an open plain-, the 'other at fi^Ji fight ready
andeafte, leads into by-ways and down-falls : And being he
tPOi uncertain whenfuch confzderattons fwuld hereafter come
into any man's rnind, induced efpecially from this argument^
that there hath none hitherto affeard^ who hath applied his
mifjd to fuch cogitations, he refol'v'd to publifh, feparately^
the Fii ft parts as they could be perfeSied. Neither is this an
ambition^ but foUicitom fefitnatton % that if in the mean
fpace hefhould depart this mortal fiation ; there might yet
remain a defignationanddefiination of the thing he compre^
bended in his mind ; and withall fome Demonjiration of his
ftncere and propenfe affe^ion to promote the good of Man'
kjnd. Truly he efteemed other ambition whatfoever, infc'
rior to the bufinefs he had in hand: For either the matter
in confultation, and thus far profecuted, is nothing ; or fo
much as the confcience of the merit it f elf ought to give
him contentment without feeding a tecompencefrom abroad.

THE

FRANCIS Lord V E KV L AM
His great Inftauration.

The PREFACE.

Of the State of Learning , that 'it is not Profpe-
rous, nor greatly AdvSinccd'j and that a far dif-
ferent way J than hatj^ been l^own to former Ages^
must he opened , to man's VnderHanding ; and o-
ther Aids procured ; that the Mind may fra&ice
her orpn power the nature of things.

[T fee ms tome, that men neither underftand
the Eftate they poflefs , nor their Abilities
to purchafe : but of the one to prefume
more i of the other, lefs, than indeed they
fhould. So it comes to pafs, that over-prizing
the Arts received, they make no farther Inquiry ; or un-
dervaluing themfelves, more than in equity they ought,
they expend their Abilities upon matters of flight confe-
qirence, never once making experiment of thofe things
which conduce to the fummof the butinefs. Wherefore,
Sciences alfo have , as it were, their Fatal Columus i being
men are not excited, either out of Defirc or Hope, to pe-
netrate farther. And feeing r/;^ Opinion of Wealth is one
of the cheif catifes'of Want 5 and that out of a confi-
dence of what we polTefs in prcfenr, true afllftances are
defpifed for the future , it is expedient, nay, altogether
neceflary, that the excefTive Reverence and Admiration
conceived of thofe Sciences , which hichcrto have been
found out, fliould in the Front and Entrance of this work,
fand that roundly and undiflemblingly ) by fome whol-
fomc premonition, be taken off, left their Copy and U-
lility be too miKh Magnified and Celebrated. For he that

[E a] furveys

Vicomt St. Alban

furveys with diligence all the variety of Books, wherein
:Arts and Scievcef triumph , fliall every where find infi-
nite repetitions of the fame matter, for manner of De-
livery divers, but for Invention ftale and preoccupare 5 fo
aswhatatfirft viewfeem'd numerous, after examination
taken, are found much abated. § As for profit, I may con-
fidently avouch it. That the wifdom we have extraf^ed ,
chiefly from the Grecians, fcems to be a Child-hood of
Knowledge, and to participate that which is proper to
children, namely, that it is apt for talh^ y but itupotent And
immature for propagation : for it is of^ Controverlies rank
and fertile, but of works barren and fruitlefs. So that
the Fable and Fiftion of ScyUa,*{eems to be a lively Image
of the State of Learnings as now it is, which for the up-
per parts had the face and countenance of a comely Vir-
gin i* but was from the w^omb, downward circled and en-
wrapt with barh^ng Mongers. So the Sciences wherein we
are trained up, contain in them certain Generalities fpeci-
ous and plaulible, but wh^in ye»u defoenduoto particu-
lars, as to the Parts of Generation, expe^ing folideffeds,
and fubftantial operation s<, then, Contentions and Barking
Altercations ariCe, wherein they clofe^ and which fupply
the place of a fruitful womb. § Again , if thcfe kinds
of Sciences were not altogether a mete livelcfs Thing,
methinks itfhould not have fain out, which now for many
Ages hath continued, thatW^ey fhould thusftandat aftay,
in a manner immoveable in their firft Footings, without any
Augment atio7% worthy the Race of Mankind , in fuch a
dull Improficience, that ucrt: only AiTertion remains Af-
fertion, but Queftion reft s ftill, Qii eft ion , which by Dif-
putcs is not determined, but fixt and cherifht : and all
Tradition and Succeflion of Pifcipline delivered from
hand to hand, prefents and exhibits the Perfon of Teacher
and Scholar, not of inventor;, or of one fhould add fome-
thing of note to what is invented. § But in Arts Mecha-
chanical We fee the contrary hath come to pafs, which as
if they were infpired by the Vital breath and prolifick in-
fluence of a thriving Air , are daily Propagated and Per-
feSied; and which in their firft Authors appeared, for the
moft part rude and even burthenfome and Formlefs, have

afterward

bis Preface,

afterward acquird new-refin'd vertues, and a certain apt
Propriety and nfcful Aqcommodation, lb infinitely fruit-
ful, that fooner may mens ftudies and defires languifii and
change, than thefe 5'ci«?«rex arive at their full height and
perfed^ion. § Contrariwife Fh/lofophy^ and Sciences In-
teUeStnalj Vikc States are ador'd and celebrated , but no-
thmgAd'ZfafKd j nay, commonly of moft vigor in their
firft Author, and by Time Degenerate and become em-
bafcd. For fince the time men became dez/otecL^ind^s (J'e-
dary Settators^ rcOgned over to the Placits and Definiti-
onsofone, they do not add any Amplitude to Sciences^
but are wholly taken up in a fervile duty of Poliflyino or
FroteBing certain Authors. § And let no man here al-
Jeage, that Sciences growing up by degrees, have at length
arrived to a juft period or perfeft Stature, and To (as have-
ing filled up the juft fpaces o( Augmentatiofi) have fetlcd
and fixt themfelves in the works of fome few Authors ^
and now that nothing more accomplifht can be found out,
there remains no more to do, but that the Sciences already
extant be improved , and adorned. Indeed it could be
wifiit that the jiate of Learning rvere thus profperoHS h but
the very truth is, the(e mancipations and fervile refigna-
tions of Sciences , is nothing eKe but a peccant humour,
bred out of daring luft and confidence in fome {ew, and
a languishing floth and Pufillanimity in the reft. For when
Sciences (for fome parts it may be) have been tilled and
laboured with diligence, then perchance hath there rifen
up fome bold-undertaking wit, for Compendious brevity
of Method popular and plaufible, who in fliew hath con-
ilitutcd xSciencCj but indeed depraved the Labours of the
Ancients : Yet thefe Abridgments find acceptation with
Poflerity, for the expedite ufe of fuch a work, and to a-
void the trouble and impatience of a new Inquiry. § And
if any ftand upon Confent notv inveterate^ as the Judge*
mcnt and teft of Time,let him know he builds upon a very
deceivable and infirm Foundation. Nor is it, for the moft
part, fo revealed unto us, what in Arts and Sfiences hath
been difcovered and brought to light in divers ages, and
different Regions of the World i much Icf; what hath
been experimented ," and ferioufly laboured by particular

Perfons

3

Vi count St. Albans

Perfons in private , For neither the Births^nor the Abortions
of Time: ha've beenRegijired. ^ NorisConfent itfelf, nor
the long continuation thereof, with fuch reverence to be
adored ; for however there may be many kinds of States
in Ci'vilGo'vernment ; yet the State of Sciences is but one^
which always was, and fo will continue ^Popular ; and with
the People the Difciplinesmoft in requeft are cither Fw^-
naciom and Polemical , or Specious and Frivolous ; name*
\y fuch as either illaqueate or allure the ajfent. Where-
fore without queftion,the grcateli: Wits in every age have
been over- born, and in a fori tyrannized over, whiiftmen
of Capacity and Comprehenilon above the vulgar, (yet
confulting their own Credit and Reputation) have fub-
mittcd themfelves to the ovcr-fvvaying Judgement of Time
2ind Multitude. Therefore if in any T?wf or P/<?ce, more
profound Contemplations have perchance emerged and
revealed themfelves, they have been forthwith toft and ex-
tinguiflit by the Winds and Tempefts of Popular opini-
ons : fo that Time like a Ki'ver carries dorrn to us that
which is light and bloKPn up ■■, but finhj and drowns that
which is weighty and f olid. § Nay, the very fame Au-
thors, who haveufurpt a kind of ViBature in Sciences^znd.
with fuch confidence paft cenfure upon matters in doubt,
have yet (the heat once over) m the Inter'v a Is, from thefe
peremptory fits of Aflcveration, changed their note, and
betaken themfelves to complaints, upon the fiibtilty'' of
Nature, the fecret ReceJJes of Truth, the Obfcurity ofThingS-j^
the Implication of Caufes , the Infirmity of Mans Difcert^-i
ing Power : Yet nothing the more modeft for all this, fee-^
ing they chufe rather to charge the Fault upon the common
condition of Man and 'Nature, than to acknowledge any
Perfonal deficience in themfelves. Yea, it is a thing ufual
with them, that what they cannot compafs by Art, their
way applied, to conclude the fame impofllble to be attain-;
ed by the fame Art : and yet for all this, Art muft not'be
condemned, being /he is to examine and judge j where-
fore the aim and intention of fuch accufations is only this,
That Ignorance may be deli'vered from Ignominy. ^ So like-
wife what is already commended unto us, and entertained
hitherto, isformoft part fuch a kind of Knowledge, as 15

full

his Preface.

full of Words and Queftions j but barren of Works and
real Improvements ; for Angmentation backward and heart-
Jefs ; pretending perfection in the whole, but il Infilled up
in the Parts i for choice Popularj and of the Authors them-
felves fufpcded, and. therefore fortified and countenanced
by artificious evailons. § And the Perfons who have en-
tertained a defign to make trial themfelves, and to give
(bme Ad'vaticement to Sciences , and to Propagate their
bounds, even thefe Authors durft not make an open de-
parture from the Common received Opinions i nor vific
the Head-fprings of Nature, but take themfelves to have
done a great matter, and to have gained much upon the
Age, if they may but interlace^ or atinex any thing of their
own; providently confidering wirh themfelves, that by
thefe middle courfes, they may both conferve the modesty
of AjfenttHg •-, and the liberty of Adding. But whiI/1: they
thus cautioufly conform themfelves to Opinions and Cu-
ftoms, thefe Flanfible moderations, redound to the great
prejudice and detriment of Learning '■, For at once to Ad-
ptire and go beyond Authors, are habits feldom compatible :
hut it comes to pafs here after the manner of Waters, which
will not afcend higher than the le'vel ofthefirji Spring-head,
from whence they defcend ; wherefore fuch writers amend
many things, but promote little or nothing, making a
Proficience in Melioration, not in Augmentation. § Nei-
ther hath there been wanting undertaking Spirits , who
with a more refolute confidence, prefuming nothing yet
done, take themfelves to be the men, muft redifie All ;
and imploying the ftrength of their wits in crying down,
and reverfing all former judgements, have made paffage
to themfelves, and their own Placits; whofe bufie Cla-
mor, hath not much advanced Kwon^/^^^e, fince their aim
and intention hath been, not to enlarge the bounds of Phi-
lofophy and Arts, by a.fincere and folid Enquiry ; but only
to change the Placits, and tranflate the Empire of Opini-
ons^ and fettle it upon themfelves, with little advantage
to Learning', feeing amongji oppofite Errors, the Caufes of
Erring are commonly the fame. § And if any inconcern*
ed natures, not mancipate to others, or their own opini-
ons, but affed^ing liberty, have been fo far animated, as to

defire:

7

8 Vkomt St. Albans

defire that others together with themfelves, would make
farther Inquiry ', thefe furcly have meant well, but per-
formed little , for they feem to have proceeded upon pro-
bable gfroundsonly, being wheeled about in a vertiginous
maze of Arguments, and by a promifcuous Itcenfe of In-
quiry^ have indeed loofned the finews of fevere Inquifiti'
on : nor hath any of all thefe with a juft patience, and fuf-
ficient cxpe^lance attended the Operationr of Nature^ and
the fttcceffes of Experience. ^ Some again have cmbarqu'd
themfelves in the Sea of Experiments, and become almoft
Mechanical h but in the Experience it felf, they have pra-
^lifeda roving manner of Inqniry^ which they do not in
a regular courfe conftantly purfue. § Nay, many pro-
pound to themfelves , certain petty Tasks, taking them-
felves to have accomplilht a great performance, if they cad
but extra^l fome one Invention by a manage as poor as im-
pertinent \ for none rightly and fuccefsfully fearch the
nature of any thing to the life in the Thing it felf, but af-
ter a painful and diligent variation of Experiments, not
breaking off there, proceeds on, finding ftill emergent
matter oi hithei Difco'very. k And it is an Error of fpe-
cialnote, that theinduftry beftowcd in Experiments, hath
prefently, upon the firft acccfs into the Bufintfs, by a too
forward and unfeafonable Defire, feiled upon fome de-
fign'd operation 5 I mean fought after. Frn6iifcra non L«-
cifera^ Experiments of %Jfe and not Experiments of Light
and Difcot^ery : not imitating the divine method which
created the firftday > ight only, and aUjWTd it one entire
Day, producing no Materiate vporh^the fame day butde-
fcended to their Creation the days following. § As for
thofe who have given the preeminence unto Logich^^ and
are of opinion that the fureft Guards for Sciences vaxxik.
be procur'd from thence i they have truly and wifely
difccrncd, that the mind of man, and Intellective Faculty
left unto it felf, may defervedly be fufpeCled. But the
remedy i^ too weak for the difeafe, and is it felf not exempt
from Diftemperature i for the Logich^ in force, though it
may be rightly accommodated unto Matters Civil and Po'
pular Sciences, which confift in Dijconrfe and Opinion j yet
it comes far fliort of penetrating the fabtilty of 'Nature'-,

and

bis Preface.

and undertaking more than it can maftcr, feems rather to
e^ahltjlj and fix Errors than to open a rvay to Truth.
§ Wherefore to recoiled: what hath been iaid, it Teems
that neither Informatiofi from others^ fior wens Inqniries
touching Sciences^ have hitherto liiccefsfully fhined forth,
efpecially feeing there is fo little certainty in Dcmonjirati'
on and Infaliibility of Experiments thus far difcovered.
And the Fabrick of the Univerfe to the contemplative
eye of the Mind, for the frame thereof, is like fome Laby-
jinth or intricate Maze, where fo many doubtful palfagcs j
fuch deccivcablerefemblances, of Things and Signs j fuch
oblique and ferpentine windings, and intricate knots of
Nature every where prefent themfelves, as confounds the
under/landing. And withall, wc muft continually make
our way, through the woods of Experiences, and parti-
cular Natures, by the incertain Light of Senfe, fometimes
fhining, fonierimcs fhadowed : yea, and the guides, which
(as hath been toucht) offer their afflftance, they likevvife
are entangled, and help to make up the number of Errors,
and of thofe that Err. In matters of fuch perplext dif-
ficulty, there is no relying upon the Judgement of men
from their own abilities j or upon the Cafual Felicity of
Particular ei/ents j for neither the capacity of Man^ how
excellent foever ; nor the chance of Experience , never fo
often iterated and eflayed, is of force to conquer thefe
Myfterics : we muft march by line and level, and all the
way, even from the firft perception of Senfes, muft be fe-
cujed, and fortified by a certain Rule, and conftant Me-
thod of proceeding. ^ Yet are not thefe things fo to be
underftood, as if, in fo many Ages, and fo much Indu-
ftry, nothing at all hath been performed to purpofe ■■, nor
is theiranycaufe why it fhould repent us of the Difcoite-
ries already madej for certainly the Ancients, in thofe
fpeculations which confift in ftrength of Wit, and abftraft
Meditation, have approved themfelves men of admirable
comprehenfions : But as in the Art of Navigation^ the
men of former Ages, direding their courfe by obfervation
of Stars only, could edge along the coaft of the known
Continent, and it may be, crofs fome narrow Seas or the

[F] Me.-

lo Vkoimt St. Alban

Mediterranean \ but before the Ocean could be thus com-
inandcd, and the Regions of the new world dlfcovered,
it was requifite that the ufeof the Mariners Needle, as a
more fure and certain guide Hiould be firfl: found out i even
fo what difcoveries foever have been hitherto made in Arts
and Sciences^ they are of that quality, as might have been
brought to light by Pra^^icc, Meditation, Obfervation and
Pifcourfej as things nearer the fenfcs, and for moft part,
under the command of common Notions •-, but before we
can make our approaches, to the remote and hidden fe-
(Eretsof Nature, icisneceflarily requifite, that a better and
more perfedufe, and pra61ick-operation of the Mind and
Underftanding Faculty be introduc'd. ^ Asfor us, furely
we,(vanquifii'd with an immortal love of Truth) haveex-
pos'd our felves to doubtful, difficult and defert Paths ', and
by the protedion and affiftance of the Divine Power ,
have born up and encouraged our felves againft the vio-
lent Aflaults and prepared Armies, as it were, of Opinions,
and againft our own private and inward hefitations and
fcruples, and againft the clouds and darkncfsof Nature,
and every where flying fancies j that fo we might procure
the prefent and future Age more fafe and found Indications
and Impreffions of Truth. If in this high and arduoua
attempt, we have made any Proficience^ furely by no o-
ther means have we cleared our felves a way, than by a
(incere and juft hwftiliation of the fpirit of Man , to the
Uws and operations of Nature, For all they that went be-
fore us, who applied themfelves to the finding out of
Arts , cafting a tranfient eye upon Things, Examples, and
Experience, have prefently (as if Invention were nothing
elfe but a meer Agitation of Brain) invoked in a manner
their own fpirits, to divine, and utter Oracles unto them.:
but we being chaftely and perpetually converfant with the
operations of Nature, divorce not the Intellect from the
Objeft farther than that the Images and Beams of things
(as in fenfe)may meet and concentrate s by which manner
of proceeding, there is not much left to the ftrcngthand
excellency of Wit. The fame fubmifllon of fpirit we
have praf^ifcd in difcovery, we have followed in delivery :

Nor

his^ Frefice. i i

Nor have we endeavoiird to fctoff our felves with Glory,
or draw a Majefty upon our Inventions, either by Tri-
umphs of Confutations, or Dcpofitions of Antiquity 5
or an ufurparion of Authority •, or the vail of Obfcuri-
ry i which are Arts he may eafily find out, whofe ftudy is
not (o much the Profit of others, as Applaufe to him-
fclf. I fay we neither have praftifed , nor go we about,
by force or fraud to circumvent mens Judgements, but con-
du^ them to the things themfelves, and to the league and
confederacy of things, that they may fee what they have,
■•.vhac they reprehend, what they add and contribute to the
Piiblick. And if we have been too credulous, or too dor-
rnanr,& not fo intcntive upon the matter,or languifht in the
way, or broken off the thread of the Inquiry ^ yet notwith-
ftanding we prefent things after fuch a manner open and
r.nked, that our Errors may be detefted and feparatcd be-
fore they can fpread themfelvcs, orinfinuate their conta-
gion into the mafs of Sciences^ and after iiich a Method
a<? the continuation of our labours, is a matter facile and
expedite. By this means we prefume we hjve eftablidit
ior ever, a true and legitimate Marriage-, betn>een the Em'
firical and Rational facnlty^ whofe faftidious and unfor-
tunate Divorce and Separation^ hath troubled and difor-
dered the whole Race and Generation of Man-kind.
^ And feeing thefe performances are not within the com-
pafs of ourmeer natural Power and command,we do here,
in the Accefstothis work. Pour forth hnmbleji and moH
ardent fupplications to God the Father^ God the Word, God
the Spirit^ that they being mindful of the Miferies of Man-
hjnd., and of the Pilgrimage of this life, wherein we wear
mtfevo and e'z/il days^ they would 'vouchfafe to endow Man*
kjnd , by my hand., with new Donati<ves. And moreover i
We hurfihly pray., that Humane knowledges., may no way tm-
peach, or prejudice Divine Truths j nor that from the dif-
clofingaf the ways of fenfe ■, and the letting in of a niore
plcMifHl Natural Light , any mijis of Incredulity or clouds
of Darkfiefs arife in our minds , touching Divine Myfle-i
ries •, but rather that from a purified IntelleSl, purged front
Fancies and Vanity i and yet yielded and abfolutely rettdred

[F2] np

12 Vicount St. Albans

up to Divine Oracles '•> the Tributes of Faith may be '
rendred to Faith. In the lafi place^ that the i;enoMe of I{tiow-
ledge iiifufedby the Serpent ^ whereby the mind of man is
fxvdUd and blorfnnp^ being i>oided', rpe tndy not be too a-
fpiringly wife^ or abo^e fobriety^ but that we may improve
and propagate Verity in Charity. § Now we have per-
formed our vows to heaven, converting our fel ves to men,
we admonifli them fomethings that are Profitable , and re-
queft of them fome things that are equal. Firft we ad-
monifli (which thing we have alfo prayed for,) that wc
keep humane Reafon within due Limits in matters Divine,

Phiiojud, and Senfe within compafs : Forfenfe li\e the Sun^ opens
and reveals the face of the Terrejiial Globe , but jhuts up
and conceals the face of the Celejiial. Again, that men be-
ware that in flight from this error, they fall not upon 2.
contrary extreme , of too much abafing "Natural Fewer ^
which certainly will come to pafs, if they once entertain
a conceit, that there are fome fecrets of Nature feperate and
exempt J as it were by injunSlion-, from Humane Inquifition,
For it was not thzt pure and immaculateNatural Knowledge^
by the light whereof Adixa gave names unto the Creatures-^
according to the propriety of their Natures ^ which gave the
frji motion and occafion to the Fall ; but it was that proud
and Imperative Appetite of Moral Knowledge, defining the
laws and limits of Good and Evil, with an intent in man to
revolt from Gody andto give laws unto himfelf, which was
indeed the projeSl of the Primitive Temptation. Fotjof the
knowledges which con tepiplate the works of Nature, the

prov. 2j» holy Philofopher hath faid exprefly ; That the glory of God
is to conceal a thing, but the glory of the King is to find it
out: as if the Divine Nature, according to the innocent
and fweet pfay of Children, which hide themfelves to the
end they may be found, took delight to hide his works, to
theend they might be found out; and of his indulgence
and goodnefs to mankind, hadchofenthe foul of man to
be his Play-fellow in this game. § In fumm,I would advife
all in general, that they would take into ferious confide-
rationthe true and Genuine ends of knowledge ■) that they
feekk not cither for Pleafure, or Contention, or Con-
tempt

h'n Preface,

tempt of others, or for Profic, orFamc,or for Honour and
|^rcHno<ian ror fueh like adulterate or inferior ends ; but
for the merit and emolument pt Life,, and that they re-
gulate and pcrfecr the fame in charity : For the defire
of Forvef^ was the fall of Angels y, the deftn of Knowled2e)
the fall of Mdfi j but in charity there is «<? excefs^ ti^ithet
Men nor Angels ei/er incurred danger by it. § The Re-
quefts we make are thefe j (To fay nothing of our felves
touching the matter in hand) we Requeji thus much, That
men rvouldnot thinh^of it as an opinion j but as a rvork^ and
ta\e it fot Truth-, that our aim, and ends is not to lay the
foundation of a SeSl or Flacity but of Humane Profit and
Proficience. § Again, that refpe6^ing their own Benefit
and putting off Partialities and Prejudices , they would all
contribute in one for the publick Good : and that being
freed and fortified by our Preparations and Aids, againft
the Errors and Impediments of the waysjthey Jikewife may
come in, and bear a part in the burden, and inherit a por-
tion of the Labours that yet remain behind. § Moreover
that they cheat up themfelves, and conceive well of the
enterprife ; and not figure unto themfelves a conceit and
fancy, that this Our InUauration is a matter infinite^ and be^
yondthe poiver and compafs of Mortality ; feeing itis in truth
the right and legitimate end and period of Infinite Errors 5
and not unmindful of Mortality, and Humane Condition '
being it doth not promife that the Defign may be accom-
pliflit within the Revolution of an Age only, but deli-
vers it over to Pofterity to Perfed. In a word, it feek^
not Sciences arrogantly in the cdlsMf maus-wU , imt-fub-
fnijpziely in the greater world : And commonly. Empty things'
are 'z/aft and bQundlefs-, but Solids are contraSled and deter^
mined -within a narrow compafs. § To conclude , we
thought good to make it our laft fuitj (left peradventure
through the difficulty of the Attempt, any fliould become
unequal Judges of our Labours) that men fee to it, how
they do,from that which we muft of neceffity lay down as
a ground (if we will be true to our own ends) affumea
liberty to cenfure, and pafs fentence upon our labours $
feeing wc reje^l: all this premature and Anticipated hH~

tnctnt

H

Vicomt St. Alban

fHatte Ktafon , raflily and too fuddenly departed from
Things^ (as touching the Inquifition of Nature") as a
thing various , difordered and ill-built : Neither in
equity can it be required of us , to Jiand to the Judge"
went of that Reafon , tfhich Jiands it felf^ at the Bar of
Judicature.

The

his Preface. i^

The DeUrihution of the WorJ^ into Six Parts.'

P.L Partitiones SciENTiARUM, Ot afummarj/
Survey and partition of Scknc^s.

P. II. Novum Organum^OrTV?/^ Dire&iom for

the Interpretation of Nature,

P.m. Ph^>jomena UniversIjOr Hiflory Natu-
ral and Experimental y for the building up Phi-

lofol '

P. IV. ScALA Intellectus^ Or the IntelleBnal
Sphere rectified to the Globe of the World.

P, V. pRODROMij Or The Anticipations ofkcoi\i
Philofbphy emergent upon PraBice.

P, VL Secunda Philosophia, Or A&ive Phi"
lofophy^from intimate Converfe with Nature.

The ARGVMENT of the feveral

PARTS,

IT is One point of the Defign we have in hand ,
'That efery thing be delii/ered with all pof"
fible flainnefs and Perfpicnity : for the nailed'
ne.fi of ths Mind, as ones of the Body, is the
companion of Innocence and Simplicity, Firft therefore ,
the order and Dijirihution of the n>ork^-, with the reafon
thereof, miift be made manifeft. The Parts of the Worl^
are, by us afllgnediS'ix,

^ The Firji Part exhibits the ftmm or univerfal de- P. L
fcription of that Learning and Knowledges in the poffeffi-

on

1 5 VicountSt. Alban

on whereof, men ha've hitherto been efiatecl. For we
thought good to make fonic flay e\»en upon Sciences re-
cei'ved, and that, for this confideration 3 that we n^iaht;
give more advantage to the FerfeSiion of ancient l^noxf-
leclges^ and to the introditSlion of nerp : For we aic carried,
in (ome degree, with an equal temper of Dcfire, both to
impro'Z/e the labours of the Ancients , and to maJ\e farther
progrefs. And this makes for the faith and fincerity of
rrov.18. our meaning, according to that of the wife, The unlearn-^
ed Man rece'fves not the tfords of h^ovpledge, unlef/you frji
interpret unto hint the conceptions of his heart : Where-
fore wc will not neglefl to fide along(as it were in paflage)
the Coafts of accepted Sciences and Arts ; and to import
thither, fomethings ufeful and profitable. ^ NevcrtheI.efs
we adjoyn fnch Partitions of Sciences, as comprehends not
only fuch things that are found out andobferfed already, but
fnch alfo as are thereto pertaining, and ha've heen hitherto
pretermijs'd. For their are found in the IntelleEtual Clobey
as inthe Terrejiialjfoyls improi>ed and Deferts. Where-
fore let it not fecm ftrange, if now and then we make a de-
parture from the ufual Diz/ifions , and forfake the beaten
path of fome Partitions : for Addition whilfi it 'varies the
rphole, of neceffity <varies the Parts and the SeBions there-
of', and the accepted Dwifions, are accommodated only to
the accepted fumm of Sciences,a.s it is now cafi: up. § Con-
cerning thofef^ir/x, which we (hull note a.s Pretermitted,
we will fo regulate our felves, as to fet down more than
the naked Titles, or brief Arguments of Deficients. For
where we deliver up any thing as a Defiderate, fo it be a
matter of merit i and thereafon thereof may fcem fome-
what obfcure i fo as, upon good confideration, we may
doubt, that we fhall not be fo eafily conceived what wc
intend , of what the contemplation is we comprehend
in ourmind, andinourmediation, there it fhall ever be
our pre cife care, to annex either /Jrer^pf/, for the perform-
ing of fuch a Work i or a Part of the Work it fclf, per-
formed by us already, for Example to the whole : that fo
We may in every Particular, cither by Operation or Infor-
mation, promote the bufinefs. For in my judgement, it is a
matter which concerns not only the benefit of others, but

our

his Preface. i y

our own Reputation alfo , that no man imagine that we
have projected in our minds Ibme flight fupcrficial notion
of thcfe Defig}7s •, and that they are of the nature of thofe
things, which \wg^ conXdDefirej and which we accept on-
ly as good wiJJyes. For they are fuch as without aueftion,
are within the power and poffibility of men to coinpafs,
unlefs they be wanting to themfclves 5 and hereof, we for
our parts, have certain and evident demonftration ; for
we come not hither , as Angnres , to viedfnre Coutitries in
our mind ^ for Diifination •-, but as Captains ■> to ini>ade
them-, for a conqneji. And this is the Firji Part of our
Works.

^ Thus having pafTed over Ancient Sciences, in the P. II,
next place we enable humane Intellect to fail through^
U' here fore to the Second Part is defigned the DoBrine touch-
ing more founds and perfeci nfe of Keafon^ in the inquiry
of Things , and the true ajfjiances of the underfianding ;
that hereby (fo far as the condition of humanity and mor-
tality will fuffer) the Intelled, may be elevated ^ and am-
plified with a faculty, capable to conquer the dark, and
deeper fecrets of Nature. And the Art^ we here fet down,
which we are wont to call, The Interpretation of Nature ,
is a kind of Lo^'/cZ^, though very much, and exceeding
different. That c/^/^^r Loj^/^^ profefles the Preparation
and Contrivance of aids and forces for the nndetftanding,
herein they confpire , but it clearly differs from the Po-
pular, fpecially in three things, namely, in the end, in the
order of De monflrating^ and, in the frji difclofures to Inqui-
ry. § For the End propounded in this our Science is, that
theremay be found out not Arguments, but Arts^ not
things Confentaneous to Principles, but even Principles
themfelves 5 not probable reafons, but defignations and
indications of works j wherefore from, a different intenti-
on follows a different effeft : for there , an Adverfary is
cuftreffed atid vanquifht by Difputation, here by nature,
the thing done. ^ And with jhis End accords the nature
and order of their DenionUrations : For in 'vulgar Logich^^
almoftall the pains is imuloyed about Syllogifm ; as for
IndnSiiony the DialeSiicJ{s feem fcarce ever 10 have taken
it into any ferious confidcration, flightlv palling it over

[G] ' and

J 3 Viconnt St. Alban

and haftning to the forms of Difputing. But we rejeft
Vemonjlrationby Syllogifm-, for that it proceeds confufed-
ly 5 and lets Nature efcape our hands. For though no
man call into doabr, but that rvbat are coincident in. a mid^
die term are in themfel'ves coincident^ (which is a kind of
Mathcmatick Certitude ) yet here lies the Fallax, that
Syllogifm confijis of Propojitions, Fropo fit ions of rvords <,
and words are the tokens and mar\s of things. Now if
thefe fame wo ?;■(?«/ of the mind, (which are, as it were, the
fold of words .^ and the Bafis of this manner of Struc]:ure
and Fabrick) be rudely and rafhly divorc'd from things,
and roving ; not perfe6^1y defin'd and limited, and alfo
many other ways vicious 5 all falls to ruine. Wherefore
we rejeft Syllogifm^ not only in regard of Principles (for
which nor do they make ufe of it but in refpeft alfo oiMid-
dlePropofitions^which indeed i9)'i!/c^i/?;/,hovvever,infers and
brings forth ; but barren of operations and remote from
pra61ice •■, and in relation to the AiSive Part of Sciences,
altogether incompetent. Although therefore we may
leave to Syllogifm , and fuch celebrated and applauded
Vemonjlrations^ a jurildi61ion over Arts Popular and O-
pinable (for in this kind we move nothing"^ yet for the
nature of things, we every where, as well in Minor as Ma*
jorPropofitions-, make ufe of InduSiions : for we take /»-
duSiion to he th-niioxm oi DemonUr at ion ^ which fupports
fenfe ^ prefTes Nature, and is injftanccd in Works, and in
a fort mingled therewith. Wherefore the order alfo of
Demonjiration is altogether inverted. For hitherto the bu-
finefs ufcd to be thus managed j from fenfe, and fome few
Particulars, fuddenly to fly up to the higheft Generals, as
to fixt Poles, about which Difputations may be turned j
from which the reft of intermediate Axioms may be de-
rived. A way compendious indeed, but precipitate}
and to Nature inpervious ; but for Difputations ready,
and accommodate. But according to our Method., Axioms
are raifed by a fequent continuity and graduat dcpendan-
cy, foas there is no feifing upon the higheft Generals, but
in the laft place i and thofc higheft Generals in quality
notnotionals i but well terminated, and fuch as Nature
acknowledges to be truly near allied unto her, and which

cleave

\

his Preface,

cleave to the individual iiitrin/icks of things. § Bnt
touching the form it j elf of IndnSiion and Judgement made
by it, we undertake a mighty work. For the Form, rvhere-
of Logicians fpeak^, iphich proceeds by fwtple enmnerationy
it a childijh thifig, and concludes upon admittance j iscx-
pofed to peril from a contradi6i:ory inftance ; looks only
upon common operations ^ and is in the iifae endlefs.
But to the knowledges of InduSlion, fuch a Form is re-
quired, as may folve and feparate experience ', and by due
exclufion and reje£iion neceflarily conclude. And if that
publick and popular Judgement of DialeStick^ , be fo la-
borious, and hath exercifedfo many and fo great Wits ,
how much greater pains ought we to take in this others
which not only out of the fecret clofcts of the mind, but
out of the very entrails of Nature is extra^led > Nor is
this all ", for we more firmly fettle, and folidate the foun-
dation of Sciences, and take the firft rife of our inquiry
deeper than hitherto hath been attempted ; fubmitting to
examinations thofe Principles, which ifulaar Logic\t3Lkcs
up on the credit of another. For the PialeitjcJ^s bor-
row, asit were, from all other Sciences, the Principles of
Sciences *, again, adore the prime Notions of the mind :
Laftly> rcftfacisfied with the immediate informations of
fenfe rightly difpofited. But our judgement is this, that
true Logick/hould vifit every particular Province of Sci-
ences, with greater command than their principles pofl'efsi
and that thofe {sLvae putativs Principles be enforced to give
an account, and be liable to examination, until fuch time
as their validity and tenure clearly appeared. And as
touching the Prime Notions of the InteUeSi , there is no-
thing of thofe , Cthe underftanding left at liberty to ic
felf) hath congefted, but matter to be fuipedcd ; nor any,
way warrantable, unlefs it be fummon'd, and fubmit it felf
to a new Court of Judicature *, and that fentence pafs
according thereto. Moreover we many ways (Tft and found
the information of fenfe it felf i for the Senfes deceive j
yet withall they indicate their Errors : but Errors are
at hand. Indications to be fought for a far off. § The guilt
of Senfeis of two forts, either it dejiitutes tit , or elfe de'
ceives ns. For firil , thei*e are many things which

[ G a ] efcapc

2.0

-'.^■'[r ■'/

— "^ 4>

Vicomt St, Alhm

efcape the cognizance of fchfe, even when it is well dif-
pofed, and no way impcdite : either by reafon of the fub-
tility of the entire body, or theminutnefs of the parts,
thereof, or the diftance of place, or the flownefs , and
likewife fwiftnefs of motion 5 or the familiar converfe
with the objeft, or fome other caufes. Again, nor where
fenfe truly apprehends its objeft , are her Precepts fo ve-
ry firm : for the tejiimony and information of fenfe ^ is e-
*verfrom the Analogy of Man, and not from the Analogy of
the World, znd k is an error of dangerous confequence to
affert, that fenfe is the meafure of things. Wherefore to
encounter thefe inconveniences, we have with painful and
faithful fervice every where fought out, and collefted af-
fiftances , thut Supplements to Deficients , to Variations,
KeBifications, may be miniflred. Nor do we undertake
this fo muchby tnjirnmentf', as by experiments ; for the fubtil-
ty of Experiments, IS far greater than of fenfe it felf,though
aflifted withexa^inftrumentSj wemean/«<:& experiments,
which to the intention of the thing inquired, are skilfully
according to Art invented and accommodated. Where-
fore we do not attribute much to the immediate and parti*
cular perception of fenfe •■, but we bring the matter to this
ilTue, that fenfe may judge only of the experiment, the
experiment of the thing. We conceive therefore, thac
oi^ fenfe, (from which all knowledge in things natural
muft be derived, unlefs we mean wilfully to go a witlefs
way to work) we are become the religious Pontifs ', and
the not inexpert interpreters of her Oracles j fo as others
may feem in outward profeffion ; but we in deed and a£li*
on, to pr(ite61: and honour fenfe. And of this. kind are
they which we prepare; ' for the light of Mature, the a^lu.
ating, and immifllon thereof, which of themfelves were
fufficient, were humane Intel le<^ equal, and a fmooth in-
anticipated Table. But when the minds of men are after
fuch ft range ways befi^ged, that for to admit the true
beams of things, af fincere and polifht Area is wanting 5
it coritterns us, of necefirty to bethink our felves of fcek-
ing out fome remedy for this diftemperature. The Ido-
laes, wherewith the mind is preoccupate are cither At-*
traSfed^ or Innate •-, Attracted have Aid into mens minds,'

cicher

his' Preface, 2 1

either by the flacits and SeBs of Philofophcrs; or by de-
■praitedlaws of Demonjii-atjons. But the Innate mh^TQm
the nature of the InteDcft, which is found to be far
more liable to error, than jenfe. For however men may
pleafe thtmfelves, and be raviHit into admiration, and al-
moft adoration of the mind of man, this is moft certain :
as an inequal lookjng-glafs., changes the rays of objccr?,
according to its own figure , and cutting i even fo the
mind, when it fufFers imprefllon from things by fcnfc, in
encogitating and difcharging her notions, doth not fo
faithfully infinuate and incorporate her nature, with the
nature of things. And thofe two Rift kinds of Idolaes
can very hardly j but thofe latter, by no means be extir-
pate. It remains only that they be difclofcd ; and that
fame treacherous faculty of the mind be noted and con- ,
vinced i left from the un found comple(5?ion of the mind,
upon the extermination of ancient, perchance new Oioots
of Errors fpringin their place ; and the bufinefs be brought
only to this iffue , that errors be not extingui/lit, but
changed: but on the contrary, nowatlaft, it be forever
decreed and ratified^T/j^t the intelle^ catmot vial^e a judge-
ment but by indnBion, and by a legittimate form thereof.
Wherefore the DoSirine of purifying the Z^nderjianding ,
that it may become receptive of truth, is perfe<^ed by
three Keprehenfions ; Keprehenfion of Philofophy •, Kepre-
henfion of Demonfirations \ znd Keprehenfion of Nat I've hu-
mane Keafon. Thefe explicated, and then the cafe clear-
ed, what the nature of things, what the nature of the
mind is capable off; we prefume (the Divine goodnefs
being Prefident at the Rites) that we have prepared and
adorned, the Bride-chamber of the Mind and of the Z^ni- ■
'verfe. Now may the vote of the Martiage-fong be, that
from this conjuaBion^ Humane Aids, and a Race of Inven-
tions may be procreated^ as may in fome part <vanq.Hifh and
fubdue mans miferies andnecejjities. And this is the fecond
Part of the Work.

^ But our purpofe is not only to point out and mu- p jjr
nite the way •■, but to enterprife it : U'herefore the third
Tart of the IVork^comprifeth^ Phaenomena LTnivcrfi , as to
fay, all kjnd of Experience , and Natural Hijiory, of fuch

kjnd

22

Vicomt St. Albaii

kind as may be fundamental for the building up of Na-
tural Philofophy. For neither can any exaft way ofDe-
ittonUration or Form of interpreting "Nature , both guard
and fupport the mind from error and lapfe 5 and withal
prefent and minifter matter for knowledge. But they who
propofed to themfelves not to proceed by Conjectures
and Divinations , but to find out , and to know, whofe
end and aim is not to contrive Fidions and Fables, but to
fearch with diligence into the nature of, and, as it is were,
aiiatomi'x.e this true iPorld; muft derive all from the very
things themfelves. Nor can thefubfticution and compen-
fationof Wit, or Meditation, or Argumentation fuffice to
this travail, inquifition, and mundane perambulation 5 no
not if all the Wits in the World /hould meet together.
W'^hcrefore we muft either take a right courfe, or defert
the bufinefs forever : and to this day the matter hath been
fo managed, that it is no marvail, if nature hath not dif-
clofed her felf. For firft, defedive and fallacious infor-
mation of fenfe ; negligent, inequal, and as it were, cafu-
al obfervation i vain Tradition, and from idle Repoiti Pra-
£lice, intent on the Work, and Servile ', Experimental at-
tempt^ ignorant, dull, wild,and broken : laftly, flight and
poor Natural Hijiory 5 have towards the railing of Philo-
fophy , congefted moft depraved matter for the under-
ftanding After this, prepofterous fubtilty of arguing ,
and ventilation , hath eflayed a late remedy to things
plainly defperate ; which doth not any way recover the
bufinefs, or feparate errors. ^ Wherefore there if no hope
of greater adi/ancement and progrefs, but in the ReBaurati'
of Sciences. And the commencements hereto muft, by-
all means, be derived from Natural Hijiory i and that too,
of a new kind and provifion ; for to no purpofe you poli/h
the Glafs, if Images be wanting : not only faithful guards
muft be procured, but apt matter prepared. And this our
Hifiory, 3is our Logicl{, differs from that in ufe, in many
particulars : in the end or office^ in the Mafs and Congeries ,
then in the fubttlty^ alfo in choice, and in conftitntion in re'
ference to thofe things that follow. § For frfi n>e propound
(uch a Natural Hijiory y as doth not fo much cither pleafc
for the variety of things, or profit for prefent improve-
ment

hir Prefice,

fftene e^f Experutients, as it doth difperfe a light to the
invention of caufcsj and ^ives, as it were, the fir/1: Milk
to the nouriilling up of Philofophy. For though we
principally purfue operation, and thcAf^ive part of Sci-
ences •, yet we attend the due feafon of Harveft 5 nor go
about td reap the green herb or the blade. For we know
Well that Axioms rightly invented, draw after them the
whole ttoup of Operations , and nbt fparfedly, but plen-
fiilly exhibit Works, But We utterly condemn and re-
nounce, as At al ant aes Apple \'v\ric\\ retards the Race^ that
iinfeafonable and childifli humour of accelerating early
Pledges of new Works. And' this is the Duty of our
Natural Hijiory. ^ ris for the Maff, we compile a Hiftory,
hot only of Nature at Liberty ,' and in Courfe j I mean,
when without compulfion flic glides gently along, and ac-
compliflies her own work : (as is the Hifiory of the Hea-
tfetJSsMeteorSjEarth and Sea ; of Minerals-iPlants ^Animals :^
but iTiuch rather of "Nature Jiraitned and i/ext , when by
the provocations of Art, and the miniftry of Man, /he is
put out of her common rdad , diftreflTed and wrought.
Wherefore, all the experiments of Arts Mechanical ,• all
of the Operative part of Liberal ; all -of many PraL^ical,
hot yet confpired into a peculiar Art (fo far as any difco-
Very may be had, and fo far as isconducent to our inten-
tion) we will fet down at large. So likewife (^not to
diflemble the matter) nothing regarding mens pride and
bravadeS) we beftow more pains, and place more a/Tu-
rance in this Part than in that other i being the nature of
things, more diiclofes her felf in the 'vexation of Art , than
when it is at its own liberty i^ Nor do we prefent the
HiUory of SuhUance only^ but alfo we have taken it as a
part of our diligence, to prepare a feparate Hifiory of their
'vertites J wemean,fuch as in nature may be accounted
Cardinal, and wherein thePrimordialsof Nature arcex-
prefly conftitutcd ; as matter inveiled with her Primitive
qualities and appetites j as dsnfe^ rare^ hoi, coldy c&nftfienty
flttid^ ponderous^ light^and others not a few. § For indeed,
to fpeak of fnhtilty^ we fearch out rPith choice diligence,
al{ind of Experiments i far more fttbtile andfifnple than tbofe
sommonly met with. For we educe and excraft many out

of

'3

H

Vicount St. Alban

of darknefs, which had never come into any mans mind to
inveftigate, favc his who proceeds by a certain and con-
flant path, to the invention of caufes : whereas in them-
felves they are of no great ufe^ that it is clearly evident,
that they were not fought after, for themfelves, but that
they have directly the fame reference to things and works,
that the Letters of the- Alphabet have to fpeeth and
words ;, which, though fingle by themfelves , they are
unprofitable, yet are they the Elements of all Language.
§ And in the choice of Kfports and Experiments, tve pre-
fume that rve have gifCff in better fecurity^ than they who
hitherto have been conzferfant in Natural Philofophy : for
we admit nothing but by oculate faith , at left evident
proof i and that after moft fevere enquiry : fo as nothing
is reported hightned to' the abufive credit of a miracle i
but.what we relate are chafte and immaculate from Fables
and V'anicy. So alfo all thofe received and ventilated cur-
rent fidions andlics, whichby a ftrange negled, have for
many ages been countenanced, and are become inveterate j
we do by name profcribe,and precifely note,that they may
Plot de Ed. be no longer prejudicial to Sciences. For what one wifely
deRep.'^'* obferves,t7j^t Fables, Superflitions, and idle Stories^ which
tlnrfes infill into young Children, do in good earneji deprave
their minds : fo the fame rcafon moved us,to be fo religious
and careful, left at the entrance, where we handle and take
the charge of the Infancy^ as it were, of Philofophy, under
natural Hijiory ; fhe ftiouM be initiated in any vanity.
§ But in every new and fomewhat more fnbtile experiment,
in our opinion, certain and tryed, we yet apertly adjoyn
the manner of the experiment we have pra£tifed, that after
it is made apparent what the fuccefs of every particular
was with us 5 men might fee the error which might lurk
and cleave thereto '-, and be awaked to proofs , if any
fuch be, more exa£i: and fecure. § In brief, we eve-
ry where fparfedly infert monitions and fcruples and
conjedures ; ejecting and interdifting, as it w^ere, by a fa-
cred adjuration, and exorcifm, all Phantafms. § Lajily,
being it is a thing woji liquid unto us, how exceedingly
Experience and Hiftory difpcrfe the beams of the fight of
humanclntellcd j and how hard a matter it is, fpccially

to

hif Preface. 2%

to minds tender and preoccupate, at fir/t entrance, td be-
come familiar with nature i we therefore many times add
our own obfervations, as certain firit convcrfions and in-
clinations, and as it were, A fpeSls of HiJior)i to Pbilofophy;
to the end chat they may be both pledges to men, that they
fhall not ever be detained in the waves of Hiftory ■■, as alfo
that when they are once arrived to the operation of the
iinderftanding, all may be in a more preparednefs. And
by this kind of Natural Hijiory, as here we defcribe, we
fuppofe that there may be a fecure and eafie acccfs unto
Nature ^ and folid and prepared m.atter prefented unto the
Underfranding.

^ Norp we ha've both fortified and environed the un- P. IV;
.derftanding with faithful Auxiliaries and forces, and by
a ftrid Mufrer raifed a compleat Army of Divine Works,
there feems nothing remaining but that ivefet nponPhilofophy
it ftlf. But in fo deficile and dubious an enterprife, there
arc fome particulars, which feemnece/Tarily to be inter-
pofcd partly for inftruclion, partly for prefent ufe. ^ Of
thefe the frji is, that the examples oflnquifition^ and of In^
*vention^ he propounded according to our Rule and Me-
thod reprefented in particular Subje6}s ; chiefly making
choice of fuch Subjects, which amongft other things to
be enquired, are the moft noble, and in mutual relation ,
moft adverfe ^ that there may not want an example in eve-
ry kind.^ Nor do we fpeak of thofe examples, which for
illuflration fake, are annexed to every particular Precept
and Rule (for we have fufficiently quit our felves hereof
in tht Second Fart of the Worh^^^ but we mean dire^ljy
the Types and Platforms which may prefent, as ic were,
to the eye, the whole Procedure of the Mind, and the
continued Fabrick and Order of Invention, in certain (e-
lc6:cd fubje^s j and they various and of remark. For it
came into our mind, that in Mathematichj , the frame
ftanding, the Demonftration inferred is facile and perfpi*^
cuous ■■, on the contrary, without this accommodation and
dependency, all feems involved, and more fubtile than in-
deed they be. Wherefore to examples of this fort tvc af-
fi^n the Fourth Part of our JVork^: which indeed is nothing
elfe, but a particular, and explicite application of the Se-
cond Pare. [H] ^ Bh«

25 Vicount St. Alban

P. V. ^ But the ffth Part is added only for a time, and paid

as intercfi: until the Principal be raifed. For we are not fo
prccipirantly bent upon the end, as too flightly to pafs o-
ver what we cafually meet with by the way. Wherefore
the Fifth Part of the IFork^., iscompofed of fuch things as
we have, or found out, or experimented, or fuperadded i
nor yet do we perform this, by the reafon and rules of In-
terpretatiof3^hiLzbv the fame application of the underftand-
ing, which others in enquiry and invention ufc to pra6}ice.
For feeing from our perpetual converfe with nature, we
hope greater matters from our meditations, than we can
promife to our felvcs from the ftrengthof our own wit ;
thefe obfervations may be as tents pitched in the way, into
which the mind,in purfuit of more certain Colle£i:ions,may
turn in, and for a while repofe her felf. Yet in the mean,
we promife not to engage our felves upon the credit of
thofe Obfervations ; becaufe they are not found out, nor
tried by the right/<3r/« of Interpretation. ^ And there is
no caufe why any fhould diftaft or entertain a jealoufie, at
that fufpenfion of Judgement in J\noia>ledge^ la^hich ajferts not
abfolutely-, that nothingcan be h^otvn i hut that nothing^with-
eut a certain Order ^ and a certain Method^ canbekpoivn j and
yet n>ithal^ lays don>n for ufe and eafe^ certain Degrees of
certitude^ until the mind be fxt upon the explication of
caufes. For neither thofe very Schools of Philofophers,
who down right maintained Acatalepfie or Incongfrehenji-
bility, have been inferiour to thofe, who ufurp a liberty of
Dogmat. pronouncing fentence : but they provided not afllftances
to the fenfe and underftanding, as we have done , but ut-
terly took away all credit and authority^ which is a far dif-
ferent cafe and almoft oppofite.
P. VI. ^ "blorp the fixth Part of our IFork^^ whereto the ref

are fubferi/ient and minijirant, doth altogether difclofe ,
and propound that Philofophy , vohich is educed^ and
conjlitutedout of fuch a legitimate fincere andfe'vere enqui-
ry , as we hat/e already taught and prepared. But to
confummate and perfed this lafi Part, is a thing exalted
above our ftrength , and beyond our hopes. We have
given it, as we truft, not contemptible beginnings ; the
profperous fuccefs of mankind fhali give it iffuei and

per-

Academ,"
Vet. Nov.

^^««*E1

his Preface, 27

peradventure fuch, as men, in this prefent ftate of mind
and imploymcnts , can not eafily conceive and compre-
hend. And the cafe concerns not contemplative felicity
alone, but indeed mens affairs and fortunes, and all the
power of Works : For Man, Nature f ijiinijier and inter-
preter^ doih^ and underffandsfo much, as he hath by Ope-
ration or Contemplation obfer<ved of Natures Order j nor can
h^oto or do any more : For neither can any forces unloofe
and break afunder the chain of Caufesj nor is nature o-
thcrwife, than by obedience unto it, vanquiflit. Where-
fore thefe two main Intentions, Humane Sciences, and Hu-
mane Potencies, are indeed in the fame point coincident :
and the fruftrarion of Works, for moft part, falls out from
the ignorance of Canfe^. § But herein the fumm and per-
fefiion of all confifts, if a man, never taking off the eye
of his mind from the things themfelves , throughly im-
print their images to the life. For God defend, that we
ihould publiHi the aycry dreams of our own Fancy, for the
real Ideas of the U orld ! But rather may he be (o graci-
oufly propitious unto us,that we may write the Apocalypfe,
and true vifion of the impreffions and fignets of the Crea-
tor, upon the Creature !

Wherefore thou , 0 Father, rvho hajl conferred vifibh
Lights as the Primitise on the Creature ; and breathed into
the face of Man IntelleSiual Light, as the accomplifhment of
thy Worhj ; proteB and conduB this IVork^, n^hich ijfuing
from thy Goodnejs, returns to thy Glory ! ThoUy after thou
hadji fur'z/eyedthexporkj thy hands had tvronght, f aw that
all tpas exceeding Good, andhajirejied : but Manfurveying
the tporkj his hands had wrought, faxv that all was 'vanity
and 'vexation of Spirit , and found no Kejl : Wherefore if
we labour with diligence , and vigilance in Thy worlds i
thou wilt mah^ us Participants of thy Vifion^ and of thy
Sabbath. We humbly fupplic ate , that we may be of this
re[olution,and infpired with this mind) and that thou wouldjl
be pleafed to endow humane Race,wtth new Donattrves by our
hands 5 and the hands of others^ in who^ thou /halt implant
the fame Spirit.

[Ha] THE

'?

THE

GENERAL ARGUMENT

Of the

Nine Books.

LIB. I, Is Proemial to the Inftauration of Sciences. § Reports
the DISCREDITS of LEARNING. § The DIGNITY of
LEARNING.

TIB= II. Declares the ADVANCEMENT of LEARNING. § In-
^ ftrumental. § Effential , in the Partition of Sciences, into
HISTORY. § POESY. § PHILOS. § Partit. di HIST.
k POESY.

LIB. III. Partitions of PHILOSOPHY , into § SUMMARY.
§ SPECIAL, into DIVINE. § NATURAL. § HUMANE.
§ Partitions of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. ^

T IB. IV. Partitions of HUMANE PHILOSOPHY into § PHI-
1^ LOSOPHY of HUMANITY. § CIVIL. § Partitions of
the PHILOSOPHY of HUMANITY.

LIB. V. Partitions of SCIENCES, from the Ufe and Objefts of
of the MIND, into § LOGIGK, § ETHICK. § Of LO-
GICK into INVENTION. § JUDGEMENT. § MEMORY.
§ TRADITION.

LIB. VL Partitions of TRADITION or ELOCUTION into the
ORGAN of SPEECH. ^ METHOD of SPEECH. § ILLU-
STRATION of SPEECH.

LIB. VII. Partitions of ETHICK or MORAL KNOWLEDGE,
into the Doftrine of the PLATFORM of GOOD. § Of the
CULTURE of the MIND.

Lm.

29

30

LIB. VIII. Partitions of CIVIL KNOWLEDGE, into the Doftrine
of CONVERSATION. § Of NEGOTIATION. § Of GO-
VERNMENT of STATES.

LIB. IX. Partitions of THEOLOGY omitted , DEFICIENTS
Three. § L THE RIGHT USE OF HUMANE REASON
in DIVINITY. § II. The DEGREES OF UNITY IN THE
CITY OF GOD. § in. The EMANATIONS OF SS. SCRI-
PTURE.

The

5

THE

ARGUMENT

OF THE

CHAPTERS

OF THE

Firft Book.

GAP. I.

.HEConfecratton of this Work unto the fftofi Learned of
Trinces^ King James. § Who in high , but jnji con-
cepioMs is here admired. § The Dijiribution into the
Dignity and Proficiency of Learning. I. Difcredits of
Learning from the obje&ions of Divines j That the
afpring unto KuoTvledi^e was the firjl Sin. That Learn-
ing is infinite and full of anxiety. That Learning inclines the Mind
to Hcrefie and Atheifm. IL The Solution » Original Guilt was not in
the ^antity^ but in the ^ality of Knowledge. § The CorreBive
hereof^ Charity. III. Againji Infinity^ Anxiety ^ and Seducement of
Knovpledge^Three prefervatives. § That it in^ruif us in our Mortality,
(j That it gives us content. § That it foar not too high, § And fo
Pbilofophy leads the Mind by the Linkj of Second Caufes unto the Firji.

CAP. II.

I. Difcredits cafl upon Learning from the obJeSions of Politicks ; That
Learning foftens Mens natures^ and makes them unfit for Exercife of

Arms.

3'

The Defign.

Arms. That Lear fiwg perverts Ktcns ffiitids for matter of Govern-
ment. Other particular indijpofltiotjs petended. 11. The Jolution-j
LearniKg makes not men unapt for Arms. III. Learning jnablis
men for Civil Affairs. IV. Tarticular feduccments imputed to
Steaming: As curious incertaintj. § Pertinacious Regularity. ^ Mif-
leading Book:Vrefidents. § Retired Jlothfulnejs. § Relaxation of
Difpline 5 are rather cured than caufed by Learning.

CAP. iir.

I. Difcredits of Learning from Learned mens Fortunes^ Manners^
Nature of Studies. II. Derogations derived from Fortune are thefe 5
Scarcity/ of Afeans. § Privatenefs of Life. (^ Meannefs of Imploy-
ment. III. From their Manners ; theje too Regular for the times.
§ Too fenfible of the good of others 5 and too negleSlive of their orvn.
\ A defailance in applying themfelves to Perfons of ^ality. ^ a
Failing m jome lejjer Ceremonies of demeanure. § Grofs Flattery
pratlijed by Jome Learned men. § In^anced, in the Modern Lfe-
dication of Boof{s. § Difcreet Morigeration allowed.

C A P, IV.

I. Diiiempefs of Learning from Learned mens Studies^ are of three
forts •■) Phantajiical Learning , Contentious Learning 5 Delicate
Learning. II. Delicate Learning a curiojity in words , through pro-
fu/enefs of fpeech. § Decent exfrejjion commended. § AffeCied
brevity cenfured. III. Contentious Learnings a curiofity in matter^
through Novelty of Terms or Jiri&nefs of Pojitions. ^ A vanity
either in Matter 5 or in Method. IV. Phantaflical Learning hath
two branches^ ImpoSiure ^ Credulity, § Credulity a Belief of Hijio-
rj ■) or a Belief of Art 3 or Opinion : and that either Real^ in the
Art itfelf § Or Perfonal in the Author offucb an Art or Science,

CAP. V.

Peccant Humours in Learning. 1. Extreme affe^ion to two extremes^
Antiquity : Novelty. II. A dilirufi that any thing New^J/iruld now
be found out. III. That of all SeSs and Opinions, the best hath
fiill prevailed. IV. An over-early reduction of Knowledge into Arts
and Methods. V. A negleS of Primitive Philofophy. VI. A
Divorceof the Intel/eS from the Obje£f. VII. A contagion of Know-
ledge in General, from Particular inclinations and tempers. VIII. -^»
impatience of fujpenfe 5 hajie to pofttive ajfertion. IX. A Magifiral
manner of Tradition of Knowledge. X. Aim of Writers, Il/ujira-
tion, not Propagation of Knowledge. XI, End of Studies, Curiofity^
Tleafure, Profit, Preferment^ &c.

CAP.

of tbif WorJ^ oj

CAP. VI.

The Dignity of Learning from Divine Arguments and Tefiimoniei,
I. I'rom Gods Wifdom. § Angels of Illumination. § The firjl
Light. § The fir H Sabbath. § Mahs iniployment in the Garden.
§ Abels contemplation. § The Invention of Atuficl^. i^ Confufio?z
of Tongues. II. The excellent Learningfof Mofes. § Job. § So-
lomon. § Chri^i. § St. Paul. § The Ancient DoQors of the
church. § Learning exalts the Mind to the Celebration of Cods Glo-
ry 5 and is a prefervative againU Error and Vnbelief.

CAP. VII.

The- Dignity of Learning from humane Arguments and Tejiimonies>
I. Natural Inventors of new Art s^ for the Commodity of Man's lifd
confecrated as Gods. 11. Folitnalj Civil Ejiates and Affairs ad-
vanced by Learning. § The be[i and the happieji times under Learn-
ed Princes and others. ^ Exemplified in fix continued fucceeding
Emperoursfrom the death <>/Domlti^n. III. Military : The Con-
currence of Arms atid Learning. § Exemplified in Alexander the
Great. § Julius Csfar the DiHator. § Xenophon the Phifopher,

C A P. VIII.

The Merit of Learning, from the influence it hath upon Moral vertues.
(j Learning a Sovereign remedy for all the Difeafes of the Mind.
§ The dominion thereof greater than any Temporal Forver, being a
Torver over Reafon and Belief. § Learning gives Fortunes, Honours
and Delights, excelling all other as the foul thefenje. § Durable
monuments of Fame. § A frofped of the Immortality of a future
World. •

The fecond BOOK.

THE FRO EM.

THe Advancement of Learning commended to the Care of Kings,,
I. The aUs thereof in general three, Kexvard, DireSion- , Ajfi-
Jiance, II. In fpecial,abouf three Objeiis,Places, Books, Perjons. ^ In
Places four Circumjiances, Buildings, Revenues, Priviledges, Laws of
Difcipline, § In Eool^stwo.^ Libraries, good Editions. § In Perfons
• two. Readers of Sciences extant. Inquirers into Parts non-extant.
III. Deficients in the Acfs of Adv/fnccmcnt, (ix, want of Foundations
for Arts at Urge. ^ Mcannrfs tf Salary to Readers. ^ Want of al-
lowance for cxperimentt. ^ PrepoUcrous Tnjiitutiont : unadvifed
praUifes in Academicaljitidies. ^ IFant of Intellrgencs between ths
VnJverfities of Europe. § Want of Enquirers into the Defers of Arts,
(j The Authors particular dejigv. § Modeji defence.

[1] CAP.

54 ^^^ ^^h^

CAP. I.

I. An Vniverfal Partition of Humane Learning into, § HiSiory. II. roe*
' fie. III. Fhilofophy. § This Partition is drawn from the three In*
telle&ive Faculties , Memory , Imagination 5 Reafon. § TAc yi^e
dijiribution is agreeable unto Divine Learning,

CAP. II.

I. ThePartitionofHiJiory, into Natural and Civil. (Ecclejiajiical, and

Literary comprehended under Civil.) II. The Partition of Natural

Hijiory, into the Hijiory of Generations. III. Of Preter-Generations.

IV. Of Arts.

CAP. III.

L A Second Partiti$n of Natural HiUoryfrom the Vfe and End thereof^
into Narrative, and Indu&ive. And that the moB noble end of No.-
iural Hijiory is, that it minijier and conduce to the building up of
Philofophy ; ivhich end, Indu&tve Hijiory refpe&eth. II. The Parti--
Hon of the Hijiory oj Generations, into the HiBory of the Heavens 3
The Hiiiory of the Meteors 5 The Hijiory of the Earth, and Sea y
The Hijiory of Majjive Bodies, or of the greater CoUegiats 3 The Hijiory
of Kinds, or of the lejfer CoUegiats.

CAP. IV.

I. The Partition of Hijiory Civil, into Ecclejiajiical and Literary 5 and
(which retains the general name") Ctvil. II. Literary Deficient,
§ Precepts how to compile it.

CAP. V.
Of the Dignity and Difficulty of Civil Hijiory,

CAP. VI.

The jtrji Partition of Civil Hiflory, into § Memorials.^ § Antiqnhittt
§ Perfect Hijiory, ' .

CAP. VIL

The Partition of PerfeU Hiliorj, into Chronicles of Times 5 Lives cf
Perfons ; Relation of AUs, § The explication of the Hijiory of
Lives, § Of Relations,

CAP, vin.

The Partition of the Hijiory of Times ^ into nniverfal and particular Hi'
jiory. The advantages and difadvantages of both. ,

CAP. IX.

The Second Partition cfthe HiUory of Times, into Annals,and Jonrnalti

CAP. X.

A Second Partition of Special-Civil Hiffory into Hiftory Simple & Mixt,

CAP.

ofthislVor\ 3^

CAP. XL

I, The Partition of EcclefiaSiical Hijiorjf, into the General HiUory of
■ the church. II. Hijiorji ofProphefe, III. Hijior/ of Providence.

CAP. XII. I

The Appendices of Hijlory Converfant about the words of Men ^ as Hijiory
it felf about Men's Aiis. The Partition of them into Speeches j Let^
terSf and Apothegms.

CAP. XIII.

The Second Principal part of Humane Learnings Pocjie. I. The Partiti'
on ofPoefie into Narrative. II. Drammatical. III. Parabolical. ^ Three
Examples of Parabolical Poefie propounded. IV. Natural. V Poli-
tical. VI. Moral.

The Third BOOK.

C A P. I.

I. The Partition of Sciences into Theology and Philofophy. II. The Parti-
tion of Philofophy, into three Knowledges ; of Cod , of Nature 5 of
Man, III. The Conjiitution of Philofophia Prima, as the common
Parent of All.

CAP. IL

Of Natural Theology. § Of the Knowledge of Angels and Spirits^ an
Appendix thereof.

CAP. III.

The Partition of Natural Philofophy into Speculative df Operative. § Thefe
two, both in the Intention of the Writer, and Body of the Treatjfcy
oughttobefeparate.

C A P. IV.

I. The Partition of Speculative Science concerning Nature, into Phyficl^
Jpecial , and Metaphyftcl^'-, ivhereof Phyjick^ inquires the Efficient
Caufe anfl the Matter : Metaphyfick, the Final Caufe of the Form.
II. The Partition of Phyfick_into the knowledges of the Principles of
things 5 of the Fabric^, of things, or of the tVorld 5 and of the va-
riety of things. III. The Partition of Phyjick^ refpcCling the variety of
things, into the DoCtrine of Concretes, and into the Do&rinc of Ab-
firaBs. 7he Partition of Concretes, is the fame with the DiHribution
of Natural Hijiory. IV. The Partition of the Do&rine of AlflraSs,
into the knowledge oj the Schemes of MaUer -^and into the kf^owledge
of Motions. V. iwfl Appendices of Speculative Phyfick., Natural Pro-
hlems :, And the Tlactts of Ancient Philofphers, VI. The Partition
of MetaphCickj^int the Doctrine of Forms -j and into the Doctrine of
Final Caujes.

C A P. V. ■

l.Tbe Partition ofOpcrafiveks^orvledge concerning Nature^ into Mecha-

[I 2] ftick..

5 5 The Defign

»ick,i and Magick .* refpondent to the Parts of Speculative knowledge '■>
Mechanic k to rhyfick}^Magick^ to Metaphyfick, § A purging of the word
Magia.U.Two Appendices to Operative l{nowkdge: An Inventory of the
ejiate of Man. ^ A Catalogue ofPofychrefisjor things of multifarious ufe,

CAP. VI.
Of the great Appendix of Natural Philofophy^ as well Speculative as Ope-
rative 5 Mathematick, knowledge: and that it ought to be placed ra-
ther amongU Arpendices , than amongiifubjiantial Sciences. § The
Partition of MathetHatickf into Pure, and Mixt.

~~ ThTfomh" BOOKr~~~~

CAP. I.

I^ ^T^He Partition of the Knowledge of Man, into the Philofophy of
X Humanity, and Civil, i^ The partition of the knowledge of Hu-
manity, into the knowledge touching the Body of Man 3 and into the
knowledge touching the Soul of Man. \l. The conjhtution of a gene-
ral knowledge, touching the Nature and Eflate of Man. § 1 he parti-
tion of the knowledge concerning the Ejiate of Man, into the know^
ledge touching the Perfon of Man j and into the knowledge touching
the Leasue of Soul and Body. § Thepartitionof the knowledge touch- .
ing the Perfon of Man into the knowledge of Man's miferies.
§ And of Man s prerogative s\\\. The partition of the knowledge jouch-
ing the League, into the knowledge of Indications, ^ And of Impref-
Jions. § The ajjignment of Phyfiogiiomy. § And of Interpretation of
Natural Dreams : unto the DoSrine of Indications. ^

C A P. II.

I. The partition of the knowledge refpe&ing the Body ofMan,into Art Mem
dicinal. § Cofmetick. § Athletick.- § And Voluptuary. II. The par-
tition .of Medicine , into three duties, § flonfervation of Health,
III. Cure of Difeafes. IV. And Prolongation' of life': and that the
lali Part, Prolongation of life,fl}ould befeparatefrom the other two.

CAP. III.

I. The partition of Humane Philojophj touching the Soul, into the know-
ledge of the Injpired Ejfence j and into the knowledge of the fenfible,
or traduced Soul. § The Jecond partition of the fame Philifephy, into
the knowledge of the Sujiance and t acuities of the Soul And into
the knowledge of the Vfe, and Obje&srof the Faculties. U. Two Ap-
pendices of the knowledge, concerning the Faculties of the Soul, the
knowledge of Natural Divination. § And the knowledge of Fafcina-
tion. III. The Dijiributionofthe Faculties of the Jenfible Soul, into
Motion, and Senfe.

The fifth BO OZ

^CAP. I.

J ''T^ He par tit ion of the knowledge which refpe&ethihe ufe andebjeSs of
the Faculties of the Mind of Man, into Logick.-, and Ethickj ll.The
Divifion of Logic k^, into the Arts of Invention,, of 'judgement, ofMe--
mory, and of Tradition. CAP.

of this WorJ^ 07

GAP. ir.

f. The partition of the Art of Invention, into the Inventive of Art s^ and
of Arguments. § The former of the fe which is the more eminent Js Defi-
cient. II. The partition oft he Inventive Art of Arts ^ into Literate Ex-
perience. § And a New Organ. III. A delineation of Literate Experience'.

CAP. III.
j^ The partition of the Inventipe Art of Arguments ., into Trompttta^
ry^or Tlaces of rreparatibn:And Topic^or Places of Suggejiion. II. The
. . partition /fTipickj^into General^^ AndparticylarTopickj. IW.AnEx'
ample of particular Topickjn the Inquiry^ De Gravi & Levi.

,r.'"/.. CAP. IV.

I. Thepartitio>iofthe Art of Judging^into Judgement by Indu&ioh^f^ And
by SyUognm.ofthefirfi a ColkSion is made in r^e' Novum Organum.
§ The firji partition of Judgement by Syllogifm into Redu&ion^ Dire^^
and Inverji. § The jecond partition thereof into Analytick^Arf.^ andtht

- • knowledge cfElenches. II. The divifion of the hjzfirvledgeof.Elenches,

• into Elenches of Sophrfffts^ ^ Into Elenches of Interpretation oflTerms.
§ And into Elenche^ of Images orldolaes. III. The dwifion of idolacs^
§ Into Imprejfion from the general; nature of Man^ or Idola Tribus.
§ Info ImpKejfionsfrom the Individual temper of Particulars^ or Idola
fpecug/^ Into Imprejfions by words and Commuuicativc nature^ rr I-
dola Fori, IV. An Appendix to the Art of Judging \ namely oft he A-
nalogy .of Demonjiration according to the nature of the fubj e& . •

CAP. V.

I, The Partition of Art Retentive^ or of Memory^ into the Knowledge of
the Helps ofMeittory. § And the Knowledge of Memory itfelf II. The
Divifion of the DoUrine of Memory^ info Prenotion^ and Emblem.

'- liie^fixthBQOK; '

V -. "-^ '-' ' ' ■' ■ CAP. I. ■ "■' '■■■•■'

I. T/feJ Partition of the Art of Tradition^ info the Do&rine of the Organ
of Speech. The DoCfrine of the Method of Speech, and the Do-
Brine of the lUuflfation of Speech. § The partition of the DoUrine of
the Organ ofSpeech^nto the knowledge of the N.ot,es ofthings^ofspeal{-
.ittg^afid of Writing: OfwIiichthetwoUjicon^itute Crammer, and
-. the Partions thereof, ^ The Partition of the knowledge of the Notes
of Things^into Hieroglyphickj 5 and into Ckara&ers Real. II. AfeCond
Partition of Crammer into Literacy ; and Philofophycal. III. The ag-
gregation ofPoefie referring to Meafure^to the knoveledge of Speech.^ An
aggregation of the knowledge of Ciphers to the knowledge of Scripture.

CAP. ri. ■ \ ^^*"

I. The DoCtrfne of the Method of Speech is afJJgne^ftfbflaiitiM'hyd prin-
cipal Pari of! raditive^k.n/>wledge: it isjitled ^^tH^ifdom of Delivery.
\l. The -divers kl"ds of Methjod{ ar,e enumerated '-i their Profits and
Dijprofits annext.'^ The Parts of -Method.

CAP. ..III.
I. TheCrounds and Off. ce of Rhetor ick- H- Three Appendices which
appertain only to the preparatory Part, The Colours of Good and E-
vil 5 as well fimple as compared. III. The Anti-theta of Things
IV. Lejjerfiilcs or ufual Forms of Speech.

CAP.

11)157?

g TheDefign, Sec.

CAP. IV.
I. Two general Appendices ofTraditivekaotpledge : Art Critical. II. And
Pedagogical.

The feventh BOOK.

CAP. I.

I. THe Tartkion of Moral Philofophy, into the knowledge of the Ex-
en/plar, or Platform 5 and into the Georgickj or Culture of the
Mind' § the divifionof the Exemplar (namely of Good) into Good
Simple^ and GoodCompared, II. The Partition of Good Simple^ in-
to Individnal Good':, and Good of Communion.

CAP. II.
I The Partition of individual or private Good, into Good A&ive^ and
Good Pajfive. II. The Partition of Pajjzve Good, into Confervative
Good ; andperfeSive Good. III. The Partition of the Good of Com-
ntunion, into General. § And into RefpeHive Dutiesi

CAP. III.

I. The Partition of the Do^rine of the Culture of the Mind, info the
kjjdTpkdge of the Chara&ers. of the Mind. II. Of the AffeSions.
m. of the Remedies and Cures thereof. IV. An Appendix to the fame
Do^rine touching the Congruity betrveen the Good of the Mind^ and
the Good of the Body.

The eighth BO o'kT "

CAP. I. •

rr^Us Partition of Civil knowledge, § Into the knoveledge of Converfw
tion. § The knowledge of Negociation. § And the knowledge of
Empire or State-Government.

CAP. II.

I. The Partition of the knowledge of Negociation into the knowledge of

difperfed Occaflons.ll.And into the knowledge of the Advancement of

life, ij Examples of the kpewledge of fcattered Occafions from fomt

of Solomons? arables, (j Precepts concerning the Advancement of For"

tune.

CAP. III.

The Partition of the Art of Empire or Government is omitted, only ac-
cefs is made to two Deficients. I. The knowledge of enlarging the
Boun({s- of Empire. II. And the knowledge of universal Jujiice, or of
the Fountains ofL^k

~ The ninth BOOK. ^

^CAP. I.

'T/fc Partitions of ihfpired Theology are omitted, only way is made un-
to three Deftderates. I. The knowledge of the right Vfe of Humane
Rcafon in matters Divine. II. The knowledge of the degrees of uni-
■ ty in the City of Cod. III. The Emanations ofSS. Scripture.

FRAN-

FRANCISC I

D E

VERVLAMIO

ARCHITECTURA

Scientiarum.

THE

•GENERAL IDEA

AND

P R O J E C T

OF THE

LORD V E R V L A M ' S

Inftauratio Magna.

ileprefented in the

PLATFORM

OF THE

DESIGN

Of the Firft Part thereof.

As it was conceived in the Mind of the Author
and is expreffcd in the Model of the Work.

DEUS OMNIA
IN MENSURA, ET KUMERO,ETORDINE,

DISPOSUIT.

■ ' k ^

r^v^-

/^.

j* f

bit A V^A.

T- ^

t r i b >

The Emanation of SCIENCES, from the Intelledlual Faculties of M E-
MORY, IMAGINATION, PvEASON.

From thefe 3

((-Natural. The Subje& ; the Vfe-
'"I Hiftory^CivilrC/wV, properly fo called.\
(^ -^Ecclejiajiical.
C, Literary.

'Narrative or Hijlorical—

■LIB. ri.

ni"^ II VoQ^e <Dram»tatical or reprejent. —
, Parabolical or Allttjive. .-

[ill Philo-
fophy

Primitive Sapictice^the receptacle of general Axioms'^
r Divine^ or Natur. Theol.

^SpecHlat^vc^J^^^f^^
Natural'.

Derivative.

>.

operative

\Mechanic}{.
\Magick,

-III.

^Special into Phtlofophy. A.

"* ?«>« rBody, vaXO^Medicinal again fl difeafes. § Cofmetich^or o^ Dec or at
Arts '^Athktick.Or of A^wity. k^ Voluptuary or Senfnal,

-Native or Adventive, Sec.

Senjual Fiery ^ Aerial fubUance^ &C.

Faculties S^''*^'^"'^^''-^"f^^^'^^'>>'^'^fo"'>i'»<'g!»at, &cc.
tSenfnal'-' Voluntary motion, fenfe, Ike.

rsubJiance{'P''''"'^

>IV.

Si.

_ Soul the

flnvention or Inqttifition. ^^

I Judgement or Fxamiuation. >>V.
TLogick^ Memory or cujiody. j

Elocution or
'Cl^raditton

' Grammar.
Ale t hod.
Rhetorick.

■~i

)>VI.

Vfe ofFa-^
culties •

/ platform rKinds of Good^
\ of good \Degrees of Good.

! Ethicks';;, . ,-^ ;>vir.

*- i.Cmture ojKTempers.

J, the Mind ^ Diftemper secures.
fConverfation.
'-Civil of^ Negociation.

'^Government ofSfates-^ 'Fountain of Law

Infpir'd Divinity ;/ herefeparate~^.^ CVfe of Reafofi in Divinity, p

from Philofophy : yet Reafon >> Deficients -< Degrees of unity in Religion.^V&,
receives the fignet of Faith J \_Derivations from Scripture. J

The Preparation to thefe Bookf^is popular,//*?/ Acroamatick,*!
Relates the Prerogatives and Derogations of Learning, ^

{Art of enlarginp a State
I

>>viir.

■LIB h

THE

The Platform of the Defign.

Reporting
the

LIB. I. THE DIGNITY OF LEARNING.

rDefire of Knowledge the firft fin,

'"D/w«e/^KnowIedge an Infinite : an Anxious thing.

j Cap. I. ^Learning the caufe of Herefie and Atheifm.

Objeaed^ Anjwered.

Learning makes men unapt for Arms.
Difables men for Civil Affairs.
Particular indilpofitions pretended.

Objeded^ Anfveeredi

^Scarcity of means.
~ Fortutus •< Priv.atene(i of life.

I^Meannefi of iraployment.

''Difcre- j
ditet ^
from

rDiOio- I
nours 8c i
Deroga- J
tions of I
Learning 1
in the |

Learmd
Mens ,
Cap. 3.

Manners

► Too incompatible with the times.
lToo (enfible of the common good.
[Not applying to Perfons of quality.
I A failing in points of behaviour.
^Grols flattery pradiled by forae.

X^StHd^es'm (bme impertinents.

rPhantaftical Learning.
D^empers in Jiudies"^ Contentious Learning.
Cap.4. ^Delicate Learning,

. fAfFeftibn to two ^xiiQmts^Antiqmty^ Novslty,

' A diftruft that any thing New fhould now be found out.

Peccdnt

A conceit that the beft Opinions ftill prfevail,

A too peremptory redndion of Sciences into Methods.

A negled of Vrifftitivs Philofophy.

H««ror/«i A divorce of the Intelledi from the Objeft.

Cap.5. A contagion of Knowledge from particular inclinations.
An impatience of fufpenle i hafte to Pofitive Aflertion.
A Magiftral manner of Tradition of Knowledge,
Aim of Writersj liluftration, not Propagation.
cEnd ofStudies, CuriofityjPleafurejProfitjProraotionjd^'C

rWi(Hom of God. § Angels of Illumination.
fDivme-^ Firftlighr.§ /^^4/ws'.§ ^/'e/'s^ContemplationjC^r.
UonoTSj.and Prero- [Cap. 6. {The Learning o^AfofeSi Job^, Solbvton^ &c.
j gatives of Leajning^

_fi:om Arguments

tr Inventors of Arts confecrated as Gods.
HH>f/.afte}CWil Eftates advanc'd by Learning.
r^cap./.S. *^rhe concurrency of Arms and Letters.

Cxije Dominion. § Donations of Learning.

[K 2] LIB.II.

The Platform

LIB. II. THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING.

r Amplitude of Reward.
^General y) ^^e^Wifdom of Direftion.
^Conjunftion of Labours.

. '"Perfonal,
in Proem,
lib.

L

rp/<ife/,5Buildings. § Revenews.
as ^Priviledges, § Difcipline.

Promoted J jg^^?;^/,!- Libraries.

by ( as tGood Editions.

I Ferfom^LtStmes for Arts extant.

special ^ [_ as ^Inquirers into Arts non-extant,

rWant of foundations for Arts at large.
Want of fufficient Salary to Lefturers.
Preju- , Want of allowance for Experiments,
diced I Want ofa right courfe of proceding in ftudies.
for I Want of Intelligence between UniverGtieSt
\.Want of Inquiries into Arts Deficient.

Real, by a
right rar-
tition of
Learning .
Into
Cap. I,

rHeaven. § Meteors.
TCener A' ^Kixih. § Sea.
tions. c Elements. § Specifick^*

''^^ubieftJ ^''^'^''- J'WoDftcrs. § Marvels."

fNaturalJ

th ^

^iHijiory
referr'd
to Me- '
mory

be

Cap. 2. ' ^e»^^' "iMagick^c^c.

Arts me- rAgriculture.
^chanick^ \Alchimyj ^c,

life and endCNarrative.
Cap, 5. ^Induftive.

9

I

I

Civil'i
into

Memorials.
^CivU in fpe- r i <^ Antiquities. C Chronicles,

cial. C.<y.6ij cPerfeftHiftory< Lives.
'I 73839,10. J cRelations.

t'j

2 Pure. § Mixt.

Ecckfia^iicaKGeacrzl of the Church.
Cap. 1 1. ^ Special 5 Prophefie.
P Providence.

i

Literary r Ages. § Climates. § Declinations^
Cap.4. v-Inftaurations, c^f. of Learning.

Append, to Hijiory. Orations. Epiftles. § ApotbegOj^
Cap. 12. '

,^ ^,, C Narrative or Hiftorical.

2P7e^e referred to the-«^Dramniatical or Reprefentative.
Imagination^ Cap. 1 3. c Parabolical or Allufive.
L3 rhihjophy^ referring to Reafan and the will. Lib. feqq.

LIB.

of the Defign.

LIB. m. THE PARTITION OF KNOWLEDGES IN GE-
NERAL INTO

^ ... r Axioms of UniverfalUy,

Sumtnary or Vnmtwe -[xrarifcendents of Entity.

*"! God h^nce. Divine rhilofophji orj Natural Theology-
Cap. r. - t — " " ■

r •

^<

«
O

>.'

X
a,

O

CO

o

a.

•5Appen.S^"8^^^-
C, ^Spirits.

^Principles of Things.

': F4^r/c>^ of things or of the
world.

Special
refpeft-
ing3 '
Ob-
Je<5ts.

'"Spe-
cula-
tive
ca.4.

rphy-

into I
the I

i Heavens.
Vleteots.
Earth. Sea.
Elements.
Specificks.

*y ot«i \rreter.Generatior:s.

'things

Hot. § Cold.

zNatttre

So
Natural-^
Fhilofo- I

Cap. 3. ;
LTNTSJ

r

.-gsasi*-!

^(?r«^?i• 'f. ^Grave. §.
fl/ «^ ^LightjC^f.

' a

j^ ■

;> ,,^/< , " I Afo-C Simple mot.

I *w«-f«^Summsofmot,
^ CMeafuresofmot.

I Metaphyficks <fl9'T r
, I •^t'^^.r V .TF^nal caules. •-

I Operative r4/ef/&^«/V/^.->, fubfer- rMetaphyfi^JtTv
L ^--^V^ \4/<«^/V4. J'vienttoi^Metaphyfick.

! Append, r An Inventory of the eflate of man.
7-V>v ,LCap.5, \ A Catalogue of Polychreftes.

^t Append. Mathematicks r Arithmetic^.

•r'x .-. Can.^. , Xpeometry.

•-< '^.-.

Cap. ^. ,

-r . -

^THEOLOGY infpired, Lib. ult.

3 Man Hence the rHumane^ „f., r r ft.r
■' LEmariations of i.C/z/// y^ilofophy Lib.feq,-

LIB. 3,

The PUtfom

LIB. IV. THE PARTITION OF HUMANE KNOWLEDGE, OR. THE
KNOWLEDGE OF HUMANITY.

CMiferies.
fHis Perfonjhis<„ CIntelleftual

rcenerdoi Z'^''''''^'''^"^ and Moral,

the nature 1

andftate ^ f Ifidication^Mmd by the ^ody,

of man in j of*ke ^^ody by the Mind,

refpeft of ', The league \ W^^fW
Cap.i. offouland< ADDendices5^^>'^°Saon]7-

[body by ^ ^PP^°'^*"^^ Interpret, of dreams.

t\ tr r.f ^Body upon the Mind.

C Conlerving of Healtbl
"Medicitial-dCnre of Difeafes.

C Prolongation of Life.

J 'Cofmetick., or of Decoration.

Atkktick_^ or of Activity,

, ^ ^Pidures,

VolHftHary as^,^^^ . ^^^

^'Body^xviKo Art

I

'HuttinKe ,
properly
fo called 3
which re-
fet's to
mans

special di-

Ividedinto
Philofo- <
Lphy.

\

^Native or ad ventive.
jiR(tfzo»<i/ jSeparable or infep,
fclwhetherSMortal or immortal.^

^Sub' J tPaffible or impaffib*|>^

JiaMce & . ^

la« /.., C A Corporeal, Fiery.:
^•^^#^^ 3 Aerial rubfta;ice. i

*

ISmltbe I
^Cap.3. <

(jj i;i-i .

V.JOln'^Val ;;

.•\'\1K~>

Facnl-J
fief '.

rintelleft. § Reafotu
"Rational^ Iiriaginat.§ Memory*
l/V^J \_ Appetite. § Will.'

•, A J- ^ Divinatiofii

^Appendices|^^^^.^^^.^^

\

I 5e«/?-r Voluntary Motion. '
'^^Ue, ^5en(e. § Preception. |

^^Civil. Lib. VIII.

[Vfiaftd 0l>je3f of Faculties. Lib.V.

Hence thd Ema- ''Logick. '
nations of \Ethick |

./I o:

LIB.Ve

of the Dejign.

LIB. V. THE PARTITION OF THE USE AND OBJECTS OF THE
FACULTIES OF THE MIND, INTO

S Variation. § Produfl-ion.
Tranllation. § Inverfion.
perience by *\Application.'^ Copulation

^Arts intOB^ ^Cafualty or Chance.

r\. Inqnifi-

Hon or In-
vention oj-^
Cap. 2, '. AtgumentsC Preparation or Provifion.

I ^"'° <SnggeJiwn orToPicisS^^''^'^]'
J^Cap. 3. C ^ ^Particular:

rinduftioHj whereof a colleftion is in the Nov, Org.

Interpretation of Nature Nov. Organ.

II. Exam- I
nation or «^
Judgement

by
Cap.4.

"Loglck ,
hath four ,
Intelleftu-
al Arts.

r CDirea.

I Redna^on ^^^^^^,^

^>'"°* I r^nalytick Art.
glim «J

*"^° • ''SophiffftiUtnchts, hand-

led by Ariji. in preceptj
by Flato in example.

Majority.
Elenchs of^ Minority.
Interp re^ | Priority.

'ledge of-^ *"*'''" ^/]Pofterity.
^ ^ Terms power.

Knovff'

ledge 0]

x^Elenchi

<

I Append.
Analogy of Dsmonjiration
\.from the nature ofthefubjed.

Idoiaes |f General nature of
())■ im- % man.
/Tf^a/Af ^Individual temper.
from jilmpofition of

^ words and naraesi

from
the

C Helps to memoiy, Writing

m. Cujiody or Memory moj^ .^ ^ . CPrenot.on.'

*^ap-5' C ■^ •^/Embleme.

I ^IV, Elocuton or Tradition. Lib. VL

v.Ethick$, refer'd to man's will. Lib. VII.

ILIB.Vi.

The Platform

LIB. VI. THE PARTITION OF THE ART OF ELOCUTION OR OF

TRADITION INTO THE

-Organ of Speech into.

Method

of
Speech "^
the
Cap. 2.

'Notes of things (^'^\''^i^yP^^'^''
•' ^ |_Realcharafters.

' r Speakings Hence the orignal rPopuIar.
'JVritwg ^oiGrafftmar * ! Philofophkal

Uppend. to f 2''/.^"^°^"'!! "'^"^"'^^'
*^ L^^r///»g- Cyphers.

^Magijiral ^ * Of rrobation or Initiative,
^ L Exoteric^. § Acroamattcl{.

) ■ '^ A By way of Method.

fKindsK Ineliveri 1^^ AfTertions, and Proofs.

' Loy Queltions and Determinations,

r Method (^^'^^''''f^''^'-

\^ Upon prefuppohtion.

\^^ Method by way o^lnioimzKAon, § Anticipation.

. , , , rAnalitick. § Syftutick.

\ Disretick. § Crytick. § Homerical.

'Difpojition of a whole n>orl{.

\LimitHtion of ?ropofitJons,the\i^^^^^J^^}R^'

j^ Parts

Illuftcation
of Speech or-
Rhetorick.

v»Produdtion.

r Of the Dilates of Rea(bn to Imagination.
JThe ufe and it^ccP Of Speech refpeftively to particulars.
Application *^ or the wilclom of private Speech.

*r Colours of Good and Evil, firaple, compar'd,
'Append *<^Anti-theta Rerum^ox the counterpoint of things.
I * (^Leffer Stiles and Forms of Speech.

rCorredled Editions.
/Critical'^ Interpretation of Authors.
Two general Appendices Vt '^A judgment upon Authors,

touching the Tradition of^

Knowledge. a jr Collegiate education of youth/

^Tadan-^h Caveat againft compends.
tical jApplication of Studies to the
( quality of Wits.

LIBVIL

of the Defign.

LIB.YIL THE EA&TITION OF MORAL KNOWLEDGE, INTO THE

"Indivi-
dualSj
or ver-
tues

..f.,„.r

rsimple

r Perpetuity.
^Variety.

„ rr rConfervativeGood.
7'#^^ IPerfeftive Good.

fCeneral C Prof ejjionf^ Sec.

•Of Com- ! r) Duties of^Oeconomcal^

munion, "? ^C/p^-g^ c.Polittcal duties.

\ or'/he *^ or Duties '^fi^iz»e J rlmpoftHres^fraudf^ caU'

'* ki^dsof gJVices^ ////, &c.

^ ^Of profejfions.

Good

^ Plat- ^*P- ^
formo£^ '^'^'^
Good.
Cap. I.

Individ. &
commoa

Singly and irref^e&ively taken.
) /Man and Man.

\Coffiparatweljf\CaCe and Cafe.
between ^Publick and Private.
. >i^|me and Time.

I At T> CHonefty. § Profit. § Pleafure.
Comp^tred, '''; '^/ ^^^Oeody. § Mind.^ Fortune.
gncs of Good of ^Contemplative. A^ive Good.

r Arras. ^ Letters*
fltt/preffed by N«*«re?^2 Contemplative. §
I ZAftivecourfe oflife.

or tempos.

\^It»pos'd by'

.Chance oj <.^^^^^^Yi. § Beauty, &c.

^ , /Nobility. V Honours,
Fortune |j^ichcs. § Poverty.

Culture
of the

I Mind in
the
I Cap.3.

•i AfeBl

»w^«././/P^^^^"'^^' P^*"' ^^^'"' ^°P^-
*^'*^^M Anger, Patience, Love, Hate.

tons

How ftirr'd. How ftill'd.
ordijiem- 6^ %How fecreted ? How difclofed ?

pers^^their.la^Nature fWhat operations they produce.

What turns they take }

How en wrapt ? How they encountre?

) Cwe/, or Remedies.

•Cuftom. Exercife, Habit, Education*
^Emulation, Company, Friends, Fame,
)Reproof, Exhortation, Laws, Books.
•Study, Brief Precepts hereof.

I fBody

{^Append. The Congruity between the Good of^ and

i^Mind,

CL3

UB. vin.

The Platform

LIB. VIII. THE PARTITION OF CIVIL KNOWLEDGE INTO

rConverfation
Cap. I.

'Not AfFeftedjmuchlelsdelpifed.i Speech r Conception.
^ \va. l\xQ\vtteriince,

fGeneral

in iGeftlire r Speaker,

of

Hearer.

But Moderated, that !
is either "^

ife/^e-r Quality of Men.
fi?/z/c ^Nature of Matter. §
pies thereof out of Solo- '^Jo theCh Of timo, § Of Place:
mons Proverbs.

^Six

Scatttered occajions, exam-

Countenance. Works*
Aftions. Nature,
Ends. Reports.

'Others *5

I Ncgo-
J tiation.J
j Cap. 2>

mea

well

I Tiree

of

S

{"Acquaintance with
leen in the world.
] A wife temper in liberty
"^ Ipeech aud filence.

A prefent dexterity both to ob-
ferve and aft.

The M
vance-
ment of'
Fortune'^
Precepts
.thereof

Cover- f Partitions
J mentofjomited
States ^Deficients

Cap. 3.

How his Nature and abilities fort rvith
-The eftate of the prefent time : Pro-
Him-Sfeffions that are in prize: His competitors
i^felf ^in fortune : The Friends he hath chofen :
CThe examples he \vould follow.

Setting forth his Vertues 5 Fortunes, Merits.'

C Caution.
Concealing his De{c&s,< Co lour.

and Difgraccs, by C^onfidence,
Declaring a Man's mind in particulars by a

mediocrity of Revealing, Concealing.
Framing the mind to become flexible to
occafionsj of place, time, and perfons,€^tf.

''That he be well skill'd what inftrumentsto ufe
and how.
That he overtask not his own abilities.
That he do nbt always ftay for,but fbmetiraes.

provoke occafions.
That he never undertake great, or long works.'
That he never (b engage himfelf but that he
leave a poftern door open for retreat.
l_That he fo love, as he may hate upon occafion.

** 7he art of enlarging an Eftate.

/Certain in the intimation. *

^^The fount ains\]\x^ in the commandment.
of Laws. « Fit to be put in execution.

J Agreeing with the form of the ftate.
\ Begetting vcrtue in the Subjefts.

LIB.IX.

Spars'd •<

I

of the Befign.

LIB. IX. INSPIRED THEOLOGY.

The Partition of Infpired Divinity IS omitted, only an entrance is made unto

three DEFICIENTS.

f I * The Limits andVfe ef HV MAN E REASON in Matters
1 DIVINE.

The(

i7jr •* /-//-^E^P^'cation of Divine Myfteries.
'^^' j^/ ^Inferences thence deduced.

'Mining into things not revealed by a too Curi-
^Exceffes in} ous inquiry.

UhatVfe -/Attributing eqlial Authority to Der/z/i^^/^/i//, as
I ^ to Pr/««/>/e/ themfelves.

Deficients^ H * "^^^ Degrees of Vnity in the City of Cod.

C Fundamental j one Lo. one Faith, &c.
In Totnts ^Superftrudive or of perfeftion.

rA diflent in Fundamental Points, dilcor-
■ C <i porates men from the Church of God j

||_ not fo in JMferSirnSive Points,
^_III * Emanations from Scripture wherein are obferved

[In fuppofing that all Philofophy is derived
from Scripture, as the School of Paracelfus
did, and fome others now do.

Jn Interpreting Scripture as one would a
humane Author ; whereas two things
were known to God which are not known
to Man rSecrets of the Heart,
The\SucceJJion of Times.

i ''Errors in
Interpre-
tation

rate

A DiTd - \^ Colleftion of Pofitive Divinity upon
!./,#/. ^ ^' ^ particular Texts in brief obfervations*
•^ Prejudiced

r Dilating into commmon places.
by-i chafing after Controverfies
[^Reducing to Methods.

FRAN--

T i

i

l'^ 111.

"jWi

FRANCIS L. V E R V t A M
VicouNT S^- ALB AN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEA R N I N G.

The First Book.

C H A P. L

The ConfecratioM of this IForkjteto the moji learned of Princes, K, JartieSj
n>ho in high, butjuji, conceptions is here admired., ,^ The Difiributiony
into the D'xgmiy and the Proficiency 0/ Learning. . I. Difcredits of
Learning , p-om the ohjcSions of Divines ; That the afpiring unto
Knowledge was the firft Sin. That Learning is a thing infinite, and
full of Anxiety. That Knowledge enclines the Mind to Herefjeand
Atheifm. H. Thefohition : OriginalGutltwtfS not in the Qnantity^hnf^^
/« /;6e Quality /?/ Knowledge. ^ The CarrcCfive hereof Chanty, III. A"
gainji Infinity, Anxiety, i^WSeducementsof Sciences 5 three Vreferva^
tives : That we forget not our mortality. § That Learning give us
content. § That it foar not toxj high. § And fo Thilofephyliadf the
mind by the Linkj of Second Caufes, unto the Firft.

Here were under the Old Law ( Excellent King )
both Free-vfill'offerings, and Daily Sacrifices 3 the
one proceding upon ordinary oblervance 5 the o-
ther upon a devout Chearfulnels. Certainly, ia
my opinion, fbrae fuch kind of Homage belongs
to K//;^/from their fervants 5;namely, That every
one (hould tender, not only Tributes of hisDuty^
but Prefents of Affeftion. In the former of
thele, I hope, I (hall not be wanting 5 for the
latter I was in fufpenfe \Vhat I fhould moft principally undertake, and in
conclufion I thought it more refpeftive to make choice of fome Oblati-
on, which might refet, rather to the propriety and excellency of youc
individual Perfon^than to the bufinefs of your Crown and State.

§ Reprcfcnting your Majefty, as my duty is, many times unto my
mind, (leaving afide the other parts, whether of , your Vertue, or of your
Fortune) I have been pofTefl: with extreme wonder, when! confider the

A excellcDC?

2 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. I*

excellency of thofe Vertues and Faculties in yoUjWhich the Philofophers
call intellectual 5 the capacity of your Mind comprehending fo many and
fo great Notions, the faithfulnefsof your Memory, thefwiftncfs of your
Apprehenfion, the penetration of your Judgment, the order and facility
of your Elocution. In truth P/<2/tf's Opinion fometimes comes into my
inPhtdt. niind, which maintains, That knorcUdgeis nothiKgdfe but reKiembrance^
and that the mind of man by nature k^nows all things, once redimed and re-
Jiorcd to her own native light, which the (.loudy vatdt or gloomy tabernacle
of the body had orefpread with darknefs. For certainly the beft and cleareft
Inftance for this Aflertion (bines in your Majefty, who(e mind is fo ready
to take flame from the leaft occafion prefented, or the leaftfparkof an-
others Knowledge delivered. Wherefore as the facred Scripture faith of
1 Reg,4. jf^g wifeft Kmg, That his heart was as thefands ofthefea : which though
it be one of the largeft Bodies, yet it confifteth of the fmalleft portions j
fo hath God given your Majefty a compofition of Underftanding ex-
ceeding admirable, being able to compals and comprehend the greateft
matters, and nevertheless, to apprehend the leaft, and not to fuffer theni
to efcape your Obfervation : Whereas it ftiould feem very difficult, or ra-
thejr^n impoffibility in nature, for the fame Inftruraent to make it felf
fit for great and fmall works. And for your gift of Speech, I call to mind
,'. J what Cornelius Tacitui faith o^ AuguUus C<efar, Attgitfio ((a^\xh\\t)pompa.
ac frof liens, qu£ deceret principem, eloqnentiafuit. In truth if we note it
well, Speech that is Elaborate, or JffeOate, or Imitating, although other-
wife excellent, hath fomewhat fervile in it and holding of the fubjed j
but your Majefties manner of Speech is indeed Prince-like,flowing as from
a Fountain , and yet ftreaming and branching it felf into Natures Order,
full of Facility and Felicity,/^;?/*?//^^ none,and Inimitable of any. And as in
your Civil eftate, refpefting as well your Kingdom as your Court, there
appeareth to be an Emulation and Contention of your MajeftiesVertue
with your Fortune, namely jCXcellent moral Endowments with a fortunate
Regiment ; a pious aifd patient expedation when time was, of your grea-
ter Fortune, with a profperous and fealbnable pofFeffion of what was ex-
pefted 5 a holy obfervation of the Laws of Marriage, with a blefled and
happy fruit of Marriage in a moftfair Progeny , a godly Propenfion and
mofl befeeming a Chriftian Prince to Peace, with a fortunate concurrence
of the like inclination in your neighbour Princes : So likewife in your
intelleftual Abilities, there feemeth to be no lefs Contention and Emula-
tion 3 if we compare your Majefties gifts of Nature with the rich Treafury
of multiplicious Erudition and the knowledge of many Arts. Neither
is it eafie to find any K/w^ fince Chrifts time, which may be compared
with your Majefty for variety and improvement of all kind of Learning
Divine and Humane. Let who will revolve and perufe the Succefiionof
Kings and Emperours, and he (hall find this judgement is truly made.
For indeed it feemeth much in Kings, if by the compendious Extraftion
of other mens Wits and Labours, they can take hold of knowledge, or
attain any fuperficial ornaments or (hews of Learning, or if they counte-
nance and prefer learned men 5 but for a King, and a Ring born, to drink
indeed the true Fountains of Learning, nay, to behirafelf a Fountain of
Learning, is almoft a Miracle. And this alfo is an accefs to your Majefty,
that in the fame Clofet of your Mind, there are treafurcd up as vvejl Di-
vine and Sacred Literature, as Prophaiie andFIumane 3 fb thaty.ourMa'

jefty

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 5

, . — • — 4

jefty (lands inverted with that tripJicity of Glory, which was alcribed
to that famous Hermes Irifmcgijius, The Poivcrofa King^the l!InfninatJon
of a Fricji^ the Learning of a pLilofophcr. Wherefore fince in thefe glori-
ous Attributes of Learning, (b inherent and individual in your Perfon,
your Majcfty (o far excels all other Kings, it is very meet that fuch rare
endowments of Nature and Art (hould becelebrated,not only in the fame
or admiration of the prefent time, or in light of Hiftory conveyed o-
ver to Pofterity , but be engraven in fbme fblid Work, which both
may exprels the Power of a great King, and bear a Character or Signa?
tureof lb excellent a learned King. Now (to return to our intended
purpofe) I concluded with my fclfthat I could not make to your Maje-
fty a better oblation, than of fome Treatiic tending to that end.

§ The Sum and Argument hereof will confift of trvo Parts : In thefor^
z«e'*, which is morellight and popular (yet may not be paft over J we fliall
entreat of the excellency of Kno^vledge and Learning, through all the part!
thereof^ and likewife of the merit of thofe who have vporthily and rvifely
imploycd and placed their bounties andindHJiries in the Augmentation, and
fropagntion thereof. In the latter Part (which is the main and fum of this
WorkJ I J/jal/ propound andfct down what in this kind hath been cr^ihraced^
undertaken and accomplipt hitherto^ for the AdvaHcement of Learning :
and again brief ji touch at fuch particulars as fee m deficient in this enterprize^
to the end that though I dare not prefume politively to leparate and (e-
left what I would chiefly commend unto your Majerty 5 yet by reprefent-
ing many and different Obfervations, I may excite your Princely Cogi-
tations to vifit the peculiar Treafuresof your own Mind, and thence to
extradi what is moft conducent to the amplifying and enlarging of the:
lounds of Arts and Knowledges , agreeable to your Magnanimity and
Wifdorai

i. In the entrance to the former Part, to clear the way, and as it wercj
to make filence, to have the teftimonies concerning the Di_^»7// of Learn-
ing to be better heard, without the interruption of tacit Objections, I
think good firft to deliver Learning from the Diferedits and Dilgraces
which Ignorance hath caft upon it,but Ignorance fevefally difguiled j ap-
pearing and difcovering it felf fometime in the z,eal of Divines, fbmetime
in the arrogancy of Politicks, and fometimes in the errors of Learned mctt
themfelves. I hear the former ibrt (ay^ That Knotoledge is of the nature and
number of thofe things, which are to be accepted with great Limitation and
Caution i That the afpiring to overmuch Knowledge, was the original tempta-
tion and fin , whereupon enfued the Fall of Man •■) And that even at this
day Knowledge hath fomewhat of the Serpent in it^ and therefore where if
entreth into a man, it makes him [well, Scientia infiat j That Solomon i Cor, 8„
gives a cenfure, That there is no end of making Bookji and that much rea- Ecclef.17,,
ding is a wearinefs to the flejh ; and again in another place. That infpaci- Ecdsf.i.
ous knowledge there is much contriliation, and that he that encreafeth know- j, . /» .
ledge, encreafeth anxiety^ That St.P<««/givesa C2LVent,That we be notfpoil'd
through vain Philofophy ; And that experience demonftrates how the
Learnedft men have been Arch-hereticks 5 How Learned times have
been inclined to Atheifm,and how the Contemplation of fecond Cauies
doth derogate from the Authority of the firft,

11. Todiicovel: then the error and ignorance of this Opinion, and the
tailunderftanding in the grounds thereof, any man may fee plainly that

A 2 theie

4 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I.

thefe men do not obferve and conGder, That it was not that Pure and
Primitive Knowledge of Nature^ by the light whereof man did give names
to other Creatures in Paradire5asthey were brought before him, accord-
ing to their Proprieties, which gave the occafion to the Fall 3' but it
was that proud Knowledge of Good and Evil, with an intent to (hake
off God and to give Law unto himfelf Neither is it any ^antity of
Knowledge, how great ibever, that can make the mind of man tofwell^
for nothing can fill, much lefs extend the Soul of man but God, and the
contemplation of God : therefore Solomon fpeaking of the two Princi-

Ecclef.i. p^j Senfes of Inquifition, the Eye and the Ear, affirms, That the Eye is
never fatisfied with feeing , nor the Ear with hearing 5 and if there be no
fulnefs, then is the Continent greater than the Content. So of Know-
ledge it felf and the Mind of Man,whereto the Senfes are but Reporters,
he defines likewife in the Words plac'd after theCalendar or Ephimerides
which he makes of the diverfity of times and feafons for all Aftions and

kcclef.3. Purpofes, concluding thus, God hath xnade all things beautiful and decent
in the true return of their feafons , alfo he hath f laced the world in mans
heart, yet cannot man find out the ripork^which God work^th from the begin-
ning unto the end : By which words he declares, not obfcurely, that God
hath framed the Mind of Man, as a Mirror or Glals capable of the Image
of the univerfal world, and as joyful to receive the ImpreiGons thereof^
as the Eye joyeth to receive Light 3 and not only delighted in the be-
holding the variety of things and the viciffitudes of times, but railed
alfbto find out and todifcern the inviolable Laws and infallible Decrees
of Nature. And although he feem to infinuate that the fupreme or fum-
niary Law of Nature, which he calleth the work^ which God worketh fro/ft
the beginning to the end, is not poffiblc to be found out by Man 5 yet

i that doth not derogate from the Capacity of the Mind, but may be refer-

red to the impediments of Knowledge, as the fliortnefs of life, the ill con-
lunftion of labours deprav'd, and unfaithful Tradition of Knowledge
over from hand to hand ; and many other inconveniencies wherewith
the condition of Man is enfnared and involved. For that no parcel of
the World is denied to Man's enquiry or invention he clearly declares in
another place, where he faith , The fpirit of a man is as the Lamp of
God wherewith hefearcheth the inwards ofallfecrets. If then (uch be the
capacity and receipt of the Mind of Man, it is manifeft that there is no
danger at all from the Proportion or ghtantity of Knowledge how large
foever, left it fhould make it fwell or out-compafs it felf but j merely in
/ the S^ality, which being in Quantity more or lefs, if it be taken with-
out the true Correftive thereof, hath in it fome nature of malignity, or
venom full of flatuous fymptoms. This Antidote, or Corredive fpice,
the mixture whereof tempers Knowledge and makes it fofovereign, is
charity, which the Apoftle immediately adds in the former claufe, faying,

I Cor. 8. Knowledge blows up, but Charity builds up 5 Not unlike to that which he

I Cor.13. delivers in another place, Iflfpaks (^aith he) with the tongues of Men and
Angels and had not Charity, it were but as a tinkling Cymbal : Not but that
it is an excellent thing to fpeak with the tongues of Men and Angels,but
becaufe if it be fever'd from Charity, and not refer'd to the publick
good of Mankind, it rather exhibits a vain and empty glory, than any
mbftantial and folid fruit.

As for that Cenfureof Solomon, concerning the excefs of writing and

redding

I B. L Of the Advancement of Learning.

readirg tockji <i»d. the anxiety of fpirit ivhich redottnde'ibfrom. Knoivkilg^
and that admonition of S. Panl^ that vpe betioi feduced by vain Philofophy j
ifthofe places be rightly underftood, they do very excellenty fet forth
the true bounds and limitations, whereby humane knowledge isconfin'd
and circumfcribed, yet fb as xvithout anyfuch contrafting and coarftati-
on, it may comprehend all the univerial nature of things. Thefe limi-
tations are three.- ThefirU, that rfc do 7Jot jo place vur felicity in Knorv-
ledge J as vpe forget our Mortality: Thejccottd^ that roe make application of ^
our Knowledge^ to give ourfelves rcpofc and contentment and not ddiajie olr
repining : The third, that rve do not pre fume by the contemplations of Nature
to attain the Mjjierics of God, § For as touching thef'r^, Solomon doth
excellently expoundhirafelf in the fame Book ^ l/?n? rvei/^ faith he, f/i.?/
knowledge recedes as fir from ignorance as light dothjrom darl^nefs, and that
the voife mans eyes l^eep watch in his head, whereas ths fool roundeth
about in darknefs j but withal I learned that the fame mortality involves
them both.

§ For thefecond, certain it is, no anxiety, or perturbation of mind re-
(ulteth from knowledge, otherwife than merely by accident: For all
knowledge and wonder Cwhich is the feed of knowledge^ is an impref-
fion of pleafure in it felf 5 but when we fall to framing conclufions out
of our Knowledge, which obliquely applied to our particular purpofes,
either minifter weak fears or vaft defires, then there grows that vexati-
on and trouble of Mind, whereof we fpeak : for then Knowledge is no
more Lumen ficcum, as Heraclitus the Profound would have it. Lumen fic-
cum optima anima, but it becomes Lumen madidum, or maceratum, being
fteeped and infufed in the humours of the AfTeftions,

§ The third rule deferves a little to be ftood Upon, and not to be light-
ly paffed over : For if any man fliall think by view and enquiry into
thc(e (enfible and material things, to attain that light whereby he may-
reveal unto himfelf the Nature and Will of God, then indeed, is he
Jpoil'd through vain Philofophy. For the Contemplation of the Creatures,
having regard to the Creatures themfelves, produceth Knowledge, but
having regard to God, wonder only, which is a broken Knowledge,
And therefore it was mofi: aptly faid by one of Pluto's School, That the f *''" Jt"^.
fenfe of man carries a refemblance with the fun, which opens and reveals the ^^'""'"'''
terreflrial Globe, but conceals and feals up theflars and celejiial Globe ,' So
doth the Senfe difcover natural things, but it darkens and (huts up divine.
. And hence it hath proceded, that fomeof the cho(en rank of the more
learned have fallen into Herefie, Vv'hilft they have fought to fly up to the
ftcrets of the Deity, by the waxen wings of the Senfts,

§ As for the conceit of thofe who are of opinion that too much know-
ledge foould encline the mind to Atheifm^ and that the ignorance of thefe-
cond Caufes, fjould be, as it were a Midwife to our Piety towards thefirfi. - •
I would willingly charge thefe in the language of Job, WiUyou lye for God joh i^ i
as one man doth for another to gratifie him .<? For certain it is that God
works nothing in Nature according to ordinary courfe but by fecond
Caufes 5 and if they Would have it otherwife believed, it is mere im-
pofture, under colour of Piety to God, and nothing elfe but to offer un-
to the Author of Truth the unclean facrifice of a Lye. But farther, it is
an affured truth and a conclufion of Experience, That a little or fupcr-
ficial tafie of Philofophy^ may perchance incline the Mind of Man to A-,

theifm

6 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. L

theifm'-^hwt a full draught thereof brings the Mind back again to Religion.
For in the entrance of PhilofophyjWhen the fecond Caufes, which are next
unto the Senfes, do offer themfelves to the mind of man, and the mind it
felf cleaves unto them and dwells there^an oblivion of the higheft Caufe
may creep in •-, but when a man paffeth on farther and beholds the de-
pendency, continuation and confederacy of Caufes, and the works of
Providence, then according to the Allegory of the Poets, he will eafily
believe that the highejl linl^of Natures chain mnii needs be tied to the foot
SJ <?/" Jupiter's chair. To clofe in a word 3 Let no man, upon a weak con-
ceit of fobriety or ill applied moderation, think or maintain that a man
can (earch too far, or be too well ftudied in the Book,of God's word, or in
the Book^of God's workj'-) Divinity ox Philofophj/ j but rather let men a-
wake themfelves and chearfully endeavour, and purfue an endlefs pro-
greft or proficiency in both : only let them beware left they apply Know-
ledge to fivel/ing, not to charity j to ojientation not lotife : andagain,that
they do not unwifely mingle and confound thefe diftindt Learnings of
Theology 2indi Philofophy, and their feveral waters together.

Chap. II.

Ji Difcredits of Learning from the objeftions of Politicks, That Learn^
ingfoftens mens Natures, and makes men unfit for the exercife of Arms,
That it perverts mens diffofltions for matter of Government. § Other
particular indifpofitions pretended. IL The Solution. Learning
Mal{es not men unapt for Arms. IIL Learning enables men for Civil
affairs. IV. Particular (educements imputed to Learning ; As, C«ri*
ous Vncertainty, § Pertinacious Regularity, § Mijleading Precedents^
§ Retired fiotbfulnefs, § Relaxation of Difcipline^zxed\\r2ilh.tx cwxed
than caufed by Learning.

Ow let us delcend to the Di/graces whereby Politicks de-
fame Learning 5 They be thefe. That Learning doth foften
mens manners, and makes them more unapt for the honour
and exercife of Arms : That it doth marr and pervert mens
difpofitions for matter of Govelrnfftent and Policy ; which
the ftudy of Arts makes either too Curious by vanity of Reading'-^ Or too
peremptory by the jlriSt rigour of Rules 5 Or too overweening, by reafon of
the greatnefs of examples 5 Or too incompatible with the times, by reafon of
the dtjfimilitude of examples j Or at leaji it doth divert and alienate mens
minds from bufinefs and aUion^ infilling into them a love of leifure and
frivatenefs.

§ And that it doth bring into States a relaxation of Difcipline, whileji e^
very man k more ready to argue than obey. Out of this conceit Cato fur-
named the Cenfor, one of the wifeft rhen indeed that ever liv'd, when
'Carneades the Philofopher came in Embaflage to Rome, and that the young
men of Rome began to flock about him, being allured with the fweetnefs
^ and Majefty of his eloquence, gave counfel in open Senate, That they
MoGato. Jhouldgive him his difpatch rvith allfpeedjeji he fiouldinfe& and inchant the

minds

Plato in

I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 7

ffiiNcls of the- youth J and at MNiirviires brh?^ in an alteration of tht munncn
and aijionts of the State. This fame conceit or humor mov'd rirqil^prG'
ferring the honour of his country, before the reputation of his own
Profellionj to make a kind of feparation between the Arts of Policy^ and
the Arts of Literature, challenging the one to the Romans^ yielding the
xht oxhcx to ihe Grecians, in theverfes fo much renowned,

Jj »tj I.IW » V-ll-wl HJ lliVJV.lJ IV-UVJ^V) IIV^.,,

Tu regere ir/iperio popitlos Romanc memtnto^ Virgil,

Hdb tibi erttnt Artes . — . "' *

And we (ee that ^wyf^a- the accufer of <?<70'^fc/j laid it ds an article of p'-'^^^;
charge and accufation againft him, that he did with the variety and ^"^ " °'^"
power of difcourles and difputation^ cmba(e,in the minds of young men,
the Authority and Reverence of the Laws and Cuftoms of their Coun-
try j and that he did profels a pernicious and daiigetous Science, where- •
in, whoever was inlirufted, might make the worfe matter feem the bet-
ter, and to fuppreft Truth by force of Eloquence.

ir. But thefe and the like imputations have rather a countenance of
Gravity, than any fincerity of Truth : For experience doth v.'itnels that
the felf-farae perfons, and the felf-fame times, have flourilht \<^xhQ glory
of Arms and Learning. As for men, we may inftancein that noble pair
of Emperors Alexander the Create and Julius Ciefar the Dictator j the one
Was Arjjiotlc's Scholar in Philofophy^ the other Cicero's Rival in Elo-
quence. But if any man had rather call for Scholars that have become
great Generals, than Generals that were great Scholars, let him take
Epanrinondas the Theban, or Xenophon the Athenian 3 whereof the one
Was the firft that abated the power of Spart^i, and the other vvas the.firft
that made way to the overthrow of thQ Monarchy of Perfia. And this
cdnjnn^ionof Arms and Letters, is yet more vifible in times than in per-
(bns, by how much an Age is a greater objeft than A Man : For the felf-
lame times with the ^Sgyptians.-, Afyrians, Per(taas, Grecians aind Romans,
that are moft renowned for Arms, are likewife mdft admired for Learn-
ing ^ fo that the graveft Auftors and Philofophers, thegreateO: Captains
iand Governors have lived in the lame Ages. Neither indeed can it o-
thcrwife be , for as in man the ripenefsof the ftrength of the body and
the mind comes much about one age, fave that the ftrength of the body
conies fomewhat the more early ^ lb in States, the glory of Arms and
TLearning (whereof the one correfpondeth to the body, the other to the
foul of man) have a concurrence, of a near fequence of Time.

III. Now for Matter of Policy and Government, that Learning fhould
rather be an impediment than an adjn^ent thtven^to is a thing very im-
probable. We all confefs that it is an unadviled aft to commit a natural
Body, ^nd the cure of Health -, to Emperiqne Phyftians, who com-
monly have a few receipts which feem to them to be univerfal Reme-
dies 5 whereupon they are confident and adventurous, when yet they
"neither know the caufes of Difeales, nor the Complexions of Patients,
nor the peril of Symptomes,nor the Method of Cures. We fecit alike er-
ror in thofe, who for expedition of their Caufes and Suits rely upon pet-
ty Advocates and. Lawyers, which are only men of Praftice, and not
grounded in their Books, who are many times ealily furpriz'd, when a
tiew cafe falls out bcfides the common Road of their experience : So by"

J.ke

8 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. L

like reafon, it cannot but be a matter of doubtful confequence, if States
be managed by Emperique Statel^men. On the contrary, it is almoft
without inftance, that ever any Government was difaftrous, that was in
the hand of Learned Governours. For howfoever it hath been ordina-
ry with Politick men to extenuate, and difable Learned men by the
name of Pedants, yet Hiftory, which is the miftreft of Truth, makes it
appear in many particulars, that the Government of Princes in minori-
ty, hath far excelled the Government of Princes of mature age, even
for that reafon which Politicks feek to traduce, which is, that by that
occafion the State hath been in the hands of Pedants. Who knows not
that for the firft five years fo much magnified during the minority of
Nero, the Burden of the State was in the hands of Seneca a Pedant >
So likewi(eG(?r^/^«»ir the younger owes the ten years applauded govern-
ment to Mifithcus a Pedant. And with the like happinefs Alexander Se-
Tjerus govern d the State in his minority, in which fpace women rul'd all,
but by the advice and counfel of Preceptors and Teachers. Nay, let a^
man look into the Government of the B/pop of Rome, as by name, intp
the Government of Pius ^in&us or Sextus ^inUus in our times, who
were both at their entrance efteemed but as Pedantical Friars 5 and he
ftiall find, that fuch Popes do greaPer things, and procede upon truer
Principles, than thofe which have afcended to the Papacy from an e-
ducation and breeding, in affairs of ertate and Courts of Princes. For
though men bred in learning are, perchance, notfo quick and nimble in
apprehending occafions, and accommodating for the pre(ent to points
of convenience, which the Italians call Ra^gioni di Stato^ the very name
P'aton. wheieo^ Piuf ^intus could not hear with patience, but was wont to
(ay. That they were the inventions of wicked tnen, and repttgnant to Reli-
gion and the moral Vertues ; yet in this there is made ample recompence,
that they are perfect and ready, inthefafeand plain way of Religion,
Juftice, Honefty, and the Moral Vertues 5 which way, they that coa-
ftantly keep and purfue, (hall no more need tho(e other RemedieSjthan
a found body needs Phyfick, And bcfides, the fpace of one mans life
can not furnilh prefidents enough to direft the event of but one mans
life. For as it hapnethfometiraes that the great Grand-child, Nephew
or Pro-nephew, refembleth the Grand-father, or great Grand-father
more than the Father j fo many times it comes to pals, that the occur-
rences of prefent times may (brt better with ancient examples, than with
fhofcof later or immediate times. Laftly, the wit of one man can no
more countervail the latitude of Learning, than one mans means can hold
way with a common pur(e.

IV. And were it granted that thoCefeducemcnts and indifpofttions im-
puted to Learning, by Politicks, were of any force and validity, yet it
muft be remembred withal, that le^^r^/wg miniftreth in every of themj
greater ftrength of medicine or remedy, than it offereth caufe of indif-
pofition or infirmity: For if that Learning by a fecret influence and ope-
ration makes the mind irrefolute andperplext, yet certainly by plain pre-
cept it teacheth how to unwinde the thoughts, how far to deliberate,
when to refolve , yea, it (hews how to protraft, and carry things in fuf^
penfe without Prejudice till they refolve.

§ Be it likewife granted that Learning ma^fs the minds of men more
peremptory and itrflexihle, yet withal it teacheth what things are in their

nature

I B. I. Of the Adancement of Learning.

nature demonftrative, and what are conjectural ; and propounds as
well, the u(e of diftindions, and exceptions, as the ftability of rules and
principles.

§. Be it again, that karrting Mijleadi and wrejleth mens mindt ^ rehe-
ther by dijproportion^ or dijjimilitude of examples, I know not, yet I know
well, that it unfoldeth, and laies open as well the force of circumftances,
as the errors ofcomparifbns, and the cautions of applications, fo that
in all thele it doth more reftifie mens minds, then pervert them. And
thele remedies Le<ir«;»^ doth every way convey and infinuate by the
quick penetration, and forcible variety of examples. Let a man look
into the errors o^ Clement VII, fo lively delcribed by Guicciardine^who
lerved under him •■, or into the errors and waverings o^ Cicero, painted
to the life by his own penfill, in his Epijiles to Atticns, and he will fly a
pace from being inconftant and irrefolute in his defigns. Let him look
into the errors of Phocion, and he will beware how he be obftinate or
inflexible. Let him read the fable oft Ixion^ audit will difpel vapo-
rous hopes and fuch like fumes and clouds. Let him behold C^/^the
Second, and he will never be one of the Antipodes^ to tread oppofite to
the prefent world.

^ Now for the conceit. That learning JJwttld be a friend to Jloth, and
Jfjould orefpread the mind with afxoeet Jlnmber ofrepofe and retirednefs ; it
were a ftrange thing, if that which accuftometh the mind to a perpe-
tual agitation, fhould be the Tatronefs to Jlothfulnefs : whereas con-
trariwife it may be truly affirmed , that no kind of men love bufinels
for it felf, but thofe that are Learned '■, for other Perfons love affairs
and bufinefifor the Profit^ as hirelings the work, for the wages , others
for Honor, for while they are in Aftion, they live in the eyes of men and
refrelh their reputation, which othewile would wear , others for Power
and the PrivHedges of Fortune, that they may pleafure their friends, and
difpleafure their foes 5 others that they may exercife fame faculties
Tpherein they take a pride , and in this imagination , entertain their
thoughts in a good humour and pleafing conceit towards themfelves;
others to advance other ends : fo that as it is (aid of untrue valours, that
fbme mens valours are in the eyes of thofe that look on, (b the induftry
and courage of thefe men feems to aim at this, that other may applaud
them, or they hugg themfelves in the contemplation of their own de-
fignments ; only Z-e^rwe^/ «??» love bufinefs and imployment, as aftions —
agreeable to nature, and no lefi healthful to the mind than exercife "is to
the body^taking pleafure in the Aftion itfelf,and not in the purchafe:fo
that, of all men living, they are the moft indefatigable , if it be to-
wards any bufinefs, which can repleniOi and detain the mind according
to the dignity thereof. And if there be found fbme laborious in read-
ing and ftudy, and yet idle in bufinefs, and aftion, this grows not from
learning., but from fome weaknefs or fbftnefs of body or mind, fuch as
Seneca fpeaks of, ^idam (faith he) tarn funt umbratiles ut putent in controv;
twrbido effe qnicquid in luce eji. Well may it be, that fuch a point of ''t>- ■<•
a mans nature may make him give himfelf to learning,but it is not learn- '°^'
ing that breeds, or implants any fuch point in his nature. But if any
man notv^thftanding refblvedly maintaineth, that Learning ta^es up too
much time which might otherwife be better imployed , I anfwer , that no
man can be lb ftraitned and oppreft with bufinefs, and an aftive courfe

B of

lo Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I,

of life, but may have many vacant times of leafure, whilfthe expefts
the returns and tides of bulinefs, except he be either of a very dull tem-
per and of no difpatch i or ambitious (little to his credit and reputation)
to meddle and ingige himfelf in imploymentof all natures and matters
above his reach. It remaincth therefore to be enquired, in what mat-
ter, and how, thofe fpaces and times of Leafure, (hould be filled up and
fpent 5 whether in pleafures or ftudy , lenfuality 5 or contemplation,
as was well anfwered by Dcmejihencs to Mfchitia , a man given to plea-
fure, who when he told him by way of reproach, that his orations did
Plut in ff»ell ofthe Lamp:, indeed ({^axA Demofihenes) there is great diference be-
Dem'oft. txveen the things tbat Tou and I do by lampJight.-Whercforc let no man fear
left learning (hould expnlfe bufmejs 3 nay rather it will keep and defend
the pofleffionsofthe mind, againft idlenefs and pleafure, which other-
wife, at unawares, may enter, to the prejudice both of Bufinefs and
Learning.

6 Again, whereas they object. That learning ponld undermine the
reverence of Laws and Government^, it is a meer calumny without all
Ihadow of truth ; For to fay that a blind obedience (hould be a furer
obligation then an ocular duty, is all one to fay, that a blind man
may tread furer by a guide, then a feeing man can with the u(e of a light
and his eyes. Nay it is without all controverfie that Learning doth
make the mind of man, gentle, dudtile, maniable and pliant to govern-
ment 5 whereas ignorance makes them churlifh, thwart, and mutinous 5
which the Records of time do clearly manifeft, conlidering that the moft
unlearned, rude and barbarous times have been moft fubjeft to fediti-
ons, tumults and changes. As for the judgement ofC<if(?the Cenfor ^
. ^ he was well punifht for his hlajphemy againji learning: For when he was
Cato!" * P^ft threefcore years old, he was taken with an extreme dcfire to go to
the fchool again, and to learn the greek. to7jgne ; which doth well de-
monftrate that his former cenfure of the Grecian Learning was rather
anaffefted gravity, than the inward (en(e of his own opinion. As for
VirgiH verfes, though it plea(ed him to brave the world in taking to
the Roffians the Art of Empire ^ and leaving to others all olh&x Arts ^
as popular and fervile 5 yet fo much is manifeft, that the Romans never
afccndedto that hight of Empire^, till the time they hadafcended to the
hight of Arts. For in the time of the two firft defars^ Peitbns moft per-
feft in the Stare-principles of Government, there lived contemporaries,
the beji Poet^ I'irgilius Mara 5 The beji Hifioriographer^ Titus Livius 5 the
bcfi Antiquary^, Marcus Varro 5 the beji or feeond Orator Marcus Cicero 5
without queftion thechiefeft, everyone in their feveral faculty, that
to the memory of man are known. Laftly, as for the accufation of So-
crates^, on]y this I fay. The timemuft be remembred when it was pro-
fecuted, namly under the thirty Tyrants, of all mortals the bloodieft,
bafeft and moft unworthy of Government ; which revolution of State
and Time was no (boner over, but Socrates, whom they had made a
Perfbn Criminal, was made a Perfon Hcroical, and his Memory accu-
mulate with all honours divine and humane^ and thofe Difcourfes of
his, which were then termed Corrupting of Manners, were after cele-
brated by all Pofterity for moft foveraign medicines of Mind and Man-
ners. And let this ferve for anfwer to Politiques, which in their hu-
morous feverity, or in their feigned gravity . have prefumed to throw

imputations

>

L I B. I. of the Adancement of Learning. 1 1

imputations upon Learnings which redargution neverthelefs, favethat
we know not whether our labours may extend to other ages, feemsnot
fo needful for the prefent , feeing the afpeft and favour of two moft
learned Princes {^een Elizabeth and Tour Majeffji , being as C^Jior
and Pollux, Lucida Siclera, Stars of a raofl: benign influence) hath
wrought in us of Britain^y^ r^uch love and reverence towards Learning.

Chap. III.

I. Djfcredits of Learning from Learned mens Fortunes , Manners,
Nature of ftudies. II. In the Fortunes fcarcity of Means ^ § Oh-
fcurity of life. § Meannefs of Imployment. Ill, In their Manners,
■foo Regular for the times, §. Too fenfible of the good of others,and
ncgleciive of their own. ^ They fail in applying themjelves to Parti-
cular Perjons. § They fail in fontc points of Behaviour. ^ Grofs
Flattery pracfis'd by fofne Learned--) ^ Injiiincedin the Modern De-
ii cat ion of Bookj. ^. Difcreet Morigeration alloxped.

C\

I. 1W lOwceme we to the third (brt of Difcredit or Diminution of
[^ Credit, that redounds upon Learning from learned men them-
ielves , which commonly cleaveth fafteft. It is derived either from
their Sgrtune, or from their Manners, or from the Nature of their Jiudies ,
wherrof the firft is not in their power j the fecond is not to the point 5
lb as the third alonefeemeth properly to fall into enquiry : but becaule
we are not in hand with the true value of things , but with popular
eftimation, it will not be amifsto inlinuate fomewhat ahbof the two •
former.

II. The Derogations therefore^or Diminutions of Credit which grow
to Learning from the fortune of the Learned men , are taken either
from their Poverty and Scarcity of Means , or from their ohfcure and pri-
vate courfe of Life j or from the meannefs of imployment wherein they are
converfant.

§. As concerning rf4?/7f, and that ulually is the cafe of Learned men,
that they are poor^ and commonly begin with little, and grow not rich
fofaft as other men, which convert their labours cheifly to lucre and
encreafe; it were good to leave the common Place in Cammendatioa
oi Poverty to (bme Frier Mendicant to handle, (if by their leaves I may
be fo bold) to whom much was attributed by Alachiavei/ in this point, Deii.Hi^.
when h»*^d, that the Kingdom of the clergie had been long before at an Ficr.Ub.i.'
end^ if the reputation and reverence towards the poverty of Friers and
Monkj^ had not born out the fcandals of the fuperfiiities and excejfes of
Biffwps aud Prelates : (b a man might (ay that the felicity and magnifi-
cence of Princes and great Perfons, had long fince turned toBarbarilm
and Rudenefs, if the Poverty of Learning had not kept up civility and
honour of life. But without fuch advantages of hunting after the
prai(e thereof it is worthy obfervatioUjWhatalacredand reverend thing
Poverty of Fortune was , for fome ages in the Koman State, which yec
was a State without Paradoxes : For thus fiiih Titus Livius in his in*

B 2 trodu(5tiort

12 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . I.

I

Prxi'.lib. troduftion. Either my affc3ion to the vporl^l have undertaken deceives

nte^ or there was never State fxore great, more religious, more richly fur-

nip'd tvith good prcfidcntSy nor rvhich avarice and riot conquered fo late ,

nor where jo great reverence to Poverty and Parcimony continued fo long.

So likewife after the State of Rome was now degenerate, we read that

when C£far the DiBator took upon him a Reftauration of the col-

lapfed ftate, one of his confidents gave him this counfel. That of all

Points the moft fummary to fuch a defignraent, as he went about, was

by all means to take away the eftimation of wealth , For ( (aith he )

Oiat ad C ^^^fi ^"'^ ^^ <?//jcr evils, together veith the reputation of mony jbaU ceafe,

Cifar. if neither publique Officers nor any other Dignity, which commonly are fo

Saiiift.im- coygtcd, were expofed to file. To conclude this point, as it was truly

faid that Rubor e^ virtutis Color, though fometimes it come from vice ,

Diog. ^"" fo you may truly fay, Paupertas eji virtutis fortuna, though fometimes

Cyn. it may proceed from mifgovernment and improvidence. Surely this is

S,olomons Cenfure, ^ifejiinat ad divitias non erit infons, and Precept,

rov, 2 . ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ and jell it not j So wifdom and knowledge judging it right

P'ov.^S' and equal that means (hould be iraployed to get Learning, and nof

Learning be applied to gather up means. ^^

§ To what purpofe (hould we fpeak of the privatenefs and ohfcurenefi
of life, which is objedred to learned men > It is a Theme fo common
and fo frequently handled by all, to extol Leafure and reth-ednefs, not
taxed with fenfuality and {loth, before a Civil and Adtive life j for
fafety , liberty, fweetnefs, dignity, or at leaft freedom from indignities,
as no man handles thisfubjeft, but handles it well : fhch a confiinancy
it hath to mens conceptions in the expreffing 5 and to mens content in
the allowing. This only I will add, that Learned men forgotten in
States , are like the Images o^CajJins and Brutus in the funerals of ^a-
• «7<«, of which , not to be reprefented as others were, Tacitus (aith, Eo
Annal.?. 'i'/^ pr^fulgebant quod non vifebantur.

§ For Meanncfs of imploymetit ajjigned to Learned men, that which is
moft traduced to contempt is. That the government of childhood and
youth is commonly allotted to thera^the contempt of which age is tranf-
fcrred upon the Preceptors or Tutors. But how unjuft this traduce-
ment is, if you will reduce things from popularity of opinion, to mea"
fure of reafon, may appear in that we fee inen are more careful what
they put into new veflels, than into a veffel feafbn'd ; and more curi-
ous what mould they lay about a young plant, than a plant corrobo-
rate ; So as it is manifeft that the weakeft terms and times of all things,
ufe to have the beft applications and helps. Harken, if you pleale, to
. I the Hebrew Rabbins, Your young men f jail fee vifions, your old menJJjall

dream dreams --i from this Text they collecl, that youth is th"* worthier
age, by fo much as Revelation is more clear by vifions, than by dreams.
And it is worth the noting that however Pedants have been the deri-
— fion and (corn of T/jc^/er/, as the Apes o{ Tyranny, znd that the mo-
dern loofeneG or negligence hath taken no due regard to the" choice of
School' mafiers ax\dTutors--) yet it hath been an ancient complaint drawn
down from the beft and vvifelt times, even to our age, that States were
too bufie with their Laws and too negligent in point of Education.
Which excellent part of Ancient Difcipline hath been in fome fort rC'
Vivcdonatctmcs by the Col/eges of the Jefuits, whofe pains and dili-
gence

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 1 2

gence when I conlider, as weil in the culture of knowledge, as infor-
mation of manners, the faying of AgefiUus touching rharaabazMs comes
into my mind, Talis cum fis iitinamvojlcr ejfes. And thus much con- P'"^- '-^
cernine the dilcredits drawn from the Fortunes and Condition of Learn- ^^ ' *
ed men.

III. As touching the Manners of Learned men^ it is a thing belonging
rather to their individual Perlbns, than their ftudies and point of learn-
ing : No doubt there is found among them, as in all other Profeffions,
and Conditions of life, men of all temperatures, as well bad as good,
but yet fo, as it is not without truth that is faid, abire Jiudia in mores ;
and that Learning and Studies, unlefs they fall upon I'ery depraved
difpofitions, have an influence and operation upon the manners of
thofe that are converfant in them, to reform nature and change it to
the better.

§ But upon an attentive and indifferent review, I for my part, can
not find any difgrace to learning can proceed from the Manners of
Learned men., adherent tuito them as they are Learned 5 unlefs peradven-
ture it be a fault fwhich was the fuppofed fault of Dcmoflhencs^ Cicero^
Cato the fccond, Seneca, and many more) that becaufe the times they
read of, are commonly better, than the times they live in ; and the
duties taught, better than the duties praftifed^ they contend too far^ to
reduce the corruption of manners to the honeliy oj precepts, and prefcripts,
of a too great htght, and to impoft the Laws of ancient feuerity upon dif-
folute times: and yet they have Caveats enough touching this aufterity
out of their own fprings : For Solon, when he was asked Whether he had p^.^ .
given his Ciiizens the heli laws > the be^ ffaid he) offuch as they would Solon.
receive. So rlato, finding that his own heart conld not agree with the
corrupt manners of his Country, refufed to bear place or office, faying,
That a mans Country is to be ufcd as his Parents were, that is, with per- j„ ^-^^ ^^
fwafion and not ivith violence, by entreating and not by contejiing : And epift. ali-"
Ctejars counfelor put in the fame caveat, faying, non ad vetera inllituta ^'■•
revocans qu£ jampridem corruptis moribus ludibrio ftint : And Cicero c'^%x(
notes this error direcily in Cato the fecond , writing to his friend Atti- saiuft. ad
cus, Cato optime fcntit fed nocet interdtim Reipub. loquitur enimtanquam ^j^"*.
inRepub. Tldtonis,no% tanquam inf<cce Romuli. The fame Cicero doth iib.j. ep.i,'
excufe and expound the Philofophers for going too far, and being too
exaft in their Prefcripts , Thefejame Pneceptors and Teachers, ("faith he) p^^ j^
feem to havejiretched out the line and limits of Duties fomcwbat beyond the Muraena.
natural bounds, that when we had laboured to reach the highcft point ofPer-
fe&ion, we might rcji where it was meet : and yet himfelf might fay, A^o-
kitis Jam minor ipfe meis j for he ftumbled at the fame flone , though
in not lb extreme a degree.

§ Another fault which perchance not undefervedly is objected a-
g?.inft Learned men, is th\s,that they have preferred the honour and profit of
ihcir Country, and Mijlers before thciY own fortunes and fafcties. So De-
molihenes to his Athenians, My Counfels ffaith he ) if you plcafe to note .
7t, are not juch whereby I Jbould grow great amongst you, yon become lit- Cdona.
tie amongfi the Grecians ; but they be of that nature as are fometimes not
good for mc to give, but arc always good for you to follow. So Seneca ^f-
ter he had confecrated that ^inqucnnium Neronis to theetcrnnl j!;lory
of Learned Governors, held on his honefl: and loyal courfc of Good

and

14 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i n. I.

and FreeCounlel, after his Mafter grew extremely corrupt to his great
peril and at lad: to his ruine. Neither can it be otherwiie conceived 5
for Learning endues mens minds with a true fenfe of the frailty of their
Perfons^ the Cafualty of fortune , the Dignity of the foul j and their
vocation : which when they think of, they can by no means perfwade
themfelves that any advancement of their oivn fortunes, can be fet down
as a true and worthy end of their being and ordainment. Wherefore
they lb live, as ever ready to give their account to God, and to their
Malters under God, whether they be Kings or States they ferve, in this

Mat.i?. ftile of words, Ecce tibi Lncrifeci, and not in that Ecce mihi Lucrifeci.
But the corrupter fort of Politiques , that have not their minds infti-
tuted and eftablini'd in the true apprehenfion of Duties, and the con-
templation of good in the univerfality, re/er all things to themfelves.zs if
tht y were the voorlds Center^ and that the concurrence of all lines JJ^ould
touch in them and their fortunes j never caring in all tempefts, what
becomes of the Ship, fo they may retire and (ave themfelves in the
Cock-boat of their own fortune. On tH^ contrary, they that feel the
waieht of Duty, and underftand the limits of felf love ^ ufe to make
good their places, and duties, though with peril : and if they chance
toftand fafe in feditionsand alterations of times and Government, it is
rather to be attributed to the reverence which honefty even wrefteth
from adverfaries, than any verfatile or temporizing advantage in their
ctvn carriage. But for this point of tender (enfe, and faft obligation of
duty, which without doubt Learning doth implant in the mind, how-
ever it may be taxed and amerced by Fortune 5 and be defpifed by
Politiques in the depth of their corrupt principles, as a weak and im-
provident virtue, yet it will receive an open allowancejfb as in this mat-
ter there needs the lefs difproofor excufation.

§ Another fault there is incident to Learned men, which may fboner
be excufed than denied, namely this ; That they do not cafilj apply andac-
commodate themfelves to perfons with rvhom they ncgociate and live :
which want of exad application arifeth from two caufes; Thefirji isy
the largencfs andgreatnefs of their minds^irhich can hardly Jioop and be con-
fined within the obfervation of the nature and cujlom of one perfon. It is the

Sensca. fpeech of a Lover, not of a wife man. Satis magnum alter alteri theatrutit
fumus. Nevertheless I (hall yield that he that cannot contraft the light
of his mind, as he doth the eye of his body, as well as dilperfe and di-
late it, wants a great faculty for an aftive courfe of life. Ihefecond
caufe is the honcfiy and integrity of their nature, which argueth no inha-
bility in them, but a choice upon judgement ; for the true and juft li-
mits of obfervance towards any pcrfbn extend no farther, than fo to
underftand his inclination and difpofition,as to converfe with him with-
out offence 5 or to be able, if occafion be offered, to give him faithful
counfel, and yet to (land upon reafonable guard and caution, in refpeft
of our felves : but to be fpeculative into others, and to feel out a mans
difpofition, to the end to know how to work him,windc him and go-
vern liimatpleafure i is not the part of an ingenious nature, but rather
of a heart double and cloven •■, which, as in friendfhip, it is want of in-
tegrity, fb towards Princes and Supcriours it is want of Duty. For the
Cuftom of the Lcvmt, whereby it was accounted a hainous offence, to
gazeand fix their eyes upon Princes, is indeed, in the outward cere-
mony

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. i <

mony, barbarous, but good in the moral; for it becomes not Subjects

by bent and inquifitive obfervations, to penetrate into the hearts <?/Prov.aj.

Kings, which the Scripture hath declared to be jnfcrtitahle.

§ There is yet another fault with which I will conclude this Part ,
which is often noted in Learned men; namely , that injmall and out-
ward matters of behaviour and carriage (as in countenance, gefture,
march, ordinary difcourfejand the like)//)?/ do many times fail to obferve
decenfie and difcretion ; fo as the vulgar fort of capacities make a jud2;e-
ment of them in greater matters, by that which they find wanting in
ftnall and ordinary points of Adlion. But this prejudication doth of-
tentimes deceive them : nay let them know, they have their anfwer
from Themi^ocles, who being invited to touch a Lute, faid, arrogantly
enough, being applyed to himfelf, but pertinently to the purpofe in
hand. That he could not indeed fiddle^ hut he kjzcxv hoiv to mal^ a fmall •''"t in
Tovon^, a great State. And there are , no doubt, many well feen in the ^'^''"™''*-
Arts of Government, and Policy, which are tofcek in ordinary conver*
(ation and punctual occafions. I refer luch fcofFers to the Elogie Al- Plato '
cibiades gn\e of hisMafter Socrates, whom he compar'd to the Gal/i' ^''"^°
pots of the Jpothecariesj which on the outfide rpere drawn with Apes^ Owls,
and Antiques, but contained within precious liquors andfoveraign con'
fe&ionsj acknowledging that to vulgar capacity and popular report,
he was not without fbme fuperficial leviteSjand deformities, but was in-
wardly replenifht with excellent powers and virtues. And (bmuch
touching the Point of Manners of learned men.

§ In the mean time I thought good toadvertife, that I have no pur-
pole to give allowance to fbme bafe and unworthy Conditions of fame
Profeffors, whereby they have difcredited both Themfelves and Learn-
ing ; fuch were thofe trencher rhilofophers , which in the later age of
the Romanftate; were ufually in the houfes of great Perfons-, whom
not improperly you may callfolemn Parajttes : of which kind Lucian
makes a merry difcription of the Philofbpher, that the great Lady took
to ride with her in the Coach, and would needs have him carry her
YmleDog Melit£tts -J which he doing ofBcioufly and yet uncomely, the
Page fcoffing fiid, I doubt our rhilojopher of a Stoick^ will turn Cynique. DeMerc.
But above all the reft, thegrofs and palpable flattery whereunto ma- '^®"'^"^*
ny not unlearned have abafed and abufed their wits and pens, turning
as Du Bartus faith Hecuba into Helena^ and Faujiina into Lucretia, hath
diminifht the prize and eftimation of Learning.

§ Neither is the Modern Dedication of Bookj to Patrons to he Cc%J-
mended ; for that Books, fuch as are worthy the name of Books,ought
to have no Patron but Truth and Reafon. The cuftom of the Ancients
was better, who were wont to dedicate their writings only to private and
equal friends , or to entitle the Books with the names of'fuch friends;
or if they Dedicated their Books to Kings or great Perfons, it was
to (bme fuch as the Argument of the Book was fit and proper
for. Thefe and the like Courses may deferve rather apprehenfion than
defeoce.

i) Norfiylthis, as'if I condemned the Iliorigeration and application
of Learned men, to men in fortune and place , for the anfwer was good
that Arijiippus made to one that askt him in mockery, How it came topafs
that Phd'fophers were followers of Rich men^ and not Rich men of Philo- t^err,

fophers^ J^riftjp.

in

1 6 Of the Advanceinent of Learning. L i e. I.

fophers .<? He anfvvered foberly and yet fbarply. That it was hccaufe Phi*
Jojophers k^icwrpcll what they had need of^ hnt Rich men did not. Of like
nature was the anfwer which the fame Philofopher made when having
a Petition to Dinnjfius ami no ear given to him he fell down at his feet
Ibid. 7ntnant:erofalVorJl)ippcr^ whereupon D\onyil\iS Jiaid and gave hif» the

hearing, andgrantedit : but a little after^ Ibme perlbn tender of the ho-
nour and credit of Philofophy, reproved Arijlippus that he would offer
the Profcjfion of rhilofophy Jnch an indigmty as for a private f»it to fa// to
a Tyrants feet .<? to whom he replyed j That was not his faulty but it was
the fault of D'\onyCiiis that had his ears in his feet. Neither was it ac-
counted weaknefs, but a difcretion in him that would not difpute his
Spartian. beft with Adrianifs C^far, excufing the fadt. That it was reafon to yield to
drian. ^'^"^ ^^-'^^ commanded thirty Legions : Thefe and fuch like applications and
Jioopings of Learned men below the terms of Gravity^ at the command of
neceffity or the advantage of occafion, cannot be condemned ; for
though they may feem, at firfl: Gght, fomewat bafeand fervile, yet in a
judgement truly made, they are to he accounted fubmijjions to theO<:-
c.ijion and not the Ferfon.

Chap. IV.

I. Dijiempers of Learning from Learned mens ftudieSj^re of three forts.

■ Phantaftical Learning, Contentious Learning, Delicate Learning.

If. Delicate Learning, a Curiofity in words through Profufenefs of

fpeech. § Decent exprejfion commended. § Affe&ed Brevity cen^

Jured. \\l. Contentious Learning, 4 Curiofity in matter^through the

novelty of terms^orjiridnefs ofPofitions. ^ A vanity either in Mat*

ter or in Alethod. IV. Phantaftical Learning hath two branches^

Impofture, Credulity. § Credulity is a belief of Hijiory. ^ Or a

belief of Art or Opinion , and that either Real in the Art itfelf.

§ Or Perfonal in the Author of fuch an Art, or Science.

LEt us now proceed to thoic Errors^ and Canities, which have inter-
. venedamongjl the jiudies of Learned men, and therewith are inter-
f»inghd--y which is the principal point and proper to the pre(ent Argu-
ment I, wherein my purpofe is not to patronize errors, but by a Cenfure
and feparation of the errors, to fift out that which is (bund and (olid,
and to deliver the fame from afperfion. For we fee it is the manner of
men, efpecially of envious perfons, to fcandalize, and deprave that
which retains^:e State and Virtue, by taking advantage upon that
which is corrupt and degenerate ^ as the Heathens in the Primitive
Church us'd to blemiOi and taint the Chriftians, with the faults and cor-
ruptions of Heretiques: Neverthelefs I have no meaning to make any
exadj animadverfion of the Errors, and Impediments in matters of Learn-
ing, which are more lecrct and remote from vulgar opinion, but on-
ly to (peak of fuch as do fall under a common and popular ob-
fervation 5 and known, or at leaft , which recede not far of there-
from.

LI find

Lib. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. ij

I. I find therefore chiefly three vanites, and vacuities in Learning,
which have given occafion to the reproach and difgrace thereof. For
thofe things are efteetned vain which are either falfe^ot frivolous 3 name-
ly, wherein there is, either no truth, or noufe : thofe Perfonswt efteem
vain, which are either Credulous in things falfe, or Curious in things of
little u(e. And Cnriofity is either in «f<2//cr or in words ^ that is when
either labour is fpent m vain matters, or time is wafted in the delicacy
o^fine words : fo that it is agreeable as well to true reafon as approved
experience, to fet down three diftempers of Learning; The fir ft is
Phuntaiiical Learning-^ The fecond Contentious Learning •-, The third
Fainted 3.nd Delicate Learning: or thus, z/.?7» Imaginations, vain Alter-
cations^ vain affectations. And with the laft I will begin.

n. This Difternper feated in the fitp erf uitji andprofufenefoffpeech
(though in times paft by turns, it was in fbme price) about £,«//jeri-
lime, got up mightily into credit, and eftimation. The heat and
efficacy of Preaching, to win and draw on the people, began chiefly
about that time to flourifti ; and this required a popular kind of ex-
prefljon. This was furthered by the Enmity and Oppofition concei-
ved in that fame age againf^Be SchooUmsn 5 whofe writings were alto-
gether in a differing ftile and form of expreflija^ taking liberty to
' coyn and frame new and rude terms of Art, without any regard to
the purenefs and elegancy of fpeech, fo they might avoid circuit of
words, and deliver their fenfe and conceptions, in a precife exad: ex-
' predion : and fo it came to pals a little after, that a greater care was
taken for Words, than Matter 3 and many affected rather Comptnels
of ftile 3 a round and clean Period 3 the fweet falling of the claufes 5
and illuftrations by Tropes and Figures j than the waight of Matter,
foundneQ of Argument, life of Invention, or depth of Judgment,
Thenfprangup iht flowing and watery vein of Of or i us , the Portugal
Bifhop, to be in price and requeft : Then did Sturmim fpend fuch in-
finite and curious pains upon Cicero the Orator, and Hirmogenes the
Rhetorician. Then did our C<<rre zxiAAfcham in their Leftures and
Writings almoft Deifie Cicero^ and Demofihcnes, and allure young
Students to that polifht and flouriftiing kind of Learning. Then did
Erafmtts take occaflon to make that fcoffing kind of Eccho, Decern an-^
nos confumpfiinLegendo Cicerone, to which the Echo anfwered, One,
A^me. Then grew the Learning of the Schoolmea to be utterly defpi-
(ed, as rude and barbatous. In fum, the whole inclination and bent
of thole times was, rather about Cd?;y than /Fe/g-6^ Here welee the firft
Difiemper of Learnings when, as we have faid, menfiudy Words and -
not Matter. Whereof though I have reprelented examples of late
times only, yet fuch vanities have been accepted,in fome degree or o-
ther, in ancient times, and will be fo hereafter. Now it. is not pofli*
ble but that this (hould have an operation to dilcreditand debafe the
reputation of Learning, even with vulgar capacities j when they fee
Learned mens Works, like the firft letter of a Patent, which though
it be limmed and fet out with large flourilhes, yet it is but a letter.
And it (eems to me that Vigmalionsfren^ie is a good Emblem and Por-
traidlure of this vanity j for what are words but the Images of matter, "
and except they be animated with the fpirit of reafon, to fall in Love
with them, is all one as to fall in love with a Pifture.

C §. Bus

1 8 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. I.

kj. But yet notwithftanding it is a thing not haftily to be condemned
to illuftrate and poIiQi the obfcurity and roughnefs of Philofophy, with
the Jplcndor of If ords and fenjible elocution. For hereof we have great
examples in Xenophon, Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, and even in Plata
himfclfsand theufe hereof is great: For though tothefevere inquifition
of Truth, and the deep progrefs into Philofophy, it is forae hinderance,
becaufe it is too early (atisfadtory unto the mind, and cjuencheih the
thirft and defire of farther (earch 3 yet if a man be to have any ule of
fuch knowledge in Civil occafions (of Conference, Counfel, Perfjoafon^
Dijcourfe, and the likf) he [hall find all that he defireth prepar'd"and
fet out to his hand in thofe Auftors. But the excels of this is fo juftly
contemptible, that, as Hercules, vvhen he faw the Image of Adonis,
Venus minion, in the Temple, faid, niljacri ts 5 fo there is none of Her-
cules his followers in Learning, I mean, the more induftrious and fevere
inquirers into Truth, but will defpife thoCe Delicacies and Affeiiations^
as indeed capable of no Divinenefs.

§ Little better is that kind of ftile( yet neither is that altogether
exempt from vanity) which neer about lie fame time fucceeded this
Copy and fuperfiuitj offpeech. The labl^ here is altogether. That
roords may be aculeate, fentences concife, and the rvholc contexture of the
Jpeech and dijcourfe, rather rounding into it f elf thanfpread and dilated c
So that it comes to pafs by this Artifice , that evey paflage fecms more
witty and weighty than indeed it is. Such a ftileas this we find more
exceSivcly in Seneca^ more moderately in Tacitus and Plinius Secun-
dus'-i and of late it hath been very pleafing unto the ears of our time
And this kind of expreffion hath found fuch acceptance with meaner
capacities, as to be a dignity and ornament to Learnings ncvertheleG,
by the more exafl: judgments, it hath been defervedly defpifed, and
may be (et down as a dijiempcr of Learning, (eeing it is "nothing elfe
but a hunting after words, and fine placing of them. And thus much
of the firft Difeafe or Dijiemper of Learning.

in. Now foUowes the diftemperye/Ziff/ in A<fatter,VifhAch. we fet down
as afccond difeafe of Learning,and have defigned it by the name of coft'
tentioHs fubtilty 3 and this is in nature (bmcwhat worle than that where-
of we fpake even now. For as the fubftance of Matter,is better than the
beauty of words, fo on the contrary, vanity of A:f at ter is more od'ions
thzn vanity of vp or ds. Wherein it feemeth that the reprehenfion of
St. Pi?;// was not only proper for thole times, but Proph'ticjlfor the
times following j and not only refpe<^ive to Divinity, but cxtenfive
j.Tiffl.tf. to all knowledge, Dcvita propkanas vocunt novitates : For in thefe
words he afiigns two Markes and Badges of fulpefted and fa'fified Ici-
ence. The firft is the Novelty and strangenef of Terms •-, The other,
xheJirzBnef? of Pofuions •-, which of neceffity induce oppofition and lb
Alterations and Qucftions. Certainly like as many fubftances in na-
ture, which are folid and entire, doe many times putrific and corrupt
into worms j fo good and found Knowledge doth often putrifie and dil^
folve into a number of fubtle, idle, unwholforae, and (as I may terme
them) vermiculate Queftions, which feem indeed to have a kind of
Motion and Quicknels in them, and j'et they are unfound and hollow,
and of no folid ufe. This kind of Degenerate Learning corrupting it
ftlf, did chiefly reign amongft the Schoolmen-, who having abundance

of

L 1 E. I. Gf the Advancement ofLe^rimg. 19

of Leifurc, fharp , and ftrong wits, and fmall variety. of^Teading,
(for their wits were fliut up within the writing of a fc-w Authors, chiet-
Jy Arijlotk^ their Diftator,as their Perfbns were (hut up in the cells of
Monafterics and Colleges) and for mofl: part ignorant of the Hiftory
either of Nature, or of Time, did out oF no great Quantity of Matter,
but infinite agitation of their Wit and Phancy, as of thefpindle, fpin
out unto us thofe laborious webs of Learning, which are extant in
their Books. For the Wit and Mind of Man, if it work upon Matter,
by contemplating Nature and the Works of God, worketh according
to the (luff, and is limited thereby :i but if it worketh upon it (cif, as
thejpidcr rvorks his web, then it is endlcfs, and brings forth Cobrvebs of '
Learning, indeed admirable for finenefs of thred and work, but of no
Subftance and Profit.

§ This fame unprofitable////'///// or C«r/i'/?y, is of two forts i and
it is difcerned either in the fubjeft and Al.it ter it felf, fich as is fruitleis
Speculation or Controvcrfie, whereof there are no fmall number, both
. in Divinity and Philofophy 5 Or in the hUnner and Method of lund-
■ ling, which araongft School-men was this. Upon every Po(itionor
Aflertion they framed objedtions, then folutions of thole objeftions,
which folutions, for the tnoftpart, were only diftindtions, whereas
indeed, theftrength ofalifciences, lik? the Old mans Fagot, conlifteth ^^'"5'Pv, r
not in every (lick afunder, but in them all together united in the band, ^l^^^
For the Hartftony offciences, that is when each part fupports the other,
is and ought to be the true and brief way of confutation and fuppref-
(ion of all the fmaller fort of objections : but on the other (ide, if you
draw out every Axiom, as the fticks of a Fagot, one by one, you raay
eafily quarrel with them, and bend and break them at your pleafure.
So that as it was faid ofSencca^-vcrbonim Jllinutiis rerumfrafigit pondera, Fabuii
may truly be faid of the School- men, ^dejiiomtm MiKntiis jcientiunim Qi'-'rlif'
frangunt pondera. For were it not better for a man, in a fair room to
fetupone great light, or branching candleftick of lights, whereby all
may befeen at once, than to go up and down with a fmall watch can-
dle into ever corner ? And fuch is their AIethod,ihit refteth not fo much
upon evidence of Truth proved by Arguments, Authorities, Simili-
tudes and Examples; as upon particular Confutations, and Solutions
of every fcruple, cavillation, and objeftion •-, thus breeding .qucftion
upon queftion , even as hi the former refemblance, ivhen yon carry the
light into one corner, you darken the reji. So that the fable of Sc)/l/u feems
to be a lively image of this kind of Philofophy or knowledge , which
for the upper part had the fhape of a comely Virgin, but below, Candi-
dii ftccinciam latrantibus inguina. monjirif-, So you lliall find fome ge- Vr?. Bnci
neralities of the School- men, fair and well proportioned, and invented ^'^' ^•
to (brae good purpofe ; but then when you deicend to diftindtions and
decihons , in ftead of a fruitful womb for the ufe and benefit of mans
life, they end in monftrous and barking ^eft ions. Wherefore it is no
, marvail, if this quality of Knowledege fall under, even popular con-
tempt, the people being apt to contemn Truthupon occafion of Con-
troverfies,and altercations j and to think they are all out of their way,
which never meet and agree among themfelves ; and when they fee the
digladiationsof Learned men, about matters of no ufe or moment, they
ealily fall upon that judgement of Dionjfiits of Sy racufij verba ifafunt

C 2 ' fcmivi

20 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I^

laertius
in Plato.

Horar.

fenitm otieforuni. Notvvithftanding it is moft certain^that if the School-
rncn, to their great thirft of Truth, and unwearied travail of wit, had
joyn'd variety, and univerfality of reading, and contemplation, they
had certainly proved excellent lights to the great advancement of
all Arts and Sciences. And thus much of the fecond Difeafe of
Learning.

IV. For the third Diieafe of Learning which concerns Deceit or Vn-
truth.^t is of all the reft thefouleft,as that which doth deftroy the Nature
and ellential form of Knowledge, which is nothing but a reprefenta-
tion of Truth. Vox xhQ Truth of Being, and the Truth of Knoiving are
all one, differing no more than the dired beam and the beam reflefted.
This vice therefore brancheth it felf into two iorts, Impofinre and Cre-
dulity •■, the one deceives, the other is deceived , which although they
appear to beofa diverfe nature; the one (eeraing to proceed of Cun-
ning, and the other of Simplicity , yet for the moft part they do con-
cur, for as the verle noteth,

Fercontatorem fiigito natfi garrnlm idem eU :

"tacit,
H>rt. I

Intimating that an Imquifitive man is a Frathr ; fo upon the like reafbn,
a Credidom man is a deceiver. As we fee it in Fame and Rumors, that
he that will eafily believe Rumors, will as eafily augment R-umors,
which Ticitus wifely notes in thefe words, Fingunt ffmul crednntq^
fiich affinity there is between a propenlity to Deceive and a facility to
Believe.

§ This facility of Crediting and accepting all things, though weak-
ly authorized, is of two kinds, according to the nature of the Matter
handled, for it is either belief of Hi fiory, or fas the Lawyers fpeak) Kat-
ter of Fac for matter of Opinion. In the former kind, v.'e fee with what
iofs and detriment of Credit and Reputation, this error hath diftain'd
and embafed much of the Ecclefiajiical Hijlory^ which hath two eafily
received and regiftred Reports and Narrations of Miracles wrought by
Martyrs, Hermites, or Monks of the Defcrt, Anchorites, and other ho-
ly men 5 and of their Reliques, Sepulchers, Chappels, Images and
Shrines. So in Natural H/Jiory , we (ee many things have been rafhiy,
and with little choice or judgement received and regiftred, as may ap-
pear in the writings of P/mius, Cardanus, Alhcrtus^ and diverfe of the
Arabia?}/, which are every where fraught with forged and fabulous Re-
ports, and thofe not only uncertain and untried -, but notorioufly un-
true and manifeftly convifted, to the great derogation of Natural Phi-
/<?/^;)/j;' with grave and fiber men. Wherein in truth the wifdom and
integrity of Arifiotlc doth excellently appear, that having made fo di-
ligent and cxquifite a Hijiory of living Creatures^ hath mingled it Co
fparingly with any vain or feigned matter j but hath rather caft all
DcMlrab. Prodigious Reports, which he thought worthy the recording into one
commentary^ wifely difcerning that matter of maniftfr Truth (which
might be the experimental ground-work whereupon Philofophy and
Sciences were to be built) ought not unadvifedly, to be mingled with
matter of doubtful faith : and yet again things rare and ftrangc, which
to many fcem incrcdiblcj are not wholly to be fuppreffed ot dcnycd xo
be recorded to Poftcrity,

Bnt

Aufcult.

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 21

§ 2>\itx.\\:Lto\.\\QX Facility of Credit^ which is yielded, not [.6 H/ihry
and Reports, but to ^"^rts and Op/Krovs, is like wife of two forts :; either
when too much belief is attributed to Arts therafclves, or to certain A/i-
thors in any An. The Sciences themfelves, which hold more of the
fancy and of belief, than ofRcafbn and Demonltration , are chiefly
thvee Ajirologie^ Natural A'lJgiqttc and Alchimy -^ of which Sciences ne-
vertheleft the end and pretences are noble ^ For Ajirology profeiTeth to
discover the influence and domination of the fuperiour Globe, over the
inferiour : Jllagique propofeth to it felfto call and reduce Natural Phi-
Jo!ophy from variety of fpeculations , to the magnitude of works:
Alchimy undertakes to make a fepararionand extraftion of all heteroge-
neous and unlike parts of bodies, which in mixture of Nature are Impli-
cate and Incorporate^and to refine and depurate bodies themfelvesjthat
are diftainedand (biledjto fet at liberty fuch as are bound and imprifon-
ed 3 and to bring to perfedion fuch as are unripe. But the derivati-
ons and profecutions, which are prefumed to conduce torheleends,
both in the Theory and in the Pradile of theje Arts, are full of Errors
and Vanity. Nor is the Tradition and manner of Delivery for moft
part ingenious and without fufpition, but vaild over and munited with
devifes and irapoftures. Yet furely to Alchimy this right is due, that it
may truly be compared to the Husbandman whereof ySy^i/^e makes the
Fable, that vchen he died^ told his foMs he had left unto them a great mafs
of Gold buried under ground in his Vineyard ^ but did not remember the
particular place where it was hidden ^ who when they had with fpades'
turn'd up all the Vineyard ^ gold indeed they found none 3 but by
rea(bn of their ftirring and digging the Mold about the Roots of their
Vines, they had a great Vintage the year following: (b the painful
(earch and ftir of Alchimifis to make Gold, hath brought to light a
great number of good and fruitful experiraents.as well for thedifclofing
of nature, as the ufe of mans life.

§ As for the overmuch Credit that hath been given to Authors in Sa'-
enres, whom they have invejled with the power of Di&ators, that their
words Pouldfland, and not of Confuls to give advice ^ the damage is in-
finite that Sciences have received thereby,as a Principal cau(e that hath
kept them low at a ftay, and that they have lien heartlefs, without any-
notable Groweth or Advancement. For hence it hath come to pafs, that
in Arts Mechanical^ the firft devifer cometh (hort, and time fupplies and
perfects the reft ^ but in Siences, the firft Author goeth fartheft, and
time loo^th and corrupteth. So we fee Artillery^ Sailing , Printing,
were imperfcd, formlefs, and grofly managed at firft, but in progrefs of
time accommodated and refined. But contrariwife the rhilofophy and
Sciences of Ariffotlc, Plato, Dcmocritits, H)pocrates, Euclide, Archimedes,
wereof moft vigor in their Authors, and in procefsof time, became^
rather degenerate and embafed, and loft much of their luflre jwhei^-
of the rcafon is no other, but that in Arts Mechanical, many wits and in-
diijiries havt contributed in one, in liberal Arts and Sciences, many wits
and indutiries have becnfpent about , and yielded to the art of fame one 5
whom (notwithftanding many times)his feftators have rather depraved
thanilluftrated. For as water ^\\\ not afcend higher than the level of
the firft Spring- head, from whence it defcendeth, fo knowledge de-
rived from Ariflotk > will never rife higher than the knowledge of

Anjiotle.

22 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i e. f .

Ariftor, /.riiiotk. And therefore although the pofition hegood^Oportct drfccK-
Soph Tb f^i^^ ^f^^^l^f^-y yet it mud be coupled with this, Oporictjam eclo&iim ju-
1. " dicio Jho uti. For Difciples owe unto Mafters , only a tewporarj be-

l/cf, and a fufpenlion of their judgment, until they be fully inftrufted,
and not an abfolutereljgnation of their liberty, and a perpetual capti-
vity of their judgements. Therefore, to conclude this point, I will fay
no more but this. Let great Authors jo huve their due , as rvc do
f70t .derogate from Tituc^ ivhich is the Author of Authors and Parent of
Truth.

Chap. V.

Peccant Humours in Learning. I, Extrer/ic affeBiov to two extrewcs^
Antiquity, Novelty. II. A dijirujl^ that any thing Kcrv^ poiildnorv

■ be found out. III. That of all SeHs and Opinions:, the beji h.^th ftill
prevailed. IV. An ever early redudion of Knowledge into Arts
and Methods. V. ^4 ^/f^/e^flf Primitive Philofophy. VI. A Di-
vorce of the InteUeti from the OhjeVi. VII. Infc&ion of Knowledge
in general from individual inclinations. VIII. An impatience of
Doubt:, ha^ to Afjertion. IX. A /l/agijiral manner of Tradition of
Knowledge. X. Aim of writers, lUiiJlration, not Propagation of
Knowledge. XI. End ofjiudies, Curioflty, rleafureS:, Proji't, Prefer*
taents.. 8cc.

'3"

T'

*Hushavc we at length gone over three Diftempers or Difeafes of
Learnings befides the which, there are other, x^thtx peccant Hu-
mours, than confirmed Difeafes, which neverthelefs are not fo fecret and
intrinfique, but that they fall under a popular iinle and rtprehenfion,
and therefore are not to be palled over.

I. The firO^of thefe is an extreme affeUion of two extremities, Anti-
tjtnty and Novelty 5 wherein the daughters ofTime, do take after the Fa-
ther j for as Time dcvoureth his children, fothefe, one of themfeeketh
to deprefb the other 5 while Antiquity envieth there (hould be new Ad"
ditions :, and Novelty can not be content to add things recent, but it
muft deface and rejeO; the old. Surely the advice of the Prophet is the
true direction in this cafe, Batejuper vias antiquas d^ videtc qiitcnam fit

Jercra.5. "^'^ rcHa &■ b;>na d^ ambulate in ea. Antiquity de(erveth that reverence,
that mcnrhould make a ftay a while, and (land thereupon, and look
about to difcovcr which is the bed way j but when the dilcovery is well
taken, dien not to reft there, but cheerfully to make progreffion. lu-
' deed to fpeak truly, AntiquitasJeculi,juvcntnsAIundi, Certainly our
times are the Ancient times, when the world is now Ancient, and not
thofe which we count Ancient, ordine retrogrado, by a computation
backward from our own times.

II. An other error induced by the former is, a fufpition and diffidence^
that anythingfiovldbe now to be found out, which the world Jl)ould have

^.&^i^a ^''fi and pail over fo long time : as if the fame objedion might be made
lib. I. ' toTime, wherewith I//<7.?« reproacheth Jupiter, and other the Hea-
then

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 23

then Gods, For he wonders that they begat fo many children in oldtime^
, and begot none in his time .<? and asks in fcoffing manner , rvhether they
jpere now become Septriagenary, or rvhether the Larv Papia ^ made againji
eld mens marriages, had rejirained tliem ? So it feems men doubt lead
time is become pad children and generation. Nay rqther the levity and
inconftancy of mens judgements, is hence plainly difcovered, which
until a matter be done, wonder it can be done. So Alexander's expe-
dition into y?/?4 was prejudg'd as a vaft impoffible enterprize j yet after-
wards it pleaTed Livie, Co to flight it as to fay of Alexander , Nil aliud •^'
quam bene anjus eji vana contemnere : The fame hapned unto Columbus
in the weflern Navigation. But in intelled:ual matters it is much more
common, as may be feen in many propofitions in Euclid, which till
they be demonftrate, they feera ftrange to our afTent '-, but being De-
monftrate, our mind accepteth of them by a kind of Recognifance or
RetraQ:ation,(a8 the Lawyers fpeak)as if we had underflood and known
them before.

in. An other error which hath fbme affinity with the former is, a
conceit That all feQs and ancient opinions, after they have been difcuffed
and ventilated 5 the bestjiill prevail' d andfuppreji the reji: Wherefore
they think that if a man (hould begin the labour of a new fearch and
examination, he muft needs light upon fomewhat formerly rejefted,
and after rejection, loft, and brought into oblivion : as if the multitudey
or the wifeft, to gratifie the multitude, were not more ready to give paf-
fage to that which is popular and fuperficial ; than to that which is fub-
f^antial and profound. For Time feemeth to be of the nature of a River,
which carrieth down to us that which is light and blown up, and fink-
eth and drowneth that which is waighty and folid.

IV. Another error of divers nature from the former is. The over*
early and Peremptory reduQion of Knowledge into Arts and Methods 5
which once done, commonly Sciences receive fmall or no augmentation. Foe i
as young men, when they knit and Ihape perfedly, do feldom grow to
a farther ftature : fb knowledge while itisdifperft into Aphorifms, and
Objervations, mdiy gxov} znd (hoot up 5 but once inclofed and compre-
hended in Methods, it may perchance be farther polifhtand illuftrate ,
and accommodated for ule and praftice, but it increafeth no more in
bulk and fubftance.

V". Another error which doth fucceed that which we lafl noted, is,
that after dijiribution of particular Arts and Sciences into their fever al
places, many men have prefently abandoned the univerfal notion of things,
or Philofophia Prima, which is a deadly enemy to all ProgreJJion. Profpeds
are made from Turrets and high places ; and it is impoffible to difco-
ver the more remote and deeper parts of any Science, if you fland but
upon the flat and level of the fame Science, and afcend not as into a
watch-Town to a higher Science.

VI. Another error hath proceeded from too great a reverence, and
a. kjnd of Adoration of the mind and underftandmg of man , by means
whereof men have withdrawn themfelves, too much, from the contemplati-
on of Nature, and the obfcrvations of experience 5 and have tuffibledvp and
down in their own fpeculations and conceits 5 bur of thefe furpairing Opt'
»^/tfr/,and(if I may fo fpeak)/«/c/i'efi^»d//i?/,(vvhich are notwithftanding,
taken for the moft fublime and divine Philofophers) Herxclitus gave a

;uft

24 Of the Advancement of Learning. ' L i e. I.

N. L juft cenlure, faying, Meufeek^ truth in their oxvk little voorlcl^ and not in
the great common Tporld^ for they difdain the Alphabet of nature, and
Pr//»cr-B(7tf4of the Divine works 5 which if they did i-iot, they might
perchance by degrees and leafure , after the knowledge of fimple
letters 3 and fpelling of Syllables , come at laft, to read perfe(Sly
the Text and Volume of the Creatures. But they, contrariwife, by
continual meditation and agitation of wit, urge, and as it were invocate
their own fpirits to divine, and give Oracktwnto them, whereby they
are defervedly and pleafingly deluded.

VII. Another Error, that hath fome connexion with this latter, is.

That men do oftentimes imbite and infeB their meditations and do&rines

_ tvith the infufions of fome Opinions^ and conceptions of their own.^ which

they have mofi admired j or fome Sciences to which have mojl apply ed and

confecrated themfelves , giving all things a Dye and TinSure , though

very deceivable, from thefe favorite Siudies. So hath Vlato intermingled

his Philofophy with Theology •■, Arijiotk with Logick ; The fecond

School ofplato^ Troclus and the reft, with the Mathematicks. Thefe

Arts had a kind of Trimo-geniture with them, which they would ftill be

killing and making much of, as their firft born fens. But the AU

c/ji«?;y)/ have forged a new Philofophy out of the Fire and Furnace 5

and Gilbert our Country-man, hath extradted another Philofophy out

of a Load-ftone. So Cicero^ when reciting the feveral opinions of the

nature of the foul, he found a Mufitian that held the foul was but a

Tufc lib. I. harmony, faith pleafantly, Hie ab arte fna non recejjit : But of thefe

DeGen. errors ^r;y?(7//e faith aptly and wifely, ^irefpicinnt adpau^a de facili

ni^°/t fyomtnciant,

alibi, Vlir. Another error is. An impatience of Donht , and an unadvifed

hitfte to Ajfertion zvithout due and mature fufpenfion of judgement : For
the two ways of contemplation are not unlike the two ways of adion ,
commonly fpoken of by the Ancients j of which the one was a plaia
and fmooth way in the beginnining, but in the end impaflible 5 theo-
ther rough and troublefbme in the entrance, but after a while fair atid
even j fo is it in contemplations, if a man will begin in certainties, he
(hall end in doubts j but if he can be content to begin with doubts,
and have patience a while, he fhall end in certanties. •

IX. The like error difcovereth it lelf in the manner of Tradition and.
Delivery ofknovelege, which is^ for the mofi part, imperious and magijiral^
^ not ingenious and faithful! ; fo contrived^as may rather command our afftnty
thanfiandto examination. It is true that in compendious Treatifesde-
figned for Praftice, that Form of Writing may be retained 5 but in a
juftand compleat handling of knowledge, both extremes are to bea-
C'c. de voided, as well the vein oiVellieus the Epicurean, who feared nothing
Nat. Dier. y^ f}mch as tofeem to doubt of any thing '-, as that of Socrates and the Aca-
demy, leaving all things in doubt and incertainty : Rather men (hould
affeft candor and fincerity, propounding jthiugs wiJi more or Icfs
alTeveration , as they ftand in their judgement proved , more or
lels.

X. Other errors there are in the fcope that men propound to themfelves
whereunto they bend their endeavours andjiudies : For whereas the moft
devout Leaders and noted Profelibrs of Learning , ought chiefly to
propound to themfelves to make fome notable addition to the Science

they

Lib. L Of the Advancement of Learning, 25

they profefs ^ contrariwile , they convert their labours to afpire to
certain fecond prizes, as to be a profonnd interpreter, or commentator 5
a (harp and ftrong champion or Defender 5 a Methodical compounder
or Abridger : fo the Revenues and Tributes of Sciences come to be im-
proved, but not the Patrimony and Inheritance.

!j^XL But the greateft error of all the reft is, the mijiaking or mfplacing
the lajiandfarthejl end of knowledge : For many have entred into a dc-
fireof Learning and Knowledge, Ibmeuponan inbred and reftleG Cw
riofity 5 others to entertain their minds with variety and delight •-, others
for ornament and reputation ; others for contradiction and vidiory m
difpute^ others for Lucre and living ■-, few to improve the gift of rea-
fon given them from God, to the benefit arid ufe of men. As if there
were fought in knowledge, a couch, whereupon to reft a reftlels and
fearching (pirit, or a Tarraft for a wandring and variable mind to walk
Up and down in at liberty unreftrained 5 or fome high and eminent
Tower of State, from which a proud and ambitious mind, may have a
Prolpeftj or a Ft^rt and commanding ground for ftrife and contenti-
on 7 or afiopfor profit andfale; and not rather a rich Jiore-houfe and
Armory for the glory of the Creator of all things, and the relief of man^'
eftate. For this is that which indeed would dignifie and exalt Learn-
ing •■) if contemplation and aftion were iiior^ nearly and ftraitly, than
hitherto they have been conjoyn'd and united together : which combi-
nation, certainly would be like unto that conjunction of the two high-
eft Planets, when Saturn which hath the Dorpinion over reft and con-
templations, conlpires with Jupiter the. Lord of Civil fociety and Afti-
on. Howbeit I do not mean when Upeak of Ufe and A(^ion, PirofeP
fory or Lucretive Learning, for I am not ignorant how much that di-
verts and interrupteth the ProgreJJion and advancement of knowledge 5
like indeed the Golden apple, thrown before Atalanta, which while (he
goes afide and ftoopeth to take up, the race is hindred;

DecUnat curfus aurumf) volnbrle toUit. q^jj;

Neither is it my meaning, as was fpoken of Socratet, to call Philolb-
phy down from heaven, to converle upon the earth j that is to lay Ar<«-
turd Phylofophy afide, and to celebrate only Adoral Philofophy and Po-
licy. But as Heaven and Earth do confpire and contribute, to the u(e
and benefit of the life of Man 5 fb indeed this (hould be the end of both
Thilofophies 5 that vain (peculations, and what ever is empty and bar-
ren, being rejefted ; that which is folid and fruitful may be prelerved
and augmented , that (b Knowledge may not be a Courtezan for
Pleafure, or as a bond-womaa for gain, but as a Ipoufe for generation^
fruit and honeft folace.

§ Now me thinks I have delcribed and opened, as by a kind of di(^
(edtion, thofe Peccant Humours ^ or at leaft, the Principal of them, tphich
have not only given impediment to the Profcience of Learning, hut have
given alfo occafion to the traducement thereof. Wherein if I have Come
too near the quick, it muft beremembred , Fidelia vulnera amantis do Pfal.i4«;
lofa ofculamalignantis ; however this furely I think I have gained, that I
ought to be the better believed, concering the Commendatiom of Learn-
ingia that which follows^becaufe I have proceeded (b freely concerning

D ccnfure

26 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . I.

cenfure, in that which went before. And yet I have no purpofe to en-
ter into a Laudative of Learnings or to make a Hymn to the Mufes 5
though I am of opinion, that it is long fince their Rites were duely ce-
lebrated : but my intent is, without varnilh or amplification, to take the
iutt waight, and toballancethe Dignity of Knowledge in the (bales with
other things 3 andtofearch out the true values thcreofj /rc» tejiimo'
fties Divine and Humane.

Chap, VI.

The Dignity of Learning from Divine Arguments and Teftimonies,

I. From Gods TPifdom. § Angels of Illumination. § The firfl Light
andfirfi Sabbath. § Mans imployment in the Garden. § Abels
contemplative life. § The invention of Mu(icl{. § Confufion of
Tongues. II. The excellent Learning */ Moles. § Job. ^ Solo-
mon. § Chrift. § 6"/. Paul. § The Ancient DoBort of the. Church,
§ Learning exalts ^the Mind to the Celebration of Gods glory 3 and it
a Prefervative againfi Error ^ndVnbelief,

I. l~^Irft therefore let us feek the Dignity of Knowledge , in the
It* Arch.Type or firft Platform, which is in the Attributes^ and m
the AUsofGod^ as far as they are revealed to man, and may be ob-
ferved with fobriety. ' Wherein we may nbt feek it by the name of
Learning'-, for all Learning xi Knowledge acquired, and no knowledge
in God is acquired^ but Original .• and therefore we muft look for it by
another name, that is rvifdom or fapienccj "as the facred Scriptures call it.
It is fo then , In the n>orks of the Creation , we lee a double emanation
Gen,;i. of Divine virtue from God, whereof the one is referr'd to Power, the
other to Wifdom , that is chiefly expreft in making the Mafs and fub-
fkance of the Matter , this in difpofing the beauty of the Form. This
being fuppored,it is to be obferved, that for any thing which appears ia
the Hiftory of the Creation^ the confufed Mafs and Matter of Heaven and
Earth was made in a moment of Time ; yet the Order and Difpojition of
thzt Chaos or Ma(s, was the work of fix days : fuch a note of difference
it pleated God to put upon the works of Power ^ and the works of IVifi
dom 5 wherewith concurs, that in the Creation of the Matter , it is
not recorded that God laid Let there be Heaven and Earthy as it is (aid
of the works following j but (imply and aftualiy, God made Heaven
and Earth : (b that the Matter (eems to be as a Manufa&ure^ but the
Form carries the ftile of a Law or Decree.

§ Let us proceed //•<?«? God to Angels or Spirits, whofe nature in or.-
der of Dignity is next Gods. We fee,fo far as credit is to be given to the
Celeftial Hierarchy, fet forth under the name of D;tf»>'//«/ Areopagita^
i>;on ^^^^ '" ^^^ order of Angels, the firlt place or degree is given to the
/re \ Seraphim, that is. Angels of Love : the (econd to the Cherubim, that is^
Angels of Illumination : the third, and fo following, Places to T/;r^«(?/,
Principalities and the reft, which arc Angels of Power and Miniftry.

Sd

Lib. I. Of the Advancement ofLedrning. i-f

So as from this order and diflribution , it appears, that the Angeh
of Knowledge and lUnminationy are fUced before the Angels of Office and
Domination.

§ To defcend from Spirits and Intelkaual Forms, to Sertfible and
Material Forms, we read thjit the firfl of Created forms was Light ^
which hath a relation and correfpondence in nature and Coporeal
things, to knowledge in Spirits and Incorporeal things. So in the di.*
ftribution of D^yxjWe lee the daji wherein God did red and contemplate
his own works, was bleft above all the dajis wherein theFabrick of the
"Vnivcrfe was Created and Difpofed.

§ After the Creation was finifht, we read that M/« w^/jp/rfc'^^ in the
Garden to roork^ therein 5 which work (b appointed to him, could be
no other than the work of Contemplation , that is , the end hereof was
not for neceffity , but for delight and exercife without vexation or
trouble : For there being then no reluftation of the Creature , no
fweat of the brow ; mans imployment muft of confequence have been
matter of delight znd contemplation, not of Labour and Worl{. Aqain,
the firfl: Afts that man perform'd in Paradife, comprehended the two
fummary parts of kfiowledge 5 thofe were the view of Creatures, and the
impofition of names. For the knowledge which introduc'd the Fall , it
was (as we have toucht before) not the Natural Knowledge concerning
the Creatures 5 but the Moral Knowledge of Good and Evil, where the*
fuppofition was, that Gods Commandments or Prohibitions were not
the Originals of Good and Evil , but that they had other beginnings ,
which man afpircd to know, to the end to make a total de-
feftion from God, and to depend wholly upon himlelf, and his Free-
will.

§. Topafs to the firfl: event or occurrence after the Fall of Man, We
fee (as the Scriptures have infinite Myfteries, not violating at all the
truth of the fl:ory or letter J an image of the two States, the Contempla- Gen .4;
five and A&ive, figur'd in the Perfons of Abel and Cain , and in their
Profeffions and Primitive trades of life ; whereof the one was a
Shepherd, who by reafon of his leifure , reft in a place , and free
view of Heaven , is a lively image of a Contemplative life 5 the o-
ther a Husbandman, that is , a man toil'd and tired with working;
and his countenance fixt upon the earth : where we may fee the fa-
vour and ElcBion of God went to the Shepherd, and not to the tiller of
Ground.

^ So in the Age before the Flood, the holy Records (with in thofe Gen.4i
few Memorials which are there entred and regiftred, touching the oc-
currences ofthatage)have vouchfafed to mention and honour Inventors
of Alujick^and wor/{s in Metals.

§ In the next Age after the Flood , the great judgement of God
upon the ambition of Man was the Confujlon of Tongues 'j where- Gea.iii
by the open trade and interconrfc of Learning and Knowledge was chiefy
embraced.

II. Lctusdelcend toMofes the Law-giver, and Gods firfl: Notary,
he is adorn'd in Scripture with this commendation. That he wasfecn in
all the Learning of the Egyptians':, which Nation, we know, was one a^^^^
of the mofl: ancient Schools of the world ; for fo Plato brings in the
^Egyptian Prieft faying unto Solon, Ton Grecian rare' ever children,

D 2 pi$

28 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I.

In -iimxa yon hdve fto l{t2on>lecJge of Antiquity , nor Antiquity of Knoveledge : Let
us take a view o^xhe Ceremonial Lave of Mofes^ and we Ihallfind (be-
fides the prefigu ration of Chrift, the Badge or Difference of the peo-
ple of God, from the profane Race of the world j the exercife and ira-
preflion of obedience^and other facred ufes and fruits of the fame Law)
that feme of the moft learned Rabbins, have travelled profitably
and profoundly in the lame, intentively to obferve and extrad, fbine-

levit. 13. times a Natural^ fometimes a Moral fence of the Ceremonies and Ordi"
nances : For example, where it is faid of the Lepro^Qyllf the vehitenefs
have over-fpread the fief}}, the Patient may pafs abroad for clean 5 but if
there be any whole flejh remaining, he is to befentenced unclean, and to be
feparated at the dtfcretion of the Frielf. From this Law one of them
collects a Principle in Nature , That TutrijaCiion is more contagious be-
fore maturity then after. Another raifeth a Moral inflruftion 5 That men
ore fpread with vice, do not fo much corrupt public^ Manners, as thofo
that are half evil and but in part only. So that from this and other like
places in that Law, there is to be foundjbefides Theological fence;imuch
afperfionof Philofophy.

^ So likewife that excellent Book^ of Job, if it be revolved with di-
ligence, it will be found full and pregnant with the lecrets of Natural

Job ad. Thilofophyj as for example, ofCoJmography, and the roundnefs of the

. Earth in that place, ^i extendit Aquilonem fupcr vacuum, C^ appendit

Terram fuper nihilum, where the Penfilenefs of the Earth j the Pole of

the North; and the Finitenefs or convexity of Heaven, are raanifeftly

touched. Again, of Jjironomy and Conjiellations , in thofe words.

Ibid. Spiritus ejus ornavit Ccelos, d^ obifetricante manu ejus eduBus eji colu^

^°° 3'' btr tortuofus : And in another place, Canfi thou bind the fweet infiu*
enecs of Pleiades^ or loofe the bands of Orion ; where the fetled and
immoveable configuration of the firft Stars , ever ftanding at equal di-
flance, is with great elegancy defcribed. So in another Place, Which

Job o. maketh Ar&tirus , Orion and Pleiades and the fecret chambers of the
South : Where he again points at the deprefCon of Southern Pole, de-
figning it by the name of the fecrets of the South , becaufc the Sou*
them Stars are not feen upon our Hemifphere. Matter of Generation

Job 10. of living Creatures, Hafl thou net poured me out like milkj, and condenfed
me li^e Curds .<? Matter of Minerals, Surely there is a Aline for S/ her, and

job 28. a place wherein Cold is fined -, Iron is digged up out of compared duji, and
Brafs extract ed from jione diff'olvcdin the furnace, -and fo forward in the
lame Chapter.

§ So likewife in the pcifon of Solomon the King, we fee the endow-
ments of wifdom, both in his Petition and Gods affent thereunto, prefer*
ed before all terrene and temporal felicity. By virtue of which Dona-
tive and Grant, Solotnon being Angularly furnifht and enabled, not on-
ly writ thofe excellent Parables or Aphorifms concerning Divine and.
Moral Philofophy ; but alfb compiled a Natural Hijiory of all verdure

I R.eg.4. or vegetables From the Cedar upon the Afountain, to the Mofs upon the
Wall-^ which is but the rudiment of a plant, between putrifaftion
and an Herb; and aljo of all things that breath or move. Nay the
fame Solomon the King, although he excell'd in treafureand the mag-
nificence of Building, of Shipping, and Navigation, of Service and
Attendance, of Fame and Renown, and the like train of Glory, he

reaps

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning, 29

reaps and makes claim to himfeif of nothing 5 but only the Honour of
the Inquilition, and Invention of Truth, for fo he faith exprefly, The
dory of God is to conceal a things but the Glory of a King is to find it Prcv,i^<;
out. As if according to that innocent and affeftionate play of Chil-
dren, theDivineMajefty took delight to hide his works, to the end
to have them found out 5 and as \i Kings could not obtain a greater
Honour, than to beGodspIay-fellovvs in thatgamej efpccially confi*
dering the great command they have of wits and means, whereby the
inveftigation of all things may beperfedled.

(j Neither did the difpenfation of God vary in the times after our
Saviour came into the world ^ For our Saviour hir/jfclfdidfirjificw his
foivcr to fubdue Ignorance^ by his conference reith the Doctors of the Law^ t'Jc 2,
(tnd the Priejis in the Temple^ before he fhevved his power to fuddue Na-
ture, by his great and fo many Miracles. And the coming of the Holy ^as A-
Ghoft ivas chiefly figur'd andexpreji in thefimilitude and guift of Tongues ^ poili,
which are the vchicuU fcientite.

^. So in the eledion o£thofe injirumcnts which itpleafedGod to ufe in
the Vlantation of the Faith, at thefirft heiraployed perfons altogether
Unlearned, otherwife than by inipiration from the holy Spirit -, where-
by more evidently he might declare his immediate and divine work-
ing, and might abafe all humane Wifdom and Knowledge : yet never-
thele(sthat counfel of his in thisrefped was no (boner perform'd, buc
inthe nextviciflitudeand (uccellion of time he (ent his divine Truth
into the world, waited on with other Learning, as with fervants and
hand-maids 5 therefore we fee ■S"^ Pauls pen , (who was only learned Afta A-
amongft the ApoHles) was chiefly imployed by God, in the Scriptures of P"'* '■^'
the new Teftament.

^ So again we know, that many of the Ancient Bifjops and Do&ors
of the church ivcre excellently read and Jiudied in all the Learning of
the Heathen, in fo much that the Edid:of,the Emper our Julian, nahere- Epin. g^
by it TXiasinterdi&ed unto Christians to be admitted into Schools^ or ex- S-^f^^l
ercifes of Learning , was efteemed and accounted a more pernitious
Engine and Machination againfl: the Chriftian Faith , than were all the
fanguinary profecutionsof his PredeceiTors. Neither could the emu- P.DiacJ,
lation and jealoufie of Gregory the Firji, (otherwife an excellent man) ^' ^^'•'S-
veho defigned to extinguifi and obliterate Heathen Authors and Antiquity^
ever obtain the opinion of Piety and Devotion amongft holy men.
But contrariwife it was the Chriftian Church, which amidft the inun-
dations of the Scythians from the North-weft j and the Saracens from
the Eaft, did prelerve in the lacred Lap and Bofom thereof the precious
relicks of Heathen Learning, which otherwife had utterly perilht and
been extinguifht. And of late in ouragewe may likewife fee the Je-
fii2ts, who partly in themfelves, and partly by emulation and provoca-
tion of Adverfaries, have much quicl^ncd and lirengthencd the Jiate of
Learning-^ we fee, I (ay, what notable fervices they have done, and
what helps they have brought in, to the repairing and eftablilhing of
the Roman Sea.

§. VVherefore to conclude this Part, there are two principal Duties
and Services befides ornament and illuftration, which humane Learning
doth perform to Faith and Eveligion .• Tht one, becanfe ihe^ areeffeHu-
al incitements to the exaltation and cekbratioa of the Glory oj God: for

30 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. I.

Pfal.XIX.

as theP(alms, and other Scriptures, do often invite us to the contem-
plation, and publication of the magnificent and wonderful works of
God ; fo if we fhould reft only in the outward form, as they firft offer
themfelves unto our fenfes 5 we Ihould do the like the injury to the Ma-
jefty of God, as if we ftiould judge of theftore and wealth of fome ex-
cellent Jeweller, by that only, which is fet out towards the ftreet
Mat,2z. in his (hop. The other , hecauje theylminiUer afingular help and prefer-
vative againji unbeliefs and errors ; Tou err , »ot knowing the Scriptures
nor the Tower of God. Where he lays before us, two books or volumes
to ftudy , if we will be fecur'd from errors ; Firft the volume of
Scriptures, which reveal the will of God , then the volume of Cream
tures, which exprefs his power , whereof the latter is as a key to the
former, not only opening our underftanding to conceive the true fence
of Scriptures, by the general rules of Reafbn and Laws of fpeech 5
but befides, chiefly opening our belief, in drawing us unto a due me-
ditation of the omnipotency of God , the charadters whereofare chiefly
figned and engraven upon his works. Thus much for Divine Tejii-
monies and Evidences , concerning the true Dignity and value of
Learning.

Chap. VII.

The Dignity of Learning from humane Arguments and Teftimonies.
L Natural, Inventors of Nerv Arts for the Commodities of Mans
life, confecratedasGods, IL Political, Civil Eliates and affairs
advanced hy Learning. § The h>fi and happiefi times under Learn-
ed Princes and others. § Exemplified in the immediate fucced-
ing Emperours, from the death of Domitian. III. Military, The
concurrence of Arms and Learning. § Exemplified in Alexander
the Great. § Julius Csefar the Di&ator. § Xenophon the Phi-

0 opher.

K

S for Humane Tefiimonies and Arguments, it is fo large a field,

^ as in a difcourfe of this compendious nature and brevity, it is fit

rather to ufe choice, than toimbrace the variety of them.

I. Firft, therefore in the degrees of Honour amongft the Hea-
thens, it was the higheft , to attain to a Veneration and Adorati-
on as a God, this indeed to the Chriftians is as the forbidden
fruit 3 but we fpeak now (eparately of Humane Teftimony.
Therefore, (as we were faying) with the Heathens, that which the
Gttcxzwsc^iW Apothcofis'-, and the h^iints Relatio inter Divos ^ was the
Herodia.i. fupremc Houour which man could attribute unto man ; fpecially,
hq^i"'^* when it was given, not by a formal Decree or Aft ofEftate, (as it was
ufed amongft the Roman Empcrours,) but freely by the alfent of Men
and inward belief. Of which high Honour there was a certain degree
and middle term: For there were reckoned above Humane Honours,
Honours Hcroicalj and Divine-^ in theDiftribution whereof, Antiqui-
ty obfcrved this order. Founders of States 5 Lawgivers, Extirperscf

Tyrants >

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. ^ i

Tyrants ; Fathers of their Country, and other eminent Perfbns in Ci-
vil Merit, were honour'd with the title of Worthies only, or Demi-
Gods ; fuch as were Thefeuf, Minos^ Romulus, and the like ; on the o-
therfide (lichas were Inventors and Authors of new Arts t^ and jitch as
endowed mans life with nciv Commodities.., and acccjjions^ were ever confc'
crated among the Greater and Entire Gods 5 which hapned to Ceres, Bac-
chus, Mercury^ Apollo, and others, which indeed was done juftly and
upon (bund judgment : For the merits of the former, are commonly con-
fined within the circle of an Age, or a Nation, and are not unlike fea-
(bnable and favouring Qiowers, which though they be profitable and
defirable, yetferve but for that leafon only wherein they fall, and for
a Latitude of ground which they water: but the benefices of the latter^
like the influences of the Sun, and the heavenly bodies^ are for time,
permanent, for place, univerfal ; thole again are commonly mixt with
ftrife and perturbation j but thefe have the true charafter of Divine
prefence, and come in Aura lent without noife or agitation.

If. Neither certainly is the Alerit of Learningin Civil affairs, and in
reprejfing the inconveniences which grow from man to man, much infericitr
to the other,which relieve mans nccejfities, which arife from Nature. And orph. "'
this kind of merit was lively fet forth in that feigned relation oiOrpheus
his Theatre, where all beafts and birds affembled, which forgetting their
proper natural appetites of Prey, of Game, of Quarrel, ftood all foci-
ably and lovingly together liftening unto the Airs and accords of the
harp, the found whereof no fooner ceafed, or was drown'd by fome
louder noife, but every beaft returned to his own nature. In which
Fable is elegantly defcribed, the nature and condition of men, who are
tofled and diforderedwith fiindry (avage and unreclaim'd defires, of
Profit, of Lull, of Revenge^ which yet as long as they give ear to
precepts, to the perfwafion of Religion, Laws, and Magiftrates, elo-
quently and fweetly coucht in Books, to Sermons and Harangues ^ fo
long is fociety and peace maintain'd, but if thefe inftrumentsbe filent,
or that (editions and tumults make them not audible, all things diflblve
and fall back into Anarchy and Confufion.

§ But this appeareth more manifeftly, when Kings or Terfons oj An-
ihority under them, or Govern ours in States, are endowed with Learning .• .
For although he might be thought partial to his own profeffion that laid, ^g^*'/'
Then pould People or States be happy when either Kings were Chilofophers
fir rhilofophers Kings 'j yet fo much is verified by experience, that under
vpjfe and Learned Princes and GovernoUrs of State, there hath been ever
the beji aud happieji times. For howfbever Kings may have their errors
pnd imperfeftions ; that is, be liable to Paflions and depraved cuftoms,
like other men,yet if they be illuminated by Learning,they have certain
anticipate notions of Religion, PoHcy, and Morality, which preferveand
refrain them from all ruinous and peremptory errors and excclles,
whifpering evermore in their ears, when Councellours, and Servants
ftand mute and filent. So likewile Senators and Councelloitrs which be
^.earned, do proceed upon more fafe and jubjlantial principles than Coun-
cellours which are only men of experience : Thofe feeing dangers a farre
off, and repulfing them betimes; whereas thefe are wife only near at
hand, feeing nothing, but what is imminent and ready to fall upon
them, and then truft to the agility of their wit, in the point of dangers,
toward and avoid them, § Which

5 2 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I.

§ Which felicity of times under Le^^rKec^ Pr/wcf/ (to keep ftillthe
law of brevity by ufing the moft feledied and eminent examples) doth
beft appear, in the-Age which pafled from the death oi Domitianus the
Emperour, untill the reign of Commodus^ comprehending afttccejjion of
Jix Princes J al/ Learned, or Jingular favourers and advancers of Learnings
and of all ages (if we regard temporal happinef) the mojiflourijlnng that
ever Rome jaw, which was then the Model and Epitome of the world : A

Suet.in matter revealed and prefigiir'd unto Domitian in a dream, the night
°"^'^^' before he was flain, /(?r hefeem'dtofeegrown behinduponhisjhoulders a.
neckband a head of gold j which Divination came indeed accordingly to
pals, in thofe golden times which lucceeded , of which we will make
Ibme particular, but brief commemoration. Nerva was a Learned
Prince, an inward accquaintance, and even a Difciple to ApoUonius

A'ri/,1 tuiii the Pythagorean ; who alfo almoft expired in a verfe of Homers*

Flin.Fan. , , , , , , r n

Telfs rhtebe tuis, lachrimas mcifcere nojtras,

Trajan was for his Perfbn not Learned, but an admirer of Learning,
and a munificent bencfaftor to the Learned, a Founder of Libraries,
and in whofe Court (though a warlike Prince) as is recorded, Profel^
Dion.in fours and Preceptors were of moft credit and eftimation. Adrian was
Adnano. jj^^ ^^^ curious man that lived, and the infatiable inquirer of all va-
riety and fecrets. Antonius had the patient and fubtile wit of i
Eionin School-man, in fo much as he was called Cymini-SeBor^ a Carver, or a.
Anton. P Ji^ijgf. oj- Cummin feed : And of the Divifratres, Lucius Commodtts
-.,, was delighted with a fbfter kind of Learning ; and Marcus was furnam'd

the Fhilofopher. Thefe Princes as they excel' d the reji in Learning, fo
they excel' d them li^ewife in virtue and goodnej?. Nerva was a moft mild
plin.Pan. Emperour, and who (if he had done nothing e\re)gaveTrajvtt to the
Aur.'vift. World. Trajan, of all that reigned, for the Arts, both of Peace and
c.ij. War, was moft famous and renowned ; the fame Prince enlarged the
bounds of the Empire f the fame, temperately confin'd the Limits and
Dion. Power thereof, he was alfo a great Builder in fo much as Conjiantine
Trajan, the Great, in emulation was was wont to call him, Parietaria^ Watt'
Flower, becaufe his name was carved upon (6 many walls. Adrian
was Times rival for the vidlory of perpetuity, for by his care and mu-
nificence in every kind, he repaired the decaies and ruines of Time.
Antonintff, as by name, {o nature, a man exceeding Piom j for his na-
in Ant. P. ^^^^ ^^'^ inbred goodnels, was beloved and moft acceptable to men of
all (brts and degrees 5 whole reign, though it was long, yet was it
^ peaceful and happy. Lucius Commodtfs (exceeded indeed by his bro-
Tn Vero. ther) excel'd many of the Emperours for goodnels. Marcus formed
nM. nt. j^y nature to be the pattern and Platform of virtue, againft whom that
7ty?cr in the banquet of the Gods had nothing to objeft, or carpeat,
fave his patience towards the humours of his wife. So in this continued
lequence of /?x Princes, a man may fee the happy fruits of Learning in So*
Tiii'ani veraigffty. Painted forth in the greateft Table of the world.
X are?. III. Neither hath Learning an influence or operation upon Civil merit and
the Arts of peace only, hut. likewise it hath no lefs Power & Fificacy inMat'
tial and Alilitary virtue, as may notably be rcprefented in the examples
of Alexander the Great, and IhUhs C^ejar the Dr&ator^ meation'd,by the

way

Lib. I. Of the Advancement ofLearmm. q j

way before, but now in, fit place to be refumed 5 of whofe Military ver-
•iues and A^s inwar^ there needs no note or recital, having been the
wonders ofthe world in that kind ; but, o£their affection and propcnjion
towards Learning., and peculiar perfeiiion therein, it will not be imper-
tinent to fay fbmething.

§ Alexander was bred and taughtunder Arijiotle, (certainly a great
Philofopher) who dedicated divers of his Books of /'/»z/(?/()/;/j/unto him :
he was attended with Calijihenei, and divers other Learned perfons
that followed him in Camp, and vyere his perpetual affociates, in all
his Travels and Conquefts. What Price and Ejiimation he had Learn"
ingin^ doth notably appear in many particulars, ^s in the envy he ex-
prefled towards Achille's great fortune, in this, 1'hat he had fa good a Plut in
Trumpet of his Anions and prorvef as Homer's verfes. In the judgment ^'"*'^'^'
he gave touching the precious Cabinet of Darius, which was found ar
mongft the reft of the fpoils ; whereof, when queftion was mov'd,
what thing was worthy to be put into it, and onefaid one thing, ano-
ther, another, he gave fentence for Homer's tvor^s. His reprehenfory piut.ut
letter to Arijiotle, after he had fej: forth hXsBookvf Nature, wherein he f^P".
expoftulates with him, for publilhing the fecrets or myfteries of Philo-
(bphy, and gave him to underftand. That hin^fclf ejiccmed it more to Ut (M^te.,
excel others in Learning and Knowledge, than in Power and Empire.
There are many other particulars to this purpofe. But how excellently
his mind was endowedwith Learning, doth appear, or rather (liine in all
his speeches and anfwerf, full of of knowledg jjnd wifdom j whereof
though the Remains be fmall, yet you Ihall find deeply imprefled in
them, the foot-fteps of all fclences in Moral knowledge 3 Let the fpeech
of Alexander be obferved touching Diogenes, and fee (ifye pleafe) if it
tend not to to the true eftate of one of the greateft queftions in moral
Philofophyj* IVhether the enjoying of outward things, on the contemning
of them, be the greater happinef. Fqr when he faw Diogenes contented
zpithfo little, turning to thofe that ftood about him, that mock'd at the
Cynicks condition, he faid, If I were not Alexander, IcouldwiJIj to be
Diogenes. But Seneca, in this coraparifon, prefers Diogenes, when ' "^"°
hefaith. Plus erat quod Diogenes noUet accipere, qnam quod Alexander oeBen.f,
pofftt dare. There were more things which Diogenes would have refufed,
than thofe were which Alexander could have given. In Natural kpowkdg,
obferv'e that fpeech that was ufual with him, T^^^ /)^/e/f j6^ mortality . .
chiefly in two things. Sleep, and Lujl : which (peech, in truth, is extraft- Aiexlnd/
ed out ofthe depth of Natural Philofophy, tafting rather ofthe concep-
tion of an Arijiotle, or a Democritus, than an Alexander j feeing as well
theindigence, as redundance of nature, defign'd by thefe two Afts,
are, as it were, the inward witneil'es and the earneft of Death. In
Toefy, let that fpeech be obferved, when upon tl!e bleeding of his
wounds, he called unto him one of his Flatterers, that was wont to a»
fcribeunto him divine honour, look^(f3\x.h. lit) this is the bloud of a man,
notfuch liquor as Homer fpeakj of, which ranfrbm Venus hand, when it
vpas pierced by Diomedes : with this fpeech checking both the Poets^
and his flatterers, and himfelf. InL(7^^/c^obferve that reprehenfion of
Diale&ic^ Fallacies, in repelling and retorting Arguments, in that fay-
ing of his wherein he takes up Caffandery confuting the informers againft
his father Antipater. For when Alexander ha,pned to {hy,Doyou thwk^theje

E »'e»'

34 ^f ^^^ Advancement of Learning, L i b. I.

viiit.in A- men would come Jo far to complain, except they hadjuji caufe .<? Caflander
Uxand. anfwered. Tea, that xpas it that made them thm bold, becattfe they hoped
the length of the way tvould dead the difcovery of the afperfion 5 See (faith
the King) thefubtilty ofArijiotle rvrejiing the matter both rvaies. Pro and
Contra, Yet the fame Art which he reprehended in another, he knew
well how to u(e himfelf, when occafion required, to ferve his own
turn. For Co it fell out that Calrfihenes, (to whom he bare a fecret
grudge, becaufe he wasagainftthe new ceremony of his a rl oration)
being mov'd, at a banquet, byfome of tho(e that (ate at table with
him, that for entertainment fake (being he was an eloquent man) he
would take upon him fome Theme, at his own choice, to difcourle
upon, which Califihenes did, and chufing the Praifes of the Macedo-
nian Nation, performed the fame with the great applaufe of all that
Plutarch, heard him : whereupon Alexander, nothing plea(ed, (aid. That upon
lit fupra. a good fubjelf it was eajle for any manto be eloqifent, but turn, (aid he,
your ftile, and let us hear what you cati (ay againll: us. Calijihenes un-
dertook the charge, and performed it, with that (ting and life, that
Alexander was fain to interrupt him, faying ; An ill mind alfo, as well as
a good caufe might infufe eloquence. For Rhetoric^ whereto Tropes and
Ornaments appertains (ee an elegant ufe of Metaphor, wherewith he
taxed Antipater, who was an Imperious and Tyrannous Governour.
For when one oi Antipaters friends commended him to Alexander for
his moderation, and that he did not degenerate, as other Lievtenants
did, into the Per(ian Pi;jde, in ufing Purple, but kept the ancient Ma-
E^'.^^fS^" cedon habit. But Antipater (faith Alexander') is all Pnrple within. So
* likewi(e that other Metaphor is excellent ; when Varmenio came unto
him in the plain oiArbeUa'-, and (hewed him the innumerable multitude
of enemies which viewed in the night, reprefented, by the infinite
number of lightsi, a new Firmament of ftarres 5 and thereupon advifed
Plut.in him to affail them by night, I will not, faid Alexander, Jieal a viffory,
Alexan. For matter of Policy, weigh that grave and wife di(tinftion, which all
ages have embraced, whereby he differenced his two chief friends, E-
Ot fupra. phejiion and CraterHs, when he faid, That the one loved Alexander, and
the other loved the King, Defcribing a Difference of great import, a-
mongft even the moft faithful fervants of Kings, that fome in Jincere
ajfe&ion love their Perfons, others in duty love their Crown. Obferve
how excellently he could tax an error, ordinary with Counfellors of
Princes, who many times give counfel, according to the model of their
Plut.in own mind and fortune, and not of their Mafters. For when Dariuf
Alex. had made great offers to Alexander : I,faid Parmenio, would accept thefe
conditions. If I were as Alexander: faid Alexander, Jurely fo would ly
were I as parmenio. Laftly, weigh that quick and acute reply, which
he made to his frienas asking him, what he wonldrefervefor himfelf, giving
away fo many and great gifts ^ Hope, faid he, as one who well knew
"^"* that when all accounts are caftup aright, Hope is the true portion and
inheritance of all that refolve upon great enterprizes. This was Julius
C<efar's portion when he went into Gaul , all his eftate being exhaufted
by profufe LargefTes. This was likewife the portion of that noble
s.Fr.i«. Prince, howfbever tranfported with Ambition, Henry Duke ofCuyfe,
B»citi. of whom it was ufually faid , That he was thegreateji ufurer in allFrance^
becaufe that all his wealth was in names, and that he had turned hif

vphoh

Lib. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 3 5

n>hole ejiate into obligations. But thc admiration ofthff Prif?ce, v/hilft
I reprefent him to my (elf, not as Alexander the Great, but zsAriJhtks
Scholar, hath perchance carried me too far.

§ As for IhUus Ctgfar^ the excellency of his Learning, fleeds riot to be o'at. '
argued, either from his education, or his company, or his anfwers, cic.de o-
For this, in a high degree, doth declare it felf in his own writings, g^^J^j ^^
and works, whereof Ibme are extant, fbme unfortunately perifh't. lui. '
For firft, there is left unto us that excellent Hijlory of his own noirs, which
he entitled only a Commentary^ wherein all fucceeding times have ad-^"'^^'"
mired thefolid weight of matter; and lively images of Aftions and^''^^^'* '
Pcrfbns expreft in the greateft propriety of words, & perfpicuity of Nar-
ration, that ever was. Which endowments, that they were not in-
fofed by nature, butaccquired by Precepts and injiru&tons of Learning,
is well witneffed by that work of his entitled De Analogia, which was parag.s5c
nothing elfe but a Grammatical Philofophy, wherein he did labour, to
make this vox adPlacitum, to become vox ad Licitum, and to reduce
cuftome offpeech, to congruity offpeech; that words, which are the
the images ofthings, might accord with the things therafelves, and not
ftand to the Arbitrement of the vulgar. So likewi(e we have by his
edift, a reformed computation ofthej/ear, correfpondent to the courfe suet.in
of the Sun •■> which evidently (hews, that he accounted it his equal glo- parag. 40,
ry, to find out the laws of the ftars in heaven , as to give laws to men
on earth. So in that Book of his entitled Anti-Cato 5 it doth eafily ap- p[i,t jp
pear, that he did afpire, as well to viftory of wit, as viftory of war , C^fa
undertaking therein a Conflici againft the greateft Champion with the
Pen, that then lived, Cicero the Oratour. Again in his Book o£ Apoph-
thegms^ which he collefted, we fee he efteemed it more honour, to
to make hirafelf but a pair of Tables, or Codici/s, wherein to regifter
the wife and grave fayings of others j than if his own words were hal-
lowed as Oracles, as many vain Princes, by cuftom of Flattery, delight
to do. But if I (hould report divers of his 6'/)e£d:Ae/, as I did m Alex'
ander, they are truly fuch, as Solomon notes. Verba fapientumjunt tan- ^ ,^ ,
quamacHlei, d^ tanquamclavi in altnm dejrxi.-wheiefotelwillhete only
propound three, not fo admirable for elegancy, as for vigour and effi-
cacy : Asfirft, it is reafon he be thought amafier of words ^ that could
with one word appeafea mutiny in his army: the occafion was this 5
The Romans, when their Generals did fpeak in their Army, did ufe
the word^ Mlites, when the Magiftrates fpake to the people, they
did vfe the word, ^irites : C<efars fouldiers were in a tumult, and fe-
ditioufly prayed to be called, not that they fo meant, but by expoftu-
lation thereof^ to draw C^far to other conditions; He, nothing daun-
ted and refolute, after fbme filence began thus, Ego, ^irites, which Suet.in ,
word did admit them already caOiiered ; wherewith the fouldiers were ^^'-P^^S'
fofurprized, and (b amazed ; as they would not fufFer him to goon in
his fpeech ; and relinquiQiing their demands ofDifmiJJzon, made it now
their earnefl fuit, that the name of Milites, might be again reftored
them. The fecond fpeech was thus , Cafar did extreamly affeft the name
o^King'-, therefore (bme were fet on, as he paffed by, in popular accla-
mation to falute him /C/»^.- he finding the cry weak and poor, put off
theraatter with ajert, as if they had mift his fir-name, Non Rex fit m, ^"^^_'^^'
(faith he)/c^ Cafari, indeed fuch a fpeech, as if it be •Kaftlyfearch't,

E 2 the

^6 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . I.

the life and fulnels of it can fcarce be expreft. For firft it pretended a
refufal of the name, but yet not ferious. Again, it did carry with it an
infinite confidence, and magnanimity 5 as if the Appellation C<^yir had
been a more eminent Title, than the name of King 5 which hath come
to pafs, and remaineth (6 till this day. But, that which moft made for
him, this fpeech by an excellent contrivance, advanced his own pur-
pole ■, for it did clofely infinuate, that the Senate and People of Rome
did ftrive with him about a vain (hadow, a name only , (for he had
the power of a King already) and for fuch a name, whereof mean fa-
milies were inverted ; for the Sir-name iSex , was the title of many fa-
milies -J as we alfo have the like in our Dialed. The laft fpeech,which
I will mention in this place, was this 5 When C^far^ after the war was
declared, did pofle(s himfelf of the City of Rome^ and had broke o-
pen the inner Treaf»rj/, to take the mony there ftored up, for the fer-
vice of the war , Metel/ns , for that time Tribune, withftood him 5

plut.in to whom C^yir, If thou do^ perfji (Caith he) thou art dead '^^ pre(ently
taking himfelf up, he added, .Toung man^ it is harder for me to fpea^
this^thanto doit ^ Adolefcens, duriui ejimhi hoc dicere quatfi facere ^
A (peech compounded of the grcateft terror, and the greateft clemen-
cy, that could proceed out of the mouth of man. But, to purfue C4?-
fars Abilities in this kind no farther, it is evident, that he knew well
his ovpnperfeBion in I,earning,as appears,when fbme fpake,what a ftrange
resolution it v/asm Lucius \Scyl/a to refign his DiiJature ^ he (coffing
at him, anfwered, That Scylh could »ot skill of Letters, and therefore

Suet, in ^«f jj, „ot /^^jy to Dilate.

^t'' _ § Now it were time to leave this point touching /^e^WiSf concur"

ranee of Military virtue and Learnings (for what example in this kind,
can come with any grace, after Alexander and C£jar .<?) were it not that
I am tranfported with the height and rareneft of one other particular
inftance, as that which did fo fuddenly pals from fcorn to wonder 5

Xen.Hift. and it is oi Xnnophon the Vhilofophor^vuho went from Socrates his School

de Exp. into Afia with Cyrus the younger, in his expedition againft King Ar^
^'^*' taxerxes. This Xenophon, at that time was very young, and never
had (een the wars before '-, neither had then, any command in the Ar-
my, but only followed the war as a voluntary , for the love andcon-
verlationofPrtfxe«»xhis friend. He was by chance present when F4-
linus came in meffage from the great King, to the Grecians , after that
Cyrus was flain in the field, and the Grecians, a handful of men, having
loft their General, left to themfelves in the midft of the Provinces of
Perfia, cut off from their Country by. the interception of many miles,
and of very great and deep Rivers* The Meflage did import that they
fliould deliver up their Arras, and fubmit themlelves to the Kings mer-
cy : to which meffage before publick anfvver was made, divers of the
Army conferr'd familiarly with Falinus , amongft whom Xenophon

Hid. de hapned to fay thus, IVhy , ((aid he) Falinus we have now but thefe two

J J" ^' things left, our Arms and our Virtue, if we yield up our Arms, howfliall
we makeufe of our Virtue .<? whereto Falinus fmiling (aid. If I be not
deceived, Toung Gentleman, you are an Athenian, and ftudy Philofophy^
and it is pretty thatyou fay, but yon are much abufed, if you thin\your
Virtue can wjthjhtnd the Kings Power 5 here was the fcorn, the won-
der follow'eth. Th\% young Scholar or Philofopber, after all the Cap-
tains

L I D. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 37

tains and Commanders were murthered by treafon, condufted ten thou-
(and Foot, through the heart of all the Kings high Countries, from'
BabylonioGrecia, in defpite of all the Kings forces 5 to the aftonifh-
ment of the world, and the encouragement of the Grecians in time
fucceeding , to make invafion upon the Perftan Monarchy znd to fubvert
it. Which indeed foon after, Jafon the Thejfalian conceivd and de-
fign'd 5 Ageftlaus the Spartan attempted and commenced ; Alexander
the Macedonian at laft atchievedjall being ftirred up, by this brave lead'
ing A& of that young Scholar.

Chap. VIII.

The Merit of Learning from the influence it hath upon Moral Vir-
tues. § Learning a foveraign remedy for all the difeafet of the
Mind, (j The Dominion thereof greater than any Tem-poral Pow-
er^ being a Porver over Reafon-and Belief ^ Learning gives For-
tunes^ Honours J Delights excelling all others^ as the foul the fenfe.
§ Durable Monuments of Fame. ^ A ProfpeCf of the immortality
of a future rvorld.

TO proceed now, from Imperial and Military Virtue, to Moral, and
that which is the Virtue of Private men : Firft, that of the Poet
13 a moft certain truth,

Scilicet ingenuas didiciffe fideliter Artes Ovid, da

EmoUit mores nee finit ejfe feros. Pont.

For Learning doth reclaim mens minds from Wildenefs and Barbarifm ;
but indeed, the accent had need be put upon Fideliter •-, for a fuperfi-
cial confufed knowledge doth rather work a contrary eStOi. I fay.
Learning takes' aivay levity, temerity, and infokncy^ whilft it fuggefts all
dangers and doubts, together with the thing it (elf 5 ballanceth the
weight of reafons and arguments on both fides 3 turns back the firft
offers and placits of the mind as fufpeft, andteacheth it to take a tried
and examin'd way : The fame doth extirpate vain and excejjive admi*
ration, which is the root of all weak advifement. For we admire
things, either becaufe they are Nerv, or becaufe they are Great : As
for novelty, no man that wades in Learning,and contemplation of things
throughly, but hath this printed in his heart, N// novi fubfole : nei- Ecclcf.i;'
ther can any man much marvail at the play of Puppets, that thrufts but
his head behind the curtain 5 and advifeth well of the organs and
wires that caule the motion. As for Magnitude , as Alexander the
Great , after he was ufed to great Battles, and conquefts in Afia'j when
at anytime he received Letters out of Greece, of forae fights and fer-
vices there, v/hich were undertaken commonly for fome Bridge, or a
Fort, or at moft for the beficge of (bme City ^ was wont to (ay, It
feemed to him, that he was advertifedof the Battles (9/ Homers Frogs and
Mice : So certainly, if a man meditate upon the world and the Fabrick

thereof?

3 8 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. I.

thereof 5 to him the Globe of the Earth, with men marching upoa it,

'( the Divinenefs of fouls excepted ) will not feem much other ,

Sen.Nat. than a HiI/ocl{_of A»ts jvhereof fo/ftc Creep ^ aud run up and dotvnjpjth

^['''•'' their Corn^ others with their Eggs^ others empty , alJ about a little heap

of Duji.

^ Again , Learning takes away , or at leaji , mitigates the fear of
death;, and adverje Fortune ^ which is one of the greatejl impediments ta
Virtue or Manners. For ifa mans mind be feafoned and imbued with
the contemplation of Mortality, and the corruptible nature of things,
he will, in his apprehenfion , concur with Epi&ettfs, who going forth
one day faw a woman weeping for her Pitcher of Earth, and going
forth the next day faw anather woman weeping for her fon, faid, Heri
Inchir.c. ^j^i jragilem frangi^ hodie vidi mortalem mori : Therefore Virgil did
excellently and profoundly couple the knowledge of the caufe and the
conqueft of fears together, as concomitants ;

33. Arr.
1.3.0.24.^

Geor.2

Felix quipotuitrernm cognofcerc caufasj
^uiq'-i metus omnes O' inexorabile fatum^
Subjecit pedibusjfirepitumq-) Acherontis avari.

It were too long to go over the particular Remedies , which Learning
doth miniver to all the difeafes of the Mind ; fometimcs purging the ill
Humours, fometimes opening the obftruftions, fometimes helping di-
geftion, fometimes exciting appetite, often healing the wounds and
ex ulcerations thereof, and the like. Therefore I will conclude with
that, which feems to be the fum of all, which is, that Learning fo dif^
pofeth and inclineth the mind, as that it is never wholly fetlcd andfixt in
PlatAlcib. thedefc&s thereof but ever aw'iikss it jelf and breaths after a Growth and
Porph. in Perfe&ion : For the unlearn'd man knows not what it is to defend into
Stob. Sen. fjjffijfij-^ ^y. fg call himfelf to account , or what a fweet life it is fenfihly to
Hut.Mor. feel, that he is every day better.. If be chance to have any good parts, he
will be boafting thele ; and every where expofe them to the full view 5
and it may be ufe them dexteroufly to his own advantage and reputa-
tion •■, but not much improve or encreafe them. Again, what faults (b-
ever he hath, he will ufe art and induftry to hide and colour thera,
but not to amend them ; like an ill Mower that moweson (till and ne-
ver whets his Sythe ; Contrariwife, a learned man doth not only implojf
his mind and exercife his good parts, but continually reforms himfelf, and
makes ProgreJJion in virtue : Nay, to fay all in a word. Certain it is,
that Veritas and Bonitas differ but as the Seal and the Print j for good-
tiefs is Truth's imprejfion ; and on the contrary the ftorras and
tempeflis of Vice and Paffions break from the Clouds o^ error and
fafjood.

1 1 . From Morality, let us pafs on to matter of power and cotamandment^
and confider, whither there be any foveraignty or empire comparable to
that wherewith Learning invefis and crowns names. We fee the Dignity
of commanding, is according to the dignity of the commanded : Com-
mandment over Beafts and Cattle, fuch as Heardmen and Shepherds
have, is a thing contemptible ^ Commandment over children, liichas
School- mafters and Tutors have, is a matter of fmall honour ; com-
mandment over Haves, is a difparagcment, rather than a honour j nei-
ther

L I B. I. ' Of the Advancement of Learning, q o

ther is the commandment of Tyrants much better, over a fervile Peo-
ple, difmantled of their Spirits and generofity of mind 5 therefore it
wasever held, that honours in free Monarchies and Common-wealths
had a fweetneis more than in Tyrannies 5 becaufe a command over the
willing is more honourable than over the forced and compelled:
Wherefore J^Trgil, when he would out of the higheft ftrain of his Art
expre(s the beft of Humane honourSjthat he could attribute to C^far^he
doth it in thefe words,

vi&orq'-i -volentes Georg 4,

■Per Populot datjura^ viaf^qj affeSat Olympo.

But the Commandment of knovpledge is far higher than the Commandment
over the will, though free, and not enflaved and vajJaVd : For it is a DO"
7»inion over Reafon^Belief and the Vnder^anding^tfhich is the highejipart
of man,and gives Law to thevptU it felf : For without Qiieftion there is no
power on earth,which advanceth and fets up a Throne, andjas it were,
« chair ofefiate, in the fouls of men and their Cogitations, Alfents, and
Belief, but Knowledge and Learning : And therefore we fee, the detefta-
bleand extreme pleafure t\\zt Arch-Hereticks, falfe Prophets, and Impg-
iiors are ravifht, and tranlported withal, when once they find that they
begin to have a Dominion, and Superiority over the faith and confci-
ences of men ; indeed (b great, as he that hath once tafted it, it is (cl-
dom feen that any perlecution or torture can make them relinquifh this
Soveraignty ; But as this is that which the Divine Author of the R.eve-
. lations calls, The depth or prof oundnefs of Satan ; (bon the contrary, the apocz;
juft and lawful Soveraignty over mens minds, eftabliflit by the clear e-
vidence , and fweet commendation of Truth, approacheth certainly
neareft to the limilitude of the Divine Rule.

§ As for Fortunes and Honours, the magnificence of Learning doth not
fo enrich and adorn whole Kingdoms and Common-wealths, as it doth not
lil{ewife amplife and advance the Fortunes and Ejiates of particular perfons^
For it is an ancient obfervation , that Homer hath given more men their
living, than either Scylla, or Csfarj^Jr Auguftus ever did, notwithftanding
their great Largeiles,fuch infinite donatives, and diftributionsofrauch
Land. No doubt, it is hard to iay,whether Arms or Learning have ad-
vanced greater numbers : But if we fpeak of Soveraignty, we fee, that
if Arms have carried away the Kingdom , yet Learning hath born away
the Priejlhood, which ever hath been in fome competition with ■
Empire.

§ Again, If you contemplate the Pleafure and Delight of Knowledge and
.Learning, affttredly it far furpaffes all other pleafure : For what ? Shall,
perchance, thepleafures of the Affeftions fo far excel the pleafuresof
the fenfes, as a happy obtaining of a defire, doth a (bng or a dinner 5
and muft not by the fame degrees of confequence, the pleafure of the
Intelled tranfcend thofe of the AfFeftions? In all other pleafures there
is a finite (atiety, and after they grow a little ftale, their flower and
verdure vades and departs ; whereby we are inftrudted, that they were
not indeed pure and finccrc pleafures, but (hadows and deceits oCPlea^
fures i and that it was the Novelty which plcas'd, and not the Qua-
lity ; therefore voluptuous men often turn Fryars , and the declining

40 • Of the Advancement of Learning. ■ L i b. I.

age of ambitious Princes is commonly more fad and befieged with Me-
lancholy 5 Eut of Knowledge there is no fattety ; but viciffitudejperpetu-
ally and interchangeably ,returning of fruition and appetite 5 fo that the
' good of this delight muft needs be fimple, without Accident or Fallacy.
Neither is that Fleajure of fmall efficacy and contentment in the mind
of man, which the Poet Lncretius defcribeth elegantly , Suave^mari
De Rer. magtio turbantibtts tequora ventis, &c. It is a. view of delight (faith he) to
KuMb.i.JiaKd or wttlk^upon the pore, and to fee afiip tojl with tempefi upon the
fea : apleafnre tofland in the window of a Cafile , and to fee two Bat-
tails joyn upon a plain : but it is apleafure incomparable , for the taind of
man, by Learning to befetled and fortified in the Tower of Truths and from
thence to behold the errors andwandrings of other men below.

§ Laftly, leaving the vulgar arguments , That by Learning man excels
man , in that wherein man excels beajis^ that by the help of Learning,
man afcends in his underftanding, even to the heavens, whither in bo-
dy he can not come, and the like ^ let us conclude this difcourfe con-
cerning fi^e ^;^«/7j' (««<^ Kwon'/c^/ge <?/ Learning, with that good, where-
unto mans nature doth moft afpire. Immortality and continuance. For
to this tendeth Generation, raifing of Houfes and Families, Buildings,
Foundations, Monuments, Fame, and in cffedt the fum and height of
humane defires. But we fee how far the monuments oftVit and Learning,
are more durable than the Monuments of matcriate Memorials and Ma-
nufa&urer. Have not theverfes of Homer continued xxv Centuries of
years and above, without the lo(s of a f}'llable, or letter ? during
which time, infinite number of Places, Temples, Caftles, Citifs, have
been decayed or been demoli(ht. The Ti&ures and Statues of" Cyrus ,
Alexander, C^far, no nor of the Kings and Princes of much later years ,
by no means poffibleare novvrecoverablejfor the Originals,worn away
with age, are periftit 5 and the Copies daily lofe of the life and Primi-
tive refemblance j But the images of mens wits,rcmain unma'imed in bookj
for ever ^ exempt from the injuries of time , becaufe capable of perpetual
renovation. Neither can they properly be called Images, becaufe, in
their way, they generate ftill and caft their feeds in the minds of men 5
raifing and procreating infinite Aftions and Opinions in fucceeding
■ ages. So that if the invention of a (hip, was thought fb noble and won-
derful, which tranfports Riches and Merchandice from Place to Place 5
and confociates the moft remote regions in ptirticipation of their fruits
and commodities i how much more are letters to be magnified, which at
flups, pajjlng through the vajifea of time, to counite the remotest ages of
IVits and Invention in mutual Trafique and Correfpondcncy }

^ Furthermore, we (ee fome of the Philofophers which were moft
immerfedin thefenfesand leaft divine, and which peremptorily ,deny-
cd the immortality of the foul, yet convided by the power of truth "
came to this point. That whatfoever Motions and A&s thefpirit of matt
could perform without the Organ of the body, it was probable that thofe re-
mained after death , fuch as were the motions of the underO:anding,but
not of the affections , fo immortal and incorruptible a thing did l^now-
ledge feem to them to be. But we, illuminated with divine Revelation,
difclaiming thefe rudiments, and delufions of the fenfes, know that not
only the mind, but the affedtions purified ; not only the foul, but the
body {hall be advanced in its time to immortality. But it muft be re-

membred.

Lib. I. Of the Advancement of Learning. z|.i

reraembredj both now and other times, as the nature of the point may-
require, that in the proofs, of the dignity of Knowledge and Learning,
I did at the beginning feparate Divine Teftimonies, from Humane,
which method I have conftantly purdied, and fo handled them both a-
part. Although all this be true, neverthelefs I do not take upon me ,
neither can I hope to obtain by any' Perorations, or pleadings of this
cafe touching Learning, to reverie the judgement either o^jifops Coc^,
thit preferred the Barley-corn before the Gemm j or oi Midas ^ that being Ovid:
chofen Judge between Apollo, Prcfldcnt of the Mnfes^ and Pan Prejident of ^^^-^^
sheep, judg'd for plenty , or of Faris^ that judged for Pleafure and love,
againft wifdom and powers or oi Agrippina^ chdicQ^Occidat matrem^ Eurip. in
modo imperet ! preferring Empire with any condition never fo dete- ^^^ '
ftable; or o^Vly/fei, ti^ai vetula/»pr£tnlit imntortalitatij being indeed
figures of thofe that prefer cuftom before all excellency ; and a number '^^c- An.'
of the like popular judgements : for thefe things muft continue as they ^*
have been, but fo will that alfo continue , whereupon Learning hath Mat.xiJ
ever relied 3S on a firm foundation which can never be Ihaken ; jf«/?i-
/i^^ata ejifapientia a Fi His /his.

THE

4?

THE

Second Book

O F

FRANCIS L. V E RV L A M
VicouhtS^' ALBAN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING.

To the KING.

THE PROEM

Tie Advancement of Learning commended unto the cdre of Kings c I. The
Afts thereof in general, three. Reward^ tiiredjpn ^ Ajjijiance,
II. In fpecial, about three objefts. Places ^ Books , Perfens. § In
places four Circumftances, Bmldings ^Revenues, Priviledget, Laves of
Difcjpline. § In Books two , Libraries , good Editions. §, In
Perfbns two, Readers of Sciences Extant , Inquirers into Parts non^^
extant. III. Defedts in thefe Afts of Advancement, fix , If^ant of
Foundations for Arts at large. § Aieannefs of Salary unto Profef-
firs, § Want of allovpaucefer Experiments. § Prepojierous injii'-
tutions^ and unadvifed fra&ices in Academical Budies. § Want
of Intelligence hetween the Vniverjities of Europe. § Want of In-
quiries i-nto the Deficients of Arts, ^ The Authors Dejign, ^ In"
genioHS Defence.

[T might feera to have more convenience, although if.
come often otherwife to pafs, (Excellent King,) thaC
tho(e that are fruitful in their Generation, and have j
this way, a fore-fight of their own immortality in their
De(cendants, (hould above all men living, be careful
of the the cftate of future times, unto which they can-
not but know that they muft at laft tranfmit their dearefl: Pledges,
Q. E[iz,abethyvzs a (biouuier in the world, m refpeft of her unmar-
ried life, rather than an inhabitant ; (he hath indeed adorned her own

p 2 tim^

44 ^f ^^^ Advancement of Learning. L i b. L

time, and many ways enricht it 5 but in truth, to Your Majefty, whom
God hath bleft with fo much Royal Iffue worthy to perpetuate you for
ever 5 whofe youthful and fruitful Bed, doth yet promife more chil-
dren j it is very proper, npt only to irradiate, as you do, your own
times, but alfo to extend your Cares to thofe Afts which fucceeding
Ages may cherilb, and Eternity it felf behold : Amongfl: which, if my
affeftioq to Learning do not tranfport me, there is none more wor-
thy, or more noble, thatt the e»dorct»ent of the world with found and
fruitful Advancements of Learning : For whyfliould we ereft unto our
felves fome kw Authors, toftand like Hercules Columns^ bieyoad which
there (hould be no difcovery of knowledge 5 feeing we havej-owr Majc
/7y, as a bright and benign Star, toconduft and profper us in thisNa-"
vigation.

I. To return therefore unto our purpofe, let us weigh and conG-
der with our felves, what hitherto hath been performed, what pre-
termitted by Princes and others, for the Propagation of Learning: And
this we will purfue clofely and diftioftly, in an Aftive and Mafculine
Expreffion, no where digrefiing , nothing dilating. Let this ground
therefore be laid, which Everyone may grant, that the greateft and
mod difScult works are overcome, cither by the Amplitude of Reward^
or by the r\>Tfdom andfoundnefs of DirfSion , or by conjunQion of La-
bours ; whereof the firft, enccurageth our .endeavours''^ thefecond^ takes
•avpay Error and Confufion 5 the third, fnppHes the frailty of Man. But
the Principal amongft thefe three , is the wifdom andfoundnejs of Di-
xeiiion^ that is , a Delineation and Demonftration of a right and
eafie way to accomplilh any enterprize : Claudus enint , as the
Ecclef. 10. (aying is, in via antevertit Curforem extra viam 5 and Solomon apt-
ly to the purpofe , If the Iron he blunt , and he do not rvhet the
edge , then mtifi he put too more jlrength 5 but reifdont is profitable
t:9 DireUion : By tvhich words he infinuateth, that a wife ele&jon of
the Alean^ doth more efficacioufly conduce to the perfeQing of uny en-
terprizc, than any enforcement or accumulation of endeavours. This I
am prefTed to fpeak , for that fnot derogating from the Honour of
thofe who have any way delerved well of Learning) I fee and ob-
ferve, that many of their Works and Afts , are rather matter of
Magnificence and Memory of their own names , than of ProgreJJion
and Proficience of Learning 5 and have rather encreafed the num-
ber of Learned men , than much promoted the Augmentation of
Learning.

II. The Works or Ada pertaini-ng to the Propagation of Learning ,
are conversant about three objei!is , about the Places of Learn-
ingj zboiit the Books i and about the Perjons of Learned men. For
as rvater, whether falling from the Dew of Heaven, or rifing from
the fpringsof the earth,- is eafily fcattered and loft in the ground,
except it be colleded into fome receptacles , where it may by
union and Congregation into one body comfort and fuftain it
felf; for that purpofe the induftry of man hath invented Con-
duits , Cifterns and Pools , and beautified them with divers ac-
complidimentg , as well of Magnificence and Stare , as of Ufe
and Neceffity ; fo this mofl: excellent liquor of Knowledge ^ whether
it diftll flora a divide infpira-tion 3 or Ipring from the fenfes ,

would

L I B . I. Of the Advancement of Learning. a c

Tvould focn perini and vanifh, if it were not conferved in Books, Tradi-
ijofts^ Cotiferefic:s, and in Pl.tccs purpo(e!y defigned to that end •-, as V-
Miverfities, CoEedger, Schools^ where it xnay have fixty?4//V/f/ and Pow-
er and Ability of uniting and improving it felf.

§ And firft, the works which concern the Seats of the Mtifcs^zrc four,
Fogndations of Hi'w/e/; Endowments with Revenues^ Grunt oi' Privi-
ledges--, Jf-jiinitiofts^' andjiatntcsfor Government 5 all which chiefly con-
duce to privatenefs and quietnels of life, and a difcharge from cares and
troubles, much lik^ the fiatiom Vir^l defcribeth for the Hiving of
Bees. '/';-■■

^ ^ Frificipo Scdes Apibusjiatioqtie peteuda^

" ~ ^o'neqnefitvetitiT.adJtus^d>'c. '' Gsor.^,

•^ ^- ^ ....... , , .. ^.,^

.' ^^ But the works touching Bookj Jire chiefly two ; Firft LiLraries,
therein, as ih'famous fliriries, the Relicjues of the Ancient Saints full
of virtue, are fepofed. Secondly, neiv. Editions of Authors^ rvith cor-
feifed imprejfions j more faithfd Tranflaftonsj more profit nble Gloffes,
more diligent 'Annotations ; vvith the like train furnifli't and adorned.

ij Furthermore, the works pertaining to the Verfons of Learned men,
befides the Advancing and Coithtcnancing of thefA' in general, are like-
Wlik two '-i lYitRemnneratioon and Defignation of Readers, in Arts and
Sciences already extant and known , and the Remuneration and Defigna-
iion of vpriters concerning, thofe parts of Knorvlege, which hitherto havs
not been fu^ciently tilJ'd and Ubourd. Thele briefly are the works
and A£ts, wherein the Merit of many renowned Princes and other
illuftrious Perfbns, hath been famed, torrards the Jiate of Learning.
As for particular Commemoration, of any that hath well deferved of
Learning, when I think thereof, that of C/Ver<) comes into my mind,
which was a motive unto him affer his return from banidiment to give
general thanks, DiJ^cilc non aliquem:, ingrathm^ ^rtenqnam prceterire : ci- n
Let us rather according to the advice of Scripture, Look^ unto the part poftredu.'
of the race which is before us, than look^backjmto that which is already at' ^P^-^'^
tained. *''''-^'

III. Firft therefore,amongn: (b many C(?/7ei^^e/ of Europe, excellently
founded, I find ftrange, that they are alldeftinated to certain Profejfions
andfiom Dedicated to Free andVniverfalJhidies of Arts and Sciences :
F,or he that judgeth, that all Learning (liould be referred to ufe and
Aftion, judgeth well J butyet it is ealiethisway tofallinto the error
taxt in the A'jcient Fable, in which, the other parts of the Body entred l'J'^'^°
an Acliori againfi thefibmach, becaufe it neither perform' d the office ofAIo- A(op,
tion^ as the Limbs do^ nor offcnje, as the head doth'j but yet all this *^'''
tvhile it is the ftomach, that concofteth, converteth, anddiftributeih
ijouriihment into the reft of the body : So if any man think Phi lifophy
and uvivcrfalco7itemplations a vain and idle (iudy, he doth not conlider
that all Profeflions and Arts from thence derive their (ap and ftrength.
And furcly I am perfwadcd that this hath been a great caufe ivhy the hap-
py progrcjjion of Learning hitherto hath been retarded^ becaufe thefe Fun-
damentals have been ftudied but only in paflage, and deeper draughts
have not been taken thereof: For if you will have a Tree bear more fruit
than it hath ufed to do, it is not any thing you can do to the Boughs,

46 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib.I^

iSaci,3».

but it is theftirringofthe earth about the rootj and the application of
new mould, or you do nothing. Neither is it to be pafled over in ^'
lence, that this dedicating ofColkdges and Societies, only to the nfe of
Trofcjpiry Learnings hath.^ not only, been an enemy to the growth ofScien'
ces 5 but hath redounded liksvpife to the prejudice of States and Goner n^
ments : For hence it commonly falls out that Princes, when they woulel
make choice of Minifters fit for the Affairs of State, find about therh
ftich a marvellous (blitude of able men j becaufe there is no education
Collecriate defign'd to this end, where fuch as are fram'd and fitted by
nature thereto, might givethemfelves chiefly to Hijiories, Modern Lan^
guages. Books and difcourfes of Policy^ that fothey might come more a-
bleand better furnim't to fervice of States

§ hwdhQCiMk Founders of Colledges do Plant, and Founders of Le~
&urers do ivater, it followeih now in order to fpeak of the Defefts
which are in publick Lefturcs i thefMalnefofJiipends(GfptciaUy with
us) ajjigned to Readers of Arts or ofProfejJlons : For it doth much import
to the ProgrcJJioa and Proficiency of Sciences, that Readers in every kind
be chofen out of the ableft and mod fufficientmewi as thole that are
ordained, not for tranfitory uft, but for to maintain and propagate the
feeds of Sciences for future Ages ; This cannot be, except the Rewards
and Conditions be appointed fuch, as may fufficiently content the raoft
eminent man in that Art, fo as he can be willing to fpend his whole
Age in that funftion and never defire to pradice. Wherefore that Sci-
ences fmy flourifi, Ddw (^/Military Law (hould be obfcrVed, That thofe
thatjiayed with the Carriage pould have equal parts with thofe that were
in the AUion -, elfc will the Carriages be ill attended. So Readers in
Sciences are, as it were, Protectors and Guardians of the Provifionof
Learning, whence the Adion and fer vices of Sciences may be furnifti't.
Wherefore it is reafon that the S alary es of Speculative men, Jhould be e-
qual to the gains ofA&ivemenj othefwife if allowances to Fathers of
Sciences be not in a competent degree ample and condign, it will
come to pals,

virg. Ge- Vt Patrem invalidi referentjejunia Natl,

or, 3,

§ Now I will note another Defe^, wherein Ibme Alchymift (hould
be called"unto for helps for this SeftofMenadvife Students to fell their
Books and to build furnaces 5 to quit Minerva and the Mules, as Bar-
ren Virgins, and to apply themfelves to Vulcan. Yet certainly it muft
be confeft, that unto the depth oi Contemplation, and the fruit of Ope-
rativejiudiesin many ScienceSjCfpecially Natural Fhilofophy,zndPkyficl{_^
Bookj are not the only fubfidiary Injiruments, wherein the Munificence
of men, hath not been altogether wanting 5 for we fee Spheres^ Globes^
jiflrolabes'. Maps, and the like, have been provided, and with indu-
ftry invented, as Htlpsto Ajirono/f/y and Cofmography , as well as Bookj,
We fee likewife fbme places dedicated to the ftudy of Phifc^ to have
Gardens for the infpe£{ ion and obfervation of Jimp Ics of all forts; and to
be authorized the ufeof Dead Bodies for Jnatomy-Le&ures. But thofe
do refped but a few things •■, in the generality fet it down for Truth,
That there can hardly be made any mainProficience inthedifclofingofthe
ferrets of Nature, unlc^ there be liberal Allowance for Experiments j vehe-

thif

L I B. I. Of the Advancement of Learning, 47

ther <?/ Vulcan or c/Dxdalus 5 / mean of Furnace, or of Engine, or any o-
therkjnd: And thetefore as Secretaries and Spials of State, are allow-
ed to bring in Bills for their diligence in the inquiry and di(covery of
New Occurrences and Secrets in Foreign Eftates 5 fojiou tnuji allow In-
telligencers and Spiah of Nature fheir bills of Expences ^ elle you (hall ne-
ver be advertiled of many things moft worthy to be known. For ify^-
lexaader ntadefuch a liberal Afftgnation of Treafure unto Arijiotle, for
"Hunters, Fowlers, FiQiers, and the like, that he might compile a Hi-
ftory of living Creatures, certainly much more is their merit, who
\vander not in wild forrefts of Nature, but make themfelves a way
through the Labyrinths of Arts. 1 /,. ^ ^^ ,, .. ; ,: . ,

§ Another Defeft to be obfervedtiy us (indeeii of great ittfpcirt) is,
A negleB^ in thofe vohich are Governours in ZJniverftties, of Confutation j
and in Princes andfuperior Terfons, of vifitation 5 to this end, that it
way with all diligence be conftdered and conjulted of, whether the Readings,
Dijptftations and other Scholajiical exercifes, anciently injiituted, will be
good to continue, or rather to antiquate andfubfiitute others more effe&H'
al: For amongft Your Majefties moft wife maxims, I find this, That in j^,^i„i'^l
mil ufages and Prafidents, the times be conftdered wherein they firji began 3
fphich if they were wea^or ignorant, it derogateth from the Authority of
the ufage and leaves itforfuJpe£f. Therefore in as much as the ulages
and orders of Univerfities, were for moft part derived from times more
obicure and unlearned than our own, it is the more reafon that they be
re-examined. In this kind I will give an inftance or two for examples
lake, in things that feem moft obvious and familiar. // is an ufu-
al pra&ice ( but in my opinion fomewhat prepofierous ) that Scholars
in the Vniverfities , are too early entred in Logick^ and Rhetorich, >
Arts indeed fitter for Graduats than Children and Novices. For thefe
two (if the matter be well weighed) aire in the number of the grav-
cft Sciences, being the^rirj of Arts, the one for Judgment , the other
for Ornament, So likewife they contain Rules and Diredlions,either for
the Difpofition orlUuftration of any fubjeft or material Circumftance
thereof 5 and therefore for minds empty and unfraught with matter,
and which have not as yet gathered that which Cicero calls Syha^Lnd
SupeUex, that is ftuft and variety of things, to begin with thofe Arts,
(as if one would learn to weigh, of meafure, or paint the wind) doth
work but this effed, that the virtue and ftrength ofthele Arts, which
are great and Univerfal, are almoft made contemptible, and have de-
generated either intoChildifi Sophijiry or ridiculous Ajfe&ation 5 or at
leaft have been embafed in their reputation. And farther, the untime-
ly and unripe acceffion to thefe Arts, hath drawn on^by nece0ary con-
lequence, a watery and fiiperficiary delivery and handling thereof^ as
is fitted indeed to the capacities of Children. Another inftance which
I willfet down as an Error now grown inveterate, long agoe in the Uni-
verfities, and it is this , That in Scholafiical exercifes, there ufeth to be
a divorce, very prejudicious, between Invention and Memory : for there
the moji of their fpeeches are either, altogether premeditate, fo as they are ut-
tered in the very precife form of words they were conceived in, and nothing
left to invention j or meerly extemporal,fo as very little is left to Memory^
Whereas in Life and A(Sion, there is very little ufe of either of thefc a~
part, butrather of their intermixture 5 that is, of notes or memorials}

48 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. II.

and of extemporal rpeech: So as by this courfe, exercifes are not ac-
commodate to praftice, nor the Image anfwereth to the Life; And it
is ever a true rule in exercifes, that all, as neer as may be, Jhould repre-
fetit thofe things vohich in common courfe of life ufe to bepra&ifed 3 other-
wife they will pervert the motions and faculties of the mind, and not
prepare them. The truth whereof is plainly dilcovered, when Scho-
lars come to the Practice of their Profcflions, or other Aftions of Civil
life, which when they fet into, thisdefeft, whereof we fpeak, is (bon
found out by themfelves, but fboner by others. But this part, touch-
ingthe amendment of ihelnfiittitions of theVniverfities, I will conclude,

Cic^pift. ^ith the claufe ofC<f/4r/ letter to 0/)/'/«^3 Hoc ^emadmodnm fieri pojjtt^

lib. IX. nonnuUji mihiin mentem veniunt & miiUa reperiri foffunt, de iis rebus ^
rogo vos, ut cogitationcmfufcipiatk.

§ Another DefcH which I note, afcends a little higher than the pre-
cedent ; For as the progrejjion of Learning confifteth much in the wife Go'
ziernment and inflitution ofVniverJities in particular 5 fo it would be more
advanced, iftheVniverJities in general, difperfid through all Eur ope I were
united in a neerer conjunSion and correfpondence by mutual Intelligence^
For there are, as we fee, many Orders and Societies, which, though
they be divided under feveral Soveraignties and (pacious Territories^
yet they do contraft and maintain a Society and a kind of Fraternity
one with another , in fb much that they have their Provincials and Ge-
nerals, to whom all the reft yield obedience. And (urely as nature cre-
ates Brother-hoods in Families'-, and Acts Mechanical contr ad: Brother-
hoods in Communalties-j the Anointment of God fuper-induceth a bro-
ther-hoodin Kings and Bifhops j Vows and Canonical rules unite a Bro-
ther-hood in Orders , in like manner, there cannot but intervene a Noble
and Generom Fraternity between men by Learning and illuminations 5 re-
flefting upon that relation which-is attributed to God, who himfelf is

lac. I, called, The Father of illumination's or Lights.

§ Laftly, this I find fault with, which I fomewhat toucht upon be-
fore, that there hath not been, or very rarely been, anypublick^defignation
of able men, who might write or make inquiry offuch parts of Learning as
have not been hitherto fuficiently laboured and fubdued. Unto which
point it will be very available, if there were erefted a kind of vi(itation
of Learning j and a Cenfe or Eflimate taken, what parts of Learning are
rich and well improved 5 what poor and deftitute. For the opinion cf
Plenty is amongfi the Caufes of want j and the multitude of Books makes
a fhew rather of fuperfluity, than penury. Which furcharge, never-
thelefs, if a man would make a right judgement, is not remedied by
fupprelTing or extinguifhing books heretofore written, but by publfh-

Exod 7 ^"8 good new books, which may be offuch a right kind, that, as the
Serpent of Afofes, may devour the Serpents of the Enchanters.

§ The Remedies of thele defe&s now enumerate, except the laft,
and of the laft alfo, in refpeft of the Aftive part thereof, which is the
Deftgnation of writers, are opera Bafilica, towards which the endeavours
and induftry of a private man, are commonly but as an Image in a
crofs way, which may point at the way, but cannot go it: But the
fpeculative part, which pertaineth to the examination of knowledges, name-
ly, what is deficient in every particular Science, is open to the induftry
of a private man. Wher/'forc my defignfaent is to attempt a general and

faithful

L I B. If. Of the Advancement of Learning. 4^

faithful ferambnlttion and vifitation of Learning 5 j^cciaUy xvith a dili-
gent andexaEl enquiry, vphat parts thereof lye frep and vpafie, and are not
yet improved and converted to ufe by the indiijlry of men j to the end that
fuch a plot made and recorded to memory, may minifter light both td
publick DefignationSj and the voluntary labours of private endea-
vours. Wherein neverthelefs my purpofe is , at this time , to note only
Omijjions and Deficiencies, and not to mal{e redargution of Errors and 0-
ver-fights : For it is one thing to (et forth what ground lieth unmanur'd,
and another thing , to correft ill husbandry in that which is ma-
nured.

§ In the undertaking and handling of which work I am not igno-
rant what a bufinels I move , and what a difficult province I fuftairt,
and al(b, how unequal my abilities are unto my will ; yet I have a
good hope, thatif my extreme love to Learning carry me too far, I
may obtain theexcufe of afFedion, for that, it is not granted toman. To
love and to be rvife. I know well that I muft leave the fame liberty of
judgement to others, that I ufe my felfj and intruth, I (hall be indiffe-
rently glad, to accept from others, as to impart that duty of humanity 5
"Nim qui erranti comiter monftrant viam, 6cc. I do fore-fee Iikewi(e,that Clc oSc
many of tho(e things which I (hall enter and regifter as Omifions and '•.*'' ^"'
Deficients, will incur divers cenfuresj <?/, that fome parts of this enter- "'*^'
prife were done long-ago and now are extant 5 others, that they taftd
of curiofity, and promifc no great fruit 5 others, that they are too dif^
ficult and irapoffible to be compalTed by humane induftries. For the
two firft, let the particulars fpeak for themfelves ; For the laft, touch-,
ing impojfibility, I determine thus 5 All thofe things are to be held pof-
(ible and performable, which may be accompli(ht by Ibme perfori,
though not by every one; and which may be done by the united la-
bours of many, though not by any one apart ; and which may be ef-
fefted in a fucceF )n of ages, though not in the fame age 5 and in brief,
which may be finifht by the publick care and charge, though not by
the ability and induftry of particular perfons. If, notwithftanding^there
beany man who would rather take to himfelf that of i*tf/^«<?»3 DJcitri-
ger^Leo eji in via, than that of Virgil. Prov.i*;

Foffunt quia pojfe videntur : It is enough to me, if my labours may -^"-f'
be efteemed as votes , and the better fort of wiQies : for as it asketh
forae knowledge to demand a queftion not impertinent; (b it requireth
fbme fenfe to make a willi not abfurd. •

Chap. I.

I. An univerfdl Partition of Humane Learninginto, § Hifiory. \\. Toe-
try. III. rhilofophy. ^ This Partition is taken from the triplicity of
Inte/IeCtive Faculties : Memory : Imagination : Reafon, § Thefamf
Partition is appropriate to Divine Learning.

i. ^T^Hat is the trueft Partition of humane Learning , which hath
JL reference to the three Faculties of Mans fouL which is the

5 o Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . II.

(eat of Learning. HiHory is referred to Memory , Toefie to the Imagi'
nation, Vhilofophy to Reafon. By Poe(ie, in this place, we underftand no-
thing elfe, but feigned Hijiory, or Fables. As for Fcrfe, that is only a
ftile of expreffion, and pertains to the Art of Elocution , of which ia
due place.

§ Hijiory is property of Individuals circumfcribed rpithin time and
place : for although Natural Hijiory feetn to be converfant about univer'
fat Natures , yet this (b falls out,becau(e of the promifcuous firailitude
in things Natural comprehended under one kind 5 fothat if you know
one, you know all of that fpecies. But if any where there be found
Individuals^which in their kind are either fingular , as the Sun and the
Moon ; or which do notably digrefs from their kind, as Mongers 5 thefe
are as aptly handled in Natural Hijiory, zs particular men are in Civil Hi-
ilory. All thefe are referred unto Memory,

II. Poejie, in that fence we have expounded it,^ Uksvpife of Individu-
als, fancied to the fimilitude of thofe things tphich in true Hijiory are re-
corded, yet (b as often it exceeds meafure 3 and tho(e things which ia
Nature would never meet, nor come to pa(s , Poefie compoleth and ia-
troduceth at pleafure, even as Tainting doth : which indeed is the work
of the Imagination.

III. Philofophy difmiffeth Individuals and comprehendeth.not the 6rft
Impreffions, but the abftradt Motions thereof, and converfaat in com-
pounding and dividing them according to the Law of Nature, and of
the things themfelves ; And this is wholly the ofiSce and operation of
Reafon.

§ And that this Dijiribntion is truly made, he fliall eafily conceive
that hath recourfe to the Originals of Intelleftuals. Individuals only
ftrike the fenfe, which is the port or entrance of the underftanding,;
The Images or Impreffions of thofe Individuals accepted from thefenjcy
are fixt in the Memory, and at firft enter into it entire, in the fame man-
ner they were met : afterwards the nnderjianding ruminates upon them,
and refines them, which then it doth either meerly review , or in a
wanton delight counterfeit and re/ez^Zi/e 3 or by compounding and di-
viding digeft and endue them. So it is clearly raanifeft, that from thefe
three fountains of Memory , of Imagination and of Reafon , there are
thefe three Emanations, oi Hijiory, of Poefie, and of /'/ji/(2/^;'^75andthat
there can be no other nor no more ; for Hifiory and Experience^ we take
for one and the fame, as Ve do Philofophy and Sciences.

§ Neither do we think any other Partition than this is requifite t6
Divine Learning. Indeed the informations of Oracle and of Senfe be
divers 3 both in the matter and manner of Conveying, but the fpirit
of Man is the fame, the Cells and Receptacles thereof the very fame.
For it comes to pafs here, as if divers Liquors, and that by divers Fun-
nels, fhouldSbe receiv'd into one and the fame veflcl. Wherefore Theo-
logy alfb confifls either of Sacred Hijiory , of Parables^ which are a kind
of Divine Poefie ; or of Precepts and Doctrines, as an eternal Phibfophy,
As for that part which feems fupernumerary, which is Prophecy, that is
a branch of Hijiory : however Divine Hiflory hath that prerogative over
Humane J that the Narration may be before the Faft as well after.

CHAP,

L I B. II. Of the Advancement ofLearnm<^. ^ 1

Chap. II.

I. The Partition of Hiftory into t^atural and Civil {Ecckfiafiical and
Literary eomprehended under Civil.') II. The Partition of N^fz/ra/
Hijior)', into the Hijiory of Generations. III. Prater-Generations.
IV. Of Arts.

I. r TIftory is cither Natural or Civil : in i^T^/wr^/ the operations of
JL A. Nature are recorded 5 in Civil the Adions of men. In both
thefe without queftion, the Divine Workings are tranflucent, but more
confpicuous in A&s Civile in fo much as they conftitutea pecuharkind
of Hiftory, which we ufually ftile Sacred or EccUfiaJiical : And in
truth to us fuch ieems the Dignity of Learning and of Arts to be, that
there ought to be referv'd a Particular Hijiorji for them apart from the
reft 5 which yet weunderftand to be comprehended, asEccleJiaJiic^Hi-'
ffory alfb is, under Hijlory Civil.

II. The Partition of Natural Hijlory we (hall raife out of the ftate
and condition of Nature herlelf^ which is found fubjeft to a triple
ftate , and under a three-fold regiment : For Nature is either Free and
difplaying herfelfin her ordinary courje 5 as in the Heavens, living Crea-
tures, Plants, and the Univerfal furniture of the world , or put out of
her ufnal courfe and depos'd from herjiate, by the pravities and infolencies
of contumacious Matter^ and the violence of Impediments, as in Mon«
Iters : or laftly, fhe is Compreji and fajhioned , and as it were nevp caji ,
as in Artificial Operations : Let therefore the partition of Natural Hijio-
ry, be made into the Hiftory o( Generations ^ oi Prater-Generations ^
and of Arts j whereof the laft we ufe to call Hilary Mechanical, or
Experimental. Tiie firft of thefe handles the Liberty of Nature 5 the
fecond the Errors ; the third the Bands thereof. And we are the ra-
ther induced toaffign the Hijiory of Arts, as a branch of Natural Hijioty)
becaufe an opinion hath long time gone currant, as\{ Art were fome
different thing from Nature^ and Artificial from Natural. From this mi-
ftake this inconvenience arifes, that many writers of Natural HiHor)
think they have quit themfelves fuflicicntly, if they have compiled 3
Hiftory ofCreaturesfiv ofPlants^or of Mineralsjtht experiments of Me-
chanical Arts paft over in filence. But there is yet a more fubtile deceit
which (ccretly fteals into the minds of Men, namely, that Art ftiould be
reputed a kind of Additament only to Nature, whofe virtue is this.that
it can indeed either perfeft Nature inchoate, or repair it vfhen it is decay-
ed, orfet it at liberty from impediments j but not quite alter, tranfmute,
or Jliake it in the foundations : which erroneous conceit hath brought
in a too hafty defpair upon mens enterprifes. But on the the contrary,
this certain truth (hould be throughly fetled in the minds of men, That
Jrtificials differ not from Naturals in Form arid Ejfence , but in the Ef^
ficient only j for man hath no power over Nature, fave only in hev A lo-
tion 5 that is, to mingle or put together Natural bodies^, and to feparate
or put them afunder j whereforcjwhere there is Appofition and Separa*
Hon of Bodies, Natural conjoyning (as they term it) A&ive with Pajfive^
man may do all things j this not done, he can do nothing. Nor is it

C 2 tnaterfirl

52 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . II.

material fo things be managed in a right order, for theproduftion of
fuch an efFedt, whether this be done by the Art of Manor without the
Art of Man. Gold is fometimes digefted and purged from crudities
and impurities, by fire 5 fometimes found pure in fmallfands. Nature
performing her own work. So the Rain-Bow is formed of a dewy
cloud in the Air above 5 form'd alfo by afperfion of water by us below.
Therefore Nature commandeth all, and thefe three are her fubftitute
Adminiftrators, The courfe of Nature j the Expatiation of Nature and
Art '■} or the Cooperation of Man with Nature in particulars. Wherefore
r pjin it is very proportionable, that thefe three be comprized in Natural Hi-
Nat.Hift. ftory, which C. Plinius for moft part performed, who alone compre-
hended N^fwra/ H//?orj/ according to the dignity thereof; but what he
thus comprehended he hath not handled as was meet, nay rather foully
abufed.

III. The fiirfl of thefe is extant in fome good per feftion : The two lat-
ter are handled fo weakly andfe unprofitably, that they may be referr'd to
«t the lijl ofDejicients. For you (hall find no fufficient and competent col-
lediionofthofe works of N^f«re which have a Digrejjion andDefleSion
from the ordinary courfe ofGenerations, Produ&ions and Motions j whe-
ther they be the Angularities of certain Countries and Places, or the
ftrange events of times 3 or the wit of chance, or theeffeds of latent
proprieties 5 or Monodicals of Nature in their kind. It is true, there
are a number of Books more than enough, full fraught with fabulous
Experiments, forged Secrets, and frivolous Impoftures, forpleafure
and ftrangenefs 5 but a fubftantial and fevere Colleliien ofHeteroclites,
and of the wonders of Nature, diligently examined and faithfully de-
fcribed, thk, I fay, Ifind not, efpecially with due rejeftion, and, as it
were, publick prolcription of untruths and fables, which have got up
into credit. For as the matter is now carried, if any untruths toucit-
ing Nature be once on foot and celebrated (whether it be the Reverence
of Antiquity, that can thus far countenance them; or that it is a trou-
ble to call them unto a re-examination ; or that they are held to-be rare
ornaments of fpeecb, for (imilitudes and comparifons) they are never af^
ter exterminate and called in. The ufe of this work honour'd with 2
BeMifab. pj-gfidgnt in Arijiotle, is nothing left than to give contentment to curi-
ous and vain wits, as the manner of Mirahilaries and the fpreaders of
invented Prodigies is to do ; but for two reafons ferious and grave ; the
one tocorreft the partiality of Axioms, which are commonly grounded
upon common and popular examples ; the other becaufe from the won-
ders of Nature, a fair and open pafTage is made to the wonders of Art,
For the bufinefs in this matter is no more than by quick fent to trace out
the footings of nature in her wilful wandrings 3 that fb afterward you
' may be able at your pleafure, to lead or force her to to the fame place
and poftures again.

§ Neither do I give in precept, that fuperftitious Narrations of Sorce*
ries. Witch-crafts, Inchantments, Dreams, Divinations, and the like,
where there is clear evidence of the faft and and deed done, be altoge-
ther excluded from this Hijlory of Marvails. For it is not yet known,
in what cafes, and how far, eifefts attributed to fuperftition, do partici-
pate of Natural Caufes 5 and therefore, howfbever the u(e and praftice
of thefe Arts, in my opinion, is juftly to be condemned ; yet from the

fpeculation

L I B. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. c 3

ipeculation and confiderationofthem, (if they be clofely purfued^vve
may attain a profitable direftion , not only for the right diicerning of
offences in this kind of guilty perfons 3 but for the farther difclofing of
the fecrets of Nature. Neither furely ought a man to make Scruple of
entring and penetrating the vaults and recelTes of thele Arts, that pro-
pofethtohimfelf only the inquifition oi Truth^ as your Majefty hath KHmeti.
confirmed in your own example: For you have with the two clear and *''^d*™»'
quick-fighted eyes of Religion and Natural Fhilojophy^ fo wifely and "''' '^^'
throughly enlightened thefefiadorvsj that you have proved your (elf
mofl: like the Sun which pafleth through polluted places, yet is not di-
ftained. But this I would admonilh,that thele Narrations which have
mixture with Supcrjiition^ bcfortedby themfelves, and not be mingled
with the Narrations, which are purely and fincerely Natural. As for
the Narrations touching the Prodigies and Miracles of Religions, they
are either not true, or no way Natural, and therefore pertain not to
Natural Hijlory.

IV. For Hiftory of Nature, wrought and fubdued by the hand, which -9
we are wont to call Mechanical^ I find indeed fome colleftions made
of Agriculture, and likewile of many Manual Arts :> but commonly
(which in this kind of knowledge is a great detriment) withanegleft
andTejed:ion o^ Experiments familiar andvulgar ■) which yet, tothe/V/-
terpretation of Nature^ do as much, ifnot more, conduce, than Expe-
riments of a higher quality. But it is eftecraed a kind of diflionour and
^(perfion unto Learning,if learned men (hould, upon occafion perchance,
defcend to the Inquiry or Oblervation of Matters Mechanical^ except
they be reputed for .ycov// of Art ^ or Rarities^ or Subtilties, Which
humour of vain and fupercilious arrogance, p/^/<j juftly derideth, where
he brings in Hippias a vaunting Sophift, difputiug with Socrates a fevere
and (olid inquifitor of Truth, where the fubjedt being of Beauty, So-
crates after his wandnng and loofe manner of difputing, brought in
firft an example of a fair Virgin, thanof afair Horfe, than of a fair Pot
well glaz'd, at this laft inftance ////)/?/4/' fomewhat mov'd (aid; IVere inujpp^
it not for courtejiefaks^ Ij/jould difdain to difpute xoith any that alledged Major.
Juch bafe and fordid injiances j to whom Socrates^ Ton have reafon^ and
it becomes you weU^ being a manfo trim in your vefiments^ dndfo neat
in your fliooes , and fo goes on in an Irony. And certainly this may be
averr'd for truth, that they be not the higheft inflances, that give the
beft and furefi: information. This is not unaptly exprefl: in the Tale,
fo common, of the Philolbpher, That while he gax^'d upward fo the fiars Th*f'''*
fell into the water : for if he had lookt down, he might have (een the ^'

ftars in the water 5 but looking up to heaven he could not (ee the water
in the ftars. In like manner it often comes to pals that fmall and mean
things conduce more to the difcovery ofgreat matters, than great things
to thedifcovery of fmall matters, and therefore y^r//?<:'if/e notes well,
that the Nature of every thing if befl feeh in his fmalleji Portions, For Pol.Iib. a*
that caufe he enquires the Nature of a Common-wealth, firft in a Fa-
mily and the fimple conjugationsof Society, Man and Wife, Parents
and Children; Mafter and Servant, which are in every cottage. So
likewile the Nature of this great City of the world, and the Policy
thereof, muft be fought in every firft Concordances and leaft Portions
of things. So we fee that fecrct of Nature (eftecmed one of the great

myfteries)

54 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. 11^

myfteries ) of the turning of Iron toucht with a Loadftone to-
wards the Poles , was found out in needles of Iron , not in bars
of Iron.

§ But if my judgement be of any weight, I am wholly of this mind,
that theufe of Mechanical Hijiorj, to the railing of Natural rhilofophyy
is of all other the moft radical and fundamental j fuch Natural Pbilo-
fophy, I underftand, as doth not vanifh into the fumes of fubtile and
fublime fpeculations, but fuch, as (hall be effeftually operative to the
fupport and affiftance of the iacoramodities of mans life ; For it will
not only help fortheprefentj by connecting and transferring the ob-
lervations of one Art, into the ufe of others, which muft needs come
to pals, when the experiences of divers Arts (hall fall into the conG-
dcration and obfcrvation of one man 3 but farther, it will give a more
clear illumination, than hitherto hath (hined forth, for the learching
out of the caufes of things, and the deducing of Axioms. For like as
you can never well know and prove the difpofition of another man, un-
lefs you provoke him 5 nor Proteus ever changed (hapes, until he was
ftraitned and held fa(t with cords '■> Co nature provoked and vexed by
Art,doth more clearly Appearjthan when (he is left free to her ielf. But
before we difmifs this part of Natural Hijiory, which we call Aiechanical
and Experimental, this mult be added , That the body oC fuch a Hijio-
ry^ muft be built not only of Mechanical Arts themfelves, but the ope-
rative part of Liberal Sciences, as alfo many praftices not yet grown up
into Art, that nothing profitable may be omitted, which avails to the
information of the underftaading. And fo this is the firft Partition of
Natural Hijlory.

Chap. HI.

I. The Second Partition of Natural Hilary, from the ufe and end
thereof into Narrative andlndudive. And that the moft noble end
of Natural Hiftory is^ that it minijier and conduce to the building ftp
of Thilofophy : which end InduBive Hijlory refpe&eth. II. The Par-
tition of the Hijiory of Generations into the Hijlory of the Heavens :
The Hijlory of the Meteors : The Hijlory of the Earth and Sea : The
Hijlory of Majfive Bodies , or of the greater Corporations : Tht
Hijlory of Kinds, or of the lejfer Corporations.

I. "^J Mural Hilary, asirfrefped of the fubje&, it is of three forts, as
i \! we obferved before 3 fo in refpefl: of the ufe, of two : for it is
applied, either for the knowledge of things themfelves recorded in Him
jiory •■, or as the Primitive matter of Philojophy. The former of thefe,
which either for the pleafure of the Narrations is delighful, or for the
pradice of experiments is ufeful, and for fuch pleafure or profits fake is
purfued, is of far inferiour quality, compared with that which is the
Materials and Provifionof a true and jujl indu&ion , and gives the
firftfwck to Philofophy, wherefore let us again divide Natural Wifory,
into Hiflory Narrative, and Indu&ive 5 this latter we report as Defici-
ent, Nor do the great names of Ancient Philofophers, or the mighty-
volumes

Lib. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. 5 5

volumes of Modern writers (baftonifh my fenfe 5 for I know very well
that Natural Hijioty^ is already extant, ample fortheMaft, for variety
delightful, and often curious for the diligence; but if you take from
thence Fables and Antiquity^ and Allegations of Authors^ and vain Contro-
ver(ies, Thilofophy and Ornaments, which are accommodate to Table-
talk, or the night-difcoiirfes o[ Learned men, then will the (equel, for
the Injiaiirations of Philofophy, come to no great matter : And to (peak
truth, this is far (Iiort of the variety which we intend. For firft thofe
two parts of Natural Hijlory, whereof we have (poken , The Hiftory of
rr<eter-gcnerations, and of Arts^ matters of great confequence, are there
Defcient : then in that third general Part mentioned before, namely of
Generations, of five parts thereof^ the Natural Htjiory extant gives fa-
tisfaftiononly to one.

If. For the Hijiory of Generations hath Five fubordinate Parts ; The
firft is of Celejiial Bodies, which comprehends the Thtenontena finccre,
and not dogmatiz'd into any peremptory alTertions : The fecond of Aic
tears with the Comets, and of the Regions, as they call them, of the Air^
neither is there extant any Hiftory concerning Comets, Fiery Meteors,
lFinds,Rain,TempeJis,and the rcft,of any value : The third is of the Earth
and of the IVater (as they are integral parts of the World J of Moun-
tains, of Rivers, of Tydes, o^ Sands, of IVoods , as al(b of the Figure
of the continents, as they are ftretcht forth ; in all thefe particulars the
Inquiries and Obfervations are rather Natural , than Cofmographical :
Fourthly, touching the ^ewer^/ Majj'es of Matter, which we uile the
Greater CoUegiats, commonly called the Elements : Neither are there
found any narrations touching Fire, Air, Water, and of their Natures,
MotionSjWorkingsJmprefljonSjWhich makeup any complete body:The
fifth and the laft Part is oithe FerfM and exact Collections, which we
entitle the leffcr CoUegiats, commonly called Kinds or Specifickj. la
this laft part only the induftry of writers hath appeared, yet fo as was
prodigally wafted in fuperfluous matter, fwelling with the outward de-
scriptions of living Creatures, or of Plants and fuch like 5 than en-
richt with folid and diligent obfervations, which in Natural History
Ihould every where be annext and interferted. And tofpeakin a word,
all the Natural Il/Jiory we have, as well in regard of the Inquifition, as
of the Colleftion, is no way proportionable in reference, to that end
whereof we fpeak, namely the Raifing and advancing of Thilofophy :,
Wherefore we pronounce InduUive Hilary Deficient. And thus far of
natural Hiflory,

CBAP,

<6 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. If.

Chap. IV.

I. The Partition oi Civil Hijiory^ into Ecclefiajlical and Literary^ and,
which retains the general name, C;z/;7. \L Literary Deficient. ^Pre-
cepts bovp to compile it.

i. /'^Ivil Hijlory, in our Judgement, is rightly divided into three
V_7 kinds; ^tii into Sacred ot Ecclejiajiical j then into that which
retains the general name C/w/ 3 laftly, into that of Learning and ylrts.
We will begin with that kind we fet down laft, becaufe the other are
extantj hut this I thought good to report as Deficient-, it is the Hi Hory of
Learning. And furely the Hijiory of the world deftitute of this, may
be thought not unlike the ftatue of Folyphcmus, with his eye out, that
part of the Image being wanting, which doth mod (hew the nature
and fpirit of the Pcrfon. And though we fet down this as Deficient^
yet we are not ignorantjthat in divers particular Sciences of Juris-con-
fults. Mathematicians, Rhetoricians, Philofophers,there are made fome
flight Memorials and fmall relations of Sefts,Schools,Books,Authors,and
fuch like fucceffions of Sciences. There are likewise extant,(bme weak
and barren difcourfes touching the Inventors of Arts and Vfages j but a
Juft and General Hijiory of Learning;^ e avouch that none hitherto hath
been publi(ht. Wherefore we will propound the Argument , the way
how to contrive it, and the ufe thereof.

II. The Argument is nothing elfe hut a recital from all Times , what
Knowledges and Arts^ in what Ages and Climates of the world have flou*
rifit. Let there be made a commemoration of their y4«/7^«/7;ex, Tro-

-grejjions and Feragrations^ through divers parts of the World: (for
Sciences (hift and remove, as people do.) Again, of their Declenfions^
Oblivions^znd Infiaurations. Let there likewife be obfervations taken
through all Arts, of the occafton and original of their Invention 5 of
their Manner of delivery, and the difcipline of their managings, Courfe
ofjiudy and excrcifo. Let there alfo be added the ScSls, then on foot 5
and the more famous controverfies which bufied and exercifed Learned
men 5 the fcandals and reproaches to which they lay open ; the Lauds
and Honours wherewith they were grac'd. Let there be noted the
Chiefeji Authors, the beji Boo^s, Schools, Succejfions, 7Jnivcr(ities, Socie-
ties, CoUedges, Orders , and whatibever elfe belongs to the State of
Learning. But above all, let this be obfervcd (which is the Grace
and Spirit of C/z;// ////2 or;',) that the Caufes and Confukations be Con-
nexed with the events; namely, ihzt the nature of Countries and Peo-
ple be recorded, the dijpofitions apt and able s, or inept and inablc for di-
vers difciplines ; the Occurrences of time Adverfe, or Propitious to Learn-
ing'-y the zeals and mixtures of Religions if the Difcountenances, and fa-
vours of Laws j and lajlly, the eminent virtues andfrvay of Perfons of note^
for the promoting of Learning'-) and the like. But our advice is, that
all thefe points be fo handled , that time be not wafted in praife
and ccnfure of particulars , after the manner of Critickj 5 but that
things be plainly and hiftorically related, and our own judgements ve-
rvfparingly interpo(ed<

^ As

«■ , .-— - . — ■_ ■ ■ , _-

Lib. If. OftheAdvcincementofLe.miiuvr. tj

§ As for the manner of compiling fuch a. H/Jiory, we do cfpeeiaJJy ad-
moni(h thus much i th.ttthe MMterandProvifion thereof ba dtawn, not
only from Ipfiorits andCritickj'-i but alfo that through every century of
years or Icffer Intervals^ by a continued fequence of time, deduced from
the hzgheji antiquity 3 the bejl Bookj ivrittcn rvithin thofe dijiingmpt
ffaces of time be confidtedvptth j that from a tafte and obfcrvation of
the argument, ftile and method thereof, and not a through a perufal,
for that vpersan infinite work^ the learned fpirit of that ag£^ as byal^ind
of charm^ may be awai^t and raised np from the dead.
] (j As touching the i/fe of this IFor^y it is defign'd to this end; not,
that the Honour and State of Learning uQier'd in by fo many Images
and Ghoftsof the Learned, fhould be celebrated, or that for the earneft
affeftion we bear to Learning, we defire, even to a curioiityj to en-
quire and know, and to conferve whatfoever to the ftate of Learning
may any way appertain j but chiefly , for a moreferious and grave
purpofe. It is, in kw words this. For thatfuch a Narration^ as ire have
defcribed, in otir opinion^ may much confer to the tpifdom and judgement
of Learned men^ in. the ufe and ad^iiuijiration of Learning .• and that
the pajfions and perturbations j the vices and virtues j as well about Intel-
leQual matters^ as Civil may be observed 5 and thg. bejl Vnfidentsfor pra-
&ice may be deduced therefrom. For it is not Saint Aujiins , nor Saint
Ambrofe his works,(as we fuppofe)that will make fo wife a Bifhop or a
Divine , as Ecclefiajiical jiory throughly read and obferved : which
without queftion may befal Learned men from theHiftory of Learningo
For whatfover is not munited and fuftained by Example and Records,
is expofed to imprudency and ruine. Thus much of the Hijiory of
ftearniftg.

Chap. V.

of the Dignity, § And difficulty of Civil Hilary.

^Ivil Hijiory properly fo called comes now to be handled 5 The Dig"
' nity and Authority whereof, is very eminent among fecular writings ;
For upon the credit of this Hijiory, the examples of our Anceftors 5
the viciffitudes of Affairs 5 the grounds of Civil Prudence, and the
Name and Fame of men depend.

§ But the Difficulty is as great as the Dignity 5 for to draw back the
mind ia writing, to the contemplation of matters long ago pafTed ;
and thus, as it were, to make it aged 5 to fearch out with diligence,
and to deliver with faith and freedom, and with the life and height of
cxpreffion 5 to reprefent unto the eyes, the changes of times ; thecha-
rafters of Perfons 5 the incertainties of Counfels j the Conveyances of
Anions (as of waters,), the fubtilties of Pretentions, the fectets of
State, is a task of great pains and judgements 5 efpecially feeing An-
cient reports, are lubject to incertainty; Modern liable to danger :
Wherefore the errors are many which attend Civd Uijlory ; whilft
forae write poor aiid popular Relation^, the very reproach of Hirtory 5

H otheiJ

,58 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b.II,

others patch up, in a ra(h haftc, and unequal contexture, particular Re-
ports, and brief Memorials, others (lightly run over the heads of a-
ftions done j others on the contrary purfue every trivial Circumftance,
nothing belonging to the fum and iffue of things 5 fome out of a too
partial indulgence to their own wit , take confidence to fain many
things 5 but others add and imprint upon affairs the Image, not fo much
of their own wit, as of their affeiSions 5 mindful rather of their OWQ
parts, than to become Religious deponents for truth 5 others every
where interlace fuch Politick obfervations 5 as they moft fancy, and
feeking occafion of digreffion for oftentation, too llightly break off the
contexture of the difcourfes others for want of moderation and judge-
ment over do things, by the prolixity of their (pceches, Harangues or
other performances, fo as it is fufficiently raanifcft, that in the writings
of men, there is not any kind fMOre rare than ajuji HiStory^ and in all
points complete and perfeU, But our purpofe at this prefent is, tofet
down a partition of knowledge, for the ohfervation of parts omitted j
and not acenfttre of parts erroneous. Now We will proceed to the^ Par-
titions of Civil Hijiory , and thofe of divers forts 5 for the particular
kinds will be lefs intanglcd, if divers partitions be propounded 5 than
if one partition by divers members be curioufly drawn out.

Chap. VI.

The firfl: Partition of Civil Hiftory , into § MtmeriaU, ^ Antii
quities. § And PerfeEl HiHory,

Civil Hijiory is of three kjndty not unfitly to be compared to the
three forts of Piftures or Images ; for of Piftures and (mages we
fee, fome are unperfedi and unfini(ht 5 others perfeft , and others de-
cayed and defaced with Age. In like manner we will divide Civil Hi*
fiory^ which is the Image oj A&ions and Times ^ into three kinds, agree-
able to thofe of Pictures 5 namely, Memorials ; TerfeB Hijiory^ and An*
tiquities. Memorials are HiUories nnfinijht ^ or the firft and rough
draughts of Hiftory : Antiquities are Hijiories defaced^ or the Re-
mains of Hiftory, which have c!ifually efcaped the (hipwrack of
Time.

§ Memorials or Preparations to Hiliory , are of two forts, whereof
one may be termed Commentaries 5 the other Regi^ers. Commenta-
ries (et down a naked Continuance and Connexion of Anions and E»
vents , without the Caules and Pretexts of Bufinefs ; the beginnings
and Motives thereof^ alfo the Counfels and Speeches, and other pre-
parations of Aftions: For this is the true nature of Commentaries ,
though Cafar in modefty mixt with greatnefs, did for his pleafure ap-
ply the name of Commentaries^ to the beft Hiftory that is extant. But
Regtjiers are of two forts, for cither they comprehend the titles of Mat-
ter and Perfons in a continuation of Times, (uch as are Calendars and
chronologies : ox Solennities of AUs 5 of which kind are the Edifts of
Piiacess the Decrees of Councils j the Proceedings of Judgements 5

Pub-

L ! B. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. 50

Publick Orations; Letters of Eftate, and the like ; without the Con-
texture or Continued thred of the Narration.

, § Antiquities J or the Remjini of Hi^ories, areas we (aid, tanqua^a
y^abula Nanfragii 5 when induftrious and underftanding per(bns (the
memory of Things being decayed, and almoft overwhelmed with obli-
vion) by a conftant and fcrupulous diligence , out of Genealogies,
Calendars, In(criptions, Monuments, Coyns, Proper Names and Styles 5
JEtymologies of words. Proverbs, Traditions, Archives and Inftruments^
as well publick as private 5 Fragments of ftories, (battered paiTages of
Books that concern not Hiflory j out of all the(e, I (ay,or (bmeofthem,
they recover and fave (bmewhat from the Deluge of Time. Certainly
a painful work, but acceptable to all forts of Men, and atttended
with a kind of Reverence, and indeed. worthy (all Fabulous Origi-
nals of Nations defac'd, and extinguilht^ to be (ubftituted in the room
offuch counterfeit ftuff: but yet of the lels Authority, becaufe what
is proftitute to the licenfe of private defigns, lo(es the honour of pub-
lick regard. In thc(e kinds of ImperfeB HtUorjes , I de{ign no Defi-
cience, feeing they are tanqnam imperfede mifia, fo as fiich Defefts are
but their nature. As for Epitomes the corruptions , certainly^ and the
Moths of Hijiories ^ we. would have them banilht f wherein we con-
cur with many of moft (bund judgement) as thofe that have fretted
and corroded the (bund bodies of many excellent Hiftories; and
wrought them into ba(e and unprofitable dregs.

Chap. VII.

The Partition of Perfcft Hiftory , into Chronicles of Times 5 Lives
of Perfotts 3 Relations of a3s> ^ The Explication of the Hijiorjr of
Lives* ^ Of Relations, ,

JVji or PerfeS Hiliory is of three kinds, according to the nature of the
objed which it propounds to reprefent j for it cither reprefents a
portion of Time ; or fome memorable Pcr(bn , or fome Famous Aft ; The
firft we call Chronicles or Annals 5 thefecond Lives ; the third Relations,
Of thefe , chronicles (eem to excel, for Celebrity and Name 5 Lives^
for profit and examples ; Relations^ for (incerity and verity. For Chro"
nicies^ represent the magnitude of publick^ ABions, and the extern faces of
Men^ as they regard the publick^, and involve in filenCe fmaller Vaffages ^
Tphich pertain either to Matter or Men. And feeing it is the workman-
Chip of God alone, to hang the greatejl weight upon the fmal/eji vpyers ; it
comes many times to pals, that (ucha HKtory purfuing only the greater
occurrences, rather fets forth the Pomp and Solemnity, than the true
re(brts, and the intrin(ick contextures of bufinefs. And although it
doth add and intermix the Councils themfelves ; yet afFedling great-
ne(s, it doth befprinkle mens aftions with more folemnnefs and wi(^
dom, than indeed is in them; that a Satyre may be a truer table of a
Mans life, than many fuch Hijiories. Contrariwiie ; Lives, if they be
well writtep'.with diligence and judgement (for we do not (peak of
Elogies, and fuch (light commemorations) although they prop*aund un-

6o Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . 11^

to themfelves fome particular perfon, in whom Aftions, as well com-
mune as folemn •■> fraall as great , private as publick, have a compo-
fition and commixture ^ yet, certainly, they exhibit more lively and
faithful Narrations of Matters 5 and which you may more fafely and
fuccefsfully transferr into example. But.fpecial Relations of A&ions^
{nchaszve the ipars of Peloponaefu4 '■, X^Q Expedition of Cyrus ^ the Con-
ffiracji of Cat aline ^ and the like, ought to be attired with a more pure
and fincere Candor of Truth than the FerfeB Hijiories of Times'-, be-
caufe in them may be chofen au Argument more particular and com-
prehenfible; andof that quality, as good notice and certitude, and
full information, may be had thereof: whereas, on the contrary, the
fiory of Time (fpecially mcwe ancient thaa the age of the \yriter) doth
often fail in the memory of things, and containeth blank fpaces, which
the wit and conjefture ofthe writer (confidently enough) uieth tofeize
upon and fill up, Yet this which we fay, touching the fincerity of/if-
latiens, muft be uhderftood with refervation, for indeed it rauft be
confefled (fince all mortal good laboureth of iraperfeftion, and conve-
niences with dilconveniences are u-fually connext) that (lich kind oiRe-
latioasy fpecially if they be publi(hed about the times of things done j
feeing very often they are written with paffion or partiality, ofall other
narrations, are deferviedly moft fufpefted. But again, together with
this inconvenience, this remedy groweth up j that theihfzme RelatioftSf
being they are not fet out by one fide only, but through faftion and
partiary affeftions are commonly publiQied by Ibme or other on both
fides 5 they do by this means open and hedge in a middle way betweea
extremes to truth; and after the heat of paffions is over, they become,
to a good and wife writer of Hiftofy, not the worfl: matter and feeds
ofa perfeft Hiftory.

§ As touching thofe points which ftem deficient inthefe three kinds
of Hiftory, without doubt there are many particular Hiftories (of fuch
I fpeak as may be had) of (bme dignity or mediocrity, which have been
hitherto paded by, to the great detriment of the honour and fame of
fuch Kingdoms and States, to which they were due, which would be
too tedious here to dbferve. But leaving the ftories of forreign Na-
tions, to the care of Forreign Perfons, left I fhould become Curiofus in
aliena. Repnb. I cannot fail to reprefent unto Your Majefty the in-
dignity and unworthinels of the Hijiory o( England, as it now is, in the
main continuation thereof, as alio the partiality and obliquity of that
o^ Scotland, in the lateft and largeft author thereof; fuppofing that
it would be honour to Your Ma)ehy, and a work acceptable with Po»
fterity, \^t\\\&\i\2indoi Great Br it any, as it is now joyned in a Monar-
chy for the Ages to eome, (b were joyned in one Hiftory for the times
paft, after the manner of the facred Hiftory, which draweth down the
ftory ofthe Ten Tribes, and ofthe two Tribes as Twins together And
if it ftiali feem that the weight of the works (which certainly is great
and difficult) may make it lefsexaftJy, according to the worthineft
thereof, performed ; behold an excellent period of much fmaller com-
pafs of time, as to the ftory o^ England --i that is to fay, from the uni-
ting ofthe Pvofes to the uniting of the Kingdoms j a fpaceoftime,
which in my judgment contains more variety of rare events, than in like
number of fucceffions ever was known in an JHereditary Kingdome.

Foi

-a?

Lib. II. . Of the Advancement of Learning. 6t

For it begins with the mixt Title to a Crown, partly by might partly
by right: An entry by Arms; an eftablifhment by marriage ^ fo there
followed times anfvverabie to theie beginnings j like waves after a great
tempeft,, retaining their fwellings and agitations, but without extre-'
mity of l^orm , but well paft through by the wifdom of the Pilot, king ftmMii
one of the moji (undent Kiny^s of all his Vrcdcceffors. Then followed a
King whafe Aftions coaduftcd rather by rathnels, than counfel, had Hfw.viU,
much intermixture with the affairs of Europe j ballancing and inclining
them according as they fwayed ; In whofe time began that great Altera-
tion in the Ecclefiaftical State , fuch as very Icldom comes upon the
Stage. Then followed the Reign ofa Minor 5 then an Offer ofan Ufur-
pation, tho\igh it was very (hort, like a Fever for a day : Then the Reign ^''"^^
ofa woman matcht with a Forreigner ; Again, of a woman that liv'd MarU
fblitary and unmarried. And tlic clofc of all was this happy and glo- ^''i"'
rious event , that is, that this Illand divided from all the world,(hould
be united in it felf 5 by which that ancient Oracle given to ^neas^ Virg./Er.;
which prefagedreft unto him 5 Antiquamexqttirite Matrem--^ (hould be ^'
fulfiU'd upon the moft noble Nations of Eng^land and Scotland, now
United in that name of Britannia^ their ancient Mother ; as a Pledge
and Token of the Period and ConcluQon, now found ofall Wandrings
and Peregrination. So that as majjive bodies once fhaken, feel certain
Trepidations before they fix and fettle -, ioh feeras probable, that by
the Providence of God, it hath come to pais. That this Monarchy^ be- lacobiw;
fore it Jliotild fettle and be ejiablijh'd in your Majejiy and your Royal Progeny^ ^' ^^'*''
(in which I hope it is firm fixtfor ever) itfiould undergoejo many than" ' '
ges, andviciJJitHdes, as prelujions of fnture Stability.

§ As for Lives, when I think thereon, I do find ftrange that thefe
bur Times have Co little known, and acknowledged their own virtues 5
being there isfo feldom any Memorials or Records of the lives ofthofe who
have been eminent our times. For although Kings and fuch as have ab-
(blute foveraignty, may be few 3 and Princes in free Common-wealths
(fo many States being collefted into Monarchies,) are not many ; yet
however, there hath not been wanting excellent men (though living
under Kings.) that have deferv'd better, than an incertain and wandring
Fame of their memories 3 or fbme barren and naked Elegie. For here-
in the invention of one of the late Poets, whereby he hath well enrichc
the ancient Fiftion, is not inelegant : Ue fains that at the end of the
thread of every mans life, there vpas a Medal or Tablet, whereon the name
vf the Dead wasjiampt , and that time waited upon the (hears of the
fatal Sifter, and as foon as the Thread was cut, caught the Medals,
and carrying them away 3 a little after threw them out of his Bofbm in-
to the River Lethe. And that about the Bank there were many Birds
flying up and down, that would get the Medals , and after they had
parried them in their beaks a little. while, foon after, through negli-
^■^ence fuffered them to fall into the River. Araongfl thefe Birds there
were a.fe\vfwans[ound, which if they got a Medal with a name, they
uifed to carry it to a certain Temple confecrate to Immortality. But fuch
y?) '4HJ are rare in our Age : And although many men more mortal in
til eir vigilances and ftudies, than in their bodies, defpife the Memory
of, *heir Name, as if it were fume or air, Animd; nil magn£ laudk cgentes : PUn. tun.
naj nely whofe Philofophy and feverity fpriags from that root, Nonpri- '^^^^^ ^°

ns

6i Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. If.

nslaudes contempfiMUS quam {andanda facere defcivitfius. Yet that will
Prov.io. not with us, \>XG)Vidi\cziQ Salomon s Judgment, The memory of the luji
is with BeKcdiSion , hut the name of the vptcked (Ijall pntrifie : The one
perpetually flourifhes; the other rnftantly departs into Oblivion, or
diUblves into an ill Odour. And therefore in that ftile and form of
fpeaking, which is very well brought in ufe, attributed to the Dead,
of Happy Memory ; of Pioui Memory '-, of Blejfed Memory ; we feera to
acknowledge that which Cicero alledgeth j borrowing it from Demo-
Rhenes, Bonam Famam propriam ejje pojfejjionem defunHorum j which
poffeffion I cannot but note that in our age it lyes much waft and neg-
. leaed.

§ At concerning Relations it could be in truth, wifh'd, that there
were a greater diligence taken therein : For there is no Aftion more e-
minent, that hath not fome able Pen to attend it, which may take and
tranlcribe it. And becaufe it is a Quality not common to all men to
write a rerfe6i Hifiory to the life and Dignity thereof, (as may well
appear by the fmall number, even of mean Writers in that kind) yet if
particular Adions were but by a tolerable Pen reported, as they pals,
it might be hoped that in fome after Age, Writers might arife, that
might compile a FerfeCt Hifiory by the help and affiftance offuch Notes:
For fuch CoUedious might be as a Ntirfery Garden, whereby to Plant a
fair and ftately Garden, when time Qiould ferve.

' Chap. VIII.

The Partition of the Hifiory of Times, into Hifiory Vniverfat j 4ad Par*
ticular. The Advantages and Difadvantages of both,

THE Hifiory of Times is either Vniverfalj or Particular : This cof»'
prehends the affairs of fome Kingdom 5 or State 5 or Nation : That,
the affairs of the whole world. Neither have there been wanting tho(e,
who would feem to have compofed a Hifiory oft he world, even from the
Birth thereof; prefenting a raifccllany of matter and compends o( Reports
for Hifiory. Others have been confident that they might comprize, as
in a Perfect Hifiory, the Afts of their own times, memorable through-
out the world , which was certainly a generous attempt, and of An-
gular u(e. For the aftions, and negotiations of men, are not (b divor-
ced through the divifion of Kingdoms, and Countries 5 but that they
have many coincident Conneftions : wherefore it is of great import to
behold the fates, and affairs deftinate to one age or time drawn, as it
were, and delineate in one Table. For it falls out that many writings not
to be defpifed (fuch as are they whereof we {pake before, Relations')
which perchance otherwife would periQij nor often come tothePrefs,
or at leaft the chief heads thereof might be incorporated into the body
offuch a General Hifiory, and by this means be fixed and preferved.
Yet notwithftandingifa man well weigh the matter, he fhall perceive
that the Laws of a Jufi Hifiory are Co fevere and ftrift, as they can hard-
ly be obferv'd in fuch a vaftnefs of Argument ; (b that the Majefty of
Wfiory is rather minifht, than amplified by the greatnefs of the Bulk.

For

L I B. II. Of the Advancement of Learning, 63

For it comes to pa(s that he who every where purfueth fuch variety of
matter ; the precifeftrittnefs of Information by degrees flackaed i and
his own diligence difperfed info many things, weakned in all, takes
up popular Reports and Rumours} and kom Relations not 9o authen-
tick, or (bme other fuch like flight ftuff, compiles a Hijiory. Moreover
htffs forced (left the work fhould grow too voluminous) purpofely to
paft over many occurrences worth the relatkig 5 and many times to
fall upon the way of Epitomes and abridgments. There is yet another
danger of no fmall importance, which fuch a work is liable unto, which
is ditiGAy oppofed to the profitable ufe oiVniverJal Hijiory } for as Ge-
neral Hi{tory prefervei fome ReUthnt, wbicb,it may be,otberwUe would
be loft j ib contrary wife many times it cxtingutfhes other fruitful iV4r«
> Tstioni which otherwifc would have lived through BrtviArics^ which
are ever accepted in the world.

G H A P. IX.
Another Partition •fihe Hifiory tftimts into Annals asidJoHrnal/t

TH E Partition efthe Hifiory of Time islikewife well made into Am*
rials J and JoHrttaU : Which Divi(ion,though it derive the names
from the Period of Times, yet pertains alfb to the choice of Bulinefi. For
Tacitiff GAth welly when falling upon the mention of the magnificence
of certain ftrudtures, presently he adds 5 Ex dignitate Populi Ro» reper^ ^'^^'^''^
turn ejfe, res illufires, Annaiibms j Talia^ Diurnif urbh Aiik mandari :
Applying to -^»»«//3 Matters of State ; to D/<ri«? Afts and Accidents
of a meaner nature. And in my judgment a Difcipline of Heraldry
would be to purpofe in the difpofing of the merits c^Books j as of the
merits of Perfons. For as nothing doth more derogate fi-ora Civil Af-
fairs, than the confufion of Orders and Degrees} fo it doth not a little
embafe the authority of a grave Hijiory^ to intermingle matters of tri->
vial conlequence, with matters of State j luch as are Triumphs, and
Ceremonies, Shews, aiid Pageants, and the like. And fiirely it could
be wifht that this diftinftion would come into Cuftom, In our Times
Journals are in ufe only in Navigations, and Expeditions of war. A-
mongf^ the Ancients it was« point of Honour to Princes to have the
Afts qf their Court referr'd to Journals. Which we fee was preferv'd lib. lak,
in the reign o^Ahafueruf King of Ferfu^ who, when he could not take ^*P*'
reftjCall'd for the Chronicles i wherein he reviewed the Treafon of the
Evnuches paft in his own time. But in the Diaries of Alexander the gin*^]*
Great, fuch fmall Particularities were contained , that if he chanc'd but '

to fleep at the Table, it was Regiftred. For neither have Aanalr on-
ly compriz'd grave matters 5 and Journals only light i but aJl were pro-
mifcuoufly, and curforilytakcn in Diaries i whether of greater, or of
leffcr Importance.

CHAP.

64 Of the Achnncementdf Learning. Lib, If.

H A p.

X.

A Second Partition of Hiftory Civil, into Simplcj and Mixt. § ^ot-
mogxAi^hy a mix* ii'fioU'

^He laft Partition of Civil Hijioty may he this. Hijiory Simple ,
'■' in^ Mixt. The Comtnufle Mixtures are two, the one from
:; CiTjil KnoTvledge 5' the other fpecially from JV^/w?-**/ .• For there
is a kinid of writing inrroduc'd by fodie, to fet down their Relations ,
not continued according to the Series of the Hijiory , but pickt out,
according to the choice of the Author, which he after re-examines,and
ruminates upon ; and taking occafion from tho(e felefted pieces, diP-
cdarfes of Civil Matters. Which kind oi Ruminated Hijiory ^ we do
exceeding well allow of ^ lb fuchja Writer do it indeed, and profe(s
himfelf fo to do. But for a nlan rtfolvedly writing a Juji Hjiory^ eve-
ry where to. ingeft Volitick^intcr-lacings j and fo to break off" the thread
oi^ the jioiy, is unfeafonable and tedious. For although every wife
Hiftory be full, and as it wereimpregnant with Political Precepts and
Counfels-i 'yet the Writer hamfelfftlauld not be his own Afid-mfe at

:the delivery. • • i .;;;(..;- . t v! / /• • , ■:

§ Cofmography likewife.is amixt'-Hiiiory ^ for it hath from Natural
Hijiory, the Regions, themfelves, and their fite and commodities ; from
" "^* Civil Hiji'vry, Habitations, Regiments and Manners 5 from the^4/^e-
z«^//V4i'5' Climates, and the Configurations of the Heavens, under which
the Coaftsiand Quafters. of the World do lye. In which kind of Hi-
Uory ox Knowledge, wfchave caufe to Congratulate our Times 5 for the
world in this our age, hath through-lights made in it, after a wonder-
ful manner. The Anciiems certainly- had knowledge of the Zones^ and
of ihe ^ntipodcjj

virg. Q^'^f'Jh ^^i Pfi»ifts Equis Onens ajflavit anhelis^

'^^oui. lUicfera Rnbens-accenditLHwinavefper^

and rather by Demonftrations than by Travels. But for forae fmall
keel to emulate Heaven it felfj an/i to Circle the whole Globe of the
Earth, with a more oblique and. winding Courfe, than the Heavens do 3
this is the glory and prerogative of our Ages. So that thefe Times
may juftly bear in their vpord, not only Tins ultra, whereas the Anci*
ents ufed non ultra , and alio imitabilefulmen^ for the Ancients //o/r z'zw/-
tabilefulmen.

Vi'rg. fn. Demens qui Nimloi e^ non imitabile Fulmen.

6.

But likewrfii that which exceeds all admiration imitabile Cesium, out
voyages 5 to whom it hath been often granted to wheel and role a-
bout the whole compaft of the Earth, after the manner of Heavenly
Bodies. And this excellent jelicity in Nautical Art, and environing the
fforicl, may plant aljo an expectation of farther Froji'ciencies and Augment
*•>'»» y' tations

L I B. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. 65

tations of Sciences j fpecially feeing it feems to be decreed by the Di-
vine Council , that the(e two (hould be Coevals, for To the Prophet
D4«/e/ fpeaking of the latter times fore-tells, Tlnrimi pertranfibnnt & Cap.iii
augebitttr Scientia. : as if the through Paflage, or Perluftration of the
World, and the various propagation of knowledge were appointed to
be in the (ame Ages 3 as we fee it is already performed in great part ;
feeing our tiraes.do not much give place for Learning to the former two
Periods^ or Returns of Learning j the one of the Grecians ; the other of
the Romans , and in fome kinds far exceed them.

Chap. XL

i. The Partition of £fc/e/7^/V4/ Hijiory, into the General Hijiory of
the church. IL Hijiory of Prophejie. III. Hijiory of Providence.

f

HiJiory Ecclefiajiical falls under the Came divilion commonly with
Civil Hijiory j for there are Ecclejiajiical Chronicles 5 there are
tives of Fathers^ there dixe Relations of Synods ^ and the like, per-
taining to the Church. In proper expreffion this kind of Hiftory is di=
vided, into the Hijiory of the Church by a general name^ Hijiory of Pro-
phefte 5 and Hijiory of Providence. The firft recordeth the times and dif-
ferent ftate of the Church Militant 3 whether fhe flote as the Ark, in the
peluge j or fojourn as the Ark, in the Wildernefs 5 or be at the reft as
the Ark, in the Temple ; that is, the State of the Church in Perfecution ;
in Remove ; and in Peace. In this Part I find no Deficience 5 but rather
more things abound therein, than are wanting 5 only this I could wiQi,
that the virtue and fincerity of the Narrations were anfwerable to the
greatnefs of the Mais.

ll. The Second Part which is the Hijiory of Prophejie, confifteth of
<wo Relatives 5 the Prophefie it felfj and the accompUJI^ment thereof:
wherefore the defign of this work ought to be, that every Prophefie of
Scripture be (brted with the truth of the event j and that throughout
all the ages of the world ; both for Confirmation of Faith j as alfo to
plant a Difcipline, and skill in the Interpretation of Prophefies^ which
are not yet accomplilht. But in this work^that latitude mull: be allow-
ed which is proper, and familiar unto Divine Prophefies ; that their
accompliflimentsmay be both perpetual and pundual; For they refem-
ble the nature of their Author, to whom one day is as a thoufand years, pr^i „qi
and a thoufand years are but as one day : And though the fulnels and
height of their complement be many times alBgned to fome certain age,
or certain point of time , yet they have neverthelefs many flairs and
fcales of AccompliQiraent throughout divers Ages of the world. This
work I (et down as Defi'cient 5 but it is of that nature as muft be '*
handled with great wifdom, fobriety , and reverence, or not at
all.

in. The third Part which is the History of Providence hath fallen
indeed upon the Pens of many pious Writers, but not without fiding

I of

66 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. 11^

of Partiaries ; and it is imployed in the obfervation of that divine Cor"
refpoKclence which often interveneth betrveen Gods revealed IVill^ and his
fecrct Will. For though the Counfels and Judgements of God be fb ob-
I Cor, 2, fcure, that they are infcrutabk to the Natural man ; yea, many times
withdraw themfelves even from their eyes, that look out of the Ta-
bernacle : Yet fometimes by turns it pleafeth the Divine wifdom for
Ad Ephef. the Confirmation of this 3 and Confutation of thofe which are as with-
^' out God in the rvorld '-, to purpofe them to be feen written in fuch Capi-

Habac.2. tal Letters, that, as the Prophet fpeaketh,- Every one that runs by, may
read them , that is, that men meerly Senfual and Carnal , who make hajie
topofi over thofe divine 'judgements , and never fix their cogitations up'
on them : yet though they are upon thefpeed, and intend nothing left, they
are urgd to ackftowledge them. Such as are late, and unlooked for
Judgements 5 unhoped for Deliverances fuddenly fhining forth 5 the
divine Counfels, paffing through fuch Serpentine windings, and won-
derful mazes of things ; at length manifeftly difintangling and clearing
themfelves. Which (erve not only for the Confolation of the minds of
the Faithful ; but for the Aftonilhment and Convidion of the Confci*
ences of the Wicked.

Chap. XII.

The Appendices ofHifiory Converfant about the words of Men, at Hi'*
jiory it felf about the Deeds : The Partition thereof into. Orations^
§ Letters. § And Apophthegms.

BUt not the Deeds only^ but the Words alfo of Men, fljouldhe retained
in Memory. It is true that fometimes JVords are inferred into the
Hiftory it felf, fo far as they conduce to a more perfpicuous, and fo-
lemn Delivery of Deeds. But the fayings and words of men, are pre-
(erved properly in Books of Orations ; Epijiles 5 and Apophthegms. And
certainly the Orations, of wife men made touching bufinefs, and mat-
ters of grave and deep importance, much conduce, both to the know«
ledge of things themfelves j and to Elocution.

§ But yet greater Inftruftions for Civil Prudence, are from the Let-
ters of great Terfonages , touching the Affairs of State. And of the
words of men, there is nothing more found and excellent, than are Let'
ters 5 for they are more natural than Orations ; more advifed thanfud-
dain Conferences. The fame Letters, when they are continued accord-
ing to the fequel of times (as is obferved in thofe fent by Embafladors,
Governours of Provinces, and other Miniflers ofEflate) are without
Queftion of all other the moji precious provifton for Hijiory.

§ Neither are Apophthegms only for delight , and ornament , but

<i Cic E- for real Bufinefles , and Civil Ufages, for they are, as he faid, ^ Secures

L. ix.'™' ""* mucrones verborum, which by their fharp edge cut and penetrate

the knots of Matters and Bufinefs ; And Occafions run round in a Ring 5

and what was once profitable, may again be pradis'd •-, and again be

cffeftual J whether a man fpeak them as ancient j or make them his

own.

L I B. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. 6j

own. Neither can it be doubted but that is ufeful in Civil negotiiti- aEriamSc
ons, which a C^frr himfelf hath honour'd by his own example 5 it is hsIos'"'
pity his book is loft , feeing what we have in this kind, feems to be col-
leded with little choice. Thus much ofHijiory^ namely of that part of
Learning, which anfwereth to one of the Cells, or Domicils of the un-i
derftandingj which is, Memory.

Chap. XIIL

The Second Principal Part of Humane LearniMg^ot^cj I. The Par"
tition of PoeCic into Narrative. II. Dramatical. III. And Pa-i
rabolical. § Three Examples of Parabolical Poefie propounded^
IV. Natural. V. Political. VI. Moral.

NOw let U3 proceed to Pfle/?e. Poefie is a kjnd of Learning in words
rejirained j in matter loofe and licens'd ; fb that it is referred , a3
we faid at firft^to the Imagination 3 which ufeth to devife, and contrive^
unequal and unlawful Matches and Divorces of things. And Poefie ,
as hath been noted, is taken in a double fence '^ as it rejpe^s Words 5 ov
as it refpeHs Matter. In the firjifence^ it is a kind of Chara(3:er of fpeech 5
for l^erfe, is a kind of Stile and Form of Elocution, and pertains not to"
Matter , for a true Narration may be compofed in Ferfe 5 and a Feigned
in Profe. In the latter fence , we have deternriined it, a Principal mem-'
her of Learnings and have placed it next unto Hifiory 5 feeing it is no-
thing elfe than Imitation of Hifiory at pleafure. Wherefore fearching
and purfuing in our Partition the true veins of Learnings and in many
points, not giving place to cuftom, and the received Divifions 5 we have
difinifled Satyrs^ and Elegies^ and Epigramms^ and Oi/e/.and the like, and
referred them to rhilofophy and Arts of Speech. Under the name of
Foefie^ we treat only oi Hifiory Feigned at Pleafure.

I. The trwe.^ Partition of Poefie, and moft appropriate, befides thole
Divifions common to it with Hiftory (for there are feigned Chroniclesy
feign d Lives.^ and feign'd Relations') is this, that it is either Narrative ;
or Reprefentative, or Allufivei Narrative is a meer imitation of Hifiory^
that in a manner deceives usj but that often it extols matters above
belief. Dramatical or Reprefcntative , is as it ivere a vifible Hifiory ,
for it fets out the Image of things, as if they were Prefent , and Hifio-
ry, as if they were Palt. Parabolical or Allufive is Hijiory with the Tyfe^
Tphich brings down the Images of the underjianding to the Ohje&s of
Senfe.

§ As for Narrative Poefie, or if you plcafe H^/-wV<«/, (fo you under-
ftand it of the Matter, not of the Ferfe) it (eeras to be railed altoge-
ther from a noble foundation j which makes much for the Dignity of
mans Nature. For feeing this fenfible world, is in dignity inferiour to
the foul of M:^n5 Poefie leems to endow Humane Nature with that
which HiBorj denies ^ and to give fatisfadion to the Mind, with, at
leaft, the fhadow of things, where the fubftance cannot be had. Foe
if the matter be throughly confidered , a ftrong Argument may be
drawn from Poefie, that a more ftately greatnefs of things ■, a more per-

I 2 k^

68 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . 11^

fed Order > and a more beautiful variety delights the ibul of Man, thati
any way can be found in NaturCjfince the Fall. Wherefore fteing the
Ad:s and Events, which are the fubjeft of true f/7/?<?r/, are not of that
amplitude, as to content the mind of Man 5 P^e^e is ready at hand to
feign AEismove Heroic d, Becau(e/r«e Hijlory reports the fuccefles of
bulinefs , not proportionable to the merit of Virtues and Vices ; Foejit
correds it, and prefents Events and Fortunes according to defert, and
according to the Law of Providence : becaufe true Hijiory , through
the frequent fatiety andfimilitudeof Things , works a diftaft and mi-
fprifion in the mind of Man , Poejie cheereth and refreOies the foul 5
chanting things rare, and various, and full of viciffitudes. So as Poefie
ferveth and conferreth to Deleftation, Magnanimity and Morality , and
therefore it may feem defervedly to have fome Participation of Divine-
nefs^ becaufe it doth rai(e the mind , and exalt the ipirit with high
raptures, by proportioning the (hews of things tothe defiresof the
mind 5 and not fubmitting the mind to things, as Reafon and Hiiiory
do. And by thefe allurements, and congruities, whereby it cheriflieth
the (bul of man j joyned al(b with conibrt of Mufick, whereby it may
more fweetly infinuate it felf,it hath won fuch accefi, that it hath been
in eftimation even in rude times, and Barbarous Nations, when other
Learning ftood excluded.

IL Dramatical^ or Reprefentative Poefte , rvhich brings the World up'
on thejiage, is of excellent ufe, if it were not abufed. For the Inftru-
ctions, and Corruptions of the Stage^ may be great 3 but the corrupti-
ons in this kind abound , the Difcipline is altogether neglefted inemr
times. For although in Modern Common-wealths , Stage-places be
butefteemed a fport or paftime, unleft it draw from the Satyr, and be
mordent •■, yet the care of the Ancients was, that it Ihould inftruft the
minds of men unto virtue. Nay, wife men and great Philofophers
have accounted it, as the Archet, or mufical Bow of the Mind. And
oertainly it is moft true , and as it were, a (ecret of nature , that the
minds of men are more patent to affections , and imprejjions^ CongregatCy
ihanfolitary.

ill. But Poejie Al/nfive^ or Parabolical^ excels the reji^ and feemethto be
a facred and venerable thing '-, efpecially feeing Religion it felf hath aU
lowed it in a rvork^ of that nature, and by it, trafickj divine commodities
with men. But even this alfb hath been contaminate by the levity and
indulgence of mens wits'about////('^tfr/cx. And it is of ambiguous ufe,
and applied to contrary ends. For it ferves for Obfcnration 5 and it
ferveth alfb for lUujiration : in this it feems, there was fought a way
how to teach 5 in that an Art how to conceal. And this way of teach-
ing, which conduceth to Il/iijiration, was much in ufein the Ancient
times : for when the inventions and conclufions of humane reafon,
(which are now common and vulgar) were in thofe ages ftrange and
unufual 5 the underftandingsof men were not fo capable of that fub-
tilty, unlets fuch difcourfes , by refemblances and examples , were
brought down to fenfe. Wherefore in thofe firfi ages all were full of
Fables, and oiParables, and oi jEnigmaes,-Jind o^ Similitudes oi aW forts.
VicncQxhc Symboles oi Pythagoras •■, the J^nigmaer of Sphynx^ and the
Liv HiR P'^^l<^i of ySfop j and the like. So the Apophthegmes of the Ancient
l.i».». ' fages, were likewife exprefied by fimilitudes. So Mcnenius Agrippa ,

araongft

L I B. II. 5> Of the Advancement of Learning. 6^

amongfl: the Romans, a Nation in that Age not learned, reprefled a fe-
dirion by a Fable. And as Hierogljphicl^s were before letters 5 fo rar:i-
bles were before Arguments. So even at this day, and ever, there is
and hath been much life, and vigour in r arables 5 becaufe Arguments
cannot be fbfenfible, nor examples fo fit. There is another nfe ef Para-
bolical PoeJ), oppofite to the former^ tchich te»deth to the folding up ofthofe
things j the dignity whereof deferves to be retired^ and dijiingnipit, as
tpith a drawn Curtain : That is, vfihcn thefecrets andmyjierics of Religion^
Policy, and Philofophy are veiled, and invcHed with Fables^ and Para'
bles. But v/hether there beany miftical fence couched under the anci-
ent Fables of the Poets, may admit fbme doubt : and indeed for our part
we incline to this opinion, as to think, that there v/as an infufed my-
ftery in many of the ancient Fables of the Poets. Neither doth it move
OS that thefe matters are left commonly to School-boys, and Gramma-
rians, andfoareembafed, that we fhould therefore make a flight judge-
ment upon them : but contrarywife becaufe it is clear, that the writings
which recite thofe Fables , of all the writings of men, next to (acred writ,
are the moft ancient ; and that the Fables themfelves, are far more an-
cient than they (being they are alledged by thofe writers, not as exco-
gitated by them, but as credited and recepted before) they feem to be
like a thin fine rarified Air, v/hich from the traditions of mote Ancient
Nations, fell into the Flutes of the Grecians* And becaufe that vvhat-
foever hath hitherto been undertaken for interpretation of thefe Para-
^/ej, namely by unskilful men, not learned beyond common places,gives
Us no (atisfaftion at all 5 we thought good to refer Philofopy according 1^
to ancient Parables, in the number of Df/iWe«f/.

§ And we will annex an example or two of this work : not that the
matter perhaps l#offuch moment: but to maintain the purpose of our
defign. That's this j that if any portion of thefe works, which we re-
port as Deficient, chance to be moreobfcurethau ordinary ^ that We
always propofe, either Precepts, or Examples, for the perfefting of
that work , left perchance forae (hould imagine , that our conceit
hath only comprehended fbme light notions of them j and that we like
Augures, only meafure Countries in our mind, but know not how to
(et one foot forward thither. As for any other part defeftive in Poefy,
we find none 5 nay rather, P^e/y being a plant coming, as it were, from
the lufl: of a rank foil, without any certain feed, it hath fprung up, and
(pread abroad above all other kind of Learning. But now we will
propound examples, in number only three, one from things Natural y
dne from Political^ and one from Moral.

The firft example of Philofophy, according to Ancient Parables iff
things Natural. Of the Univerfe, according to
the Fable p/Pan.

IV. The Original o^Pan, the Ancients leave doubtful 5 for fome fay
that he was the Son of Mercury, others attribute unto him a far different h")^' u^,
beginning : For they affirm that all Penelopes fuitors had to do with her, rod.Eur.
and from this'promifcuous A61 Pan defcended, a common ofTfpring to
them all. There is a third conceit of his birth, not to bepaded over:-
fbr fome report that he was the fon o^ Jupiter and liybrk, which fignifies

70 Of the Advancement of Learni/tg. ^ Lie,IL

contumelie. But however begotten, the Parc£, they fay, were his fi-
ftersjwho dwelt in a cave under ground', but Pan remained in the opea
Air. The figure and form, Antiquity reprefented him by, was this.
He had on his head a pair of Horns, rifing in a (harp, acuminate to hea-
ven i, his body (hagged, and hairy '-, his beard very long 5 his (hape bi-
formed j above like a man, below like a bead 5 finilht with thefeetof
a Goat. He bare thefe enfigns of Jurifdiftion 5 in his left hand a pipe
of feven Reeds j in his right a fheep hook or a ftafF, at the upper end
crooked or inflexcd : he was clad with a Mantle made of a Leopards
skin. The dignities and offices attributed unto him were thefe 5 that
he was the God of Hunters ^ of Shepherds ; and of all Rural Inhabi-
tants : Lo. Prelident Mountains , and next to Mercury, the EmbafJa-
dour of the Gods. Moreover he was accounted the Leader, and Com-
mander of the Nymphs 5 which were always wont to dance the Rounds,
and frisk about him : his train were the Satyrs, and the old Silem: He
had power alfo to ftrike men with terrors, and thofe efpecially vain,
and fuperftitious, which are termed Tanick fears. His J&s recorded
Cic Fpift. gj.g j^Qj many ^ the chiefeft was, that he challenged Cupid at wreftling,
^^^ ' ■'■ in which conflift he had the foil 5 caught T^phoM in a net, and held him
Claud- de f^Q, Moreover when Ceres being (ad and vext for the Rape of Froferpi-
R. Prefer. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ p^jp^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^jj ^^ Q^jg jqqJj^ pains,by difperfingthem-

felves feveral ways, to find her out 5 it was only P^wj good fortune, as
he was hunting, to lite on her, and to give the firft intelligence where
(lie was. He prefumcd alio to put it to the trial,who was the better mu-
ovid, fician he or Apollo^ and by the judgment of ^//<!/</f was preferred, for
Met.xi. which judgment, Midas had a pair of Aflesearsfecretly imped to his
head. Of the Love-tricks of r^?«, there is nothing reported, oratleaft
not much 5 a thing to be wondred at, efpecially being^among a Troop
of Gods fo profufeiy amorous. This alio is (aid of him, 'That he loved
the Nymph Eccho^\vhom he took to wife '■, and one pretty wench more
called Syrinx^ towards whom Cupid (in an angry revengeful humour
becaufe fo audacioufly he had challenged him at wre/lling) inflamed his
defire. So he is reported once to have follicited the Moon apart into
the high Woods. Moreover he had no idiie (which is a marvel al(b,
feeing the Gods,rpecially thofe of the male-kind, were very Generative)
only he was the reputed Father of a little Girl called lamhe, that with
many pretty tales was wont to make ftrangers merry ; and (bme thought
that fhe was begotten of his wife Eccho. The Varahte feemeth to be
this.

kj P^« as the very name imports reprefents, or layeth open the world,

or the world of things. Conceraivg his Original there are only two o-

pinions that go for Currant : For either he came of Mercury^ that is the

V/ordofGod, which the holy Scriptures, without all Controverfie,af^

firm i and the Philo(bphers, fuch as were the more Divine,(aW5 or el(e

front the confufcd fcedr of things. For fome of the Philofophcrs

tacrt.ia held, that the Seeds and Principles of Nature, were even in the fub-

Anaxag. ftnnce infinite, hence the opinion, o^SimiUyy Parts primordial, was

brought in 5 which Anaxagoras either invented, or celebrated. Some

more acutely and foberly, think it fufficient to (alve the variety of Na-

laertin ture , if (ecds, the fame in fubfiance, be only diverfified in form and

Tiiiscc- figure; certain and definite; and placed the reft in the inclofure, and

^ , bofom

L I B. II. Of the Advancement of Lear mug. j i

bofom of the feeds. From this fpring, the opinion of Atomes is deri-
ved, which DcmocritHs maintain'd ^ and Lncippitt found out. But o- ^^V'-''*
thers, though they affirm only one Principle of Nature (27;*?/^/ watery
Anaximencs K\x ■■) HeraclitHsFne") yet they have defined that Principle,
which is one in Aft, to be various and difpenfable in power, as that
wherein the feeds of all natural efTences lie hidden. They who have
introduced the firfl Matter every way dilarayed, and unformed, and inrimei
indifferent to any form (as PUto and Arijiotle did ) came to a far nea- P'^V i'
rer, and natural relemblance of the Figure of the Parable. For they con-
ceiv'd the Matter as a common Courtezan '■, and the Forms as Suitors.
So as all the Opinions touching the beginnings of things come to this
point, and may be reduc'd to this diftribution , that the world took
beginning either ivom MercHry-y or Crova Penelope '^ and allher fuitors.
The third conceit of Pans Origipal is fuch, as it feeras that the Grecians
either by intercourfe with the iEgyptians^ or one way or other, had
hearth fomething of the Hebrew myfteries. For it points to the ftate
of the World not confidered in the abfblute produftion j but as it flood
after the fall oi Adam^ expos 'd and made fubjeft to Death aud Corrup-
tion: For in that flate it was, and remains to this day 5 theoff-fpring
of God 3 and of Sin, or Contumely : For the//% fin of Adam was a kind Gen.|;
of ContumeIy,when he rpould be like God. And therefore all thefe three
Narrations concerning the manner of r<««j Birth, may feem true, if they
be rightly diftinguifht according to things and times. For this Pan,
as we now behold and comprehend it, took beginning from the word
of God, by the means of confuted matter, which yet was the work of
God, and the entrance of Prevarication, and through it of corrupti-
on.

§ The Dcjlinici may well be thought the (iflers of Pan, or Nature .•
for the beginnings, and continuances, anddilTolutions^ theDepreffi-
ons alfo, and eminencies, and labours, and felicities of things; and
whatfoever conditions of a particular Nature, are called Fates or Dejii'
flies : which yet, unlefs it be in fome noble individuate fubject, as a
Man, a City, or a Nation, commonly are not acknowledged. Buc
P<»», that is, the Nature of things^ is the caufe of thefe feveral ftates,
and qualities in every particular 5 fb as in refpeft of Individuals, the
chain of nature, and the thread of the Dcjiinies, is the fame. More-
over the Ancients feigned, that Pan ever lived in the open Air , bup
the Parc£^ or Dejiinies, in a mighty fubrerraneous Cave; from whence
with an infinite fwiftnefs they flew to men : becaufe the nature and com-
mon face of the Vniverfe is apert, and vifible 3 but the individual Fates
of Particulars are fecret, fwift, and fuddain. Bnt if F^/e be taken in
a more general acception, as to fignifie the more notable only, and not
every common event j yet in that fenfe alfo, the (ignification is corre-
^ondent to the univerfal ftate of things 3 feeing from the order of Af^-
iure, there is nothing fo fmall which comes to paG without a Caufe 5
and nothing fb abfolutely great, as to be independent j fo that the ve-
ry Fabrick of Nature comprehendeth in the lap and bofbm thereof, eve«
ry event, fmall or great 3 and by a conflant rule difclofeth them in due
feafbn. Wherefore no marvel if the Parc£ be brought in,as the legiti-
mate Sillers of Pan : For Fortune is the daughter of the foolifh vulgar;
and found favour only with the more unfound Philofophgrs. Certain-

72 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib.IL

ly the words of Epicurus favour lefs of Dotage than ofprophanenefs
Senec.in vvhete he faith ; Prajiare, credere fahlam Deornfa, quant Fatum aJJere-<
re, Asifany thing in the frame of nature could be like an Ifland, wJiich
is feparate from the connexion of the continent. But Epicurus (as it is
evident from his own words) accommodating, and fubjeding his AT*-
tural Philofophy to his Moral •-, would hear of no opinion which might
pre(s and fting the confcience -, or any way difcalm, and trouble that
Eiithymia, or Tranquillify of mwd:, which he had receiv'd from Demo-
critui. Wherefore being more indulgent to the delufions of his own
fancyes, than patient of truth ; he hath fairly caft off the yoak, and
abandoned as well the Necejjity o^Fate, as the Fear of the Gods* And
thus much concerning the Fraternity oiPan with the Dejiinies,

§ Horns are attributed unto the IVorld^ broad at the root, fliarp at
the top 5 the nature of all things being like a Py ramis leffening upwards.
For Individuals in which the Bafe of nature is fpread out 5 being infi-
nite, are collefted into Species, which aremanyalfb^ Species again
rife up into Generals 5 and thefe afcending are contrafted into more U-
niverfal Generalities ; fo that at length, nature may feem to clofe in a
unity •-, which is fignified by the Pyramidal Figure oiPatts Horns, Nei-
ther is it to be wondr'd at, that Pan toucheth heaven with his horns 5
feeing the tranfcendentals of Nature, or Vniverfal ideas, do in (bme
fort reach things Divine. Wherefore llomevs famous Chain of Natural
iliad.ix. caufes, tyed to the foot <?/ lupiters Chair, was celebrated. And it is
plain, thatnoman converlantinMi;^d/?^^/?f45 ^"d thofe things which
in Nature are Eternal, and immoveable 5 and that hath never fo little
withdrawn his mind from the fluid ruin of fublunary things, which doth
not at the fame inftant fill upon Natural Theology : fo direft and com-
pendious a paflageitis, from the top of the Pyramis , to matters Di«
vine.

§ The body of lV<i/«re is elegantly and and lively drawn Hairy, re-
preftnting the beams of things , for beams are, as it were, the hairs or
briftles of nature ; and every Creature is more or lefs Beamy 5 which
is moft apparent in the faculty of feeing; and no lefs in every magne-
tick virtue, and operation upon diftance ; for whatfoeverworketh up-
on any thing upon Diftance, that may rightly be faid to dart forth rays.
Moreover Pans beard is faid to be exceeding long, becaufe the beams or
influences of the Heavens 3 and fpecially of the Sun, do operate, and
pierce fartheft of all ; fo that not only the furface, but the inward bow-
els of the earth have been turn'd 5 fubduc'd ; and impregnate, with the
mafculine Spirit of the heavenly influence. And the form of Pans heard
is the more elegant 5 becaufe the 6'«w,vvhen his higher part, is fhadow-
ed with a Cloud, his beams break out in the lower $ and fo appears to
the eye as if he were bearded.

§ Nature is alfo mofl expreflively fet forth with a hi-formed Body ;
in reference to the Differences between fiiperiour and inferiour bodies.
For the one part, by reafon of their beauty 5 and equability, and con-
ftancy ofmotion; and dominion over the earth ; and earthly things ;
is aptly fet out by the fliape of man : And the other part in refpeft of
their perturbations ; and irregular motions 5 and tbat they are for moft
part commanded by the Ceieltial •■, may be well fitted with the figure
of a bruit beaji. Again this fame bi formed defcription of his body, per-
tains

L I B. 11. Of the Advancement of Learning. j^

tains to the participation of the fpecies or kind 5 for no fpecies of Na-
ture, feems to be fimple, but, as it were participating aud compounded
of two, EfiTential Ingredients. For Man hath fomething of a Bcaft : a
Bead fomething of a Plant ; a Plant fomething of an inanimate Body :
and all natural things are indeed bi-formed j and compounded of a fu-
periour and inferiour kind.

§ It is a witty Allegory that fame, of the/ee/ of the Goat ; by rea-
fon of the upward tending motions of Terreftrial bodies towards the re-
gions of the air ; and of the heaven ; where alfo they become penfile 5
and from thence are rather forc'd down, than fall down. For the Goat
is a mounting Animal, that loves to be hanging upon rocks, and preci-
pices, and fteep hills : And this is done alfo in a wonderful manner,
even by thole things which are deftinated to this inferiour Globe j as
may manifeftly appear, in Clouds and Meteors, And it was not without
the grounds of reafon, that Gilbert, who hath written a painful and an oe Magnj
experimental work, touching a Loadjone, caft in this, doubt. Whether
er no ponderous bodies, after a. great difimce, and long difcontinudnce
from the earth, may not put off" their motion towards the inferiour Globe.}

§ The two enfigns which Pan bears in his hands, do point, the one
at Harmon)!, the other at Empiry : for the Pipe offeven Reeds, doth e-
vidently demonftrate theconfentand Harmony j or di(corda:nt concord
of Nature, which is caufed by the motion of the (even wandring ftars;
for there are no other Errors, or manifefl: Expatiations in heaven, fave
ihofe ofthe feven Planets ; which being intermingled, and moderatejl
with the equality ofthe fixed ftarrs 5 and their perpetual and invaria-
ble diftance one from the other, may maintain and excite both the con-
ftancy in fpecifical , and the fluency of Individual Natures. If there be
any leflec Planets which are not confpicuous 5 or any greater Mutati-
on in heaven (as in many fuperlunary Comets) they (eem but like Pipes,
cither altogether mute, or only ftreperous for a time, becaule their in-
fluence either doth not ftream down lb low as to us ; or doth not long
interrupt the Harmony of the feven Pipes of Pan. And that Staff' of
Empiry, May be excellently applied to the order of Nature , which is
partly right, partly crooked. And this ftaffor rod is efpecially crook-
ed at the upper end j becaufe all the works of Divine Providence are
commonly fetcht about by circuits , and windings 5 ^o that one thing
may feem to be done, and yet indeed a clean contrary brought to pafs ,
as the felling of Jofeph into Egypt , and the like. Befides in all wife hu-^^"'^^^
mane Government, they that fit at the helm , do more happily bring
their purpofes about, and infinuate more eafily things fit for the people,
by pretexts, and oblique coUrfes 3 than by down-right dealing. Nay,
(which perchance may fecm very flirange) in things meerly natural, you
may fooner deceive nature, than force her , (b improper, and felf-im-
peaching are open direft proceedings; whereas on the other fide, an
oblique and an infinuating way, gently glides along, and compafleth the
intended efFedt.

§ Pans Cloal^or Mantle, is ingenioufly feigned to be the skjn of a
Leopard, becaufe it is full of fpots : fo the Heavens are fpotted with
Stars 3 the Sea with Iflands , the Land with Flowers ; and every par-
ticular creature alfo, is for molt part garnifhed with divers colours iSo
bout the fuperficies ; which isj as it were, a Mantle unto it,

K § Th§

74 ^/ ^^^ Advancement of Learning, L i b . II.

§ The office o^Pan could be by nothing fo conceived ; aqd expreft
to the life^as by feigning him to be the God of Hunters jfor every natural
Aftiouj and fo by confequence, motion and progreffion, is nothing elfe
but a Hunting. Arts and Sciences have their works; and humane
Councils their ends, which they they earneftly hunt after. All natu-
ral things have either their food, as zpey ; or their pleafure, as a re-
creation ; which they feek for 3 and that in a quick-difcurfivcj and diG-
cerning way,

•

Virg.B.i. Torva le£naLupumfequitur, Lupu/ipfe CapeUafXf

Florentem Cythifum fequitur lafciva Capella,

§ Pan is alfo faid to be the God of the Country Swaittt 5 becaufe
men of this condition lead lives more agreeable unto Nature, than thofe
that live in the Cities and Courts of Princes ; where Nature by too
much Art is corrupted : fo as the faying of the Poet (though in tht
fence of love) may be here verified ;

Mart. Ej}. —Pan minima ejl ipfapuell A fui,

fj Pan was held to be Lord Prefident of the Mountains ; becaufe in
high Mountains and Hills Nature lays her ftlf moft open, and is moft
difplayed to the view and contemplation of men.

§ Whereas Pan is faid to be ( next unto Mercury") the Mcjfenger of

the Gods; there is in that a Divine My ftery contained; becaufe, next

unto the word of God, the Image of the world proclaims the Divine

power and wildom ; as records the facred PoetjTAe Heavens proclaim the

Pfal. ip. cloyy of God^and the vaji Expanjion reports the workj of his hands.

§ The Nymphs^ that is the Souls of living things, give great delight
to Pan : for the (buls of the living are the Minions of the World. The
ConduB of thcfe Nymphs is with great reafon attributed to Pan^ be-
cause thefe Nymphsjor Souls of the livingjdo follow their natural di(po-
fition, as their guides ; and with infinite variety every one of them af-
ter the fa(hion of his Country, doth leap and dance with unceffant mo'
lyj I tion about her. Wherefore one of the Modern very ingenioufly hath
' reduced all the power of the Soul into Motion ; noting the mifprifion,
and precipitancy of fomc of the ancients; who fixing their eyes and
thoughts with unadvifed hafte,upon Memory ; Imagination and Reafon
have paft over the Cogitative faculty untoucht ; v/hich hath a chief part
in the order of conception. For he that calleth a thing into his mind,
whether by impreffion or recordation, cogitateth and confidereth ; and
he that imployeth the faculty of his phanfie^ alfb cogitateth ':, and he
that reafoneth doth in like manner cogitate or advife : and to be brief^
the Soul of man, whether admoniflitby (en(e, or left to her own liber-
ty ; whether in funftions of the Intelleft, or of the affedlions and of the
will, dances to the mufical Airs of the cogitations ; which is that tripu-
diation of the Nymphs.

§ Th^Satyres ^ and Silent^ are perpetual followers of Pan^ that is
old age and youth : for of all natural thing3,there is a livcly,jocund,and
(as I may (ay) a dancing age; and a dull, flegmatick age: the car-
riages and difpofitions of both which ages, may perad venture feem to a
^ man

Lib. IL Of the Advancement of Learning. i ^

man which ferioufly obferves them, as ridiculous and deforraec^as thofe
oithe Satyr s, or of the Sileni.

§ Touching the Terrors which Pan isfaid to he the Author of, there
may be made a wife inftru(3:ion 5 namely, that Nature hath implanted
in every living thing, a kind of care and fear, tending to the prefervation.
of its oven life, and being ; and to the repelling andflmnning of all hurtful
encounters. And yet Nature knows not how to keep a mean, but al-
ways intermixeth vain and empty fears , with fuch as are difcreet
and profitable ; fo that all things (if their infides might be feen) would
appear full of P4«ic4/'''.g^^'^ 5 but fpecially Men ; and above all other
men, the people which are wonderfully travailed and tofTed with fu-
perftition; fpecially in hard, and formidable, and adverfe times 5
which indeed is nothing elfe but a Vanick^ terror. Nor doth this fu-
perftition reign only in the vulgar , but from popular opinons, breaks
out forae times upon wife men 5 as Divinely Epicurus (if the reft of
his difcourfes touching the Gods, had been conformable to this rulejl
Hon Deos vulgi negare prophanum j fed vulgi opiniones diis applicare pro- Laert, fa
phanum. Epicur,

§ Concerning ?Ae audacity of t'an, and his combate upon challenge
with Cupid -J the meaning of it is , that matter wants not inclination 3
and defire, to the relapfing and dijfolution of the World into the old Chaos j
if her malice and violence were not rejirained and kept in order, by the pre-
potent concord of things •■, Jignijied ^j* Cupid, or the God of Love. And
therefore it fell out well for man, by the fatal contexture of the world 5
or rather the great goodnefi of the Divine Providence , that Fan was
found too weak, and overcome. To the fame effeft may be interpret-
ed, his catching of Typjion in a net : for howfoever there may fome-
tiraes happen vaft, andunv7onted tumors ( as the name of Typhon im-
ports) either in the Sea, or in the Air, or in the Earth , yet nature
doth intangle in an intricate toil, and curb, and reftrain, as it were with
a chain of Adamant, the cxcefles and infolcncies of thele kind of
Bodies.

§ As touching the finding out of Ceres, attributed to this Cod, and
that as he was hunting and thought little of it, which none of the othex-
Gods could do, though they did nothing elfe but feek her, and that
with diligence 3 it gives us this .true and grave admonition 3 that is,
that men da not expeH the invention of things necejfaryfor life and man'
ners^from abjiraS rhilofophies,asfrom the greater Codsjthough theyjjjould
*pply themfelves to no otherjiudy j but only from Pan, that is^from difcreet
txperience, and from the univerfal obfervation of the things of the Worlds
where oftentimes by chance (and as it were going a hunting) (uch in-
ventions are lited upon. For the moft profitable inventions, are the
off-lpring of experience , and,as it werCjCertain Donatives diftributed
to men by chance.

§ His conteftation with ApoUo dbont Muftck.^ and the event thereof) Addas^
contains a wholefome inftrudlion , which may ferve to reftmin mens sznT\^J'
rcafons, and judgements, with the reins of (bbriety, from boafting and fommenf,
and glorying in their gifts. For there feems to be a two fold Harmony ^sf srfl
or Mufick.'-) the one of Divine Wifdom j the other of Humane Rea-
fon; for, to humane judgement, and as it were, the ear of mortals 5
theadrainiftrationof the world, and of Creatures therein j and the

K 2 mors

nG Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. 11.

more (ed^t judgements of God, found fomewhat hard and harfh :
Which rude ignorance, albeit it be well proclaim'd by Affes ears 5 yet
notvvithftanding thefe ears are (ecret , and do not openly ap-
pear 3 neither is it perceived , or noted as a Deformity by the
Vulgar.

§ Laftly, it is not to be wohdered at, that there is nothing attri-
buted unto Pan concerning Loves , but only of the mdrriage with
Eccho 5 for the world doth injoy it felf, and in it felf all things elfc.
Now he that loves would enjoy (bmething ; but where there is enough,
there is no place left to delire. Wherefore there can be no wanton love
in Pan, or the /Ft>rW, nor defire to obtain any thing, (feeing it is con-
tented with it felf) but only speeches 5 which (if plain) are pronounced
by the Nymph Eccho, a thing not fubftantial, but only vocal ; if more
accurate by Seringa 5 that is, when voords and voices are regulated by
certain numbers , Poetical, or Oratorical, as by mufical meafiires. It
is an excellent invention, that amongfty^ecfAe/ and voices, only Eceha
fliould be taken in marriage by the V/orld'-y for that done is true Thilo-
fophy,Tphich doth faithfully render the very words of the rvorld , and rohich
is written, no otherroife, than the world doth di&ate ^ and is nothing elje
than the image and refie&ion thereof-, and addeth nothing of its own,
but only iterates, and refounds.

§ And whereas Pan is reported to have called the Moon ajide intox
highpadowed woodi, feems to appertain to the convention between
fence and heavenly, or divine things; For the cafe of Endyntion, and
Pan are different j the Mo^n of her own accord came down to Endy/fti'
en, as he was alleep : For that Divine illuminations oftentimes gently flide
into the underjianding, caji ajleep, and retired from thefenfes 5 but if they
be called, and fentfor by Senfe, as by Pan 5 then they prefent no otb^
light than that,

^ale fuh incertam lunamjub luce maligna
Eji iter in fylvis.

It belongs alfo to the fufficiency, and perfe&ion of the world, that it beget t
no ijfue : For the world doth generate in refpeft of its parts 5 but in re-
Ipeft of the whole, how can it generate, feeing there is no body be-
yond the bounds of the Univerfe ? As for that Girl lambc, father'd Up-
on Pan^ certainly it is a wife adjeftion to the fable, for by her are re-
prefented thofe vain and idle Paradoxes concerning the natnre of things^
which have been frequent in all ages , and have filled the world
with novelties , for the matter, fruitlefs 3 fpurious for the Race 5 by
their garrulity , fometimes pleafant 5 foraetimes tedious and un«
feafbnable.

An other example of Philolbphy according to Ancient Parablcfl
in Politicks of IVar, according to the
Fable of Perfeus,

Herod. V. Petfeus a Prince of the Eafi is reported to have been imployed by

Ovid™' Pallas/<7r tbe dejiroying of Medufa, who was very infe(\ious to the We-
Mer.4. ft^rt^ P^rts of the World , about the utmofl: Coafts of Hibcria, A

Monjier

Lib. II. Of the Advancement of Learning. nn

Monfier huge and fierce, of an afpeft (b dire and horridj that with her fan^.
Very looks fhe turn'd men into (tones . Of all the Gorgons this MecluU ^'"''''
^one was mortal, the reft not fubjeft to death ; Perjeus therefore pre-
paring himfelf for this noble enterprife, had Arms and gifts beftowed
on him by three of the Gods ; Mercury gave him wings fitted for his
feet not his arms ; Tluto a helmet, Pallas a fhield, and a Looking- glafs.
Nattvithjiafiditjg although he was thus well furniflit, he went not di-
redly tq Medufa^ but turned into the Gre£^ which by the Mothers
(ide were fifters to the Gorgons. Thefe Gre<e from their birth were
hq^ry-hcaded, refembiing old women. They had but one only 9 e,
and one tooth among them all 5 both which as they had occafion to go
abroad, they were wqnt in courfe tq take with them, and at their re-
turn to lay them down again. This eyeznd tooth they lent to Perfeus 5
fo finding himfelf completely appointed for the Adion defigned, with
winged fpeed he marches towards- Mcdufa. Her he found fleeping ;
yet durft not venture himfelf a front to her alped, if (he (hould chance
to awake; but turning his head afide, beholding her by refleftion in
Fallot her Mirror^ andfodirefting his blow,cut off her head ; from who(e
i)loud guChing out , inftantly there emerged Pegafus the flying Horfe.
Her head thus fmitten off, Perfeus transfers and inferts into Pal-
las herfhield ; which yet retained this virtue, that whofoever lookt
ppon it, as one blafted or Plannet-ftruck, he (bould fuddenly become
ienfelefs,

§ 'This Frf^/e feems to be devifed fqr direftion tq the preparation, Sandyj
and order that is to be obferved in making of war. And firft the un- ^'''"-
dertaking of any war ought to be as a cqmmifliqn frqm Pal/as ^ cer- "vid ' "*
tainly not from Venus^ (as the Trojan, war was) or fome fuch flight Mct.4.
motive 5 becaufe the DeGgns of War, ought to be grounded upon fo- R^noyajd,
lid coun(els. Then for the choice of War; for the nature and quality
thereof; the Fable propounds three grave and whoKbme Precepts. The
firji is^thata Prince do not much trouble himfelf about theconqucfi of neigh-
bour Nations : nor is the way of enlarging a Patrimony^ and an Empiry^the
fame-f for in the augmentation of private pojfejjions, the vicinity of Terri^
tories is to be confidered ; but in the amplification of publicl{^ Dominions^
the occafion and facility of making war^ and the fruit to be expeSed^ ought
to be injiead of propinquity. Therefore Perfeus^ though an Ea(tcrn
Prince, makes the expedition of his War a far off, even in the reraote(t
parts of the Weftern World. There is a notable prefident of this Ca(e, pj^^ -
in the different manner of warring, praftifed by two Kings, the Father Aiex.id,
and the Son, Philip and Alexander. For Philipwancd upon Borderers l^i^*^"'
only, and added to the Empire fome few Cities, and that not without
great contention and danger; who many times, but efpecially in a
Theban war, was brought into extreme hazard : But Alexander carried
the Aftions of his War a far off; and with a pro(peroUs boldnefs un-
dertook an expedition againft the Perfian ; conquered infinite Nati-
ons ; tired, rather with travel than war. This point is farther cleared
in thepropagation oi the Roman Empire, what time their comquefts to-
wards xhclVejl fcarce reacht beyond Liguria^ did yet in the Eaji, bring
all the Provinces, as far as the mountain Taurus^ within the compafs of
their Arras and command. So Charles the Eighth,King of France, find- Hifl.Frm.
ing the War of Britain (which afterward was compounded by marrigc) p"^ **

not

yS Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. 11^

Hot fo feafible, purfued his enterprize upon Naples, which he accomphfht
with wonderful facility and felicity. Certainly wars made upon Nati-
ons far off, have this advantage, that they are to fight with thofe who
are not praftifcd in the difciplineandArmsof the AggrefTor: but in a
war made upon Borderers, the cafe is otherwife. Befides the preparati-
on for fuch an expedition is commonly better appointed ; and the ter-
ror to the enemy from fuch a bold and confident enterprize, the grea-
ter. Neither can there ufually be made, by the enemy to whom the
war is brought fo far off, any retaliation or reciprocal invafion, which
in a war upon borderers often falls out. But the chief point is, that ia
(libduing a neighbour ftate, the eledion of advantages is brought to a
ftreight j but in a foreign expedition,a man may turn the race of the war
at pleafure, thither, where military difcipline is moft weakned 5 or
the ftrength of the Nation much wafted and worn 5 or Civil difcords are
fealbnably on foot 3 or fuch like opportunities prefent themfelves.
§ The fecofid precept is, that the motives of war be juji:, and Religious i
%ff'^'^' and Honourable ; andPlaufible : for that begets alacrity, as well in the
Bacon de Souldicts that fight, as in the people that afford pay : it draws on and
jure Belli procureth aids ; and hath many other advantages befides. Amongft
Hifp*. the juft grounds of war, that is moft favourable, which is undertakeri
for the extirpation qf Tyrants 5 under whom the people J oofe their
courage, and are caft down without heart and vigour, as in the fight of
Ovid. Aleditfa: which kind of heroick Afts, procured Hercules a divinity a-
Met.ix. tnongft the Gods. ..Certainly it was a point of Religion amongft the
Cora-'^'' Romans, with valour and (peed, to aid and fuccour their confederates
raent. and allies, that Were any Way diftreffed. So juft vindiftive wars have
for moft part been profperous j fo the war againft jBr»/«f and CaJJiuf^
tacit. ^or th^ revenge oi'C<efars death , of Severm for the death of Pertinax 5
Herodian. of Junius Brutus for the revenge qf the death of Lucreti a : and in a word,
*'^* whofoever relieve and revenge the calamities and injuries of men, bear

arms under Terfeus,
Fra.Ba- § The third precept is, that in the undertaking of any war, a true ejii-

conut fu- fffateof the forces betaken j and that it be rightly weighed whether the
enterprife may be compaft and accompliftit , left vaft and endlefi de-
figns be purfued. For amongji the Gorgons, by which war is represen-
ted, Perfeus wifely undertook her only, that was mortal 5 and did not
fet his mind upon impoffibilities. Thus far the fable inftrufts touching
thofe things that fall in deliberation, about the undertaking of a war;
the reft pertain to the war it felf.

^ In war thofe three gifts of the Cods do-moji avail, fb as commonly
they govern, and lead fortune after them : for Perfeus received fpeed,
from Mercury j concealing of his Counfels, from Orcus , and Providence
from Pallas. Neither is it without an Allegory, and that moft prudent,
that thofe wings of fpeed in difpatch of affairs (for quicknefs in war is of
fpecial importance) were faftened unto his heels, and not unto his Arm-
holes ; to his feet, and not to his (houlders j becaufe celerity is required,
not fo much in thefirft aggreffionsand preparations 5 as in the purfiiit
and the fuccours that fecond the firft aflaults ; for there is no errors ia
war more frequent, than that profecution, and fubfidiary forces, fail to
anfwcr the alacrity of thefirfl onfcts. Now the Helmet of Piute, which
hath power to make men inyifible, is plain in the Moral ; for thcfecret'

ing

Lib. II. ^ Of the Advancement of Leanwjcr. jq

tiffg of CoHnfds next to Celerity^ is of great moment in War 5 whereof
Celerity it felf is a great part 3 for fpecd, prevents the difclofure of
Counfels. It pertains to Pluto' s He l»ict, that there be one General of
the Army in War, inverted with abfolute authority; forconfultations
communicated with many, partake more of the Plumes of Mars ^ thanof
the Helmet of Pluto. To the fame purpofe are various pretentions, and
doubtful dcfignations, and emifTary reports 3 which either caft a cloud
over mens eyes, or turn them another way, and place the true aims of
Counfels in the dark ; for diligent and diffident cautions touching Let-
ters, Ambaffadors, Rebels, and many fuch like Provilbes, adorn and
begirt the Helmet of Phtto. But it importeth no lefs, to difcover the
Counfels of the enemy, than to conceal their own : wherefore to the
Helmet of Pluto, we muft joyn the Lookjng-glafs of Pallas^ whereby the
ftrength, the weaknefs, the (ecret abettors, the divifionsandfaftions,
the proceedings and counfels of the enemy may be difcerned and dif-
clofed. And because the cafudties of war are fuch^ as we mufl not put
too much confidence, either in the concealing our own defigns, or the
diflecreting the defigns of the enemy, or in celerity it felf ; we muft e-
(pecially take the shield of Pallas, that is of Providence 5 that fo, aslit-
tlCjas may be, be left to Fortune. Hitherto belong the fending out of
Efpials, the fortification of Camps, (which in the Military Difcipline
of this latter age , is almoft grown out of ufe : for the Camps of the
Romans were ftrengthened as if it had been a City, againft all adverfe
events of War) a fetled and well ordf red Array^not trufting too much
to the light Bands, or to the Troops of Horfemen, and whatfoever ap-
pertains to a fubflantial and advifed defenfive War : feeing in Wars the
shield of PaUas prevails more than the fn>ord of Mars,

§ BHt Perfeus albeit he was fufficiently furnilht with forces and cou-
rage, yet was he to do one thing of fpecial importance, before he en-
terprized the Adion j and that was, to have fome intelligence with the
Gre£. Thefe Gre£ are treafons, which may be termed the fiihrs of
War -J not defcended of the fame ftock, but far unlike in nobility of
Birth : fo Wars are Generous and Heroical^ but Treafons bafe and ignoble.
Their defcription is elegant, for they are faid to be gray-headed, and
like old women from their birth ; by reafon that Traitors are continu-
ally vext with cares and trepidations. But all their ftrength, before
they break out into open Rebellions, confifl:s either in an eye, or in a
tooth, for every fadHon alienated from any ftate, hzxhzn evil eye, and
bites. Befides, this eye and tooth 15,33 it v/ere,common 5 for whatfoever
they can learn or know , runs from hand to hand amongft them. And
as concetmng the tooth, they do all bite alike, and caft the fame fcan-
dais 3 fo that hear one, and you hear all. Perfeus therefore was to deal
with thefe Gre^^and to engage their afliftance for the loan of their E/e
and Tooth : their Eye for Difcoveries ^ their Tooth for the forving and
fpreaditig of Rumors 'j and the ftirringup of envy ; and the troubling
of the minds of men. Jfter all things are rvell, and preparedly difpofed
for war , that is firft of all to be taken into confideration, which Perfeus
did, that Medufa may be found afleep: for a wife Captain ever arfTaults
the enemy unprepared j and when he is moft fecure. Lafily, in the ve^
ry aUion and heat of war, the looking into Pal/as her Glafs, is to be put
mpra<Sice : for moft menjbeforeit come tothcpafh,caa with diligence

and

8o Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib.II-

and circumfpeftion dive into, and dilcern the ftate and defigns of the
enemies 5 but in the very point ofdanger, either are amazed with fear ;
or in a rafh mood fronting dangers toodireftly, precipitate themfelves
into them ; mindful of vidtory ; but forgetful of evafion, and retreat.
Yet neither of thefe (hould be praftifed, but they fhould look vs'ith a
rever(ed countenance into Torllai Mirror 3 that fo the ftroak may I?c
rightly direded, without either terror or fury,

(j After the war was finiftit, and the viftory won, there followed
two Effefts 5 The procreation attd raiji»g ofPegaJui , which evidently de-
notes Fame, that flying through the world proclaims victory 5 and
makes the remains of that war eafy and feafible* The fecond is the bear-
ring efMednfas head in his Jloield , becaufe there is no kind of defence
for excellency comparable tothis ; For one famous and memorable Aft
profperoufly enterpriz'd and atchieved 5 ftrikes the Spirit of infurrefti-
on in an enemy, into an amazing terror, and blafts envy her felf into
an aftoniftiraent and wonder.

The third Example of Philofophy according 'to Ancient Parables
in Morality . Of PaJJion according to the Fable
of Dionjjius,

Orph.in VI Theji fay that Scmek Jttpiters Minion, having bound her Para-
ol\'sAet.ii T^ouT, by an inviolablc oatb, to grant her one requeft which (he would
Eiirip.iii ' ask, defir'd thathe would accompany her in the fame form, wherein
^^^'^- ■ he came in to Juno: So (he periflit with lightning. Bnt the Infant
Dion."'" which (he bare in her Womb, jf«;>//er the Father took out, andfowcd
it in his thigh till the months were accomplifht, that it (hould be born.
This burden made Jupiter fomewhat to limp 5 wherefore the child, be-
caufe it vext and pinched Jupiter^ while it was in his flank, was called
Dionyfms. Being born he was committed to Proferpina for fbme years to
be nurltj and being grown up, hehaddicha maiden face, as that a
man could hardly judge whether it were a boy, or a girl. He was dead
alfo, and buried for a time, but afterwards revived. Being bnt ayonth
he invented the planting and drefEng of vines 3 the making and u(e of
wine 5 for which becoming famous and renowned, he fubjugated the
world even to the utmoft bounds o^ India. He rode in a Chariot drawn
with Tygers. There danced about him certain deformed Hobgoblins
called Ctfirf/i 5 y^cr^^wx and others , yea, even the il////e/ alfb were (brae
of his followers. He tool^to wife Ariadne, forfaken and left by Thefejts^
The treefacred unto him was the Ivy. He was held the Inventor and In-
, . Jiitutor ofjacrijices and Ceremonies, but fuch as were frantick and fult
BoBor. ' of corruptions and cruelties. He had Ukewife power to firike men with
Eiirip.in madne^ : For it is reported that at the Celebration of his Orgyei, two
^'"^' famous Worthies, Penthcus and Orpheus, were torn in pieces by certain
mad-enraged women •■, the one becaufe he got upon a tree, out of a cu-
rioficy to behold their Ceremonies in thefe Sacrifices; the other becaufe
he played fweetly and cunningly upon the harp. And for the Cejis of
v.Com- this God, they are in a manner the fame with lupiters,
"cat. in A^ There is fuch excellent Morality coucht in this fable, as Moral Philo-

Ovid.Met

i

G. Sail" fophy affords not better. For under the Perfon of Bacchus is defcribed
uiis.K.e- ffje nature of Pulfion ■, or of Affc3ions and Perturbations of the mind. Firji

Lib. II. Of the Advancement of Learning, 8i

therefore touching the birth and parentage of Fajjion 5 the beginning of
all Paflidn, though never (b hurtful, is nothing elfe than good Apparent :
For as the Mother of virtue is goodExijlent ; fo the Mother of Paffion
\s good Apparent. The one of thefe (under which Perlbn, the foul of
rtian is ireprefented) is jf«p/7erxlavyfulwife ; the other his Concubine:
which yet affefteth the honour oPJuno, as Semele did. Tajfion is con-
ceiv'd iii an unlawful defire, ralhly granted, before rightly underftood,
and judged : And after when it begins to grow fervent, the Mother of
it, which is the Nature and Species of Good, by too much inflammation
is deftroyed and perifheth. The proceeding of ri7//z<7» from the firft
conception thereof is after this manner ; It is nourilht and concealed
by the mind of man, fwhich is the Parent o£ Paffion,) fpecially in the
inferiour part of the mind, as in the thigh ; and (b vexeth, and puUeth,
and depreffeth the mind 5 as thofe good determinations and aftionsj
are much hindred and lamed thereby : but when it comes to be con-
firmed by confent and habit , and breaks out into Aft , that it hath
now, as it were,folfiird the months^and is brought forth and born ; firft,
for a while it is brought up by Proferpina 5 that is, it (eeks corners and
fecret places, and lurk?, as it werejUnder ground 5 until the reigns of
fliame and fear laid afidc, and boldnefi coming on , it either afliimes the
pretext of forae virtue, or becomes altogether impudent and ftiame-
lels. And it is pto^ true that every -vehement Pajjion is of a doubtful fex j,
being mafculine in the firft motion 5 but feminine in profecution. It
is an excellent fidion^ that of dead Bacchus, reviving 5 for PaJJJons do
(bmetimes feem to be in a dead fleep, and extinft; but we rauft not
truft them^no though they were buried ; For let there be but matter and
opportunity offer'd, they rife again.

§ The invention of the Vine is a wife Parable 5 for every afFedion is
very quick and witty in finding out that which nouriOieth and cherifh"
eth it 5 and of all things known to men, wine is moji powerful and effica- -
ciout to excite and in fame pajjions , of what kjnd foever , as being, in at
(brtja commc-n incentive to them all.

§ Again, affe^ion or paffion is elegantly fet down to be afnbduer of Na-
tions, and an undertaker of infinite expedition : For defire never refts
content with what it poffcfleth 5 but with an infinite and unfa-
tiable appetite ftill covets more 5 and barkens after a new pur-
chafe.

fj So Tigers Stable by affeli ions y and draw their Chariot : For fince
the time that A^e^fion began to ride in a Coach 5 and to go no more
a foot 5 and to captivate Reafon 5 and to lead her away in triumph j it
grows cruel 5 unmanageable and fierce, againft whatfoever withftands
or oppofeth it.

§ And it is a pretty device, that thofe ridiculous Tiemons, are brought
in dancing about Bacchus his Chariot: For every vehement afFeftion doth
caufe in the eyes, face, and gefture,undecent and (ubleeming, apifh, and
deformed motions ; fo that they who in any kind of Paflion, (as inan-
ger, arrogance, or love,) feem glorious and brave in their own eyes ; do
appear to others mifhapen and ridiculous.

§ The Miifes arefecn in the company of paffion : and there is almoft no
affection fo depraved and vile, which is not fbqAed by fome kind of
l^'carning : And herein the indulgence and arrogancy of Wits doth ex-

JL ceedingly

82 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . II.

ceedingly derogate from the Majefty of the Mufcs j that whereas they
(liould be the Leaders and Ancient-bearers of life j they are become the
foot-pages, and bnfFoons to lufts and vanity.

^ Again ^ vphere Bacchus isfaid to have engaged his affeUions on her that
was abandoned and reje&ed by another : it is an Allegory of (pecial re-
gard 5 for it is moft certain, that pajpon ever feeks and fues for that
which experience hath relinquifht j and they all know, who have paid
dear for (erving and obeying their luHs 3 thait whether it be honour, or
riches, or delight, or glory, or knowledgCjOr any thing elfe, which they
feek after 5 they purlue things caft off, and by divers men in all ages, afc
ter experience had,utterly rejected and repudiate.

§ Neither is it without a My fiery , that the Ivy was facred to Bacchus $
the application holds two ways: Firfi^ in that the Ivy remains green in
Winter; Secondly^xn that it creeps along^imbracethjand advanceth it fetf
over lb many divers bodies, as trees, walls, and edifices. Touching tht
firff, every pajjton doth through renitence and prohibition, and as it
were, by an Antiperijlajls, (like the Ivy through the cold of Winter)
grow frelh and lively. Secondly^ every predominant afFeftion in mans
foul, like the Ivy ^ doth compals and confine all Humane Aftions
and Counfels , neither can you find any thing fo immaculate and
inconcern'd, which afFeftions have not tainted and clinched, as it were,
with their tendrels.

(j Neither is it a wonder, that fuperjiitious ceremonies were attributed
wwffl Bacchus, feeing every giddy-headed humour keeps, in a manner.
Revel-rout in falfe Religions 5 (b that the pollutions and diftempers of
Hereticks, exceed the Bacchanals of the Heathens 5 and whofe fijper-
ftitions have been no lefs barbarous, than vile and loathfbme. Nor it
it a wonder^ that madnefs is thought to be fent by Bacchus, feeing every
affeftion in the Excefs thereof, is a kind o^jhort fury 5 and if it grow
vehement and become habitual 5 it commonly concludes in Madnefs.

^ Concerning the rending and difntembring of Pentheus and Orpheus,
in the celebration of the Orgies i>/Bacchus 5 the Parable is plain. For eve-
ry prevalent affeSion is outragious againft two things ; whereof the one it
curious enquiry into it j the other free and wholfome admonition. Nor
will it avail, though that inquiry was only to contemplate and to be-
hold, as it were going up into a tree, without any malignity of mind$
nor again, though that admonition was given with much art and fwect-
nefs 5 but howloever, the Or^/c/ of Bacchus cannot endure either P««-
thetts or Orpheus,

§ Lajily, that confujion of ^he perjons <?/ Jupiter 4»^ Bacchus, may be
well transferred to a Parable ; feeing noble and famous Adis, and re-
markable and glorious merits, do fometimes proceed from virtue and
well ordered reafon, and magnanimity ; and fometimes from a fecret
afFeftion, and a hidden paffion 5 howfoever both the one and the other,
fo affedt the renown of Fame and Glory ; that a man can hardly diftia-
guifh between the Afts of Bacchus ; and the Gefts oi Jupiter,

But weftay too long in the Theatre :, let us now pafson loiheFalacc
of the Mind 5 the entrance whereof we arc to approach with more ve-
neration and attention,
f

THE

8?

THE

Third Book

OF

FRANCIS L. V E RV L A M

VicoumS'- ALBAN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

O F

LEARNING.

To the KING.

Chap. L

I. The Vdrtition of Scknces^'wito Theology and Philofbphy. If. Par'
tition of Philofophy into three Knowledges. Of God 5 of Nature 5
of Man. III. rAe C£?»^;7«^z<j« tf/ Philofophia Prima, of Summary
Philofophy 3 as the Commune Parent of alL

*LL Hijlory f Excellent King) treads upon the Earthy and per-;
forms the ofBceof a Guide, rather than of a light 5 and
Poefie is , as it were, the dream of Knowledge ; a fweet
pleafing thing, full of variations ; and would be thought to
be fomewhat inlpired with Divine Rapture , which Dreams
likewife pretend : but now it is time for me to awake, and to raife
my felf from the Earth , cutting the liquid Air of Philofophy and
Sciences.

I. Knowledge is like waters 3 fome waters dejcend from the Heavens ,
fame fpring from the Earth , fo the Primary Partition of Sciences, is to be
derived from their fountains 5 fome are feated above 3 fome are here
beneath. For all knowledge proceeds from a twofold information 5
either from divine infpiration, or from external Senfe j As for that know-
ledge which infufed by inftrudtion j that is Cumulative, not Original 5
as it is in waters, which befides the Head-fprings, are encreafed by the

L 3 reception

84 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b.IIL

reception of other Rivers that fall into them. Wherefore n>c reill divide
Sciences, into Theology^^ afidrhilojophy^ by T/jeo^/ we underftandi»-
fpred or Sacred Divinity 5 not Natural, of which we are to fpeak anon.
But this Infpired Theology, we referve for the laft place, that we may
clofe up this work with it 3 feeing it is the Port and Sabbath of all Hu-
mane Contemplations.

II. The object of rbilofophy is of three Jortti, God'j Nature^ Man i, Co
likewife there is a Triple Beam of things, for Nature darts upon the ««-
derjianding with a direB Beam j God becaufe of the inequality of the me"
dium, which is the Creature^ with a refra£f Beam 5 and ntan reprefented
and exhibited to himfelf with a beam reflext. Wherefore Philofbphy
may fitly be divided into three knowledges 5 the knowledge of God 5
the knowledge of Nature , and the l{nowledgc of Man,

III. And becaufe the Partition of Sciences are not like (everal lines
that meet in one angle ; but rather like branches of trees that meet in
one ftemm, which ftemra for (bme drmenfion and fpace is entire and
continued, before it break, and part it felf into arms and boughs,;
therefore the nature of the fubj eft requires, before we purfue the parts
of the former diftribution, to eredi and conftitute one univerfal Science^
which maybe the mother of the reft ; and that in the progrefs of Sci-
ences, a Portion, as it were, of the common high- way may be kept,
before we come where the ways part and divide them(elves. This Sci-
ence wcjiile Primitive Philojophy or Sapience, which by the Ancients was
defin'd to be, The Science of things divine and humane. To itixs Science
none of the reft is oppofed, being it is differenced from other Know-
ledges, rather in the limits of latitude 5 than in the things and fubjeft 5
that is, handling only the tops of things. Whether I (hould report this
as Deficient, I ftand doubtful, yet I think I very well may. For I find
a certain kind of Rhapfbdy, and confufed malTe of knowledge, namely
of Natural Theology ; of Logic^, : of particular parts of Natural Philofophy
^asof the Principles of Nature, and of the foul^ compofited and com-
piled: and by the height of terms, from men who love to admire them-
felves advanced, and exalted, as it were, to the vertical point of Sci-
ences. But we, without any fuch ftately loftineis, would only have thus
much. That there might be dejign'd a certain Science, thatfijould be the re-
ceptacle ofal/Juch Axioms, as fall not within the compafi of anyjpecial part
of Philojophy ^ but are more common to them all, or moji of them.

§ That there are many of this kind,needs not to be doubted. For
Euclid. example, Si in^qualibus aqualia addat ^ omnia erunt in£qualia 5 is a rule
lUib.i. in the Mathematicks : and the fame holds in the Ethicks concerning
Attributive Jujiicej for in 'jujiicc Expletivc,the reafon of equity requires,
Eclid. El. ^'^''«' equal Portion be given to unequal Perfons 5 hut in Attributive^ unlef
Anil. unequal be dijiributed unto unequal, it is a great injujlice. ^£ ineo-
demtertio conveniunt, & inter fe conueninnt '-y is likewife a rule taken
Arift.de from the Mathematicks ; but fo potent in L^t^/V^ alio, as all Syllogifms
Part. Ani- are built upon it. Naturafe potijfimum prodit in minimis, \s ^ rule in
Natural Philofophy fo prevalent, ^hat it hath produced Democriuis his
P.)lit.t; Atomes^yethath Arijiotkmzde good uleof-t tn hisPclit/ck/, where he
rai(eth his contemplations of a City or State, from the Principles of a
Family. Omnia mutantur ml intcrit 5 is alio a maxime in Natural Phi-
lofophy thus expreflcd, that the ^antum of Nature is neither dimi-

ni(ht

L I B. IIL Gfthe Advancement of Learning. 85

Diftit nor augmented : The fame is applied to Natural Theology thus
varied 5 That they are the rcorkj of the lame Ov/nipotCKce^ to mak,e fiothing
fomevphat •■, and to 'make fomcrohat nothing 5 which the Scriptures like-
wife teftifie .- jf have found by experience that all the ivorJ^t of God do per-
fevere for ever : nothing can be put untu) them, nor any thing ta/fcn from ^'^'^'^^■3'
then/. TntcritMs rci arcctnr per redtiBionem ejus ad Principia^ is a rule in
Natural Philofophy ^ the fame holds alfo in the Politicks (as Machiavel ^''^f-'^-
hath wifely obfervcd) becaufe the means which mufl fpecially prelerve dIcm'
States from ruine. are commonly nothing elfe than reformation, and a ^''^-.i'''-?-
reduftion of them to their Ancient cuftomes. Putredoferpens magis con- uimocf'
tagiofi e/iquafftmatura^ is aground in Natural Philofophy 5 the fame ^''"i-
is an excellent Maxime in Moral Philofophy ; becaufe profefledly wick-
ed, and defperately impious perfbns, do not corrupt publick manners
(bmuch, as they do, who feem to have fome foundnefs and goodnCiS
in them 5 and are difeafed but in part, ^od confervativnm eji formic Adft. alj-
fuajoris, id aCiivitate potentius , is a ground in natural Philofophy : for *^"^*'
it makes for the confervation of the fabrick of the univerfe 5 that the
chain and contexture of nature, be not cut afunder or broken , and that
there be not vacuum, as they call it, or empty difcontinuity in the world 5
and that heavy bodies (hould be congregate and afTembled to the maffy
pile of the earth, makes for the confervation of the Region ofgrofs and
compared natures : wherefore the firft and univerfal motion commands,
and fubdues, the latter and more particular. The fame rule holds in the
Politick^, for tkofe things which conduce to the confervation of the
whole Body PoUtickxn its entire nature andabfcnce, are more potent,
than thofe things are, which make only for the well-fare and exiftence
of particular members, in a State or Civil Government. So the fame
rule takes place in Theology 5 for araongfl Theological virtues, chari-
ty^ a virtue mofl: commiinicative excells all the reft. Augetur vis agen- Arift. u^
tis per anti-perijiafin contrarii : is a rule in Natural Philofophy, the p°li'„*a,
fame works wonders in Civil flates, for all faftion is vehemently moved, ^.n,
and incenfed at the rifing of a contrary faftion. Tonus difcors in con-
cordem aUittum deflnens, concentum contmendat : To fall fuddenly from V.Boet,d«
a Difcord upon a Concord commends the Air : it is a rule in Mulick : the ^"^'■*'
likeefFedtit worketh in Morality^ and theAffedions. Thit Trope of
Jllujic^, to fall or Aide fbftly, from the clofe or cadence (as they call it}
when it feemed even to touch it, is common with the Trope of R.heto-
rick, of deceiving expe&ation. The Qiiavering upon a ftop in Mufick,
gives the fame delight to the ear ; that the playing of light uponthe wa-
ter, or the fparkling of a Diamond gives to the eye.

Splendettremulofub lumine Pont us.

Virgin.
OrganafenfuumcumOrganisrefle^onumconveniunt : This hath place in ^'i^^^^
Terfpe^ive Art'-) for the eye is like to a Glafs, or to waters: and in .4- Opt.4.yi.
coH^ick. Art':) for the Inftrument of hearing islike totheftraitsand wind- ^*""' P*^-*
ing within a Cave. Thefe few inftances may fuffice for examples. And
indeed the Perfian Magick, (b much celebrated, coniifts chiefly in this 3
to ohfcrve the refpondency in the Architectures, and Fabriil{s of things ZV4-
tural'-) and of things Civil. Neither are all thefe whereof we have fpo-
ken, and others of like nature mcer Similitudes on\y, as men of narrow

obfer-

86 Of the I Advancement of Learning, L i b. III.

obfervation perchance may conceivcjbut one & the very fame footfteps,
and feals of Nature, printed upon feveral fubjeds or matters. This kind
of Science^ hath not been hitherto ferioufly handled; You may perad-
Venture find in the Writings coming from the pens of the profounder
forts of wits. Axioms of this kind, thinly and fparfedly inferted, for
the ufe and explication of the Argument which they have in hand 5 but
a complete body offuch Maximes^ which have a Trimitive and Shmma-
ry force and efficacy in all Sciences , none yet have eompofed^ being not-
withftandingamatter of fuch confequence, as doth notably conduce
to the unity of Nature, which we conceive to be the office and u(e of
Philofophia Vriwa'.

^ There is alfo an other part of this, Trimitive Philofophy, which, if
if you refpeft terms ^ is Ancient 5 but, if the matter which we defign, is
new, and of an other kind 5 and it is an Inquiry concerning the Jc-
ceffory Condition of Entities^ which we may call Tr^/T/f e/;^e»/x ; as MhI-
titude. Paucity ^ Similitude , Diver ftty ; Pofjible^ and ImpoJJible 5 Entity 5
Non-entity j and the like. For being Tranfcendents do not properly fall
within the compals of Natural Philojbphy 5 and that Dialeftical diflerta-
tion about them is rather accommodated to the Forms of Argumenta-
tion, than the Nature of things j it is very convenient that this Con-
templation , wherein there is fo much dignity and and profit, fliould
not be altogether deferted , but find at lead (bme room in the Partiti-
ons of Sciences : but this we underftand to be perform'd far after an
other manner, than ufually it hath been handled. For example^ no man
who hath treated of Paucity or Alultitude, hath endeavour'd to give a
realbn, ff^hy fame things in Nature are and may befo numerous and larger
ethers fo fert> and little. For certainly it cannot be, that there (hould
be in nature as greatftoreof Goldjasof Iron jas great plenty ofRofes,
as of Grafs 5 as great variety of determin'd and (pecifick Natures, as
of imperfedtsj.and non-fpecificates. So none in handling SimilitHde
and Diverfity, hath fufficiently difcovercd the Caufe, why betwixt di-
vers fpecies there fhould, as it were perpetually, be interpofed, Partici-
ples of Nature , which arc of a doubtful kind and reference 5 as Mofs
betwixt Putrefadtion and a Plant : Fiflm which adhere and move not,
betwixt a Plant and a living Creature : Rats aadMice^ and other ver-
mine between living Creatures generated ofPutrefaftion, and of feed:
Bats or Flitter- mife between Birds and Beafts 5 Flying Fipes, now com-
monly known, between Fowls and Fifh : Sea-calfs between Fifhes and
four-footed Beafts 5 and the like. Neither hath any made diligent in-
quiry of the Reafon how it fhould come to pafs, being like delights t»
unite to like^ that Iron draws not Iron , as the Loadftone doth ; nor
Gold allures and attrafts unto it Gold, as it doth Quickfilver. Con-
cerning thefe and the like adjunfts of things, there is, in the common
Difceptation about Tranfcendents a deep filence : For men havepurfued
Niceties ofTermsy and not fubtilties of things. Wherefore we would
have this Primitive Philofophy to contain a fubftantial and folid inquiry
of thefe Tranfcendents^ or Advent itions Conditions of Entitics^accotd'mg
to the Laws of N4/«re, and not according to the Laws of Wordi. So
much touching, Primitive Philofophy, or Sapience^ which we have juftly
referr'd to the Catalogue of Deji'cientf,

CHAP.

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learning. Sj

Chap, II.

I. Of Natural Tbeologie: § Of the Knowledge of Angels^ andofSph
rittj tvbich are an Appendix thereof,

THe Commune Parent of Sciences bemg firft placed in its pro-
per Throne like unto Berecynthia, which had fb much hea-
venly IfTue.

Omnes CcsUcoU^ omnes fupera. aha. tenentet. Tirg,\jK:

6-

We may return to the former Divifion of the three Philofopies^ Divine^
natural and Humane.

I. For Natural Theology, is truly called Divine Philofophj/. And this
is defined to be a Knowledge, or rather a fpark and rudiment of that
Knowledge concerning Godjfuch as may be had by the light of Nature^
and the Contemplation of the Creature ; which Knowledge may bei
truly termed Divine in refpeft of the Objed , and Natural in refped of
the Light. The Bounds of this Knowledge are truly let forth^that they
may extend to the Confutation and Conviftion of Atheifm ; the Infor^
mation of the Law of Nature -, but may not be drawn out to the Con-
firmation of Religion. Therefore there was never Miracle wrought by
Cod to convert an Atheift, hecaufe the light of Nature might have led him to
confefs a God 5 but Miracles are dejigned to convert Idolaters j and the Sw
perjiitious, who have acl^nowledged a Deity , hut erred in his Adoration 5
hecaufe no light of Nature extends to declare the Will and true PForJfnp of
Cod. For as works do (hew forth the power and skill of the work-
man, but not his Image : So the works of God, do fhew the Omnipo-
tency and Wifiiom of the Maker 5 but no way exprels his Image. And
in this the Heathen opinion differs from the (acred Truth ; For they
defined the World to be the Image of God 5 Man the Image of the
World 5 but Sacred Scriptures never vouchfafcd the World that ho-
nour, as any where to be (tiled the Image of God, but only, the worl^f
of hk hands: but they fubftitute man,jAe immedate Image of God.Where- q/j,','
fore, that there is a God ; that he reigns and rules the World j that he
ismoft potent, wife, and provident : that he is a Rewarder, a Reven-
ger 5 that he is to be adored 5 may be deriionftrated and evinced even
from his works; and many wonderful fecrets touching his Atributes,
and much more touching his Regiment and difpenfation over the
world, may likewife with fobriety be extraded, and manifefted out
of the fame works 5 and is an Argument hath been profitably handled
by divers. But out of the contemplation of Nature, and out of the
Principles of Humane Reafon, to difcourfe, or earneftly to urge a point
touching the Myfteries of Faith ; and again, to be curioufly ipeculative
into thofe fecrets, to ventilate them 5 and to be inquifitiye into the
manner of the Myftery, is , in my judgement not (a(e : Da Fidei qu£
Fidei fmt. For the Heathens themfelves conclude as much, in that
excellent and divine Fable of the ^oX^^nO^dXn^That Men andGod^

ifere

88

Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. IIL

Homer
Iliad.;.

Coloff.2.

TPcre not able to drarv Jupiter down to the Earth--) but contrarimfe Jupi-
ter rvas able to draw tkem up to HcdT^ew. Wherefore he laboureth in vain,
who fhall attempt to draw down heavenly Myfteries to our reafon ; it
rather becomes us to raife and advance our realbn to the adored
Throne of Divine Truth. And in this fart of Natural Theologie, I am
fo far from noting any deficience, as I rather find an excefs; which to
observe I have fomewhat digreffed , becaufe of the extremeprejudice,
which both Religion and Philofophy have- received thereby 5 as that
which will faOiion and forge a heretical Religion, and aa imaginary and
fabulous Philofophy.

§ But as concerning the nature of A»geU and Spirits, the matter i^
otherwife to be conceived 5 which neither is infcrutable, nor interdift-
ed 3 to which knowledge, from the affinity it hath with mans foul,there
is a paflage opened. The Scripture indeed commands. Jet no man de-
ceive you mthfublime difcourfe touching the worjhip of Angels^ prejjing in-
to that he knows not 5 yet notwithftanding if you obferve well that pre-
cept, you (hall find there only two things forbidden; namely ^^tfr<«-
iion of Angels^ fuch as is due to God ; and rhantajiical Opinions ofthenfy
either by extolling them above the degree of a creature ; or to extol
a mans knowledge of -them farther than he hath warrantable ground.
But the fober enquiry touching them, which by the gradations of things
corporal, may alcend to the nature of them , or which may be feen ia
the Soul of Man, as in a Looking-gla(s;> is in no wife reftrained. The fame
may he concluded of impure and revolted fpirits 5 the converfing with
them, and the imployment of them, is prohibited 5 much more any
veneration towards them; but the Contemplation or Science of their
Nature 5 their Power 5 their Illufions ; not only from places of (acred
Scripture, but from reafon or experience ; is a principal pare ofSpiri-
^Cor.t. tual Wifdom. For fo the Apoftle; faith, we are not ignorant ofhisjira-
tagems. And it is no more unlawful tp enquire, in • natural Theology,
the nature of evil Spirits ; than to enquire the nature of Pbyforts iti
Phyfick, or of vices in theEthi<:ks. But this part of Science touching
Angels and degenerate fpirits, I cannot note as Deficient ; for many have
imployed their pens in it : Rather moft of the Writers in this
kind may be argued either of vanity, or fuperftition, or of unprofitable
fubtilty.

Chap. III.

This Tartition of Natural Philofophy into Speculative, and Opera-
tive. § And that thefe two^, both in the intention of the writer 3 and

in the body of the. Treat ife^fijould befeperated.

Eaving therefore Natural Thologie (to which we have attributed the
__ enquiry of Spirits, as an Appendix) we may proceed to the fe-
cond Part, namely that of Nature, or Natural Thilofophy. Deviocritut
Ijerf.se- faith excellently, That the knowledge concerning Nature, lies hid in cer-
tain deep Mines and Caves. And it is fomewhat to the purpofo , that

the

I

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learnincr. §n

the Alchimiftsdo fo much inculcate , 7hat Vulcan is a fccond Ntture, paracef.
a»d pcrje&s that com^cndioiify which Nature ttfeth to effect by a;»ba(ycs ^= *'*''''^^'
and length of time : why then may we not divide Philofophy into two '"^'^"'
parts ^ the /W»e, and the Fornace -j and make two profelfions, or oc-
cupations of ^'^/«n^/ rhilofophers 5 Pyonersot workers in the Mine 3 and
Smithy or Refiners ? Certainly however we may feem to be conceited,
and to fpeak in jell: s yet we do bed allow of a divifion in that kind, if
it be propofed in more familiar and Scholaftical terms, namely, that
the knoxoledge of Nature, be divided into the Inquifition of Caufcs \ and
the Produciion of Effeds ^ Speculative, and Operative j the one fearch-
eth the bowels of Nature , the other fafhions Nature, as it were, upon
the Anvile.

^ Now although I know very well with what a ftrift band, caufes
and efFefts are united 3 fo as the explication of them, muft in a fort be
coupled and conjoyned; yet becaufeallfolid and fruitful Natural know-
ledge hath a double, and that diftindt, fcale or ladder 5 Afcendent and
Defcendent ; From Experiments to Axioms^ and from Axioms to the nen>
Experiments. I judge it moft requifitc, that thefe two parts. Speculative
zndoperative, befeparate, both in the intention of the Writer^ind the
Body of the Treatife.

Chap. IV.

I. The Partition of the Speculative knowledge of Nature into Phy-
fick fpecial, and Metaphyfick : Whereof Phyfick enquires the Effi-
cient Caufe, and the Matter : Metaphyfick the final Caufe and the
Form. II. The Partition of Phyfick, into the knowledges of the
Principles of Things; of the Fabrick of Things, or of the World:
And of the variety of things. III. The Partition tf/ Phyfick, /tf«<:A.
ingthe variety of things, into theDoftrine of Concretes ; and in-
to the Dodrine of Abftrafts. The Partition of the knowledge of
Concretes, is referred over to the fame Partition which Natural Hi-
fiory Comprehends. IV. The Partition of the knowledge of Ab-
ftrads, into the knowledge of the Schemes of Matter j and into
the knowledge of Motions. V. Troo Appendices c/ Speculative
Phyfick s Natural Problems ; And the Placits of Ancient Philofo-
phers. VI. The Partition of Metaphyfick , into the Doftrine of
Forms 3 And into the Doctrine of the Final Caufes.

J. '"T~*Hat part o^ Natural Philofophy which is Speculative and Thcori-
^ cal, we think convenient to divide \mo Phyfick fpecial, and
Metaphyfick. And in this Partition I defire it may be conceiv'd, that we
ufe the iilctaphyjickjn a different fence from that, that is received. And
here it fecms to fall out not unfitly, to advertife in general of our pur-
pofe and meaning touching the ufe of words, and terms of Art. And
it is this, that as well in this word Mctaphyfukno''' delivered, as in o-
ther terms of Art, wherefbever our conceptions and notions are nev/,
and differ from the received 3 yet with much reverence, we retain the

M Ancient

oo Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. III.

Ancient terms : For being we hope, that the method it felf, and a per-
fpicuous explication of the Matter, which we labour to annex, may re-
deem us from an incongruous conception of the words we ufe, we are
other wife zealous (fo far as we can without prejudice of Truth and
Sciences) to depart as little as may be, from the opinions and expref-
fions of Antiquity. And herein I cannot but marvail at the confidence
oi' Arijiotlc^ who pofleft with a fpirit of contradiftion 5 and denouncing
war againft all Antiquity, not only ufurpt a licenfe to coyn new terms
of Arts at pleafure j but hath endeavoured to deface and extinguilh
all ancient wifdom. In fo much as he never names any ancient Authors 5
or makes any mention of their opinions , but to reprehend their Per-
fons ; or to redargue [their Placits , and Opinions. Certainly if he
aftedted glory , and drawing difciples after him, he took the right
courfe : For the fame comes to pafs in the aflerting and receiving 1
Philofbphical Truth.that doth in a Divine Truths veai in nomine Pa"
triSi necrecipftis me, Jiquis vencrit in nomine fuo turn recipietis. But
loan. 5. from this divine Aphorifm, if we confider whom fpecially it hath de-
figned fnaraely Antichrift the greateft Impoftor of all timesjwe may
CoUecft,^^^ the coming in a mans own name, without any regard of^»-
tiqyity, or ( if I may fo fpeak) of Paternity, is no good Augury of
Truth, however it be joyned with the fortune and fuccefs of an eunt
recipietis. But for Ar'i(iot\e, certainly an excellent man, and of an admi^
r able profound wit, I pould eajilji be induced to believe --^ that he learned
this ambition of his Scholar, rohom perhaps he did emulate : that if one
conquered all Nations •-, the other would conquer all Opinions, and raife ta
himfelfa kjnd of Monarchy in contemplations. Although it may (b fall
out, that he may at fome mens hands,that are of a bitter dilpolition,and
biting language, get a like title, as his Scholar did.

Liican.l,
10.

Tcelix terrarum Frado, non utile Mundo
Editus exemplum. So

Fcelix Do&rin£ Prado, &c. But to us on the other fide that do de-
Gre, fo much as lies in the power of our pen, to contradt a league and
commerce between Ancient and Modern knowledge ; our judgement
[bnds firm,^ 0 l{ccp way vpith Antiquity. ufq'-^ ad Aras , and to retain the An-
cient termSjthough lometimeswe alter their Sence,and Definitions : ac-
cording to the modern arid approved manner of Innovation, in Civil
Government , where the ftate of things being changed , yet the (b-
Annal.i. lemnity of words and Itiles is obferved which Tacitus notesj EadtM
Magijiratuum vocabula.

§ To return therefore to the acception of the word Metaphyficl{^ m
our fence. It appears, by that which hath been already faid, that we
diftinguifh Primitive Phylofophy, from Afetaphyfic/i , which heretofore
hath been confounded and taken for the fame thing. The one we have
fet down as a commune Parent of all Sciences j the other, as a portion of
Natural Philofophy. We have allign'd Common and Promi(cuous
Axioms of Sciences j to Prim/tive Philofophy. Likewife all Relative
and Adventive Conditions at:d CharaCfcrs of Fjjences , which we
have named Tranfcendents -, as /Uultitude, Paucity, Identity, Diverfity^

Polfihle,

L I B. III. Of the Advancement of Learning,

Fojjible^ Impojjibk, and fuch like ; we have attributed to the Came, on-
ly with this Provifoj that they be handled as they have eflScacy in na-
ture 5 and not Logically. But we have referred the inquiry concerning
Cod'j Vnity, Bonity, Angels, Spirits, to Natttral Theology. Where-
fore now it may rightly be demanded, what after all this is remaining
to Met apbyftck_! certainly beyond nature, nothings but of nature it
felf the mofl: excellent part. And indeed without prejudice to Truth,
we may thus far concurr with the opinion and conceit of Antiquity 5
that Fhyfick^ only handleth that which is inherent in matter, and
is moveable ; Metaphyfick^ things more abftrafted and fixt. Again that
PAjj;/?*:^ fuppofeth exiftence only and Motion j and natural Neceffity ;
but Metaphyficli the Mind alfo 5 the Idea or platform. For to this point
perchance the matter comes, whereof we fhall difcourfe. But we will
propound this difference, (leaving afide the fublimity of fpeech) per-
fpicuoully and familiarly. We have divided Natural Philofophy into the
Inquifition of caufes j and the produftion of effefts. The inquiry of
caufes we have referred to the Theorical part of Philofophy 5 which we
have divided into Thyfick^and Adetaphyfick^-^ wherefore by neceflary con-
fequence the true difference of thefe two Theories, muft be taken
from the nature of the Caufes which they enquire , (b without all ob-
fcurity or circuit, Thyftck, is that which enquires of the efficient caufe 5 ^

and of the Mattery Metaphyfick^ that which enquires of the Form and
end.

II P^j^/f 4 therefore comprehends Caufes variable and iijcertain, and
according to the nature of the fubjeft moveable and changing, and at-
tains not a fixt conflancy of Caufes.

Limns ut hie durefcit, d" h£c ut c£ra liquefcif

Vno eodemque igni virg, Atr,

8.

Fire is caufe of induration, but refpeftive to clay ; Fire is caufe of col-
liquation, but refpeftive to wax. We will divide Phyfick^ into three
Knowledges; For Nature is either united and coUeded into one ; or
diffufed and diftributed ; Nature is collefted into one either in refpedt
of the common Seeds and Principles of dU things 3 or in refpedt of the en-
tire, total Fabrick^ of the nniverfe. This union of Nature hath brought
forth two Parts oiPhyfick^^ one of the Principles of things 3 the other of
the Fabriek^ofthe Vniverfe, or of the World ; which we ufe to call the
Doftrines oiSumms or Totals. The Third Knovpledge which handles Na-
ture difufed, oxfcattered, exhibits all the variety of things, and the lef^
fer Summs or Totals. Wherefore from thefe contemplations it is plain-
ly raanifeft, that there are three Knowledges touching Natural Philofo'
phy, of the Principles of things j of the world j or of the Fabrick^of things
0£N3itmeT»nltiplicioHsorfparfedj which la fl Part, (as we have faid)
contains all the variety of things; and is, as it were, the firft Glofs, or
Paraphrafe touching the Interpretation of Nature, Of thefe three Parts,
none is wholly Deficient:, but in what truth and Perfeftion they are
handled, I make not now my judgment.

III. But we will again divide Phyfick^ diflin&ively forte d, ox of th6 va-
rietyof things, into two Parts •■, into Phyfick^ of concretes ; and into Phy[(c^
of AbJiraQs : or into Phyfick, oj Creatures-^ and into Pbyfickof Na-

M si tnresi

02 Of the Advancement of Leariiing, Lib. IIL

tures. The one (to ufe the terms of Logick) inquires o^SubJiAnces with
all the variety of their Adjunfts^ xhtoihtxoi Accidents, orAdjunds
throughall the variety of fubftances. For ex.tmple, if the inquiry be
of a Lztf«, or of an Oak-, the(e are fupported by many and divers Acci-
dents: Contrarywile if the enquiry be made of /fcrf/, or HeaviMef^thefe
are in many diftindt fabftances. And feeing all Thyfick, or Natural Philo'
Jophy is fituate in a middle term, between Natural Hijicry and Jlletaphy-
fick, '•) the firft part (if you obferve it well) comes nearer to Natural Hijio'
ry j the latter part nearer to Metaphyfick , Concrete Phyficl^hzxh the fame
divifion which Natural Hijiory hath , fo that it is a knowledge either
concerning the Heavens ; or concerning Meteors , or concerning the
Globe of the earth and Sea , or concerning thegreater Col/egiates, which
they call the Elements 3 or concerning the lejfer CoUegiates, or natures
fpecifick^j fo likewife concerning Pretergenerations j and concerning Me^
chanJckj. For in all thele, Na^wri?/ H//?£?r/ inquires and reports the fad
itfelfi hntPhyfuk, the Caufes likewife j but you muft conceive this of
fluid, not fixt Caufes, that is, of matter and of the efficient.

§ Amongftthefe Portions of T/^y/z^: 4.5 that part is altogether maimed
and imperfcU which enquires of Ceelejiial bodies ■-, which notwithftanding,
for the excellency of theSubjeft, ought to be taken into fpecial confi-
deration. For Ajironomy^n is indeed not without fbme probability and
ufe grounded upon the Phenomena, but it is vulgar 5 bale, and no way
folid : But Ajirology in many Circumftances hath no ground at all. In
truth Ajironomy prefents fuch a facrifice to Mans underftanding, as once
Prometheus did^ when he went about to couzen Jupiter 5 for inftead of
a true, fubftantial Ox, he prefented the hide of a great and fair Ox ftuftj
and fetout with flraw, leaves, and Oder twigs; fo in like manner A-
jir onomy cx\iihittth the extrinfick Parts of Celeftial Bodies, (namely
the Number, Scituation, Motion, and Periods of the ftars) as the Hide
of Heaven j fair and artificially contrived into Syflems, and Schemes:
but the Entrals are wanting, that is, Fbyjical/ reafous^ out of which
(adjoyning Aftronomicall Hypothefes} the Theory fhould be extradted^
not fuch grounds and fuppofitions as fliould only fave the Phenomena
(of which kind a number may be wittily devifed ) but fuch as propound
the fubftancc, motion and influx of the Heavens, as they truly are in
nature. ForthofeDograaesandParodoxesarealmoft vanilht, and long
^"IT s • ^8°^ exploded, namely, the Rapture of the Firji Mover : and the Soli-
liiitascaii. ditjf of Heaven (Jiars being there fixt as nails in the Arched Roof of a Par*
Motusre- lour). And other opinions, not much better, as, that there are di-
^jii'l'dVer' ^^''•^ Poles of the Zodiacl^j and of the world ^ that thefc is afecond move'
fi.Eficysli. able of RenJtency, contrary to the rapture of thefirfi moveable ; that aU
Me'trnTtf P^''^^ ^f i he firmament are turned about by perfeSf circles i, that there are
r<t diurn: Eccentrickj and Efjcycles^ to fave the confiancy of Motion by perfeU cir-
^'- cles j that the Moon hath no force or influence upon a body fuperior to it^

^magi'Ja- ^"^ •^he like. And the abfurdity of thefe fuppofitions, hath caft men
rii. Upon that opinion, of the Diurnal Motion of the Earth j an opinion which

7'%'!' ^^ '^^" demonjirate to be mejifulj'e. But fcarce any man can be found,
who hath made enquiry of the Natural Caufes of the fubjiance of the hea-
vens, as well Stellare^ as Inter-Jiellarc--^ Co of the Jwiftnefi and fiownej? of
heavenly bodies, referrd one to another -^ a\(6 of the various incitation of
Motion in the fame Planet j likewife of the perpetuated com fe of Motion

from

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learnincr,

'93

from Eaji to fVeB, and the contrary : Laftly ofrrogrejjlons^ flat ions and
Retrogradations, of the Elevation and Declination of Motions, by the Apo-
gee, or middle point 5 and Perigee or lovceji point oj heaven 5 Co of the ob'
lique windings of Motions, either byflexHOus Spires, weaving and unrvca-
ving themfelves, as they make their approach or rece^from the Tropicks 5
or by ferpentine fimtations, which they call Dragons, fo ofthefixt Poles of
Rotations or wheeling motions, why theyjfjould be placed in fuch a point of
the heavens, rather than in any other 5 do of the alligation of fome Planets
at a certain dijiancefrom the Sun: I fay an inquiry of this kind, hath
fcarce been attempted, fave that fome labour hath been taken therein
only in Mathematical obfervations and Dcmonftrations. But thefe ob-
(ervations only (hew how wittily all thefe motions may be contrived
and cleared from oppofition 5 not how they may truly fubfift in Nature 5
and reprcfent only feeming Motions, and their fi(5titious Fabrick, and
framed at pleafure, not their caufes, and the real truth of Things.
Wherefore Aflronomy, fuch as now it is made, may well be counted in
the number oi Mathematical Arts, not without great diminution ofthe
Dignity thereof; feeing it ought rather (if it would maintain its own
right) be conftitute a branch, and thatmoft principal of Natural Philofb-
phy. For whoever (hall rejed: the feigned Divorces of fnperlunary and
fublunary bodies'^ and Jliall intentively obferve the appetencies of Alatter
andthe mo!i univerfalPajJions, (which in either Globe are exceeding Po-
tent, and transverberate the univerfal nature of things^ he JJjaU receive
clear information concerningcelefiial matters from the things feen here with
vs : and contrarywife from thofe motions which are praffifed in heaven 5
hefjall learn many obfervations which now are latent, touching the motions
cf bodies here below : not only fo far as thefe inferiour motions are modera'
tedbyfuperiour, hut in regard they have a mutual inter courfe by pajjions
common to them both. Wherefore this part oi Aflronomy which is natU'
ral wefet down as Deficient, And this we will call Living Aflronomy,
to di(tingui(h it from Prometheus Ox ftuft with ftraw, which was an Ox
in outward (hape only.

§ But Ajirology is corrupted with much fuperftition, fo as there is
hardly to be found any found part therein. Yet in our judgment it
fliould rather be purged5than clean caft away. But if any contend,that
this fcience is not grounded upon reafon, and Phyfical contemplations 5
but in blind experience, and the obfervation of many Ages ; and there-
fore rejed a trial by natural Arguments (which the Chaldee Aftrolo-
gers boafted) he may by the fame reafbn revoke Auguries, Divination,
and Prediftion s from beads entrals, andfwallow down all kind of Fa-
bles 3 for all thefe fuperftitious vanities were avoucht, as the Didlates
of long experience, and of Dilcipline delivered over by tradition. But
we do both accept Ajirology, as a Portion of Natural Philofophy ; and
yet attribute unto it no more credit, than reafon and the evidence of
Particulars doevince, letting afidefuperftitions and fiftions. And that
we may a little more ferioully conlider the matter.

(j Firji what a vainfartcy is thif, that every Planet pould reign for cer^

tain hours by turn, fo as in thefpace of twenty four hours, they jjjould re-

fume their Dominions thrice over, three fupernuwerary hours refervcd?

Yet this conceit brought forth unto us the Divifion of the week, a

eomputation very ancient, and generally received, as from the inter-

changcabk

94 Of ^^^^ Advancement of Learning. Lib. IIL

changeable courfe of days moft manifeftly it appears 5 when in the be-
ginning of the day immediately fucceeding, the fourth Planet from the
Planet of the fitft day, enters upon his Government , by reafon of the
three fupernumerary hours, whereof we have (poken.

& Again we are confident to reje6f, as an idle fi&ion^ the do&rine of
Cenethliacal PoJItures of the heavens, to precife points of tinte ^ with the
Dijiribution of the Houfcs , thofe fame darlings in Aftrology, which have
made fuch mad work in the Heavens 5 nor can I fufficiently wonder that
many excellent men5and for Aftrology of Principal note, fliould ground
themfelves upon fo flight reafons, to avouch fuch opinions. For they
lay, feeing that experience it felfdifcovers as much, that soljiices,^-
quino&ials, new Adoons, full Moons, and the like^re^^er revolutions of
ftars, do manifeftly and notably work upon natural Bodies 5 it muft
needs be, that the more exadt, and fubtile a(ped and pofture of the
ftars, ftiould produce efFefts more exquifite and occult. But they fliould
firft except the Suns operations by manifeft heat; and likewife, the
magnetick influence of the Moon, upon the increafe of Tides every half
Moon ("for the daily Flux and Reflux of the Sea is another thing :) But
thefe fet afide; the other power of the Planets upon natural bodies
(fo far as they are confirmed by experience) is flender and weak , and,
which they fliall find, latent in l\i<z greater Revolutions , Wherefore they
fliould rather argue the other way, namely, that feeing thofe greater
i?ez/tf/«/7^»j5 have fo fmall influence, thofe exaB and minute differences
ofPofttwes have no force at all.

§ Thirdly, Thofe Fatalities, that the hour of Nativity or conception go^
verns the Birth-, The hour of inception, the fortune of the thing began ^
the hour of ^ejiion, the fortune of the thing enquired j and, in a word,
ihefcience of Nativities, EleBionr, ^ejiions, and fuch li^e levities ; in
our judgment, have no certainty or folidity in them ; and may by natural
reafons be plainly redargued and evinced. The point to be fpoken of ra-
ther, is, what that is which we retain and allow of hi Aftrology 5 and
in that which we do allow, what is deficient ? for, for this end, that is,'
for the obfervation of Deficients, we undertook this work; not intend-
ing (as we have often faid) matter of cenfure. And indeed amongft
the xtctw'd-^zxisoi: Aerology, theDoftrines oi Revolutions Vfe]\xdgc
to have more foundnefs in them, than the reft. But it may be to good
purpofe,to let down and prefcribe certain Rules, by the fcale and fquare
whereof, Afirological Obfervations may be examined ; that what is
fruitful may be retain'd , what is frivolous rejefted.

§ Thefirfi: Precept may be that whereof we have admoniflit already ;
let the greater Revolutions be retained ; the leffer Horofcopes and Houfes ca'
fijiered, Thofe,like Great Ordnance may difcharge their influences, at
a fpacious remotenefs 5 thefe like fmall Bows, are for a ftiort diftance,
and carry not their forces far. Thefecond rule is ; That the operationof
the Heavens workes not on all bodies but only upon the more tender and
penetrable ; fuch as are Humours,Air, Spirits : but here we except the
Operations of the heat of the Sun, and of the Heavens, which without
Gueftion pierce even to Mettals, and many fubterraneous Bodies. The
third rule is, that the Operation of the Heavens extends rather to the AfaJ?
tf things and Nature ingrofij than unto individual effences, and parti-
cularities':, yet obliquely it reacheth to many Individuals, namely,

thofe

L I B . 1 1 1. Of the Advancetncnt of Leanihig, q <i

thole Individuates which of the Came fpecies are raoft Fajjihle^ and are
likefuft wax: even as when a Peftilential air feizeth on bodies more
open and lefs refiftent '-, and pafl'eth by Bodies more compaft and ftrong.
The fourth rule. is, foitiewhat like the precedent 5 That the Operation of
the Heavens hath its influx and dominion not in points and narrow mi'
nutcs of times'^ hit in greater fpacei. Therefore Prognfjiications of the
temperatures of the year may be true 5 but upon particular days, are
worthily accounted vain and idle. The laji rule, (which by the more
wife Aftrologers hath been ever embraced) is. That there is no fatal »e-
cej/iiji in thejiars^ but that they do incline rather^ than enforce. We add
this moreover (wherein we plainly take part with Afirolog)/, if it were
rectified) and which we know to be rhoft certain ; That Celejiial bodies
have other influences befldes heat and light : which influences are of force
according to the Rules we have prefcribed, and no otherwife .• But
thefe lie hid in the profound Parts of Natural Philolbphy, .and require
a larger diflertation. Wherefore we think good (that which we have
(aid being rightly conceived) to fet down, Afirolugy agreeable to our
Principles, amongfl: Deficients, and as we have named Ajlronomj groun-
ded upon natural reafons, Living Afironomy, fo we think fit to call A-
firology afcertain'd upon the fame reafons, Hound Aflrology. As for the
right way how to frame and make this Art, although what we have
£aid, doth not a little conduce thereto, yet according to our manner,'
We will add a few more obfervations which (hall clearly propound, out
of what materials it fnould be collefted, and to what end it fhould be
referred.

§ Firji, let the kttovpledge touching the Commixtures of Beams be re-
ceiv'd into found Aflrology, that isof Conjunftions, andof Oppofitions,
andthe reft oftheconftellations, or Afpefts of Planets, one on ano-
ther. Alfo we ajjign to this part concerning the Commixtures of Beams,
the paffing of the Planets through the figns of the Zodiack, and Pofi-
tion under the fime figns : For the location of a Planet under any fign,
is a kind of Conjunftion of the (ame Planet with the Stars of the figns :
Moreover as Conjunftions, fo likewife Oppofitions and other Conftel-
lations of Planets towards the Stars of the figns, are to be noted, which
hitherto hath not perfeftly been accomplifht. But the interchangeable
Qpmmixtures of the Kay s of thefixtftars, are indeed profitable to the
Contemplation oF the Fabrick of the world j and of the Nature of the
iJf^/Vwj- lying under them 3 but not unto rrei^/5f/V»/, because ihefe Af-
peds are ever the fame.

§ Secondly, let there be fallen into Aflrology the Accejfions of every par-
ijcular Planet nearer to the Perpendicular,and Rcccjjions from it, accor-
dingto the Climates of Regions, For al4 the Planets as well as the Sun,
have their Summers^their Winters^ wherein they dart down more forci-
tJe.or more feeble raySjaccording to their Pofture in refped of the Per-
pendicular. For without queltion, the Moon in Leo works more for-
cibly upon natural bodies here belo a^, than when fhe is in Pifces .-Not
becaule the /J/(?tf» plated in Z-e(7,hath reference to the Heart,and under -
Tifces refpeds the Feet, (as the vulgar Fable goes) 5 for their Elevati-
on towards the Perpendicular and Approximation towards the greater
Stars, juft after the fame manner as the Sun.

^ Thirdly, let the Apog^a, and Perig<ea of the Planets be received with

due

96 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i e . II f .

clue ivqit'try^ to rohat the vigor of a Planet appertains in refpe& of himfelf^
and to what in his vicinity to us. For a Planet in his Apog£a^ or exalta-
tion is more chearful and aftive , but in his Perigaa or declenfion more
communicative. " So the Sun in his Elevation, when he enters the
Interpret, cc Tropick of Cancer, is in heat more recolledted and vigorous 5 buc
additara. ,5 ^j^^^ j^^ ^^j|g ^^ ^^^^ jj^g Meridian, as in Capricorn^ he is more faint,

« yet more difperfed in his influence. For in his Afcenfion,he is not only
" nearer to the fixed Stars 5 but his beams then falling at more equal
"and right angles 5 become more united , and by a direct refultance
"from the earth intermix, and fo reduplicate their force 3 whereas ia
" his declenfion, they are oblique, and therefore feeble and errant ia
" refledion. Wherefore with the Inhabitants under the Equator, the
" heat is more intenfe ; than it is with Northern Confiners , where the
" Sun daily keeps his circuit near about the Horizon ; But yet in this
" Perigean motion, the Suns beams are more communicative, though
" Ie(s aftive^ becaufe departing from the point of their incidence in the
" rebound , their reflection is oblique and difperfed. This enquiry
" touching the projedtion of beams in a right or oblique Jine, would
"be made with diligence, for it concerns all the influences of the hea-
" vens upon terrene bodies 5 the general conftitution of the year 5 the
" divers temperatures of the air in the five Zones 5 the complexion of
" different Climates and the like.

^ Fourthly, to be brief, let there be taken in all the remaining Acci-
dents of the motion of Planets , as vehat are the Accelerations^ Retarda^
tinns, Progreffes, Stations, Retrogradations , of every one of them ia
their courfe, what their diftance from the Sv»^ their Combujiions, En~
creafe, and Diminutions of Light, Eclipfes, and whatfoever elfe of this
nature- For all thefe caufe, that the Beams of the Planets do work
more flrongly^ or more weakly, and after divers ways and diftin(3:
virtues ; And thefe four obfervations , belong to the Radiations of
Star.

§ Fifthly, let there be received in, whatfoever may any way, open
and difclofe the natures of Stars Errant or Fixt, in their proper ef^
fence and aftivity ; as what is their Magnitude'-) of what colour and 4-
fpe& ^ vjhzz Scintillation and Vibration of lights what Situation to-
wards the Poles or y£quino3ialj what Ajierifms ^ which are more mingled
with other Stars ; which are move folitary , which arefuperiour, which
inferiour j which of the fixt Stars are within the line and courfe of the
Sun and Planets (namely within the Zodiack) which without , which
of the Planets is more Jrvift j which more JIoiv 5 which may move in
the Ecliptick^line j which mzy expatiate in latitude from it ; what Pla-
net may be retrograde, which not j what Planet may beat any diftance
from the Sun, which is tyed to attend the Sun , which moves fwifter ia
Apogeo, which in Pcrigeo'-y to conclude the Irregularities of iJ/<2rx; .the
cxpatiations o^ Venus, the wonderful Labours or Pailions, which are
often found in the Sun,2iX\d in Venus, and thelike.^

§ Laft of all, let there be taken into A^rologie , even from traditi-
on the particular Natures, and Inclination of Planets, as ahb of fixt
Stars ■■) which feeing they are delivered over with fuch an univerfal con?
fvint, they are not lightly toberejeded; but where they crofs the
grounds and reafons of natural Principles. And of fuch obfervations

as

L t B. III. Of the Advancement ofLemiing, 07

as theih^fouKci A^rologie is compilediand according to thefe onIy5fhould
Schemes and configurations of Heaven, be corapofedand interpreted.
Sound Ajirologie is likewi(e applied and referred with more confidence
to Precli3ions '-, io Elections^ with more Catttion^ within due limits td
both. Frediffions may be made of future Comets^ which as we con-
je(Sure may be foretold, and of all forts of Meteors 5 of Deluges 3
Droughts, Heats, Canglaciations, Earth-quakes, overflowing of Wa-
ters; breaking out of Fires, Winds, great Kains, divers Tempefts, and
ftrange feafons of the Year j Ptftilences, Epidemical difeafes ; Plenty
and dearth of Grain \ Wars, Seditions, Sefts, Plantations of new Colo-
nies; laftly,ofall Commotions and greater Innovations, either in Nn'
Sure J or in State-Governntent: fo thefe predidtions may be drawn dowri
(though not with like certainty) to more fpecial occurrence t^ and pW-
dmnccto fingulitrities--^ if the general inclinations of fuch times and
feafons, being firft difcovered and found out, thefe be applied by a
(harp piercing judgement Philolbphical or Political, to fpecial or more
particular events, which may be moft fubjeft to fuch Accidents. As
for example, a man (hall find out from a fore-fight of the (eafons ofthd
year, fuch temperatures of Weather, as are propitious orpernitious ra-
ther to Olives, than to Vines ; x^Lthzv to Phthifickj^ and ulcerations of
Lungs, than to Ht'/'iif/c^f and obftruftions of the Liver; more to the
inhabitantsof high and mountainous, than low and cham pain Coun-
tries j more to Monks than Courtiers, by reafon of their different kind
of diet: Or if one from the knowledge he hath of the influence, the
Heavens have over the fpirits of men, fhould find out a man to be of
fuch a complexion and difpofition; to affect ordiftaft rather the peo-
ple than Princes ; rather learned and curiousj than couragious and
warlike difpofitions ; rather (enfual and voluptuous, than adivc and po-
litick natures. Such inftances as thele are infinite , but ("as we have
faid) they require not only that general knowledge, taken from the
Stars, which are aftive ; but alio a particular knowledge of Subjects
which are Paffive. Nor are EleSions altogether to be rejefted^but more
fparingly to be credited, than Predictions. For we fee in Planting, and
in Sowing, and in Grafting, that the obfervation of the age of the
Moon is a matter, not altogether vain and frivolous. But thefe EleSfi-'
ons, are by our rules more reflirained than Predictions: and this mud
ever be obferved, that Ele&ions are of force, in fuch cafes alone, where
both the Influx of the Heavens is fuch, as doth not (uddenly pafs over 5
and likewile the ACfion of inferionr Bodies fuch, as is not prefently per-
feOred : for neither the Encreafes of the A^oon, nor of the Planets are
accomplifiit in an inflant : but pnn&uality oi^ time, is by all means to
be rejected. There are found many of the like precile obfervationu
(which a man would hardly believe) in Elei^ ions about Civil affairs*
But ifany man in this cale (hall except againft us, laying, that we have
indeed made fome remonftrance out of what this reformed Ajirologid
fliould be deduced ; and likewife to what it may with profit be referred i
but the manner how it is to be deduced, we have given no precept at
all 5 he fhould not deal equally with uS , to cxadl at our hands the
Art it felf, which we never promifed, or purpofed to handle. Yet not-
vyithftanding touching fuch a point of Demand, thus much we will ad-
mooifh; that there are only four means, which may prepare the way

N to

o8 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. III.

to this knowledge. Firfl, by Experiments future, then by Experiments
paji : Agairij by Tradition 5 laft of all, by natural Reaforts. Now for fu'
ture Experiments, to what end (hould we fpeak much of them t fteing
to make up a competent number of Inftances, fo many ages are requifite ,
as it were, but loft labour, to think to comprehend it ? As for Expert-
stents paji, they indeed are within the compafs and reach of men, al-
though it is a matter will require much labour, and much leifure to ac-
complilh. For Ajirologians (if they be not wanting to their ProfeCB-
on^ may make a colleftion from the f«thful reports of Hiftory, of all
greater contigences; zs Inundations^ Pejiilences, JVars, Seditions, and
(if the ftate fo require) the deaths of Kings : and may contemplate the
fitMation of the Heavens, not according to the fubtilty oi Figures ; but ac-
cording to thofe general rules which we have already fet down, to
know in what poftures the Heavens were, at thofe times, when fuch ef-
fefts came to pafs 5 that fo where there is a clear, and evident confent,
and concurrence of events 5 there a probable rule of Fredi^ion may
be inferred. As for Traditions, they ought to be fo examined and
fifred.rhat fuch as manifeftly oppugn FhyficalReafons,^o\x\d bedifcard-
erd ;, but fuch as well confent, (hould be valid even of their own au-
thority. Lajlly, as for Fbyfical or Natural reafont , they are the apteft
for this inquiry ; which make inquiry of the Catholick, and more uni-
verfal inclinations and PafSons of Matter, and of the fimple and ge-
nuine motions of Bodies , for by thefo wings we (afely foar and mount
uptothofeceleftial materiare fubftances. Thus much concerning A"
jirologia fana.

§ There is another Portion of Alirological Frenzie ("befidcs thole fig-
ments which we have noted at the beginning) which is wont to be ft-
perate from Ajirologie, and to be transferred into CeleSiial Magic^, as
they call it. This hath purchafed a ftrange Glofs , from the working
C. Agrip. fancie of mans wit ; namely , That a benevolent fituation or afpeH of
deOcculr. stars, may be taken in feals and Jignet-rings (be it of Metals, or of any
^*'''' Gcmm, capable of fuch impreffion) which may arrejl the felicity of that
hour, which otherwife wouldfwiftly pafs away , and as it were, fix it, being
volatilous. As the Poet paffionately complains of this fo noble Art,
among the Ancients, now long ago buried in oblivion.

Annulus infufo non vivit mirus Olympo,
jkj j^ Non magis ingentes humilifub lumine Phebos

Fert Gemma, aut Celfo divulfas cardine lunas.

Indeed the Church qf Rome hath imbraced the Reliques of Saints'^
and their virtues, (for in Divine and immateriate things, the flux of
time hath no power to abate the force and efficacy) but that the Reliquet
of Heaven (hould be fo lodged, as that the hour which is paft, and, as it
were, dead, (hould revive and be continued ; is a meer fuperftition,and
impofture. Wherefore let us let go thefe idle fancies, unlels the Mulies
be grown doting old Wives.

IV, Abfira& Pbyjick^ in our judgement, may very well be divided into
two Parts, into the Do^rine of the Schemes of Matter , and into the do-
Urine of Appetites or Motions. We will run them both over briefly,
from whence the delineations of the true Phylick of Ab(trads may be

drawn

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learning. qq

drawn. The Schemes of Matter are ; Denfe^ Rare ; Grave, Light , Hot,
Cold •■, Tangible J rnenmatick^--^ Folatile, Fixt j Determinate, Flnid'-i ^^»'
ntid,Dry^ Fat, Crude-, Hard, Soff-, Fragile , Tenfile y Porous, Vnitedj
Spirituous, Languid •-, Simple, Compofite ^ Abfolute, imperfe&ly Alixt j Fi-
brous and full of veins, of ajimple Pojiture or equal j Similar, Dijfimilar 5
Specificate, No»-fpeciJicate '■, Organical, Inorganicalj Animate,lKanimatc.
Neither do we extend the figurations of Matter any farther, for Sen'
jihle and Infenfible 3 Rational and Irrational, we refer to the knowledge
of Man.

§ Appetites and Motions, are of two forts 3 either motions fimpk ,
which contain in them the Roots of all natural Adions; but yet ac-
cording to the Schemes and habitudes of Matter : or Motions compofited
andprodu&edj from which laft, the received Philofophy of the Times
(which comprehends little of the Body of Nature) takes its beginning.
But fuch Compound Motions (as Generation Corruption , aud the reft )
fhould be taken for the fumms and produ&s of fimple Motions 5 rather
thsia Cor rrir»itive Motions. Motions fimple , are Motions of .^«/7/;';?/e ,
commonly called Motion oppofing Penetration of Dimenfions 3 Motion
of Connexion, or Continuity, which they call. Motion to avoid vacuity;
Motion of Liberty , left there ftiould be any compreffion or extenfi-
on preternatural , Motioninto a new fphere, or to Rarefaftion and Con-
denfation j Motion of a fecond connexion,ox a motion left there fhould
be a foiution of continuity 3 Motion of greater Congregation , or to
the Ma(s of their connaturals, which is commonly called Natural Moti-
on; Motion of lejfer Congregation, ulually ftilcd, Motion of Sympathy
and of Antipathy ; Motion Difponent, or that parts may be rightly
placed in the whole ; Motion of Ajfimilation, or of Multiplication of its
Nature upon another ; Motion of Excitation , where the more noble
and vigorous agent awaketh, and ftirs up Motion latent and dormant
in another > Motion of the Seal or oflmprejfioti, that is. Operation with-
out Communication of Subftance ; Motion Regal, or a Cohibition of
other Motions from a Motion Predominant ; Motion without Termina-
tion, or Spontaneous Rotation j Motion of Trepidation, or of Contra-
ftionand Dilatation of Bodies placed betwixt things good for them^
and obnoxious to them; /^/y. Motion of Reji or abhorrency of Motion,
which is th-eCaufe of many things. Of this kind are fimple Motions
which truly iflue forth out of the inward bowels of Nature ; which
complicatejcontinuate^interchang'd reprefsM^repeated, and many ways
aggregated, do conftitute thofe Compofite Motions or Summs of Moti-
ons, which arereceivd, and fuch other of the fame kind. The Summs
of Motions are thole Celebrated Motions, Generation, Corruption, Aug-
mentation, Diminution, Alteration and Lation,fo Mixtion, Separation ^
Verfton.

^ There remains only as Appendices ofPhyficI^, the Meafures of Motions 5
of what efficacy the ^^ntity, or Dofe of Nature is ? what drfiance can
do, which is called, not unproperly, the orb of Virtue or Aftivity >
what incitalion, or Tardity, can efteft > IVhat a long orflwrt delay ? IVhat
the force or rcbatement of a thing ? IVhat the injiigation of Perifiajie or
circumambient inclofure > And thele are the natural and genuine
Parts of true natural Philofophy, touching Abfira&s. For in the figu-
rations, or Schemes of Matter '■) in Motions fimple •■, InfummsorAggre-

N 2 gftioKf

ioo Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. III.

Arifiot.

gations of Motions --^ and in Meafures of Motions^ the Thyfick^of Abfira&s
is accoMplif.H. As for voluntary Motion in Animals 5 Motion in the
Aftions ofSenfes^ Motion of the Imagination j of the Appetite, and of
the will --i Motion of the mind^ of the difcerning faculty , or Praftick
Judgement jand of the Intel/e&uab,\ve refer over to their proper Know-
ledges. Tet thus much ugain we advertise, that all thefe Particulars we
have delivered, are no farther to be handled in Thyftck^ than the en-
quiry of their Matter znd Eficient ; for according to their Forms and
Ends they are revifed and re-examined in Metaphyficl{,

V. IVe will here annex two notable Appendices^ which have reference
not fo much to the Matter , as to the Manner of Inquiry ; Natural
Problems 5 and Placits of Ancient Thilofophers. The firlt is the Appen-
dix of multiplied or fparfed Nature 5 the fecond of Nature united or cf
fumms. Both thefe belong to a grave and circumfpeft moving ofdonhts^
which is no mean part of Knowledge : For Problems comprehend j)dr-
ticular Dubitdtions •-, PUcits , general 5 about Principles and the Fa-
brick. Of Problems there is an excellent example in the writing of^ri-
ProbT* fi^^^ 5 which kind of work certainly deferv'd not only to have been
celebrated by Pofterity 5 but by their labours to have been continued 5
feeing new doubts arife daily. But in this point Caution is to be taken,
and that of great Importance. The recording and propofing oi Doubts
hath in it a two-fold ufe : 0«e, that it munites and fortifies Philolbphy
againft errors 5 when that which is not altogether fo clear and evident
is not defin'd and avouched, (left error ftiould beget error)but a judge-
ment upon it is fufpended, and is not definitive. The other, that the
entry o( DoMbts,znd recording of themjare fo many Sponges which con-
tinually fuck and draw in unto them an increafe and improvement of
Knowledge 5 whereby it comes to pais that thofe things, which with-
out the fuggeftion of Doubts»had been (lightly, and without obfer-
vation palled over.are by occafion offuch Dubitations^more ftrioufly and
attentively confidered. But thefe two utilities fcarce recompence one
difcommodity, which unleft it be carefully lookt unto, infinuateth it
felf, namely. That a doubt once acknowledged asjujilymade, and become^
as it were^ authenticl{^^ prefentlyjiirs up defendants both ways , who in Uks
manner commend over the fame liberty of doubting to Pojlerity ^fo that men
Lend and apply their wits, rather to ksep a doubt jiiH on foot, than to de-
termine andfolve it, Inftances of this cafe we have every where, both
in Jurifconfults 5 and in Students in the Univerfities 5 who if they have
oncecntertainda Doubt, it goes ever after authoriz'd {or 3. Doubt, zS-
fumingunto themlelvesa priviledge, as well of Dubitation,a$ ofAjfer-
tion : IVhcrcas the right ufe of Reafon is, to make things doubtful certain 5
and not to call things certain, into doubt : Wherefore I report as Deficient
a Calendar of Dubitations, or Problems in Nature, and approve the un-
dertaking of fuch a work, as a profitable pains j (6 care be had, that as
knowledge daily grows up, Cwhieh certainly will come to pais, if men
hearken unto us) fuch Doubts as be clearly difcuft, aud brought to re-
folution, be rafed out of the Catalogue of Problems. To this Calendar, I
would have another annext no lefsufeful ; For feeing that in all Enqui-
ries, there be found thefe three forts of things j things manifeflly true ^
Doubtful -^ manifejily falfe: It would be a very profitable courfe to ad-
joy n to the Calendar of Doubts, and Non-liquets 3 a Calender ofFalfiioods,

abd

L I B . 1 1 1. Of the Advancement of Learning, i o i

and of popular Errors, now paffing unargued in Natural Hiftory, and
in Opinions , that Sciences be no longer diftemper'd and embaled by
them.

^ As fo)r the rlacits of Ancient rhilofophert, as Were thofe offji^^g^?-
rasy PhiloloMS^ Xenophon, Anaxagoras^ rarmenides, Leucippusj Demo' '"
critus^ and others, (which men ufe difdainfully to run overj it will not
be amils to cafl: our eyes with more reverence upon them. For al~
though Arijiotle^after the manner of the race of the Ottomans^ thought he AriM
could not jafely reign ,. unlefhe made away all his Brethren 5 yet to thofe
"who (erioufly propound to themfelves the inquifition and illuftration
pi Truth, and not Dominion or Adagijirality, it cannot but feem a mat-
ter of great profit, to fee at once before them, the feveral opinions of
(everal Authors touching the Natures of things. Neither is this for a-
ny great hope conceiv'd,that a more exafit truth can any way be expedt-
ed from thefeor from the like Theories.For as the lame Fh^nomena:)the
lame Calculations are (atisfied upon the Aftronomical Principles both of
Ttolomy and Copernicus : So the popular experience we embrace j and
the ordinary view and face of things, may apply it felf to many feve-
ral Theories 5 whereas a right inveftigation of truth requires another
manner of feverity and fpeculation. For as Ari^otle laith elegantly,
That children at firsi indeed call all men Fathers^ and rpomen Mothers, ^°J'^'''
but afterwards they dijlinguifli them both : So- certainly experience ia
Childhood, will call every Philofophy, Mother , but when it comes to
ripenefs, it will di(cern the true Mother. In the mean time it is good
to read over divers Philofophies, as divers GlofTes upon Nature 3 where-
of, it may begone in one place j another in another , is more corredj'-
ed. Therefore I could wifti a colledion made, but with diligence and ^* ^"^.'T
judgment, De Antiquis Philojophiis, out of the lives of Ancient Philo- lofophfuV
fophers 5 out of the Parcels of Plutarch of their Placits 5 out of the Ci-
tations of Plato 5 out of the Confutations of Arijlotle 5 out of a fparfed
mention found in other Books as well of ChriftianSj as of Heathens, (as
ont of La&antius, Philo, Philojlratus, and the reft): For 1 do not yet
fee extant a work^of this Nature. But here I muft give warningjthat this
be done diftindtly, fo as the Philofophies, everyone feverdly, be com-
pofed and continued^and not colledted by titles and handfuls, as hath
been done by Plutarch. For every Philofophy while it is entire in the
whole piece, fupports it fclfj and the opinions maintained therein give
light, Jirength, and credence mutually one to the other 3 whereas if they
he fimple and broken, it will found morejirange and diffonant. In truth
when I read in Tacitus the Adions of Nero, or of Claudius inverted ^^^'^5
with Circumftances of Times, Perfbns, and inducements ; I find them
not fo ftrange, but they may be true; but when I read the fame Atli-
ons in Suetonius Tranquillus, rcprefented by titles and common places,
and not tn order of Time, they feem monftrous and altogether incre- s.,fton"-
dible : £0 is Philofophy when it is propounded entire 3 and when it isfli-
ced and articled into fragments. Neither do I exclude out of this Ca-
lendar of the Placiis, or SeBs of Philofophy, the Theories and opinions
of later times, as that of The op hrajlus Paracelfus eloquently reduced in-
to a body and Harmony of Philofophy by Severinus the Dane, or cf
Telefius of Cofenze, who reviving the Philofophy of Parmcnides hath
t«rn'd the weapons of the Peripateticks upon themfelves, or of Patri-

. — — >! __

1 02 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. III.

cius the t^enetian ; who hath fublimated the fumes of the rUtonijis 5 or
of Gilbert our Countryman, who hath reftored to light the opinions
ofPhilolaiisj or ofany other whatfoever, if he be of merit. And be-
cau(e the volumes of thefe Authors are wholly extant, there may be a^'
bridgements made only of them, and fo annext, by way of reference
to the reft. And thus much of Natural rhilofophy^ and the Appendices
thereof.

VI. As for Adctaphyfick^^ we have ajjlghed ttnto it, the inquiry of V or -
mal and Final caufes 5 which application, as to Forms, may jeem to he
■k nugatory and void. For an opinion hath prevailed , and is grown in-
rerma.Rt' vetcratc, that the effential Forms and true Differences o^l\{\ngs, can by
fum. no diligence of Man be found out. Which opinion in the mean, gives
and grants us thus much j that the Invention of Forms, is of all other
parts of knowledge the worthieft to be (ought ; if it be poffible they
may be found. And as for Poffibility of Invention,there are fome faint-
hearted difcoverers , who when they fee nothing but Air and Water,
think there is no farther Land. But it is manifeft that Tlato, a man of
In Tifflco an elevated wit, and who beheld all things as from a high cliff, in his
** '* doftrine of Ideas, did defcry, that forms were the true objeS of l^now'
ledge, however he loathe real fruit of this moU true opinion, by contem^
plating and apprehending Forms, as abfolutely abjiraii from matters 5 and
not confined and determined by matter : whereupon it came to pafs that
he turned himfelfto Theological Jpeculationi, which infeHedand drjiained
all his Natural rhilofophy. But if we keep a watchful, and a (evere eye
upon Aftion and life, it will not be difficult, to trace and find out what
are the Forms --y the difclofure whereof would wonderfully enrich and
make happy the eftateof man. For the Forms offubjiances, (man onv
Gen. 2. ly except, of whom it is laid, Formavit hominem dehmoterne, C^fpira"
Gen. I. vit jnjaciem ejus fpiraculum vit<e 5 not as of all other kinds, Producat a-
qua, producat terra) I fay the fpecies of creatures, as they are now
multiplied by compounding and tranfplanting, are fo perplext and com-
plicate, as it is either altogether loft labour to make enquiry of them,
or the inquifition thereof, (uch as as may be had, fhould be fulpended
for a time, and when the Ftfr«// of nature, in hermorefimpleexiftence
are rightly fought and found out, then to be determin'd and fet down.
For, as it were not a thing eafie, nor any way ufeful, tofeel^ the Form
of that found, which makes a wordj being that words through compo-
fition, and tranfpofition of letters are infinite : but to enquire the Form
ofjound, which exprejfeth fome fmple letter (mmdymth what collifion,
with what application of the inftruments of voice it is made) is a thing
comprehenfible and eafie , which form of letters once known, prefently
leads us to the form of words. In the fame manner to enquire the form
of a Lyon, of an Oak, of Gold, nay of Water, of Air,is avainpur-
fuit; but to enquire the Forms oi>Denfc, Rare-, Hot, Cold:, Heavy,
Light-, Tangible, Pneumatick, 5 Volatile, Fixt •■, and the like, 'bott) of
Figurations and of Motions j whereof the moft of them we have enu.
merated when we handled rhyfick,, and are wont to call them, Forms
of the fir fi rank.or order 5 and which (as the letters of the Alphabet) are
not fo many in number, and yet build up and fupport the Effences and
Forms ot all fubftances. And this is that very point,which we aim at,
and endeavour tocompafs ; and which conftitutes and defines that part

of

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learning, lo:?

of Mat aph^JTcli, whereof we now enquire. Not doth this lb preju-
dicate or hinder, but that rhyfick may confider the fame Natures alio
(as hath been (aid) bnt only according to the fluid and mutable caufes,
For example^ ifthecaufe ofrphitencjSin Snove or in Froth be enquired,
it is well rendredj that it is the fubtile intermixture of Air with water.
But this is far from being the Form of whitenef^ being that Air inter-
mixt with the duft, or powder of Glafs, or Chryftal, doth likewi(e
produce whitcncfs^ as well as if it were mingled with watery but this
is the efficient caufe only, which is no other than 'vehiculum Forma. But
if the enquiry be made in Metaphyficti, you (hall find fome fuch rule as
this. That trfio diaphanous bodies being inter mixt, their opticl^Portions in
afimple order, or equally placed^ do determine and conjiitute whiteneff.
This part of Metaphyjick^I find deficietit : and no marvail, becaufe by the
courfe of enquiring, which hitherto hath been praftifed, the Forms of
things will never appear, while the world endures. The root of this
error J as of all other, is this^ that men in their contemplations of nature
are acculiomed to make too timely a departure, and, too remote a recefsfrom
experience and particulars 5 and have yielded and refigned themfelves whol-
ly over to thejumes of their own fancies, and popular Argumentations,
But the u(e of this part of Mntaphyfick^, which I report as deficient, is
of the reft the moft excellent in two refpeds.

§ Firjl, becau(e it is the duty and peculiar virtue of all Sciences, to
abridge (as much as the conception of truth will permitj the ambages
and long circuits of Experience, and fo to apply a remedy to the anci-
ent complaint of wV^ /ret;;/, arslonga. And this is excellently perfor-nlppl
med, by coUeBing and uniting the Axioms of Sciences, into more general Apho?j'
heads and conceptions 5 which may be agreeable to all Individuals. For
Sciences, are the Pyramids fupported by Hijiory j and Experience as their
only and true Bajls 3 andfo the Bafis of Natural Philojophy is Natural Hi-
jiory 5 the Jiage next the Bafis is Phific\ 5 thejiage next the vertical point
is Metaphyfick^: as for the Cone znd. vertical point it fdf(opus quod ope- ^ . «l,
raturDeusaprincipioufqueadfinemj the fummary law of Nature J we do
/uftly doubt, whether mans enquiry can attain unto it. But thefe three
be the truejiages of Sciences ; and are, to men fvvelled up with their
own knowledge, and a daring infolence, to invade Heaven, like the
three hills of the Giants.

TerfuntConatiimponerePelionOjf<e, Gsot.u

Scilicet atque Ope frondofum involvere Olympnm,

But to thofe that difabling themfelves, and difcharging their pride, re-
fer all to the glory of God, they are the three acclamations, SanBe,
SanUe, SanUe : for God is holy in the multitude of his workj. Holy in the Apoe.#. ^
order of them. Holy in the union. And therefore the fpeculation was " " '
excellent in Parmenides and Plato j although but a fpeculation in
them. That all things byfcales did afcend to unity. So then, thatfcience
is the vvorthieft, which leaft chargeth mans underftanding with multi-
plicity 5 and it is evident, that that is Metaphyfick, as that which prin-
cipally fpeculates thofe fimpie Forms of things 5 (which we have (tiled
Forms ofthefirfl degree or order J which though they be fev^ in number,
yet in their Commenfuratipns and Co-ordinations, they make all kinds •
of variety, ^ ihs

i 04 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. III^

§ The Second refpedt which enobles this part oi' Metaphjfick, touching

Forffis, is, that of all other fciences, it doth moft enfranchifej andfet

at liberty the Power of Man 5 and brings it forth into a moft ample and

open field to exercife in. For PhjiJ(cl{^diie(ks mans labour and diligence

through narrow and retrained ways, imitating the flexious cour(es of

Plat, in ordinary Nature i But l4t£ undiqne ftpientilfus vite, to fapience (which

de Fin-i^ ^^^ anciently defined to be, Rerttm divinarum d^ humnnarum fcientia)

Tafc,4. there is ever copy and variety of means. For Phyficall caufts give light

and oceafion to new inventions in fimili Materia ; but whofbever knows

any Form^ knows alfo the utmoji pojJtbiUty offuperitiducing that nature up"

on any variety of matter j and fo is lefs retrained and tied in operation,

either to the Bafis of the «;<«f/cr5 or to the condition o^ the Efficient ^

which kind of knowledge, though in a more divine fence, Solomon e-

Prov. IV. legantly defcribes, N(?« ar£tabtintur grejjits tui^ et Currens non hahebis

offendicuhim j his meaning is, that the ways o^ fapience^ are not liable

to ftreights, nor perplexities.

fj The fecond part of Metaphyfick^ is the enquiry ofFinal Caufes ; which
we note not as omitted, but as mifplaced : for the enquiry of them u-
fually is made amongfl: the Vhyficks^ and not in the Metaphyfickj. And
yet if this were a fault in order only, I (houldnot much ftand upon it 5
for order is a matter of lHuftration, and pertains not to the fubftanceof
Sciences: but this inverfion of t?r<^cr, hath caufed a notable deficience^.
and brought a great decay upon Philofophy. For the handling of f i-
tialCatifes'mthQ Vhyfickj^ hath intercepted, and banifht the enquiry of
Vhyfical Caufes j and hath given men oceafion to reft (atisfied in fuch (pe-
cious, and umbratilous Caufes j and not thorowly to urge and prefs
the enquiry of real and truly rhyfical Caufes. For this I find done not on-
Ariftot. ly by Plato, who ever Ancreth upon that Shore , but alfo by Arijlotle 5
Probi. Galen, and others, who ufually likewife fall upon thefe Flats. For to
fay. That the eye-lids furnifln with hairs are for a quicl{-fet and fence to
* fortifiethe the fight : or thatthejirmnejioffl{i»s, and hides of living Crea-
tures, is to repel the extremities of heat and cold : or that Bones are ordai-
ned by Nature for Columns and Beams whereupon the frame of the Body is to
he built : or that Trees fioot forth leaves tof/jadow andproteS the fruit fro/ff
the Sun and the wind : or that the Clouds are ingendred above, to water
the earth helow: or that the Earth is cloje,compa[t and folid, that it may
he a Station and Manfion for living Creatures j is properly enquired in
Aletaphyjick^j but in r/j;/?t-)^they are impertinent. Nay, (topurdiethis
point") fuch difcourjlng Caufes as thefe, like the Remoraes (as thefi&iongoes^
adhering tofl)ips, Jiay and Jlug the fay ling, and the Frogrefs of Sciences,
that they could not holdontheir Courfe, and advance forward to further Dip>
coveries : And now long ago it isfo brought topafs,that thefearch of rhyfical
Caufes, thus negle&ed, are decayed andpajfed over infilence. And there-
fore the Natural Philofophy oi Democritus, and (bme others, who remo-
ved God and a Mind from the frame of things j and attributed the ftru-
fture of the world to infinite Preludiums, and Eflays (which by one
name they term'd Fate or Fortune 5 and have afligned the Cau(es of Par-
ticulars to the neceflity of Matter,without intermixture of Final Caufes)
ieeraeth to us (fo far as we can con jedure from the Fragments and Re-
mains of their Philofophy J in refpeft of rhyfical Caufes, to have been
far morefolid, and to have penetrated more profoundly into Natnrej

ihao

J/ r 5. III. Of the Advancement of Learning. . 105

than that of Arijlotle and PUto for this reafon alone^ that thofe Anciem
Philofophers never tvajled time in final Caufes'-, but thefe perpetually prefi
and inculcate them. And in this point Arijlotle is more to blame thaq
Tlato^ feeing he hath omitted the foiintain of all final Caufcs , God 5
and in the place of God fubftituted Nature 5 and hath imbraced _/?»<«/
Canfes rather as a lover oi^Logic^^ than an adorer of Divinity. Nor do
\ye therefore fpeak thus much , becaufe thofe final Canfes are not true,
30d very worthy the enquiry in Metaphyfick^SpecHiationt ; but becaufcg
Yi'h^le they fally outjand break in upon thePoffeffions o^PhyJicaiCattfes^
tJ^ey dp uiJrappily depopulate and wafte that Province: For Otherwife,
it they keep themfelves within their precinfts and borders, they are ex-
tremely deceiv'd^who ever think that there is an enmity or repugnancy
between ^>6p/;/ and Phyfica.1 Caufes. For the caufe render'd,ry&<2^ the hairs
rJidHt.theej^rlidiarefor thefafe-gardof the fight, doth .not indeed im-
^gn that 'other Caufe , That pilojitie is incident to Orifices of

\ior the Caufe render 'djt^^t thefirmnefs of Hides is in Beafisfor arfnor tt^
^tinji the injuries of extreme n>eather:,doth impugil that other Caufe^TiOa*
that firmnefs is caufed by the contra3ion of pores in the onttvard. parts of
the body throHgh cold, and depredation of Air , and fo of the reft : both
caiifes excellently confpiring, faye that, , the pnedeclares an intention,
the other a confequence only : Neither doth this call jn queftion, or de-
rogate from divine Providence '■} but rather wonderfully confirms and
exalts it. For as in Civil Aftions, that Politick wjfdom will be more
deep, and admired, if a man can ufe jthe (ervice of other men to his
own ends and defires 5 andyet never^ acquaiot them with his purpofe
((b as they (hall do what he would they (hould do, and yet not under-
u.Andi what^they do) 5 then if he (hould impart his counfels to thofe he
imploys : So the wifdom of God fiiines more wonderfully, when Na-,
ture^ntends one thing, and Providence draws forth another , then if
the Charafters o^ Divine Providence were impreft upon every particular
habitude and motion of Nature. Surely Arijiotle, afiier he fwelled up
Nature with F/«4/C4«/e/^ Naturam nihil frujirafacere'-^ frnqnevoti fern- ^^ C«Io.
per.ejfe compotem (fi impedimenta, al^ejfent^ 5 and had fet down many ilb.'dc'
fuch tending to that purpofe ; had no farther need of God: But Democri^ part, a.
Ins and EpicHrus, when they publiftit aqd celebrated the'iv Atoms ^ were "'™''
thus far by the more fubtile wits liftned unto with Patience : but when
they would avouch, that the Fabrick and Contexture of- all things in
Nature, knit and united it lelf without a /I//«^, from a fortuitous Con-
courfe of tho(e Atoms, they Were entertain'd with laughter by all. So
that Phyftcal Caufes are fo fer from withdrawing mens minds from God
and Providence ^ as rather contrariwife thofe Philofbphers which vvere
raoft exercifed in contriving thofe Atoms , found no end and illue of
their travail, until they had refolved all at laft into God and Providence,
Thus much of Metaphyfick^, a part whereof touching Final Caufes I de-
ny not to have been handled both in the Phyficks and Metaphyficks 5
in thele truly, in thofe improperly 5 for the inconvenience haijuenfuei
thereupon.

' O ■ ' CHAP..

I o 6 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. Ill

Chap. V.

1. The Partition of the Operative Knowledge of Nature into Mei
chanick^ and Magick^ : Relpondent to the parts of Speculative
Knowledge 5 Mechanick_toPhyfick^-^ Magick.to Metafhyfic^. § A
purging of the word Magia. II. Two Appendices to Operative
Knowledge, A» Inventary of the Eftate of man. A Catalogue of
Polycbrejis, or things of multifarioHi ufe.

I, ' %'^HE Operative knowledge of Nature, we will likewife divide intd
X two Parts y and that from a kind of Neceffity. For thbl}i«
•uifton is (ubordinate to the former Divijion of Speculative Knovpledge^
for Phjjick^^ and the Enquiry of Efficient and Material Caufes , produce f
Mechanic k^: but Metaphyfick^ and the enquiry of Forms produces Afagic^:
As for Final Caufes, the enquiry is barren , and as a Virgin confecrate fa
Cod brings forth nothing. Nor are we ignorant that there is a Mechoii
nical Knowledge, which is meerlym/'eric^/, s^nd operary^ not depend^
ing on Phyfickj, but this we have referred to Natural Hijiory, and lepa-
rateit from Natural Philofophy : Speaking here only of that Mechanical
Knowledge which is eonnext with Caufes Phyfical. But yet there falls
out a certain i?/ec)bj«irVj/, or experimental Knowledge which neither ig
altogether Operative, nor yet properly teaches fo high asfpeculative
Philofophy : For all the Inventions of Operations which have come to
mens itnowledge , either have fallien out by cafual incidence 5 and af^
terwards deliver'd from hand to hand, or were fought by a purpofed
experiment. Thofe which have been found out by intentional ex-
periment, they have been difclofed either by the light of C<i«/ej, and
Axioms i or found out by extending, or ttansferring, or compounding
former inventions 5 which is a matter more fagacious and witty, fhan
Philofophical. And this part which by no means we defpife, we fhall
briefly touch hereafter, when we (hall treat of Literate experience a*
mongft the parts of Logick. As for the Alechanicl^ now in hand, Ari^
Jiotle hath handled it promilcuoufly ; Hero in fpiritalibus ; as likewile
Ceorgius Agricola a modern Writer,very diligently in his Minerals ; and
many others in particular Treatiles on that fubjed: , fb as I have nothing
to (ay of Deficients in this kind 5 but that the promifcuous Mechanicals
tf/ Ariftotle, ought to have been with more diligence continued, by the
pens of recent Writers ; elpecially with choice of(uch experiraentals,
of which either the Caufes are more oblcure, or the EfFefts more no-
ble. But they who in(i(t upon the(e, do, as ft were, orly coaft along
the fhoar, Premendo littus iniqmim. For in ray judgement there can
hardly beany radical alteration, or novation in Nature, cither by any
fortuitous adventures j or by eflays of Experiments ; or from the light
of Phyfical Caufes ; but only through the invention o^ Forms. There*
fore if we.have (et down that part o^ Metaphyjick^ as Deficient, which en-
treatttln)f Forms 5 it follows that Natural Magicl^ alfo, which is a Re*
lative UQto it, is likewife Deje^jve.

§ But

L I B. III. Of the Advancement ofLearninft,

107

§ But it feems requifite in this place that the word Magia. , ac-
cepted for a long in the vvorfe part , be reftored to the ancient
and honourable fence. Magia. atmngji the Terficms , was taken for a
fapience , and a Science of the harmony and contents of univer-
fals in Nature 5 fo thofe three Eaftern Kings which came to adore
Chriji , are ftiled by the name of Alagi : and we underftand it in
that fence , as to be , <« Science which dednccth the knowledge of
Bidden forms to jirange and wonderful effeQs and operations , and as
it is commonly fuid , by joyning A3ives with Pajjives , which difclo-
feth the great wonders of Nature. As for the Natural Magick^, (which
flies abroad in many mens books) containing certain credulous and
fuperftitious traditions , and obfervations of Sympathies , and Anti-
pathies^ and of hidden and fpecifick proprieties, with Ibme experiments
commonly frivilous j ftrange, rather for the art of conveyance anddif-
guifement, than the thing it felf ^ furely he (hall not much err, who.
(hall lay, that this kind of Magick, is as far differing in truth of Na-
ture, from (uch a knowledge as we require , as the Books of the Gefts
oi Arthur of Britain, or oC.Hugh oi^Burdeaux, differs from Cafurs Com-
mentaries in truth of ftory. For it is manifeft, that Cafar did greater
things de vero, than they durft feign of their Heroes , but he did them
not in that fabulous manner. Of this kjnd of Learnings the Fable oflxxou
was a figure f who projefting with himfelf to enjoy Juno the Goddefsof
Power, had copulation with a f/^K^, of which he begot Ce«/^«r/ and
Chimeraes. So whoever are carried away with a frantick and impotent
paffion, and vaporous conceit to thofe things, which only, through the
fames and clouds of Imagination , they fancy to themfelves to fee, in
ftead of fubftantial operations •■, they are delivered of nothing but airy
hopes, and certain deformed and monftrous apparitions. The ope-
ration and efftd: of thisfuperficiary^and degenerous Natural Magic k^n^-
on Men , is like fome foporiferous drugs , which procure fleep , and
withal exhale into the fancy, merry and pleafant dreams in fleep. F/>/?,
it cafts mans underftanding into a fleep, (till chanting and fuggefting
fpecifick proprieties, andiecret virtues, andfet down, as it were, from
heaven, to be delivered , and to be learned only by auricular traditi-
ons '■) whence it comes to pais, that men are no more (tirred up and a-
waked to fearch with diligence, and to force out tRe true caufes; but
(it down fatisfied with thefe frivolous and credulous opinions : and then
inftills an infinite number of pleafing fidtions, in the manner of dreams,
and fuch as one would moft wi(h to be true. And it is worth the pains
to note, that in thefe Sciences, which hold fbmuch of imagination (as
are that adulterate Magicl^, whereof we now fpeak , Alchymie , Aiiro-
nomy^ and the like) the means and Theory are evermore monftrous,
than the end and pretences. The turning if Silver ov ^ick^ftlverj or
any other metal into Gold, as a hard thing to believe : yet it is a thing
far more probable, to a man well skilled , and experimented in the na-
tures of weight, yellow, colour, malleable and extenfiblej as alfofij^c
and vola'iile : and likewile to one who hath exadily feafcht into the
firft feeds and menftruous Purgings of Minerals ^ that Gold by an in-
duftrious and curious wit, may, at la(t, be produced ^ than that a fevV
grainjof Elixir^ or of the power of Produftion, Ihould be of force,

O 2 ia

io8 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. III.

in a few Minutes, to turn Metals into Gold, by the aftivity of the fame
Elixir j which is able to perfeft Nature, and to deliver it from all im-
pediments. So the retarding of Jge, or the reftoring of fome degree of
youth , doth not eafily. purchase a belief : yet it is far more like-
ly to a man that knows perfeftly the nature of ArtfaSion ^ and
the depredations of the fpirits , upon the folid parts of the body 5
and hath throughly obferved the nature of Affiraulation , and of
Alimentation^ either more perfed or more peccant 5 al(b the na-
ture of the Spirits and of the Flame ("as it were) of the body, aC>
ffigned fometimes to confume, fometimesfto repair f may by DietSj
Bathings , Anointings , proper Medicines , and accommodate Mo-
tions, and the like , prolong life , or renew fome degrees of youth,
or vivacity : then that this ftiould be effefted , by a few drops
or fcruples of fome precious Liquor or Quintefcence. Again , that
fates may he dravonfrom the Stars^ men will not (uddenly, and eafily
afTcnt unto, but thefe, that the hour of Nativity (which oftentimes
through many natural accidents, is either accelerated or differed^
fhould govern the fortune of the whole life, or that the hour of Que-
ftionis co-faial with the thing it felf which is fought, you will fay are
meer impoftures. But fuch a rafh impotency and intemperance, doth
poffefs and infatuate the whole race of man j that they do not only pre-
fume upon, and promise to themlelvea what is repugnant in nature to
be performed , but alio, are coniident that they are able to conquer e-
ven at their pleafure, and that by way of recreation, the moft difficult
paffages of nature , without trouble or travail. And of Magicl^thus
much ; the name whereof we «have vindicated from reproach ,
and (eparated the true and noble kind from the bafe and coun-
terfeit.

* II. of this operative part of Natttre there are two Appendices, both of
INVEN- much importance. Thefirjl is ^ that there be made an Inventory of the
TARiUM ejiate of Man ; in which there (hould be taken and compendioully caft
HUM A- "Pj ^^^ fummofall the wealth and fortunes of men (whether they
nakum. arife from the fruits and revenues of Nature, or of Art) which are now

extant, and whereof men are already polfeft, adding fiich invention?,
as is manifeft have been in times pad: celebrated , but are now periQit.
To this end and putpofe, that he who addrelleth himfelf to the fearch
of new Inventions, may not be arrefted in his inqueft, nor vvafte time
and ftudy in thofe things which are already invented, and are now ex-
tant. And this Inventory \v'\\l he more ariific'ial, and more ferviceable,
if you add thofe things which in popular conceit are reputed impofjible 3
and together with them couple fuch inventions, as are nearelbm de-
gree to jmpcjfibles , and yet are extant 5 that the one may fet an
edge on mans enquiry , the other may in a fort diredl it : and that
from ihe^eOptatives, and Potentials, mans A&ives may be more readily
conduced.

* ^ ihe fecond is, that there be wade a Calendar of thofe experiments ,
CATA- vvhich are Polychrejis, things of a multifarious ufe 5 and moft uni-
lOGUS verdil confcquencc? and which conduce and dircft to the Inven-

PO TV

CURE- *'^" of Other experiments. For example; the artificial experiment
Sto- of conglaciation of IVater by Ice with black, fait , pertains to in-
^^^- fiaite purpofcs and ellays ; for this difclofeth the fecret and ab-

ftrufe

Lib. III. Of the Advancement of Learning. 109

ftrufe manner of Condenfation , than which nothing is more com-
modious for men. As for fire ^ that is a ready and known Agent
for Rarefa5jon ^ but themyftery oi Condenfation^ is not yet fully di(^
covered : and it makes much for the abridgement of invention ,
if Polychrejls of this nature were colleded into a particular Cata-
logue.

Chap. VI.

of thcgreat Appendix of Uatural Philofophy Speculative^ as Opera^
tive, Mathematick knowledge , and that it ought rather to be placed
amongp Appendices, than dmong^fiih^antial Sciences, § The Par-
tiiion of Mathematicks into Pure and Mixt.

ARiftotle faith v/cll, Phjific^ and Mathematick^ ingender pracf/cal or
mechanical f^norvledge : Wherefore now we have handled, both ^^^^^P^-'?'
the fpeculative and operative part of the knowledge of Nature 5 order re-
quires that wefpeakof i'I/j//je«/«//>4, which is an auxiliary Science to
to them both. For^ in the received Philofophy, Mathematick.is annext^
as a third part, to Phyjick.and Afetaphj/Jick,^ but it feems to us, who hafe
undertaken to reexamine, and Till over again thefe things, (if we had
de(Tgaed this as a fubftantive and principal Science) more agreeable
both in refpeft of the nature of the thing, and the light of order, to
place it as a branch of Metaphyfck. For ^antity, which is the fubjeft
of Matkcvtatid^Science, applied to Matter, is the Dofe, as it were, of
Nature, andproduftiveof a number of effeds in things natural ^ and
therefore is to be reckoned in the number of ejj'entidl forms. For the Laen. ia
Power o? Figure and Number , feemed to be of (uch force amongft ^era.
the Ancient Philofophers , that Democritus placed the feeds of the
variety of things, principally, in the Figures of Atoms j and Pythagi^'
rtf/ afierted, the Natures of things, to be cotiftituted of Numbers. In ^^^''p^.f^.
the mean, this is true, that of Natural For////, (as Vv'eunderftand forms) i.i.
^antjty is of all mofl: abftradled and fcparable from Matter : which
was the reafon why it hath been more painfully laboured, and exa(3:ly
inquired by men , than any other Form vvhatfoever, which are all
niore iramerfed in Matter. For being it is the nature of M>m (cer-
tainly to the great prejudice of knowledge) to delight in the open
Fields of Generals 5 rather than in the Woods and Inclofures of Pay
iiciilars'-y there was nothing found more acceptable and delightful,
than the Mathematickj '■, wherein that appetite of expatiating and
meditating might be fatisfied. And though all this ^:)e true, }Ctto
us, who provide not only for truth and order , but likewifc for the
ufe and profit of men ^ it (eemed at laft better, to dcfign ^'I/./z/je//?^-
tickj •■) being they are of fuch efficacy, both in Phj^ck^ and in Alifaphy-
Jick_, and in Mechanicks, and in Mjgick^, as the Appendices and Auxi-
liary Forces of them all : which in a fort we are compelled to do
for the wantonnefs and arrogancie of the Alithcnaticians , who

could

no Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. Ilf^

could be content, that this Science^ might even command and over-
rule rhyficl{. For it is come to pals, by what fate I know not, that
Alathemntick^ and Logick^^ which (hould carry themfelvcs as hand-
maids to Thyfick^^ boafting their certainty above it , take upon
them a command and Dominion. But we do not (p much ftand
upon the rank and dignity of this Science ^ let us confider the thing it
felf.

^ Mathematickf are either Pure or Mixt''-, to Ture Matbematick/^ thofe
Sciences are referred , which handle ^antity altogether abftrafted
from Matter, and Phyfical Axioms. They are two, Geometry^ and
Arithmetic^ ; the one handling ^antity continued , the other dijfc'
vered. Which two Arts have indeed been inquired into, with fub-
tilty and induftry, but neither to the labours of Euclid in Geometry^
hath there been any thing of any worth added by pofterity , in fo
many centuries of years fince he flouritht ; nor hath the Doftrine
of Holids , for the ufe and excellency of the knowledge , been
laboured and advanced by Writers Ancient or Modern. And in
Arithmetical there hath not been found out apt and fufficient variety
of compendious ways for fupputations ; efpecially about Progrejjions y
whereof there is great ufe in the Phyficks. Nor is the Algebra^ or
Art of £^«<»//tf« well perfefted ; but that Pythagorical and MynicalA"
rithmetic^, which is begun to be revived out of Proclus^ and fome
Remains of Euclid 5 is a fpacious field of fpeculation : Forfuch is the
jiature of Min^ that if it he not able to comprehend folids^ it vpajies itfclf
in unprofitable niceties.

§ Mtxt Mathematick^^ hath for fubjedt Axioms^ and portions of Pity-
fick^j and confiders ^/4///;/;, as it is auxiliary to enlighten, demon-
ftrate , and aftuate them. For many parts of Nature can never be
with fufficient fubtilty comprehended, nqr demonftrated with fufl
ficicnt perfpicuity, nor accommodated to ule with fufficient dexterity
and certainty, without the Aid and intervening of the Aluthetaa-
ticks. Of which fort are PerfpeQive , Alufick,^ Ajironomy, Cofmogra^
fhy^ Archite&ure^ Ingenarie , and divers others. But in Mixt Mathe-
tnaticks^ I can now report no entire portions Deficient 5 I rather make
this prediftion, that there will be more kinds of them invented by
pofterity , if men be not wanting to themfelves. For as Phyfical
knowledge daily grows up , and new Axioms of nature arc dif^
clofed , there will be a neceffity of new Mathematick inventions ,
and fo at laft more Mixt Mathematicks will be contrived. And
nopp Toe have pajfed through the l^orpledgc of Nature , and have no-
ted the Deficients therein. Wherein if we have departed from the
Ancient and received opinons , and thereby have moved contradi-
ftion 5 for our part , as we affeB not to dijfent ^ fo rve purpofc not to
contend. If it be truth ,

virg. Bu. t^on C^mmus furdif^ refpondcnt omniafylv£'j

col.

The voice of nature will cry it up, though the voice of man (hould

cry it down. And as Alexander Borgia was wont to fay, of the Ex-

viil. Hift. pcdition of the French for Naples, that they came with chall^ in their

^''- hands

L 1 3. III. Of the Advancement of Learning. iii

har Is to mark-up their Lodgings^ and not rpith weapons to fight j (b we
lik- better, that entry of truth, which comes peaceably, where the
ii^/mds of men, capable to lodge fo great a gueft, are figned, as it were,
yN'\xhchalk.h than that which comes tvith Pugnacity '^ and forceth it felf
a way by contentions and controverfies. Wherefore having finifht two
parts of Philolbphy, concerning Cod^ and concerning natnre 3 the third
temaias concerning Mm.

THE

> v»

Ai..J.-:A

' aKyii . > u -...

(*J :3ic]'::^'Ga jHStn'^O l\i«:Tv

II

3

THE"

Fourth ©ook

FRAN CIS L. i B Rst) LAM
VicounTS' ALBAN,

OF THE .

Dignity and Advancement

o F

".-.v^

LEARNING.

To the KING

Chap. I.

I. The Partition of the Knowledge of Man ittto the Thilofophy cf Hu"
maniiy 5 and Civil, (j The Partition of the Knowledge oi Huma'
Titty into the Knowledge touching the Body of Man j and into the
Knowledge touching the Soul of Man. 11 The Conftitution of a.
general Knowledge of the Nature;^ or of the State of man. § The
Divifion of the Knowledge of the State of Man^ into the Knowledge
of thePerfon of Man v and of the League of the Mind:, and the body,
§ The Divifion of the Knowledge of Mans Perfon, into the Know-
ledge of Mans Miferies. § Andof his Prerogatives. III. The Di-
vifion of the Knowledge of the League :, into the Knowledge of Indi-
cations. § And of ImpreJJions. § The Alignment of Phyjiogno-
my, (j Andof the Interpretation of Natural Dreanjs ^^ to the Know-
ledges of Indications.

\F any Man (Excellent King) fhall aflault, or wound me for
any of thofe Prfce;?// I have delivered , or (hall hereafter
deliver (befidesthat I (hould be fafe, being under thePro-
teftion of Tour Majejiy') let him know, that he doth that
which is againft the Cuftom and Law of Arms : For I am a

Trumpeter only, 1 do not begin the fight 5 perchance one of thofe of

whom Homer^ S?.c.

114 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. IV.

Cicero d
Orat.

Hora.11.4. Kai'f £Te v.vi^viUic, hog "hyjiKoi^ m^ Kj av</'§cov ;

For thefe even between Mortal and enraged enemies paft to and fro
ever inviolated. Nor doth ourTrmnpet fbmmon, and incourage men
to tear and rend one another with contradictions 5 and in a civil rage
to bear Arms, and wage War againft themfelves, but rather, a peace
concluded between them, they may with joynt forces diredt their
ftrength againft Natuh her felfj and take her high Towers, and dis-
mantle her fortified Holds 5 and thus enlarge the Borders of
mans Dominion , fo far as Almighty God of his goodnefs ftiall
permit.
rlat, in I. Now let us come to that Knowledge, whereunto the Ancient O-
Aicib. I, j^cIq direfteth us, which is thf knoTd^ledge of our felves : which deferves
LL ib^ ^^^ "'°'"^ accurate handling bjyvbovv much^k toucheth us more nearly.
' ' * ' This knowledge is to man the end and term of Knowledges 5 hut of Nature
herfelf, a portion only. And generally let this be a rule, that all Di-
^'"•''l"'^' vifionsof Knowledges be (b accepted and applied. As may rather de-
^' fign forth and dififnguifl) Sciences into Parts j than cut and full them afun^
der into pieces'-) that fo the continuance and entirenefs of Kf/owledges may
ever be preferved. For the contrary praftice hath made particular Sci-
ences to become barren, (hallow, and erroneous 5 while they have not
Jbeen nourifht, maintain'd and redtified from the common Fountain and
Nurfery. So we fee Cicero the Orator complained of Socrates, and his
* School 5 That he was thefirU that feparated Vhilofophy and Rhetorick^^
whereupon Rhetorick became a verbal, and an empty Art. And it is
alfo evident, that the opinion of Copernicus, touching the Rotation of
the Earth (which now is maintain'dj becaufe it is not repugnant to the
Fhanomena, cannot be revinced by Aftronomical Principles 5 yet by
the Principles of Natural Philofophy, truly applied, it may. So we fee
alfo that the Science of Medicine , if it be deftituted and forfalien
of Natural Philofophy, it is not much better than Emperical Pradice.

§ This being laid as a ground, let us proceed to the Knowledge of man.
This hath two parts : for it either confidereth man fegregate , or diilri-
hufivcly '•) or congregate, and infocicty : the one we call Philofophy of Hu'
manity ; the other Philofophy Civil. The Philojophy of Humanity, or Hu-
mane, conlifteth of the fame Parts, whereof man himfelf confifteth ■> that
is, of knowledges which relpedthe Body ^ and of knowledges which
refpeft the Mind.

n. But before we purfue particular Diftributions, let us conftitute 5
One general Knowledge of the Nature and State of Man: For indeed it is
very fit that this Knowledge be emancipate, and made a knowledge by
it fcif. It is compos'd of thofe Sympathies and Concordances commune
between the Body and the Mind.

^ Again, this Knowledge of the Nature and State of man may be di-
ftributed into two Parts i attributing to the one the tin divided Nature
of v,!&n I, to the other the Combination between the Mind and the Body :
The firft of thefe we will call the knowledge of the Perfon of man'-^ the
fecond the knowledge of the League. And it is plain that all thefe icve-
ral Branches of Knowledge , being they are common and commixt,
could not beafi'.gned to that firft Divifion of Knowledge, converfant

about

L I B. I V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 1 1 ^

about the Bo^iji ^ and of Knowledges converfant about the MUkcL

^ The Knovpledge concerning the Per/on of man, comprehends fpecial-
ly two things 5 namely the Contemplations of the Miferies ofAUnkjnd ;
and of the rrer<?^4//z^f /, or Excellencies of the Jame. But the bewailing
of mans mijeries hath been elegantly and copioufly fet forth by many in
thewritings, as well of Philofophers, as divines. And it is both a plea- *
fantanda profitable Contemplation. Triumphi

§ As for that other touching Mans Prerogatives ^\t is a point may well STd/'
be (et down among the Deficients. Pindar when he would t%to\ Hi ero^ Summha-.
fpeaks (asufually he doth) moft elegantly. That he cropt of the tops, or Ht'"^'!"
fumntities of all virtues. For I fuppofe it would much conduce to the ""»«<«.
Magnanimity, and Honour of Man 5 if aCollcftion weremade of the ^"^'y^P*
Vltimies (as the Schools fpeak) or Summitics (as Pindar) of Humana
Nature, principally out of the faithful reports of Hiftory : That as i
tVhat is the laji and higheji pitchy to which mans Nature ofitfclfhath ever
reach' d in all the Perfe&ions both of Body and Mind. What a ftrange a-
bility was that which is reported o^C^far, that he could dictate at once suet.in
to five Secretaries] So the Exercitations of the Ancient Rhetoricians, i"'-
Protagoras i, G^rg/^/ 5 likewife of Philofophers.; Calijihenesj J'offidoni- ^^^'l^ ^.
ns i Carneades j who were able to difcourfe extempore upon any Subjed ri/i Qyin'
Prtf and C^«, with fluency and elegancy of expreffion, do much enno- '"'^.^ ^?-
ble the Powers of mans wit and natural endowments. And that which- phiioftr?'
Cicero reports of his Mafter Archias is little for ufe, but perchance great '" Ep- aiii
for Oftentation and Faculties ^ that he was able upon the fuddcn to al- fi^f^ p^' .
ledge a great number of excellent verfes pertinent to the purpofe of fuch ta.
Di(cour(es as were then in hand. It is a Angular commendation to ^^"^P- ,
that faculty of the Mind, the Memory 5 that Cyrus or Scipio could call Q^lhun!
(b many thoulands of men by their Particular Names, But tfie Tro- ^nflxi.
phies of Moral virtues, are no le(s famous than thofe ofintelleftual vir- ^^'^''
tues. What a great example of patience doth that common ftory of
Anaxatchus present unto our thoughts, who put to the Rack and Tor-
ture, bit out his own tongue, the hoped Inftrument of fome Difcove-
ry, and fpit it in the Tyrant's face? Nor is that inferiour for tolerance
though much for the merit and Dignity, Cwhichfell out in our time J
of a certain Burgundian, who had committed a Murder upon the Per- Meteran.
fbn of the Prince of Orange 5 this flave being fcourged with iron whips , l.'xi * °
and his flefh torn with burning Pincers, gave not fb much as a groan i
howbeitwhena broken piece of the Scaffold fell by chance upon the
head ofonethatftood by, thelcorcht ftigmatiz'd varlet laught, even
in the midft of his torments, who a little before wept at the cutting
off of his curled hair. In like manner the ferenity and fecurity of Mind
hath appeared wonderful in many, even at the inftant approaches of
Death j as'that of a Centurion recorded by Tacitus --^ who being com-
manded by the executioner to ftretch forth his neck valiantly. Iivould *°"^'-'^'
( (aith hej thou roouldjl jirike as valiantly. But John Duks of Saxonie
when the commtffion was brought him, as he was playing at chefs, where- Hift.
in his death was commanded the next day, call'd to one that ftood by, ^"°*
and fmiling, (aid 5 See, whether I have not the better hand of this Game ,
He (pointing towards him with whom he playedj will boafi when I am
dead, that he was the fairer of thefet. And our /^/(jr^jChancellour of Eng-
land, when the day before he was to die, a Barber came unto him (lent

Pa .for

i 1 6 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . I V •

for this end,lefl: perchance the grave and reverend fight of his long hair
Vita. Mo- might move compaffion in the People, and asked him whether it was
''* his pleafure to have his hair cut) he refufed, and turning to the Barber 5

The King (fzid he) is atfuitvpithmeformjiheady and untill that Cotifrif'
verfie be e?ided I mean to bejiow no coji upon it. And the lame Perfon aC
the very point of Death, after he had laid his head upon the fatal Block
raifeth up himfelf a little again; and having a fair large Beard gently
removed it, faying, Tet I hope this hath not offended the King. But not
to infift too long upon this point, it is evident what we mean, namely,
that the rvonders of Humane Nature^ and the ultimate Porvers, and virtues
af rvellof Mind ar of Body ^ fiouldbe colle3ed into a Volume^ which might
Jerve as a Kalendar of Humane Triumphs. For a work of this Nature, we
approve the Purpofe, and Dcfigne oiValerins Maximus^ and C. Tlini-
vs 5 but it could be wi(ht they had us'd more choice and Diligence.

Ill As touching the knowledge of the league^ or mutual Alliance betweetz
the Body and the Mind '-t that may be diftributed into two Parts. For
as all leagues and Amities confift of mutual intelligence, aud mutual
offices 5 fo this league oi'Mind and Body^ is in like manner comprifed in
thele two circumftances ; that is, to defcribe Hoit> theje tvoo, namely^
the Mind and the Body, dijcloje one to the other 5 and horv one vporketh up-
on the other, by difcovery or Indication ; and by Imprejjion. The for-
mer ofthefe (namely a defcription what difcovery may be made ofthe
Mind, from the habit of theBody,or ofthe Body from the Accidents of
the Mind) hath begotten unto us two Aii.?, both of preaiftion ; whexe-
^j;(j„i of the one is honoured with the Inquiry of virj/?(7//5 5 and the other of
' Hippocrates. And although the modern times, have polluted thefe Arts
with fuperftitious and Phantaftical mixtures, yet being purged and re-
ftored to their true ftate, they have both a folrd ground in nature, and
a profitable u(e in life.

(j Thefirji is Phyjiognomy, which difcovers the difpojitions of the mind^
by the lineaments of the Body. The fecond is the expofttion ofkatural
dreams, which difcovereth the Ji ate and DifpofitioA of the Body, from the
Pajfions and Amotions of the mind. In the Former of thele, I note a De«
* ficiefjce : for Arijiotle hath very ingenioufly and diligently handled the Po-
rhyfiogno- jlffygf cjthe Body, while it is at Reji , but not the Gefiures ofthe Body where
%*in "mo- it is in Motion -j which are no lej7 comprehenftble by Art, and of Greater
'»• nfe. For the lineaments ofthe Body, do di(clofe the Inclinations and

Proclivities of the Mind in general; but the Motions and Geftures of
the Face and Parts, do not only fo, but further declare the Accefles,
and SeafonSjand Prognofticks ofthe prefentdilpofition, and ofthe will.
For, to u(e your Majefties moft apt and elegant expreflion, 'Ihe tongue
^ , ffeak^s to the ear, but the Gejiure fpeakj to the eye. And therefore a num«
* ber of old fubtile and crafty Perfons, whofe eyes do dwell upon the fa-
ces and fafhions of Men, do well know this obfervation; andean turn
it to their own advantage, as being a great part of their ability and \v\C-
dom. Neither indeed can it be denied, but that this is a great difco-
very of diffimulation in an other, and a great direftion, for the eleftion
of feafons, and opportunities ofapproaching to perfons; which is not
the meaneft part of Civil Prudence. And let no man think, that fuch
dexterity may fbmewhat avail, in refpeft of forae Particular perfons,
b"ut cannot be comprehended under rule ; for we all laugh, and weep,

and

Lib. IV. Of the Advancement of Learning. iiy

andblufhj and bend ihe brow much after the fame manner^ and fo for
moft part itis in other more fubtile motions. As for Chiromancy it is a
raeer impofture.

fj And astoHchiHgthe'cxpofition of Dreams ••) itis a (ubjed handled iit
fome mens writings, but! 6i!d with many idle vanities 5 only thus much
for the prefent I do Infinuate that thb knowledge odntcrpreting Dreams^
wants the fupport of a-folijd Bafe , andthat foundation is this, -cohere the
fame ejfe£fjs wroHght^ byanirirvardcajife^ that ufeth to be wrought by an
cutward j that extern AU /J trafisfoi-med into a Dream. The Ihrcharge
of the ftomack from a gro^ vapour^ and from the poife of fome out-
ward weight, are alike j wherefore they that labour of the N/g/jr-i(«4re
do dream, that a weight is put upon them, with a great preparation of
circumftances. The fluiSuation or penfility of the Bowels, from the a-
gitation of the waves in the fea, and from the wind gathered about the
Diaphragma, are alike : therefore fuch as are troubled with the Hypo-
condriack wind, do often dream of Navigations, and Agitations upon
the waters. There are an infinite number of fuch like inftances.

§ The other branch of the knowledge of the league (which we have cal- ' ''"'•''•^•^
led Imprefjron') hath not as yet been collefted into Art, but hath (brae-
times intervened among other Treatifes fparfedly, and as in paflage on-
ly. It hath the lame Antiftrophe with the former .• for the confiderati-
on is double , either how^ and how far tbe humour t and temper apient of
the body^ do alter or ivorkjtpon the mind : Or again. How and hew far^
thePajfions and Apprehenflons of the mind do alter or tpork^ upon the Body.
The former of thefe we fee fometimes. handled in the Art ofPhyfick 5
but the fame hath by ftrange ways infifttjated it felfinto Religion. For
the Phy fician prefcribes Remedies to cure the Maladies of the mind 5 as
in the cures of Frenzies and Melancholy: they do alfo admiuifter Phy*
Gck to exhilerate the Mind ; to raunite and ftrengthen the heart, and
{q to increafe the courage, to fharpen and clarifie the wits, to carrobo- ;''''
rate the Memory, andthelike. ButDiets, and choice of Meat?^ and
Drinks, and other obfervances touching the Body, in the feft of the
Pythagoreans '-i in theHerefie of the ^/4«?cAcc/, and in the law of M,i'
hornet do exceed all meafure. So likewife the ordinances of the Ceremo-
nialLaw^ interdiSing the eating of the bloudj and the Fat: and diji in- j.
guijljing between beajis clean and unclean, fo far as they are for meat, are
many and ftridt. Nay the Chriftian faith it (elf, though clear and fin-
cere from all clouds of ceremonies, yet retains the u(e of Fafcings; Ab-
ftinences 5 and other obfervances, which tend to the maceration and
humiliation of the Body 5 as things not meerly Figurative, but alfo
Fruitful. The root and life of all (uch prefcripts asthele, (befides the
Ceremony it felf, and the pra(3:ice of Canonical obedience,) conliftsin
this whereof we fpeak, namely, that there may be a mutual fuffirance and
humiliation of the Soul with the Body. And if any man of weaker judge-
ment do conceive, that thefe impreffions of the Body upon the Mind,
do either queftion the immortality, or derogate from the foveraignty
of the (bul over the Body 5 to aneafie doubt, an eafie anfwer is fuifici-
ent. Let him take thefe inftances ^ either from an Infant in the Mother}
wombe, which if compatible with the Accidents and S^mptomes^ ef the mo-
ther, andyetfcparable in its feafon,from the Body of the mother : Or from
Monarchsj who though they have abfolutc power, are foraetifnes ini

dined-

n 8 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I Vi

dined by the fway of their Servaatsj yet without fubjeftion of their
Perfons or diminution of their Power.

& Nowas for the reciprocal part, the operations of the Soul, and of the
Efe^s andPajfions thereof upon the Body':, that alfo hath found a place
in Medicine. For all wife Phyficians do ever conlider and handle, Ac-
cidetitia A»im, as a Matter of great moment, for their Cures 5 and
which are of great force to further or hinder all other Remedies; But
there is another obfervation pertinent to this fubjeft, which hath been
very fparingly inquired into , and nothing to the depth and dignity of
the thing h that is, (fetting afide the afFeftions) hovpfar the Imagination
of the Mind, or a thought deeply fixi, and exalted as it were, into a be-
lief, is ofPorver to alter the Body of the Imaginaht .<? For though it hath
a manifeft power to hurt, it follows not,that it hath the lame degree of
power to help .• No more indeed, thai>ifainan fhould conclude, that
becaufe there be peftilent Airs able fuddenly to kill a man in health;
therefore there (hould be Soveraign Airs, able fuddenly to cure a man
in ficknefs. This Inquifition would certainly be of excellent ufe, but
laert.inv. g^^ socrates^aixd, it needs a Delian Diver, being covered with darknefs
andoblcurity. Again, of all thefe Knowledges, deFeedere^ or of the
Concordances betvpeen the mind and the body, there is no part more ne-
ceflary than the difquifition of the Seats and Domicils, which the feve-
ral faculties of the mind do take and occupate in the Body, and the Or-
gans thereof. Which kind of knowledge hath not wanted Seftatofs,
but what is found in many fuch Writers is either controverted,or flight-
ly inquired 5 and would be fearcht into with more diligence and per--
piat itiTi- fpicacity. For the opinion introduced by Tlato placing the underftand-
jnso. ing in the brain, as in a high Tower 5 Anintofity (which he unfitly cal-
^'''*'^! leth Anger, htmg it is nearer to Tumor and Pride) in the Heart ; Con-.
nim.4. cupifcence and Senfuality in the Liver, delerves not altogether to be de-
^^*- fpifed j nor yet too haftily embrac'd. So the placing of the InteUe&U'
niu^' al Faculties •-, Imagination, Reafon, Memory-, according to the ventri-
cles of the Brain, is not without error. Thus have we explicated the
Knowledge touching the individed nature ofman^ as alfo touching the
league of the Body and the Mind.

HAP.

II.

I. The Partition of the Knowledge refpeUing the Body of Man into Art
Medicinal, ^.Cofmetick. f^. Athletic l{. (j. And Voluptuary. II.
The Partition of Medicine, into three duties. (j.Confervationof
Health. III. Cure of Difeajes. IV. And Prolongation of Life .-
And that the laft part, Prolongation of Life, (hould be feparate from
the other two.

THE Knowledge that concerns mans body, is divided, as the Good
oiMans Body is divided, unto which it is referr'd. The Good of
Mans Body, is of four kinds 3 Health'^ Form, or Beauty-, Strength 5
rleafure. Wherefore there are fo many 5"m»fe/ 5 Medicine j or the Art

L I B. IV. Of the Advancement of Learning. iiq

^ Cun'-y Cofmetick^ or the Art of Decoration ^i Athkticli^ or the Art of
AHivity 5 and Art Voluptuary^ which Tacitus calls Eruditus Luxus.

(j Medicine is a noble Art, and according to the Poets defcended of
a moft generous race 3 for they have brought in Apollo^ as the chief God
ofMedicine, towhora they haveaffigned^^ycw/^/^iwi-forhisfon, a God Hower.
too, and.a Profeflor o^Phyjlck^: Becaufe in things natural the; Sun is the "n^in^'*"
Author^ and Fountain of Life 5 the Phyfician the Conferver of Nature 3 and
as it were afecondfpring of Life. But the greateft glory to Phyfick is from
the works of our Saviour, who was a Phyfician both of Soul and Body;
And as hq made the Soul the peculiar objedt of his heavenly Dodrinej
fo he defign'd the Body the proper fubjeft of his miracles. For wc ne-
ver read of any miracles done by him refpeding Honour or Wealth, (be-
fides that one when Tribute was to be given toC£far)h\it only refpedt-
ing the Body of man; or to prelerve, or tofuftain,or tocureit.

§ The SuhjeH of Medicine (namely mans Body) is, of all other things
which nature hath brought forth, moft capable of Remedy, bnt then
that Remedy is moft capable of Error : For the fame fubtility, and va-
riety of the fubje<S, as it affords great poffibility of Cure, fo it gives
great facility to error. Wherefore as that Art (fiich as now it is) may
well be reckon'd amongft Arts conjed:ural ; Co the enquiry thereof may
htQ placed in the number of the moft difficult, and axafteft Arts. Nei-
ther yet are we (b fenflels, as to imagine with ParacelftiSj and the Al-
chymifts ; That there are to be found in mansBbdy certain Corrcfponden- lib'j"''''
ces, and Parallels to all the variety offpccifickjSIatures in the world (as Stars^ R-ob.
Minerals., and the reftj as they foolifhly fancy and Mythologize; ftrai- ^I^^"^*^°
ning, but very impertinently, that emblem of the Ancients, That man
»as Microcofmus^ an abjira^, or model of the whole worlds to counte-
nance their fabulous, and fiftious invention. Yet notv/ithftandirig this
is an evident truth, (which we were about to fay) That amongfi all Bo-
dies Natural, there is not found any fo multiplicioufly compounded as the
Body of man. For we (ee Herbs, and Plants, are nourifhed by earth
and water 5 Beafts by Herbs and Fruits ; But man by the flefh of living
Creatures; as Beafts, Birds, Filh; and alfo of Herbs, Grains, Fruits,
Juice, and divers Liquors; not without manifold commixtures, lea-
jfoning, and Preparation of thefe Bodies before they come to be mans
meat, and aliment. Add hereunto, that Beafts have a more fimple or-*
der of life, and lefs change ofafFeftions to work upon their Bodies, and
they commonly working one way ; whereas man in his Manfions, Ex*
ercifes, Paffions, Sleep, and Vigilances is fub/eft to infinite viciffitudes
of changes. So that it is moft evident that of all other natural fubftan-
ces, the Body of man is the moft fermentated, compounded, and \n^
corporated Mais. The foul, on the other fide, is the fimpleft offub-
ftances, as it is well expreftj

— — 'Vurumq'-) relinquit

JEthereum fenfum, atqj Auraijimplicis ignem. J'/S- ^n.

Ariff.

So that it is no marvail , though the (bul fb placed, enjoy no reft ; ac- ''hyf.&d*
cording to that Principle, Motusrerum extra locum efi rapidus^ placidus " *
in loco: But to the purpole, this various and fubiile compofition and
fabrick of mans body hath made it, as a curious and exquifite inftru«

ment^

1 20 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. IV".

nient, eafie to be diftemper'd 5 therefore the Poets did well to conjoytt
Paufan.in Mnflck^ and Medicine in Apollo 3 becaufe the Genius of both thefe Arts jp
oi'Met I ^^"'^'ll^ the fame 5 and the office of a Phyfician confifteth meerly id this,
'" ' ' to know how to tune, and finger this Lyre of mans body, that the
Harmony rtiay not beeome difcordant and harlh. So then this incbn-
ftancy, and variety of the fubjedt, hath made the Art more eonjeftu-'
ral I And the Art being fo corijedlural had given more large (cope, hot
only to error , but even to impofture. For almoU all other Arts atid
Sciences dhj'udgd by their potver and operation 5 and not by their fttceefjt
and rporl{. The Lawyer isjndgd by the virtue of hit pleading-^ and not
by the ifue df the Caufe j the Majier in the Ship approves his Art, by thd
dire&ing his tonrfe aright, and not by the fortune of the voyage :■ But the
rhyjician, and perhaps the Politick, hardly havt any porper partieulAf- ASs^
whereby they may tftdke a clear demonstration of their Art and abilities 5
but bear away honour or dijgrace principally from the event which is ever an
unequal judicature. For who can tell, if a Patient dye ortedoVer; ot
if a State bepreferved or ruin'd 3 whether it be by Art 6f Atcident >
Therefore it often falls out, that the Impoftor bears away the Prize ^
Virtue the Cenfure. Nay, the weaknefs and credulity of men is fuch, As
they often prefer a Monntebank^^or Witch^before a Lekt'n^d Phyfician. There-
fore the Poets were cleat and quick-fighted, when they made jSfcida-
fi«x and CzVce, Brother and Sifter; both children of the Sun, asinth^
Verfes ; of JEfculapius the Suns Son,

^i^. ifeir; lUerepertorim Medicine talis, ^Artis,'

'• FulminePhKbigenamStygeas detrufitad'tindas'j

And likewife of Circe the Suns Daughter,

j{,;j^ Dives inaccejfosubi folis filialucos " '' ■•:•.«,..

Ajfiduo refonat cantu : teSifq'i fuperbis
Vrit odoratam noCfurna in Urmitia Cedrnm.

For in all times in the reputation' and opinion of the Multitti(!^3
Witches, and old Women, and Irtipoftors have been rival Conipeti-
tors with Phyficians ^and have even contended with them for the fanic
of Cures. And what I pray you follows ? Even this,that Phyfitians fay to
themfelves, as i'fl/fj^rdj^ exprefleth it upon a higher occafion, Ifiibefah

Ecclef.2. fo ffte^ as it befals to the fool, why f})ould I labour to be more wife .<* And

therefore I cannot much blame Phyficians , if they ufe commohly to

intend fome other Art, or Prafticc, which they fancy more than theit

Profeffion; For you (hall have of them Poets, Antiquaries, Criticks,

. jg Rhetoricians, Politicks, Divines, and in thefe Arts better fecn, than m.

7an.icien. their own profeffion. Nor doth this come to pals, as I fuppofe, be-
caufe (as a certain Declaimor againft Sciences , objects againft Phyfici-
ans) they have ever Converfant before their eyes fuch loathfome and
fad fpeftacles, that they mult needs retire their minds from thefe ob-
)ed:s, to fome other contemplations -, for as they are men , Uihil Hu-
mani afe alienum putent, but for this reafon, whereof we now fpeak 5
Namely, that they find, that Mediocrity, and excellency in their Art,
m&ksth no difference in profit or reputation towards their Perfons or For'

tunes.

Lib. IV. Of the Advancement of Learning. 1^21

tunes. For the vexations of fickncfs j the fvveetnefs of life 5 the flatte-
ry hope ^ the commendation of friends j maketh men to depend up-
on Phyficians with all their defefts : But if a man feriouOy weigh the
matterj thefe things rather redound to the imputation of Phyficians j
than their excufation ; who lliould not for thefe prejudices caft away
hope ; but encreafe their pains and diligence. For whofoever pleafeth
to excite and awake his obfcrvation, and a little look about him, (hall
eafily deprehend even from common and familiar examples, what a com*
mand and foveraignty the fubtilty and fliarpnefs of the underftanding
hath over the variety either of matter^or of the form of things. isSothing
is more variable than mens faces and countenances ; yet the memory re-
tains the infinite diftinftions of them : Nay, a Painter with a few fhells
of Colours •■) the benefit of his eye ; the habit of his imagination •■, and
the fteadinels of his hand 3 can imitate and draw with his pencil all
faces that are, have been, or ever (hall be 5 if they were brought before
him : Nothing more variable than mans voice 5 yet we can ealily difcerri
their differences in every particular perfon 3 nay, you (hall have a Buf-
foon, or a Pantomimus will render and expre/s to the life, as many as
he pleafeth. Nothingmorc variable than articulate founds ofrvords^ yet
men have found away to reduce them to a few Letters of the Alphabet.
And this is moft certain, that it is not the infufjiciency^ or incapacity of
mans mind 5 but rather the remote fianding , or placing of the object that
breeds thefe Alaz^cs^ and Incomprehenfions. For asthefenfea far off is
full of miftaking 3 but within due diftance errs not much 3 (b it is in
the under(tanding. For men ufe commonly to tal{e a proJpeCf of Nature
as from fome high Turret , and to view her a far ojfj and are too much
tik^n up vpith generalities^ whereas if they would vouchfafe to defcend and
approach nearer to particulars 3 and more exa&ly and confiderately bob in-
to things themfelves 3 there might be made a mote true and profitable difco-
very and comprehenfion. Novv the remedy of this error, is not alone this
to quicken orfirengthen the Organ ; but withal to go nearer to the object :
And therefore there is no doubt but if Phyficians, letting Generalities
go for a while , and fufpending their afl'cnt thereto, would make their
approaches to Nature , they might become Maftcrs of that Art^where-
of the Poet fpeaks,

Et quoniam variant morbi^ variabimus Aries $ q^-^ 5^.

MiUe malifpeeiesj millefalutis erunt. A, l.i. °

Which they ought the rather to endeavour becaufe the Philofophers
themfelves, upon the which Phyficians, whether they be Methodifts, or
ChymiftSj do rclye (/<?r Medicine not grounded t/pon Philofophy is a weal^
thing) are indeed very flight and fuperficial. Wherefore if too wide
Generalities, though true, have this defcft, that they do not well bring
men home to Aftion^ certainly there is greater danger in thofe Gene-
rals, which are in themfelves falfe, and in(lead of direfting to truth ,
miflead the mind into the by-paths of Error.

^ Medicine therefore (as we have feen) hitherto hath been fuch, as
hath been more profeiled, than laboured 3 and yet more laboured than
advanced j feeing the pains beltowed thereon, hath been rather in cir-

122 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. IV,

cle, than in progreffion. For I find mnch Iteration bntfrnall Addition in
Writers of that Faculty.

II. We will divide it into three Parts, which we will call the three
Duties thereof; The fi'rji is Confervation of Healthy fecond the Cure of Dif-
eafes -, the third Prolongation of Life.

§ But for this laft duty, Phylicians feem not to have acknowledg'd it
as any principal part of their Art 5 but have (ignorantly enough)
mingled and confounded it as one and the fame with the other two. For
they fuppofe, that if Difeafes be repelled before they fcize upon the
bodyi or be cured after they have furpriz'd the body ; that Prolonga'
Hon of Life muft naturally follow. Which though it be fo, without
all queftionjyet they do not fo exactly confiderjthat thefe two offices of
Conjervation and Curation^ only pertain to Difeafes 5 and to fuch PrO'
longation of Life alone, which is abbreviated and intercepted by Dif-
eafts ; But to draw out the thread of Life^ and to prorogue Death for a
feafon, which filently fteals upon us by natural refolutiouj and the A-
trophy of Age ; is an argument, that no Phyfician hath handled it ac-
Fatura, cording to the Merit of the fubjed. Neither let that fcruple trouble the
h'"% - ^'"^^ rf Men^ asiftf»sthing committedtothe difpenfation of Fate, and
ma. * the divine providince , vpere now by usfirfi repealed and commended to the
charge and office of Art. For without doubt Providence doth difpofe
and determine all kind of deaths whatfoever , whether they come of
violence, or from Difeafes, or from the courfe of Age ^ and yet doth
not therefore exclude Preventions and Remedies : For Art and humane
induftry do not command and rule Fate, and Nature ; but lerve and
adminifter unto them, ^nt of this part we (hall fpeak anon: Thus
much in the mean time by way of anticipation, left any fhould unskil-
fully confound this third office of medicine, with the two former, which
ufually hitherto hath been done.

§ As for the duty of prefervation of Health, the firft duty of the three,
many have written thereof, as in other points very impertinently, fo
(in our judgment) in this particular 5 in attributing too much to the
quality of meats, and too little to the quantity thereof; and in the quan-
tity it felf, they have dilcourfed like Moral Philofophers, exceffively
praifing Mediocrity j whereas hothfafling changed to cuftome, and fuU
feeding, to which a man hath inured himlelf, are better regiments of
health, than thofe Mediocrities which commonly enervate Nature, and
make her flothful, and impatient, if need fhould be, of any extremity,
excefs, or indigence. And for the divers kinds of Exercife, which much
conduce to the cenfervation of health, none of that profeffion hath well
diftinguilht orobferved, whereas there is hardly found any difpofitioa
to a di(ea(e, which may not be corrected by Ibme kind of exercife pro-
per to fuch an infirmity : As bowling is good againft the weaknels of
the Reins ; (hooting againft the obftruftion of the Lungs ; walking and
upright deport of the Body, againft the Crudities of the ftomach , and
for other difeafes other exercitations. But feeing this part touching
the confervation of health ^hzxh been in every point after a fort handled,
it is not our purpofe to purfue lefTer deficiencies.

HI. As concerning the cures of Difeafes j that is a Part of Medicine,
whereon much labour hath been beftovved, but with fmall profit. It
comprchendeth in it the k>' owl edge of Difeafes, to which mans body is

fubjeft

L I E. IV. Of the Advancement of Learning. 123

fubjeft, together with the C</;//f/5 Symptomcs^ znd Cttret thereof In
this fecond Duty of Medicine, many things are deficient, of thcle wc
will propound a few, which are more remarkable, which to enume-
rate without precipe order or Method, we fuppofe fufficient.

§ The jirjlis the difcoKtinuancc^ of that profitable and accurate dili- *
^cuce of H/ppocrates^ whofc cuftom was to fet down a W^rr.z/yz;t' of ^'-R-RA-
thefpecial cafes of his Patients, what the Medicament, what the event. ^j'°[^ic^
Therefore having (b proper and notable a precedent from himjWho was males.
accounted theFather of the Art, we fhall not need to alleage any ex-
ample forreign, fetcht from other Arts ^ as from the wifdom of the
Lawyers, with whom nothing is more ufual, than to fct down and en-
ter more notable cafes, and new dicifions, whereby they may the bet-
ter furnini and direft themfelvcs for the definition of future cafes.
wherefore I find this continuation of Medicinal Reports dcfilient^ fpeci-
ally digefted into one entire body , with diligence and judgement ,
which yet I underftand not to be made fo ample, as to extend to every
common cafe that daily falls out (for that were an infinite work, and to >
fmall purpofe) nor yet lb referved and contracted as to admit none,
but Prodigies and wonders, as many have done : for many things are
new in the nunner and circumftances of the thing, which are not new
in the l^nd j and he that (hall give his mind to obferve, fhall find many
things even in matters vulgar worthy obfervation.

§ So in Difquifitions Anatomical , the manner is , that thofe parts *
which pertain in general to Mans body, are moft diligently enquired amato-
and obferved even to a curiofity, and that in every leafl filet ; but as ^^'^ .
touching the variety vohich is found in divers bodies, there the diligence of raja.
Thyficjans fails. And therefore I grant that fimph Anatomy hath been
moft clearly handled 5 Comparative Anafomy , 1 define to be deficient.
For men have made a good enquiry into all the parts, and into their
confiftencies, figures, and collocations; but the divers figure, conditi-
on, and poflurc of thofe parts in divers men, they have not lb well ob-
ferved. The reafbn of this omifSon I fuppofe is no other than this,
that the firft inquiry may be fatisfied in the view of one or two Anato-
mies^ but the latter, being Comparative ^ndCz^yisA , mufl arife from
the attentive and exad obfervation of many Diffe&ions : and the firll
is a matter, wherein learned Profefibrsin their Ledtures, and the prefs
of fpeftators ftanding about them, may vaunt themfelves; but the fe-
cond kind of Anatomy, u a fevere knowledge, which mufl be acquired
by a retired fpeculation, and a long experience. Neverthelels, there
is no doubt but that the Figure and Strufture of the inward parts is ve-
ry little inferiour, for variety and lineaments, to the outward members,
and that Hearts and Livers, and Ventricles are as different in men, as are
either their Foreheads, or Nofes, or Ears.

(j And in thefe differences of inrvard parts, there are often found the
Caufcs continent of manv Difeafes 5 which Phyficians not obferving,
dofometime accufe the Humours which are not delinquent, the fault
being in the very Mechanick Frame of fome part. In the cure of which
Difeafes, to apply Alterative Medicines, is to no purpofe (bccaufe the
part peccant is incapable of fuch alteration,) but the matter mufV be
mended, and accommodated, or palliated by a prefcript Diet and
familiar Medicines. ^oXxWQVi'xf'Z 10 Comparative //wd/t?wj appertain ac-

Q_ 2 curate

124 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. IV.

curate obfervations, as well of all kind ofhumourSj asof the faotfteps
and impreffions of difeafes in divers bodies diflefted : for the Humours
in Anatomies are commonly paft by, as if they were fuperHuousPurga-
ments and Excrements j whereas it is a point very ufeful and necefla-
ry, to note of what nature, and of how various kinds there be of dif-
ferent humours (not relying herein too much upon the received. divifi-
ons,) which fometimes may be found in the body of Man , and in what
Cavities and Receptacles, every humour ufeth for moft part to lodge
and neftlcjand with what advantage or prejodrcu^and the like. In like
manner the Footjieps and Imprejjions of DJJeafes, and the lefions and de-
vaftations of the inward parts by them, are to be obferved with dili-
gence in divers Atiatomies j as impofthumes, ulcerations, fblutions of
continuity, putrefadions, corrotions, confumptions, luxations, diiloca-
tions, obftruftions, repletions, tumors 5 together with ail perttrnatural
excrefcencies, found in mans body (as ftones, carnolities, wen^j worms,
and the like 5) I fay all thele, and fuch other, iViouId be with great di-
ligence inquired, and dx^tiktAhyxh^t Comparative Anatv//i)^ whereof
wefpeak, and the experiments of many Phyficians collefted and col-
lated together. But this variety of Accidents^ is by Anatomifts, either
handled perfunftorily,oreire paft over in (ilence.

§ Touching that other defeB in Anatomy^ (niir/iely^ that it hath not been
hfed to be pracfifed upcn living bodies^') to what endlhould we fpeak of
it ? for this is an odious and an inhumane experiment , and by Celfuf
De Re juftly condemned ; yet notwithftanding, that obfervation of the Anci-
Mcdica. ents is true. That many Pores, Paflages and Pertufions, which are more
fubtile than the reft, appear not in Anatomical dijJeBiotis^ becaufe they
are (hut and latent in Dead Bodies 5 whereas they are open and mani-
feft in Live. Wherefore to eonfult both for ufe and humanity, this A-
natomia vivontntj is not altogether to be relinquifht, or referred (as
Celjusdixd) to the cafual infpeftions of Surgions, feeing this may well
be performed , being diverted upon the DiJJeBion of Beajij a-
livcj which , notwithftanding the diffirailitude of their parts with
mans, may ifufficiently fatisfie this enquiry, being done with judge-
ment.
* ^ Likevpife in their inquiry of Difeafes, they fii\d tniny Difeafes ivhich

DEciiPvA- ff}gy decern and judge to be incurable 5 fome, from thefirft accels of the
MoRBo- Difeafe, others, after (uch a certain period : fothat the Prolcriptions of
BiVoRaM L. Scylla^ and the Triumvirs^ were qothing to the ProfcnptioKs of Phyftci-
SA vab'i-" '^'"ri ^y which, by their moft unjuft Edi(3:3 5 they deliver over fo many
u-Mi. men to death 5 whereof numbers do efcape with Icfs difficulty, than
they did in the Roman Profcriptions. Therefore I will not doubt
to fet downzmong Deficient s a tPork,of the cures of Difeafes held incur a-
ble 5 that fo fome excellent Generous Profefl'ors in that faculty, may be
avvaktand ftirred up.tofet tothisvvork(rofar as the latent operations oi
Nature, by mans induftry, may be dilclofed) feeing this very (en-
tence of Pronouncing Difeafes to be incurable, enaftsa Law, as it were,
forOoath and negligence, and redeems ignorance from Discredit and
Infomy.
* § Nayfarjher, to inffi a little upon this Point, lefieem it the office of

THANA * Phjfician, not only to rejiore health, but to mitigate dolours, and tor-
?i\ FXTE- ments of Difeafes j and not only when fuch mitigation of pain, asof a

dangerous

L I B. I V. Of the Advancement of -Learning. 1 2 5

dangerous fymptome, may make and conduce to recovery '-, but even
when all hope of recovery being gone, it may ferve to make a fnir and
eafie pailagc out oflife. For it is no fmall felicity, which Augnjius Ca- Aug.'*"'''*
fur w.ts wont to xpiji} to htmfelf, thdtfavte Euthanafia ^ which wa;j alfo no-
ted in the Death oiAntonins Pifts^ who Teemed not fo much to dye, a^
to be caft into a fvveet and deep fleep. And it is written of Epjciims
that he procured this fame ealie departure unto himfelf, for after his,
difeafe was judged defperate, he drowned his ftomach and fenfcs with
a largedraught, and ingurgitation of wine ; whereupon the Epigraram

was made hinc Stygias ebrins hattftt aqnas. He took away by thefe Laer'-inf

draughts ofwiae, the hitter tafi of the Stygian miter. But in our times Epic^ro,
Phyficians make a kind of fcruple and nicety of it, to ftay with a pati-
ent after the difeafe is part hope of cure ; whereas in my judgment, if
they would not be wanting to their profeffion, and to humanity it felf,
they ought both to enquire the skill, and to give the attendance, for
the facilitating and ajftpaging of the P/tinr and Agonies of Death at their
departure. And this part, the enquiry de Euthanafta Exteriori, (which
we fo call to diftinguifti it from thn Enthanafia, oi fivcet-cdra Dying,
procured by a due preparation of the foul) we refer to the number ofDe-
ficients.

§ So in the Cures ofDifeaJes., I find generally this Dejiciencc 5 that the *
Phyficians of the time, though they do not impertinently purfue the ge- d e m e-
neral intentions and fcope of Cures --, yet for particular Receipts, which a v^ ^^ '^
by a kind of propriety refpccl; the cures of fpecihcal difeafes j either they y "/'i
do not well know them, or they do notr|JigJbufly obfervethem. For
the Phyficians have firuftrated and taken away the fruit of Traditions,
and approved experience, by their Magifiralities ^ in adding and taking
out, and changing ingredients of Receipts at their pleafure j and almoft
after the manner of Apothecaries, putting in ^id pro ^g j comman-
ding fo prefumptuoufly over iviedicine, as the iVJedicine can no longer
command the difeafe. For except Treacle^ and Mithridatiim^ and of
lite^Diofcordiun/^ andthe confeftion o^ Al\ermes^ and a kw more Me-
dicines j they commonly tie themfelves to no receipts feverely and
ftridly. For theconfeftions of fale, which are in the fhops, they are
in readinefs rather for general purpofes, than accommodate and proper
for particular cures 5 for they do not exaftly refer to any difeafe in fpe-
ciah but generally to the opening of obftruftions, comforting conco-
ction, altering Diftemperatures. And this is the caufe why Emperickj
and old women are more happy many times in their Cures, than Lear-
ned Phyficians^ becaufe they are faithful, aud fcrupulous in keeping
themfelves to the confeftion and compofition of approved Aledicines.
J remember that a Vhyfician with us here in England , famous for pra-
Gice, in religion half Jew, and almoft an Arabian for his courfe of ftu-
dy,wont to fay, your European Phyficians are indeed Learned men, but •
they ({notv not the Particular Cures of Difeafes. And the fame perfc»n u-
fed to jeft, but unrevercntly, faying, That our Phyficians rvcre like Bipnpj,
they had the Keys of binding and loofing, and nothing elfe. But to fpeak
the truth in earn- ft 5 in our opinion it would be a mjtter of good con-
(equence, if fome Phyficians of Note for Learning and Practice, would
comi^\\& a work^of Probations, and experimented Medicines for the cure
nf Particular Difeafes. For that any man, induced by fome fpecious rea-

fon

126' Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . i V.

r_-" , : .

fon, Qiould be ofopinion, that it is the part of a learned Phyfician (rc-
fpefting the compledtions of Patients, their Age, the fealon of the year,
Cuftoraes and the like, rather to accommodate his Medicines as occafi-
ons fuggeft, than to infift upon Tome certain Prefcripts, is a deceivable
aiiertion, and which attributes too little to experience, too much to
judgment. Certainly asintheftate of Rome they were the men moft
ufeful, and of the belt corapofition, which either being Confuls favou-
red the People, or being Tribunes inclined to the Senate : So in the mat-
ter we now handle, they be the beft of Phvficians, which either in
their great Learning, do much value the Traditions of Experience ^ or
being, famous for Practice, defpife not Methods and Generalities of Art.
y4j for qual/Ji'cations of Medicines (if at any time that be expedient) they
are rather to be praftis'd upon the DifFerents of Phyfick, than incor-
porated into the Receipt, wherein nothing (hould be innovated with-
out apparent neceffity. wherefore this Part -which handlcth Authentick^
and Pofuive Medicines^ we report as Deficient : but it is a matter not
to be attempted or undertaken without a fharp and piercing judgment ,
and as it were, in a Synod of feleft PhyGcians.
T^?o^^' § Alfo in the Preparations of Medicines \ do find it ftrange(fpecially
1}\^J^ \, confiderina: how Mineral Medicines have been fo extolled, and celebra-
na'tu- ted by Chymifts ^ and tiiat they are fafer for the outward than inward
UM. Fans) that no raan hitherto hath endeavoured by Art to imitate Natural

Bathsy and Medicinable Fountains ^ and yet it is confeded that thofe
Baths and Fountains receive their virtues from mineral veins through
which they paG : and ftr jpanifeft proof hereof mans indultry knows
well how to difcernand diltinguiih from what kind of ^i^nerals fuch
waters receive their tinftures, as whether from Sulphur j Vitriol i Steel,
or the like: rehich natural tinHure of upaters, if it may be reduced to
compofitions of Art, it would be in mans power, both to make more
kinds of them, as occafion required 3 and to command, atpleafore, the
temperament thereof Therefore this Part of the imitation cj hUture in
Artificial Baths (a thiag without queftion both profitable andeafieto
be done) we take to be Deficient.
^ (j But lejl I fiiouldpurfue Particulars more pecifely^ than is agreeable

FiLUM to our intention, or to the proportion of this Treatife j Iwillclofeand
MEDICI- conclude this Part witha note of one Defjcience more, which feems to
us to be of great confequence , which is, that the Prejcripts m ufe are too
compendious to efftci any notable or difficult cure. For in cur judgment
it is a more vain and fiattering, than true opinion, to think that any
AJedicine can be fo fbvereign, or fo happy, as that the fimple ufe there-
of fnould be of force fufBcient for forae great cure. It were a llrange
fpeech which fpoken, or fpoken oft, (hould reclaim a man from a vice
deeply rooted and inveterate, certainly it is far otherwife : But it is
• order, Vurjuit^ Sequence^ Artificial interchange^ that are potent and
mighty in nature : Which although they require more exaft judgment
in prefcribing '-, and more precife obedience in obferving, yet this is
amply recompcuced in the greatnefs of efFefts. And although a man
would think, by the daily diligence of Phyficians, their Vifitations,
Seffions, md Prefcriptions, which they perform tothefick j that they
did painfully purfuc the Cure ; and go on in a certain courfe : Yet let
amanexaftly look into their prefcripts, and miniflrations, he (hall find

many

Lib. IV. Of the Advancement of Learning. 127

many of them full of wavering, inconftancy, and every days devilcs 5
and iuch as came into their minds without any certain, or ad vifed courfe
of Cure. For they JJjotilcl even from the beginnitigj ajier they have made
afMllandpcrfe&dijcoVfryofthedifeafCy meditate and refolve upon an or-
derly fequcnce of Cure ^ and not without important reafons depart there-
from. And let Phyficians know for certain, that (for example) three
perchance, or four receipts, are rightly prefcribed for the Cure of fome
greatdifeafe; which taken z« due order ^ and in due /paces of time
perform the Cure '-3 vchichif they were taken ftngk^ or hythemfelves alone^
or if the Courfe ware inverted^ or the entervals of time not obfcrved^ would
be hurtful. Nor is it yet our meaning that every (crupuJous andfuper-
ftitious way of Cure in eftimation (hould be the beft , no more thaa
that every ftreight way is the way to Heaven, but that the way fhould be
right as well as ftreight and difficult. And this Part which we call Fi^
lum Medicinale we let down as Deficient. So thefe are the Parts which
in the Knowledge of Medicine, touching the cure of Difeafes, arc defi-
deratc, (avethat there remains yet one part more of more u(e than all
the other, v/hich is here wanting, A true and Active natural Philofo-
phy, upon which the fcience of Medicine fjould be built : but that belongs
not to this Treatife.

IV. The third part of Medicine we have fet down to be that of the ^JJ'c^av.'
Prolongation of Life, which is a part new and Deficient, and the moft do cur.-'
noble of all: For if any fuch thing may be found out, Medicine (hall vit^>
not be praftis'd only in the impurities of Cures, nor ftiall Phyficians be
honour'd only for Neceffity, but for a gift, the greateft of earthly Do-
nations tljat could be confer'd on mortality, whereof men, next under
God, may be the Di(penfers and Adminiftrators. For although the world
to a Chrijiian man, travelling to the land of Promife, be as it were a wil-
dernefi, yet that ourfijooes andvejiments (thas is our Body, which is as
a coverture to the foul^) be lej^ worn away while we fojourn in this wil-
dernefi, is to be tjicemcd a gift coming from the divine goodnefi. Now
becaufe this is one of the choiceft parts of Phyfick, and that we have
let it down amongft Deficients, we will after our accuftomed manner
give fome Admonitions, Indications, and Precepts thereof.

§, Firji we advertije, that of Writers in this Argument there is none
extant that hath found out any thing of worth, that I may not fay,any
thing found touching this fubjedt. Indeed Arijiotk hath left unto po-
fterity a fmall brief Commentary of this mattery wherein there is fome
acutenels, which he would have to be all can befaid, as his manner is : Delongi-
But the mote recent Writers have written fo idly, and fuperftitiouOy up- tud-&
on the point, that the Argument it felf, through their vanity, is re- ^'"'''^'^'•.
puted vain and fenflefi,

§ Secondly, we advert ife, that the intentions of Phyficians touching
this Argument are nothing worth : and that they rather lead men a-
way from the point, than direft them unto it. For they difcourle that
Death is a defiitutiott of Heat and Moijiure, and therefore natural heat
ffiffuld be comforted and radical moijiure cherifijt j as if it were a matter , ^ . . .
to be efFeded by Broaths, or Lettuces, and Mallows, or * Jujubs, or p^,)!^, '^
fine Wafer-cakes, or elfe with hot fpices, generous wine, orthe/pirits
of wine, or chymical oyls 5 all which do rather hurt, than help.

§ Thirdly, we admonifh men that they ceafe to trifk, and that they

be

128 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i e. IV.

be not fo credulous as to think that fuch a great work as this is, to retard
and turnback^ the conrfc of Nature, may be brought to perfeftionby a
morning draught, or theufe of (bme precious Receipt 5 no not with
Aurum Potabile, or the (ubftances of Pearls, or fuch like toys^ but that
they take it for a grounded truth , that the Prolongation of Life ^ is a
' great work, and which confifts in many kinds of Receipts^ and of an
orderly courfe and connexion of them: And let no man befoftupid
as to believe , that what never yet was done^ can be now effeCfed, but by
means yet never attempted.

Fonrthly, weadmonifli men, that they rightly obfetve and diftingufh
touching tho(e Receipts which conduce to a healthful life, and thofe
which confer to a /t?*^ /;/e. For there are many things which exhila-
rate the fpirits, ftrengthen the aftive powers of nature, repel difeafes,
which yet fubduft from the fum of life , and without ficknefs accele-
rate aged Atrofhie. And there are other Receipts which conduce to
the Prolongation of life, and the retardation of the Atrophic of old-age 5
but yet are not us'd without hazard of health : So that they who ufe
thefe remedies {ot the prorogation of life, muft likewife provide againft
fuch inconveniences as upon their ufage may unexpeftedly fall out. And
thus much by way of Admonition.

§ As for Indications, the image, or Idea we have conceiv'd in our
mind hereof, is this : Things are conferv'd and continued two ways 3
either in their own Identity, or by Reparation. In their proper Identic
ty, as a Fly or an Ant in Amber ; a Flower, an Apple or Wood in Con«
iervatories of Snow ; a dead corps in Balfam. By Reparation, as in
Flame, and Mechanicks. He that goes about the work of Prolonga-
tion of Life , muft put in praftice both thcfe kinds, ("for difunited ,
their ftrength jsweakned) and Mans body muft be conferv'd after the
lame manner inanimate Bodies are conferved ; and again, as Flame is
conferved ^ and laftly, even as Alechanickj axe conferved. Wherefore
there are three intentions for the Prolongation of Life 3 . the Retardation
of Confumption ; the Integrity of the Reparation , and the Renovation
of that which begun to decay and grow old. Confumption is caus'd by
two Depredations, Depredation of innate Spirit ; and Depredation of
ambient Air. The refiftence of both is two»foId, either when the A-
gents fthat is, the fucc and moiftures of the Body ) become lefs Pre-
datory j or the Patients aremadelefs depredable. The Spirit is made
]e(s Predatory, if either it be condenfed in fubftance, as in the ufe of
Opiates, and nitrous application, and in contriftations 3 or bedimi'
nificd in ^antity, as in fpare, Pythagorical or Monaftical Diets : or
is fweetned and refreflH with motion, as in eafe and tranquility. Am-
bient Air is made le^ Predatory , either when it is lefs heated with the
beamsofthe Sun, as in colder Countries s in Caves, in Hills, and in"
the Pillars or Stations of Anchorites 5 or when it is repell'd from the
Body, as in dens-clofe skin 3 in the Plumage of birds, and the ufe of
oyland unguents without Aromatick ingredients. Thejuyce and fuc-
culencics of the Body, are made Icis depredable, if either they be
made more indurate, or more dewy, and oyly: Indurate as in aujiere
courfe Diet 5 in a life accujiomed to cold, hy Jirong exercifes , by certain
Alincral Baths : Rofcide or dewy, as in the ufe of SvTeet-meats, and
abftinence from MeatSj Salt and Acid 3 but efpecially in fuch a mix-
ture

L I B . I V. Of the Advancement ofL earning. 129

ture of drinks, as is of parts very tenuious and fubtil , and yet with-
out all acrimony or tartnefs. Reparation is clone by Aliments , and Ali-
mentation is promoted four ways; By theConco&ion of the invcardPartt
for the fending forth of the nourilhment 5 asm Confortatives of the
Principal Bowels '■> by Excitation of the outvpard parts^ for the attrafti-
on of nourifliment^as in due exercifes and frications 5 and Come kind of
Unftions and appropriate Baths-^^by preparation of the Aliment itfelf-^ that
it may more eafily infinuate it felf , and in a fort anticipate Digeftions,
as in divers and artificial kinds ofjeafoning meat^ minglingdrinl^^^ leaven'
ing breads and reducing the virtues of all thefe three into one 5 by com-
forting^ the laft aft of AJjimiUtion, as in feafonable feep^ and outward
or Topick^ Applications : the Renovation of that which began to wax old,
is performed two ways, either by inteneration of the habit of the body
it felf, as in the ufe of fuppling or foftning applications by Baths , em-
plaifters and unftions, of fuch quality as may foak or infinuate into the
parts, but not extract from it 5 or by expurgation of the old moijiure,
andjiibJiitHtion of new moiftttre^ as in feafonable and often purging j let-
ting of blood 3 attenuating Diets, which reftore the Flower of the
Body, andfo much for Indications.

^ As for Precepts, although many of them may be deduced from the
Indications, yet we thought good to fet down three of the moft prin-
cipal. Firji, we give in Precept that the Prolongation of Life, muft be
expefted from a prefcript (et Diet, rather than from any familiar regi-
ment of Food, or the excellency of particular Receipts ; for whatfo-
ever are of Cnch virtue, as they are able to make nature retrograde, are
commonly more ftrong and potent to alter, than that they can be com-
pounded together in any Medicine , much lefs be intermingled in fa-
miliar food. It remainQherefore that fuch Receipts be adminiftred
regularly, and fucceflively, and at fet appointed times, returning itr
certain courfes;

^ Our fecond Precept is, that the Prolongation of life be expe&ed, ra^
ther from working upon fpirits, and from a malacijfation or inteneration
of Parts, than from any kinds of Aliment or order of Diet. For feeing
the Body of Man, and. the Frame thereof (leaving afide outward ac-
cidents_) three ways becomes Paffive , namely, frem the fpirits 3 front
the parts -y and from aliments 5 the way oi prolongation of life, by mean?
of aliment is a long way about , and that by many ambages and cir-
cuits ; but the ways by working upon the fpirits, and upon the parts,
are more compendious , and fboner brings us to the end defired; be-
caufe the fpirits are fuddenly moved , both from vapours and pafH-
ons, which work ftrangely upon them : and the Parts, by Baths, Un-
guents, Emplaifters , which in like manner make way by fudden im-
preffions.

(j Our third Precept is, that Malacijfation or inteneration of Parts by
outward Topickj, muji be performed by applications Conftibjiantial , Pene-
trating, and Stringent. Confubftantials are willingly entertained with
a kindly imbrace, and properly intenerate and fupple. Penetrating
and infinuating remedies are theDeferents, as it were, of Malaciflant
and mollifying qualities, and convey more eafily and impreffedly the
virtue thereof, and do themfelves (bmewhat expand and open the
Parts. ReHringents keep in the virtue of them both, and for a time

R fix

120 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. I V.

fix it, and alfo cohibite and reprefs perfpiration 5 which is a thing re-
pugnant to Malacijjation orfttpplingy becaufe it fends forth the moifture 5
wherefore by thefe three (but difpofed in order, and fucceeding than
intermixt) the matter is effefted. In the mean time we give this ca-
veat, that it is not the intention of iWi«/4f7^<«/zw? by outward Topicks
to nouri(h Parts ; but only to render them more capable of nourilh-
ment : for whafoever is more dry, is lefs aftive to affimilate. And thus
much of the prolongation of life, which is a third part newly aliigned to
Medicine.

§ Come we vow to Cofmetich^medicaments^ or the Art of Decoration^
which hath indeed, parts Civil, and parts effeminate. For cleannefs,
and the civil beauty of the Body was ever efteemed to proceed from a.
modefty of behaviour, and a due reverence in the firfl place towards
God, whofe creatures we are, then towards fociety, wherein we live 5
and then towards our felves, whom we ought no left, nay, much more
to revere, than we do any others. But that Adulterate decoration by
Fainting and Cerufs , it is well worthy of the imperfedions which at-
tend it j being neither line enough to deceive, nor handlbme to pleafe,'
nor fafe and wholfome to ufe. And it is a wonder that this corrupt cu-
Itom of painting, hath fo long efcaped penal Laws, both of the Church
and of the State 5 which yet have been very fevere againft the excef^
live vanity of Apparel, and the effeminate trimming of hair. IFe read
aRee.o ^"deed of ]efib.el that Jhe painted her face j but of EQihev and ]aditbj na
fuch matter is reported.

§ Let us proceed to Athletic^, which we take in a fomewhat more
large fence than ufually it is. For to this we refer any point oi Ability ^
whereunto the body of man may be brought , or any aptjuide there-
to, whether it be of ASivity, or of PatiencM whereof AlSivity hath
two parts, Jirength and fwiftnefs ; and patience likewife h:,th two part9j
Indurance of Natural wants, and Fortitude in torments. Of all thefq
we fee many times notable Inftances in the pradice of Tumblerii; in the
hard fare of fbme Salvages, in the wonderful ftrength ofLunaticksj
and in the conftancy of many in the midfl of exquifite torments. Nay,
if there be any other faculty , which falls not within (as in thofe that
Dive, that obtain a ftrange power of containing Refpiration, and the
likej we refer it to this part. And that fuch things may fbmetimes be
done, is moft certain ; but the Phijofbphy and enquiry of caufes touch-
ing them, is commonly negleded , for this reafbn, as we fuppofe, be-
caufe men are perfwaded, that fuch mafteries and commands over Na-
ture, are obtained either by a peculiar inbred aptnefs of fbme men,
which falls not within the rules of difcipline ^ or from a continual cu-
ftom from childhood, which rather is commanded than taught. Which
though it be not altogether fb true , yet to what end fhould we note
any Dcficience } for the Olympick,games are down long fince 5 and a me-
diocrity in thefe things is enough for ufe, but an excellency in them
ferveth commonly but for Mercenary oftentation,

§ In the lafi place we come to Arts of Vleafure : They, as the fenfes to
which they refer are of two kinds , Fainting delights the eye, efpeci-
ly, with an infinite number offiich Arts appertaining to Magnificence a-
bout Buildings, Gardens, Garments, VefTels, Cups, Gemras, and the
like. Muful{ delights the car , which is fet out with fuch variety and

preparation

fH

L i b. I V^ Of the Advancement of Learning, i o i

prcparauonof Voices j Airs and Inftruments. In ancient tirde water-
Iiiftruments were efteemed the chief Organs of that Art which now are
alaiol' thrown out of u(e. Theje Arts belonging to the eye and the ear ,
are [ rincipaiJy above the rc(t accounted Liherulj thefc two fenfes are
more chalte; the Sciences thereof more learned, as having in their
train the Matheniatick Art as their Hand- maid : So the one is rcferr'd
to Memory and Demonftrations ^ the other unto Manners^and the Paf-
fions of I he Mind, The dehght of the other (enfcs and the Arts about
which they are converfant , are in lefs reputation and credit, as draw-
ing nearer to fenfuality than magnificence. Unguents; Odors •■, Dain-
ties ; Delicious fare, and Incitements to Lufts 5 need rather a Cenfbr
to reprefs them , than a Doflror to inftruft them. And it is well ob-
ferved by fome. That while States and Commonwealths have been in
their growth and rifing^ Arts military have fouript :y when they have been
fetled andjioodata height, Arts liberal ; and drawing to their declenjion
and ruin. Arts voluptuary. And it is to be fear 'd that this age of the
world being (bmewhat upon the defcent of the wheel, inclines to /4rf/
voluptuary : Wherefore we pals them over. With Arts voluptuary I
couple Pra&icet Joculary ; for the deceiving of the fenfes, may be fet
down as one of the delights of the (enfes.

§ And now we have gone through the Knowledges concerning the Body
of mm (Phyjick^^Cofmetick^^ Athletickj3indi Voluptuary) weadmonifh thus
much by the way; that feeing (b many things fall into confideration
about the Body of man, zs Parts, Humours, Fun&ions, Faculties, Acci-
dents ••, and feeing (if we could aptly do it) an entire Body (hould be
ma 1e touching the Body of man , which might comprehend allthefe,
(like to that of the knowledge of the Soul, whereof we (hall fpeak anon)
notwichftanding left Arts (hould be too much multiplied, • or the anci-
ent Limits of Arts tranfpos'd, more than need muftj we receive into
the Body of Medicine, the knowledge of the Parts of mans Body , of
Fun3ions, of Humours 5 of Rejfpiration, of Sleep 5 of Generation ; of the
fruit of the Womb, of Gejiation in the Womb 5 of Growth ; of the flower
^j-'^g^h of what Hairs --i of Impinguation, and the like; although they
do not properly pertain to thofe three duties o£ Confervation of Health ;
Cure of Difeajes'-y Prolongation of Life : But becau(e mans body is every
way the Subjeft of Medicine. As for voluntary motion, and (enfe, we
refer thetn to the knowledge concerning the Soul^ as two principal Parts
thereof And (b we conclude the knowledge which concerns mans Body,
which is but the Tabernacle of the Soul,

R 2 Chap.

132 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. IV.

Chap. III.

i. The Partition of Humane Phiiofofhy co'ncermng the Mind , into
knowledge of the i-nfpiredEffence , and into the knowledge of the fen-
fible^or frodH&edSonl. ^ h ikcotxd. ?7iXnnoxx o^ the fame Philofo-
phy, into the knowledge of the SnbSiance and Faculties of the Souly
and the knowledge of the ufe and obje&i of the Faculties. If. Two
Appendices of th knowledge concerning the Faculties of the Soul.
§ The k^nowledge of Natural Divination ; ^ And the knowledge of
Fafcination. III. The Diftribution of the Faculties of the fenfiblt
Soul, fj Into Motion j and § into Senfe.

I. '^"^Or' let us proceed to the Knowledge which concerns the Mind or
i\»' Soul of man , out of the treafures whereof all other Know-
ledges are extra&ed. It hath two Tarts, the one entreateth of the Rea-
fonable Soul, which is a thing Divine 5 the other of the nnreafonable Soul,
vehich is common to us with Beajis. We have noted a little before
(where we fpeak of Forms) thofe two different Emanations of Souls ,
which in the firft Creation of them both , offer themfelves unto our
view, that is, that one hath its original from the Breath of God '-^ the
other from \\\t Matrices of the Elements , for of the Primitive Emana-
tion of the Rational Soulj thus fpeaks the Scripture, Deus formavit

Gen.2. hominem de limo terr£^ ^ fpiravil in faciem ejusfpiraculum vita : But
the Generation of the unreafonable Soul , or of Beafts , was accora-

€«n.i. plilht by thefe words i Producat Aqua^Producat Terra: And this irra-i
tional Soul, as it is in man, is the fnftrument only to the Reafonable
Soulj and hath the fame original in us, that it hath in Beafts 5 namely,
from thejlime of the earth ; for it is not faid God form' d the Body of man,
of thejlime of the earth , but God formed man, that is the whole maa
that Spiraculum excepted. Wherefore we will ftile that part of the gene-
ral knowledge concerning^z*</«/y^«/, the knowledge of the fpiracle, or
injpircdfubjlance 5 and the other if'art, the knowledge of the Scnfible
or ProduB Soul. And feeing that hitherto we handle Philo(bphy only
f placing facred Thcologie in the dole of this work) we would not have
borrowed this Partition from Divinity , if it had not here concurr'd
with the Principles of Philofophy. There are many and great Precellencies
of the foul of man ^ above the fouls of bea^s , evident unto tho(e who
philofophize even according to fenfe : And wherefbever the concur-
rent Charafters of fuch great excellencies are found, there fhould e-
ver, u^Don^ood reaibn, be taiden-fpecijick. Difference. Wherefore we
do not altogether fo well allow the Philofophers promifcuous, and con-
fu(e Difcourfes touching the Fun&ions of the Soul , as if the Soul of man
was differenced gradually. rather than fpecifickl)/ '-, from the foul of Beajis ;
no otherwife than the Sun amongft the Stars , or Gold amongft
Metals.

§ There remains another partition alfo to be annexed to the Knowledge
in General concerning the foul or mind of man, before we fpeak at large
of the kinds: For what we (hall (peak o{ the fpecies hereafter, cora-

prehendetb

SUB-

L I B. I V. Of the Advancement of Learning, i ^ ^

prehendeth both the partitions^ as well that which we havefet down
already, as this which we fhall now propound. Wherefore thcjecoad
Partition may be, into the kjiovcledge concernivg the Sttbjlance ami Facul'
ties of the Soul j and into the knowledge concerning the nfe and objeCtt
of the Faculties.

§ This two-fold Partition of the Soul thus premis'd, let us now come
unto the fpecies or kinds.The knowledge of the Spiraculnvi^or infpif-ed
Effence, asthat concerning the fubftance oftheReafonable Soul, com-
prehends thefe Inquiries touching the Nature thereof, as whether, it
be Native, or Adventive ^ Separable, or Infeparable ; Mortal, ox Im-
mortal •-, how far it is tied to the Lares of Matter, hovpfar, not, and the
lik,ei What other points foever there are of this kind, although they
may be more diligently, and fbundly inquired even in Philolophy,
than hitherto they have been ; yet for all this, i,i our opinion, they
muft be bound over at laft, unto Religion, there to be determined and
defined 5 for otherwife they ftill lye open to many errors and illufions
of fenfe. for feeing that thefubjlance of the Sonl voas not deduced and ex- oT,sf
trailed in her Creation from the Maf^ of Heaven and Earth, but immedi- My««n-
ately injpiredfrom God-j and feeing the Laws of Heaven and Earth are the "™'
properjubjc&s of Philofophy j how can the l{nowledge of thefubjiance of the
Reafonable Soul be derived or fetch' d from PhHofdphy ? But it muji be drawn
from the fame infpiration from whence the fnbtlance thereof fir H flow-
ed.

§ The Knowledge of the fenjble or produced Soul, as touching the de
lubftance thereof is truly enquired into, but this enquiry (eems tons to an^^'^*
be Deficient: For what makes thefe terms o£ A& us Vltimus 5 and Forma sensisj-
Corporis-j and fuch like wild logical Univerlalities, to the knowledge of ^"^
the Souls fubftance ? For the fenfibleScul,0T the (bul ofBeafts^muft needs
be granted, to be a Corporalfubjiance attenuated by heat and made Invi'
ftblei if^y^ athin gentle gale of wind fwell'd and blown up from fomi fla-
my and airy Nature, indeed with the foftnefl of Air to receive iwprejjion,
and with the vigor of fire to embrace adion^, nourifljed partly by an oily,
partly by a watery fub/iance 5 fpread over the Body ; reftding (in perfeCi
Creatures) chiefly in the head ^ running through the nerves^ refrepH and
repair d by the fpirituous blood of the Arteries , as Bernardinus Telcfius, and Tele, de
his Scholar, Augujiinus Donius in forae points, not altogether unpro- i^"." q^J.*
fitably, have delivered it. Let there be therefore made a more dili-
gent enquiry touching this knowledge, and the rather for that this
point, not well underftood hath brought forth fuperftitious and very
contagious opinions, and raoft vilely abafing the Dignity of thcfiul
of man 5 of Tranfmigration of fouls out of one body into another ; and Lu-
Jirations of fouls by Periods of years '-, and finally afthe too near affinity in
every point of the foul of man, with the fouls ofbeajis. This foul in Bcafis
is a principal foul^ whereof the body of Beafts is the Organ 5 but in man
this foul is it (elf an Organ of the Soul Rational and may rather be called
by the appellation oia.Spirit, thzaot a. Soul. And thus much of the
fubjlance of the Soul.

§ The Faculties of the Soul are well known, tobeVnderffanding^ Rea-
fon--^ Imagination •■) Memory:, Appetite'--, Will, and all thofe Powers, a-
bout which the Sciences of Logick and Ethick^zre converfant. But in the
knowledge concerning the foul, the Original of thefe Faculties ouqht to be

handle(f

MUS.

1^4 ^f ^^^^ Advancement of Learning, L i b . I V.

handled, and that Fhyfically, as they are connatural with the Soul,
and adhere to it : Only their w/c/ and objects aredefigned toother Arts.
And in this pare (in our opinion) there hath been no extraordinary per-
formance hitherto ^ although we do not report it 2ii Deficient.

II This Part touching the faculties of the <S"(5»/hath troo Appendices^
which as they have been handled have rather prefented us with fmoak,
than any lucid flames of truth j one of thefe is the Knowledge o^Natu-
ral D:vin.ttion 5 the other of Fa'cination.

§ Divination hath been anciently and fitly divided into two Parts ,
Artificial and Natural. Artificial by arguing from the Indication of
figns, collects a FrediSion : N<j^«rd/ from the internal Divination of
the mind without the affiftance of fignSj makesa Prefage. Artificial i-s
of trvo forts ; one argueth from Caujes , the other from Experiments on-
ly, by a blind way of Authority ; which later is for themofb partfu-
perftitious, ftich as was the Heathen Difcipline upon the infpe&ion of
the Inirals of Eeajis-f the Flight of Birds j and the like: Sothefbleratl
Aftrology of the Chaldeans was little better. Both the kinds of Arti-
ficial Divination are diftributed amongft divers Sciences. The Art ro-
ioger hath his Predictions from the (ituation of the ftarsi the Phyfici-
an hath his rre^/(?7^»/, of the approach of Death; of Recovery; of
enfuing Symptomesof Difeafes; frpm Urines; PuKes; afpeft ofPati-
8ali;ft. in ents, and the like. The Politick hath his rr£<^/ff/<>»/; O urbemvana'
J'.igurth. lemd'^ cito perituratn^ (i emptorem invenerit. The truth of which Pro-
phefie ftaid not long, being firft accomplifht in Sj/l/a, after in C<efar,
Wherefore Predictions of this Nature are not pertinent to theprefent
purpofe, but are to be referred over to their proper Arts. But the
Divination Natural, which fpringeth from the internal Power of the
Soul, is that which we now fpeak of. This is of two forts, the one Na-
tive ; the other by Influxion. Native is grounded upon this fuppofition,
that the mind when jt is withdrawn and coUe&edinto itfelf, and not dif-
fufed into Organs of the Body, kath from the natural Tower of its own Ef-
fence, fome Prenotion of things future. And this appears raoft in fleep;
Extafies ; Propinquity of Death , more rare, in waking, or when the
Body is healthful and ftrong. And this ftate ofthe mind is commonly
procured and furthered by abftinencies, and thofe obfervances which
do moft of all retire the Mind unto it felf from the praCtick functions of
the Body : that thus redeem'd from the incumbrances of exterior ingage-
ments, it may poflefs and enjoy its own Nature. But Divination by In-
fiuxion is grounded upon another fuppofition, That the Mind as a Mir-
ror or Glafsf/jouldtake afecondary kj^d, of illumination from the fore-know-
ledge of God and Spirits'^ unto which the fame at ate and Regiment ofthe
Body which was to thefirji, doth likewife conduce. For the fame feque-
ftration ofthe mind caufeth it more feverely to employ its own Eflencc 5
and makes it more fufceprive oi Divine Influxions : fave that the foul,
in Divinations by tnflu&ion is rapt With a kind of fervency and irapati-
ency, as it were ofthe Deity, wherewith it is pofleft (which the An-
cients noted by the name offacred Fury ; but in Native Divination, the
mind is enfranchis'd and neerer to a repofe rather, and an immunity
from labour. •

^ FajcinatioM is the Power and intenfive A^ of the Imagination upon
the Body of another^ (for ofthe Power ofthe Imagination upon the Body

of

L I B. I V. Of the Advancement of Learning. i:>^

of the imaginant, we have fpoken before). In this kind the fchool of
Paracelfus^ and the Difciples of pretended fV^/z/r^/yT/^^/V^, haVe been
fp intemperate, as they haveonly not equall'd the force and apprehen- faffl'.*"^"'
^onoixhQ Imagination, with thePowtr of viiracle-tt^orkJKg fait/j. O-
thers, drawing nearer to the fimilitude of truth, when they had more ^'°f^
intentively confidered the fecret energies and impreffions of things 3 ^""
the Irradiations of the fenfes 3 the tranfmiffions of cogitations from Bo-
dy to Eody 3 the conveyances of Magnetick virtues •-, came to be of o-
pinion, that much more might fuch impreflions. Informations j and
Communications be made, from fpirit to fpirit , being that a fpirit of
all other things is more powerful and ftrong to work, and more foft and
penetrable to fuffer ; whence the conceits have grown, made almoft
popular, of the Maftering fpirit , of men ominous and unlucky 5 of the
ftrokes of love and envy j and of others of like Nature. Incident un-
to this, is the enquiry, Horp the Imagination may be intended and fortifi-
ed^ F^or if the Imagination fortified be of fuch great power, then it is
material to know by what ways it may be exalted, and made greater
than it felf ? And here comes in crookedly, and as dangeroufly a Palli-
ation and Defence of a great part of Ceremonial Magjck. For it may be
a Ipecious pretence, that Ceremonies, Charafters^ Charms 5 Gefticu-
lations 5 Amulets, and the like, do rvor^ not by any tacit or facramcn-
tal contraS ivitb evil fpirit s 5 butferve onlytojtrengthen and exalt thei-
tff agination of him that nfeth them 5 even as the nfe of Images in religion
hath pr^vail'dfor the fixing of mens minds in the Contemplation of things^
and the raifing of the devotion of them that Pray. But for my own judg-
ment, if it be admitted, that the force of Imaginant ion is fo Potent, and
that Ceremonies exalt and fortifie that Power j and be it granted, that
Ceremonies are ufed fincerely to that intention, and as a Phylical Re-
medy, without the leafl: thought of inviting the affiftance of Spirits by
them j yet for all this, I ftiould hold them unlawful, becaufe they im-
pugn aud contradidt that divine Edidi pafs'd upon man for fin, Infw
dore vultus comedes panem tnum. For this kind of /T/j^/V^ propounds
thofe noble fruits, (which God hath fet forth to be bought at the price
of Labour) to be purchased by a few eafieand llothful obfervan- *"'^'
ces,

III. There remain two knowledges, which refer fpecially to the Fa-
culties of the inferior or fenfible Soul, ,as thofe which do mod Communi-
cate with, corporal Organs , the one is of Voluntary Alotion, the other
of fe nfe and fenjibility.

§ In the former of thefe the Inquiry hath been very fupefficial, and *
one entire part almoft quite left out. For concerning the office and apt ms'sp/*
fabrick of the Nervs and Mufcles, and of other parts requifite to this motu^^
Motion, and which part of the Body refts whilft another is moved, and t°r^^'*
that the Governour and Chariot-driver, as it were, of this motion, is
the Imagination ; lb as difmiffing the Image to which the Motion was car-
ried, the Motion it felf is prefently intercepted and arrefted (as when
we walk, if another ferious and fixed thought come into our mind, we •
prefently ftand ftill) and many other fuch fubtilties not to be (lighted,
have now long ago come into Obfervation and Enquiry. Andhoiv Com-'
pi-ejjions, and Dilatations, and Agitations of the Spirit (which without
(jucftion is the fpring of /T/(?//tf», (hould incline, excite, and enforce

she

136 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. IV.

the corporal and ponderous Mafs of the Parts, hath not yet been enqui-
red into, and handled with diligence •■, and no marvail, feeing the fen-
fible foul it felf hath been hitherto taken for an entelechie^ 01 Jelf'tnoving
Faculties and fome Funftion, rather than a fubftance. But now it is
known to be a corporal and materiate Subftance , it is neceflary to be
enquired, by what efforts fuch a pufil and a thin foft air flbould put in
motion, fuch folid and hard bodies. Therefore feeing this part is De-
fcient let enquiry be made thereof.

^ But ofjenfe andjenjibility there hath been made a far more plenti-
ful and diligent enquiry, both in General Trcctifes about them, and in
Particular Sciences 5 as in Perfpc&ive, and Mufick^-^ how truly, is not
to our purpofe to deliver. Wherefoie we cannot (et them as Deficients :
Notn>itf.jianding there are two noble and remarkable Parts, which in
this knowledge we affign to be Deficient 5 the one concerning the dific'
rence of Perception and Senfc ; the other concerning the Fornt of
Light.
* ^ As for the Difference between Terception and Senfe, Philofbphers

DEDiFFE- (hould in their writings de fenfu (^JenfibiUhzve premis'd a folid and
PERCEP- found difcovery thereof, as a matter Fundamental. For we fee that
TioNis there is a manifeft power of Perception even in all Bodies Natural ; and
sus^^^' a kind of Eleftron to embrace that which is any way allied in nature, and
favourable to them ; and to fly what is adverfe and foreign. Neither
do we mean of more fubtile Terceptions only, as vphen the Loadjione
draws unto it Iron 5 Flame leaps to Bituminous Mould ; one Bubble of
•water near another Bubble, clofeth and incorporates with it ; Kays
glance from a white objeftj the Body of a living Creature affimilates
that which is good for it, excerneth what is unprofitable 5 a piece of
fpunge even when it is rais'd above the furface of the water, fucks in
water, expels air ; and the like. For to what end (hould we enume-
rate fuch inftances, feeing no body plac'd neer to another, changeth
the other, or is changed of it, unleis a reciprocal Perception precede
the operation. Every Body hath z Perception of the Pores and Paf^
fages by which it infinuates it felf, it feels theinvafion of another Bo-
dy, to which it yieldeth j it perceivs the removeof another Body, by
which it was detained 5 when it recovers it felf, it perceivs the dtvul-
fion of its continuance, which for a time refifteth 5 and in a word,Pcr-
ception is diffufed through the whole body of Nature. Air doth fb
exaftly Senje Hot and Cold, that the Perception thereof is far tiiore fub-
tile than mans Touch, which yet is taken for the difcerning Rule of
Hot and Cold. Two faults therefore are found concerning this know-
ledge s that men have for mofl: part paft it over untoucht,and unhand-
led 5 whichnotwithftandingis a mofl noble fpeculation; The other"
is that they who perchance have addifted their minds to this contem-
\ a- plation, have in the heat of this Purfuit gone too far, and attributed
neiia.alij. SenJe to all Bodies, that it is almoft a piacular crime to pull of a bow front
a Tree, leji it Jldould groan and complain as Poljdot e <. '-v/. But they fhould
Virg. ^n. e^.plore with diligence the difference of Perception and Scnfe, not on-
ly in comparing of .Je^/^/^/e/ with InfenfibleszccoTding to the entire bo»
dy (as of i-*]ants, and living Crcati res) but alfo to obfervein thefen-
fible Body, what (hould be the caufe that fb many Aftions fljould be
difcharg'd, and that without any .^fw/e at all? Why Aliments aredi-

gefted,

)

L I B. I V Of the Advancement of Learning. i^y

gefted, egefted; Humours and fucculent Moiftures carried upwards
and downwards 5 the Heart and Pulfe beat j the Guts as fo many Shops,
or Work-houfes ftiould every one accomplilh his proper Work, and
yet all thefe, and many fuch like are performed without Setife ^ But
men have not with fufficient enquiry (earcht or found out of what Na-_
ture the Aftion of Senfe is 3 and what kind of Body; what delay,
what Conduplication of Irapreffion are required to this, that pain or
pleafure fhould follow? Toclofe this Point they do feem to be altoge-
ther ignorant of the difference betwixt jimple perception and fenfe-j how
far perception may he made veithont fenfe ^ Nor is this enquiry a contro-
verfie of words, but a matter of great and important moment, where'
fore let there be madea better inquiry of this knowledge, as of a matter
very profitable, and of manifold ufe. Conlidering alfo that the igno-
rance of fomc of the ancient Philofophers touching this matter , fo far
oblcured the light of reafon, as that they thought, there veas^ ivithoitt any
difference^ a Soul infnfed into al/ Bodies j nor did they conceive how Mo-
tion, with a difcerning inftinft, could be made with Senfe , or Senfe exift
without a Soul. *

§ As. for the F ohm of Light, that there hath been made a due en- radix
quiry thereof (fpecially feeing men have Co painfully employ 'd their ^^1^^'
Studies in the Perfpe^ives') may well be cenfur'd as a ftrange overfight, sive de
For neither in the Perfpe^ivet, nor elfewhere, is there any thing in- lucis,
quired concerning Light, of any worth or weight ; The Radiations of
it are handled, the Originals not : But the placing of Perfpe&ives amongfl
the Mathematicl{s hath begotten this defe&j and others of like nature 5
becanfe men have made a too early departure from Phyjick. So on the o-
ther fide the handling of Light, and the Caufes thereof, in Phyftcks is
commonly (liperftitious , as of a thing of a middle nature, betwixt
natural and Divine 5 in fo much as (bme of Plato's School have intro- ^-^^.^^
duced Light as a thing more ancient than Matter it felf : For when the Caid.'j«
empty fpace was fpread abroad they affirm'd, in a vain imaginationjthat ^"f^-.
it was firft fiU'd with Light ; and afterwards with a Body-, whereas Ho-
ly Writ (ets down plainly the Mafs of Heaven and Earth to be a dark. Chaos ' '"
before the Creation ofLight.Eut what are handled Phyfically, and accord-
ing to ftnfe, of this fubjeft, prefently defcendeth to Radiations ^ fbas
there is very little Philofbphical enquiry extant touching this point.
And men ought to fubmit their Contemplations a while, and to enquire
what is common to all Lucid Bodies, as of the Form of Light : For what
an immenfe difference of Body is there fif they may beconfidered ac-
cording to their dignity) betwixt the Sun and the rotten Wood, or
the putrid fcales of Fifh? They fhould likewife make enquiry, what
(hould be the Caufe why fome things take fire, and once throughly
heated caft fortha Light j others not? Iron^Metals, Stones, Glafs, Wood,
Oyl, Tallow by fire, either caft forth a Flame, or at leaft grow Red /
But Water and Air heated with the fury of the hotteft Flames, to the
fiigheft degree they are capable of, acquire no fuch Light, nor caft
forth any Splendor. If any man think, it therefore thus comes to pa(s,
becaufeit is the property of fire to give light j hmiVatcmnd Air arc
utter enemies to Fire ; fure he was never rowed with Oars in a dark
night upon (alt waters, and in a hot feafon •■, where he might have fcen
foall drop3 of water rebounding from the clafhing of the Oars, to

S fparkk

1^8 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. IV.

fparkje and caft forth a light : Which is likewife feen in the fervent
froath of the Sea which they call the Sea-longf. And what affinity
with flame and fired matter have the CicinduU, the LucioU, and the
Indian fly^ which caft a light over a whole arched R.oom j or the eyes
ofcertain living Creatures in the dark, and Sugar.as it is grated or bro-
ken 5 or the fweat of a horfe hard ridden , in a fouitry night 5 and
many more ? N^^, many have undcrjiood fo little in this pointy as many
have thought the fparkj from a fit nt to be attrited Air. But when the
Air is not fired with heat, and apparently conceives Light, how comes
it topafs, that Owls and Cats , and many other Creatures fee in the
night ? So that it maji needs he (feeing vifion cannot be conveyed mthont
light") that there is a native and inbred light in Air, although very feeble
and vpeak_j yet fiich as may be proportioned to the Optic^ Beams of fttch
Creatures, andmayfufice them for fight. But the caufe of this tv\\, as
of many more , that men have not drawn forth the common Forms of
things Natural , from particular Injiances , which is that we have fet
down as the proper fubjeft of Metaphyfick.'-, which is it felfapartof
Thyfick^j or of the knowledge of Nature. Therefore let there be enquiry
made of the Form and Originals of Light, and in thefciean time, it may-
be placed among Deficients. And thus much of the Knowledge con'
cerningthe fubjiance of the Soul^ Rational and Senfible^ with their Facvl-
ties,and of the Appendices ohhe fame Knowledge,

THE

39

THE

Fifth Book

O F

F Fx. A N C I S L. V E RV L A M

VicouhtS'' ALBAN,

0 OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

O F

LEARNING.

To the KING.

C H A p. I.

i. The Partition of the Knorpkdge, which refpe^eth the Vfe, and Oh-
jeCis of the Faculties of the 'Mind of Man, into Logick^, and Ethick.*
II. The Divifion of Logick,into the Arts, of Invention '^ of Judge*
menf-i of Memory-^ <ind of Tradition.

.HE Knowledge refpefting the miderjianding of Man
(Excelhnt Kir>g)zn6. that other refpefting bis IVill, are,
as it were. Twins by Birth ; For the Purity of illuminati-
on, and the Liberty of will began together ^ fell together :
Nor is there in the TJniverfal Nature of thiftgs fo intimate
a Simpathy, as that of Truth and Goodnefs. The more
{hame for Learned Men, if they be for ivaowledge like winged Angels 5
for bafe Defires, they be like serpents which criwl in the Duft, carrying
indeed about them Minds like a Mirror or Glafs , but menftruous and

diftain'd.

^ F^e come now to the Knowledge which refpeffeth the ufe and objc&s
of the Faculties of the Mind of Man. This hath two Tarts, and they
well known, and by general confent received, Logick^ and Ethick : Save
that \vc have a little before fct at liberty Civil Knowledge^ which coni-
monly was taken in as a Part of Ethick^ , and have made it an entire
Knowledge of man congregate or in fociety \ handling here only manjegrc'-

S a giti->.

1 40 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. IV.

gate. Logick, intreateth of the VnderiianditJg and Reafon 5 Ethic^ of
the if^iU^ Jppetite and affe& ions '■, the one produceth Decrees , the other
Aciiovs. It is true that the Imagination in both Provinces, Judicial
and Miniflerial, performs the Office of an Agent or Nuncius,or common
Atturney. For >S't'»ye fends over all forts of Ideas unto the Imaginati-
on^ upon which, Reafon afterwards fits in Judgement : And /lf^« in-
terchangeably fends over feiected and approved tdeas to the Imaginati-
on, before the Decree can be afted. For Imagination ever precedes
voluntary motion and incites it ^ fo that Imagination is a common re-
ciprocal Inftrument to both: Saving that this Jamtsh bifronted, and
turns faces: For the face towards /ieaytf/z hath the print oi Truth :, but
the face towards AClion hath the print of Goodncjs : which neverthe-
lc(s are facts, ^

Ovid. -' ' -^taks decet ejfe fororum,

Mtt,

Neither is the Imagination ^LX^ztx "^ndi fimpleMeflenger, but is inverted
with, or at leaft wife ufurpeth no fmall Authority, belides the duty of
the mcflage : For it is well (aid by Arijiotlc, That the Mind hath over the
Polit. I ^^^ that command which the Lord hath over a bond-man 5 but the Rea-
ffja hath over the Imagination that commandvchich a Mag/Jirate hath over
a free Citizen, who may come alfo to rule in his turn. For we fee that
in matters of Faith and Religion, xh^ Imagination mourns, and is ele-
vated above Reafon , not that Divine Illumination refideth in the Ima-
gination 5 (nay, rather ia the high Tower of the mind, and underftand-
ing) hut, as in virtues Divine, grace mah^s ufe of the motion of the wiU ^
jo' in Illuminations Divine, grace makes ufe of the Imagination : Which is
the Caulethat Religion fought ever an accels, and way to the Mind, by
Similitudes, Types^Parables, Vtf.ons, Dreams. Again, it is no fmall Do-
minion the Imagination hath in perfwafions, infinuated by the power of
Eloquence: for where the minds of men are gently intre'atedjnflamed,
and any way forcibly won by thefmooth Artifice of fpeech, all this is
done by exalting the Imaginat ion,\\'hich growing hot and impatient, not
only triumphs over Reafon 5 but in a fort offers violence unto it ; part-
ly by blinding, partly by extimulating it. Neverthelefs I fee no rea*
fon why we fhould depart from the former Divifion : For the Imaginati'
<?« commonly doth not produce Sciences, for P<7e/;e which hath ever
been attributed to the /«/^^(^/»^//ow, is to be efteemed rather a play of
the witjthan a knowledge. As for the power of the Imagination tn things
Natural, we have aifigned that, a little before , to the Do&rine de Ani'
ma. And for the affinity it hath with Rhetorick^, we think it fit to refer
it to the Art it (elf, whereof we (hall intreat hereafter.

§ This Tart of Humane rhilojophy which is Rational or refpe&ing Lo-
gick,, is to the Tafte and Palate of many Wits, not fb delightful 5 and
feemeth nothing el(e but a net and fnare of thorny fubtilty. For as it
s-n.alicii- is truly laid.//i.j/ knowledge is ani mi Pabulum'fQ in the nature of mens ap-
'*^' petites, and election of t)ri\^ food, moft men are of the tafte and ftoraach

of the Ifraelities in the Dcferr, that would fain have turned adollas Car-
nium, and were weary of Manna 5 which though it were Celeftial, yet
Teemed it lefs nutritiveaiKi comfortable. So generally thofeK/zoir/c^/gej-
rdilli bcft, that have an infulion fomcwhat more efculent of flelh in them,

fuch

LiB.lv. Of the Advancement of Learning, 141

Hich as zve Civil Hijiory^ Morality^ Policy^ about the which mens affefti-
.ons J Praifes, Fortunes do turn, and arc conver(ant ; But this (atue /«-
men (tecum, doih parch and offend mofi: raenswatry and fbft natures.
But if we would meafure and value things according to their proper
worth, Rational Sciences are the keys of all other Arts 5 and as the Hand
is the hifirumcrit of Injtrumcnts'-^ the Alind , the Form of Forms i, fo
thefe l{twtvlcdges are to be ellccn/ed the Art of Arts. Neither do they
direftonlyj but likewife ftrengthen and confirm 5 astheufeand habit
of fhooting, doth not only enable to (lioot a nearer fhoor j but alio
to draw a ftronger Bow.

II. Arts Logtcul or intelc&ual are four in number ^ divided according
to the ends whereunto they are referred : For mans labour in Ratio-
nal Knowledges is,either to invent that which is fought 5 or to judge what
is invented i^ or to retain that which is judgdi, or to deliver that which is
retained : So as there muft needs be fo many Rational Sciences 5 Art of
Inquiry or Invention 5 Art of Examination or Judgement j Art ofCiiJio-
d)i or Memory j and Art of Elocution OT Tradition -, whereof we will
fpeak, of every particular apart.

C H A P. II.

I. The Partition of the Art of Invention into the Inventive of Arts:
I and of Arguments, ij The former of thefe, which is the more
eminent, is Deficient. II. The Divifion of the Inventive Art of
Arts, into literate Experience. § And a new Organ. III. A De-
lineation of Experience Literate. ' .

o

I. TNvention is of two kjnds^ much differing j the one of Arts and Sci- *

J^ ences 5 the other of Arguments and Speeches. The former of thefe experi.
I report to be wholly Deficient, which feems to me to be fucha Drfi- temt""
ence, as if in the making of an Inventory, touching the eftate of a De- ^'a^tio^"

fnn&y it fhould be fet down, of ready money nothing : For as money paxis.
will fetch all other commodities 5 fo all ox.\i^x Arts are purchas'd by
this Art. And as the IFeJi Indies had never been difcovered, if the ufe
of the Alariners Neeis/Zc had not firft been difcovered, though thofei?(?-
gions be vaft , the Ferfor is a fmall Motion : So it cannot be found
ftrange , if 7» the difcovery and advancement of Arts, there hath nqt
been made greater Progreffiouj feeing the Art of Invention and Perlu-

Jiration hitherto was unknown.

§ That this part of knowledge is wanting jiands plainly confeffed.
For firfl: Logick doth not profels, nay, not pretend to invent either Arts
Mechanical, or Arts ("as they call them) Liberal:) nor to elicite the
Operations of the one, or the Axioms of the other 5 but fpeaks to men
as it were in Pafiage, and fo leaves them with this inftruftion, cuiq:,fua. . o ^ .
arte credendum. Celfus a wife man, as well as a Phyfician (though it fal.i.
be the cuftom of all men to be copious in the commendation of their
own Profeffion) acknowledgeth it gravely and ingeniou(ly,fpeakingof
the Empericaland Dogmatical Sefts of Phyficians, That Medicines and

Cures

142 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie.V.

De Re Cures were firjl foHud oiit^ and then after the Reafons and Cittfes were dif-
'^^'^'"* covered: not the other way, that the Caufes firii extraSedfrornthc nature
I Trnxf. ^/ things, gave light to the invention of Remedies. But rlato often notes
Phlcb. a-it; That particuiirs are infinite '-, again, that the highell Generalities
libi. giveno frficient Dire[iion -^ and that the Pyth of all Sciences^wherebythe

Arts-man is diHinguiJInfrom the Inexpert, confijleth in Middle Propofiti-
ons, which experience hath delivered and taught in every particular Sci~
ence. And therefore we fee, that they which difcourfe of the firft In-
ventors of things, and the Originals of Sciences, have celebrated rather
chance than Art 5 and have brought in BeaJis,Birds, Fijljes, Serpents^ ra-
ther than Men^^s the firft Dottors of Sciences.

DiUamnum Genetrix Crettea carpit ad ida^
Virg. ,En. ruberihus Caulemfoliis (j^flore comantem

>2^. Purpurea, non iUa fcris incognit a Capris

Gramina, cum tergo volucres h£ferefagitt£.

So that it was no marvail ( the manner of Antiquity being for to
confecrate Inventors of things profitable) that the ^Egyptians, an
ancient Nation, to whom many Arts owe their Beginnings, had
their Temples full of the Idols of Brutes , but almoft empty of the
Idols of men,

V rg. Omnigenttmq\ Dcuf:-t monjlra & Latrator Anubis,

"^^ * Contra 'Neptunum-^d^ Verier em^ contraq^ Minervatit, &c.

And if you like better, from the Tradition of the Grecians, to afcribe

x\\G firti invention of Arts to men ; yet you cannot fiy that Promethe'

Ot-M.Ho- w-f applied his cohtemplationon fet purpofetothe invention of Fire 5

rat &c. f,j. ff^-it when he firft ftroak the flint he expcfted ^arks ^ but that he

fell upon this experiment by chance, and as they fay, fiirtum Jovi

jtcifje i fo as for the Invention of Arts we are more beholding to a wild
Goat for Cl/irurgery, or to a Nightingal for modulations ofMufickj
Pattiirol- the//i/xfor Clyfters^ to a Poilid that flew open for Artillery 5 and
Ke'. to fay in a word, to Chance.oi any thing eife more than to Logicl{. Nei-
ther is tlie form o^ Invention , which r/r^/Zdefcribes^much other.

li.r
Mc.pa.z

Virg. G.I. Et varias nfus meditando extunderet Artes
Paulatim ;

For here is no other method of Invention propounded , than that

uhich brute Beafts :ire capable of, and often put in ure, which is a

fhrfl intentive foUicilude about fame one thing , and a perpetual pra&ice

Oratio. t/'jcreoj:, which the neccjfity of their Confer7^ation impofeth upon Juch Crea-

c'^^'r B 1 '"'■'^^^ ^^'" Cicero fjirh very truly , ufus uni rei deditus, d^ natnram df'

bo. ixrtem (dtpe vincjt. Therefore if it belaid of men,

V»fg. G.I, Ldhnr omn'-a Z'incit

Improbtis, d^ duris urgens ifi rebus egrflas.

It

L I B . V. Of the Advancement of Learning. i .j. ^

tt is likewife faid of Beaftsj

^is expecJivit PjtttacofuHf// Ka??t 5 ' Perf.ProI^

Who taught the Raven inadroughthto throw Pebbles into a hollow
tree, where by chance (he fpied water, that the water might rife fo as
fhe might come to it > Who taught the Bee to fail through fuch a vaft
lea of Air, to the Flowers in the Fields ; and to find the way fo far P'i"- ^-^^
off to her Hive again ? Who taught the Ant to bite every grain of '
Corn that fne burieth in her Hill, left it (hould take root and grow, and
lb delude her hope > And if you obferve in Firgil's verle, the word ex-
tufiderc, which imports the Difficnlty, and the word Paulatim^ which
imports the/^Tfffc/jr 5 we are where we were, even amongft the E^j'/i/Zfiw
Gods , feeing hitherto men have made little ufe of the faculty of
JLeafon , none at all of the duty of Art^ for the dtfcovay of Inventi-
ons.

(j Secondly, if this which we affirm, be well confidered, it is de-
monftrated by the Form of IndHciion which Logick propounds, name-
ly by that F^rw of Inference^ whereby the Principles of Sciences are
found out and proved 5 which, as it is now framed , is utterly vitious
and incompetent, and fo far from perfecting nature, that it rather per-
verts and diftorts it. For he that Ihall exaftly obferve how this ^th"
real Den> of Sciences ; like unto that the Poet (peaks of^

Jerei mellk Cjelejiia dona,

is gather'd (feeing that even Sciences themfelves are extrafied out of
particular examples, partly Natural, partly Artificial, or from the
Flowers of the Field and Garden) (hall find that the mind, of her own
nature and inbred difpofition, doth more ingenioufly, and with bet-
ter Invention, Ad: an IndnBion, than Logicians defcribe it. For from
a Kude emtmeratiott of Particulars (as Logicians ufe to doj without an
Inftance Contradidory, is a vitious Conclufion 5 nor doth fuch an /»-
du&iott infer more than a probable Conjefture. For who will take
upon him , when the particulars v^'hich a man knovv's , and which he
hath mention'dj appear only on one fide , there may not lurk ibmc
particular which is altogether repugnant ? As if Samuel fliould have
rcfted in thofe fons of Ifl^ay , which were brought before him in the
houfe^ and (hould not have (ought David, which was abfent in the
field. And this Formof Indu&ion fto fay plainly the truth) is (bgrofs
and palpable, that it might feem incredible, that (uch acute and fubtii
wits as have exercis'd their meditations in thefe things, could have ob-
truded it upon the world ^ but that they hafted to Theories, and Dog-
maticals; and from a kind of pride and elatiou of mind defpifed par-
ticulars^ fpecially any long fl:ay upon them. For they have tifcd thefe
examples and particular infiances, but as Sergeants and IFhiffers^adfum-
fMovendamturbam^ to maks way and room for their opinions j and never
advised with them from the beginning ; that fo a legitimate and mature de-^
liberation, concerning the truth of things, might be made. Certainly it is
a thing hath touch'd my raind with a pious and religious V/ondcr, tof

fr;e

1 44 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. V.

fee the fame fteps leading to error, troden in divine and humane enqui-
ries. For as in the apprehending of divine truth, men cannot endure
to become as a child; (bin the apprehending of humane truth, for men
come to years, yet to read, and repeat, the firft Elements of Indu&i-
ons^ as if they were ftiU childrenjis reputed a poor and contemptible
tmploymcnt.

§ Thirdly if it be granted, that the Principlei of Sciences may be
rightly inferr'd from the Inclusion, which they ufe, or from fenfe and
experience 5 yet neverthelefs, certain it is, that inferiour Axioms,can-
not rightly and fafely be deduced, by Syllogifm from them, in things
of nature, which participate of matter. For in ^/^<?g;y«f there is a re-
duftion of Propofitions to PriHciples by middle Propofitions. And this
Form, whether for Invention, or for ^roof in Sciences Popular, as
Ethickj , Politick.f, Laws, and the like, takes place; yea, andinDi-
vinity ; feeing it hath pleafed God of hisgoodnefs, to accommodate
himfelf to mans capacity : but in Natural Philofophy where nature
ftiould be convinc'd and vanquifht by deeds, and not an Adverfary, by,
Argument ; truth plainly efcapes our hands ; becaufe that thefubtilty of
the operations of Nature^ is far greater than thefubtilty of words. So that
the Syllogifm thus failing, there is every way need of help and fervice,
of true and reftified Indtt&ion, as well for the more general Principles,
as inferiour Propofitions. f^r .S///^_gi/5»/ confift of Propofitions, Pro-
pofitions of words, words are the currant tokens or marks of the Noti-
ons of things 5 wherefore ifthefe Notions (which are the fouls ef words y
be grofTcly, gnd variably abftrafted from thftigs, the whole building
falls. Neither is it the laborious examination either of Conlequenccs,
Arguments, or the verity of Propofitions, that can ever repair that ru-
ine; being the error is, asthePhyficians (peak, in the firji digeftioti y
which is not redified by thefequent funftions of N.-jture. And there-
fore it was not without great and evident Caule, thai many of the Phi-
lofophers, and fome of them, fome of fingular note, hecc^me Acade-
mickj 5 and Sceptickj ; which took away all certainty of knowledge or of
Comprehenfions ; and denyed that the knowledge of man extended fur-
ther than apparence and probability. ' It is true that fome are of opi-
nion, that Socrates, when he put ofFcertainty of fcience from himfelf^

ca'd!'"'^ did thisbut by aformof/r^jwy, &fcientiam difjiimHlandofimulaffe^ that
is,that by renouncing thole things which he manifeftly knew, he might
be reputed to know even that which he knew not; neither in the la-
ter Academy,which Cicero embracedjWas this opinion o^Acatalepjie held
fo fincerely : For all thofe which excell'd for eloquence, commonly

In Acad, made choice of this Sedt, as fitter to give glory to their copious (peech,
and variable dilcourfe both ways ; which wasthecau(e they turn'd a-
fide from that ftreight way by which they Qiould have gone on to truth,
topleafant walks made for delight and paftime.Nr(?/ip///i/Z4»<5//«^ it ap-
pears that there were many fcatter'd in both Academiesjthe old and new
(much more zmongthc Sceptickj^hzt held thisAcatalej-fi m fimplicity
and integrity : But here was their chief error, that .they charged the
Perceptions of theSenfcs,when:hy they did extirpate and pluck up Scien-
ces by the roots. For the fenfes although they many times deftitute and
deceive men, yet aflifted by mnch induftry they may be fufficient for Sci-
ences ; and that not lb much by the help of I/j^iruments (though thefe

arc

Cic.lnA-

o.

L I B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 145

EXPERr-

are infome fort ufeful) as of experiments ofthe fame kind, which may-
produce more fubtilobjcfts, than for the faculty of fenfe, arebyfenfe
coraprehenfible. And they ought rather to have charged the defers
in this kind upon the errors, and contumacie ofthe mind, which refu-
feth to be pliant and morigerous to the Nature ofthings j and to crook-
ed demonftrations and rules of arguing and concluding, ill fet down
and propounded from the Perception of Senfe. This we fpeak not to
difable the mind of man , or that the bufinefs (hould be abandoned j
but that apt and proper afliftances may be accquired ^ and applied to
the underftanding, whereby men may fubdue the difficulties of things,
and the obscurity of Nature. For no man hathfucb ajieaclinef of hand
by nature or practice^ that he can draw a fir ait line or mal{e a perfeSt cir-
cle with his hand at liberty^ which yet is cajily done by rule or compaK.
This is that very bufinefs which we go about and with great pains en-
deavour, that the mind by the help of Art might be able to equal Nature 5
and that there might be found out an Art of Difcovery, or Diredtion,
which might difclofe, and bring to light other Arts, and their Axi-
oms and Works. This upon good ground we report Deficient.

II This Art oi Difcovery (for fo we will call it) hath two parts; for
either the Indication is made from Experiments to Experiments ; or ej^tTa Lt«

f - . • i_- 1 ' II r 7 /- ^ TeRATa

hom Experiments to Axioms j which may Iiltewile delign new Experi- fivevENA-
ffientsj whereof the former we will term, Experientia Literataj the ni°^'^'
later, Interpretatio Nature, or Novum Organum. Indeed the former
(as we have touched heretofore is not properly to be taken for an Art^
or a part of Philofophy, but a kind oifagacity-y wherefore we fome-
times call it Venatio Vanis^ borrowing the name from the Fable. But
as a man may go en his way after a three-fold manner , either when him-
felf feels out his way in the dark^'j or being weak^fighfed is led by the hand
of another j or elfe when he directs his footing by a light : So when a man
effays all kind of Experiments without fequence or method that is a
raeer palpation; but when he proceeds by diredtionand order in Ex-
periments, itisasif he were led by the hand; and this is it which we
underftand by Literate Experience : For the light itjelf which was the
third way, is to be derived from the Interpretation of Nature, or the New
Organum.

III. Literate Experience, or the Hunting of Pan Qiews the divers ways
of making Experiments: This (feeing we have fet it down as Defcient^
and that it is a matter not altogether (b plain andperfpicuous) we will
according to our manner and defign give fbme light touches and flia-
dows of it. The manner oimakjng Experiment chiefly proceeds ; either
by variation ofthe experiment ; or by Produdion ofthe Experiment ; or
by tranjlation of the Experiment •■) or by inverjion of the Experiment '-i or
by compulf on of the experiment j or by Application of the Experiment ^
or by Copulation ofthe Experiment ; or elje by the lots and chance ofthe
Experiment. And all thefe are limited without the terms of any Axi-
om oi^ Invention : For that other part ofthe New Organ 'takes up and
containeth in it all Tranjition of Experiments into Axioms ; or oj Axioms
into Experiments.

§ Variation oi Experience is firft praftis'd upon Matter ; that is when
the Experiment in tilings already known commonly adhereth to fuch a
kjnd of matter 5 and now it is tried in other things of like kind ; as

'T the

1 46 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. V,

the makjtfg of Paper is only tried in linen, and not in (ilk, (unle(s per-
chance amongft the Chinefes -j nor yet in ftufFs intermixt with hair and
briftles, of which is made that which we call chame-Iot^ nor yet ia
woollen, cotton, and skins, although thefc three lafl: feem to be more
Heterogeneous, and Co rather may become ufeful mingled, than (epa-
rate : So infition in fruit-Trees, is pradis'd, but rarely tried in Trees
wild 5 although it is affirm'd that an Elm grafted upon an Elm, will
produce wonderful (hades of leaves. Infition likewife in flowers, is
very rare, though now the Experiment begins to be made upon musk-
Roies, which are fuccefsfuUy inoculate upon common R.ofes. So we
place the variation in the Tart of a thing amongfi the variations in Alat"
ter. For we fee a fcion, or young flip grafted upon the trunk of a tree,
to (hoot forth more profperoufly, than if it had been fet in earth: And
why, in like manner, (hould not the feed of an Onion inferred into
the head of another Onion while it is green, germinate more happily
than if it had been fown in the bare earth ? And here the Root is vari-
ed for the Tr/m^s that the thing may feem to be a kind of infition ia
the root. Secondly^ the variation of an Experiment may be made in the
efficient. The beams of the Sun through burning-Gla(ies are (b fortifi-
ed, andintended to fuch a degreeofheat, that they are able to (et on
flame any matter, which is apt eafily to conceive fire : Now whether
may the beams of the Moon^ by the fame GlafTes be aftuated by fome weak
degrees of warmth 5 that we may fee whether all heavenly Bodies be
hot in power ?^o bright and radiant heats are exalted by GlafTes ; Whe-
ther are gloomy and opaque heats (as of ftones and mettals, before they
be made burning hot by the force of fire) fubjeft to the fame impreffi-
on , or are they rather in this fbme portions of light? So Amber, and
Jet, or an Aggat chafed draw unto them ftraw 5 whether warmed
at the fire will they do the like ? Thirdly, the variation of an Expe-
riment may be made in ^antity, concerning which a very diligent care
is to betaken,being it is encompaffed with many errors. For men are
of opinion //^^^ if the Quantity be augmented and multiplied^ the virtue
is proportionally augmented and multiplied'^ and this commonly is with
them a Poftulatum, and a fuppofed truth, as if the matter were a Ma-
thematical certitude 5 which is utterly untrue. A globe of Lead, or a.
pound in weight let fall from a Tower, fay, it defcends to the earth in
the fpace often Pulfes 5 whether will a Globe of twopottnd weight (in
which that force of Motion, which they call Natural, (hould be doubl-
ed,) light upon the earth in the fpace of five Pulfes? But that Globe
(hall come downalmoft in an equal fpace of time with this, and fhall
not be accelerated according to the meafure of^antity. So (ima-
gine,) one dragm of Sulphur mingled with half a pound of Steel, it
will make it fluid and liquid •-, Will therefore an ounce of Sulphur fuffice
to thediffolvingof four pounds of Steel? But that follows not 5 For
it is certain that the objiinacy of the matter in the Patient is more encreas'd
by^antity, than the A3ivity of the virtue in the Agent. Befides, too
much, as well as too little fruftrates the efTefl: : For in the excodtions
and depurations of Mettals it is a fimiliar error, that to advance exco-
ftion, they augment the heat of the Furnace, or the ^antity of the
InjeUion ^ but if thefe exceed due proportion, they hinder the opera-
tion 3 becaufe through their force and acrimony, they turn much of

the

^

L I B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning, i j^j

the pure Metal into fumes, and carry it away j fo as there is a Io(s in
theMettalj and the raafs which remains through the emillion of the
Spirits becomes more obftinate and indurate. Met2 Jfjould therefore
remember the mockery o'lyEjofs houfwife^who conceited that by doub-
ing her raeafure of Barley, her Hen would daily lay her two eggs: '^^"F-
But the Hen grew fat and laid none. It is not altogether fafc to rely
upon any Natural experimentjbefore proof be made /»(?//; in a lejfer^and
greater ^antitj.

§ FroditCtion of an Experr/f/etft it of two forts ^ Repetition and Extcn-
jlon p namely when the Experiment either is iterated j or driven to a kjnd
offiibtilty. Example of Repetition may be this ■■, the fpirit of wine is
made of wine once diftilled, and it is much more quick and Hrong
than wine it felf 5 willlikewifcthe fpiritit lelfofwinediftiiled, or fub-
-limated, proportionably exceed it felf in ftrcngth? But Repetition zV"
(bis not without deceit 5 for neither doth the fecond exaltation equal
the excels of the firft ; and many times hy iteration of the Experiment
after a certain ftate, and height of operation, Nature is fo far from a
further progrefiion, as llie rather fills into a relapfe. Wherefore the
experiment muft be made with Caution and judgment. So ^icJ^-fihcr
in linen, or elfe in the raidft of moulten Lead when it begins to grow
cold, the Quick -filver inferted is ftupified, and is no longer fluid 5
will the lame ^ickcfdver if it be often ib praftis'd upon, become lb
fixt as to be made malleable? The example of extenlion may be this,
reater placed upwards, and made penfile^ and by a long nebofaglafe
dipt in wine, mixt with water, will unmingle, the water from the
wine, the wine leafurely afcending,, and fetlingin the top 5 the water
defcending, and (etling in the bottom : Now as wine and water which
are two divers bodies are feparate by this device i may the more fubtil
parts of wine in like manner, which is an entire body, be leparate from
the more grols, that fo there may be a diftillation, as it were, by
weight 5 and that there may be found floating in the top, a fubftance
neareft to the fpirit of wine, but perchance more delicate ? So the Loid-
Itonedraweth Iron folid, and entire, unto it 5 will a piece of a Load-
lione, plunged into dilTolv'd parcels and fragments of Iron, allure the
Iron unto it, and cover it (elf with it? So the verfor of a A^fariners nee-
dle applies h Cclf to the Poles of the world: Doth it do this after the
iame manner, and upon the fame confequence whereby Celeftial Bodies
move? Namely if you fhould place the Needle in a contrary pofture,
that is, in the South -point, and thereftay ita while, and then ceafe
your forcing it, and leave it to it felf^ would this Need/c turn it (elf per-
chance to the North ^ and .chufe rather to wheel about by the VVeft
into its defired natural fite, than by the Eafl ? So gold imhibeth Quick-
filver which is contiguous toit^ doth the gold ingulf, and fuck up
this Qiiickiilver into it felf without extcnfion of its fubrtance, that it be-
comes a Mais more ponderous than gold it felf? So fome men fubmini-
fter helps to their memories by fettingup Images and Piftures of Perlbns
in certain rooms , would they attain the (ame end, if (fetting afide fucH
Images) they^ould effigiate to themfelves an Idea oftheirgeftsand
habits. AnflRius much of thePoduftion of an experiment.

^ The tr.it?Jlation of an experiment is threejold^ cither from N.iture,
or chance into Art'-, or from Art, or one Fracttce into another •■} or frovt

T 2 4 .

1 48 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. V»

a part ofjome Art^ into a diverfe part of the fame Art. Of 7r an fat ion
from Nature, or chance into Art, there are innumerable examples 5' for
that almoft all Mechanical Arts owe their originals from flender be-
ginnings prefented by PJ^cff«rc or C/j4«£^e. It is a received Proverb, That
Grapes cuttforted with Grapes fooner come to maturity : Which from the
Nature f)f mutual alF^iancc and friendQiip grew popular. But our ma-
kers of Syder, which is a wine of Apples, do well imitate this: For
they provide that they be not ftampt or prefl:, before, by being caft
intoheapsfor a time 5 they mature by mutual contad^ whereby the a-
cidity and tartnels of the liquor is correfted. SothQ imitation of Arti-
ficial Rainbows by the fpifs alperfion of little drops, is by an eafie deri-
vation from natural Rain- bows compofed of a dewy Cloud. So the
manner of drfiilling might be taken either from above, as fromfliovvers
or dew, or from that homely experiment of Drops adhering to Co-
Panciroi- vers put upon Pots of boyling water. And a man would have been a-
par.2. r^^j^ („ fjjyg imitated Thunder and Light ning^if (he Pot-lid of that chyntick^
Monl{ had notj/y being tcji up into the air, infiru&cd him. But the more
plentiful this experiment is of examples, the fewer we need to produce.
And if men would be at leifure toimploy their ftudies in the inquiry
of things profitable 5 they fhould view attentively, by degrees and of
fet purpose all the workmanfhip, and the particular workings of Na-
ture '■) and perpetually, and thoroughly meditate with themfelves,
V/hich of thofe may be transfer'd to Arts, For Nature is the Mirror of
Art: And the experiments are as many which may be tranflated frem
Art into Art '-i or from one Tra&ice into another, though this is not ^o
muchinufe: For nature every way is obvious to all men, but Arts
appropriate to particular Profeffors, are only known to them. Spe-
Backs are invented to help a weak fight 3 might there be contrived an
inltrument which faftned to the ear, might help fuch as are thick of
hearing ? So embalming, and honey conferve dead Corps '-, might not fome
of thole ingredients be transfer'd into a medicine, which might be ufe-
ful to bodies alive? So the practice of Seals upon wax 3 cements for
wallsjand upon Lead ij an:ient; but this invention (hewed the way to
Imprefiion upon Paper, or the Art of Printing. So in the Art ofCookt-
ry,filtfeafonsflef), and that better in Winter, than in Summer : Might
not this be profitably tranflated to Baths and their temperament, as
occafion (hall require 5 either to imprefs fome good moifture, or ex-
trad fome peccant humour. So fait \n the new-found experiment of
Artificial Conglaciations is fiund to have great power to condenfe ;
Might not this be transfer'd to the condenfation of Metals 5 (eeing it
is known longfince that ftrong-waters,beingcompofited of fome kinds
offalts, have a power to dejeft and precipitate fmall lands of Gold
out of certain Metals, not fo denfe and compaftas Gold ? So painting
revives the memory of athingjy the Image of a PiCfure: Is not this tradu-
ced into an Art, which they call the Art of Memory? Let this in genC".
ral ferve for admonition 3 that nothing can fb much conduce to the
drawing down, as it were, from heaven, a whole (howr of new and
profitable Inventions, as this, that the experiments ofjaany Mccha-
nick Arts, may come to the knowledge ofcne man, orlWefcw, who
by mutual conference may whet and (harpen one another 3 that fo by
tiiis v\ hicli we call Travfiation ofExperimet.ts, Arts may nouri(h,and as

it

Lib. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 14^

itv/crcj by a commixture, and communication of Hajes, inflame one
tlie other. For although the raiionall wa)^ by an artificial Orgnnum.
prom ife far greater m:irtersi yet nevcrthelefs x.\\\s fag^city by ittnate
experience, may in the mean projed and (batter to the benefit of man
(as miffive Donatives amongft the Ancients) many rudiments to know-
ledge, which may be had at hand. There re>ndi>ts the tranjlation of a
Part of Art into another part divcrje from it, which little differs from
the Tranfldtion of Art into Art : But becaufe many Arts exercife great
fpacen, lb as they may very well fuftain a TranjUtion within the limits
of their own operations ^ we thought good to annex this kind ofTran-
flation'-) fpecially feeing it is in fome Arts of very great import. For
it maketh much to the advancement and amplification of the Art of
Phyficki if the Experiments of that part of Medicine concerning the
Cures of Difeafes, be transfer'd to thofe Parrs concerning the Regiment
of Health, zndthe Prolongation of Life. For if fome excellent Opiate
be of that force and virtue, as to reprels and affwage the raging infla-
mationofthe fpirits, ina peftilential Fever 5 letno manqueftion, but
that a like receipt by a due proportiorfed Dofe made familiar, may in
fome degree put back and retard inflamation, which grows and creeps
upon us by age. T^us much for the Tranflation of Experiments.

^ Inverfton of Experiment is, when the contrary to that which is by
Experiment manifed, is tried : For example, Heat by Glaffes is inten-
ded J is cold fo too ? So Heat when it diffufeth it (elf is yet rather car-
ried upwards : Is cold likewifein diffufing it felf carried rather down-
wards ? For inltance, take a fmall Bar of Iron, and heat it on one end,
thenfet it upright, (that end which is heated placed downwards) lay-
ing your hand upon the end, it will prefenrly burn your hand j but
nowinvcrfe theBar, placing the hot part upwards, and your hand up-
on the part which is downwards, and you (hall not feel the heat (b foon
by many Pulfes; Whether or no, if the Bar was heated all over, and
one end fhould be raoiftncd with fiiow, or with a fponge dipt in cold
water 5 if the (now or fponge were applied to the part which is upward,
would (I fay) the coldfooner pierce downward, than if thefnow or
fponge placed at the lower end, the cold would (hoot upward. So the
Beams of the Sun rebound from a white upon a black are congregate:
Whether are (hadows alio difperled upon white,and united upon black?
The Experiment we (ee made in a dark room, the light being let in
thorow a narrow chink only, where the Images of things which are
without, arc taken upon white i-'aper, not upon black. So a vein is
opened in the fore-head for the Megrim, orHeadach. Mu(t al(b the
Hemicrane be fcarified for theSoda'-, or the pain of the head in gene-
ral ? So much for the Inverfion of Experiment.

§ CompuKiim of Experiment, is when Experiment is urged, and exten-
ded to annihilation, or privation of the vertue. For in other kinds of
hunting, the game is only taken, but in this kill'd. Example o^Com-
fulJion\s thisi The LoacJjione draws Iron, inforce therefore the Iron,
or vex the Loadftone, 'fo as the virtue ofattra(3;ion be ftifled or expir'd:
As, fuppofe theLaad(tone were burnt or macerate in ffrong waters,
yvhether will it forego, or abate its virtue? Contrarywife,//" /2ec/ or
Iron be reduced into Croc urn A/ariis, or into prepar'd ffeel, as they call
it 3 or be diliblved in Acju.i Fortis j will the Loaditone (till allure them?

Again,

150 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . V .

yigain^ the Loadjlom draws Iron through all interpos'd Bodies that we
know, as Gold 5 Silver 3 Glafs, &c. Fix therefore ferae medium
upon it (if it may be) that may intercept, and arreft its virtue. Make
a trial of Quickfilver 5 ofOyh Gums, a burning coal 5 and the like,
which yet have not been experimented. So there have been brought
in of late certain Perfpeciives, which multiply after a ftrange manner
the minuted vilibles: Prefs the ufe of them, either upon fmall ob jefts,
as they may not be able to work upon; or upon fo vaft, as they may
be confounded in working : As whether they can clearly difcover thole
moats in Urine, which otherways could not be difcern'd ? Whether
in lewels, ev«ry way pure and fpotle(s, they can make the grains and
imperceptible clouds to become vifible ? Whether can they expofe to
view the moats in the Sun ^which are untruly charged Upon DemocritHs
„l p^(., for his Atoms, and the Principles of Nature J) as if they were great
Fpifi.ia- Bodies ? Can they fo diftinguifh tothe fight the groffer duft made of
Tl'rn ' Cerufs, and Vermilion, that the fmall grains may appear ; here the
Lib.ic' red, there the white ? Again^ f«« they multiply greater Figures (ima-
gine a face 5 an eye, or lb) to the fame bignefs they can a flea, or a
little worm? Cm f/je;' make a piece of Cyprels, or Cobweb-Lawn ap-
pear fo full of holes, as ifit werea Net? But vpc fiay the lefs upon the
Compitlijons of Experiments becaufe commonly they fall not within the
limits of literate experience 3 but are rather xekn'd to Canjes--, and
Axioms ■•> and the Nnv Orgdniin}. For wherefbever there is a Nega-
tive j Privative; or exclufive faculty; there is already fome light gi-
ven to the /«z'e«^/t'»^/fi»v///. Thus (ar o£ the Compiiljiofz of Expert'
merit.

^ Application of Experiment is nothing eli'e than a Kitty Tranflation
of it to fome ether profitable Experiment. Example may be this; All
Bodies have their own dimenfions, and their own weights; Gold is
of greater weight, oflefsdimenlion, than Silver; Water than Wine.
From this is traduced a profitable Experiment; that from a juft weight
and meafure being taken, you may know how much Silver hath been
rnixt with Gold; how much Water with Wine; which was that celebra-
ted E'ugmiix of Archimedes. So flcfti fooner putrifies in fbme Cellars,
than it doth in others. It will be of ufe to make application of this
Fxperiment to the finding out of Airs, more oriels healthful, for ha-
bitation; namely, there where fleOi is longeft preferv'd from putre-
faftion. The fame may be applied to the difcovery of healthful, or
peltilential feafons of the year. But there are innumerable examples
of this Nature: Only let men awake, and perpetually fix theireyes,
one while, on the nature of things; another while, on the applica-
tion of them to the ufe and fervice of mankind. So much concerning
the Application of the Experiment.

§ Ccpulaiion of Experiment is the Links and Chain of Application \
when as things^ P"gl^i ^*jd feparate had been to little ufe, are, (^connex-
ed) offeree and efficacy. For example, you defire to have late Rofes
or fruit ; this is efFefted if you pull ofFthe more early buds when they
are newly knotted; the fame is done, if you lay Vhe roots bare until
the fpring be well come on, and expofe them unto the open Air^
but it will take the better, if you joynboth thefepraftices of putting
back germination. So Ice and Nitre do much conduce to refrigera-
tion 5

Lib. V. Of the Advancement ofLearnin(j. i c i

tion^ but com[nixt5together much more. But this experiment is clear
of it felf, notwithftanding here may covertly a fallacy lie hid, (as
there may in all other effects, and conclufions where Axioms are wan-
ting) li' the Copulation be made of things which work after a different,
and as it were, repugnant manner. And fo much for CopnUtion of Ex-
periment.

§ There remain the Chances^ or Fortunes of Experiment. This is alto--
get her an irrational^ and as it rvcre^ apajfionate manner of experimenting^
when you have a mind to try a conclttflon not for that any reafon, or other
Experiment indncethyoH to it , but only becaufe the lil^e rvas never attempted
before. Yet I do not know whether or no, in this kind, there may not
lie hid feme fecret of great u(e, if you try Nature every way. For the
wonders of Nature commonly lie out of the high road, and beaten
paths 5 fo as the very abfurdity of an attempt may fbmetimes be pro-
iperous. But if reafon go along with this practice ; that is, that it is evi-
dent that fuch an Experiment was never yet tried 5 and yet there is
great reafon why it (hould be attempted ; then it is a choice Experiment ,
and (earcheth the very bofom of Nature. For Example : In the opera-
tion of Fire upon fome Natural Body, one or other of thele elTefts hi-
therto ever comes to paft ; as that either fomething flies out, (as flame
and fume in ordinary burning fewelj or at leaft there is made a local
feparation of Parts, and that for fbme diftance 3 asinDiftillation where
the Lees fettle, the vapours, after they haveplay'd about, are gather-
ed into receptacles : But no man ever yet made trial of an imprifon'd
DiftiIIation,for (b we may call it: And it feems very probable,that if the
force of heat immur'd with in the Cloifters of a Body, do Co great mat-
ters,and work fuch alterations ; and yet without lofs, or manumiffion to
the Body 5 that then this Proteus of Matter, fetter 'd, as it were, with
Manacles, may in time be forced to many transformations, if fo be, that
the heat be fb tempered 5 and intermutually chang'd, that the vellela
be not broken. For this operation is like that of the womb, where
the heat works without emiffion, or feparation of any part of the Bo-
dy, fave that in the Matrix, there is conjoyn'd Alimentation 5 but for
verfion, the thing is the fame. Thefe are the fortunes, or adventures of
Experiment. In the mean time^ We give this advice, touching Experi-
ments of this Nature 5 that no man be difcouraged, or confounded ^
if the Experiments which he puts in pradiice anfwer not his expectati-
on 3 For what fuccecds pleafeth morcj but what fucceeds not, many times in-
forms no Icfs. And this ought ever to be remembred (which we of^
ten prefs) that Experimcnta Lucifer a Experiments of Light, anddi/cove-
ry^ ought for a time to be much more enquired after, than Experiment a
fruciifera. Experiments of ufe and pra^ice. And thus much of Literate
Experience, which (as we havefaid before) is rather a fagacity, and a
hunting fcent, than a Science.

fj Nowftr the Novum Organum, we fay nothing, nor give any fore-
tafl thereof j being we have projefted in our minds, by the affiflance
of the Divine favour, to make a perfeft entire work of that fubjeftj
feeing it is a matter of higher confequence, than all the relf.

CAP.

1 5 2 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. V.

HAP.

III.

I ThePittmonof the Inventive Art of ArgH»te»ts, into Tromptuary^

or Placet of Preparation ^ and Topick^ or Placet of Suggejiion. II.

The Diviiion ofTopick Art into General. ^.And Particular Topickj.

III. In example of Particular Topick,in the Enquiry De Gravid**

Levi.

r

Invention ofArgumentt it not properly an Invention ; for to Invent is to
difcover thingt unknotvn, and not to recover , or recall that which is
htorvn already. The Vfe and Office of this kjnd of Invention fee ms to be
no other ^ than out of the Mafs of Knowledge^ congejied, andjiored ttp in
the Mind, readily to produce, that which may he pertinent to the Matter ^
and ^efiion propounded. For he that is little or nothing acquainted
before hand with the Subjeft in queftion, Topicks of Invention will lit-
tle advantage him : On the contrary he that hath Provifion at home
which may be applied to the purpofe, even without Art and Places of
Invention, will at length, (though not fo readily and aptly) find ou6
and produce Arguments. So that this ^nd of Invention (as ive bav&
(aid) is not properly Invention, but only a Redu&ion into Memory^ or
Suggejiion with Application. But becaufe cuftom and confent hath au-
thoriz'd the word, it may in fome fort be called Invention : For itmiy
be as well accorapted a chafe, or finding of a Deer, which is made
within an inclofed Parkj as that within a Forreft at large. Butfet-
ting afide curiofity of words it may appear that the fcope and end of this
kind oi' Invention, is a certain promptitude, and expedite ufe of our
Knowledge , rather than any encreafe, or Amplification there-
of.

I To procure this ready Provifion for difcourfe, there are two ways ; either

that it niaybedeftgned and pointed out, as it were, by an Index, under
ivhat Heads the matter is to be fought j and this is that we call Topick^: Or
ejfe,that Arguments may be before hand frar>nd, andjiored up, about fuch
things as are frequently incident, and come intodifceptation ^ and this we
will call promptuary Art, or of Preparation. This later fcarcely deferveth
DeRepr. tobc cMcd a Part of Knowledge, feeing it rather confifteth in diligence,
Soph.iib. j.j^^n jjpjy artificial erudition. And in this part Arijlotlc doth wittily
*it!^'^" indeed, but hurtfully deride the Sophifts near his time, faying 5 They
did as ifoncythaf prof ejfed the Art off)oo-makjng, fiottld not teach how to
make up af.woej but only exhibit in a rcadinefs a number offiooes, of all
fafhions at:d fiz.es. But yet a man might here reply, that if a Shoo-
maker (liould have no (hooes in his fiiop, but only work as he isbe(po-
ken he would be but a poor man, and weakly cuftome4- But our
Mat 13. Saviour fpcaking of Divine knowledge, faith far otherwife ; Every
Scribe it:(iru!iedfor the Kingdom of heaven i, is like a good honpoldcr that
brirgetk forth both nevp and oldjlorc. And we (ce the ancient Writers
of Ilhetorick do gi\'e it in Precept, That Plead'^rspould have divers com-
mon r hires prepared long Lc fore hand, and handled, and illufi:ratcd both
ways; for example, for the fenceandequityofLawagainfi: the words,
and letter of Law ; and on the contrary. And Cicero himfelf being
cic.de o- broken

lilt

lit.

L I B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning* 15^

broken unto it by great experience, delivers it plainly 5 That an Ora-
tor if he be diligent andfedulous, may have in e^eS fremcditatc^ and j^^ A,t;j,^
handled^ rvhatjoever a man jimll have occasion to fpeak^of '-^ lb that in the tib.xvi.
Pleading of the Caufe itfelf hclliall have no need to infcrt any new or ^^'^^
fudden matter, befides new names, and (bme individual Circumftan-
ces. But the pains and diligence of De«?^y?^c»ej went fo far, that in
regard of the great force that the entrance and accels into a Cau(e hath
to make a good Irapreffion upon the Minds of Auditors, he thought
it worth his labour to frame, and to have in readinefs a number of Pre- PJ"' ^;
faces [ox Orations and Speeches. And thefe PreOdents, and Authori- fi^kij *
ties, maydeiervedly overweigh /4r/^tf//t'*/ Opinion, that would advife
MS to change a IFardrope for a pair of Shears. Therefore this part of
knowledge touching FvomptHary Preparation^ was not to be omitted ^
whereof for this place this is fufficient. And feeing it is common to
both Lfl;^/c;^and Rbctorick^^ we thought good here amongd Logickj^ on-
ly in PaflTage, to touch it; referring over a more ample handling of it
to Rhetoric^.

II The other Part o£ Invention^ which is Topic^^ we will divide into
General and Particular Topick. General is that which is diligently and
copioujly handledin Logick^ or rational knowledge ^ as it were needlefs to
ftay upon the explication thereof. Yet thus much we thought meet to
admonifli by the way 5 that this Ti^/J/V^is of ufe, notonly inargumen-
tations, when we come to difpute with another j but in meditations
alfo, whenwereafbn and debate matters within our felves. Neither
do thefe places ferve only fory«^,?ey?;^«, or adt/ionition^ what we ought
to affirm ox ajfert'-) but alfo what we ought to ew^«/>e and demand.
And a faculty of wife interrogating, is half a knowledge, {ox Plato
faith well, IFhofoeverfeekj, comprehends that he feel^s for, ingeneralno- in Menc*
tion^ elfehowjloall he l{now it, when he hath found it ^ And therefore the ^^'
larger and more certain our anticipation is, the more diredf and compendi-
ous is ourfearch. The fame places therefore, which will conduce to
fearch the mind of our inward conceptions, andunderftanding; and to
draw forth the knowledge there ftored up j will alio help us to pro-
duce kno.vledge from without. So as if a man of Learning, and un-
derftanding be in prefence, we might be able, aptly and wifely to pro-
pound a Queftion thereof 5 and likewife profitably feled and perule
Authors and Books, or parts of Books, which might teach and inform
us of thofe points we enquire.

§ But particular Topickj do much more conduce to the purpofe we fpeak^ *
of--y and is to be accompted a thing of far greater ufe. There hath been I^^^ioi^
indeed fbme flight mention made hereof, by fome Writers ; but it hath lak.es.
not yet been handled fully, and according to the dignity of the SubjeiS.
But to let pafs that humour and pride, which hath reigned too long in
Schools, which is, to purfue with infinite fubtilly, things that are within
their command i, but never to touch at things any whit removed , we do
receive and imbrace particular Topickj, as a matter of great ufe, that is,
places of enquiry and invention, appropriate to particular Stibj ells and Sci-
e«fej-;and thefe places arc certain mixtures of Logic k^and the proper matter
of particular Sciences. For he is but a weak man, and of narrow capa-
city, who conceives that the Art of finding out Sciences may be found
out, propounded and perfeftedat once, even in their firfl: conception S|

V and

154 Oft he Advancement of Learning. L i b. V.

and prefently be fet dovvn^and pradtifed in fome work.But let men know
for certain. That fulid and true Arts of Invention do Jldoot up, and come
to maturity with the Inventions themfelves : So as vchen a man firjl en-
ters upon thefearch of a knowledge, he may have many profitable Precepts of
Invention ; hut after he hath made farther progress in the kporoledge it
felt, he m zy, and mujl excogitate new Precepts of Invention, which may^
lead him more profperoiifly to further Difcoveries. For this kind of pur-
fuit is like a going upon a plain and open Champion ; for after we have
gone a part of the way , we have not only gained this, that we are
now nearer to our journeys end ; but we gain the better fight of that
part of the way, which remains. So every degree oi proceeding in Sci-
ences, having part over that which is left behind, gives a better pro(pe(ft
to that which follows : And becaufe we fet down this part of Topick
as Deficient^ we will annex an example thereof.

L

III. A particular Topick., ov the Articles of Enquiry
cle GK AVI e^ L E V I.

Et it he enquired Vfhzx. Bodies thofe are which are fufceptible of the
Motion nf Gravity, what of Levity^ and whether there be any of a
middle and indifferent Nature ?

2. After an ahfohtte Inquiry de Gravi d^ Levi -, proceed to comparative
Inquiry j as o( Ponderous Bodies, which doth weigh more, which le(s, in
the fame demenfion ? fo oi^ Light Bodies, which are more fpeedily car-
ried upward, which moreflowly >

5. Let it be enquired, what the ^ranfum of a Body may contribute^
andefFedt towards the Motion of Gravity. But this, at firft fight, may
feem a fuperflupus Inquiry, becaufe the computation of motion mufl
foWovf the computation of quantity : But the matter is othervvife ; for
although the quantity in the fcales do compenfate the weight of the Bo-
dy it felf, (the force of the Body every way meeting by repercuffion ,
or by refiftance, of the Bafins, or of the Beam ) yet where there is but
fmallrefiflance (as in the falling down of a Body through the Air) the
quantity of a Body little avails to the incitation of the defccnt j feeing
two Balls of Lead, one oi twenty, the other of one pound weight, fall to
the earth almoft in an equal fpace of time.

4. Let it be inquired, whether the Quantity of a Body may be fb
increafed , as that the Motion oj Gravity may be utterly depofed and
caft off 5 as in the Globe of the earth, which is penfil, and falls not }
Whether may there be other mafiive fubflances, fb great.as may fuftaia
V. Di- themfelves ? For Local Defcent to the Centre of the Earth, is ameerfi'&i-
on--i and every great Mafs abhorrs all Local Motion, unlcfs it beover*"
rul'd by another more predominant Appetite,

5 Let it be inquired, what the refijiance of a Body interpofing, or in-
countring may do, or aftuate towards the managing of the Amotion of
Gravity : For a Body defcending, either penetrates and cutteth the Bo-
dy occurrenti or is arrcfted by it ; \^ xt penetrates , then there \s pene-
tration ; or with weaker refiftence, as in Air, or with more ftrong, as
in Water ; If it hejiiid, it is ftaid either by a refiftance unequal, where
there is a Pregravation ^ as if Wood fhould be pat upon Wax 5 or e-
qual, as if Water Ihould be put upon Water, or Wood upon Wood of

the

.L I B. V.' Of the Advancement of Learning. 155

the lame kind : which the Schools, in a vain apprehenfion call the »o«-
Tonderation of a body xvithin its oven Sphere. All the(e do vary the
Motion of Gravity 5 for heavy fubjiances are otherways moved in fcaleSj
otherwife in falling down j nay30thefwire(which may feem ftrange) in
Ballances hanging in the Air, otherwile in Ballances imraerfed in Wa-
ter j otherwife in falling down through Water, otherwife in fwim-
ming, or tranfportation upon Water.

6. Let it be inquired, what the Figure of a body de(cending may, or
doth work, to the moderating of the Motion of Gravity^ as a broad Fi-
gure with tenuity ; a cubick Figure^ long round , Pyramidal 5 when
they turn j when they remain in the lame pofture, wherein they were
deliver'd.

7. Let inquiry be made'o/i that which the Continuance and Progrejflon
of a Fall ox Defcent'^mZiy ,^nd doth work to this efFeft,that it may be car-
ried with a greater incitation and force; and with vvhatproportion,and
how far that Incitation will carry ? For the Ancients, upon a Qight con-
templation, were of opinion, that becaufe that tvas a natural Motion^ it w d:^
would continually be augmented and improved. ^ ^'

3. Let inquiry be made of that which Dijiance and Froximity of a.
Body defcendingfrom the earthy roay, and doth work to this end, that
it may fall more fpeedily, more (lowly, or elfe not at all, (if fb be that it
be without the Orbof Aftivity of the terrene G lobe , which was Gilbert's ceMagnJ
opinion J; as likewise what the immerjion of a Body defcending more in
the deep of the earth •■) or the placing thsx^oi nearer to the fuperficies of
the earthy may produce ? For thefe kinds of Pofitures vary the Motion,
as they experience that work in Mines.

9. Let there be inquiry made of that which the difference of Bodies,
by which motion of Gravity is^diffufed, and communicated, can do
and doth : And whether it may equally be cotnmunicated by Bodies
foft, and porole '■, as by hard and (olid ; As if the Beam of the Ballance
be on one (ide of the Tongue Wood, on the other fide Silver, Ct hough
they be reduced to the fame weight J whether doth it not beget a va-
riation in the Scales? In like manner, whether Metal put upon Wool,
or upon a blown Bladder, weigh the fame, it would do, if laid in the
bottom of the Scale ?

10. Let there be inquiry made what the diltance of a Body from the
level-Poife; that is the quick, or late perception of the incumbent, or
ofdepre(rion, can do or doth ; As in a Ballance where one part of the
Beam is longer (thoughof the fame weiglit) whether this doth fway
the Ballance ? Or in the crooked Pipes, where certainly the longer part
will draw the Water, although the (hotter part, made more capacious,
may contain a greater weight of Water.

11. Let there be Enquiry made of that which the intermixtion or
copulation of a light Body with a weighty , may do to the railing
of the weight of a Body , as in the poife of living Creatures, and
Dead?

12. Let inquiry be made of the fecret a(cenfions , and delcenfions of
the parts more light, and more weighty in one, ancf the (ame entire Bo-
dy. Whereby there may be made oftentimes exaft feparations 5 as in
the feparation of Wine and Water 5 in the Afcenlion of the Flower of
Milk, and the like.

V 3 13. Lei

156 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . V.

13. Let it be inquired what is the line and dirediion of the Motion
of Gravity 5 and how far it may follow either the centre of the earth,
that isjthe raafiof the Earth, or the centre of the Body itfelf, that is,
the cointention and driving on of the parts thereof, for thofe centres
are profitable in demonftration, but of no ufe in Nature.

14. Let it be inquired to\xc\\\v\g\.h.t comparifon of the Motion of Gra-
vity, with other Motions ; what Motions it matters, to what it yields?
As in the Motion, which they call, violent^ which is repreft and bridled
for a time 5 as when a far greater weight of Iron is drawn up by a finall
Load-ftone, the Motion of Gravity gives place to the Motion of Syof
pathy.

1 5. Let inquiry be made of the Amotion of Air, whether it be carried
upwards, or be collateral and indifferent? Which is a hard thing to
find out, but by (bme exquifite Experiments : for the glittering appa-
rition of Air in the bottom of Water, is rather by the Percuflion of
Water, than by the Motion of Air; being the fame emication maybe
made in Wood. But Air mingled with Air dilcovers no Experiment^
becaufe Air in Air exhibits Levity no lefs , than Water in Water doth
Gravity : But in a Bubble drawn over with the inclofure of a thin Skin,
itftaysfor atime.

1 6. Let it be inquired what is the Term of Levity, for fure their mean-
ing fwho made the Centre of the Earth, the Centre o^ Gravity^ is not,
that the ultimate convexity of Heaven (hould be theftint and limits of
Levity: Or rather, that as ponderous Bodies feem to be lb far carried,
that there they may caft Anchor as atafixt Pillar ; fo light Bodies are
(bfar carried, that they may begin to wheel about, and come to a mo*
tion roithout termination .-? ^ •

1 7. Let inquiry be made, why vapouj s and exhalations Qiould be car-
ried as high as the middle Region of the Air(as they call it);feeing they
arc fomewhat a grols fubftanee ; and the beams of the Sun by turns ("af
in the night) ceale their Operation.

18. Let inquiry be made of the condu& of. the Motion of Flame up"
vpards j which is the more abftrufe , becaufe Flame exfpires every mo-
ment ; fave perchance in the imbracement of greater Flames z
For Flames feparated and broken off from their continuation, laft not
long.

19. Let inquiry be made of the afcendant Alotion of the AUivity of
Heat, as when the Heat of red-hot Iron affedeth rather to mount up-
wards, than to move downwards ? The exq^iple therefore of particular
Topick^ may be made in this manner 5 in the mean time, what we have
begun toadvife, we do again admonifli, which is, that men vary their
particular Topic^sfo, as after farther Progreffion made by Inquiry, they
do fubftitute one, and after that another Topick^, if ever they defireto
reach the top of Sciences. As for us, we attribute (b much to particular
Topickj, as we do defign to make » particular Work of them upon (bme
Subjefts in Nature, which are more obfervable, and more ob(cure , For
we are Commanders of ^efiions^ not fo of things'. And thus of Inven'
tion.

Chap.

L I B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 157

Chap. IV.

1. The Partition of the Art of Judgwgj itito Judgement by InduUion,
§ And by Syllogijm. Ofthefi'rji a. ColkBion it made in the New Or-
gan, § The firft Partition of Judgement by Syllogifm into Redu-
mon, DireSf, and Inverji. § The (econd Partition thereof, ifjto
Analyticli Art : and the Knovplcdge of Elenchs. I J. The Divifion
of the Knowledge of Elenchs ^ into Elenchs of Sophifms. § Into
Elenchs of Interpretation of Terms. § And into Elenchs of Images,
or tdolaes. III. The Divifion of Idolaes. § Into Imprejfions
from the General Nature of Man, or Idola Tribus. ^ Into Impref'
Jions from the Individual temper of particulars, or Idola Specus,
^ Into Imprejfions by IVords , aud Communicative Nature , or I-
dola B'ori. IV. An Appendix of the Art of Judging , namely of
the Analogic of Demonftration according to the Nature of the
SiibJeS. ^

I. T ET tjs nmv pafs. to Judgement , or the Art of Judging , rvhich
j__j handleth the Natt^re of Proofs, or Demonjirations. And in this
Art of Judging (zs alfb generally it is accepted) a Conclujion is inferred,
either by indu&ion 5 or elfe by Syllogifm : For Enthymemes, and Exam-
ples are only the abridgements of thefetwo. As for Judgement that it
is by InduSlion, we need nothing doubt. For by one and the fame Opera-
tion of the Mind, that which is fought, is both found and judged. Nei-
ther is the thing perfefted by any mean , but immediately after the
fame manner, for moft part, as it is in Senfe : For Senfe, in her primary
Objefts, doth at once feizeupon the fpecies of an ObjetH", and confent
to the truth thereof. But it is otherroife in Syllogifm^ the Proof where-
of is not Immediate, but perfefted by a Alean^ and therefore the In--
mention of the Medium is one things and the Judgement of the consequence
of Argument, is another : For the mind JirB difcourfcth , afterrvards rejls
fatisjied. But a Fitious Form of Indu^ion we utterly difclaim 5 a Legi' '.
rimate Form we refer over to the Nen> Organ. Therefore enough in this
place, of Judgement by InduBion.

fj For that other Judgement by Syllogifm , to what purpofe is it to
fpeak, feeing this is by the fubtil files off mens wits amoft worn away,
and reduced into many minute pieces ? And no marvel, being it is a
thing hath fuch Sympathy with mans underftanding. For the mind of
man doth vponderfuUy endeavour, and extremely covet this^ that it may not
be penjilj but that it may light upon fomet hi ng fixt and immoveable, on
which as on a firmament it mayfupport it [elfin its fvei ft motions and dif-
quijitions. Snrely, as /4r^of /e endeavoureth to prove, That in all mo' pg^nf.
tion of Bodies there isfome point quiefcent 5 and very elcgantlji expcandeth ma!. Mo-
the Ancient Fable <7^ Atlas that jioodfixed, and bare up the Heavens from "°"**
falling , to be meant of the Poles of the Worlds rvhereupon the Convert
Jion is accomphf)t. In liks fffanner men do earncfily jeek^ to have fame
Aths, or Axeltree of their Cogitations mthin themjelves , rohidh may in

Jo me

158 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i e. V»

Come meafure moderate theflH&tiations^ and vpheelings of the u/iderjiand-
ing, fearing it may be, the falling of their Heaven. Therefore men
have hajined toofati tofet down principle t of Sciences, about nhich all the
variety of DifpHtations might turn tvithout peril ofruiae orfubvcrjion. In
truth not knowing that he who too early lays hold on certainties, will con-
clude in ambiguities ••, and he thatfeafonably fufpends his Judgement^ Jljall
attain to Certainties.

§ So then it is manifeft, that this Art of Judging by Syllogifm is no-
thing elfe, but the redu(3:ion of Propofitions to Principles, by middle
terms 3 and Principles are underftood to be agreed of by all, and are
exempt from Argument. But the invention of middle terras is per-
mitted to the free fagacity, and purfuit of mens wits. This ReduSion n
of two kjnds^DireU and Inverted. DireU is, when the Propofition is re-
duced to the Principle, which is call'd Probation O^ienjive. Inverfed is,
when the Contradiftory of the Propofition is reduced to the Contra-
diftory of the Principle 5 which they terra a Probation from incongrui-
ty, or an abfurdity. The number alfo of middle terms, or their fcalc is
diminifhed or increafed, as they are remov'd from the Principle of the
Propofition.

§ Thefe grounds laid, roe will divide the Art of Judgement (as for moft
part generally it is ) into Analytick_Art ^ and the Do&rine of Elenchfj
the one giveth Direction, the other Caution. For Analyticl^ fetteth
down the true Forms of Confequences of Argument by a Variation,
and Defledlion, from which, the Conclufion is deprehended to be er-
roneous ; and this part contains in it a kind of £/e«r/j, or Redargutioa.

V.Euclid. For, as it is (aid, Re6lum d^fui index eji, d^ obliqui. Notwitnftanding

& Cora- it jsthe fafeft wayto fetdown Elenchs as Monitors, whereby Fallacies,
which otherwife might infnarc the Judgement, may be more eafiiy de-
tefted. In the Analytick^ Part we find nothing Deficient, which, ra-?
ther is loaden with fuperfluities , than any way is wanting in accef-
fions.

n. The Knowledge of Elenchs we divide into three Parts : Elenchs of
Sophifms !y Elencht of Intepretation ; and Elenchs of Images or Idolaes.
The Dodrine of Elenchs of Sophifms is very ufeful , for although the
the more grofs fort o[ Fallacies is (as Seneca makes the comparifbn ve-

«pift.4y.' ry well) But asthefeatsofjuglers, which t bough we know not how they
are done j yet we k»ow well it is not as it feems to be. Yet the more
fubtil fort of Sophifms doth not only put a man befides his anfwer, but
doth in good earneft abufe his Judgement.

ij This Part concerning the Elenchs of Sophifms is excellently handled

^ by AriHotle in Precept 5 but more excellently by Plato in Example, not

only in the Perfonof the Ancient Sophifts, Gt;r^7jj, Hippias, Protagoras

and £«//j/V/fw«/,and the reft 5 but even in the Perlbn of .S"^fr4/(?/ him-

i"f^f?p^'^ felf , who profefliiig to affirm nothing, but to infirm whatfoever others
avouch, hath exaftly expreffed all the Forms oiobje&ions. Fallacies and
Redargntions. Wherefore in this Part wc have nothing Deficient. But
this, in the mean time, is to be noted, that though we make the inge-
nuous and principal u(e of this Knowledge to confift in thiSjTA^f So-
phifms may be redargued 5 yet it is manifeji, that the degenerate and
corrupt ufe thereof is imploy'd to contrive , and impofe Captions and
Contradi&ions , by thefe Sophifms '■, which p^ffeth fur a great Faculty ,

and

L I B. V. Of tbc Advancement of Learning. 159

and no doubt it of great advantage. Though the difference was elegant-
ly made by one betwixt an Orator, and a Sophiti, 'That the one is as the
Crey-honnd^ which hath his advanttige in the race , the other as the Hare
which hath her advantage in the trim.

§ Now follow El.nchi Hermeni^, forfo we will call them, borrow-
ing the Word, rather than the Sencc, from Arijiotlc. And here let us
call to mens memory what we have laid before 5 (when we handled
Frifftitive Fhilojophy) of tranfcendent, and adventitious Conditions^ or
AdjunQs of Entity^ they he Majority^ Minority '^ Much, Little -^ Trio-
rity^ Vojieriorityi, identity^ Diverjity j Vorver^ A&^ Habit, Privation 5
Totality , Partiality ; ACiivity, Pajjivity j Motion, ^ietude 5 Entity,
Non-Entity, and the like. But fpecially let men remember, and ob-
ierve the different Contemplations of thefe Properties, which is, that
they may be enquired, either Phyfically, or Logically. The Phyficai
handling of thefe adherent Qiialities we have afligned to Primitive
rhilofophy. The L(?^/V4/ remaineth, andthatisthe very thing which
we here iHilcDocirinani de Elenchis Hermeni<e, the Knowledge of the E-
lenchf ef Interpretation. This indeed is a found and material Portion
of Knowledge : For thefe Commune and general Notions have this Na-
ture, that in all difputations they every where intervene, foas,ifthey be
not by a careful Judgment accurately dijiinguijljt at firji , they may won-
derfully overcloud the whole light of Difputations ^ and even bring the cafe
to that pafs, that the Difputations f)all be refolvedinto a skjrmifj of words.
For Equivocations, and erronious acception of words (fpecially ofthis
Nature) are the Sophifm, of Sophifms. Wherefore it feeraeth better to
conftitutea Treatife of them apart, than to receive them into Prime
Vhilofophy, I mean Mctaphyfck^-^ or to annex them as a part ofAnaly-
tickj, which An{\^ot\e very confufedly hath done. And we have given it AuR.Ar.a.'
a name from the Nature and Ufe^ for the right ufe is plainly Redarguti- '>'•
on, and Caution about the acception of words. Nay that Part of Predi-
caments touching Cautions, of not confounding, aud tranfpofing th&
terms of Definitions, and Divijions, if it were rightly inftituted, would
beof lingular ufe, in our judgment, and might fitly be referred hither. ^
And thus much of the Elenchs of Interpretation. elenchi

III yisfor the Elenchs of Images or idolaes , certainly idolaes are the idolo-
profvHfjdeJi Fallacies of the mind of man. Nor do they deceive in P^r/i-
culars, as the reft do 5 caftinga Cloud, and fpreading fnares over the
Judgment^ but apertly from a corrupt, and crookedly-fetpredifpofi-
tion ofthemind , which doth, as it were, wreft andinfeft all the an-
ticipations of the underftanding. For the mind of man ('drawn over,
and clouded with the fable Pavillion of the BodyJ is fb far from being
like a iraooth, equal, and clear Glafs, which might fincerely take and
refleft the beams of things, according to their true incidence 5 that it iis
rather like an inchanted GlafsXuU of Superftitionsj ApparitionSjand Im-
poftjres.

^ Idolaes are impofed upon the underjianding, either by the univerfal Na^
ture of man in general '-i or from the individual Nature of Particulars ^ or
bywords, or nature Communicative. The firft fort of Images we wont
toc3i\\ldo!a Trihus--, the fecond, idola SpecHs; the third, Idola Fori: '^^^■°^-
There is alfo a fourth kind, which we call, Idola 1 heal ri--, andis intro' aph.lxi.
ducedby depraved Theories or Philojophies, andperverfe Laws of Demonjira- ^"^ ^^^^'

tions 5

i6o Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. V.

tiotts ; but this kind may be denied and put off, wherefore we pa(s it
over for the prefent. But the other do plainly befiege the mind, nor
can they ever be quite removed, or extirpated. Therefore let none
expeftany Analytick Art in thefe j but the knowledge of Elenchs con-
cerning the(e Idolaes is a Primary Knowledge. Nor (to fpeak truth) can
this Knowledge of Idolaes be reduced into Art '-, but only by a contem-
plative wifdom, we may be inftruded to beware of them. As for a
juft and more fubtile Treatife thereof, we refer that to the Novum Or-
gunum^ touching upon them in a generality in this place.
\ov.oR. § Idoh Tnhus is thus exemplified. The Nature oj the mind of man k
lib I. f^ore affeCledvpith /l^rmatives undA&ives, than with Negatives and Pri-
XLV. vatives ^ whereas in a ju[i and regular courfc it fiould prefent it fclf equal to
ad LIU. 1,0th. But the mind of man, if a thing have once been cxiftent, and
cxcuive. gj^j \iQ\d good, receives a deeper Impreffion thereof, than if the (ame
thing, far more often fail'd and fell out othcrvvife 5 which is the root,
as it were, of all fuperftition and vain credulity. So that he anfwered
well to him that (hewed him the great number ofPifturesoffuch as had
'leaped Shi pwrack, and had paid their vows s and being preft with this
Cic.de N. Interrogative, Whether he did not now confef the Divinity of Neptune ^
D.l.b.v. 'return'd this counter-queftion by way of anfwer, yea^ hut where are
they painted^ that are drowned .<? And there is the fame reafon of all fuch
like Superftitions, as in Aftrology ^ Dreams j Divinations, and the
reft. An other Infiance is this '-, The Spirit of man being itfelfofan equal
and uniform Subjiance, doth prefuppofe^ and feign a greater equality, and
y Pj uniformity inNature, than in truth there is. Hence that fidion of the
GRKs. Mathematicians, that in the heavenly Bodies, all is movcdby perfe& Cir-
clesj rejefting fpiral Lines : foit comes to pafs, that whereas there are
many things in Nature, as it were Alonodica, and full of imparity 3
yet the conceits of^men ftill feign and frame unto themfelves, Rela-
EicmT'- ''^^-fj Par/il/els, and Conjugates. For upon this ground, the Element
r.is vide of Fire and its Orb is brought in to k^^cpfquare with the other three. Earthy
Digreis. if'aterj Air. The CAy^/zc^r have fet out a Phanatical Squadron of the
word, feigning by amoft vain conceit, in thofe their four Elements
Paiacei. ( Heaven --^ Air --i Water, and Earth, there are found to every one paral-
riud^e ]gi and conform fpecies. The third Example hzthibme aS^mty with the
former. That man is, as it were, the common meafure and mirror, orglajT
of Nature-) for it is not credible (ifall Particulars were fcann'd and no-
ted} what atroopof f?^/>«j- and idolaes thereduftion of the operati-
ons of Nature, to the fimilitudecf humane Adions, hath brought into
F piphsn. rhilofophy j I fay this very fancy, that itfiould be thought that Nature doth
'e^h^H^ft //'e/'jwe things that man doth. Neither are thefe much better than the
Fccl.iib.n Herefieof the Anthropomorphites, bred in the Cells and folitude ofgro(s
and ignorant Monks, or the Opinion of Epicurus anfwcrable to the
famein Heathenifm, whofuppofed God tobeof Humane (hape. But
Vellcius the Epicurean needed not to have asked, why God fhould have
.adorned the heavens with ftarsand lights, as if he had been nn^dilis j
one that fliould have fet forth fome magnificent fhews or plays, for if
that great Workman had conform'd himfelftorhe imitation of an ^di-
lis, he would have caft the ftars into fome plealant and beautiful works,
and orders, like the curious roofs of Palaces, whereas one can fcarce
find in fuch an infinite number of ftars a Pofture in fquarc, or Triangle,

or

L I B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning, i6i

KOV.OK.

or right-Line. So clij^trent a har^ioKji there is between the Spirit of man^
and the Spirit of the world.

§ Idola Spccus are derived from the Individnal Complexion of every Par- Li'b.iT
ticular in refpe& ofjllif/d, and of Body , as alfo^ frOfH Education 5 Cyjlom ; ■'^nh.i nr,
and Fortuitous Events^ which befall every man. For it is an excellent
emblem that of Plato''s Cave 3 for certainly (to let go the exquifite Tub- pi.f.He
tilty of that Parable) if a man were continued from his Childhood un- R-ep- vil-
to mature Age in a Grot, or a dark and fubterraneous Cave, and then
(hould come fuddenly abroad, and fliould behold this ftately canopy of
heaven, and the Furniture of the World j without doubt he would
have many ftrange and abfurd imaginations come into his mind, and
people his brain. So in like manner we live in the view of heaven j yet
our Spirits are inclofed in the Caves of our Bodies •-, Complexions, and
Cuftoms, which muft needs minifter unto us infinite images of errors,
and vain Opinions, ifthey dofofeldom, andforfbfhort a fpace appear
above ground, out of their holes^ and do not continually live under
the Contemplation of Nature, as in the open Air. That Parable of
Heraclitus doth well fuit with this emblem o? Phito's Cave^ that men -^ i^ .
fee^ Scicncees in their oven proper World ^ and not in the greater
^o4d.

§ EntldoU Fori are moji iron fylefome, which cut of a tacite Jiipulation t\b.f.
afnonj^ji men^ toMchirgtheifnpofitionoftPords, and na/net, have infinua- ^['^■^^^'
ted themfelves into the underjianding. Words commonly are impofed
according to the capacity of the People j and diftinguifh things by fuch
differences, as the Vulgar are capable of i and when a more prefciffive
conception , and a more diligent obfervation would dilcern, and (e-
parate things better^ the noife of popular words confounds and inter-
rupts them. And that which is the remedy to this inconvenience
(namely Definitions') in many points is not a remedy fufficient for the
diieafe 5 becaufe the Definitions themlelves confift of words, and words
beget words. For although we prefume that we are mafters of our
words, and expreffions j and it is foon faid, loquendum ut vulgus, fen- ^^*,;'*'f*..
ticnduntiitfapkntes, and that Words of Art, which are of Authority
only with the Learn'd, may feem to give fome fatisfaftion toihis de-
fed, and that the Df/;'«7//<7«j- whereof we have fpoken, preraifed, and
prefuppofed in Arts according to the wifdom of the Mathematicians,
may be of force to correft the depraved acceptations of words 3 yet ■
all this fecures us not from the cheating flights and charms of words,
which many ways abufe us, and offer violence to the nnderftanding;
and after the manner of the Tartars Bow, do fhoot back upon the judg-
ment from whence they came. Wherefore this difeale muft have a
new kind of remedy, and of more efficacy. But we do now touch thefe
in paflage briefly, in the mean time reporting this Knowledge which
We will call, the Great Elenchs, or theDodrine of /^(^/^ie/, Native and
adventual of the mind of man, tQ be Deficient. But we refer a jufil
Treatife thereof to the Novum Orqanunt.

IV There remains one part of [Jtfi^g»/f«f of great excellency, which'
likewife we fet do wn as Df^c/cw/. For indeed Anfiotk noteththe thing, logi'a "
but no where purfueth the manner of acquiring it. The Subjeft of this ^r^^v^-^il
point is this. The different l^ind of Dcmonjirations, at'd Proofs, to difc- o^n^i-
rsKtkjf^d of Matter and Subjedsj Co that this DosSrine containeth the

X Jndicaltefjf

fcljli MM ■■— ^M^— ■ Ml ■ ■■ m-mmw^ ■ '■■■ — "— -- —

162 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . VI.

Indications of Indications. For Arijiotle advifeth well. That we may
' Eth.lib. I. not require Demonjirations from Orators^ or Verfwafionsfrom Iil.it hemati-
cians-^ fo that if you miftake in the kind of Proof, the judicature can-
not be upright and perfeft. And feeing there are four kin^s of £>e-
monjirdtions either by immediate Confent^ and commune 'Notions 5 or
by InduUion 5 or by Syllogism ^ or by that which Arijiotle calls Ds^-
monfiraiiou in orb ^ or in Circle^ (that is not from the more known no-
tions, but down right J 5 every of thefe Dcmonjirations hath ceriain
Subjedts, and matter of Sciences, wherein refpedtively they have chief-
eft ufe^ other Subjefts from which refpedtively they ought to be ex-
cluded. For a rigor and curioflty in requiring toojevere proofs in fame
things 5 -mHch more afaeiltty and remijfion in rejiingjatisfied iifz flighter
Proofs, are to be numbrcd amongji thoje prejudices, rohich have been the
greatefi Caufes of detriment, and impediment to Sciences. Thus much
concerning the Art of "judging. "

C HA P. • V.

I. The Partition of Art Retentive, or of Memory into the Knowledge
of tfx Helps of Memory, §. andtheKnoirledgeoftheA/emoryitfelf.
If. ThcDWx^lon df the DoUrine of Memory into Vrenotion. ^. and
Emblem.

E will divide the Art of Retaining, or ofCuflody, into two Know-
ledges •■) that is, into the l^nowlcdgeofthe Helps of Memory, and
the Knowledge of the Memory it felf, Affirtant to Memory is writing ^
and itmuft by all means be noted, that Memory of it felf, without this
fupport, would be too weak for prolix and accurate matters j whereiq
it could no way recover, or recall it lelf, but by Scripture. And this
Jubfldiaryfecond is alfoofmoft fpecial u(e in Indu&ive I hilofophy, and
the Interpretation of 'Nature. For a man may as well perfeft, and fum
up the Computations oi^ an Ephemerides by mere Memory^ as compre-
hend the /A;^n-^rc/d//<;» of Wa/wre by meditations, and the nude, and
• native ftrength of Memory '-, unlels the fame Memory be affifted by Tables^
and Indices provided for that Purpofe. But to let go the Interpretati-
on of Nature, which is anew knowledge^ there fcarcely can be a thing
more ufeful even to ancient, and popular Sciences, than a folid, and
good Aid to Memory 5 that is, a fubftantial and Learned Digeji of Com-
mon places. Neither am I ignorant, that the referring ofthoje things we
read, or learn, into Common Places, is imputed byfome as a Prejudice to
Learning , as caufing a retardation of Reading, and ajhthjul relaxation
to Memory. But becaufe iris a Counterfeit thing in Knowledge, to be
forward and pregnant, unlefs you be withal deep and full j I hold that
the diligence, and pains in colleding Common Places, is of great ufe
and certainty in (tudying; as that which Subminifters Copy to Inven-
tion--i and Cijntradicth the fight of Judgment to a ftrength. But this is
true, that of the Methods and Syntagms of Commonplaces, which we have
Jeenj there is none that is of any worth ; for that in their Titles^ they mere-

i/ 1 B. V. Of the Advancement of Learning, 167

ty rcprcfent theface^ rather of a School, than of the world'-, exhibiting VhU
gar and Pedantical Diviftons, andnotfuch as anyway penetrate the Alarporo
and nth of things. *

k As for Memory it felf^ that in my Judgement hitherto hath been
looftly, and weakly inquired into. There is indeed an Art extant of
it 5 but we are certain that there may be had both better Precepts for
the confirming and increafing Afc«?(?rj'3 than that Art comprehendeth 5
and a better praftice of that Art may be fet down , than that which
is receiv'd. Neither do we doubt (if any man have a mind to abufe
this Art to ofbentation) but that many wonderful and prodigious Mat-
ters maybe performed by it. But for u(e (as it is now managed) it is
a barren thing. Yet this in the mean time we do not tax it withal, that
it doth fupplant, or furcharge Natural Memory (as commonly is objedl-
ed) but that it is not dexteroully applied to lend afliftance to M^emory
in bufinefi, and ferious occafions. And we have learned this (it may
be from our praftiied Courle in a civil Calling) that whatlbever makes
oftentation of Art, and gives no aifurance of ule, v/e efteem as as no-
thing worth. For to repeat on the fudden a great number of names or
words, upon once hearing, in the fame order they were delivered 5 or
to pour forth a number ofverles upon any argument extempore-^ or
to tax every thing that falls out in (bme fatyrical fimile^or the turning of
every thing to a Jefl: ^ or the eluding of every thing by a contradifti-
on or cavil , and the like 5 whereof in the faculties of the mind there
is a great ftore ; and fuch as by wit and praftice may be exalted to a.
great degree of wonder. All thefe and the like, we make no more efti-
mation of, than we do of the agilities and tricks of Tumblers, Buffoons
and Juglers. For they arealmoft all one thing, feeing thele abufe the
Powers of the Body, thefe the Powers of the Mind j and perchance
they may have (bme ftrangenefs in them j but little or no worthinels.

If. I'his Art of Memory is built upon two Inienlxons^rrctiotion and Ent'
blem.'WQ call Trenotion a Frecifion ofendlefs Invelfigation^fov when a man
Would recal any thing to Memory, if he have no Prenotion or Preception
<!jf thathe feeketh, he (earcheth indeed,and taketh pains, rounding this
way and that way, as in a maze of infinity. But if he have any certain
Prenotion, prefently that which is infinite is difcharged and cut off^ and
the queftioning of the Adcmory is brought within a more narrow com-
pa(s •■) as in the hunting of a Fallow Deer within the Park. Therefore
it is evident, that the Method helps the Memory , for Prenotion fuggefteth
that it muft agree with order. So verfes are fooner gotten by heart
than Profe j for if a man make a doubtful ftand at a word , Prenotion
prompts him that the word which agrees with the verfe, muft be of
fuch a Nature. And this Prenotion is the firft part of Artificial Memo-
ry. For in Memory Ariiji'cialwe have places digefted and provided be-
fore hand : But we make Images extempore, according as the prefent
fhall require. But Prenotion doth admonifh that the Image muft be
fiich as hath fomerefemblance with the place -^ this is that v>'hich a-
wakethj and in fome fort muniteth the Memory in the chafe of what w^
feek.

§ Emblem deduceth conceptions inteUe&ttal to Images fen fiblc, and that
which isfenfiblc^ more forcibly jirikes the Memory , and is more enfUy im^
trintedj than that vphicb is inteUe&ual. So we fee that even the Memo-

X 2 r>

164 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. V,

rj of Beads is ftirr'd up by a fenftble objeft, not by an inteUe&tial. So
ygw will more eafily remember the Image of a Hunts-man purfuing the
Hare, or of an Apothecary fetting in otder his Boxes, or of a Pedant
making a Speech, or of a Boy reciting Verfcsby heart, or of a Jefter
afting upon a Stage, than the Notions of Ifivention^ Difpofltion, Elocuti-
on, Memory, AUion. There are other things that pertain to the Ae//> «/
Memory (as we faid even now) but the Art which now is in u(e confifts
of thele two Inventions now let down. To purfue the particular De-
feBs of Arts, would be to depart from our intended par pole. Where-
fore let thus much fuffice for the Art of Retaining, or of CUjiody. Now
we defcend in order to the fourth member o^Logicf^, which handles
Tradition and Elocution.

THE

165

THE

Sixth Book

OF

francis l. v e rv l a m

VicountS^' alb an,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNlNa

To the KING.

Chap. L

I. The Partition of the Art of Tradition into the Do&rine of the Or^
gan of Speech. The Do&rine of the /Method of Speech 5 J»d the Do-
£frine of the lUuJiration of Speech. § The Partition of i,he Do-
Srine of the Organ of Speech j into the Knovoledge of the Notes of
things 'j of Speakings and of IVriting'-^ of vchich the two laft conjii-
tute Grammar, and the Partitions thereof. ^ The Partition of the
Knoveledge of the Notes of things , into Hieroglyphickj j And into
CharaBers Real. .If. A fecond Partition of Grammar^ into Literary
and Philofophical.'lU. An Aggregation of Foefie^ref erring to Meafitre^
unto the Knowledge of Speech. An Aggregation of the Knowledge vf
Cyphers to the Knowledge of Writing.

Ertainly any man may aflfume the liberty (Excellent King')
if he be (b fo humour'd, to jeft and laugh at himfelfjorhis
own Projefts. Who then knows whether this work of
ours be not perchance a Transcript out of an Ancient Book jtsj],ia7^
found araongft the the Books of that famous Library ofGs^ tHiisda
S. Vi&or^ a Catalogue whereof M. Fra. Rabelais hath collefted ? For f,^"f '"''
there a Book is found entitled Formicarittm Artium 5 we have indeed
accumulated a little heapofyw^// Dufi j and laid up many Grains of
Arts and Sciences therein, whereto Ants may creep, and there repole a

while

\^6 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. VL

while, and fo betake themfelves to new labours. Nay the wifeft of
Ptov.6. Yiings fends the Jlotfjfitl, of what rank or quality foever, unto the Ants^
tphqfe only care is to live upon the MA2»ftoc\^ hut not to improve it IjJoW'
ing thegroitndof Sciences over again^ and reaping a. nta> Harveji.

I. Nor» let Hs come unto the Art of Delivery^ or of Exprejfing^ andTranf-
ferring thofe things which arc Invented^ Judged^ and laid up in Aiemorj 5
which^ by ageneral name^ we will terpt Tradition. This comprehendeth
in it all Arts touching Words and Speeches ; fox though Reafon be^ as it
wcve^the Soul of Speech, yet in the manner of handling, Reafon and
Speech (hould be feparate,even as the -S^«/and the Body are. We will
divide thefe Traditive Sciences into three Parts 5 into the Knowledge cott'
cerning the Organ oj Speech-, into the Knowledge concerning the Method of
Speech j and into the Knowledge concerning the llluliration and Orna-
ment of Speech.

§ The Knowledge f(7»«r»/«g. f/je Org4« tf/.S'/ecf-^ generally receiv'da
which is alfo called Grammar , hath two Parts 5 the one of Speech 5 the
other of IVriting. For Arijiotle faith well, Words are the Images of Cogi"
prct. tations'-, Letters arc the Images of tVofds '■) we will affign both to Gr^*?-
mar. But to derive the Matter fomewhat higher- before w€ come to
Gi-aminar, and the Parts thereof now fet down 5 we muttfpeakof the
Organ of Tradition in general. F?or there feems to be other Traditive
Emanations befides Words and Letters. For ^is is certain whatfbever
may be diftinguithtinto differences, fuffieient for number, to exprefs
the variety of Notions(fb thofe differences be perceptible to fenfe^may
be the Convoy of the Cogitations from m^n to man. For we fee Na-
tions of different Language to trade one with the other, well enough
to ferve their turn by Gefiurcs. Nay, in the praftice of many, that
have been dumb and deaf from their birth, andotherwife were in-
genious, we have feen flrange Dialogues held between therajand their
friends, who have learn'd their Geftures. Moreover it is now generally-
known that in China, ar^d the Provinces df the high Levant, there are
at this day in ufe , certain Realy and not Nominal Chara5fers , " that is,
fuchas exprefs neither Letters n6r Words 5 but Things and Notions : in
ilbmuch, that many Countries that underftand not one anothers Lan-
guage, but confentitig in fuch kindof C/^^r^^er/ ("which are more gene-
rally receiv'd amorfgft thfem) caii communicate one with another by
fuch Figures written j fb as every Country can read and deliver-in his
own native Tongue, the meaning ofany Book v/ritten with thefe C/&4-
ra£fers. '} '■ / . \''/.' , ,-

^ § Notes therefore of things, wiiich without tHe nelp and mediatioa

DK NoTis °^ ff^ords fignfie Things, are of tWo forts ; whereof the firfl fort is fig-
BERuM. nificant of C('«gr//zjfj' 3 the other ad placitum. Of the former fort are
Hieroglyphickj andGcJitires 5 of the later are thofe which we call Cha*
ra&ers Real. The ufe of Hieroglyphicks is very ancient , and had in a
- kind of Veneration 5 efpecially amongft the Egyptians, one of the molt
Ancient Nations : So that Hieroglyphicl(s feem to have been ^firji-born
writing, and elder than the Elements of Letters 5 unlefs, it may be, the
Letters of the He^jrews. As f^rGcfinrc s, they ?itc,SiS itwere,Tranfitory
Hieroglyphicks. For as words pronounced vam^bi^writings remain , fb Hie
roglyphickj expreffed by GeJfHrcs,ate iranfient,but/'^/«/e^,permanent. As
when r«7<?»(/^r being confulted with, how to prefcrve a Tyranny, bid

« the

. L ! B. V J. Of the Aclijancemem ofL earning. 1 6 j

the Meiienger ft.ind ftill, atidhc vpalkj,i!g.in a Gardca, topt all the hrghcjl Heroc<of.
Flowers ••3 fignifyingthe cutting ofE, Jtnci the keeping low ofthe Nobi- ^^*''v
lity j did as well make ufe of a HicKfiglyphick^^ as if he had drav.'n the
fimc upon Paper. This in the mean is plain, thzx. Hi crogl)p hicks and
Cejhres ever have fotne firailuude with the thing figoified, and are kind
o( Emblems -J. wherefore we have namtd them tha Not^s of things; from
Congruity. But Ch.ira&crs RealhaVQ nothing of Emblem in thera , but
are plainly dumb and dead Figures, as the Elements oi^ Letters are 5 and
only devifed ad Placitum^ and confirmed by Cufjipm, as by a tacit a-
greeraent. And it is manifeftalfo that there muft- needs be a va(t num-
ber of them for writing 5 at leaft (b many as there are Radical words.
Wherefore this portion of Knowledge concerKitjg the Orgcpi of speech,
which is of the Notes of Things^ we report as DeJ^cietit. And though it
may feem of no great u(e, confidering that Words and writings by Let-
ters are the moft apt Organs oiTradititm j yet we thought good to make
mention of it here, as of a knowledge not to bedefpifed. For we here
handle, as it were, the Coytzs of things IfitellcQital j and it wi-II not be
amilstoknovv, that as Money may be made of other matter befides
Gold and Silver 5 fo there may be ftamped other Notes of things be-
fides tVords and Letters.

n Let us proced to Cmmmay-y this doth bear the office as it vpere^ of
anVper to other Sciences j a place not very honourable , yet very tteceffa-
ry^ efpecially feeing that in our age Sciences are chiefly drawn from LeArned
LangHages^ andnot from Adother-tonghes. Nor is the dignity thereof to
be efteeraed mean, feeing it fupplics the place of an Antidote, 3g:nnft
that AIaledi3 ion o{ the Cqnfitfton o{Tpngites. Surely the Induftryof
man ftriveth to reftore, and redintegrate himfelf in thofe Benedidions,
which by his guilt he forfeited i and by all other Arts,arm8 and firength-
ens himfelf againft that firfl: general Curfe of they?fr77//7 (?///)e ea>-th,and
the eating of his bread in the fiveat of his brows. But againft that (econd Gen, 3.
Curfe, which was the Cofzjufion of Tongues, he calls in the ajfijiance of
Grammar. The ufe hereof in fome Mother- tongues is indeed very fmall 5
in forreign tongues more large, but mofl: ample in fuch tongues, as
have ceafed to be vulgar, and are perpetuated only in Books.

^ We will divide Grammar into twojoi^s, whereof the one is Literary,
the other Philofophical. The one is merely applied to Languages, that
that they may be more fpeedily learned 5 or more correftedly and pure-
ly fpoken. The other in a fort doth minifter, and is fubfervient to rhi-
lofophy. In this later part which is Philofophical, we find that C£far writ Seet ;n
Bookj De Anahgia 5 and itis a queftion whether thofe Books handled i"'-
this Philofophical Grammar whereof we fpeak ? Our opinion is, that
not any high and fubtil matter in them, but only that they deliver'd
Preceptsof a pure and perfeft fpeech, not depraved by popular Cu- mVt'ic4 .
ftora j nor corrupted and polluted by over-cunous affeclation 3 in ph\''°s!°'
which kind C£far excell'd. Notwithjianding^ admonifh'd by fuch a
work, we have conceiv'd and comprehended in our mind, a kind of
Grammar, that miy diligently enquire, not the Analogy of words one
with another, but xht Analogy between Words and Things, or Reafon •,
befides that Interpretation of Nature, which is fubordinatc to Logick^.
Surely IVords are thefoot-Jleps of Reafon , and foot-fteps do give fome
indications of the Body > wherefore we will give fome general delcri-
0 ption

i68 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VI.

ptionofthis. And firft we do not allow that curious enquiry which

inCratyl. r/j/,? an excellent man purfued, touching the 7W/y///^« and original E-
tymology of names, conceiving it, ds if words had not ken itnpofed at
fi'rji, ad rhciiiim--^ hut Tvere figmficantly derived and deduced from a cer-
tain reafon and intifidment. Certainly an elegant and pliant fpecula-
lion, which might be aptly fain'd and made fquare to the purpofe : and
by reafon it feemeth to fearch the fecrets of Antiquity, in feme kind re-
verend. But yet fparingly n^ixt with truth, and without fruit. But
irz/y^iPM^ queftion that would be a moft excellent kind oi Grammar (zs
we fuppofe if fome man throughly inftrufted in many Languages^ as well
Learned^ z^ Mother-tongues., fliould write a Treatile of the divers Pro-
prieties o^ Languages'^ (hewing in what points every particular Lan-
guage did excel ^ and in what points it was Deficient. For (b
Tongues mi^t be enricht and perfefted by mutual inrcrtraffick one wkh
another •-, and a moft fair Image of fpeech (like the J'enuf of Apelles) j
and a goodly pattern for the true exprcffion of the inward fence of the
mind, might be drawn from every part which is excellent in every
Language, y^nd withal no flight Conjedures, but fuch as were weH
worth the obfervation, might be taken (which a man perchance would
little think) touching the natural difpofitions and cuftoras of PeoplCjand
Nations, even from their Languages. For I rcillingly give ear to Cice-
ne Orat. ro noting that the Grecians have not a word which may expreft this La[-
Hb.i. tine word, Incptum'-, hecaufe (^Ca.'nhbe') this vice was fo familiar to the
Grecians y t halt hey did notfo /niich as acknovcledge thcmjelves guilty there*
of. Certainly a Cenfure worthy a B-oman gravity. And what may
that infer, that the Grecians ufed fuch a Liberty in compofition of
words; contrarywife the Romans were in this point fevere? Surelya
man may plainly colleft that the Grecians were more fit toftudy Arts j
the. Romans to manage affairs of ftate. Fordiftinftions of Arts, fot
moft part, require compofition of words ; but matters and bufinefs,
fimple words. Bui the Hebrews fofl.)un Compofition.that they mal{e choice
rather to jirain a Metaphor too far^ than to bring in a Compofition. Nay
they ufe fofew words, and fo unmingled, that a man may plainly per-
ceive by their Tongue, that they wer*^ a Nazarite People, and feparate
from other Nations. And is noFthat worthy obiervation ?(though it may
(erve to abate our high conceit of our own t\vnts)ihat ancient Languages
roere more full of Declenfions •-, Cafes:, Conjugations •-, Tenfes^ andthe lt\e^
the modern commonly dcjiitute ofthefe, do loojely deliver themfelves in
mttny exprejjiflns by Prcpofltions^ and auxiliary verbs. Certainly a man
may eafily conjefture (however we may pleafe our (elves) that the wits~
of former times were far more acute and fubtil than ours are. There
are an infinite number of obfervations ofihis kind which might make up
a juft Volume. Wherefore it will not be amifs to diftinguifh Gram*
mar Phrlofophica!^ from mere and literary Grammar., and to fct it down
as Deficient., Unto Grammar al(b belongs the confideration of all Acci-
dents of words:, fuch as are Meafure'-, Sound j Accent^ biit thofe firft
infancies offimple Letters (as, with what PercufTion of the Tongue,with
what opening of the mouth i with what drawing of the lips, with what
ftrair»ingof the throat ; the found of every Particular Letter isio be
made) belongs not unto Grammar 5 but is a Portion of the knowledge of
founds^ to be handled under fcnfe and fenfibil/tj. Grammatical found,

• whereof

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 16 a

\

whereof we Ipeakj belongs only to fweetnefs and haiihnefs of founds,
of which fome are common 5 for there is no Tongue but in (bme fort
(huns the too much overture of concurrent Vowels, and the afperities
of concurrent Confonants. There are other refpedive founds which
are pleafing, or unpleafing to the ear, according to the temper of di-
vers Nations. Tkc Greeks Tongue is full of Diphthongs 5 the Latin is
far more fparing 5 the Spanifh Tongue hates fmall-founding Letters,
a.nd prefently changeth them into Letters of a middle tone j the Tongues
derived from the Goths delight in Alpirates 5 there are innumerable of
this nature, but perchance thefe are more than enough.

III. But the meafitfc of words hath brought us forth an iraraenfe Body
of Art, namely Poejle 5 not inrefpeft of the Matter (of which we have
(poken before} but in refpedt of ftile, and the form of words, as Metre
or Ferfi:, touching which the Art is very fmall and brief, but the ac-
cefs of Examples large and infinite. Neither ought that Art Cwhich the
Grammarians call Profodia) to be only reftrain'd to the kinds and raea-
furesof Verfe j for their are Precepts to beannext, what kind of Verfs
beft fitteth every Matter or Subjedl. The Ancients applied Heroicai
Verfe to Hijiories and Laitdatorks ; Elegies to Lamentations ; fa.mhicks
to InveUives ; Lyrickj to Songs and H)mns. And this Wifdom of the
Ancients is not wanting in the Poets of later Ages, in Mother-tongues 5
only this is to be reprehended, that fome of them too (ludious of Anti-
quity have endeavoured to draw Modern Languages to Ancient Mea-
fiires (aiSHeroicli,Elegiack^^Sa^hicl{_^ and the reft) which the Fabrick,
and compofition of thofe Languages, will not bear, and withal is no
left harfh unto the ear. In the Matters of this Nature the Judgement
of Senfe is to be preferr'd before Precepts of Art, as he faith,

— C(sn£ FercuU nojlra "^^^J

MallemConvivis quumplacHiffeCoquis.

Nor is this Art^ but the abufe of Art, feeing it doth not perfetS, but per-
verts Nature. As for Poejie (whether we fpeak^of Fables, or Metre) it isy
as we havcfaid before, as a Luxuriant Herb brought forth without feed,
and fprings up from thejlrength and rank»efs of the foyl. IVherefore it
runs along every where, and isfo amply fpread, as it were a fuperfluous la-
hour to be curious of any Deficients therein j the care therefore for this
is taken already.

§ As for the Accents of Words, there is no need, that we fpeak of Co
foiall a matter ^ unlefs, perchance, (bme may think it worth the noting,
that there hath been exadt obfervations macie of the Accents of Words,
but not of the Accents of Sentences j yet this, for moft part, is the gene-
ral Cuftom of all men, that in the clofe of a Period they let fall their
voice, in a demand they raiie it, and many fiich like ufages.

§ As for Writing, that is perform'd either by the vulgar Alphabet,
which is every where receiv'd 5 or by a fecret and private Alphabet,
which men agree upon between themfelves, which they call Cyphers.
But the Vulgar Orthography hath brought forth unto us a Controverfie,
and Queftion, namely, whether words flwuld be written as they are fpo-
^en, or rather after the ufnal manner. But this kind of writing, which
feems to be reformed, which is, that writingfiould be confonant to fpeak:-
ing, is a branch of unprofitable fubtilties 5 for frommncjation h felf

Y every

70 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

every day encreafes and alters the fafhion 5 afid the derivation of
words, efpecially from forreign Languages, are utterly defiic'd and ex-
tinguiCbt. In brief, ktrngwriting, according to the Teceiv'd Cuftom,
doth no way prejudice the manner of Jpeaking^ to what end (hquld this
innovation be brought in > ^^^V ^ ,T;r:i,rviq 07G

& wherefore let us come to Cypher's. Their kinds are many, as Cypheri
Jimple 'j Cyphers intermixt with Nn//ocs, or non-fignificant Charafters,
Cyphers of double Letters tinder one Chara^er j Wheel-Cyphers j Kay*
Cyphers j Cyphers of Ti>ofds 5 Others. But the virtues of thein,whereby
they are to be preferr'd, are Three j That they be ready , and Hoi labori-'
CHS to write j That they lefure, and lie not open to Decyphiring: And
laUly, if it bepojjible, that they may be managed without ftifpitiou. For if
Letters Mifiive fall into their hands , that have fbme command and au-
thority over thofe that write 5 or over thofe to whom they were writ-
ten ; though the Cypher it felf be fure and impoffibleto be decypher'cl
yet the Matter is liable to ejcamination and queftion 5 unlefs the Cypher
be fuch, as may be void of all fufpicion, or may elude all examination.'
As for the Jl.ufting off examination, there is ready prepared a new and
profitable invention to this purpofe ^ which, feeing it is cafily procured,
to what end (hould we report it, as Defcient. The invention is this :
That you have two Cons o^ Alphabets, one oCtrue Letters, the other of
Non-{ignifcants ^ and that you likewifc fold up two Letters 5 one
which may carry the fecret , anotiier fuch as is probable the Writer
might fend, yet without peril. Now if the Meffenger be ftridtiy exa-
mined concerning the Cypher, let him prefent the Alphabet of Non-^gni- .
cants for trUe Letters , but the Alphabet of true Letters for 'Non-jfgnifi'
cants : by this Art the Examiner falling upon the exterior Letter, and
finding it probable, fhall fufpeft nothing of the 7»/emr Letter. But
that jealoufics may be taken away , we will annex another invention ,
vvhichjin truth, we devifed in our youth, when we were at Paris : and is
a thing that yet feemeth to us not worthy to be loft. It containeth the
higheji degree of Cypher, which is to fignifie omnia per omnia, yet fb, as
the writinginj'olding, may bear a quintuple proportion to the writing-
infolded ; no other condition or reftriftion whatfoever is required, ft'
fhall be performed thus : Firft, let all the Letters of the Alphabet , by
tranfpofition, be refblvcd into two Letters only 3 for the tranfpofitioa
of two Letters by five placings.will be fufiicient for thirty two Diffe-
rences, much more for twenty four, which is the number of the Al-
phabet. The example of fuch an Alphabet is on this wife.

An

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 171

An 'Example of a Bi-literate Alphabet.

ciAvha . mpLk M<^/i abci^L a9c^(i\ cSah^

SC V '^ £G r ^

Neither is it a fmall matter thefe Cypher- Char aU^ers have, and may
perform ; For by this Art a way is opened, whereby a man may expreis
and figniffe the intentions of his mind, at any diftanceot place, by ob-
jects which may be prefented to the eye, and accommodated to the
ear; provided thofe objefts be capable of a two-fold difference only 5
as by Bells, by Trumpets, by Lights and Torches, by the Pveports of
Muskets, and any Inflruments of like nature. But to purfue our en-
terprife, when you addrefs your felf to write, refolve your inward-
infolded Letter into' this Bi-litcrary Alphabet. -Say the interionr Let'
ter be

UKApiple ofSolittion,

Together with this, you muft have ready at hand a Bi-formed Al^
phabet, which may reprefent all the Letters of the Common Alphabet^

y 2 as

1^2 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

as wel] Capital Letters as the fmaller Charafters in a double form, as
may ht every mans occafiofi.

An Example of a Bi-formed Alphabet.

m.in
(.X.^Ji.it.O.0.o.o.^j^.

Now

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. ij^

Now to the interiour Letter, which is Bi-Iiterate, you (hall fit a Bi-
formed exteriour Letter, which fhall anfwer the other, Letter for Let-
ter, and afterwards fet it down. Let the exteriour example be.

Manere te volo^ donee 'venero.
An Example of Accommodation.

tMduzra i^ pofo cCon^c PenefG

We have annext likewile a more ample Example of the Cypher
of Writing omnia, per omnia : An interiour Letter, which to expreis,
we have made choice of a Spartan Letter fent once in a Scpak or round
Cypher'd-ftaffi

raiiac^Ae^ Jmmfiis ceci(kMiM^
jiic cLhmus.mcincreJ^osmniis

An exteriour Letter, taken out of the firft Epiftle of Cicero, where-
in a spartan Letter is involved*

Ego

174 ^f ^^^ Adviincement of Learning. L i b . V I.

^Z^o^cmnljO^kloj <^otmj>l^Aii em ic '

//* ego^ 6ui4 fion idem In iua causa ZjjicWf
vlfmi mifn c^'s: 4cemnthkm o St cau ^
H Ji^tc smii % JinmmiM ^^km&w^i

f^cveosmn cmilhre^^ermos, cm fii ock

The

Lib. VL Of the Advancement ofLcdrning. 175

The kfjovckdgc of Cyphering^ hath drawn on with it a knowledge re-
lative unto it, which is the knowledge of Difcyphering^ox of Difcreting
Cyphers though a man were utterly ignorant of the Alphabet of the
Cypher, and the Capitulations of fecrepy paft betvveen the Parties. Cer-
tainly it is an Art which requires great pains and a good wit, and is (as
the Gthet,was)v03nrccrate to the Counfels of Princes; yet notwith-
ftanding h^ diligent pre^vifioti it may be made unprofitable, though, as
things arcji it be of gregtufe. Fo^., if good and faithful Cyphers were
invented lapd .praftifed, xnany ofthpra would d^elude and foreftal all
thecunningof the Decypherer, which yet are very apt and ealie to be
read or written : but the rawnefs and unskilfulnelsof Secretaries, and
Clerks in the Courts of Princes, is fuch, that many times the greateft
Matters afe committed to futile and weak Cyphers.' But it may be, that
in the enumeration, and, Ss it were, taxations of Arts, fbme may think
that we'go about to Wiike a gre^it Mufter-rowl of ScitSnces, that the
fnukiplicatib'n of thenl'may be nlo?6 admired 5 when their number
perchance may l>e difpla^ed , buf'thHr foroeji^ift^ Uo thort a Treatise
can hardly be tried. But for our ^arfs wedd' faithfully purfue our
purpofe, and in makirigtKis Globe bf-Scie'nees^ W^ Would not omit the
Jeffer and remoter Klands. Ne//^rhave we (i^ out opinion) touch-
ed thele Arts perfundlorily , thougH'-curfoiflj^-^-but With a piercing
ftile extta^d the Marrow and Pith of them, 6irt !&f » Mafs of Matter.
The judgement hereof we refer to thofe who ate^j^feft able to judge of
thefe Arts. For feeing h is the fafHon of many rvho' rvould {je thought
to l^ftotv much, that every where, makjng o(ie»fath» of^vpords and out-
Tpard terms of Arts, they become arpondertothei^Brdfit ^ but a 'derifion
to thofe that are Majiers of thofe Arts\; lye hope ''that our Labours ffjall
have a contrary fuccefs, which is, that they mity am it the judgement of
every one who is beji vers'd in every pkVtrcular Art 5 and be undervalued
by the reft. As For thofe Arts which may ftem to be of inferiour
rank and order, if any man tWnk' we Attribute too much unto
them 5 let him look about him , and hefhall (ee that there be ma-
ny of fpecial note and great actount in their own Country, who
when they come to the chief City or Seat of the Eftate, are but
of mean rank , and (carcely regarded : Co it is no marvail if thefe
fleighter Arts, placed by the Principal and Supreme Sciences, leera
petty things 5 yet to thofe that have chofen to fpend their Labours
and Studies in them , they feem great and excellent Matters. And
rfausmuchof the Organ of Speech.

Chap*

176 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

Chap. IL

I. The DoQrrine touching the Method of Speech is MJjzgned a fiibjiaftti"
al and principal part of traditive knon>ledge : It is entituled, The
toifedom of Delivery, 2. The divers kinds of Methods are enH»
merated: their ]?rofts and D'tfprofits are annexed. 3. The parts of
Method two.

I.T Et ns novp coffte to the doSrine concerning the Method of Speech i
^_,This hath been handled as a part oiLogick_^ (b it hath found a place
in Rhetorickjoy the name of Dijpojition. But the placing of/* as a part
of the Train of other Arts^ hath been the caufe that many things which
refer unto ;>3 and areufefultobeknown, are preterrai(s'd : wherefore
we thought goodjto conftitute ifuhjiantial anaprincipal Do&rine^touch^
ing Method, which by a general name we call the vpifdom of Tradition.
The kinds of Method, feeing they are divers, we will rather reckon
them up, than divide them. But for one onely Mtlhod, and continued
Dichotomies vee need notfpeak^ much of them 5 for it was a little Cloud of,
/{nowledge which was fqon dijperfed. Certainly a trivial invention, and
an infinite prejudice to Sciences i, /^r^/jc/e Dichotomifts, when they would
Tpreji aU things to the Laws of their Method^ and whatjoever doth not apt"
lyfaU within thofe Diphotomies they would either omit or bow contrary
to their natural inclination 5 they bring it (b to pals, that the Kernels
and Grains of Sciences leap out, and they clajp and incloje only the dry
and empty huskj : So this kind of Method brings forth fruitlej^ Compends,
dejiroys thefubjiance of Sciences.

II. Wherefore let the fitft difference of Method be fet down, to be
either Magijiral, or Initiative: neither do we (bunderftand the word
Initiative, as if //)»• ftiould lay the ground-work, the c//jcr raife the
perfed building of Sciences 5 but in a far different fence, (borrowing
the word from facred Ceremonies^ we call that Initiative Method^
which difclofeth andunvails the Myfteries of Knowledges; For Magi-
jiral teacheth, Initiative infmuateth : Magijiral requires our belief to what

^ is delivered, but Initiative that it may rather befubmitted to examinati-
on. The (>»e delivers popular .S"«e»fe/ fit for Learners 5 the other^ Sci'
Tio " ences as to the Sons of Science: In fura, the one is referred to the u(e
Iampa- of Sciences as they now are; the other to their continuation, andfur-
s/vE ther propagation. The later of thefe^ feems to be a deferred and an
METHO- inclofed path. For Knowledges are now delivered, as if both Teacher
nuos* and Schollar fought to lay claim to error, as upon contract. For he
that teacheth, teacheth injtich a manner as may beji be believed, not as
may bebejl examined: and he that learneth, defires rather prefentfatis-
fa&ion, than to expe& ajiijl andjiayed enquiry , and rather not to doubt ^
than not to err : So ai boththe Aiajier, out of a defireofglory, is watchful^
that he betray not the. rveaknef of his k^oTvlcdge:, and the Scholar, out of
an averfe difpofition to lubuur, ivill not try his ownjirength. But Know-
ledge, which is delivered as a thread to be (pun on, ought to be iniimn'

icd

L I B. VI. Oftbe Advancement of Learning, lyy

ted (if it were poflible) into the mind of another^ in the ftmc Method
wherein it vaasatfirji invented. And furely this may be done in know-
ledge acquired by Indu&ion : But in this lame anticipated and preven-
ted knowledge, which we ufe, a man cannot eafily fay, by what courfe
of ftudy he came to the knowledge he hath obtained. But yet cer-
tainly more or lefs a man may revifit his own Knoivledgc, and measure o-
ver again the footfteps of his Knowledge, and of his confent , and by
this means fo tranfplant Science into the mind of another, as it grew in
his own. For it is in Jrts, as it is in Plants j if you mean to u(e the
riant, it is no matter for the Roots 5 butif you would remove into a-
nother fbyl, than it is more affured to reft upon roots than flips. So
the Deliver)/ of Knowledge, as it is now ufed, doth prefentunto us fair
Bodies indeed of Sciences, but without th^ Roots •'^ good, doubtlefs for
the Carpenter, btitnotfor the rltnter. But if you will have Sciences
grow, you need not be fo follicitous for the Bodies 5 apply all your
care that the Roots may be taken up found, and entire, with fome little
earth cleaving to them. OfwhichkindofDe/zz^ery, the Method ofthe
Alatbematickj in that fubjeft, hath fome fhadow, but generally I fee it
neither put in ure, nor put in Inquijltion j and therefore number it a-
mongft Deficients, and we will call it Traditionem Lampadis, the
Delivery of the Lamp, or the Method bequeathed to the fons of Sapi-
enct.

§ Another diversity of Method followeth, in the intentfon like the
former, but for moft part contrary in the ilTue. In this both thele Me-
thods agree, that they feparate the vulgar Auditors from the Scle^ ^ here
they differ, that the former introduceth a more open way of Delivery
than is uftial ^ x}aeother (of which we (hall now fpeakj a more referved
aadfecret. Let therefore the diftindtion of them be this, that the one
is an Exoterical or revealed , the other an Acroam.itical, or concealed Me-
thod. For the lame difference the Ancients Tpecially obferved in pub-
lilhiag Books, the lame we will transfer to the manner itfelfofDe/zyt^ry.
So the Acroamatick. Method was in ule with the VVrircrs of former Ages,
and wifely, and with judgement applied 5 but that Acroamatick, and
^^oigmatick kind of expreffion is dilgraced in thefe later times, by ma-
ny who have made it as a dubious and falfe light, for the vent of their
counterfeit merchandife. But the pretence thereof feemeth to be this,
that by the intricate envelopmgs oi Delivery, the Prophane Vulgar may
be removed from the fecrets of Sciences , and they only admitted,which
had either acquired the interpretation of Parables by Tradition froni
their Teachers , or by the fharpncfs and fubtilty of their own wit,
could pierce theveil.

' § Another diver (ity of Method {oWows, of great confequence to *f/-
ettces^ which is, when Sciences are delivered by way of Aphorifm, or
Methods. For it is a thing worthy to be preciiely noted, that it hath
been often taken into Cuftom, that men out of a few Axioms and Ob-
fervations upon any Subjeft, have made a compleat and folcmn Art,
filling itwithlbmedifcourfesofwit, illuftrating it with examples, and
knitting it together by fome Method. But that other way of Delivery
by Aphorifms, brings with it many advantages, whereto Delivery by
Method doth not approach. For firlt it trycs the Writer whether he
be fuperficial orlblid in knowledge. For /?p/jm/«// except they fhould

2 be

' r ■ ■ — ■—"■■■"■ -'- ■ "*

178 Of the Advancetti^ftt of Learning. L i b. VI.

be altogether ridiculous, cannot be made but out of the pythand.
heart of Sciences : For Illuftration and Excufiion are cut off^ variety of
examples is cut off 3 Dedu6tion and Connexion are cut off j Defcrip-
tion of Pradlice is cut off^ fo there remaineth nothing to fill the Apho-
rifras, but a good quantity of obfervations. And therefore no man
can fuffice, nor in reafon Will attempt to Write Aphorifms^ who is not
copioufly furnifh'd and folidly grounded. But in Methods^

H^rat.de Tatitumferies^ juhSuraqHepoUet 5

■*"'^' Tjtntum de mediojHtftftis accedit Honoris.

As oftentimes they make a great (hew of (I know not what) fingular Art,
which if they were disjoynted, feparated, and laid open, would come
to little or nothing. Secondly, Methodical Delivery is more fit to win
confent or belief; but lefs fit to point to Aftion , for they carry a ftiew
oi^Demotjjlrationin OrZ* or Circle, one part illuminating another; and
therefore do more fatisfiethe uriderftanding 5 but being that Adions
in common courfe of life are difperft, and not orderly digefted,they
do beft agree with difperfed DireftioDs. h2iMy^Aphorijms reprefenting
certain Portions only, and as it were fragments of Sciences, invite ci-
thers to contribute, and add fomething; whereas Methodical Delivery^
carrying fhew of a total and perfect Knowledge, forthwith fecurethmen
as if they were at the furtheft.

§ Another diverfity of Method follows, which is Iikewi(e of great
weight, whichiswhen<S«e»fcx are delivered either by Ajjerti on s w\t\i
their Proofs annext ; or by ^efiions together with their Detcrminati*
, ons. The later kind whereof,if it be immoderately followed, is as prei

judicious to the progreffion of Sciences, as it is to the fortunes and
proceedings of an Army, to go about to befiege every little Fort or
Hold. For if the field be kept, and the fum of the enterprize with di-
ligence purfued, thofe fmaller places will come in of themfelves. Yet
this I cannot deny, that it is not alway fafe to leave any great and
fortified town at his back. In like manner the »fe of Confutations in the
Delivery of Sciences ought to be very (paring, and to ferve only to re-
move and break ftrong Preoccupations and Prejudgements of mens
minds, and not to excite and provokefntal/er Doubts.

§ Another diverfity of Method followeth, which is, that the Method be
acccmmodatedto the furpofed matter which is to be handled^ For there
is a great difference in Delivery of the Mathematiek/iV/hich are of know-
ledges the mofl: ab(i:ra6i:ed and rao(i: fimple ; and the Politicks, which
are the mo(t immerfed and compounded .• Neither can an uniformity of
Method (zs wc haveobferv'd already) be fitly (brted with niulti-formity
of Matter ; and therefore as we have allowed Particular Topic^s for In-
vention ; fb we would likcwife in (bme meafure have Particular Methods
for Tradition.

§ Another diverjity of JlfethodfoWowtth, with judgement to be pra-
ftis'd in the Delivery of Sciences 3 and\t is dire&cd according to the light'
of Informations, and anticipations, of the Knoveledge to be delivered, in-
fufed^ andimpreffcd in the minds of the Learners: For that Knowledge
which is new and foreign to mens minds, is to be delivered in another
form than that which by long receiv'd, and imbibed opinions is natu-
ralized

Lib. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 179

ralized and made familiar : And therefore Anjiotlc when he thinks td
tdiX DcmocrJtHs doth in truth commend him, where helaith, Ij vecpuU
indeed dijpute, andnotfoUovp ajter fimihlndcs, &c. Charging it as a de-
feft upon Democritifs that he was too copious in Comparijom. But thoje
xphofe conceits are Jeated in popular opinions^ have nothing elfe to do but
to diJpHte and prove. Whereas on the contrary thufe rvhofe conceits are be-
yondpopular opinionsj^ave a double labour-,firJi^that what they produce may
be conceiv'di) then, that they be proved. So that it is ofneceffity with
them to have recourfe to Similitudes ^nd Tranjlations^ whereby they
may infinuate themfelves into mens capacities, 'therefore we fee in the
infancy of Learning, in rude times, when thofe Comprehenfions which
are now Vulgar and Trivial, were then new and unheard ofj the world
was full o^Parables and Similitudes'-, for otherwife men would have pall-
ed over without mark or due attention, or elfe rejeded for Para-
doxeSjthat which was propounded. For it is a rule of Traditive Art,
That vphatjoever Science is not conjonant to Anticipations or Prefuppofiti-
ons, mujipraj in aid of Similitudes and Comparifons. And thus much of
the divers forts of Methods, namely fuch as have not heretofore been
noted by others. As for thofe other Alethods^ Analytickj) Syjiatick^ J
Dieritick,j Cryptick^^ Homerical^ and the like 5 they have been well in-
vented and diftributed 5 nor do we fee any caufe why we (hould dwell
upon th:m.

Ill But thefe are the kinds of Method:, the Tarts are two j the one of
the Difpofition of airhole work.:, or of the Argument of fome Book.j the o-
ther of the Limitations of Propojitious. For there belongs to Archite-
Sure not only the frame of the whole Building 5 but likewife the form
and figure of the Columns, Beams, and the like i znd Method is as it
were the Archite&ure of Sciences. And herein Ramus merited better a Ramus;
great deal in reviving thofe excellent Rules Ka5' oA» -zt^Stov, Tree vtd$, yuxB'
cuJ-d, than in obtruding one only Method and Dichotomie. But it falls out
I know not by what fate, that of humane things (^according as the Poets
often feign ^ the mofi precious have the moji pernicious Keepers. Certainly
diligent endeavours about the rank and file of Propofitions, caft him
upon thofe Epitomes and J/jal/orvs of Sciences j for he had need fet out in
a lucky hour, and to go on by the conduft of a happy Genius, that at-
tempts to make Axioms of Sciences Convertible 5 arid yet withal not
make them Circular:, or returning into themfelves --, notwithftanding
we deny not, but that if^«?w/'s intention in this kind is profitable. 7'/6ere
remains yet two Limitations of Propofitions :, befides that they may be
made Convertible j the one touching the Extenfion 5 the other touching
the Produ&ion of them. Surely Knowledges have, if a man mark it
vvell^two other dimeofions befides Profundity j namely Latitude and Lon-
gitude. For Profundity is referr'd to the Truth and Reality of them 5
and thelc make them (olid. As for the other two, Latitude may be ta-
ken and reckoned of Science into Science ; Longitude may be accepted
and underftood from the higheft general Propofition, to the loweft par-
ticular in the fame Science. The one comprehends the bounds and
true limits of Sciences, that Propofitions may be properly, not promi(^
cuouOy hanoTed 5 and that all Repetition , Excurfion, and Confufion
may be avoided : the other gives rule how far, and to vvhat degree of
Particularity, Propofitions of fciences may be deduced. Certainly

Z 3 ther€

I §0 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VL

there isno drubt but fomewhat muft be left to ufe and Praftice, for
Dion. in for vve ought to avoid the precile error oiAntomus Pius^ that we be not
Anton.P. Cftfjjifij feUores in Scientits^ Mincers of Commin in fciences '-^ nor that
we multiply divifions to the loweft Particularity. Wherefore how we
ftiould moderate our (elves in this point is well worth the enquiry. For
we fee too remote Generalities, unlefs they be drawn down, do little
inform, nay rather expofe Knowledge to the fcorn of Pradical menj
and arenomoreaydingtoPrafticej thanna Ortelws'sVMiverfdlAfappis
to direft the way between London and Torl^. Surely the better (brt of
Rules have not unfitly been compared to Glafles of fteel, wherein you
may fee the Images of things, but firft they muft be filed and burnilht :
fo Rules and Precepts do then help, after they have been laboured and
polifht by Practice 3 but if thofe Rules may be made clear and Chry-
ftalline aforehand, it would be the more excellent, becaufe they would
left ftand in need of diligence, labour and exercife after. And thui
much of the Knorcledge of Method^ which we have named the IVifdom of
Delivery. Nor can we here pretermit that many more vain-glorious,
than learned have laboured about a Method^ which is not worthy the
name ofa lawful Method, (eeing it is rather a Method oflvtpojiurej which
yet tofome vaporous, and vain-boafting natures, without doubt hath
been moft acceptable. This AMhod doth (b fprinkle drops of any
Knowledge, that any half-learned Clerk may with a little fuperficiary
Knowledge make a glorious (hew. Such was the Art of LttUiHr-, fuch
Luilius. the Typocojmie drawn by many , which were nothing elfe but a heap and
mafs of vvords of all Arts, to give men countenance^ that thofe which
have the terms of Art, might bethought tounderftand the Arts them-
felves. Which kind ofColle*^tons are like a Fripper's or Broker's Ihopj
that hath ends of every thing, but nothing of worth.

HAP.

HI.

I Tht Grounds and Duty of Rhetoricl{. II. Three Appendices of Rhe-
torickjphich appertain only to the Preparatory Part. The Colours of
Cood and Evil^as vpellfimple as Compared.Ul. The Antithcta of things,
IV. Lefferjiiles^ or ujual forms offpeech.

n;

Ww come we to the KnoTpledge vphich concerneth the jUuJlration of
\ Speech'-, it is that which is c2}\^dRhetorick:, or Art of Eloquence^
a Science certainly both excellent in it (elf, and by Authors excellent-
ly welllaboured. But Eloquence, if a man value things truly, is with-
out doubt inferior to Wifdom. For we (ee how far this leaves that be«
Exod.7. hind, in tho(e words o(God to Aiofes, when he difabled himfelffor that
(ervice impofed upon him, for want of this F^cw/r^i There is Aaron, he
fliall be thy Speaker, thoufl?alt be to him as God. Yet in profit and po-
pular efleem, tVifdom gives phce to Eloquence':) for Co Solomon, Sapiens
rordc appcl/aturprudens 5 fed dulcis elcquio Major a reperiet i fignifying
^'^^- not obicurely that profoundnef of VTifdom will help a man to fame and ad-
miration --i but that it is Eloquence which prevails in bujinef^ and aSivi

life.

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Lear?ting, 1 8 1

Life. And as to the labouring and culture of this Art, the Emulation
of Arijioile with the Rhetoricians of his time, and the earnelt and ve-
hement diligence of C/Ver^Jabouring with all might to raife and enno-
ble that /^rf, joyned ^♦ith long Experience, hath made them in their
Books written of thi|il;7 to exceed themfclves. Again, the excellent
example of £/i?^«tv/(re in the Orations of DeMojihenes, and Cicertf, added
to thefubtilty and diligence of Precepts , have doubled the Progref-
fion in this Art. Wherefore the DeJi'cjeKts which we find in this Art ,
will be rather inlbme Colleftions, which may as Hand- maids attend
the Art 5 than in the Rules and the ufe of the Art it felf. For even
then when we made mention of aPromptuary Knoivledge in Loj^i^:^^ we
engaged our felves by Proraile, to exhibit Examples at large thereof in
Rhetoric/^.

Nottvithjiandiffg that we may ftir up and fubdue the earth a little ,
about the Roots of this Science ^ as our manner is to do in the reft ,
lurely Rhetoric^ is fttb-fcrvient to tlie imagination^ as Logicl^ is to the
"Dnder landing. And the office cind duty of Rhetoric^ ( if a man well
weigh the matter) is no other, than to apply and command the Di&ates
of Reafon to the Imagination , for the better moving of the Appetite and
IVill, For we fee the government of Reafon isdilquieted, and aflailed
three ways 5 tithtx by lUaqheatioa oi'Sophifms, which pertains to Lo-
gick^'-, or by the deceits of words, which pertains to Rhetoricl^j or by
the violence of PaJJions, which pertains to Morality : And as in nego-
ciation with others,a man may be wrought and overcome either by C««-
tiing, or by Importunity^ or by Vehemency, fo in that inward negociation
which we praftife within our felves, either we are undermined Ap ^''•'e
Fallades of Arguments •■) orfollicited and dilqnieted by the ajjiduity of
imprejfions and objervationsj or (haken and tranfported by the ajjault of
affe&ions andpajfims. But yet the ftate of manij nature is not fo un-
fortunate, as that thofc Powers and Arts (hould have force to difturb
Reafon^ and not to eftablilh and advance it j nay, rather much more do
they conduce to this effeft, than to the contrary. For the end of Lo-
gick., is to teach a form of Arguments, to (ecure Realbn, and not to en-
trap it 5 (bthe end of Morality is to compofe the AffeHions, that they
itiay fight for Reafon, and not that they may invade it; the end like-
wife of Rhetorick^, is to fill the Imagination with obfervations and re-
femblances, which may fecond Reafon, and not opprefs and betray
it : for thefeabufes of Arts come in but ex obliquofox prevention, not
for practice. And therefore it was great injuflice in P/«/<7 Cthough j^ g
fpringing out of a ju(t hatred to the Rhetoricians of his timej to place
Rhetorid^ivnong^ Arts voluptuary^ referabling it to Cookery, that did
marr wholefbme meats, and help unwholefome by the the abufe of
of variety of fawces and feafbnings, to the pleafure of the tafte. But
beitfaravv-ay, that fpeech fhould not be giuch moreconverfant ina-
doringthat which is fair and honeft , than in colouring that which is
foul and evil : for this is every where at hand ^ and there is no man but
fpeaks more honeftly than he can do or think. Indeed it was excel- ''

lently noted by Thucydides , that fbme fuch thing as this , ufed to be
objedlcd to CJcon^ that becaufe he ufed to hold the bad fide in caufes
he pleaded , therefore he was ever inveighing againft Eloquence, and
goodfpeccl'^ for he knew no man could fpeakfair of things fordid and

bafe

1 82 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VI.

bafe, but in things honeft it was an eafie matter to be eloquent. Plato
inMcnon. <'aith elegantly (though the faying be now popular) That venue, if fie
could be feen, would move great love and affe&ion : but Rhetorick paints
our vertueand goodnefs to the life, and makes them ii a fort confpicu-
ous: For feeing they cannot be (hewed to fen(e k\ corporal ftape,' the
next degree is by the fair attire of words, to (hew them to the Imagina-
tion, fo faras may beinalively reprefentation; for the cufl:om of the
Stoicks was defervedly derided by Cicero, who labour'd to thruft ver-
lib "^ *ue upon men, by concife and fharp fentences and conclu(ions , which
haveno(}mp3thy with the Imagination and Will. Again,if the /^^c^/-
<7»/themfclves were brought into order, and fb reclaim'd from exor^
bitant courfes, as to be pliant and obedient to Reajon, it were true ,
there fhould be no great ufe of perfwafions and inequations, which
might give accefs to the mind ; but ic would be enough if things were
nakedly and (imply propofed and proved : but on the contrary, the
Affe&ions make fuch revolts ^ and raile up fuch mutinies and feditiorw
(according to that

video meliora Froboque

Ond.

Ma.7. Detenora jcquor) — ■■ —

That Reafon would be forcibly led away into (ervitude and captivity,
if the perfwafion of Eloquence did notpraftife, and win the Imaginati-
on from the Affeftions part, and contraft a league between Reajon and
Imagination againft Ajfecfions. For it mu(t be noted that the Affc&io»s
themfelves are ever carried to a good Apparent, and, in this refpeft,
have fornewhat common with Ke/|^w : but herein they differ j that the
dffccl ions bchold^rincipally good in prefent ■■) Reafon beholds a far off', even
that rvbich isfuture^nd in jumm. And therefore Iceiog things in pre-
lent (ight do more ftrongly fill the Imagination'-, Reafon commonly
^'ields and 16 vanquifht ; but after that by Eloquence , and the force of
perfwalion, things /«f«re and remote are propofed, and beheld , as if
they were aftually prefent j then upon the falling off" of the Imaginati-
on, to take part with Reafon, Reafon prevails. Let us conclude there-
fore, that Rhetorick^ can no more be charged with the colouring and
adorning of the worfe parr than Logrcl^^.'^'nh the letting out and fuborn-
ingof Sophifms; for who knows not that the dodfrine of contraries
are the fame, though they be oppofite in ufe. Again, Ldgick, d\Qevs
from Rhetorick i) not only in this, that the one (as commonly is (aid) is
like the Firfl, the other like the Palm :, that is, one handleth things clo(e-
ly, the other at large : but much more in this, that Logick, confidereth
Rea(bn in its Naturals; Rhetorick^, as it is planted in vulgar opinion.
Therefore Ari^otle doth wifely phce Rhetorick_hetween Logtc/{on the
one (ide,nnd Ethick, whh Citui I Knowledge on the other: as participating
of both. For th^roofs and Demon(irationsof L^^g^V^j are to all men
Indifferent and the fame; but the Proofs and Perfwafions of Rhe-
trrick,, rnuft be varied according to the Auditors, that a man,
like a skilful Mufician accommodating himfelf to different ears, may
become

Orpheus infjlvis, inter Delphinas Arion.

Which

Lib. Vl Of the Advancement ofLedrnhii. 1 8 5

Which Amplication and variance of fpeech (if a man defire indeed the -■•'
perfedion and height thereof) ought to befo far extended, tliat if the PJ^unEv-
fame things Ihoiild he fpoken tifeveralperfons, he Jwildfpea^ to them all MONii*^'
refpe&ively, and fcveral ways. Though it is certain that the grcateft O- ^'^'^'^' ^^••
rators many times may want this politick and a&ive part of Eloquence in
private Speech 5 whilft by the observing the Grace, and Elegant forms
of Expreflion ; they loofe that voluble application •■, and charaBers of
fpeech^ which in difcretion they (hould have ufed towards particular
perfons. , Surely it will not be amifs to recommend this whereof we
now fp'^ak, to z nt^ Ifiqiiiry^ and to call it by name, The IVifdom of
private Speech ^ and torefef it to Defi'cietits j a thing certainly which
the more fa-ioufly a man fhall think on , the more highly he Ihall va-
lue 5 and whether this kind of Prude*jce fliould be placed be-
tween Rhetoric^ and the Politic^/ , is a matter of no great confe-
quence.

§ Now let us defcend to the Deficients in this Art,whieh (as v^e have
faid before) are of fuch nature as may be eftefemed rather Appendices^
thun portions of the Art it (elf j and pertain all to the Promptuarji pan
of Rheterickf

II, Firft, we do not fiad that any man hath well purfued orftpplied *
the wifdoraand the diligence alfoof Arijiotle : for he began to make colores
a colleftion of the Popular Signs and Colours of Good and Evil in appea- M°<fu.''^
ranee, both fintple and comparative^ which are, indeed, the Sophijms of ^'^'^'*^P'
Rhetorick^: they are of excellent ufe, fpecially referred to bufineft,
and the wifdom of private fpeech. But the labours of AriUotle con-
cerning thefe Colours, is three ways defe&ive 3 Firji^ that there be-
ing many, he recites very few. Secondly, because theit Ele*!chs or Re~
prehenjions are not annext. Thirdly, that he conceiv'd but :n part the
ufe of them, for their ufe is not more for Probation, than forimpreffi*
on and railing the afffeftions. For many Forms of fpeaking are equal in
^gnification, wh\ch are different in imprejfion : for that which is (harp
pierceth more forcibly, than that which is flat, though the ftrength of
the percuflion be the fame. Surely there is no iiian but will be a
little more raifed by hearing it faid, Tottr enemies vpill triumph iii
thisj

Hoc IthacHs velit ^ ffiagtio mercehtur AtridtC, Virg.of n.

Then if it (hould be merely thus rendredjTi^/V will be toy our difadvantage^
wherefore the fjarp- edged, and quick^pointed fpeeches are not to be de-
fpifed. And being we report this part as Deficient, we will,according
to our cuftom,confirm it by ExampleSj for Precepts have not fufticiently
illuflrated the Point.

Examples

184 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VI.

Examples of the Colours of Good and Evil;, both
Simple and Comparative.

The Colour.

I. What men Traife and Celebrate , is Good '■} xehatthey
Difpraife, and Reprehend is Evil.

T

The ReprehenjioH.

*His Colour deceives four ways; either through Ignorance^ ot
through Fraud, or out of Partialities and FaSion 5 or out of the
natural difpojition of fuch as Praife or Difpraife. Out of Ignorance 3 for
what's the judgement of the common People to the trial and definiti-
on of Gc<?£/ and £f//.<? Phocion difcern'd better, who when the People
Plutaf. in ggyg [jjjjj 3JJ vinufual applaufe, demanded vchether he had not perchance
' ' fomc way or other done amifs .<? Out of Fraud and Circuraventive c«a-
• ning^ for Praifers and Difpraifers many times do but aim at their own
endsj and do not think all they fay

Horar.lib. Laudat venaleis qui vult extrudere merces,

2. Epl.

Prov. la. So, It is naughty it is naught faith the Buyer ^ andtfhen he is gone he
vaunteth. — ^ Through FaBions j for it is plain that men are wont to
extol their own fide, beyond the modeft bounds of defert, but to de-
prefs thofe of the contrary part below their demerit. Through an inbred
difpojition j for fome men are by nature made and moulded to fervile
Flattery , others on the other fide are by nature Sowre and Cenfori-
ous; fo as in their commendations, or vituperations they are onlyia-
dulgent to their own humours, little or nothing follicitous oftruth.

The Colour.

2. IVhat dravps Commendation even from an Enemy , is a great Cood^
what moves Reprehenjton even from a Friend^ is a great EviL

TheCc/o«r (eems to be built upon this foundation j that vvhatfbcver
we fpeak againft our will, and contrary totheaffeftion and propenfion
of our own mind, it is eafily believed, that the force of truth wrefted
the fame from us.

The Reprehcnfion.

" i 'Hi3 Colour deceives through (he Art and Subtilty both of Enemies

•*• and P'riends : for Enemies do fometimesafcribe Tr^T/f/, not un-

tyillingly, nor as urg'd from the force of Truth: but yet fcle(^ing fuch

• points

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learnings 185

points of Praife, as may create envie and danger to their Enemies.
wherefore a fuperftitious conceit went currant amongft the Grecians as
they believed, that he who was praifed by another malicioufy^dnd to his
Ihrt, pould have a pup rife upon his nofe. Again it deceives^ bccaufed-
nemies fometimes attribute Pr^r/e/.as certain brief Prefaces^ that (bthey
may more freely and fpitefully traduce afterwards. On the other fide^
this Colour AecewQS through the flight and cunning of Friends j for their
cuftom is fometimes to acknowledge and lay open the infirmities of
their Friends, not out of a tender Confcience from the impreffion of
Truth, but making choice of fuch iraperfediions , as may Jeaft pre-
judice the reputation, or provoke the indignation of their Friends • as
if in all other pointi-they were excellent men. Again it deceives be-
,caufe Friends u(e their Reprehenfions (as we have observed Enemies
do their Praifes) as certain (hort IntroduftionSjthat they may expatiate
more amply in their commendations aftewards.

The Colour.

3 Whofi Privation is Good , that fame is Evil^ JVhofe Privation if
Evil , that fame is Good.

The Reprehenfiofi

•His Colour deceives two ways; either by realbn of the Campari*
fon of Good and fiz/i/j or by realbri of the Succeffion oi Good to
Good, or oi Evil to Evil. By reafon of Comparifon ^ if it wefe Good
for mankind to be deprived of the eating of Acorns, it follows not rhit
(uch food was Evil, but that Maft was Good, Corn Better, Neither if
it were Evil for the State of Sicily to be deprived of Dionyfius the Elder-
doth it follow that the lame Dionyfius was a Good Prince 5 but that he
was tefs Evil than Dionyfius the younger. By reafon of Succeljion j for
the Privation of fbrne Good, doth not alw:tys give place to F-,//- fj^j.
fometimes to z greater Good-, as when tht Flower falleth, Frnit fucceed-^
eth. Nor doth the Privation of Come Evil -a-lw ays yield place to Good
but fometimes to a greater Evilj for Clodius an enemy being taken a^
way, Milo withal forfeited a fair harveft of Glory.

The Colour.

4 That which draws neer to Good or Evil, the fame is likewife Good or*
Evil : But that which is removdfrom Good is Evil ; from Evil, is
Good,

Such commonly is the internal condition of things, that things of like
Quality, andconfenting in Nature, confent likewife in place, "and are,
as it were, quartered together, but fuch things as are contrary and di-
ftant in Nature, are alfo fevered and disjoyned inplace ; in regard that
all things defireto approach things fymboliting with them j to exter-
minate and cbale away their contraries.

A a Jhf

i86 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

The Reprehenjioa.

Btit the Colour deceives three ways : Firft, in refpeft oiDeJiitution .•
Secondly, in refpeft of Obfcuration : Thirdly, in refpeft of Pre
te&ion. In regard of Dejiitution, it comes to pals that thole things ,
which in their kind are moft ample, and do moft excel, do (as much as
may be) ingrofs all to themfelves, and leave that which is next them
deftitute and pined ; wherefore you Ihall never find thriving Shoots of
Under- wood near great Ipread Trees ; fo he faid well

-Divitis fervi maxitne fervi 5 — *—

and the derifion was plealant of him that compared the lower Train of
Attendants in the Courts of Princes, to Fajting-days which were next
to Holy-days, but otherways were the leaneft days in all the week. In
regard of Objcuration^ for this is the quality of things in their nature
excellent and predominant, that though they do not extenuate and im-
poverilh the fubftance of things adjoyning to them, yet they darken
and fhadow them : And this the Aftronomers obferve of the the Sun,
that it is good by Afpeft, but evil by Conjundtion and Approximation.
In regard of Prote&ion 5 for things approach and congregate not only
for conlbrtand fimilitude of Nature j but even that which is evil (e-
fpecialiy in Civil Matters) approacheth to good for Concealment and
Trotedion'j fo wicked perlbns betake themfelves to the lanftuaryof
the Gods, and Vice it felfalTumes thefhapeand fhadow of Virtue,

S£pe latet vitium proximtate boni.

So on the other fide, Good draws near to Evil , not for Ibciety, but for
converfion and reformation of it into G(?(7^ ; and therefore Phyficians
are more converlant with the fick than the found 5 and it was objeded
Mat.p. ^o our Saviour that he converfed with Publicans and Sinners,

m

The Colour.

5 Thatjide^to rphich all other Parties and SeBs unanimoujly confer fecond
voices^ after every particular hath ajj'erted a Primacy to it felf, feents to
bejtijily preferred before the reji : for every Se^ may beprejum'd to ufurp
the firji place ^ out of Pajfion and Partiality '-^ but to yield the fecond
f lace J out of Truth and Merit,

So Cicero went about to prove the Se&: ofAcademickh which fufpend-
ed all alTeverationjfor to be the belt of all Phifofophies 5 for (faith he)
Cicero. asl{^ a Stoick^which SeS is better than other, he vpi II prefer his oxen before
QA. the reJi : Then ask^ him mhich approacheth next in dignity, he will confefs
the Academick-, fo deal with an Epicure that wi life ant endure the Stoic ^
to be in the fight of him, fofoon as he hath placed himfelf in the chief room^
he rpill place the Academick^ next him. So if a place were void, and a
Princefliould examine Competitors feverally, whom next themfelves

they

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning, 187

they would 'fpecially commend, it were like that the moft ^cond voices
would concurr upon the ableft men.

The Reprehenjidn. '

'T'He fallax of this Colour is in refpecH: oiEnvy : for men are accuftoni-
ed after themfelves, and their own faftion, to incline and bend
unto them, which of all the reft are the fofteft and weakeft, and are
leaft in their way in defpight and derogation of them who have moft
infulted over them, and have held them hard eft to it»

The Colour.

6 That vehofc excellency, and fnpcrcminency is bettter^ the fame is every
tpay better.

Appertaining to this are the ufual /(?r/«/ 5 Let us not wander in gene-
ralities^ let us compare particular voith particular.

The Reprehenfion,

'THis Apparence feems to be of ftrength, and rather Logical^ than Rhe-
torical: yet is it very often z fallax, Firft, becaufe many things
are cafual, which if they efcape, prove excellent •-, fo that in kind they
are inferiour, becaufe they are fo fubjeft to peril, and to perifti bcloi 2
they come to perfeftion j but in the Individual more noble. Of this
fort is the BloJJom of March:, whereof the French Proverb goes

Burgeon de Mars , Enfans de Paris,
^i UK cfchappe bien vaut diXi

So that the Blojfom of May generally is better than the Elojfom of March,
and yet in particular the beft Blojfom of March, is better than the oeft
BloJJbmofMuy. Secondly it deceives, becaufe the nature of things,
TajoitK hinds :, orfpecies^is to be more equal, in fome kinds more incqual:
as it hath been obferved that warmer climates produce generally more
acute witsi but in Northern climates the wits of chief fur-pafs the acuteft
wits bf hotter Regions. So in many ArmieSjif the Matter (hould berried
by Duel between particular champions fingled out,perchance the vifto-
ry fhould go on the one (ide ; if it be tried by the grofs, it would go on
the other (ide:for cxrellencies^dind eminencies %o,z% it werCjby chance5but
kinds are governed by Nature and Art. So likewjfe generally Metal is
more precious than Stonejand yet a Diamond is more precious than Cold.

The Colour.

7 That which keeps the Mutter entire in our own hands, is Good j that
which leaves no paffige open for retrait, is Evil: for not to be able to
come off is a kind of impotency^^ but the Pomr of d/fcngaging ourfelves
is good.

Aa 2 ^'-reof

lS8 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

Hereof Mfof framed the fable of the two Froggs, that confulted
together in the time of drouth ( when many plafhes, they had repaired
to weredry^ what was now at laft to be doDe> the firft (aid let us go
dorcn into' a deep xveQ, for it is not lik_e the water rponld fail there, to
^°^' whom the other replied, yea, but if it do fail ^ how Jh all Tve get up again ^
The ground of this colour is, that humane aftions are fo uncertain and
expofed to perils, as that feemeth to he the beji courfe^ which hath mojt
paffages out of it. Appertaining to this perfwafion the Forms are 5 you
fhall wholly engage and oblige y our f elf ^ non tantum, quantum voles ^ fumes
exfortuna, you pall not be your own carver^ nor keep the matter inyoHt
own hand^ &c.

The Reprehenjton,

'T'He FaUax of this Colour is firft, becaufe in Humane Aftions Fortune
urgeth us at length to decree, and to refolve upon fomewhat ; for
as he faith elegantly, not to refolve^ is to refolve 5 fo that many times a
fufpenfion of a final decifion engageth and implicates us in more ne-
cefliities, than if we had determin d of fomewhat. And this difeafe
of the mind is like that of covetous men tranllated from the defire of
retaining wealth, to the defire of retaining Free-will and Power: for
the covetous man will enjoy nothing, left he (hould fubftraft from the
total 5 and this kind ofsceptic^ Will execute nothing, that all things
may be entire and indifferent to him. Secondly, it deceives becaufe ne-
cefiity, and this Catne jaBa eji alea , awakens the powers of the Mind
and puts thefpurs to any enterprife, as he faith, Ceteris pares, nccejje^
tate certefuperioresejiis.

The Colour.

8 If^hat a man hath contra^ed through his own Default, is a greater E*
vil 5 what V iffipofed from without, is a lefs Evil.

Therealbn heteo£,is^becaufe the fling andremorfe of the Mind accuflng
itfelf, doubles all adverfity j contrariwife the recording inwardly that a
man is clear and free from faillt, andjuji imputation, doth much attemper
outward calamities. Wherefore the Poets do exceedingly aggravate
thofe paffionate Lamentations, as fore-runners to defperation ; when a
man accufeth and tortures himfelf.

Vlrg. /En. ^^ caufam clamat, crimenq--) caputqj malorum.

Contrariwife the confcienceof Innocence and good deferving, do molli-
fieand mitigate the calamities of worthy perfons. Bejides when th:e
evil comes from without, caft upon us by others, a man hath whereof
he may juftly and freely complain, whereby his griefs may evaporate
and not ftifle the heart:for what comes from the injuries of men, we are
wont to take indignation at, and meditate revenge 5 or el(e to implore,
or expeft, that the divine Nemefis, and Retribution, may take hold
on the Authors of our hurt '■, or if it be inflifted from Fortune , yet
their is kft a kind of expoftulation againft the Divine Powers,

■ 9>

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning, 189

Atqne Deot atque Afira vocat Crudelia Mater, "^' "''

JButon the other fide, where the evil is derived from a man's own fault,
there the grief ftrikes inward, and does more deeply wound and pierce
the heart.

The Reprehenjioh,

THe Fdllax oiiKxs Colour is, firft in refpeft of Hope^ which is a great
Antidote againft Evih : for the reformation of a fault is many times
in our own power, but the amendment of fortune is not. Wherefore
in many of his Orations Defftojihenet faith thus to the People of Athens : Demofi,
That which having regard to the time paji, it the worji Point and Ciratm- ®'^^^'-
fiance of all the reji j that as to the time to conte^ is the beji : what is that .<?
Even this, that by your Jloth, irrejolution^ and mifgovernment, your af-
fairs are grown to this declination and Decay -^ for had yon ufedand orde'
red your means and forces to the ^ei?, and done your parts every way to
the full, and notwithjianding your tHatters fiould have gone backward in
this point as they do, there had been no hope left of recovery or reputation
for hereafter 3 btit fince it hath been only by your own errors chiefly, you
may have good ajfurance, that thofe errors amended, you may again recover
the honour of your former Jiate. So Epi&etus (peaking of the Degrees of £p'^t«'
thcTranquillity of mind, faith the woriijiate of man is to accufe extern
things^ better then that, to accuje antansfelf'-y aftd beH of all to accufe
neither. Secondly this colour deceivs in refpefl: of that pride which is
implanted in the minds of men, whereby they are with much ado in-
duced to an acknowledgement of their own perfonal errors 5 but that
they may (hift ofFthis acknowledgement, they can fufFer with far great-
er patience fuch evils, as they have by their own overfights drawn upon
themfelves. For as we (ee it comes to pafs that when a fault is commit-
ted, and it is not yet known who is the delinquent, men make much
ado J grow hot and impatient above meafure upon the matter ; but af-
ter, if it appear to be done by a fbn 5 or by a wife, or by a near friend-
then it is light made of, and prefently all is quiet : fo it is when any
thing falls out ill, the blame whereof muft needs lite upon our felves:
And this is commonly feen to come to pafs in women, who if they have
done any thing unfortunately againft their Parents or Friends confents,
what ill (bever betide them upon it,yet you ftiall fee them feldom com*
^lain, but ftt a good face on it.

The Colour.

p The Degree of Trivationfeems greater than the Degree of Diminution i
and again^ the Degree of inception, feems greater than the Degree of in*
creafe.

It is a pofition in the Mathematicks ; that then- is no proportion between

Jomewhat and nothing : therefore the Degrees of Nullity and ^iddity.feem

larger J than the Degrees oflncreajc and Decreafe, As to a Monoculus, it

js

1 Qo Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. VI.

is moretoloofe one eye, than to a man that hath two eyes: fo if one
have divers children, it is mofe grief to him to loofe the laft furviving
fon, than all the reft. And therefore Sibylla when (he had burnt her
two firft Books ^ doubled the price of the TAz)-(^, becaufe the lofsofthat
Ageii lib. [ja(i been eradus rrivationis, and not Diminntionis.

I No.At.

The Reprehenjiofi,

THe Fal/ax of this C(7/(7«r is reprehended ; ^rji in thofe things^ the
ufe andfervice whereof rejicth infufficiency^ or competency, that if
in A determinate ^antity. As if a man be bound upon penalty to pay
a fum of money at an appointed day, it would be more to him to want
one Noble, than if, (fuppofing he could not tell where to be firnilht
with this one Noble) ten Nobles more were wanting. So in the decay
of a man's eftate, the degree of Debt which firft breaks the ftock, and
cafts him behind, feems a greater damage, than the laft Degree, whea
he proves nothing worth. And hereof the common Forms are, Sera in
Hefiod. pindo Parjimonia: and as good never a whit, as never the better, Cy^c. Se-
condly this Colour deceives in refpe[i of that Principle in Nature , Corru-
Arlft.i.dc ptiounius, Generatio alt er ills : fo that the degree of ultimate Privatio»y
Gen.Sc doth many times lej? difadvantage, becaufe it gives the caufe, andfetsthe
^°^' xvits a-vpork^ tofome new courje. Which is the canfe that Demolihenes
Orat.i.in often complains before the people of Athens. That the conditions iitt'
Fhihp. pofed by Philip, and accepted by them, being neither profitable, nor honou-
rable, were but aliments of their floth andweaknef, that it were much bet"
ter they were taken away 3 for by this means their indujiries might be 4-
wakedto find out better remedies andjironger ^efolutions. We knew a
Phyfician was wont to fay plea(antly and yet fharply to delicate Dames,
when they complained they were they could not tell hovv^ but yet they
could not endure to take any Phyfick; he would tell them, your only
way is to be fickjndeed, for then you will be glad to take any medicine. So
further, this Degree of Privation, or of the higheft period of want, fer-
veth not only toftir up induftry, but alfo to command patience. As
for the fecond\>xznc\\oiLih\s Colour, it depends upon the fame realbn,
which is the degrees of ^/i^^^i// and Nullity :, hence grew the commoa
Place of extolling the beginning of every thing

Dimidium fa&i qui bene capit habet.

This made the Aftrologersfo idle as to make a judgement npon a man's
nature and Deftiny, from the moment or point of conftellatioa in his
Nativity, *or Conception.

The Rcprehenfion.

T His Colour firfi deceives, becaufe in many things, the firji inceptions
are nothing elfe than what Epicurus terms them in his Philofophy,
Tcntamenta, that is imperfeCl Ojfcrs, and Efiays, which vanifli and come
to nofubUance without iteration and improvement. Wherefore in this
cafe t he/fc^W degree feems the worthier ,and more potent than the Firfi :
as the Body-horfein the Cart that draws more than the formoft^ And

it

L I B. VL Of the Advancement of Learning. i o i

it is a common faying, and not without good fence. The fecotid hlotv is
thatwhicbfftdkesthe fraji : forthefirft, it may be, v/ould have vaniftit
without farther harm : and therefore Pnus Malo PrincipittM dedit^ fed
fo^erins modum ab^ulit. Secondly this colour deceives in refpe& of 'the
dignity of Verfeverance^ which co»Ji(is in the Progrejfion^ and not in the
Jggrejfion. For chance, or inftinft of Nature, may caufe inception 5
but fetled affeftion and judgement makes the continuance. Thirdly^
this Colour deceives in fuch things which have a natural courfe and inclina-
tion contrary to an Inception^ fo that the fir ^ Inception is perpetually eva'
cuated, unlef the force and faculty be continued. As in thofe common
forms it is faid Non progredi eji Regredi j and ^i non proficit deficit^ as
in running againft the hilU rowing againft the (Iream 5 forifitbewith
the hill or with the Itreara , then the degree of Inception is more than
all the reft. Again this Colour is not only extended to the Degree of In-
ception^ which is from Power to A6f, compared with the Degree, which it
from Ad to increment 5 but alfo is to be under & 00 d of the degree which is
from Impotency to power, compared with the Degree which is from power to
A3 : for the Degree.from Impotency to Totency, feems greater, than from
Tower to A&.

The Colour.

10 That which is referred to Truth, is more than that which is referred to
opinion. The manner and Proof of that which pertains to Opinion, is
this j that a man would never have done it ^ if he thought it Jljonld befe^
pulchred in fecrecy and oblivion.

So the Epicures fay to the Stoicks,Felicityplaced in virtue, that it is
like the Fe/ia/fj' of a Player, who ifhewere left of his Auditors, and
their applaufe, he would ftreight be out of heart and countenance 5
therefore they call virtue, out of a fpiteful emulation, Bonum Theatrah.
Bat it is otherwife of Riches, whereof the Poet (aith

.Populus mefibilat : at mihiplaudo

Likewife ofPleafure 5

Grata fnb imo

Otudia Corde premens, vultufimilante pudorem.

The Reprehenfion.

THe Fallax of this Colour is foraewhat fubtil 5 though the anfwer
to the exemple alledged be ready; for neither is virtue cholea
propter Auram Popular em , feeing that alio is given in Precept, That a
man Jhould above all things, andperfons, revere himfelf'-, fo that zGood
man is the fame mfolitude which he is in the Theatre ; though perchance
virtue will be more ftrongby glory and fame, as heat is encrcafcd by
refleftion : But this denyes the fuppofition, but doth not redargue the
Fal/ax. The Reprehenfion is this , be it granted that virtue ( efpeci-
ally fuch as is joyned with labour and conflid) would not be cholen
but for her concomitants. Fame and Opinion^ yet it follows not that
an appetite and chief Motive to virtue, fhould not be real, and for it

fclfj

Horaf,

I a2 Of the Adijdncement of Learning, Lib. VL

felf 5 for Fame may be only caufa impulfiva^ or fine qua non^ and not a
caufe ConftitKent ox Efficient. For example, it there were tvvoHorfes,
v/hereof the one would perform with good fpeed, without the fpur 5
but the other with the fpur would far exceed the performance of the
former j this latter (I fupppofe) will bear away the prize, and be judged
to be the better Horje 5 and it will not move any man of (bund judge-
ment to fay, ThJI) the life of this Horfe, is but in thefptr : for feeing the
ordinary inftrument of HorfcmanQlip is the^pw?', and that it is no mat-
ter of impediment or burden 5 the Horje is not to be left accounted of^
which will not do well without the fpur : nor is that other which with-
out the fpur will do great matters, therefore to be reckoned the better,
but the more delicate. So in like manner. Glory and Honour are the
Goads andfpurs to virtue j and though virtue would fomewhat languiQl
without them, yet fincethey be always at hand to attend virtue, even
when they are not invited , there is no impeachment but that virtue
may be defired for it felf 5 and therefore the Pofition, That the note of
a thing chofenfor Opinion and not for Truth, is this ^ That if a man thought
that what he doth, fhould never come to light, he vcould never have dens
it 5 is reprehended.

The Colour.

1 1 what is pur chafed by our own indujiry and virtue^ is a greater Good 5
what is derived upon m, from the benefit of others, or from the indul"
gence of Fortune, is a leffer Good,

The reafons are thele? Firji in refpe5f of future Hope-^ becaufe in the
favour of others, or the good winds of fortune, we have nojiate or certain-
ty 5 in our own endeavours or abilities we have. So when they have pro-
cured us one good fortune, we have the fame inftruments ready fot
a new purchafe ; nay by cuftom and (uccefs, ftronger than before. Se»
condly becaufe thcfe Properties which we enjoy by the benefit of others, vpe
are debtors to others for the'mj whereas what wc derive from our felves^
brings no burden with it, nor draws upon us an obligation to another. A-
gain, if the Divine Providence confer a favour upon us, it impor-
tunes a kind of Retribution towards the goodnels of God, which ftings
ungracious and wicked men ; whereas in that other kind q£ happinels,
that of the Prophet commonly falls out, Theyrejoyce andtrtunH^-^ they
Jacrifice unto their net, and burn incenfe unto their drag. Thirdly becaufe,
that which cometh unto us without our own abilitieSjyieldeth not that
commendation and reputation. For Adlions of great Felicity draw
Pro.M. wonder, not praile, zs Cicero izidtoC<efar. ^£ miremur habemur,qu£
Marcel, laudcmus expe&amus. Fourthly, becaufe the purchafes of our own in-
duftry are joyned commonly with labour and ftrife, which makes the
fruition of our defires more pleafant, as faith Solomon^ Suavis cibus a
venatui

Hab.i.

B

The Reprehenfion.

lit there are four Contre-Colours which enclinethe cafe to the con-
trary Part, and may be as Reprehenfions to the former Colours,

Firft

Lib. VL Of the Advancement of Learning. i ^^

FJrJi hecdnfe Felicity Jeems to be a feal and charafter of Divine favour ^
and accordingly begets both confidence and alacrity in our f elves , and re^
jpe5 and authority from others : And this Felicity comprehends many
calualties, yvhereunto the power and providence of a man cannot a- .t
fpire. As when C£far encouraging the Sayler, (aid Csfarem portas & ^"^'-'^
f or tun am ejus '-y but if he had faid, Cd;farem portas C^ virtutem ejus, it
had been a cold comfort againft a tempeft. Secondly bccaufe thatfuch
things as proceedfrom virtue and ifidujiry, are imitable, and feafable by
ethers to be praffifedj whereas Felicity is a thing inimitable^and a Preroga-
tive offomefevpfingular perfons. Wherefore we generally ftejthat things
of Nature are preferr'd before things of Art, becaufe they be inimitable;
for what is imitable is in efFed Proftitute and common. Thirdly the Re-
•venues of Felicity, fee fa to be no pur chafe of our own, but a Donativefrcm
others : but what is acquired by our own proper virtue is, as it were, bought
at a price. Whereupon P/«^4rf A faith elegantly of the Arts of Tzw^^/t'-
ott^ a man of all men moft fortunate, compared with the Acts of Agefi- " *^""°
laus and Epaminondas who lived in the fame Age, that they were lii^e.
Homer's verfes, which as they exceWd in other points, fo they feem'd to
have an ea(ie native fiide in them and to be conduced by a happy Genius.
Fourthly becaufe what falls out beyond hope and expe&ation, infinuates it
felf more fiveetly, and with greater delight, into the minds of men ^ but
this cannot be incident to thole things, which proceed from our own
care and compafs.

The Colour.

1 2 '^'^ what cottfijls of many and dividedparts, is greater than that which

" confijis of few Tarts, and is more entire 5 for all things confideredly

' parts feem greater: wherefore both plurality of parts hath aJJjew of

'Magnitude^ and the fame Plurality workj more Jirongly, if it be pre-

^'^jented unto us without order 3 for it induceth a refembUnce of Infinity,

and hinders Comprchenfion^

cc
cc .
cc

cc

This Colour (eems a Yallax, at firft fight very palpable : for not the
Tlurality of Parts alone, but the Majority ^mzy make the total Greater 5
yetneverthelefs the Colour many iimes carryes the imagination away 5
yea, it deceives fenfe. For it (eems to the eye, afhorterdiftanceofway,
if k be all dead and continued, fo as nothing intercurr which may break
the fight 5 than in fuch a coaft or quarter, where there are Trees and
Buildings, and other marks, which may meadire and Divide the fpace.
So when a great Monied-man hath divided and di(tributed his chefts
and bags into (everal and diftinft rooms, he feemeth to hirafelf richer
than he was. Therefore a way to Amplify any thing, is to breaks it in-
to many Parts, and to handle every part fevefally by it felf. And this
again will more fill the imagination, if it be done promi(cuou(iy and
without order 5 iox confufion taxkih an opinion ofmultitudey (b what
are pre(ented and propounded in order, both feem to be more finitCjand
demonftrate that nothing is left out, but all is there : whereas on th«
contrary, whatfbever things are reprefented confufedly, are not only
thought to be more numerous in themfelves ; but they leave a fufpicion
that more might be faid than is exprefled.

B b Tb€

194 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VL

The Reprehe»J(on»

T^HeFallax of this Colour is. Firjiwhcn a»iandoth over-conceive^ or
frejudicate of the greatnef of any things comprehending it beyond thz
true limits oj Magnitude •-, for then the breaking of it will make it feem lef^
audreSfiJie that falfe opinion, andprefent the obJe6f in its native verity^
and not with amplification. Wherefore if a man be in ficknefs or in pain,
the time will feem longer to him without a Clock or an Hour-glalsjthan
if it were meafured with them : for if the weary fomenefs, and vexation
of a difeafe, make the time feem longer than in truth it is ; yet the com-
putation of time reforms that miftake, and makes it (horter than that
erroneous opinion conceived it to be. So in a dead Plain (whereof e-
ven now we gave a contrary inftance) it fometimes falls out , for though
at fir ft the eye preconceiv'd the way fhorter, becaufe it was undivided,
yet if upon this fuppofition, an opinion poffefs the imagination of a far
ftiorter fpace of ground than it proves to be, thefruftrating of that vain
conceit, makes it leem longer than the truth. Therefore if any man
defire to humour and fecond the falfe opinion of another, touching the
^re4f«e/of any thing, let him beware of diftributions, and breaking it
infeveral confiderations, but let him out of hand extol the matter en-
tire and in the grols. Secondly this Colour deceives when the Dijiribufi-
on is diliraHedorfcattered, or is not prefented entire, or doth not at once
obje£} itfelfto the fight. Therefore if flowers in a Garden be divided
into feveralbeds, they will (hew more than if they were all growing in
one bed ; fo the Beds be within a plot that they be the objeft of view
at once j otherwife, union is of more force in this cafe than fcattered
diftribution. Therefore their Revenues feem greater, whofe Lands and
Livings lie together in one (hire 5 for if they were difperfed, they would
not fall fo ealily within notice and comprehenfion. Thirdly this Colour
deceives in rejpei^ of the dignity ofunitj above multitfide ; for aS compofiti-
on is afure mark^of deficiency, in particularities feverally confidered^whicb
thus pieces out one thing with the addition of another.

Et qu£ nonprofHntfingula,multaJHvattt,

Ink. 10. j^nd therefore i'l^jry had chofen the better part 5 Martha, Martha, at'
c/ffoj.. tendis adplurima, unumfuficit. Hereupon ^fop, framed the fable of
the Fox and the Cat. The Fox bragged what a number offinfts and devi-
ces he had to get from the Hounds 5 the Catfaid fiie had but one only way to
truji to, which was this 3 fie had a poor fiender faculty in climbing upit.
tree: which yet in proof was a furer guard then allVulpone's policies and
ftratagems : whereof the proverb grew, multa novit Fulpes, fed Felisu-
num magnum, the Fox knows many praftices, but the Cat one fpecial ;
one that will help at a dead lift. And in the Moral of this Fable.it
it comes likewife to pafs , that a potent and faithful Friend, »•
a furer Card at a pinch than all the Plots and Policies of a man's
own wit.

And ihefe (hall fuffice for example : we have an infinite number more
of Colours^ of this nature, which we collefted in our youth 5 but

without

Lib. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning, \o^

without their ll/iijiratiotts and Reprehenfions , which at this time we
have now leifure to perfedtand digeft 3 wherefore we thought it in-
congruous to expofe thofe Colours naked, without their lUuJirations ^
(eeing thefe other come abroad attired. Yet thns much in the meaa
time we adraonifli, that this branch of knowledge, in our judgement,
whatfbevcr it may fecm, is of no contemptible confequence, but a
matter of high price and ufe, as that which participates both oi Primi-
tive, Thilofophy, of rolicy, and of Rhcthorick. Thus much of popular
marks, or of the Colours of Good and Evil in apparence, as welljimple as
comparative.

111. A fecond coIledion,which appertains to axeady provi^on, or pre- *
paratoryjiore, is that which Cicero intimates (as we have noted before ^^l{\
inLogic^") where he gives it in Precept, that we have Common-places keru'm,'
in ready preparation argued and handled Pro and Contra^ fuch as are, ^"^"'*-
For the vpords and letters of Law , for the fetice dttd hiind of Lave , and
the like. And we extend this Precept to other things alfo j as that
it may be applied , not only to 'judicial Forms , but td Delibera-
live and Demonstrative alio. Generally this is it we would have done 5
namely, that we have all places, whereof there is more frequent ule
(vphether vpe refpeS Probations and Confutations, or Perfwaftons and Dif~
fwajions, or Praifes and Vituperations ^') ftadied and meditated before-
hand , and the fame extoll'd and deprefled by the higheft (train's of
Wit and Invention j and perverfely wrefted, as it were, of purpole ut-
terly beyond Truth. And in our opinion the manner of this Col/e-
Sion , as well for ufe as for brevity, would be the beft, if (uch common-
places, and feeds of feveral Arguments were abridg'd and caft up into
ibme brief and acute fentences, as into Skains or Bottoms of Thread
to be drawn out , and unwinded into larger Dilcourfes as occafion
Ihould be prefented. A Col/e&ion in this nature we find in Seneca^ but s<n. Con-
in (uppofitions only,or Cafes. Of this fort(in regard we have many ready ''*«
prepared J we thought good to fet down (bme of them for example:
Thefe we call Antitheta Rerum.

Examples of the Antitheta.

NOBILITY. L

Pro. Contra.

THey whofe vertue is altogether T^ "T Obility feldom fprings from

derived from the fioc^jthcfe \^\\ f^ertue ^ I'ertue more fel-

not only have not a tvill,but -*- ^ dom from Nobility. '^.

want a power to be wicked. Nobles by birth more often ufe the ti

. .Nobility is a. Garland of Bays , intercejjion of their Anccjiors for

vhcrewith time CroTpns men. Pardon, than their fuffr age for Ho-

We reverence Antiquity even in nours.

dead Monuments , how much more The ifidufiry ofnere rifing men is

in living. oftentimes fuch, as 'Nohlescompar'd

with them are but Statues.

Bb 2 ff

1 ^6 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

IfyoH regard not the Honour of an Nobles by bloody look too often bac^
ancient Hoiife : Then what difference in the courfe , rvhich is the quality
*n>iU there be betvpeen the Race of of an ill Racer,
Alen, and the Race of Beajis .<?

Nobility removes Vertue from En-
vy ; recommends it to Grace and
Favour.

BEAUTY. IL

Pro: Contra.

Deformed perfons commonly have Vertue is like a rich Stone^ beji

their revenge of Nature. plain fet.

Vertue is nothing elfe but invpard What a fair vefimenf is to a de-
Beauty:, and Beauty nothing elfe but formed Body, the fame is a comely BO'
an outTpard Vertue. dy to a deformed Mind.

Deformed perfons feek. to refcue They ufnally are of no great partt^

themfelves from/corn^ by malice and whom Beauty commendeth or mO"

boldmfs. veth.

Beauty makes Vertues flnne^ vices
hlujij.

YOUTH, m.

Pro, Contra.

Ourfirjl cogitations^ and the conn- Youth is the field of Repentance^
Jets of Touthjlream more divinely, "tJjere is in Touth an inbred dif-

Oldmenare more wife for them- ejieem of the Authority of Age, that
felves, than they are for others and every Qne may grow wife at his own
the Repub. peril.

If it could be made vifible^ Old Thofe Counfels to which Time was
age doth more deform the mind than not calTd^ Time will not ratifie.
the body. In old men Venus is changed in-*

Old men fear all things fave the to the Graces.
Gods.

HEALrja.,jv-.

Pro. Contra.

The regard of Health makes the Often to recover health, is often to

Mind humble, and ohfequious to the grow young again,

^"'^y' Indifpofition of Health is a com*

A found Body is the Souls Hoft, vion excufe, hither we fiy even when

hut ajickly her ]ayloT. we are well.

Nothing fo promotes the f urn m of Health unites the Soul and the

Biijincfs, as a profperousjiatc of Bo. Body in too fir iB a league,

^hbut on the contrary^ afickly con- The Couch hath govern d mighty

Jtitution makes too many Holy-days. Empires ; and Litter mighty Armies

W\FE

L I B. "V^I. Of the Advancement ofLearn'mcr. 107

WIFE and CHILDREN.

Pro. Contra.

Charitj to the CommoU'Wcalih , He that hath Wife and Children,

begins at a private Famil)/, bath given Hosiages to Fortune.

tVife and children are a kjf^d of Generation and Iffue are Humane

Difcipline of Humanity j but un- A&s 5 Creation and its IVorkj are

married men arc cruel and hard- A3 s Divine.

hearted, Ijfue is the Eternity of Beafis,

Single life and a Childlefsfiate^arc Fame , Merit , and wholefomc Prc-

goodfor nothing but for flight. cepts^ the Eternity of Men.

■ He that procreates no Children , Oeconomical refpeCis many times

facrificeth to Death. fttpplant Political Duties.

They that are happy in all other To feme Natures the Fortune of

things^ are commonly unfortunate in Piiimns is acceptable, whofurvivd

their Children : leji being men they his tohole Pojierity.
jhould approach too near to a condi-
tion Divine. •

RICHES. VI.

Pro. Contra.

They defpife Riches^that difpair of Of great Riches , there is either
them. a cufiody ^ or a difpenfition ^ or a

An en-'"' conceived againfl Riches, fame:, but no folidnfe.
hath extoued l^ertue to a Deity. Do you not fee what feigned prifes

IVhjlfi rhilofopers call in doubt are fet upon little Stones, and fuch
vohether all things are to he referrd ^ind of Rarities, that there may be
to Vertue or Pleafure 5 furvey the in- fame ufe made of great Riches .<?
firuments of them both. Many, whilji they have entertained

Vertue,by means of Richeijif con- an opinion that all things ?}iight ^e
verted into a common good. • bought with their moneys hive in

"^^ All other kjnds of Good have a this conceit, firli fold them fives.
provincial command, only Riches d I cannot call Riches betttr than
getter ah the Baggage of Vertue '-, for they are

both neceffary to Virtue, and yet com"
berfoffte, hindring the March. . , j
Riches are a good Hand'mafd, bftf
ihevporji MiUrefs.

•• HONOURS. VII.

Pro. Contra.

Honours are not fuffr ages of Ty- ivhilfi we fee l^ Honours, we loofe
rants, but of Divine Providence- liberty.

Honours make both Vertues and Honours commonly give men a.
Alices confpicHous 5 therefore thofe power over thofe things , wherein

they

:q8 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b, VL

they excite^ thefe they reprefs.

No man can tell what proficie nee
he hath made in the RdceofVertue,
unlef Honour f afford him an open
Field.

The motion of Verlue as of other
thingt, is violent to its place^ calm
in its place 3 at:d the place of Ver-
tue is Honour,

the beil condition k^ not to veill j
the next net to can.

Thejiairs to Honours are iieep^
the jlandingjlippery, the regrefs a
dovpnfal.

They that are iH great place had
need to borrow other mens opinions^
to think.themfelve s happy.

EMPIRE. VIII.

Pro.

it is 4 great blejfing to tnjoy Hap-
pinefs 5 but to have the power to
confer it on others^ is far greater.

Kings are rather like jftars than
men 5 for they have a powerful in-
flux upon all men, and upon times
themfelves.

To refili God's vicegerents^is not
only the guilt of Treafon^but a kind
of Theomachie»

Contra.

tvhat a, miferable Jiate is it, to
have a few things to dejire, infinite
things to fear I

Princes are like heavenly bodies
which have much veneration, but
no reft.

None of Humane condition is ad-
mitted to the Banquet of the Cods^
but to his reproach.

PRAISE, REPUTATION. IX.

Pro.'

Vraifes are the reflexed Beams of
Vertue.

That praife is an Honour which
comes from voices freely conferred.

Many States confer Honours , but
Vraifes are every where the Attri-
butes of Liberty.

The voice of the people hath fome
divinenefs in it , elfe howpould fo
many men agree to be of one mind .<?

Tou nehd not wonder if the com-
munaltyifpeak, more truly than the
Nobilitjf'yfor theyfpeak.morefafely.

Pro.

Fame is a better NuUfJ than 4
Judge.

what hath a good man to do with
the dull approbation of the vulgar ^

Fame like a River bears up things
light and fwoln 5 drotvns things
v^eighty andfolid.

The lowejl vertucs draw praife
from the common people '-, the mid-
dle vertues work, in them Ajiontfij-
tftent or Admiration 5 but of tht
highejl Vertues they have no fence
or perceiving at all,

Praife proceeds more out of a bra-
very than out of merit ; and happens
rather to vain and windy perfons^
than toperfonsfubjiantial andfolid.

NATURE. X.

Pro. Contra.

The Trogrefs of Cufiom is Arith- Mens thoughts are according fo

ffteticalj of Nature Geometrical. Nature j their words according ttf

As

Lib. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning, i

99

As Laws are to Cufiom in Civil Precept:, but their deeds according

States, fo is Nature to CnHofn in to cujiotfi.

every particular perfon. Nature is a kind of Pedant 5 C«-.

Cujiont againfi Nature is a kjnd fiom a Magifirate.
of Tyranny^ and is quickjy and upon
light occajion opprejfed.

FORTUNE. XL

Pro.

' Ouvert and apparent vcrtues bring
forth praife 5 fecret and hidden
vertues bring forth fortune.

Vertues of duty bring forth praifez,
vertues of ability bring forth for-
tune.

The way of fortune is lih^ the
»iilken way in the skje 5 which is
a meeting or knot of certain fmall
cbfcure vertues without a name.

Fortune is to be honoured and re-
fpeifed, and it be but for her daugh'
?er/ confidence and reputation.

Contra.

The folly of one man, is the for"
tune of another.

InFortune this I may chiefly coni'
mend, that being Qje makes no ek~
Uion^ fide gives no proteBion.

Men of place and quality while
they decline the envy of their own
vertues-^ have been found among
the worJJjippers ofFortHne»

LIFE. Xlf.

Pro.

It is afoolifJ} and prepojierous of-
■feSion, to love the Accejfories of
life, more than life itfelf.

A full courfe is better than a.
fliort 3 a fair advantage to all things,
yea even to vertue.

t^ithouta goodfpacious compafs
of life, we can neither fully perfeB ^
nor learn, nor repent.

Contra.

The Philofophers, whiljl they raife
fo great preparations againji Death,
have made it but appear more terri"
i>le.

Men fear Death becaufe they knot»
it not j as Children fear the dark.

Ton can find no pajfion in the
mind of man fo weak, which if it
be but a littlepreji, mafiers not the
fear of death.

To be willing to die , not only a
valiant man, or d. tniferable man
may, or a wife , but even a falii-
dious man , and a coward may do
as much.

SUPER-

200

Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . VI.

SUPERSTITION. Xlli.

Pro.

They that err out of a well meant
Z,eal^ may not be approved^ but yet
may be beloved.

Mediocrities are due to Moral
•vertues j extretnities to divine.

A fuperjiitioui man is a religioifs
tormaliji.

Ijhonldfooner believe all the Fa.
hulous wonders of any Religon^than
that this univerjal Frame tpos built
without a Deity.

Contra.

As it adds deformity unto aa
Ape^ to befo lil^e a man ; fo the /?-
niHitude of fupelittion to Religion^
makes it more deformed.

Look hovp edious AffeQation is in
matters Civil 5 fo hateful isfuper*
Jiition, in matters Divine.

it were better to have ho opinion
of God at all, thanfuch an opinion
as is reproachful unto him.

It is not the School of Epicurus,
but the Porch of the Stoicks that
hath perturbed ancient States.

It cannot come into the mind of
man to be a mere Atheiji in Opini-
on 5 but your great Hypocrites are
the true Atheijis , who are ever
handling holy things , but never re.*
vere them.

PRIDE. XIV.

Pro.

tride is even with vices incom-
pctible : And as poyfon is expelled
by poyfon , fo many vices are by
pride.

A foft nature becomes guilty of
the crimes of others , but a proud
fpirit only of his own.

Tride if it afcend from contempt
of others to a contempt of it f elf at
laji is changdinto PhiloJ'ophy.

Contra.

Pride is the injlnuating Ivie to
Fertues, and all good ^alities.

AU other vices are only contrary
to vertues^pride alone is contagious.

Pride wants the beji condition of
vice, that is, concealment.

A proud man while he defpifetb
others. prejudiceth himfelf

INGRATITUDE. XV.

Pro.

The guilt of ingratitude is no-
thing elfe ibut a too precife confi-
deration and inquifition into the
caufe of a benefit conferred.

IVhilji we endeavour to be grate-
ful to others, we neither perform

Contra.

The crime of Ingratitude L'
not to be reprejjed by punijlj-
ments, but to referred over to the
Furies.

The obligations of benefits are
more Jlri^ than of Duties ^ where^

julliet

L I B. VI.

Of the Advancement of Learning.

201

jujiice to others^ nor refervc liber-
ty to our f elves.

where the valuation of a Benefit
is uncertain, there the left than^
if due.

fore he that is unthankfull is unjuf},
and any thing.

Such is man's condition^ no man
is born tofo high a fortune^ but that
he is a debtor to the retribution both
of Private thankj, and perfonalre-
venge.

ENVr. XVI.

Pro.

It is natural for a nun to hate the
reproach of his Fortune.

Envyinajiate is a tpholfoffte 0-
jiracifm.

Contra.

Envy never makes Holy day.

Nothing but death reconciles En^
vy to virtue.

Envy doth put vertuc to it, as
Juno did Hercules.

INCONTINENCE. XVIL

Pro.

Chajtity may thankjjealoufie that
fje is become a virtue.

He had need be endued with much
Gravity, that makes the fports of
Venus any matter of Earneft.

why do you place eitf^er afpare di'
et,or afmv ofHoneJiy^or the Daugh-
ter of Pride, amongfi the virtues .<?

Of loves, asofvpildforpl,thereis
no property:, but the right is paji O"
ver vpith the poffeffion.

Contra.

Incontinence is one of Circes her
vporjl transformations.

Anunehajidiver hath utterly loji
a reverence to himjelf which is the
bridle of all -vice.

They that with Paris, make beaw
ty their wijl), lofe, as he did, Wif
dem and Honour,

Alexander/t'Z/ upon no popular
truth, whenhefaid, that jleep aad
luji were the earners of Death.

CRUELTY. XVIIL

Pro.

• No virtue isfo often guilty as cle-
mency.

Cruelty if it proceed from revenge,
it it jujiice^ if from Peril it is wif
dom.

He thatjl)ews mercy to his enemy,
denyes it to himfelf.

Phlebotomy is not more neceffary
in the Body Natural, than it is in
the body Politick,.

Contra.

He that delights in blood, is ei-
ther a wild beaji or a Fury.

Cruelty to a Goodman,feems to be
but a. Fable, and feme Tragi calfiHi-'
on.

Cc

VAIN-

2 02 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . VI.

VAIN-GLORY. XIX.

Pro.

He that feekj his own prdife ,
xpithalfeeks the profit of others.

He that is fo rcferv'd, as to re-
gard nothing that is forreign 5 it
niay he fufpe^ed , that he rpill ac'
count publicly affairs^ forreign int-
pertinetjcies.

SHch Dijpojitions ai have a com-
mixture of Levity in them, more
eajilj undertake a public k^charge.

Contra.

Vain-glorious perfons are always/
fa&ious^ lyers, incon^ant , over-
doing.

Thrafo is Gnztho's prey.

It is ajliame for a Lover to make
fuit to the hand-maid 3 but Praife if
vertuei hand-maido

JUSTICE. XX.

Pro.

Kingdoms and 'States are only
the /Appendices of Jujiice : for if
Jujiice othervptfe could be executed^
there would be no need of them.

It is the efe3 of JuHice , that
man is to man a Cod , and not a
Wolf

Though Jujiice cannot extirpate
Vice 5 yet it reprejfeth it from do-
ing hurt.

Contra.

If this be to bejuji, not to do to
another what you would not havt
done to your felf-, then is mercy
Jujiice.

If we muji give every one his
due^ then Jurely pardon to Huma-
nity.

what tell you me of equity when
to a wife man all things are un-
equal .«■

Do but confider what the condi-
tion of the guilty was in the Roman
State 5 and then fay Jujiice is not
for the Republic^..

The common Jujiice of States is
as a Philofopher in Court -, that is,
it makes only for a reverential re-
fpe& offuch as bear Rule,

FORTITUDE. XXI.

Pro. Contra.

Nothing hut fear is terrible. That's a goodly vertue to be

There is nothing folid in plea- willing to dye, fo you may be fun

fure, nor ajfurd in vertue, where tokjU'
fear difquiets.

He

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning,

He that confroMtf clangers rcith
open eyes , that he may receive
the charge 5 marketh how to avoid
the fame.

All other vertHes^ free us from
the Dominion of Vice ^ only For-
titude front the Dominion of For-
/H»e.

That's a goodly verttte fure^rvhich
even dnmkennefs may induce.

He that is prodigal of his own
life J will not fparc the life of ano-
ther.

Fortitude is a vertne of the Iroti
Age.

TEMPERANCE. XXIL

Pro.

To abftain and to fuftain, are
vertues proceeding commonly from
the fame habit.

Uniformities , concords , and
tfteafur^s of motions, are things re-
lejiialy and the charaQers of Eter-
nity.

Temperance as wholefome colds ,
concentrate and flrengthen the
forces of the Alind.

Too exqiiifite and wandring
fenfes , had need of ^arcotickj'-i
and fo likcvpife reandring affeCfi-
9ns,

Contra.

/ Uk? not thefe negative ver-
tues 5 for they argue Innocence net
Merit.

That mind languifJ)cth which is
not fometimes fpirited by excef?.

I like thofe vertues which induce
the vivacity of Action, and not ths
dalnefS of Pajfion.

IVhen youfet doWn the eqftal tem-
pers of the mind, you fet down but
few J nam pauperis eft numerare
pecus.

Thefc Stoicifms ^ not to ufe that

fo you may Wot dejire 3 not to dejire

that fo you may not fear) are the re-

folutiofts of pufdlanimous , and di'

Jirufiful natures.

CONSTANCY. XXIII.

Pro.

Conjiancy is the foundation of
t/ertue.

He is a mifcrable man that hath
tioperception of his future (iate^what
it ffjaU or may be.

Seeing mans judgement is fo
Vpeak^, as that he cannot be confiant
to things -J let him at leaji be true to
himfelf, and to his own defigns.

Constancy gives reputation even
to vice.

If to the Inconfiancy of Fortune
we add alfo the inconfiancy of
mind , in what ma%es of dar/fneft
do we live.

Contra.

Conjiancy like a fullen-frlf-wilTd
Vortere^, drives away many fruitful
informations.

There is good reafon that Con'-
Jiancy fljould patiently endure
crpffes 5 for commonly flie caufeth
tnem.

The flwrtefi folly is the bcji.

Fortiifie

204

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib.VL

FortHfjt is like Proteus, ifjioH
perjtji , Jhe returns to her true
//jape.

MAGNANIMITY. XXIV.

Contra.
Magnanimity is a vertue Foeticah

Pro.

when once the mind hath pro-
pounded to it felf honourable ends-,
then not only vertues , but even
the Divine pomrs are ready to fe-

cond.

Vertues fpringing from Habit or
Precept:, are vulgar , but from the
tnd heroical.

KNOWLEDGE, CONTEMPLATION. XXV.

Pro.

rhat delight only is according
to Nature, vphereof there is no fa-

tiety.

The fweetefl profpel^ is that ,
rohich looks into the errors of o-
thers, in the vale belo0

How pleajtng and profitable a
thing is it:, *<> have the orbs of the
mind concentrick^ with the orbs of
the World.

All depraved affe^ions are falfe
valuations i but goodnefs and truth
are ever the fame.

Contra;

A contemplative life isafpeciouf
floth.

To think. roeUk little better thaf^
to dream reeU.

The divine providence regardf
the world j thou thy country.

A right Politick procreates Con^
templations.

LEARNING. XXVL

Pro.

Reading is a converje with the
wife 5 A&ion, for the mojipart, a
commerce with fools. ^

Thofe Sciences are not to be re'
puted altogether unprofitable , that
are of no ufe ; ;/ they parpen the
wits J and marjijal our conceptions.

Contra.

To be wife from Precept and
from Experience:, are two contrary
habits j Jo as he that is accufiomed
to the onC:, is inept for the other.

There is many times a vain ufe of
Art:, l^Ji there fjould be no ufe.

This commonly is the humour of
all Scholars, that they are wont to
acknowledge all they know j but not
to learn what they know not.

PROMP-

L I B. Vl. Of the Advancement of Learning. 205

PROMPTITUDE. XXVIF.

Pro.

That is not feafonahk wifdom,
tphich is not quicksand nimble.

He that quick!) ^*'>^^i qHickly re--
forms his error.

He that is wife upon deliberation,
and not upon prefehf occajio'n J per-
forms no great matter.

Contra.

That wifdom is not far fetcht ^
nor deeply grounded^ ■mWch is ready
at hand.

Wifdom is as a Fefiment^that i$
lighteji, which is readieji.

Age doth not ripen their wifdom^
whofe counfels deliberation doth
not ripen.

IVhat isfuddenly invented, fud-
denly vanijlieth ; foon ripe foon
rotten.

Silence in matters of Secrecy. XXVIIL

Pro.

trom a ftlent man , nothing if
concealed j for all is therefafely laid
tfp.

He that eafily talkj what he
knows ^ will alfo talkjphat he knows
not.

Myfieries are due tofecrecies.

Contra.

Alteration pf CuUoms placeth
the mind in the darkji and makes
men go invijible.
Secrecy is the vertue of a Confeffor.

From a ftlent man all things are
conceal' d, hecaufe all is repaid with
fllence.

A clofe man is next to an un-
known man.

FACILITY. XXIX.

Pro. Contra.

I like the man that is pliant to Facility is a weak, privation of

another^s inclination , but yet re- judgement.

ferves his judgement from flattery. The good offices of facile natures

He that is flexible comes neareii feem debts j their denials, injuries.

to the nature of Cold. He owes the thanks to himfelf,

that obtains any thing of a facile"
natur'd man.

All difficulties pre^ upon a too
accejjible and yielding nature 3 for
he ingages himfelfin all.

Facile natures feldom come off
with credit.

POPU^

2o6 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. VI.

POPULARITY. XXX.

Pro.

ThefaM things commonlj pleap
wife ntm^ hut it is alfo n foint of
rvifdom -, to humour the changeable
diffojition of fools.

To honour the people is to be ho-
noured.

Men in place ufually Slaad in
awe 5 not of one man , but the
multitude.

Contra.

He vohofe nature rightly fort!
with fools, may himfelf he fu-
fpe&ed.

He that hath the Art to pleafe the
people 5 commonly hath the power to
raife the people.

No terms of moderation taken
place with the vulgar.

To fawn on the people, is the low*
ejl degree of Flattery.

L O CLU A C I T Y. XXXI.

Pro.

Silence argues a man to he
jealous, either of others, or of hi m-

Refiraint of liberty in what kind
foever if an unhappy cafe, but the
it>orJi of all is that ofjilencc.

Silence is the vertue of fools'-,
tfhere he faid truly to a. filent
man. If you be wife you are a
Fool 5 if you be a Fool you are
wife.

Silence li^e night is Jit for Tren-
cheries.

Cogitations are like waters ,
moji wholefome in the running
Siream.

Silence if a kjftd of folitude.

He that if filent pre^itutes him"
felfto cenfure.

Silence neither difchargcth it felf
of Evil thoughts , nor contributes
any good.

Contra.

Silence adds grace and authority
to a man's words.

Silence like a hjndly JJeep re-
frefheth wifdom ,■ and fettles the
judgement.

Silence if the Fermentation of
our thoughts.

Silence is thejiile of wifdom.

Silence is a candidate for Trtttb*

DfS-

L

B. VJ. Of the Advancement of Learning, 207

DISSIMULATION. XXXII.

Pro.

Diljimulation is a cofftpendious
vpjfdom.

PVc are not tied to fay the fame ,
but to intend the fame,

NaJ^cdaefs even in the Mind is
uncomely..

Difimulition is both a Grace
and a Guard.

Dijjimulation is the fence of
counjels.

Some through their too apertfair
dealing become a prey.

He that carries all things with
an open frankfte^ deceives , as he
that fomcivhat dijfembles : for ma-
ny either do not comprehend him^
or do not believe him.

Open dealing is nothing elfe but
a ■weakne^ of mind.

Contra.

iVhen we cannot think^according
to the verity of things, yet at leafi
let us fpeak according as rve think.

Whofe fliallovp capacities compre^
hend not the Arts of State -^ in
thenn^ a habit of dijjimulation goes
for rpifdom.

He that Dijfembles^deprives hitti-
felfofone of the mofi principal in-
firumentsfor A^ion^which is belief

Dijfimulation invites Diffimu^
Idtion.

A diffemhkr is not exempt from
bondage.

BOLDNESS XXXIIL

Pro.

A fl}amefacd fuitor teaches the
way hovp to be denied.

what A^ion is to an Orator, the
fame is boldnefs to a Politic^ j the
firfi, thefecond, the third vertue.

I love him that confeffeth his mo-
defiy, but I cannot endure him that
accufeth it.

A confidence in carriage fooneU
unites affe^ions.

I like a referved countenance j
and an openfpeech.

Contra.

Boldnefs is the Ferger to folly.

Impudence is good for nothing
but for Tmpojiure.

Confidence is the fool's Emprefs^^
and the wife man^s buffoon.

Boldnefs is a kind of Dulnefs of
fenfe^together with a perverfenefs of
will.

Ceremonies, Puntoes,Affedtation. XXXIV.

Pro.
A comely moderation of Counte-
nance and Gejiure , is the true fea-
foning vertue.

Contra.

what can be a more deformed fpe-
Bacle^than to transfer the fenje in-
to our common conrfc of life .«"

2o8 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VI.

If we obferve the vulgar in the
tife of Words ^ tehy not in Hxbit and
Gejiure ?

He that keeps not a decorum in

fmaUer matters , and in his daily

cuUoms^ though he he a great man^

j/etfet it down for truth 3 that fuch

a perfonage is vpife, but at certain

feafons.

Vertue and ttpifdom , without all
points of refpe£f and complement^
arc hke forreign languages , they
are not undcrjiood by the common
people.

He that apprehends not the mean-
ing of the common people^ neither
by a 'congruous application , nor
yet by obfervation^ isofal/menmoji
fenfelefso

Puntoes and ceremonies are the
tranflation of vertue into a mother-
tongue.

Fair ingenious behaviour wins
grace and favour , hut affe&atioft
and art procures hatred.

Better a painted face and crijped
hair 5 than painted and crifped
manners.

He cannot comprehend great mat'
iers^ who breaks his mind to fmall
obfervations.

Ajfe&ation is the finning Putrefa*
Bion of ingenuity.

JESTS. XXXV.

Pro.

A conceit is the altar of an 0-
rator.

He that mingles modeji mirth in
all his commerce with others , re-
ferves a freedom of mind.

It is a matter more politic k:,than
a man would think., fmoothly to
pafs from jeji to earneji^ and from
earnefi tojeji.

A witty conceit is oftentimes a
convoy of a Truths which otherwife
could not Jo handfomely have been
ferried over.

Contra.

what man defpifeth not thofe
that hunt after thefe deformities
and concinnities .<?

To put off the importance of lif
finefs with ajeji, is a bafe flight of
wit.

Then judge of ajeji , when you
have done laughing.

Merrily conceited fften , feldont
penetrate fart her than thefuperficies^
of things^ which is the point where
the jeji lies.

To put a jeji, as a matter of mo'
ment uponferious affairs ^ is a. chil"
dip Levity.

LOVE. XXXVI.

Pro.

Do you not fee how all menfeek,
themfelves , hut a lover onlyji'nds
himfelf.

Contra.

The ji age is much beholding to
love 5 the life of man nothing.

Ther

B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning, 200

There is no better government of
the mind^ than fro f!2 the command
offome powerful a^e&ion. »
He that is rrrje, let him purfue

fome dejire or other', for he that
doth not affed fome one thing in
chief ^ unto him all things are di-

jiajiful and tedious.
' U'hyjhould not that rvhich is one^
refl in unity .<?

There is nothing hath fo many
names as Love 3 for it is a thing ei»
ther fo foolij})^ that it l^novpsnoiit
felf or fo bafe that it tnuji needs
difguife it felf under a counterfeit
habit.

I like not fuch ndlures as are only
intent upon one thing.

Love is a poor narrotv coniem-'
plation.

FRIEND SHIP. XXXVII.

Pro.

FricndJJjip accomplifieth ihefttne
things that Fortitude doth , but
more fire etly.

Friendfyip is a pleafant fauce to
'tiny temporal kappinef.

The TPorU folitude is to be dejii-
tute ofjincerefriendfiip.

It is a Juji punif) meat for falfe-
hearted dijpofitions^ to be deprived
offriendJf)ip.

Contra.

Who contra&s jiriB leagues of
Amity ^ draves upon himfelfnew en-
gagements.

It is a note of a veeak^fpirit i&
divide fortunci

rLATTERy. xxxvn^.

Pro.

Flattery proceeds more out of CH-
Jiom than out of Malice.

It was ever a form of civility
due to Great Perfons , hy praifing
them to inUru^ them.

Contra;

Flattery is the (iile of ServantSm

Flattery is the cement of vice.

flattery is that ki«d of fovoling,
vphich deceives Birdsfy refemblance
of voice.

The deformity of flattery is Co"
mical^ but the dammage Tragical.

To give vi>holefof*ie counfel^ is*^
taskmoj}, dijicult.

REVENGE. XXXIX.

Pro.

Private Revenge is a l^iad of
vpild Jujiice.

He that returns vorongfor wrong,
"Violates thcLaWj not the Perfon.

Contra.

He that does a wrong if the be"
ginner of a quarref but he that re-
taliates, takes away all means of
ending it.

Revenge by how much the more:
natural, byfo much the more to be-
reprcjfedi
Dd ^hg

2 1 o Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b . VI.

The fear of TrivAte revenge is a
profitable rejiraiKt, for laws are too
often ajleep.

He that is inclinable to retribute
avprong^ is behind-hand perchance
in tinte^ but net in will.

INNOVATION. XL:

Pro.

"Every medicine is 'an innovati-
on.

He.thatvpill not apply neto rente-
dies, mufl expect new difeafes.

Time is the greateji innovator 3
tfhy then may we noi imitate time.

Ancient prefidents are inconfor-
mable, recent, corrupt, anddegene^
rate.

Let ftmple and contentious per-
fons, fquare their anions , accor-
ding to examples.

As thofe that fir!i bring honour
into their Family , are commonly
more worthy than mojl that fucceed:
So the Innovation of things for the
wofi part excells thofe things which
are done out of Imitation.

Afroward retention of Cujloms,
is as turbulent a thing as Innovati-
on,

Seeing that things of their own
courfe alter to the worfe, if they be
not by counfel altered to the better,
zohat/hallbc the end of Evil.

The feri^ants of cuflom, are the
fcorn of Time,

Contra.

l^ew Births are deformed things,

1^0 author is accepted, until time
have authorized him.

All novelty is with injury, for it
defaceth the prefentjiate of things.

Thofe things which ciijlom hath
confirmed, ij they be not profitable^
yet they are conformable and piece
well together.

IVhat Novator follows the exam-
ple of time, which infinuates inno-
vations fo quietly, as is fcarce per-
ceptible tojenje.

Whatjoever comes unloosed for^
is the Icf acceptable to him whom it
helps if and the more troublefometa
him whom it hurts.

DELAY, XLI.

Pra

Fortune felleth many things to the
hajiy-) which fi)e gives to the flow and
deliberate.

IVhilJi we make to» much hafi to
furprize the beginnings andonfets of
things, we clafpfijadows.

WhilB things are at a doubtful
Jiand, we muji weigh them ; when
they incline we may fall aworl^.

It is good to commit the beginning
of Anions to Argus, with his hun-
dred eyesi, the ends to Brureus,w J/^
his hundred bands.

Contra.

Occafion turns the handle of the
Bottle fir(i, to be received j and af-
ter th belly.

Occafion, like Sybilla, diminifi-
eth the commodity,bHt enhancethth4
Trice.

Celerity is the helmet of Plato,

Thojc things which arefeafonablj

undertaken, are performed with

judgement ; but what are put ojf too

long, arc compafs'dwith trouble and

hy ambages.

PRE-

B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learninq.

211

PREPARATION. XLIL

Pro.

He that attempt i a great matter
with fmall means ; fancies to him-
felf the advantage of opportunity,
that he niay not defpair.

tVithJknderprovijion tpebHyroif
not fortune.

Contra.

Thefirjl occafion ofaUion^ is the
heU point of preparation.

Let no man thinly to fetter for-
tune, with the chains of his prepa^
ration.

The alteration of preparation ,
and a& ion, are politic^ Arts ^ but
thefeperation of them is a vaporous
conceit, ahd unprofperous.

Great preparation it a prodigal
both of time and bujinejs".

To Encounter firft Aflaults. XLIIL'

Pro.

A^ore dangers deceive us by
fraud, than overcome us by force.

It is le^ trouble to meet danger
by early remedies, thait to watch
and ward the approaches and pro'
gref thereof.

A danger is no more light, if it
onccfeem light.

Contri.

He teacheth danger to come ok,
who over-early addreffeth himfelfd'
gainji danger j andfxeth it by ap-
plication of a remedy.

In theredref?of dangers, lighter
dangers fall off of themfclves

It is better to deal with a few
authenticl^ and approv'dremedies 5
than to venture upon a world ofun"
experienc'd particular receipts.

VIOLENT COUNSELS. XLIV.

Pro.

7hofe thai dffe3 a mild and gen-
tle l{ind of Prudence 5 to them the
augmentation of an evil is a whole-
fome remedy.

That neceljity which refolves upon
defperate courfes •-, commonly goes
through with them>

Contra.

Every violent remedy is preg^
ndnt of a. new evil.

No man gives violent advice g
hut out of fury or fear.

Dd 2

SUSPI-

212 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VL

SUSPICION. XLV.

Pro.

Diffidence is the nerves oftpif
dom j hht fufficion a remedy for
thejoynts.

That fincerity isjuBlyfufpe^ed,
tchich fMfpcion Tpeak^ns or over-
throws.

Sufpcion defeats an inconfiant
integrity j hit confirms a Jirong
and refolnte.

Contra.

Sufption breakj the bond of
faith.

The dijientper of fnfpicion , is A
kjnd of Civil Madnefs,

The words of Law. XLVL

Pro.

It is no expofition , hut a di-
vination 3 TPhich departs from the
letter.

If-'hen there is made a departure
from the Letter of Law ^ the Judge,
of an Interpreter, becomes a Law"
giver.

Contra.

OHt of all the words in the gene^
rality, fuch a fence mufi be extraS-
ed, as may expound tlie mind of
every particular pajfage.

The worji tyranny , is Law vpefs
the rack.

For Witnefles againft Arguments. XLVIt.

Pro.

He that relies upon Arguments ,
defines according to the pleader^ot
according to the caufe.

He that gives credit rather to
Arguments than lVitnefs,muJi with-
(jlltniji more to IVit thanfenfe^

It vcere afafe way to believe Ar-
guments ef Reafon , if men were
not guilty of Abfurdiiies agaJnJi
Reafon.

Arguments brought againji Te-
Jiimonies accomplifb thus much 5
that the cafe feemsfirange^ but not
that itfeemj true.

Contra;

If proofs by witnefs , are to he
prejerr'd before Proofs from Reafon.
then there needs no more ado, but
that the Judge be not deaf.

Arguments are an Antidote «-
gainji the Toyfon ofTeJlinsomes.

Thofe kjnd of Proofs are moji
fafely believed, which da mvji Jel-*
dom lye.

■ V\V ■

No';v

NOKES.

Lib. VI. Of the Advancement of Learnim. 21:?

Now thefe Antitheta which we have propounded, are not perchance
fo much worth s but being they were prepared and collected by us
long ago, we were loath the diligence of our youth fhould perifh : fpe-
cially feeing they are (if one exaftly confider them) Seeds, and not
Flowers. But herein they do plainly breath a youthly heat^in that they
are fo plentiful in the yl/iyra/ or Demonjirative kind, lb thin and Iparins
in the Deliberative and Judicial.

IV. A third Colleftion which pertains to prepar^torjijiore or Provijion^ *
and is Deficient^ is that which we think fit to call FormuU Minores^ Lef- [K"
fer Forms or Stiles of Speech. And thefe are fas it werej the Portals '^""""'
Poftern-doors, outer-Rooms, back-Rooms, Paflages of Speech, and
the like 3 which indifferently may ferve for all Subjefts. Such are Tre-
faces, Concliifions, Digrejfions, Tranfitiotis, Promifcs^ ExcufatioKs^and ma-
ny of like nature. For as in Building there is great pleafure and ufe ia
the weil-cafting of the Frontifpieces, Stair-cafes, Doors, Windows, En-
tries, Paflages, and the like ; fo in fpeech if the acceflbry conveyances
and interpoiures be decently and skilfully contrived and placed , they
are of fpecial ornament and effed, to the whole ftrufture of the fpeech.
Of thefe FormuU j\we will pfopole an example or two,and fiay no longer
upon them. For although they be Matters of no finall ufe, yet becaule
V/e add nothing here of our own, but delcribe the naked Forms only,
out of Demo^henes or Cicero^ or fome other feledt Author, they may
feem a more trivial and common obfervation 5 than that we lliould
wafte much time therein.

Examples of Minor Forms.

A Conclufion of a Speech Deliberative,

" So we may both redeem the fault which is pajfed^and with the fame di-
*' ligence provide againji future inconveniences*

The Corollary of an accurate Partition.

« That every one may understand that lfee\ not to hal^ any thing by
*^ [ilencej or to cloud any thing by words,

A Tranfition with a Caveat.

But let usfopafs by thefe^ that refie&ing upon thent^ and peeping them
rpithin view, we may leave them*

A preoccupation againft an inveterate opinion.

IjJjallfo open the matter as you may underfiand in the whole manage
of thebufmefsj what the cafe itfelf hath brought forth -^ what error hath
faftned upon it , what envy hath rais'd. And let thefe fuffice for exam-
ple, wherewith (annexing two Rhetorical Appendices) which refpeft
the Fromptuary Part we conclude.

CHAP,

214 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VI.

Chap. IV.

t. Two General Afpendices of the Art of Delmerj , Art Criticai.
And Pedantical.

THere remains two Appendices in general , touching the Trdditioh
of ^KnoTP ledge j the one Critical^ the other Pedantical. For as the
principal part o( Tradition of Knowledge confifteth in writing of Books ;
(6 the relative part thereof confifts in reading of Books; but reading
is governed and directed, either by the help of Preceptors and Tutors 5
or perfeded by every man's particular and proper endeavour and in-
duftry : and to this purpole conduce thole two knowledges, whereof
we have fpoken. To the Critical part appertains jfirji, an immaculate cor-
re&ion and amended edition of approved Authors: Whereby both thet
honour of Authors themfelves is vindicated, and a light given to the
ftudious Readers. Wherein neverthelefs, the ra(h diligence of fome
Writers hath done great prejudice to Studies. For it is the manner of
many Criticks, when they fall upon a paffage which they do not under-
ftand , prefently to prelume a fault in the Copy. As in that place in
Tacitus^ when a certain Colony in the open Senate , claimed the pri-
viIedgeofan-<^j(j'/«/«5 Tacitus reports that the reafons they preferred
were not much favour'd by the Emperour and the Lords of the Senate 5
wherefore the Erabaffadors miftruftingthe iflue ofthe bufinefs, gave a
round fumm of mony to Titus f'inius , that he would mediate their
caufe, and take upon him the proteftion of their liberties 5 by this
means their petition was heard and granted , Turn dignitas & antiquitas
Colonic valuit^ faith Tacitus , as if the arguments that Teemed light be-
fore , were now made weighty through bribes and corruption. But
one of the Criticks, a man of no obfcure note, hath expunged the word
Turn, and in ftead thereof^ put in Tantum. And by this perver(e cu-
ftomof Critickj, it comes to pafs (as one wifely notethj that themoji
corre&ed copies are commonly the leaji cerrcB. Nay, (to (peak truth) un-
lefs the Criticks be well skill'd in the knowledges handled in the Books
which they let forth, their diligence is with peril and prejudice. Se*
condly^their appertains to the Critick^Art, the Expojition, and Explication
of Authors^ hy Commentaries, Scholies, Notes, Spici/egies, and the likf. In
labours of this kind, that worft difeafe of Criticks hath feis'd on many 5
that they blanch and wave many oblcurer paflages ■> and fuch as are
plain and perfpicuous, thofe they dwell and expatiate upon, even to a
faftidious tedioufnefs 5 and it is notfo much intended, that the Author
may be illunainated,as that the Critic\m^' take occafion hereby to glo-
rifie him(elf,iti his multiplicious and various learning. It could be efpe-
cially wiQied Cakhough this point belongs to Tradition in chief, and
tiot to Appendices') that the Writer whith handles obfcure and noble
Argumetjrs,- (hould annex his own explications 5 that neither the Text
it felf may be broken off, by Digrejjions and Explications •■, and
that the Annotations may not depart from the mind and intention of
the Writer. Some fuch thing we conceive of Thcon upon Fiiclid.

Jhirdlv

L I B. VJ. Of the Advancemeut of Learning, 2 1 <

Thirdly it bchngsto Critick^Art (from whence it derives the namej^^ /»-
tcrpoje a brief c en Jure and judgement of the Authors which they tubliflj^and
to compare and value them with other Authors upon the fame fn'ojeci : That
by fuch acenfurethe Learned and Studious, may be both advertis'd of
the choice of Books , and come better provided to the perufing ofthem.
This laft duty is, as it were, the Chair of the Critickj, which many
great and famous men in our age have ennobled 3 greater fureJy in our
judgement, than for the model oiCriticks,

II. For Pedantical knowledge^ it were fbonlaid, confult the Schools of
the Jefoites.for there is nothing for the fife andpr^ciilc better than their Pre'
cepts: but we will according to our manner, as it were, gleaning a
few ears, givefome'few advertifements. We do by all means approve a
CoUegiat education and injiitution of Childhood and Tohth j not in private
houles, nor only under Schoolmafters. There is in Colledges a great-
er emulation of Youth towards their equals 5 befides, there is the fight
and countenance of Grave men, which feems to command modefty ;
and fathions and moulds tender minds, even from their firft growth to
the lame Pattern : in fome there are many other utilities oi^ CoUegiat £-
dncation.

§ For /Ac W^r and manner of Difciplinc, this I would principally
advifc^ thit Touth beware of compends and abridgements, and too for-
TPjrd fffaturation of knowledge, which mak^s men bold and confident j and
rather wants great proceeding, than caiifeth it.

^ Further there is an indulgence to be given to the liberty and vent of
vaturc in particulars-:, as if there be any which performs fuch tasks as the
dilcipline of the place requires 3 and yet withal fteals fome hours to be-
ftow on other ftudies, to which he hath a natural propenlity j fuch a
difpofition by no means (hould be checkt or reftrain'd.

§ Again, it will be worth the pains diligently to obferve (which
perchance hitherto hath not been noted) that there are two ways, and
they, as it v/erejreflexively oppofite, o^ training up of wits, and of exer-
cifing 2nd prepairng them. The one begins with the more eafie precepts;
and by degrees leads us to the more cliff cult ^ the other at firfi commands
and prejfeth more diffcult pra&ices, which when they are conquered, the 0-
therfweetly yield and are won with eafe. Fof it is one Method to pra-
ftile fwimmingby bladders which lift up, and another Adethod to pra-
ftife dancing with heavy fhooes, which prels down the Body j and it
is not eaiie to exprefs, how much a wile intcrmixtion of the(e Methods,
conduceth to the advancing of the faculties, both ofthe Mind and of the
Body.

§ So the Application and Ele&ion of ftudies according to the propriety
of wits, which are infiru&ed, is a matter of ftngular uje and judgement j
a true andperfedt dijcovery whereof, Schoolmafiers andTutors ewe to the
Parents of children, from whom they may expeB fuch informations, that
fe they may the better advife upon the particular courfe of life, unto which
they would defign and dedicate theirfons.Eut this al fo is to be exaftly obfer-
ved that not only exceeding great progreffion may be made in thole ftu-
dieSjto which a man is fwayed by a natural proclivity^but alfo that there,
may be found, in j^/a-Z/cj properly felcfted for that purpofe, cures and
remedies to promote fuch kind of knowledge, to the impreffions where-
of, a man may. by fome imperfeftion of nature, be moft unapt and in-

I'jfticient :

2i6 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VI.

fufficient. ^s for example^ if a m^n maybe Bird-rv/ttcdj that is.quick-
ly carried away, and hath not the patient faculty of attention , the Ma-
ibematicks gwta. remedy thereunto, wherein, if the wit be caught a-
way but for a moment, the demonftration is new to begin.

^ So ofexercrjes in courfe of teachings there is matter of great ccfffc'
fjuence : but there is\a point here that kith been noted of few, that there
flwtddbe ofexercifes^ not only a rvife injlitution, but aljo a wife intermijfion.
It hath been excellently obferved by Cicero, That in exerdfes it often
falls out ^ that men praSife as well their faults, as their faculties •-, fb that
an /// habit is fometimes gotten, and infinuates it felf together with a
Good'-) wherefore it is a fafer way to break exercises, and after to fall
to them again, than inceflantly to purfue and prels them. But ofthefr
enough. Certainly thefe things at firft view feem no fuch fblemn and
grave matters, yet are they in the ilTue found efficaciou^and ufeful. F<?r
as in Plants, the wronging or cheriftiing of them while they are Young,
is that, that is moft important to their thriving or mifcarrying : or as
theimraenfegreatnefs of the ftate of Rome, is by (bme defervedly
attributed to the virtue and wifdom oftho(e(ix Kings, which were as
Tutors and Fofter-fathers of that ftate in the Infancy thereof; fo fiarely
the culture and manuraoce of minds in young and tender years, hath
fuch a forcible operation (though unleen and not obvious to every mans
obfervation) which neither length of time, oraffiduity and contention
of Labour in riper age afterwards, can any way countervail. And it
is not amift to obferve how fmall and mean faculties, if they fall into
Great men. or upon Great matters, do fometimes work Great and im-
portant effeds. Hereo/ jre will fet down a memorable example, which
we the rather note, becaufethe Jefuites themfelves fecm not to defpife
this kind of Difcipline ^ in our opinion upon found judgement, and it
is a matter, which if it b© made profeflory, is ignominious, ifdifcipli-
nary, one of the beft qualities: IVe mean AQ ion upon the Jiage :, as that
xohichfirengthens memory, moderates the tone and emphafis ofvoice^ and
Pronunciation J compofes the ccuntenance and gefiure to a Decorum^ pro"
cures a good affurance, and likfwife inuretk Touth to the faces of men. The
example (hall betaken out of T<««7«/-, ofone Vibulenus, who had been
fometimes an Aftor upon theftage, but at that time a common fouldi-
€r in the Pannonian Garrifbns. This fellow upon the death of JuguFf us
had rais'd a mutiny, fo that sUfus theLievtenant, committed fbme of
the mutiners to Prifon 5 but the fouldiers by violent impreffion brake
open the Prifbns, and fet them at liberty 5 and ribulenus about to make
a Tribunitial fpeech before the Souldiers, began in this manner. "You
Anna! I "have given light and life to thefe poor innocent wretches 5 but who
" reftores my brother to me, or hfc unto my brother, that was fent hi-
" ther in meflage from the Legions of Germany, to treat of the cora-
*' mon caufe, and he hath murthered him this laft night by fome of his
*'^ Fencers, that he hath about him for his executioners upon fouldiers.
" Anfwer BUfus^ where haft thou thrown his body ? the moft mortal
*' enemies, do not deny burial : when I have performed ray laft duties
" unto the corps with kifles, with tears, command me to be (lain be-
" (ides him 5 fo that thefe my fellows for our good meaning, and our
*' true hearts to the Legions, may have leave to bury us. With which
fpeech he put the Army into fuch an infinite fury and amaze, that if it

had

L I B. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 2 1 7

had not incontinently appeared^ that there was no fuch matter, and
that he never had any brother •■, the Soldiers would hardly have fpared
the Lieutenant's life; for he played it merely, as if it had been fbme
interlude upon the Stage.

§ Now wearecome to a period of our Treatife concerning Z?.?//tf-
?ial ^»oiv ledge s j wherein if we have (bmetimes departed from there-
ceivd partitions J yet let no man think that we difallow all xhoik parti-
tions which we have not ufed; for there is a double neceffity impofed up-
on us, of altering the Divijions •-, The one becaufe thefe tivo, namely to
fort together thofe things vphich are next in nature^ and to caji into one pile
thofe things vphich are next in ufej are in their end and purpofe altogether
differing. For example : A Secretary of a Prince, or of Eftate, (bdi-
gerts his Papers, without doubt, in his Study , as he may fort together
things of like nature , as Treaties apart , Inftrudlions apart , Forreign
Letters, Doraeftick letters, all apart by themfelves ; on the contrary
in fome particular Cabinet, he forts together thole that he were like
to ufe together, though of fcveral nature : fo in this general Cabinet
of Knowledge, we were to letdown partitions according to the nature
of things themfelves : whereas, if any particular Science were to be
handled, we (hould have refpefted the divifions fitteftfor ufe and pra-
ftice. The other reafonfor changing the Divifion is, becaufe the adje&ion
of Deficients to Sciences 5 and the reduction of them into an intire Body
did by confcquence alter the partition of the Sciences themfelves. For fay,
the Arts which are extant (for demonftration lake) be in number 15,
and the Deficients fuperadded make up the number 20 : I lay that the
parts of 15 are not the parts of 20, for the parts of 15 are 5 and 53
but the parts of 20, are 2, 4, 5 and 10, fo is it plain thele could not 0=
therwife be. And fo much oi Logical Sciences.

e

THE

219

THE

Seventh Book

O F

FRANCIS L, V E RV L A M
VicourtS'- ALBAN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING.

To the KING.

Chap. I

I. The Paitmon of Aloral Kftowledge, into the Dottrwe of i-xetftplar,
or Pfatform ^ and into the Georgickj or Culture of the Mind. §. The
DiviGon of the Platform of Good , into Good Simple, and Good
compar'd. II. The Divijion of Good Simple^ into individual Good^
and Good of Cotiimnnton.

VE are now come (Excellent K/wg) nnto Moral Knotpledge^
Tphich refpeSeth and handleth the will of Man : Right
Re afon governs the Will, Good Apparent feduceth it j the In'
centives of the Will are the Affe^ioni, the Organs and vo-
luntary Motions are her Minivers ^ of this faculty Salomon
taith, Above all keepings, keep thy Heart 5 for out of it ijjue fto^,^^
the affeUiotis of life. In handling of this Science, thofe which have
written thereof^ feem to me to have done, as if a man that profeffed
the Art of writing, (houW only exhibit fair Copies oi Alphabets and
Letters joyned, without giving any precepts for the carriage of the
hand, and framing of the Charafters : fo have they propounded unto
«? good and fair examples and draughts, or accurate protraitures of

Ee 2 Good

220 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VU.

Good, Vertue, Duties, Fclicit)', as the true objedis and fcopes o{ man's
Will and Deftres : but how to take a juft level at thefe markj Cexcellent
indeed, and by them well fet down) that is, by what precepts and
direftions, the Mind may be fubdued and framed , to purfiie and at-
tain ihcm--^ either they pafs it over altogether, or perform »t flightly
and unprofitably. It is not the difputing that Moral Vertues are in the
mind of Man by habit, and not by Nature ; or formally diftinguifhing
between generous Jpirits, and the obfcure vulgar , that thofe are rvon by

Atiftot. the iveight ofReafons ; thefe by rcvpard and puniJJment j or the witty Pre-

Et. Hb.2. cept, that to re&ifie the mind of man, it mufi liks ajlaff be bowed the con-
trary ivay to its inclination 5 and the like glances fcattered here and
there. Thefe and the like are far ftiort of being a juft excufe of the
deficienceof that thing, which* now we feek; The reafon of this neg-
le&, I fifppofe to be, that hidden Rocl{_, whereupon fo many Bark/ of Knorv'
ledges have run and been cast away 5 which is^that writers defpife to be con-
verfant in ordinary and common matters 5 which are neither fubtile enough
for Difputation, nor flourifjing enough for Ornament. Verily it cannot
eafily be expreffed, what calamity this thing we now fpeak of hath
brought upon Sciences 5 that out of an inbredpride and vain-glory, men
have made choice offuch fubjc&s of Difcourfe^ and offuch a manner and
method of handling, as may commend rather their own wit, than confult

inEpift, the Readers profit, oewec^ faith excellently, Nocet iUis eloquent i a, qui'
bus non rerumfacit cupiditatem, fed fui j For Writings fliould be fuch
as fhould make men in love with the Lejfons , and not with the Tea-
chers. Therefore they take a right courfe, which can openly avouch
the fame of their Counfels, which Demofihenes once did, and can con-

Dcmoft. elude with this claule , which if you put in execution, you JhalJ not only
commend the Orator for the infiant, but your fe Ives Ukewife, not long af-
ter^ in a more profperous Jiate of your affairs. As for my felf (Excellcat
King) tofpeak^ the truth of my felf I have often wittingly and willingly
negle&ed the glory of mine own Name, and Learning (if any fuch thing
be) both in the workj Inow publijl), and in thofe I contrive for hereafter^
jxhdii ifiudy to advance the good and profit of mankind. And I, that
have defervd, perchance, to be an ArchiteU in Vhilofophy and Sciences, ant
made a Work^man and a Labourer , and at length any thing elfe whatfo-
ever j feeing ifuflain and work, out nty felf many things that muU needs
be done j and others out of a natural difdainfnft of and refufe to do. But,
(to return to the matter) which we were about to (ay , Thilofophersin
Moral Science, have chofen to themfelvcs a refplendent and luHrout mafs
of matter '-, wherein they may moflglorifie themfelves, forfljarpnefs of Wit,
orjirength of Eloquence : but fuch precepts asfpecially conduce topra^ice,
hccaufe they cannot be fofet out, and invented with the ornaments offpeech 5
they have in a manner paft'd over in filence. Neither needed men of fo
excellent parts, to have defpaired of a Fortune like that, which the
Poet Virgil^ had the confidence to promife to hirafelf^ and indeed ob-
tain'd 5 who got as much glory of Eloquence, Wit and Learning, in
the expreffingof theobfervations of husbandry ; as in delcribing the
Hcroical Afts oi Mneas*

net

Lib. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 221

Necfum aninti dnbint^ verbis ea vincere, mngmim Geor.3.

^amjit^ & attgujiit his addcrc rebus honorem.

And fiirely if the purpofe be good in earned:, not to write at leifure,
that which men may read at leifure ; but really to inftruQ: and be a fub!
fidiary to Active life 5 thefe Ccorgichj of Man's Mind, ought to be had
in as great efteem with men, as thofe heroical portraitures of Virtue,
Goodneft, and Felicity, wherein fo much labour and coft hath been
beftowed.

I. We will therefore divide Moral Philofophy, into two main and
Principal Kvoveledgcs i the one concerning the Exemplar or Image of Good ;
the other concerning, the Regiment and Culture of the Mind^ which we
are wont to call the Georgickjof the Mind: that defcribes the Nature
of Good'-, this prefcribes rules, howtofubdue and accommodate the
mind of Man thereunto.

§ The Dodrine touching the Platform, which refpeds and defcribes
iht Nature of Good, coxmdtx^Goodtxthet Simple ox Compared, I (ay ei-
ther the kinds of Good, or the Degrees of Good. In the later of thcfe^
thofe infinite Difputations and Speculations touchitrg the fupreme degree
of Good, which they term Felicity, Beatitude, the higheji good, (the
Doftrines of which were the Heathens Divinity) are by the Chriftian
Faith, taken away and difcharged. For as Arijlotle faith. That Toung ^^'^^•''W
men may be httppy, but not otherwife but by hope 5 Co muft we all, being
fo taught by Chriftian Faith, acknowledge our felves to be but chil-
dren and in our Minority 5 and think of no other felicity, than that
which is in hope of the future world. Freed therefore by happy fate
from this doftrine, which was the Heathens Heaven (wherein without
doubt, they attributed a higher elevation of man's Nature, than it was
capable of j for we fee in what a height of ftile Seneca writes, vere Mag- ^" ^^'^'^'-
num habere fragilitatem hominis, fecuritatem Dei) we may certainly
with lefs lo(s of Sobriety and Truth, receive for moft part the reft of
their enquiries concerning the doftrine of the Platform. As concern-
ing the Nature of Good Pofitive and Simple, (urely they have fet it out
in beautiful colours and drawn it to the life, upon excellent Tables j
ireprelenting with exaft diligence to the eye, the Forms, Po^ures, Kinds,
Affinities^ Parts, Subje&s, Provinces, Actions, Adminijirations of Fir'
tues and Duties. Nor do they fo leave the purfuit; for they have com »
mended and infinuated all thefe into the fpirit of man, with great
quicknels and vivacity of Arguments, and fvveetnefs, and beauty of
Perfwafions, yea and fortified and intrenched the fame fas much as
dilcourfe can do) againft corrupt and popular opinions and invafions.
As touching the nature of comparative good, they have alfo well hand-
led thatjin fetting down that triplicite Order ofGood^ in comparing con-
templative life rvith A&ive ^ in dijiinguifoing between virtue with reludta'
tio»,and virtue fetlcd by fccurity and confrmed:in the conjim and encounter
between honefiy andprofit 5 in the baUancing of virtue with virtue, to fee
rvhich preponderates other j and the like. So as this part touching the
Platform •■) I find excellently laboured, and that the ancients herein Have
(hewed themfelves admirable men : yet Co as the pious and painful di-
ligence

222 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VII.

ligence of Divines, being praftii'd in DHties^ Moral virtues. Cafes of
Cofifciencey dnd circnttifcrjptions of fin, hive far outgone the Philofo-
phers. No/n'/^/&/?4W/«'^ (to return to the Philofophers) if before they
had addreft themfelvesto the popular and receiv'd notions of Virtue,
Vice, Vain, Vleafure, and the reft; they had ftaid a little longer and
had fearched the Roots of Good and Evil, and the firings of thofe Roots 5
they had given in my judgement a great light unto all which might fall
into enquiry afterwards : efpecially if they had confulted as well with
tht Nature of things, as with the Axioms of Morality, they had made
their Doftrines lefs prolix, and more profound : which being by them
either altogether omitted, or very confufedly handled, we will brief-
ly re-examine and endeavour to open and clear the fprings of Moral ha^
bits, before we come unto the dodrine of the Culture or Manurance of
the Mind, which we fet down as Deficient.

II. There is inbred and imprinted in every thing an appetite to a du-
ple Nature of Good j the One as every thing is a Total or Subfiantive in i&
felf:, the other as it is a part or member offome greater Total : and this
latter is more excellent and potent than the other : becaufe it tendetb
to the confervation of a more ample form, Thefirfi may be called In-
dividual or felf Cood--^ the latter the Good of Communion'. Iron in a par-
ticular" Sympathy moves to the Load/lone, but yet if it exceed a certain
Quantity it forfakes thofe afFeftions, and like a good Citizen and a true
Patriot moves to the Earth, which is the Region and Country of its
connaturals. To proceed a little further 5 Denfe and MaJJie Bodies
move to the Earth, to the great Congregation of clofe-compaCfed Bodies ;
yet rather than to (ufFer a divulfion in the continuance of nature, and
that there fhould be, as they call it, a Vacuum, thefe Bodies will move
upwards, forlaking their duty to the Earth that they may perform the
general duty they owe unto the World : fo it is ever feen that the Confer--
vationofthe more general and publicly form, commands and governs the
lefier and moreparticular Appetites and Inclinations. But this Preroga-
tive of the gW<?/C<?w«/«»w», is efpecially engraven upon Man, if he
degenerate not, according to that memorable {peech ofPompeius Mag--
tjus, who being in Commiffion for purveyance for a Famine at Rome,^
and being diflwaded with great vehemence and inftance by his friends
that he would not hazard himfelf to Sea in an extremity of weather, he
anfwered only this, Necefie eSi ut earn, non ut vivam. So as the love
of life which in every Individual Creature is (o predominant an afFefti-
on, could not out-ballance his love and loyalty to the ftate. But why
do we dwell upon this Point > There was never extant in any age of
the world, either Philofophy, or StSt, or Religion, or Law, or Dif-
cipline, which hath fo highly exalted t\\Q Good of Communion andde-
^xds A Good private and particular, as the Holy Chrifii an Faith, where-
by it clearly appears, that it was one and the lame God that gave the
Ghriftian Law to Men, who gave thofe Laws of Nature to Creatures
of inferior order. Wherefore we read that many of the eleft Saints of
St Pan!, God have rather wiflbed themfelves anathematiz'd and raz'd out of the
Rom. IX. g^^j^^y^^jfj^^jhan that their brethren (hould not attain falvation 5 pro-
voked through an extafie of Charity and an infinite feeling oUheGood
of Communion. This being fet down and ftrongly planted, doth judge

f!Qd

L I B. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 223

ind determirte many of theprofoundeft Controverfies in Moralrhilojo-
fhy. Forfirft, it decideth the Queftion touching the prefcrmeKt of the
Contemplative or Alfive life 5 and that againft the opinion Q^Ariiiotle ;
for all the reafbns which he brings for the Contemplative, refpeft a.prir
vtite Good,3T\d the pleafure and dignity of an Individual only , in which
refpcfts (no queftion) a Contemplative life hath the preheminence. For
ihc Contemplative fife-isnot much unlike to that comparifbn which
Tythagoras made for the gracing and magnifying ofPhilofophjr and Con-
templation 5 who being askt by Hiero what he was, anfwered j " That
" if Hiero TPereever at the Olympian Games, he t^new the manner that fame jg^i, jj,"
'' came to try their fortunes for the prii.es '^ andfome came as Merchants to vita.
*^ utter their commodities 5 andfome came to make good cheer, to be merry,
" and to meet with their friends ; andfome came to looh^on, and that he
*' was one of them that came to look^ on. But men muft know that in this
Theatre of Man's life, it is reftrved only for God and Angels, to be
Lookers on.Neither (urely could it have been that any doubt, touch-
ing this point, (hould ever have been rais'd in the Church (notwith*
(landing that (aying was frequent in many mens mouths, Tretiofa in O'
culis Domini morsfanQorum ejus : by which place they u(e to exalt their
Civil Death and the Laws of a Monaftick and Regular courfe oflife ;) Q^yii
but upon this defence, that the MonaSiical life is notfimply Contempla-
tive 5 but is altogether conversant in Ecclefiafiick^Duties, fuch as are in-
ceflant Prayer 5 Sacrifices of Vows performed to God, the writing al-
io, in (uch great leifure. Theological Books for the propagation of the
knowledge of the Divine Law, as Mofes did when he abode fo many E*°d'
days in the retir'dfecrecy of the Mount. And Co we lee Enoch the fevcnth ^^"'''
from Adam, who (eemsto be the firft founder of a Contemplative life,
(for he is faid to have walked with God) yet endowed the Church with G«n.Y.
a Book of Prophecie, which is alfo cited by St. Jude. But as for a mere j ^ .„
Contemplative life, and terminated in it felf^ which cafteth no Beams of " ^' '
heat or light upon humane (bciety, affuredly Divinity knows it not.
It decides alfo the Queftion controverted with fuch heat between the
Schools oCZeno and Socratgs^ on the one fide, who placed Felicity in
Virtue fimple or attended, which hath a great (hare in the Duties of
life : and on the other fide other Sefts and Profeffions, as the Schools
oftheCyrenaicks2ind Epicureans, who placed it in pleafure 5 and made
Virtue, (as it is ufed in (bme Comedies, where the Miftrels and the Maid
change habits) to be but as a hand-maid, without which Pleafure can-
not be well waited and attended upon ; as alfo that other, as it were,
reformed School of £p7f«r«/, which aflerted Fe//«7;/ to be nothing elfe
than a Tranquillity and Serenity of Mind free and void of all Pertur-
bations j as if they would have depofod Jupiter from his Throne and
Teflored Saturn with the Golden Age, when there was no Summer
nor Winter, nor Spring nor Autumn, but all after one Air and Seafon.
Laftly, the exploded School of FyrrAfl and Her/ //«/, which placed Fe-
licity in the ufter exftinftion and extirpation of all thefcruplesanddifi
putes of the mind, making no fixt and conftant nature of Good, and E-
vil, but efteeraing Adions Good or Evil, as they proceed from the
Mind in a clear and refolute motion j or contrary- uile with avcrfation
and reluftance. Which opinion notwithftanding hath revived in the

Hcrefy

Uert. vi-
ta.

224 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VII.

Herefy of the Anabnptifis^ who taeafur^d all things according to the Motions
andltjfijti&s ofthej'pirit, and the conjtanc); or wavering of Belief. But
it is raanifeft that all this we have recited, tends to private repofe and
complacency of Mind, and no way to the Point oi'Societj^ and the
Epia. En- Qgg^i oj- comrftumon. Again, it cenfures alfo the Philofophy of Epde^
rian! iTb' *»^o who lay es down this prefuppofition , That Felicjtji mujl be placed in
». ' * thofe things whick are in our power ^ leji we be liable to fortune and di*
fiurbance : as if it were not a thing much more happy, to be difturbed
and fruftrated of a good fuccefs in worthy and generous intentions
and ends, which concern the Publick^Good^ than to obtain all that we
can wiQi toourfelves, in thofe things which refer to our Private For'
tune. As Confalvo Qiewing his Souldiers Naples, bravely protefted,r^4#
he had rather run himfelfupon certain ruine with one foot forward^ than to
have his life fecxrd for long, by one foot of retreat. Whereunto the wif-
dom of that heavenly leader and commander hath fign'd, who aflirm'd,
Pj y That agood confcience is a continud Feaji'y by which words is plainly
' fignified, that aAIindConfcious of good Intentions^ however fncceeding^
affords more folid andfincere joy^ andio nature more agreeable^ than all
that provifion wherewith man may he fiirnipt either for the fruition of his
defires, or the repafe oj his Mind. It cenfureth likewife that abufe of
Philofophy, which grew general about the time of Epi&etus, which
was, that Philofophy was converted into a profeflbry kind of life, andjas
it wercjinto an Occupation or Art ^ as if the purpofe of Philofophy ,was
not to reprefs and extinguifh perturbations, but to fly and avoid the
caufes and occafionsofthem , and therefore to fbape a particular kind
and courfe of life to that end 5 introducing indeed fuch a kind of health
ofmiadjas was that ofHer(?^if»j in body, whereo^^Ariilotle makes men-
tion, which was, that he did nothing all his life long but intend his healthy
and therefore abftain'd from infinite number of things, being amerc'd
by the fruition of his body: whereas if men refer themfelves to duties
of fociety, that health of Body is principally to be defired, which may
beft endure and overcome all alterations and extremities : fo likewife
that mind is properly found and ftrong, which can break through the
moft and greateft temptations and perturbations. So as Diogenes (eems
to havefpoken well, who commends thole powers of the Mind, which
AvJz* ^ere able not warily to ahfiain but valiantly tofu^ain, and which could
Sumraa refrain the violent encounter of the Mind, even in the fteepeft Preci-
stoic. pices, and which could give unto the Mind (which is commended ia
Philof, vvell-broken horfesj the Ihortefl: ftop and turn. Laftly, it cenfures the
tendernels and the want of Morigerous application, noted in fome of
the moft ancient and reverend Philofophers, that did retire too eafily
from Civil bufinefs, that they might difcharge themfelves of all indig-
nities and perturbations, and fo might live, in their opinion, more un-
ftained, and, as it were, lanftified perfons , whereas the refolution of
a man truly moral, ought to be fuch, as the fame Confalvo required in
afouldier, which is that his Honour (liould be woven hTela CraJJzore,
and not fo fine as that every thing fhould catch in it, and tear it.

CHAP;

L I B. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 225

Chap. IL

I. TheVoiXtitiono^ particular or private Cooci^ into Good Act ive,
andGood Pajjive. II. The Divifion of Good Pajjive, into Con-
fervative Good, and rerfe&ive Good. III. The Divifion ^///6e
Good of Communion ^into General and RefpcUive Duties.

^' W THerefore let us now refume and profecutCj firft private or
VV particular Good, we will divide it into Good AEtive znd
Good Pajjive, for this difference of Good (not unlike furely to thofe
Appellations, which, amongft the Romans, were familiar in their
Houfhold Terms of Proems and Condus) is found imprels'd in the
whole courfe of Nature : but chiefly difcloleth it lelf in the two (e-
veral Appetites of Creatures -, the one of conferving and fortifpng
themfelves 5 the other of multiplying and dilating themfelves 5 and
this latter which is A^ive^ and as it were, the Promus, feems to be the
more powerful, and the more worthy; but the former which is Paf-
Jive, and, as it were, the Condus, may be taken as inferiour and lefs
worthy. For in the univerlal frame of Nature, the Heavenly Nature
is chiefly the Agent 5 the Terreftial Nature the Patient : fb in the
picalures of living Creatures, the pleafure of Generation is greater
than that ofNutritionrand in the divine Oracles it is pronounced,Bc4- ^a . > -
tius effe dare quam accipere. Nay farther,in the common courle of life, " '
there is no mans fpiritfb foft and efFeminate,but efteems the effeding,
and bringing to fome ifl'ue that which he hath fixt in his defire , more
than any fenfuality or pleafure. And certainly this preheminence o^A-
Eiive Good^is infinitely exalted from the confideration of our humane
condition,that it is mortal,and alfo expofed to the ftroak of Fortune :
for if there could be obtained a licenfe of perpetuity and certainty in
humane Pleafures, their price would be advanced, for their fecurity
and continuance. And in as much as we fee,that the fumm of all comes
to this, Jllagni afiinuf/ius mori tardus j Et ne glorieris de craslino,
tiefcispartum Diet: it is no wonder, if with all contention of fpirit ,
we purfue thole things , which are lecur'd arid exempt from the in-
juries and affronts of time : and thefe things can be nothing elfe but
only our deeds, as it is faid, opera eorumfequuntur ees. Apoc.xiv;

§ There is likevvife another preheminence of Good A&ive of im-
port, implanted in, and fupported by that affeftion, which cleaves
dole to man's nature, as an individuate companion ; which is the
love of Novelty and Variety. And this Affe&ion in the pleafures of
fenfes (which are the very principal part of Pajjive Good,) is exceed-
ing narrow, and hath no great latitude ; Do but thinks (faith Seneca)
how often you have a&ed over the fame things^ Jlfcat^ Sleep, Alirth^ 7ve g j. ;,
run round in this circle, to be xt>iUing to dye , not only a valiant, or a,
Toretched, or a wife man may , but even a fasiidinns and nice nature
t»ay. But in the Enterprifes, Purpofesand Purfuitsof our life^there
is much variety, whereof we are fenfible incur inceptions^ progref-

F f fions

\i6 Of the AA'Mcement of Leammg, L i b, VII.

fions, reftSj recoils, to redintegrate our forces, approaches, attainings,
Sen.inEi). and the like 5 ib as it was very well faid, vitujine Propofcto LngHida.
& vas^a eji : which indifferently befals both to the wife and unwife,
Prov. as faith Soloffton^ A Ught-hrain'd manfeekj tofatiific bis fancy ^ and in-

ter mixetb himfelf in all things. Nay, we fee lik.ewife,that many great
Princes , who miy have at command whatfoever can delight the
Senfes, notwithftanding many times, have procured to thcm'felves
poor delires, and fet their hearts upon toys 5 (as Nero, in playing up-
on the Harp j Commodus in playing at Fence-) Antoainus z« driving
chariots, and others taken up with other delights) which to them
were more acceptable than all the affluence of fenfual pleafures : Jo
much greater refrejinng and contentment it is^ to go forward in A£fioft,
than tpjiand at ajiay in fruition. This, in the mean time, is to be
foraewhat more diligently noted , that this A&ive individual Good,
altogether differs from thegotfc/cf 5'(?fie/y, though oftentimes they
are coincident 5 (or il&ioughthitparticular adive Good doth many-
times breed, and bring forth A^s of Beneficence, which is a Vertueof
Communion -^ yet here's the difference, that thofe Adts are by moft
men performed, not with intention to benefit and make happy o-
thers, but merely in a private refpeft to themlelves, and their own
power and amplification. This beft appears when Good A&ive lites
upon a fubjeft which is contrary to the Good of Communion : for
that Gigantive State of mind which pofl'effeth the troublers of the
world (fuch as was L. Sylla , and infinite others, though in a far
fraaller Model) who feem to endeavour this, to have all men happy
or unhappy, as they were their Friends or Enemies , and that the
world might bear their ftamp,and be formed to their humoursf which
is the true Theomachic') this, I fay, afpires to aSive particular Good at
leaft in appearancCjalthough it doth moft of all recede from the Coed
of Society.

II. But we will divide Vajjive Good into Good Confervative and
Good rcrfe£five : For there is implanted in every thing a triple Ap-
petite '\nvefpe^o£ private or particular Good j the firji of prefer ving
or continuing it felf'-, thefecond of advancing and perfe&ing itfelfj the
third of multiplying and extending itfelf: but this laft Appetite is re-
ferr'd to AClive Good,whereof we fpeak even now. There remain
therefore the two other kinds of Good, of which the Ferfe&ive ex-
cels j for it is left to conferve a thing in its natural ftate, but greater
to advance the fame thing to a higher nature j for there are found
through all EfTences fome nobler natures to the dignity and excel-
lency v/hereof inferiour natures do afpire, as to their Origi-
nals and Springs. So concerning Men, the Poet doth not iraperti*
nently defcribe, •

Virg.^n.^. ^g"^f^ ^fi 0^^^' '"^S>0'^ ^ Ctelejiis Origo 5

Man's affumption or approach to a Divine or Angelical Nature is
theperfeftionofhisFormi a depraved and prepofterous imitation
of which PcrfcCfive Good is the deftruftion of humane life, and 2
violent tcmpefl: which bears down and ruines^all, that is, while men

inftead

M

Lib. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 227

inftead of a formal and eflential advancement are carried in a blinde
ambition to an advancement only Local. For as thofe which are
fick and find no Remedy, do tumble up and dovvn^and change place,
as if by a remove Local, they could obtain a remove Interngl, and
(hift of their difeafe : fo it is in Ambition that men being polTe(s'd
and led away with afalfe refemblance of exalting their nature, pur-
chafe nothing elfe but an eminence and celfitude of Place.

^. But Good Confervative is no other thznthc reception and fruiti-
on of things agreeable to our Nature 5 and this Good though it be raoft
fimple and native ; yet feems it to be of all other kinds of Good the
fofteft and loweft. And this Good alfo admits a difference , which
hath neither been well judg'd of, nor well inquired , for the Good
of Fruition, or (as it is commonly call'd^ the dignity and commen-
dation of delightful Good, is placed either in the sincerity of the Frui-
tion^ Of in the quicknefs and vigor of it 5 whereof the one is fuper-
induced by Equality 3 the other by Variety and Vicijfitude : the one
having a left mixture of £2/7/5 the other a more ftrong and lively
impreffion of Good. But of thefe, whether is the greater Good , is a
queftion controverted ; But whether a man's nature may be cay able of
both at once, is a queliion not inquired.

§ As touching that whereof a Queftion is rais'd.-a ControverGe be-
gan to be debated between Socrates and a Sophi^ 5 Socrates affirm'd.
That Felicity was placed in a coniiant Peace aud Tranquility of mind j pi^j^ ■
but the Sophijl in this. That a mandejire much and enjoy much. And Gorg.
fo they fell from Arguments to ill words 5 the SophiB faying that
Socrates s Felicity was the Felicity of a blocks orjione : Socrates on the
Other fide , That the Sophift's Felicity was the Felicity of one that had
the Itch, who did nothing but itch andfcratch. And both thefe opini-
ons do not want their fupportsj for to Socrates' s opinion affents even
the School of EpicHrHS,wh\ch deems not but that Vertue beareth a
great part in Felicity 5 and if fo. Certain it is, that Vertue hath more
ufe in clearing Perturbations, than in compajfing dcfires. The Sophijl' s
opinion is much favour'd by the allertion we laft fpake of, namely
thatG^ff^ PerfeHive is greater than Good Prefervative, becaufe the ob-
taining of things de((red,Jeems by degrees toperfeB nature j which though
it do not do it indeed, yet the very motion itfelfin circle hath a flicw of
Progrejfive Motion.

But the fecond Qiieftion, (whether humane nature may not ai once
retaine, both the tranquility of mind, andthea&ive vigor of fruition.)
decided, the true way makes the former idle and fuperfluous. For do
we not often fee that feme men are fo fram'd and compofed by Na-
ture, as they are extremely affefted with pleafures while they are
prefent ; and yet are not greatly troubled at the leaving or \a& of
them. So as the Philofophical confequence, Non uti, ut non appetas,
non appctercjit non metuas, feems to be the refolution of a poor and
diffident fpirit. Surely moft of the Doctrines of Philofophers feem to
be fomewhat more fearful and cautionary, than the nature of things
requireth ; as when they encreafe the fear of death by curing it : for
when they would have a man's whole life to be but a difcipline or
preparation to dye, how can it be, that that enemy fhould not feem

F f 2 wonderful

228 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VII.

wonderful terrible, againft whom there 13 no end of preparing > bet-
ter faith the Poet though a Heathen,

juven.Satyr. ^i ffaeium vit£ extrentHM^ inter fuumraponat
NatHr£.'

So have the Philofophers fought to make the Mind in all things uni-
form and Harmonical j by not breaking them to contrary Motions
and Extremes. The reafon whereof I fuppofe to have been, becaufc
they dedicated themfelves to a private courfeof life 5 exempt and free
from adtive imployments and obfervances to others. But let men
rather imitate the wifdom of Jewellers, who, if perchance, there be
in the Gemra a Cloud or an Ice, which may fo be grownd forth, as
it abate not the ftone too much, they help it, otherwife they will
not meddle with it ; fo ought men fo to procure Serenity of mind as
they deftroy not Magnanimity. Thus much oi V articular Good,

III. Now therefore after we have fpoken oi Self-good (which alfo
we ufe to call Good Varticular, Private, Individual, let us relume
the Good of Communion, which refpefteth Society, this is commonly-
termed by the name of Duty, becaufe the term of Duty, is more pro-
per to a mind well fram'd and dilpos'd towards others 5 the terra of
Virtue, to a mind well form'd and compos'd in it (elf! But this part
at firft fight may feem to pertain to Science Civil, or Foliticli, but
not if it be well obferved ; for it concerns the Regiment and Go-
vernment of every man over himfelf , and not over others.
And as in Archite&ure, it is one thing , to to frame the Pofts,
Beams , and other parts of an Edifice , and to prepare them
for the ufe of building 5 and another thing, to fit and joyn the fame
parts together ; and as in Mechanicals, the direftion how to frame,
and make an inftrument or engine, is not the lame with the manner
oferefting, moving, and letting it on work : So thedoftrineof the
conjugation of men, in a City or Society, differs from that which
makes them conformed, and well afFefted to the weal of fiich a So*
ciety,

§ This Part of Duties is likewife diftributed into two portions,
whereof the one reipedts the common duty of every man, the other the
fpecial and refpe&ive Duties of every man in his profeffion, vocati-<
on ftate, perfon, and place. The firft of thefe, hath been well la-
boured, and diligently explicated by the Ancients and others, as
hath been faid : the other we find to have been Iparledly handled, al-
though not digefted into an entire body of a Science 5 which man-
ner of difperfed kind of writing, we do not diflike 5 howbeit in our
judgement, tohavewrittenof this Argument by parts, were far bet-
ter. For who is endewed with fo much perspicacity and confidence,
as that he can take upon him to difcourfe, and make a judgement
skilfully, and to the life, of ihepeculiar and refpe^ive duties of eve-
ry particular order, condition and Profeflion? Andthetreatifes which
are notfeafon'd with experience, hut are drawn only from a general and
Scholafiical notion of things, are touchingfuch matters, for mofipart,i~
die and fruitk^ difcourjes. For although fometimes a looker on

may

iSt

L I B. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 22q

may fee more than a Gamefter; and there be a common proverb,
more arrogant than found, proceeding from the cenfure of the vul-
gar, touching the adtions of Princes, That the vale beji difcovereth the
mill--, yet it could be efpecially wiQied, that none would intermed-
dle or engage themfelves in fubjeftsof this nature, but only fuch as
are well experienced and and praftis'd in the particular cuftoms of-. .
men. For the labours and vrgilancies offpeculativc men^in A&ive Mat- OQtore!^* ^
ters, do fee/ft to men of experience^ little better^ than the dijcourfef of
Thormio of the tvars, feented to Hannibal^ which ejieemed them but
dreams and dot age. Only there is one vice which accompanies them,
which write books of matters pertaining to their own profeffioniand
Art, which is, that they magnifie and extol them in excefi.

^ In which kjnd ofBookj^ it were a crime Piacular, not to mention,
Hoaoris caufa,TtfHr Majejiic's excellent worl^ touching the duty of a dorqn^'
Kiag: for this writing hath accHntnlated and congejied withinit many "^.K^iL.
treafitres as well open asfecretofr)\vmny,Moxz\ny, and Policy,with
great afperfion of all other Arts 5 and it is in my opinion one of the moji
found and healthfnl writings that I have read. It doth not float with
the heat of Invention -j nor freez, and fleep with the coldne^ of negli'
gence : it is not now and then ta^en with a wheeling dizzineff, fo to con-
found and lofe it felf in its order j nor is it dijiraBed and difcontinu-
ed by digrejjions, as thqfe difcourfes are 5 which by a winding expatia^
Hon, fetch in and encloje matter thatfpeakj nothing to the purpofe 5 nor
is it corrupted, with the cheating Arts of Rhetorical perfumes and paint-
ings, who chuje rather to pleafe the Reader, than tofatisfie the nature
of the Argument, Bnt chiefly that work^ hath life andfpirit, as Body
ttndBulk^, as excellently agreeing with truth, and moli apt for uje and
a&ion: and likewife clearly exempt from that vice noted even now,
(which if it were tolerable in any, certainly, it were fo in Kings, and
in a writing concerning Regal Ma] efly"^ namely, that it doth not excef-
fively and invidioufly exalt the Crown and Dignity of Kings. For Your
Majefty hath not defcribed a King of Perfia or AlTyria, radiant, and
fhining in extreme Pomp and Glory 3 but really, a Moles or a David,
Paiiors oj the People. Neither can I ever lofe outfjfmy remembrance,
a Speech, which Your Majtiky, inthefacredSpirmfwherewithyouare
endowed to govern Tour people, delivered in a great caufe of ludicature,
which was. That Kings rul'd by the Laws of their Kingdoms, as God Jacob, r;
did by the Laws of Nature; and ought as rarely to put in u(e that ''^'^^h "*°
their prerogative, which tranfcends Laws, as we{ceGodputin ule
his power of working Miracles. And yet ttotwithjianding in that 0- delib.
therbook^, written by Your Majefty, of a free Monarchy, Tou give a/l^^^^^'^
men to underiiand, that Your Majefty, knows and comprehends the
Plenitude oft he Power of Kings, and the Vltimities (as the Schools fpeak
of Regal Rights ^ as well ai the circle and bounds of their Office, and
Royal Duty. Wherefore I have prefumed, toalledge^Arf/ book, writ-
ten by Tour Adaje^y, as a prime and moft eminent example of Tra-
ftates, concerning fpecial and refpe&ive Duties. Of which Book,
what I have now (aid, I fhould in truth have faid as much, if it had
been written by any King a thoufand years fince. Neither doth that
kind of nice Decency move me, whereby commonly it isprefcribed

»oi

230 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. ViL

not topraifein prefcKce, fo thofePraifes exceed not meafure; or be
Cicero. attributed unfeafonably or upon no occafion prefented. Surely Cicero^

in that excellent oration Pro M. Marcello, ftudies nothing elfe, but to
exhibit a fair Table drawn by lingular Art, ofC<efar's virtues, though
that Oration was made to his face j which likewife Tlinius fecundns
p in.jun. ,. ^^j ^^ Trajan. Now let us refume our intended purpofe.

■k § There belongs farther to this part, touching the Refpe&ive Du'

SATYRA ties of vocations and particular Trofejfions^ and other kt!owledge, as
five d^e Inter!- ^^ vverc. Relative and oppofite unto the former, concerning the
oribus icrum. Frauds^ Cautels^ Itttpojiures, and Vices of every Profejjion : For Cor-
ruptions and Vices, are oppofed to Duties and Virtues. Nor are
thefe Depravations altogether filenced in many Writings and Tra-
ctates j but for moft part, thefe are noted only upon the by, and that
by way of Digreffion : but how ? rather in a Satyr and Cynically af-
ter Lucians manner, than ferioufly and gravely, for men have ra-
ther (ought by wit to traduce, and to expofe to (corn that which is
utefuland found, in Arts and Profeflions , than to fever that which
is good and whohbrae, from that which is corrupt and vitious. But
Prov XIV. Solomon (aith excellently j A fcornerjeeks vpifdom and finds it notj bat
({ttovpledge is eajie unto him that t/nderjlands : for he that comes to
feek after knowledge, with a mind to fcorn, agd cenfure , (hall be
fure to find matter for his humour, but no matter for his inftrudtion.
And certainly a grave and wife Treati(e of this argument, whereof
we now fpeak, and that with fincetity and integrity, feemeth wor-
thy to be reckoned one of the beft fortifications of virtue and honc-
fty, that can be planted. For as the Fable goes of the Bafilisk, that
if he (ee a man firit, the man dyes j but if a man fee him fir(t, the Ba-
filisk dyesj fo it is with Frauds, Impoftures, and evil Arts, if a
man difcover them fir(t, they lofe their power of doing hurt j but
if they prevent, then, and not otherwife they endanger. So that
we are much beholding to Machiavil^ and fuch writers, who diico-
ver apertly and plainly, what men ufe to do, not what men ought
to do : for it is not poffible to joyn the wifdom of the Serpent^ veith
the Innocency of fjjhe Dove, except a man know exadly the nature
of evil it felf j foip^ithout this skill, virtue lyes open and unfenc'd 5
nay a (incere and honeft man can do no good upon tho(e that are
wicked, to reclaim them, unlefs he know all the coverts and pro-
flindities of Malice. For men of corrupt minds and deprav'd judge-
ments prefuppofe, that honefty grows out of the weaknels of Nature,
and fimplicity of Manners, and only out ofa belief given to Preach-
ers and School-Mafters ; as likewife to Books 5 Moral Precepts , and
popular opinions : (b that unlels you can make them plainly to per-
ceive, that their deprav'd and corrupt Principles, and crooked Rules,
are as deeply founded, and as plainly difcovered by thole who ex-
hort and admonifh them, as they are to themfelves, they defpi(e all
the integrity of Moral Praftices or Precepts 5 according to that ad-
mirable Oracle oiSolomon^Non recipitfiultus verba prndenti<e ^nifi ea di-
ftov 18. xeris, qu<e verfantur in corde ejus. But this part conceding Rejpe..
Hivt Cautels andvices, we place in the number of Deficients, and will
call it by the name oiSafyra Scria, or of a Tieat'iie De interioribus
Rerun/. So

L I B. V II. Of the Advancement of Learning, 2 ? i

Soto this kind of knowledgej touching Re/peciive Duties^ do alfb
appertain the N.z/7/r.//D«/icj- between Husband and VVife^ Parents and
Children, Mafter and Servant: fo likevvife the laws of Friendlliin
and Gratitude j as al(b the Civil bonds of Corporations, Compa-
nies, Colledgcs, Neighbour-hood and the like. Butitmuftever
be prefuppofed, that they are here handled, not as parts o^CivilJo--
<:refj (for that xs refcrr'd to the Politicks) but as to the framing and
predifpofing of the minds of Particular perfbnsj to the maintaining
of thofe Bt»tds of Society.

^ But the Knowledge co»cerf2ing the Good of Contmtinioft or of Socie-
ty^ even as that of Good Individual^ doth handle Good not^mple a-
lone^ but alfo f^wpjr.f/it^e/;' 3" whereunto belongs the weighing of
Duties between Perfon and Perfbn j Cafe and Cafe 5 Private and
Publick, between time Prefent and Future: aswemay (eein the
(evere and cruel proceeding of L.Bruttif againfl: his own Sons, which
by the moft was extoU'd to the heavens, yet another (aid

JnfccUx HtCMnqae ferent ed fata Minores. J:"^ W'^«

Florus Hift,

The fame we may fee in that fupper unto which yl/. Brtttus, and C. '•b.t.
Cajjiifsv/ete invited, for there, when there was a queftion (hrewdly in'^^i^Bmto;
catt forth, IVhetheritwat lavofHlto kjU a. Tyrant^ on purpofe to feel
the minds of the company, touching a con(piracy intended againfl:
C^efars life j the guefts were divided in opinion , forae faid it was
direftly lawful, for that jervitude was the extreme of Evils 5 others
were of a contrary mind, for that Tyranny was not fo great a mifery as
Civil warj a third fort, as if they had illued out of the School of
EpicHrnsy avouched ; That it was an unworthy things that wife men
(hould hazard their lives andfiatesfor Fools, But there are many Ca-
fes touching comparative Duties^ amongfl: which, that of all other is
the moft frequent 3 IFhether a man ought tofvpervefrom the rule ofjii'
jiice, for tlie fafcty of his Country^ orfomefnch notable Good to enfitc
afterwards Touching which cafe Jafon of Thefuly was wont to (ay,
Aliqna fnnt injufte jaciendatit multa jufie fieri pojfint^ but the Reply is Pint. Moral.
ready, Autboremprcfentis jufiitia habes^ fponforemfntur£ non habes : ^tsc.gerend.
Men muft purfue things which are juft in prelent, and leave the fu« '^'
ture to the Divine Providence. And thus touching the Exemplar ^ot
of the defcription of Gtfo^.

Chap,

232 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . VIL

N'

Chap. III.

I. The Partition of the Do&ritie of the Culture of the Mind, into the

Unovpledge of the Chara&ers of the Mind. II. Of the AffeUions or

Tajfions. Wl.And of the Remedies or Cures. W .An Append of the

fame DoBrine , touching the Congruitji between the Good of the

Mind^ and the Good of the Body,

[ Ow that wc have fpokeq in a PhiJofophiGal fence of the fruit of
I Life, it remains that we Ipeak of the Culture of the Mind, which
is due unto it, without which the former part feems nothing elfe,
than an Image or Statue, beautiful to contemplate, but deftitute of
. Life and Motion ; to which opinion, Arijiotle himfelf fubfcribes in
lib. I . ' thefe plain words, Wherefore it is necejjary tofpeak^of virtue, both what
■ it is, and frorft what it proceeds : for it vpould be to little purpofe, to
know virtue, and to be ignorant of the manner and means how to com-
pafs it. Concerning virtue therefore inquiry muii be made, n4)t only of
what kind it is but by what ways it may be acquired : for we defire both
thefe,the knowledge of the thing itfelfand the fruition thereof^ but this
cannot be effected, unlef? we know of what materials it is compounded^
and how to procure the jame : In fuch full words, and with fuch itera-
tion doth he inculcate this Part 5 which yet notwithftanding hirafelf
purfues not. This likewife is the very fame which Cicero attributes
to Cato the Younger, as a great commendation, which was, that he
Pro.L.Mu- had applyed himlelf to Philofophy, Non difpntandi caufa, ut magna
ran. pars, fed ita vivendi. And although, through the negligence of th€

times wherein we live, few hold any confiiltation diligently, to ma-
' nure and till the Mind, and frame their courle of life (according to

Ee Brev.vit*. fome Rule 3 according to that oi Seneca, De partibus vita quifque de-
liberat, defummanemo-, (b as this part may feemfiiperfluous,) yet this
moves us not, fo as to leave it untouched, but rather we conclude^
with that Aphorifin of Hippocrates, They who arefick,ofa dangerous di-
Aphor.1.2. feafe, and feci no pain, are diliemperedin their understanding: Such
men need medicine, not only toalTwagethe difeafe, but to awake
thefenfe. Andif it be faid that the C«re tf/«;e«/ «//»^x, belongs to
facred Divinity, it is moft truly faid 5 but yet why may not Moral
rhilofophy be accepted into the train of Theology, as a wife fervant
and a faithful handmaid, ready at all commands to do herfervice?
Pfal.i2?, For as it is in the Pfalm, That the eyes of the Handmaid, lookperpetw
ally towards the Miifrefj and yet no doubt many things are left to
the difcretion and care of the Hand-maid j fo ought Moral rhilofophy
togive alldueobfervance to Divinity, and to beobfequious to her
Precepts; yet fo, as it may yield of it felf, within its own limits,ma-
■ny found and profitable direftions. This Part therefore, when Iferi-
oufly confider, the excellency thereof^ I cannot but find exceeding
ftrange, that it is not yet reduced into a Body of Knowledge. Where-
fore feeing we have reported it as Deficient, we will after our manner
give (brae Adumbrations thereof. I. firfi

I B. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 2 :? :?

I. Fjyft therefore^ in this as in all things which are Priaftical, we *
ought to cafl: up our account, what is in our porver^ and what vot : georgicaa-
for the one may he dealt with by vpay of Alteration --^ the other by way of five^e cultu-
Jppliciiion only. The Husband-man cannot command eitherthena- " Morura.
ture of the Earth, or the feafbns of the weathers no more can the
Phyfician the natural temper or conftitution ofthe Patient or the va-
riety of Accidents. Now in the Cultnre ofthe mind of Man^ and the
cure ofthe Difeafes thereof j three things fall into confideration : The
divers CharaUers of Difpofitions 3 the AffeSions 3 and the Remedies.
As in curing the Body three things are propounded, the CompleQion
or Conjiitution of the Patient j theDifeafe 'j and the Cure ^ and ofthefe
three, the Jaft only is in our power, the two former are not. Yet
even in thofe things which are not in our power, no left diligent in-
quiry is to be made thereof^ th^n in thole which are fubjeftto our
power j for a diftindt and exadt kftpwledge of them is to be laid as
a ground-work to the kjiorvledge of the Remedies --y that they may be
more aptly and fuccefsfully applied,, for neither can a garment be well
fitted to the Body, unlefs you firft take the meafure of the Body.
§ JFhcrefore the firft article of this knowledge ofthe Culture ofthe
Mind^ (hall be converfant about the divers Characters of mens natures
or difpofitions. Neither do we here fpeak of thofe common Proclivi-
ties to virtues and vices ; or Perturbations and Paffions : but of thofe
which are more intrinfick and radical. Surely for this part of know-
ledge, I do much wonder that it lliould be, for moft part, fo negle-
ftedor flightlypaft over, by writers Moral and Political 5 confide-
ring it cafts fuch refplendent Beams upon both thofe kinds of
knowledges. In the Traditions oi' Ajirology, the natures and difpo-
fitions of men, are not without fome colour of truth, diftinguiftit
from the Predominancies of Planets ^ as that fome are by nature made
and proportioned ^or contemplation j others for matters Civil '-^ others
for IVar j others for Advancement '-, others for Pleafure •-, others for
Arts 3 others for changeable cpurfe of life. So among the Poets.
Heroical, Satyrical, Tragedians, Comedians, you lliall find every
where, the Images of wits, although commonly with excefs and be-
yond the bounds of Truth. Nay this fime Argument ofthe divers
Chara3ers of Nature, is one of thofe Subje^s, wherein the common
difcourfes of men, (which very feldora, yctfometimes falls out) are
more wife than Books. But the beft provifion and colle(3:ion for fuch
a treatife, ought to be fetcht from the obfervations ofthe wifeft fort
of Hiftorians^ not only from Elogies and Panegyricks, which com-
monly follow the death of a Perfon j but much more from the entire
body of a Hiftory, fo often as fuch a perfbnage doth, as it were, en-
ter upon the ftage. For this inter-woven Image, feems to be a more
lively defcription, than the cenfure of an Elogy^ fuch as is that in
T. liviusy of Africannsj and oiCato the Elder ^ in Tacitus of Tiberius,
Claudius and Nero j in- Herodian, of Septimius Severus j in Philip de
Commines^of Lewis the XL King of i ranee :^ in Frd. Guicciardine^ of
Ferdinand King of Spain 5 Maximilian the Emperor ^ Leo and Clemens ^
Bijlwps of Rome. For thofe writers fixing their eyes continually on
the Images ofthefe Perfons, whom they made choice of to decipher,

G g and

2^4 ^f ^^^ Advancement of Learning, Lib. VII.

and pourtrait, feldom mention their Afts and Atchievements, but
withal, infert fomething touching their nature and difpofitions j (b
likewife many Relations, touching the Conclaves of ropes, which we
have met withal, reprefent good Chara&ers, and lively Imprcjjious,
otthe natural difpofitions oi^ Cardinals j as the letters of Ambafladors,
fet forth the nature and manners of Counfellors to Princes. Where-
fore let there be a full, and perfed collection made of this arguraenf,
whereof we have fpoken, which certainly is fertil and copious. Nei-
ther would toe, that thofe CharaBers in the Ethicks (as it is with Hifto-
rians. Poets, and in common fpeech,) fhould be accepted as perfeft
politick Images, which compounded and commixt conftitute any
refemblances whatfoever 3 how many and of what fort they may be 3 ,
and how they are connext and fubordinate one with another : that
there may be made, as it were, an artificial and accurate difleftion of
natures and difpofitions; and a-difcovery of the fecret inclinations
of Individual tempers ; and that from a knowledge thereof, precepts
of cure may be more pertinently prefcribed.

§ And not only the Chara&ers of difpofitions, iraprefTed by nature,
fhould be received into this Traftate , but thofe alfo which are impo-
led upon the mind, from Sex, Age, Region, Health, Beauty, and
the like : as alfo thofe from extern fortune, as of Princes, Nobles,
obfcurePerfons; Rich, Poor, Private per fons, Profperous, Mifera-
ble and the like. For we fee Plautus makes it a wonder to fee an old
Mil. G 0. ^^^ Beneficent, Benignitas quidem hujus, oppido ut adolcfcentuli eji :
Epiraen."' '^^ and St. Faul, commanding that the feverity of dilcipline, (hould be
ufed to the Cretans, (rebuke them fijarplji) accufeth the nature of that
injugurth. Nation from a Poet ; Cretenfesfemper mendaces, mala befii£, ventres
pigri. Salufi notes this in the nature of Kings, that it is ufual with
Hift.lib.i. theni to defire contradiftories ; Plerunq-j Regia voluntates ut vehemeff
tes [ttnt 3 fie mobiles, fepeq--, ipfa fibi adverfa, Tacitus obferves that
Honours and Advancements, oftner change mens natures to the worle,
than tothcbetter,6"^/«/ Vefpafianus mutatus in melius. Pindarus makes
an obfervation, that great and Sodoms fortune, for moft part, loofens
Pfa!.52, and diffinews mens minds , f^nt, qui magnam f elicit atem concoquere
non pojjunt : fothe Pfalm Iheweth, that it is more eafie to keep a
meafure and temperament, in a modeft confiftency j than in the in*
creafe of Fortune, If Riches increafe, fet not your heart upon them.
Thefe obfervatioms and the like, I deny not, but are touched a lit-
tle by Ari^otle, as in paffage, in his Rhetoricks ; as likewife in the
writings of others difperfedly by the way ; but they were never yet
incorporated into Moral Philofophy, to which they do principally ap-
perta'm, no left certainly, than the handling of the di verfity of grounds
and moulds, doth to Agriculture •-, or the handling of the diverfity of
completions and conftitutions of the body, doth to Medicine. The
fame muft be obfervtd here, except we mean to follow the indifcre-
tion of Empiricks, which miniftej- the fame medicines to all Patients,
of what confiiitution foever.

II. After the ktwvrledge ofCharaHers follows the knowledge ofAffe-
Bions and Pal/ions, which are as the Dijeafes of the Mind, as hath
been faid. For as the Ancient Politicks in Popular States were wont

to

L I E . V J f . Of the Adv. incemcnt of Learning. 2^5

to fay, Th it the people rccrc lik,c the Sea, and the Orators li!{e the rviftcls 5
becaufeas xheSea would ofit (elf becalm and quiet, ifthen'//7j/-did
not move and trouble it ^ fo the People of their own nature would be
peaceable and tradtable, iCthe /editions Orators did not fet them in
working and agitation. So it may be truly affirmed, thdii mans !7zind
in the miture thereof, would be temperate and ftaid, if the ajfctii-
<>«/,as winds, did not put it into tumult and perturbation. And here
again I find it ftrange, that ylrislotle, who writ fo many books of £»
thickj^ Ihould never in them handle the Aff'e&ions^ as an eflential
member of £//.'/V;^/; and yet in the B.hetorickj^ where they are confix
dered but Collaterally, and in a (econd degree fthat is, Co far as they
may be rais'd and moved by fpeechj he finds place for them, (in
which place notwithftanding, for fuch an abridgement, he difcourl-
eth acutely and well:} for his diiputations abom pleafure and pain, no
way (atisfieth this inquiry; no more than he thatfiiould write only
of light and lightning, could be (aid, to have written of the nature
of particular Colours ^ for rkaftireand Pain^ are to the particular affe-
ftions, as light is to Colours. Better travels the Stoicks have taken ia
this argument, as far as may be conjedtured from fuch Remains as are
extant 5 but yet fuch as confifted rather in curiofity of Definitions,.
than any full and ample defcriptions. So likewife I find fomc elegant
Books of (brae d^e^/^»x, zs of Anger ^ of Tendemejs'^ of Countenance,-
and (fbme few other. But to fpeak the truth, the beft Doftors of
this knowledge ziQihc^oQis, and writers of Hifliories, where we may-
find painted and diflefl"ed to the life, how affedtions are to beftirred
up and kindledj how ftill'dand laid afleep; how again contaio'd and
refrain'd, that they break not forth into Adt ; likewi(e how they dif-
clofe themfelves, though reprelled and fecreted 5 what operations
they produce; what turns they take; how they are enwrapt one
within another ; how they fight and encounter one with cinother 5
and other the like Particularities. Amongft the which, this lalt is
of fpecial ufe in Moral and Civil matters. How, Ifay, to fet Ajfc&ion
againfi Ajfe&ion ; and by the help of one to majier and reclaim another .<?
After the manner of Hunters and Fowlers, who hunt Bea(t with Beafl: 5
and fly Bird with Bird ; which percafe of themfelves without the af-
fiftance of Bruit Creatures, a man could not fo eafily recover. Nay
farther, upon this foundation, is eredted, that excellent and univer-
lal ufein matters Civil of Pr£miHm and P£Ma, which are the Pillars
cf Civil States ; feeing thofe predominant Affe&ions of Fear and Hope
do bridle and fupprefsall other exorbitant AffeSions. Again, as in
government of States, it is fometimes neceffary to confront and bri-
dle one Fadtion with another j lb it is in the inward Gavernment of
the Rtind.

HI. Now come we to thole '?omts\v\i\chzrQ rvithin atir own com-
atand,and have force and operation upon themind,and aKbaffed^jdif-
pofe, and manage the IVill and Appetite 5 and therefore are of great
force to alter the manners. In which part the Philofophers ought to
have made a painful and diligent //?^«;>; touching the foircr and E-
ftergy of Cujiom, Exercife, Habit, Education, Convcrfation , Friend-
Jf.'ipi rrarfe, Reprehenfi9n^ Exhortation , Fame , Lawt , Bookf j Stw

G g 2' dies.

2^6 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VII.

Moral Nicom.

dies, and other points of like nature. Thcfe are they which have the
fway and dominion in Morality^ from thefe Agents the mind fuffereth
and is difpofed 5 ofthefe, as of Ingredients, receits are compounded,
which conduce to the confervation and recovery of the Heahh and
good Eftateofthe Mind, as far as may be performed by Humane Re-
medies. Of which number we will feled one or two whereupon we
will a little infift as an example to the reft. We will therefore insi-
nuate a few points touching CuUom and Habit.

That opinion o^Anifotle feemeth to mc to favour of negligence
libX '""■""'" and a narrow Contemplation, where he afferts — that thoje Anions
rvhich are natural cannot be changed hji cujiomj ufing for example' — •
that if ajione be thrown a thoufand times up, it voill not learn to afccnd
of its own accord : Moreover^ that by often feeing or hearings we do not
learn to hear or fee the better : for though this principle be true in fome
things wherein Nature is Peremptory (the reafons whereof we can-
not now ftand to difcufs) } et it is otherwife in things wherein Nature,
according to a Latitude^, admits intention and remiffion. He might
fee that a ftrait glove by often drawing on, is made wider , and
that a wand by u(e and continuance is bowed contrary to its natural
bent in the growth, and foon after ftays in the fame pofture 3 that
the voice by exercifing it becomes louder and ftronger ; that heat and
cold are better endur'd by cuftom , and many inftances of like kind.
Which two latter examples have a neerer refemblance and come
neerer to the point, than thofe he there alledgeth. But however
this cafe bedetermin'd, by how much the more true it is; that both
Virtues and Vices conjtji in habit ; he ought, by Co much the more, to
have endeavour'd, to have fo prefcrib'd rules how furh habits might
be acquired, or rentovd: for there may be many Precepts made of
the wife ordering of the Exercifes of the Adind^ nolc(s thanof the
-Exerdfes of the Body 5 whereof we will recite a few.

§ Thefirfl JJmU be:, that we beware even at firfi ef higher orfmaUer
iasl{s^ than the nature of the bufinef requires^ or our leafure or abilities
permit: For if too great a task be impos'd, in a mean diffident na-
ture, you blunt the edge of chearfulnels and blaft their hopes , in a
nature full of Confidence, you breed an opinion whereby a man pro-
mifeth to himfelf more than he is able to perform, which draws oq
floth and fecurity 5 and in both thofe temperatures, it will come to
pafs that the experiment doth not fatistie the expectation ; which e-
ver difcourageth and confounds the mind: but if the Task be too
weak andeafie, in the fumm of proceeding there is a lofi and preju-
dice.

§ A fecond JJ.uiU bei) that to th pra&ijing of any faculty^ whereby tt
habit may be fipcrinduccd-j two Scafons are chiefly to be obferved, the one
when the mind is bcft difpofed to a bufnefs 5 the other when it is wor§i :
that by the one, we may be well forwards on our way 5 by the lat-
ter, we may by a ftrenuous contention work out theluiots and ftonds
of the mind , which makes middle times to pafs with more eafe and
pleafure.
c'oDi.uij^z'. § A third Precept fjal/ be that jvhich Arifiotle mentions by the way^

tvhich is to bear ever towards the contrary extreme of that whereuritowe

Moral. >vi-

arc

L I B. Vli. Of the Advancement of Learning. 297

are by nature inclitid^ fo it be without vice. Like as when we row
againft the ftream 5 or when we make a crooked wand ftraight by-
bending it the contrary way,

§ The fourth rreccpt is grounded upon that Axiom which is mojl
true. That the mind is brought to any thing with more fweet-
nefs and happinefs, if that, whcreunto we pretend ^ be not principal
in the intention of the Doer 5 but be overcome, as it were , doing
fgmcwhat elfc , becaitfe the injiin& of Nature is fuch a freedom as
hates neceffity and compulfive commands. Many Other rules there
are which might profitably be prefcribed touching the DireCti'
on of Cujiom : for CnJiom , if it be wifely and skilfully in-
duced , proves (as it is commonly (aid) another Nature;^ but be-
ing conduced abfurdly and by chance, it is only the ^pe of
Nature 5 which imitates nothing to the life , but in a foolifli de-
formity only.

§ So ifwefiould fpeak of Books and Studies, and of their power
and influence upon Manners ; are there not divers Precepts, and
fruitful Direftions appertaining thereunto? Hath not one of the
Fathers in great indignation called rocfie, vinum D<emonum ; being
indeed it begets many Temptations, Lulls, and vain Opinions ? It is
not a wile opinion of Arijiotle, and V/orthy to be regarded ; That
young men are no fit auditors of Moral Vhilofophy, becaufe the boy ling Mora], r^i-,
ficat of their aff'e&ions, is not yet fetled, nor attemper d with Time and '^°°* *"'''''
Experience. And to (peak truth, doth it not hereof come that thole
excellent Books and Dilcourfes of ancient Writers (whereby they
have perfwaded unto vertue moft effe(3:ually , reprefenting as well
her ftately Majefty to the eyes of the world, as expofing to Scorn,
popular Opinions in dilgraceof Vertue, attired, as it were, in their
Farajite Coats) are of fo little effeft towards honefty of Life, and the
reformation of corrupt Manners j becaufe they u(e not to be read and
revolv'd by men mature in years and judgement, but are left and
confin'd only to Boys and Beginners. But is it not true alfo, that
young men are much lefs fit Auditors of Policy than Morality, till they
have been throughly fealbn'd with Religion, and the knowledge of
Manners and Duties 5 left their judgements be corrupted and made
apt to think, that there are no Moral differendes true and folid of
things ; but that all is to be valued according to utility and fortune*
As the Poet faith ,

Trofperum & fdixfcelus virim vocatnr, Jiiyenal.Sgt.

And again,

I^e crucem pretiumfceleris tulit^ hie Diadema.

But the Poets leem to (peak this Satyrically, and in indignation ;
be it fo, yet many Books of Policy do fuppofe the fame ferioufly
and pofitively : for fo it pleafed Machiavel to (ay. That if Calar had
been overt hr own. h: would have been more odious than ever was Cataline 5

as

238 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. ViL

as if there had been no difference but m fortune only, between a ve-
ry fUry compofed of Luft and Blood, and the moft excellent fpirit
Chis ambition referved ) in the world. By this we fee how necef-
lary it iSjfor men to drink deeply Pious and Moral Knoncledges^hefoTC
they tafte Politicks ^ for that they who are bred up in the Courts of
Princesfrom tender years, and in affairs of State, commonly never
attain an inward and fincere Probity of Manners j how much farther
offfrom honefty, if to this fire of corrupt education there be admi-
ftred the fewel of corrupt Books ? ^igain^ even in Moral inftru(^ions
themfelves, or at lead in foraeof them, is there not a Caution like-
wife to be given, left they make men too precife, arrogant and in-
ProL Mu- compatible ? according to that o£cicero, touching AI. Cato, Thefe Di-
txm. ' vine and excellent qualities rehich xvefee^are his oven proper endovpmentSy

but fuch as arefontetimes deficient in him^ are dllderiv'dfrom Teachers^
and not from Nature. There are many other Axioms torching thofe
properties and effefts which Studies and Books do inftill into the
minds of men: for it is true that he faith , abeunt fiudia in mores ^
which may likewife be affirm'd of thofe other points touching Com-
pany^ Fame, xhQLaxes of our Country, and the reft, which a little be-
fore we recited. But there is a kind of Culture of the Mind which
leems yet more acurate and'elaborate than the reft^and is built upon
this ground, That the minds of all Mortals are ntfome certain times in H
moreperfeUfia\e'-i at other times in amore depravedjiate. The pur-
pofe therefore, and direftion of this Culture is, that thofe good fea-
fons maybe cherifht, and the evil crofl, and expunged out of the
Calender. The fixation of good Times is procured by two means,
by vows, or d/leafl mosi conjiant Refolution of the Mind, and by 0^-
fervances and Exercifes, which are not to be regarded fb much in
themfelves, as becaufethey keep the mind in ner devoir and cor.ti-
nual obedience. The obliteration of evil Times may be in like man-
ner perfected two ways '-, by fome kind of Redemption, or expiation
of that which is paji 5 and by d-new courfeof life, as it were, turning
over a clean leaf. But this part feems wholly to appertain to Religi-
on, and juftly confidering that true and genuine Moral Philofophy, as
was faid,fupplies the place of a Hand-maid only to Divinity. Where-
fore we will conclude this part of the Culture of the Mind, with that
remedy, which of all other means is the moft compendious andfum-
inary : And again, the moft noble and effectual, to the reducing of
the mind tovertue, and the placing of it in a ftate next to perfe(3:i-
on, and this is , That n>e make choice of, and propound ioourfelves 5
right ends of life and actions, and agreeing to vertuej whichyet muji
be fuch at may be in a reafonahk fort within our compafs to attain. For
if thefe two things befuppos'd, f/wf the ends of anions be honefi and
good j and that the refolution of the mind, for thepurfuing and obtain-
ing them, befixt,confi:ant, and true unto fuch ends j it will follow that
the mind lliall forthwith transform and mould itfelf into all vertues
at once. And this indeed is an operation, which refembleth the
rvork^oj nature, whereas other courfcs, whereof we have fpoken, are
like the rvork^ of the hand. For as when a Carver cuts and carves

an

L I B. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 239

an IroagCj he fhapes only that part whereupon he wdrks^ and not
the reft ^ asrfhe be faftiioning the Face, the reft of the body is a
rude and formleG ftone ftill , till fuch time as he come to it; but
contrariwife, when K.itnre makes a Flower or Living Creature^ (he
ingenders and brings forth rudiments of all the parts at one time.
So in obtaining vertues by habit, while a man praftifeth Te^/pcrjKce,
he doth not profit much to Fortitude, and the like 5 but when w6
wholly dedicate and devote our felves to good and honeft ends 5
Jook what vertue foever ftich ends commends and commands our
mind unto, we (hall find our felves already inverted and predifpo-
fited with a kind of hability and propenfion to purfue and exprels '
the fame. And this may be that State of Mind, which is excellently
delcribed by Arifiotle, and exprelFed with the Character, not ofm'r- ^^^,^^1 j-,
tue, but a kind of Divinity , his words are thefej And with Im- com. lib.'^
maniiy , ive nny not unaply countrc-ballance , that ability which is
above humanity ^ Heroic^ or Divine Vertne : and a little after, /J^r
as Savage Creatures arc incapable ofl^iceor Verttie •-, foisthe Deity : but
thisjlate is d thing higher than vertue 3 that , fomervhat elje than vice.
Indeed rlinius Sccundus, from the licenfe of Heathen magniloquence,
fet forth the vertue of Trajan , not as an imitation , but as a pat-
tern too DivinCjWhen he faith. That men need to make no other prayers
to the Gods, but that they would continue as good and as gracious Lords
to them, at Trajan had been. But thefe are the prophane and un-
hallowed Airs of Heathens , who apprehend ftiadovws greater than
the body : but true Religion , and the Holy Chriftian Faith , lays
hold on fubftance it felf, imprinting upon mens Minds Charify, which
is moft properly called. The bond of perfection j becaufe it compre- - , , -
hends and faftens all vertues together. Surely it is elegantly faid ^'^' '^'
by Menandcr of vain Love, which is but a counterfeit imitation of
Divine Love^ Amqr meliorfophi^fu l£vo, ad humanam vitim •-, by which
words he infinuatcs, that good and decent carriage,is better learnt from
L,ovG, than from a %OT^\\\^, or an inept Tutor -^ whom he calls I,e/>- •

handed, becaufe with all his tedious Rules dnd Preceps, he cannot
form a man fo dexteroufly, and with that facility to value himfelf,
and govern himfelf, as Love can do. So certainly, if a mans mind be
truly inflamed with x.\\q heat of Charity^ he ftiall be exalted to a
greater degref of Perfeftion, than by all the Do&rine of Morality,
which, indeed, is but a Sophiji in comparifonof the other. Nay far» p'l"**'
ther, as Xenophon obferved truly. That all other affections, though
they raife the Mind, yet they dijiort and di for der it by their extafies and
exceffes 3 but only love doth at the fame injiant , dilate and compofe the
Mind. So all other humane excellencies, which we admire 5 though
they advance Nature, yet they are fubjeft toexcefs-^ only Charity
admits no excefs. So we fee the Angels, while they afpired to belike
God in Power, prevaricated and fell, I will afcend above the altitude Ef4.i4,
of the clouds, I will be lil^e the mofi high. So man, while he afpired
to be like God in Knowledge, digrefled and fell : yefliall belii{cGodt
knowing Good and Evil: but by afpiring to a fimilitude of God's „
CoodnefsotLove, neither Man nor Angel ever was endangered, nor

fliall

! /^o Of the Advancement of Learning. L i e. VII.

fhall be endangered. Nay, we are invited to this imitation, Blefs
^vat.1. them that curfc you.and pray for thetn that defpftefully nfeyon^ and perfe-

cute y otijt hat yoMffiay bethejons of your father which is in Heaven: for he
mak^cs his Sim to rife on the Evil, and on the Good j and fends rain up-
on theJHJi^ and upon the trnjuB, So in the firft Platform of the Di-
vine Nature, the Heathen Religion placeth Gods Attributes thus,
^ ■''*'* Optimus Maximis '-i and facrcd Scripture fpeaks thus, Alifericordia e*
JHs^fupra omnia opera ejus.

§ Wherefore we have now concluded this part of Aioral KnovP'
ledge concerning the Culture and Regiment of the Mind-^ wherein if
any from a contemplation of the Portions thereof, which we have
ftridly enumerated, doth judge that our labour is only this,ftf Collet
and Digeji, into an Art or Science^ that which hath been pretermitted
by other writers^ as matters of common fenfe and experience , and of
themfelves clear and perfpicuous , let him freely enjoy his judgement :
yet in the mean time let him be pleafed to remember what we pre-
monifht at firft 3 that our purpofe was not toyurfue the flourilh and
beauty of things ^ but their ufe and verity. Like wife let him a
while ponder in his mind thait invention of the Ancient Parable ^
touching the two gates of Jleep.

Sunt geminx fomni Porta, quarum altera fertur
Virg, un,6. Cornea, qua verisfacilis datur exitus umbris.

Altera candenti perfect a nitens Elephant 0
Sedfalfa ad Cesium mittunt infomnia Manes.

A gate of Ivory is indeed very ftately, but true Dreams pafs throughj
\\\tgate of Horn. \

IV, By wayof fuppliment, that obfervation about Aloral Know-
ledge, may be fetdown, which is, that there is akjndof relation and
conformity between the Good of the Mind, and the Good of the Body,
For as the Good of the Body confiiis , as hath been faid, of Healthy
Beauty, Srength and Pleafure : So the Good of the Mind , if we con-
fider it according to the Axioms and Precepts oi Moral Knowledge, we
fhall perceive tend to this point, to make the mind found, and dif-
charg' d from perturbation'^ beautiful and graced with the ornaments of
true decencyifirong to all duties of life:LaJily,notfiupid,but retaining an
oBive and lively fenfe of plcafure,and honeji recreation. But thefe four,
as in the body , fo in the mind, feldom meet altogether. For it is
ea(ie to obCcTve, that many have ftrength of wit and courage 5 who
yet notwithftanding are infefted with perturbations, and whofc man-
ners are little feafbn'd with Elegancy and Beauty of Behaviour, in
their doings : S^me again, have an Elegancy and Finenels of Car-
riage, which have neither Soundnels of Honefty, nor Subftance of
Sufficiency in their doings : fof»e have honeft Minds, purified from
the ftain of Guilt, which yet can neither become themfelves, nor
manage bufinels : Others which perchance are capable of all thefe
three Qualities 3 but pofTeft a with fullen humour of Stoical ladnefs,

and

Lib. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 241

and ftupidity, they pra^ife virtuous Adions , but enjoy neither
themfelves, nor the the fruit of their good Parts ; and if it chance
that of thefe four two or three (bmetimes meetj yet a concurrence of
allp«r very feldora falls out. And now we have concluded that
Principal Member of Humane Fhilofophy , which confiders M^n ,
as heconfijisof Body andSohlj but yet^ as he is fegregate and feparate
from f octet y.

H h THE

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 249

THE

Eighth Book

OF

FRANCIS L. V ERV L A M

Vicou^rS' ALBAN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

OF

LEARNING.

To the KING.

Chap. I.

I. Ti^e Partition of Civil Knoroledge into //je Knowledge of Conver-
fation ; the Knowledge of Negociation 5 and the Knowledge of
Empire ^ or of State Goverment.

^Here is an ancient Relation ("Excellent King ) of a
iblemn Convention of many Philofophers before the
Amballador of a forreign Prince, and how that eve-
ry one according to their (everal abilities made de-
monftration of their Wifdora; that (b the Ambaflador;
might have matter of report touching the admired
wifdom of the Grecians : But amongft thele, one there was, as the
ftory goes, that ftood ftill and utter'd nothing in the aflembly, info-
much as the Arabaflador turning to him (hould fay ; And rvhat is Plutar. in
pur gift J that I may report it ^ To whom the Philofopher, Report ^^''^^'
(faith he) nnto yonr King ^ that you found one amongU the Greciant
thxt kpcvp horo to hold hit peace : and indeed, I had forgotten in this
compend. of Arts to interfert the Art offiknce--^ which notwithftanding
^becaufe it is Deficient} I will teach by mine own Example. For

H h 2 feeing

244 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VIIL

feeing the order and contexture of matter hath brought me at length
to this point, that I muft now a little after handle the Art of Empire 5
and being I write to fo Great a Kmg, which is fo perfeift a Mafter in
this Science, wherein he hath been trained up even from his infancy ;
nor can I be altogether unmindful,what place I hold under your Ma-
jefty j I thought it would beft become me in this point to approve
my felf unto your Majefty, by silence^ rather than by IVriting. Ci-
cero m^k.^^ mention not only of an ^r/j but of a kind of £/^^«c»fc
found in Silence : for after he had commemorated in an Efifile la
Attjcui^ many conferences which had interchangeably paft between

Ad Atticum. him and another,he writeth thus ; In this place I have borroived fome-
rvhat from your Eloquence^ for I have held my peace. And Pindar to
whom it is peculiar fuddenly to ftrike, as it were , with a Divine
Scepter, the minds of men by rare fhort fentence, darts forth fome

Pindsr. luch faying as this, Interdnm magis aficiunt nan di£fa quam dida:

wherefore I have refolv'd in this part to be Silent, or which is next to
Silence, to be very brief. But before I come to the Arts of Empire,
fome things by way of Preoccupation are to be (et down concerning
other Portions of Civil DoUrine.

fs Civil Science is converfant about a fubjed, which of all other is
mofl: immers'd in matter, and therefore very difBcultly reduced unto
Axioms: yet there are many circumftances which help this difficulty ;
forfirft, Cato the Cenfor was wont to fay of his Romans; That they

Plutar. in M. w^''^ ^^h shecp, a man were better drive a Flacky of them, than one of

Catone. ff^cm '■, for in a Flock., if you cotildget but fome ferv to go right, youJJjall

have all the relifoUovp of their oven accord: So in this refpeft indeed,
the Duty of Morality is fomewhat more difficult than that of Policy.
Secondly, Morality propounds to it felf that the Mind be imbued and
furnifht with Internal Goodncf-, but Civil Knowledge requires no more
but Goodncf External only, for this, as refpeftmg fociety, fufficeth.
Wherefore it often comes to pafs that the Government is Good, the
Times Bad : for in Sacred Story the faying is often repeated, (peak-
ing of Good and Godly Kings, Andyet the People direCted not their
hearts to the Lord God of their Fathers j wherefore in this refpeft alfo,
the parts of Ethick are more auftere and difficult. Thirdly, States
have this nature, that like great Engines they are llowly moved, and
not without great pains ; whence it comes,that they are not fo eafily
put out of frame : For as in jEgypt the feven good years upheld the
feven bad 5 fo in States , the good Government and Laws of the
Precedent times caufe, that the errors of fucceeding times, do not
quickly fupplant and ruine : But the Decrees and Cuftoms of parti-
cular perfons, are more fuddenly fubverted : And this Ukewife doth
charge Morality, but eafetb Policy.

I Civil Knotvledge hath three parts, according to the three (iim-
mary Aftions of Society ^ The Do&rinc of Converfation 5 The Do-
Brine of Negociation j and the DoClrine of Empire or Republickj. For
there are three forts of Good, which men leek to procure to them-
felves from civil Society ^ Comfort again ft Solitude, Ajfiliance in Bufi-
nefs , and Proteciion againft Injuries : and thefe be three wif-
doras diftinft one from the other, and often times disjoyn'dj

mfdom

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 245

Wijdom in Converfxtion j IVifdom in Negotiation, and Wijdom in Ctiber-
Tiation.

(j As for Converfation^ certainly it ought not to be afieded, but
much lels defpifed 5 feeing a wife moderation thereof, hath both an
honour, and grace of Manners in it felf 3 and a powerful influence for
the apt manage of Bufineft •-, as well Publick^ as Private. ForarA-
Cfion in an Orator is (b much refpefted, (though it be but an out-
ward qualityj that it is prefer'd before thofe other Parts which (eem
more grave and intrinfick -, (b Ccmverjation and the government there-
of, in a man of a Civil Praftick life (however it confifteth in outward
ceremonies) finds, if not the chiefeft, yet certainly a very eminent
place. Of what (pecial importmcnt the very Countenance is, and the
compofure thereof^ the Poet infinuates where he faith,

Nee vuJtu dejirue verba tuo.

A man may cancel and utterly betray the force of his words, with
his Countenance. Nay the Deeds as well as IVords may likevv^ifc be de •
ftroyed by the Countenance, if we may believe Cicero, who when he
would commend to his brother Aff^ability towards the Provincials faid,
that it did not chiefly confift in this, to give eafieaccels unto his Per-
fonjUnlefs likewife he received them courteoufly even with hisC^//«^
tenance ; Nil inter eft habere ofiium apertum,vtdtuffi claufunicltis nothing
won J to admit men with an open door , and to receive them with a fuiatus.
fimt and referved countenance. So we fee ^///V«/,before the firft inter-
view between C<<?/ir and C/ceri? the war depending, did diligently i-ibxii.
and ferioufly advife Cicero by a letter touching the compofing and or- ^^'^ ^^ ^"'
dering of his countenance zn(^ geUure. And if the government of the
Face and Countenance alone be of fuch efFedt, how much more is that
offimiliarjpeff/* and other cjrri^^e appertaining to Converjation. And
indeed the fumm and abridgement of the Grace and Elegancy of Be-
haviour, is for moft part comprized in this, thatwemeajm-e inajuji
ballancc and maintain both our own Honour and the Reputation of others.
The true Model whereof T. Livius hath well afcribed (though intcn- Liviwr.
ded to another purpofe) in the Charafter of a Perfon, Lcji (faith
he) Ijliouldfecm either arrogant or obnoxious 3 whereof the one is the hu'
mour of a man that forgets the liberty of another ; the other of a man that
forgets the liberty of himfelf. But on the other fide \{ Urbanity and out-
ward Elegancy of Behaviour be intended too much, they pa(s into a de-
formed and counterfeit Affectation. ^Jiid enim deformius quamfce-
nam in vitam transferre. To Ai^ a mans life. But though they fall not
by infenfible degrees into that vitious extreme 5 yet too much time
is confumed in thefe imall matters 3 and the mind by ftudying them
is too much depred'd and broken. And therefore as Tutors and Pre-
ceptors u(e to advife young Students in Univcrfities, too much addi-
cted to keep company , by faying, A/nicos cffcfures temporis : (b cer-
tainly this fame continual intention of the mind upon the comelinejiof
Behaviour, is a great thief to more folemn Meditations. Again, iuch
as are (b exactly accomplifht/«'c'r/'i<w7/>, andfeem, asit were, form'd
by nature for this quality alone, are commoaly of fuch a difpofition, ,

a3

Ecclef.li.

iA.6 Of the Advancement of. Learning. Lib.VIII

as pleafe themfelves in this one habit only, and feldora afpire to high-
er and more folid virtues: whereas on the contrary, thofe that arc
confcious to themfelves of a Defeft this way, feek Comeline^hy Repu-
tatJoK--, {oTwheve Reputation IS, almoft every thing becometh 5 but
where //)4f is not, iimuftbe fupplied by Tuntoes and Compkmeuts.
Ai^aiH, there is no greater or more frequent impediment of Aftion
than an overcurious obfervance of Decency and of that other ceremo-
ny attending on it, which is a toofcrupulous ElcQion of time and op-
port unities : for Solomon faith excellently, qui objervat ventttm non
feminat^ & qui confiderat ntibes nunquim nietet : We muft make op-
portunity oftner than find it. To conclude, this co;aelji grace of
Behaviour is, as it were, the Garment of the Mind, and therefore
muft have the conditions of a Garment : for firft,it ought to be fuch
as is in faOiion ; again, it ought not to be too curious or coftly 5 thea
it ought to be fo (haped as to fet forth any good making of the mind,
and to fupply and hide any deformity ^ laftly and above all, it ought
not to be too ftrait, or fo to reftrain thefpirit, as to reprefs and hin-
der the motion thereof in bufinefs. But this part of Civil k^orvledge
to\jic\\\ngConverJation, hath been indeed elegantly handled, nor can
it any way be reported as Defcient.

Chap. II.

I. The Partition of the Do&rine of Negotiation into the knovpledge of
difperfed Occafions. II. And into the Knoivledge of the Advance-
ment of life. § Examples of the ktiorvledge ofscatter'd Occafions
from Jof/fe of Solomon's Parailei. § IPrece^ts touching the Ad-
vancement of fortune.

THe knowledge touching Negotiation, we will divide into a
knowledge concerning Scatter d Occajiont 5 and the Knowledge
concerning the Advancement of Life-, whereof the one comprehends
all the variety of Buftnef, and is, as it were, the Secretary of a Pra-
d'ick courfe of life 3 the other only feleds and fuggefts fuch obferva- .
tions as appertain to the advancing of a mans proper fortune, w^hich
may be to every man as intimate and rcferved Table-Book/, and MC'
Tfjorials of their Affairs.

(} But before we defcend to the Particular kinds, we will fpeak
foraething by way ofPreface, in general, touching the knowledge of
Negotiation. The knowledge of Negotiation no man hath handled hither-
to according to the dignity of the Subject ; to the great derogation
of Learning, and the Profeilors of Learning : for from this root Iprin-
geththat note of DHlnefs which hath defamed the Learned, which is 5
That there is no great concurrence betroeen Learning and rraClicli^irifdom,
For, if a man obferve it well, of the three ivifdoms which we have
fet down to pertain to Civil life, that of C(?«i'f>yr7//(;« is by learned
men for the moft part defpifed as a fervile thing and an enemy to Me-
ditation. As for that jg^/yr/r?;;/ concerning Government^ Learned men

ac-

L I B. VI II. Of the Advancement of Learning, 247

. -— ^

acquit themfelves well, when they are called to the manage of Ci.
vil Affairs in ftate^ but that is a Promotion which happeneth to
few. Concerning the IVifdoin of EufineJ^ (whereof we now fpeak)
>vherein man's life is mofl: converfant , there be no Books at ail writ-
ten of it except, a handful or two of lome few Civil Advertifements,
that have no proportion to the magnitude of this Sibjeft. For if there
were Books extant of this Argument, as of other, I doubt not, but
Learned men with mean experience would far excel men of long ex-
perience without Learning; and out-fioot them ("as they lay) in their ,
own Bore. Neither is there any caufe why we Ihould fear left the Mat-
ter of this Knowledge (hould be fo various, that it could not fall un-
der Precepts, for it \sm\xchr\2iXXOwevthzn\.he Science of Governments
which notwithftanding we fee is exa&ly labour'd, and fubdued. Of
this kind oUvifdom^ it ieems there have been fome ProfelTors amongft
the Romans in their beft and wifeft times. For Cicero reporcs that it ckeroJ
was in ufe a little before his time for Senators, that had the name and
opinion for wife and experienced men (the Cornncanii, Curii^ Lxlii^
and others) to walk at certain hours in the Forum, where they might
give accels and audience to the Citizens, and might be confulted
withall; not only touching /»i?i«? of Law ^ but of aliy^r// ofBufinefs-j
as oT the /liar ri age of a Daughter-^ ox of ihe bringing up of a Son j or ■
efaFHrchafe, of a Bargain^ cf ^^ /Iccnjation, Defence j and every o- '
other occafion incident to man's life. By this it plainly appears, that
there is aJVifd^m of giving Counfel and Advice even in Private Bufi-
nefs ■■) ariBog out ofan univerfal infight into the Affairs of the World 5
which is ufed indeed upon Particular Caufes, but is gathered by ge-
neral obfervation of Cauies oflike nature. For fb we fee in the Book
Vfh\Qh ^Cicero writeth unto his Brother, De Pctitione ConffiLitus; qjcicsiodi
(being the only Book, of Particular Bufinels, that I know writteji by P'^titione
the Ancients) although it concerned fpecially an Aftion thcnon ""'
foot, yet it contains in it many Politick Axioms, which prefcribe not
only temporary ufe, but a perpetual direction in the cafe of Popular
Eleftions. And in this kjnd nothing is extant which may any way be
eompar'd Avith thofe Aphorilms wbXch Solomon the King let forth, of
whom the Scriptures teftifie5T/)d* his Heart was as the Sands of the Sea :
For as the. Sands of the Sea do incompafs all the atmoft bounds of the i.Reg.iv,
world^fohis wildom comprehended all matters,as well humane as di-
vine. In thefe Aphorifms you fhall clearly difcover,befides thole pre-
cepts which are more divinCjmany moft excellent Civil precepts and
advertifementSjlpringingout of the profound fecrets of wifdom, and
flowing over into a large field of variety. Now becaule we report
as Deficient^ the DoSrine touching difperfed occafions, (which is a firft
pon\onorthe-l{»owledgeofEufineJs^wew\\], after our manner, ftay
a while upon it, and propound an example thereof, taken out of thofe
Aphorifms^ or Parables of Solomon. Neither is there, in our judge-
ment, any caufe of juft reprehenfion, for that we draw from v/riters
of facred Scripture, fomething to a Politicall fence; for I am verily
of opinion, that\f thofe Commentaries of the fame Solomon were now ex- 1. Reg.' it.
tant concerning Mature (wherein he hath written of all Vegetables, From
the Mo ft Hpon the wall, to the Cedar ofLibanns ; and of living creatures')

n

24B Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VIII.

it were not unlawful to expound them according to a natural fence 5
the fame liberty we may take in the FoUticl{s,

^M/(*uEN- An Example of a Portion of the Dodrine concem-
filcdil*afl- ing Difperfed Occafions , from fome

;;f"^'^"- ? arables of Solomon,

Piov.xv,

Prov.xvii;

THE PARABLE.

1. Afoft Anfwer afpeafeth Wrath,

THE EXPLICATION.

If the wrath of a Prince or of a great Perfon be kindled againft thee,
and it be now thy turn to (peak,Sob»tofi gives in precept two points;
one is, that an aKjiiper he made j the other ^ thatthe fame be foft : The
Firft contains three precepts 5 Firji that you beware of a fad:, attdfnl-
len filence : for that either charges the fault wholly upon your felf ,
as if you had nothing to fay for your felfj or clofely appeacheth
your Mafter of fome injufticCjas if his ears were not open to a juft De-
fence. Secondly that y oh beware of delaying and putting off a Bufineft, and
that you crave not a longer day to give in your defence: for this
procraftination, either insinuates the fame prejudice the former did,
(which is that yourLord andMafter is led away with too much paffion
and partiality) and plainly betrays, that you are in divifing fome cun-
ning and counterfeit Apology 5feeing you have no prelent anfwer rea-
dy. Wherefore it is ever the beft courfe to (ay fomething inftantly
in your own defence, according as the occafion of the prefent bufinefi
Ihall adminifter. Thirdly that by all means. an anfwer be made 5 an anfwer
(I fay) not a meer confeffion or a meer (ubmiffion, but yet not with-
out fome fprinklings of an Apology and excufe let fall here and there;
nor is it fafe to bear your felfotherwifcjUnlefs you have to deal with
very generous and noble dilpofitions ; which are very rare. It fol-
lows in thefecond place, that the anfwer made be foft and temperate ;
and not harfti and peremptory.

THE PARABLE.

II. A wife Servant fhall have command over a re^
froachful Son^ and f jail divide the Inheritance

amono the brethren.

The

L I B. VI 1 1. Of the Advancement of Learning. -2 j.9

THE EXP LTC ATI ON.

IN all troubled and difagreeing Families, there ever arlfeth up fome
fervant, or gentle friend, powerful with both fides ^ which may
moderate,and compound the differences of the Family^ to whom,iti
that refpeft. the whole Houfe, and the Mafter himfelf are engag'd
and beholding. This Servant, if he aim only, at his own ends, che-
rifties and aggravates the Divifions of a Family 3 but if he be fincere-
ly faithful, and upright, certainly he deferves much ; (b, as to be
reckoned as one of the brethren j or at leaft, to receive a Fiducia-
ry Adminiftration of the Inheritance.

THE PARABLE.

III. If a wife man contefls with a Fool^ whether he prov,xxi«,
be in anger ^ or in jeH, there is no qniet,

THE EXPLICATION^.

WE are often admoniftit to avoid unequal commerce 5 in this
fence, tiot to contend vpith our Betters : but it is a no le(s
profitable inftruftion, which Solomon here (ets down, Islot to under"
ta^e a rvorthlefs perfon ^ for fuch a bufinefi is ufually concluded upon
terms of difad vantage 3 for to overcome is no vidtory, but to be
conquer'd a foul difgrace ; and it is all one in the heat of this engage-
ment, whether we deal by way of jefting , or by way of dildairj
and (corn ; for howfoever we change Copy, we are embafed and
made the lighter thereby 5 nor (hall we handfbmely come off with
credit. But the worft inconvenience of all is, when the Perfon with
whom vve contend (as Solomon fpeaks) hath fomewhat of the Fool in
him ; that is, if he be witlefe and wilful, have fome heartjuo brain.

THE PARABLE.

IV. Lend not an Ear to all words that areffol^en^ left Eauj.viu
perchance thou hear eft thyfervant curfe thee,

THE EXPLICATlOk.

IT is a matter almofl: beyond belief, what difturbance is created
by unprofitable curiofitj; about thofe things which concern our
perlbnal intereft ; that is, when we make a too fcrupulous enquiry
after (uch fecrets ■, which once difclofed and found out, do but caufe
moleftationof mind, and nothing conduce to the advancing of ouf

1 1 defigns.

250 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VIII.

defigns. For firU there follovps vexation and difqHietncfs of Mind -^ be-
ing that all humane affairs are full of faithlefnefs and ingratitude; i6
as if there could be procured Ibme enchanted glals, wherein we
might behold the hatred, and whatfoever malice is any way raifed
up againft us ; it were better for us that fuch a Glafs, were forth-
with thrown away and broken. For /Zanders of this nature, are like
the impotent murmures of Leaves on Trees, and in Ihort time vanifh.
Second!)', this Cur iofity fills the viind ivith Hngroanded jcaloujiet^ which
is a capital enemy to Counfels, and renders them inconftant and in-
volv'd. Thirdly, the fame cnrioftty doth oftentimes fix evils, vphich of
themfelves toould fly away. For it is a dangerous matter for to pro-
voke mens confciences, who if they think themfelves undifcover'd
are eafily chang'd to the better ; but if once they perceive them-
pUitar. in felves difraaskt, they drive out one mifchief wiWi an other. Where-
Pomp. fore it was defervedly judg d, a point of great wifdom in Pompeius

Magnus, that he inftantly burnt all Sertorius's papers unpcrus'd by
himfelf 5 or permitted to be fo by others.

THE PARABLE.

prov.vi. y^ j'hy Poverty jhall come as a Traveller ^ and thy
Want as an armed Man.

THE EXPLICATION.

IN this Parable , it is elegantly defcribed how the fhipwrack of
Fortunes falls upon Prodigals, and on fuch as are carelefs of their
Eftates j for Debt and Diminution of Stock comes upon them at
firft by infenfible degrees, with foft-filent paces , like a Traveller,
and is hardly perceived ; but foon after necejfity invades him like an
armed man, that is, with fo ftrong and potent an arm , as there is no
more refiftance to be made ; fo it was faid by the Ancients, that of
all things necejfity was the firongcfi. Wherefore we muft prevent the
Traveller 3 and be well provided againft the armed Man.

Pro7. IXe^

Mat.-)

THE PARABLE.

VI. He that inflru^s a fcorner , frocures to him-
felj a ref roach , and he that reprehends a wielded
man, procures to himfelf a fain.

THE EXr Lie ATION.

THis Parable agrees with our Saviours Precept, That we cajl not
our Pearls before fwine. In this Parable the Aftions of Infiru"
Efion 3 and of Rcprehenfion are diftinguifht ; as alfo the At^tions of a

fcorner

L I B. VIII. Of the Advandement of Learning. 251

fcorner^ and ofa wicked perjon. Laftly that which is retaliated, is
differenced. For in the former part, loft labour is return'd j in the
latter, aftainand difhonour is repaid. For when a man teacheth
and inftrudeth z /corner, firft, the time thus imployed is caft away 5
and then others al(b deride his pains, as a fruitlefs defign, and a la-
bour ill placed : Laft of all , the fcorner himfelf deipifeth the
knowledge, which he hath learned. But the matter is tranfafted
with greater danger in the reprehenjion of the wicksd 5 becaufe a
wicked nature, not only gives no ear to advice, but turns head a-
gainfthis Reprehcndcr, now made odious unto him 5 whom he either
wounds prefently with contumelies 5 or traduces afterwards to
others.

THE PARABLE.

VIL A wife Son is the gladnefs of his Father ^ but pws^
afooliflo Son is thefadnefs of his Mother,

THE EXPLICATION,:

THejoj/s and grief f domcjiical of Father and Mother touching their
Children, are here diftinguifht ; for a wife and well-govern'd
Son, is chiefly a comfort, to the Father, who knows the value of
virtue, better than the Mother, and therefore more rejoyceth at the
towardlinels of his Son inclinable to goodnels : yea, and it may be his
education of him, that he hath brought him up Co well j and implant-
ed in his tender years the Civility of manners, by precepts and ex-
ample , is a joy unto him. On the other fide, the Mother is more
grieVdjand difcomforted at the calamity ofa Son-, both becaufe the af>
fediion ofa Mother is more (oft and tender; as alfo perchance, being
confcious of her too much indulgence, (he hath tainted aiid corrupt--
ed his tender years, ,

THE parable;

VIIL The memory of the Jufl is blefi; hut the ?wne
ofthemcl^dfiallpHtrifie.

PfC\r.3&

THE EXPLICATION.

HEre is diftinguifht the F^we of good men and of evil , fuchas
commonly falls out after Death: ior the Name of good men, af-
ter envy is extinguiOit, (which cropt the bloflbm of their Fame, while
they were alive) prefently (hoots up and flouri(heth , and their Prai-
fes dayly encreafe in ftrength and vigor : but for wicked men (though
their Fame through the partial favour of Friends^ and of men of
" ii 2 their

252 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b.VIIL

their own faftion laftfor a ftiort time) a deteftation of their Nam^
fprings up, and at laft their tranfient glory exhales in infamy, and ex*
pires in a filthy and noifom odour.

THE PARABLE.

prov.xi. IX. He that troubles his own houfe fhall inherit th&
wind.

A

THE EXP L IC ATION.

Very profitable admonition touching Difcord and Dovicjiic^

breaches. Many promifeto tbemfelves great matters,^^ thedif-

fctttions of Wives ; or the Dif-inheriting of Sons 5 or the often changing
of Servants 5 as if the Tranquillity of mind 5 or the adminiftration of
their affairs were by this means advanced, and (hould become more
profperous unto them. But commonly their hopes turn to rvind 5 for
thofe alterations, for moft part, fucceed ill, and thofe Perturbers of
their or&n houfe oftentimes meet with many vexations, and ingra-
titudes from them^ whom ( paffing by others) they adopted and
loved : Nay, by this means they draw upon their Perfons ill Reports,
De Pet. Con- ^"^ doubtful rumours. For it is well noted of Ci-cero^ Ontnemfd"
ful. ' warn a Domefiicis emanare. Both thefe evils Solomon excellently
exprelies by the inheritance of Winds : For the Frujirating of Ex*
f Citation^ and the raiftng of Rumours^ are rightly compared to Windsi

THE PARABLE.

Eccier.vti. y^ Better is the end of a Speech ^ than the beginning
thereof.

STHE EXP Lie ATION.

THis Parable taxeth, and reforms a frequent error committed j
not only by them which chiefly jiudy ivords ; but even by
the more wife and grave. The error is x.\i\S:^that men are more follici^
tous of the ingrefs and entrance of their fpeech 3 than of the clofe and
iffue : and more exa&ly meditate the Exordiums and Prefaces 5 than
the concliifions of Speeches. But they (hould neither negledl thole,
and yet have thefe about them, as the more material parts, ready
prepar'd and digefted ; confidering with themlelves, and, fb far as
may be, fore-cafting in their minds, what may be the iffue of fpeech
and conference at la(t 5 and bufinelfes thereby may be promoted and
matured. Yet this is not all; for you mulinot only ifudy Epi*
loguei^ and conclujions of Speeches , which may be pertinent to bufinefsj
hut alfo' regard viufl be tal{en ofjuch Speeches, as may aptly and pleafant"
ly be c'dji in, at the very injiant of your departure, although thsy have
tso reference at all to the bit fine fs in hand. I knew two CounlellorS,

Perlbnages

L I B. V 1 1 1. Of the Advancement of Learning. 255

Perfonages of high rank, and wife men 5 and on whom the charge
of State affairs did then princ^ally depend ; whofe common, and,'
to them, peculiar cuftom it was , that fo often as they were tonego-
ciate with their Princes about their own affairs ; never to clofe their
conference with any matter referring to that bufinels j but ever feek
diverfions, either by way of jeft , or by fomewhat that was delight-
ful to hear , and fo, as the Adages render it, wafi over at the conclnffon
cfal/, their Sea-iratcr difcourfes^ withfrejh fountain tvater. And this
u(age was one of their chief Arts.

THE. PARABLE

XL As dead Flies, canfe the hefl oyntment to fend Ecdd,-.-,
for than ill Odonr; fo doth a little folly him that is in
reputation for ivifdom andbanoHr.

THE EXPLICATION.

THe cafe of Men remarkable /^r eminent gifts ^ is very unhap»
py and miferable (as the Parable excellently notes,) becaule
their errors, be they never fo fmall find no remiffion. But as in a.
pure Diamond every leaft grain, or little cloud ftrikes the eyCjand af-
fefts it with a kind of trouble 5 which upon a more grofs Diamond
would hardly be difcerned: even fb in men of eminent parts, the
leaft infirmities are prefently fpied, talked of, and more deeply cen-
fur'd j which in men of more mean and obfcure gifts, and rank ,
vj^ould either altogether pals without notice, or eafily procure par-
don. Therefore a little Folly in a very wife man'-) and a fmall ojfence
in a very honcji man':, and a flight indecency of /Manners^ in a man of
Courtly and Elegant behaviour j much derogates from their fame and re-
putation. So that it is not the worft courfe for eminent perfons, to
mingle fome abfurdities (fo it may be done without guilt) in their A--
Bions 5 that they may retain a kind of liberty to themfelves, and con-
found the charafters of fmaller defei^s.

THE PARABLE.

XII. Scornful men infiare a City , hut wife men di- ptov.xxix^
'vert Wrath,

THE EXPLICATION.

IT may feem ftrange, that Solomon in the defcription of men made,
as it were, and by nature fram'd to the ruine and deftruftion of a
ftate, hath chofen the charafter^ w/<?/aproud and infolentraan;
not of a tyrannical and cruel nature, not of a. radi and violent man 5

f!0$

254 ^f ^^^ Advancement of Learning, Lib. VIIL

not of an impious and wicked perfonj «^f ^/ a (editious and turbu-
lent fpirit; not <?/ an incontinent ami fenfual inclination j not of a.
foolifh and and unhabile Perfon '-, Init of a. Scorner. But this is a
judgement worthy the wifdom of that King, who beft knew the
grounds of the confervation , or everfion of aState. For there is
not commonly a like Plague to Kingdoms and Common-wealthSj
than if Counfellors of Princes, or Senators, and fuch as fit at the helm
of Government, areby nature S corners. For (uch perfons, that they
may win the reputation of undanted States-men, do ever extenuate
the greatnefs of dangers, and infult over thofe that value dangers,
according to the true weight , as timorous and faint-hearted natures.
They y?^^ at all mature delays, and meditated debatings of matters
by confultation, and deliberation 5 as a thing too much tailing of
an oratory- vein 5 and full of tedioufiiefi^ and nothing conducing
to the fum and iflues of Bufineft. As for Fame, at which thecoun-
fels of Princes fhould efpecially level, they contemn it, asthefpirit
of the vulgar^ and a thing will be quickly blown over. The Vomer
and Authority of Laws,they refpeft no more,than as cobwebs, which
(hould not ininare matters of greater confequence : Counfels and Pre-
cautions, forefeeing events a far off, they reject, as meer dreams and
melancholy apprehenfions : menferiovfly wi(e , and well feen in the
world, and of great relblution and counfel, they defame with gibes
and jefts : in a word, they do at once prejudice and weaken the whole
foundation of Civil Goverument 5 which is the more to be looked
into, becaule the Adlion is performed by fecret fraud, and not open
force 5 and is a praftice not fo fufpefted, as it demerits.

THE PARABLE.

prov.xxix.

XIII. A Prince that lends a mlling ear to lies, his
jervants are all ivicl

The explication,

WHen a Prince, is of Cudka temper, as to lend an eajie and crC'
dulous ear, without due examination , to Detractors and Sy-
cophants, there breaths a peftilential Air from the Kings fide , which
corrupts andinfcBs all his fervants. Some feel out the fears and jea-
loufies of a Prince , and aggravate the iame with feign'd reports. O-
ihers awake the furies of envy, efpecially againft the beft deferving
in the ftate : Others feek to wafti away their own guilt , and the
ftains of a foul confcience, by defaming others : Others give (ail to
the Honours and wifties of their friends, by traducing, and debafing
the merit of their competitors ; Others compofe Fabulous enter-
ludes againft their enemies, and concurrents, as if they were upon
the ftage 5 and infinite fuchlike. And thefe are the Arts of fuch fer-
vants to Princes, as are of a vile and bale nature. But they that are
ofa morehonefldifpofitionjand better civiliz'd,whcn they perceive

their

L I B . VII I. Of the Advancement of Learning, 255

their innocence to be no fafe fandluary (in that their Prince knows
not how to diftinguidi between truth and falftiood) they put off'
moral honefty, and gather in the Court-winds ; and are therewith
carried about in a fervile manner. For as Tacitus faith of Claudius.
There is no Jafctji with that Prince , into tvhofe head all things are con'
veyed^as it were^ by infusion and dire£f ion from others. And Commi-
Ties very well, // is better to befervant to a rrince^vphofe jcaloiijies havQ
no endj than to a rrince, whofe Credulity hath no mean,

THE PARABLE.

XiV. A JnH man is merciful to the life ofhisBeajij ^^"^-^'^^
bnt the mercies of the w'l^l^dare cruel

THE EXPLIC ATION.

•Here is implanted in man by nature , a noble and excellent af-
feftion of Piety and CompaJJion, which extends it felf even to
brute creatures, that are by divine ordination Cuhje^ to his com-
mand ; and this CompaJJion hath fome Analogy with that of a Prince
towards his fubjedts. Nay farther, it is moft certain, that the more
noble the mind is , the more compaffionate it is j for contrafted
and degenerate minds think thefe things nothing to pertain to them 5
but the Mind, which is a nobler portion of the world, is affefted
in the grots out of community. Wherefore we fee that there were
under the old Law, many Precepts, not fo merely Ceremonial^ as
InjiitHtions of Mercy 5 fuch as was that of not eating flejl) rvith the
blood thereof and the like : even in the fed of the Ejjeans and Pytha--
goreans, they altogether abftain'd from eating Flefljj which to this
day isobferved by an inviolate fuperftition, by many of the Eaftern
people under the Mogol. Nay the Turks, (both by Defcentand
Difcipline a cruel and bloody Nation) yet beftow alms upon brute
Creatures; and cannot endure to fee the vexation and torture of any
live thing. But left , what we have faid , fhould perchance feem to
maintain all kinds of Alercy j Solomon upon found advice annex-
eth, That the mercies of the vcicked are cruel : Thefe Mercies^ are,
when lewd and wicked perfbns are fpar'd from being cut off by the
fword of juftice, this kindof ylA^f/ is more Cr«e/,than Cruelty it (elf:
for Cruelty is extended ia praftice on particulars; but this kind of
Mtrcy^ by a grant of impunity, arms and fubornsthe whole band
of impious men againft the innocent.

THE

256 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b. VIIL

Prov.xx

Ecdef.l.

THE PARABLE.

""■ XV. A Fool Utters alibis mind; but a ivife manre-
ferves fomemhat for hereafter.

THE EXPLICATION.

THe Parable (it feems) efpecially correfts 5 not the futility of vain
Perfons, which eafilygutter, as well what may be fpoken, as
what fliould be fecreted : not the bold roving language of fach as with-
out all difcretion and judgement fly upon all men and matters ; liot
Garrulity^ whereby they fill others even to a furfeit : hut another vice^
more dole and retired 5 namely the Government ojjpeech, of all ad-
ventures the lead prudent and politick, which is, tphen a manfo ma-
nages hisfpeech in private conference, as whatfoever is in his mind^
■which he conceives uny tp ay pertinent to the purpoje and matter in hand^
out it muji at once, as it vpere^in one breath^and in afet continued dijcourfe:
this is that which doth much prejudice Bufinels. Forfirji, a difconti-
nuedfpeechy broken ofFby interlocutions, and inftill'd by parts, pe-
netrates deeper, than ajetled continued jpeech ; becaule that in a con-
tinued Difcourfe, the weight of Matters is not precifely and diftin^-
ly taken, nor by fome convenient refts fuffer'd to fix , but Reafoii
drives out Reafon before it be fully fetled in the Comprehenflon of
the Hearers. Secondly xhtxeh no man of fo powerful and happy a
Delivery of himfelf, as at the firft onfet and encounter of his fpeech,
he is able fo to ftrike him dumb and fpeechlefs, with whom he 6.\£-
courfeth ; but that the other will make fome interchangeable reply,
and peradventure objeft (bmething, and then it may fall out, that
what fhould have been referv'd for refutation and replication, by this
unadvifed anticipation being difclofed and tafted before-hand, loof-
eth its ftrength and grace. Thirdly if a man dilcharge not all at once
what might be laid, but deliver himfelf by Parcels, now pne thing,
anon cafting in another, he ftiall gather from the looks and anfwers
of him with whom he difcourfes, how every particular PaflageafFeds
him, and in what fort they find acceptation; Co as what is yet re-
maining to be fpoken, he may with greater Caution either felcft, or
filence.

THE PARABLE.

X VI. If the diffleafure of a Great Man rife up againfl
thee, forfah^ not thy Place ; for pliant demeanure
pacifies great Ojfences.

THE

B. VlII. Of the Advancement of Learning. . 25^

THE EXPLIC ATION.

THe Parable gives in Precept, how a man ought to demean hifti»
felf^ having incurr'd the wrath and difpleafure of his Prince;
The Precept hath two branches. Firfl: that he relinqitifi not his place 5
Secondly, that with caution and diligence he attend the C/ire, as in cafe
offome dangerous difeafe. For men are wont after they perceive their
Princes difpleafure againft them^to retire themfelves from the executi-
on of their charge and offices pai'tlji out of an impatience of difgrace ;
partly left they Ihould revive the wound by being in the Prefence 5
partly that Princes may fee their forrdw and humility 5 hayfometimes
to refign up the Placed and Dignities they held, into the hands of the
Prince. But Solomon cenfures this way of Ciire^ as prejudicious and
hurtful 5 and that upon a very good ground. Forfirjl this courfe doth
too much neijc abroad the difgrace it fe If '•, fo as enemies and enviers be-
come nlore confident to hurt, and friends more fearful to help him.
Secondly it comes to pafs that the wrath of the Prince , which perchance,
ifit had not been publifht, would have died of it felf^ is now beconie
more fixt 3 and having once made way to his mine, is carried on to
his utter fubverfion. Laiify, this retiring iafisfomevohat of a malignant
humour^ and of one fallen out with the tfmesj which cumulates the evil of
Indignation, to the evil offkfpicion : Now the precepts for cure are
thefe. Pirfiy above aU things let him take heed that he feem not infen-
fible, or notfo affe&ed, as in duty he ought to be, for the Prince''s difplea-
ure^through a Uupidity or §iubbornnef of mirul : that is^that he compofe
hiscnontenancejnot to a fullen and contumacious (adnelsibut to a grave
and raodeft penfivenefi ; and in all matters of imployment, that he
(hew himfelf lefs pleafant, and chearful than he was wont to be 5 and
it will promote liis cafe toufe the affiftance and mediation offome
friend, unto the Prince, which may (ea(bnably infinuate, with what
feeling grief he is inwardly afflifted. Secondly let him carefiUy avoid
all^ even the leafi occafions whereby the ntatter, that gave thefirft caufe to
the indignation, might be reviv'd ^ or the Prince take occafion to be
again difplealed with him, or to rebuke him for any thing, before o-
thers. Thirdly, let him with all diligence fee^ out all occafiDns wherein
hisfervice may be acceptable to his Prince 5 that he may fhew both a
prompt aftedion to redeem his fore-paft offence 5 and that his Prince.
may underftand what a good fervant he may chance to be deprived
o^ if he thus caft him off. FourtlAy, that by a wife art of Policy, heei"
ther lay the fault itfelf upon others 5 or infinuate, that it was committed
with no ill intention '-i or fftake remon^rance of their Malice, who accu-
fed him to the King, and aggravated the matter above demerit. Lajl
of all, let him be every way circumjpeci and intent upon the Cure.

THE PARABLE.

XVII. TheFirft in his own caufe is fujl ; than
comes the other Farty and enquires into him.

Kk . mn

Ptov. xviir;

258 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . V 1 1 1.

THE EXPLICATION.

THe firfi: information in any caufe, if it a little fix it (elfin the
mind of the Judge, takes deep root, and wholly fealbns and
prepofleireth it , fo as it can hardly be taken out, unlefs fome raani-
feft falftiood be found in the matter of Information 5 or fome cunning
dealing, in exhibiting and laying open the fame. For a bare and Am-
ple defence,though it be juftand more weighty, hardly compenlates
the prejudice of the firft information j or is of force of it felf to reduce
the fcales of Juftice, once fvvay'd down, to an equal weight. JVhere-
fore it is the fafeft courfe bothjtbr the Judge, that nothing touching
the proofs and merit of the caufe, be intimated before-hand until
both parties be heard together, and the beft for the Defendant, if he
perceive the Judge preoccupated -, to labour principally ia this (Co
far as the quality of the caufe will admit) to dilcover Ibrae cunning
fhift and fraudulent dealing praftifed by the adverle party to thea-
bufe o the Ju d ge.

Prov.xxix. THEPARABLE.

XV III. He that delicately brings nf his fervant from
a child J pall find him contumacious in the end.

J f

THE EXPLICATION.

Rinces and Maliers^ from the Counfel of Solomon^ ptuB keep a
mean in the difpenfation of their Grace and Favour towards Servants.
The mean is three-fold 5 Firji that Servants be pro footed by degrees
and not by faults. Secondly, that they be notv and then acculiopted to
M3chia.Dif- repuljes : Thirdly, fwhich M^chiavel well advifeth) that they have e-
corfofopta. vcr in fight before them fontethingwhitherto they may farther afpire. For
nnleis thefe courfes be taken in the raifing of fervants. Princes (hall
bear away from their fervants, in(tead of a thankful acknowledge-
ment and dutiful obfervances, nothing but dtfrefpeB 4nd contumacy :
for. from fudden promotion ari(eth infolency ; from a continued at*
chievement of their defires, an impatience of Repulfe : if the accom-
plifhment of wiflies be wanting, alacrity and induftry will likewile
be wanting.

Liv,

THE PARABLE.

Prov.xxiii

XIX. SeeU thou a man ofDiffatch in his Bufinefs ;
he fhall fland before King s, hejjjall not be ranJ^d a-
jnongjl mean men.

THE

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 259

THE EXPLICATION.

AMongft the qualities which Princes do chiefly refpeft and require
in the choice of their fervants, celerity and aiicnty ?« the Di/patch
of Bujiaefs, is above all the reji^ mo§i acceptable. Men of projoufid
Wifdom are fufpefted by Rings, as men too fpeculative and penetra-
ting, and fuch as are able by the ftrength of wit, as with an engine,
to turn and wind their Matters, beyond their comprehenfion and a-
gainft their iiTcIination. Popular natures -Ate fpighred as thofe that
ftand in the light of Kings, and draw the eyes of the people upon
th'erafelves. Metfef courage^ are commonly taken for turbulent fpi-
rits, and daring, more than is meet. Honefl men and of an impar-
tial upright converfation, are efteemed too ftiff and Stoical 5 nor fo
pliable as they (hould be to the whole pleafure of thofe on whom they
depend. To conclude, there is not any other good qualit^^which
prefents not fbmefhadow, wherewith the minds of Kings dHfciot be
offended j only quicknefs ofDifpatch in the execution ofcommMm^hath
vothing in it which inay not pleafe. 'Again, the motions of th^minds
of Kings are fwift and impatient of delay 5 for they think they can do
all things 5 only this is wanting, that it be done out of hand ^ where-
fore above all other qualities, celerity is to them ntoji acceptable.

THE PARABLE.

EccIef.iY,

XX. IfaiP all the living which walJ^ jmder the fun ^
with the fuccee ding young Prince, that jhall rife up
in bis fie ad.

THE EXPLIC ATION.

T He par able notes the vanity of men who are wont toprefs and flocks a-
bout the dejigned fueceffors of Princes : The root of this vanity is
thatFrenzie, implanted by nature in the minds of men, which is,that
they too extremely affeft their ovvn projected hopes. For the man
is rarely found that is not more delighted with the contemplation of his fu-
ture Hopes ^ than with the fruition of what he pojfejfeth. So further,
Novelty is pleafing to mans nature, and earnejily dejired. Now in a fuc-
ceffour to a Prince thefe two concur, Hope and Novity. The Para-
ble exprefleth the (ame which was long ago utter'd firft by Pompeius 1l^'l\ ^'^''
to Sylla^ after by Tiberias touching Macro j Plures adorarefolem Orien- piurar.in
tern qitam Occidentem. Yet notvvithftanding Princes in prefcnt pof- ^^^P-
feffion, are not much mov'd with this fond humour 3 nor make any
great matter of it, as neither Sylla nor Tiherins did, but rather fmile
at the levity of men, and do not ftand to fight with Dre^tw/ j for Hop ^
(ashefaid) is but the Dream of a man awal{e.

» Kk 2 THE

iG I Of the Advancement of Lear?img, Lib. Vllt

THE PARABLE.

iccicf..x. XXL There Tipas a little City, andmann'dhtit by a
few; and there was a mighty King that drew
his army to it, and erecled bulwarJ^s againfl it, and
intrench d it round. Now there was found with-
in the walls a foor wife man, and he by his wif-
dom raised the fiege, but none rememhred that fame
foor man.

1 Mei

THE EXPLICATION,

Parable defcribeth the depraved aad malignant nature of
Men : In extremity and ftraits they common!)' flie for landu-
ary to men of vvifdora and power, whom before they dilpis'd ; but fo
foon as the ftorm is gone, they become unthankful creatures to thdr
Difcotfo To- confervers. Machiavel not without reafbn propounds a Queftion^TP^^-
pra Liv. Lib. therjijould be more ingrateful to VPtU deserving Perjons^ the Prince or the
People} But in the mean time, hetaxeth them both of Ingratitude.
Notwithftanding, this vile dealing arifeth not from the ingratitude of
the Prince or People alone ; but oft-times there is added to thele t-ke
envy of the Hobtlity^ who in (ecret repine at the event, though happy
and profperous , becaufe it proceeded not from themfelves , where-
fore they extenuate the merit of the Aft, and depress the Author.

THE PARABLE.

prov. , 5 . XXII. The way of the jlothful is a Hedge of Thorns,

THE, E XPL IC ATION.

T He Parable expreiTeth moft elegantly, that Jloth proves labori-
ous in the end: For a diligent and (edulous preparation ef-
feftsthis, that the foot doth not ftrike it felfagainft any impediment,
but that the way is levell'd before it be gone. But he that islloth-
ful and puts off all to the laft point of Execution, it muft needs fol-
low, that continually, and at every ftep hepafles, as it were, through
Briars and Brambles, which ever and anon entangle and detain him.
The lame oblervation may be made upon the governing of a Family,
wherein if there be a care and providence taken, all goes on cheer-
fully, and with a willing alacrity, without noife or tumult: but if
thele fore-cafts be wanting, when fbme greater occafions unexpefted-

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 262

Jy fallout, all matters throng in to be difpatched at once; the (er-
vants brawl 5 the whole houfe rings,

THE PARABLE.

XXIII. He that reffe&f Ferfons in judgement doth Prov.xxvn^.
not jpell ; for that man willforfa}^ the truth even

for a piece of Bread.

THE EXPLICATION.

TTHe Parable raoft wifely noteth that in a Judge, Facility of Deport'
taent it more pernicious than the corrnptiou of Bribes : for all per-
fbns do not give Bribes 5 but there is hardly any caufe wherein
fomewhat may not be fou&d, that may incline the mind of the
Judge, ifReJpeCf of Perfons lead him. For one (ball be relpeded as
a Country-man , another as an ill-tongu'd man ; another as a Rich
man j another as a Favourite ; another as commended by a Friend 5
and to conclude, all is full of iniquity , where Refpeb of Perfo»s
bears rule'-, and for a very flight matter, as it weve^for a piece of
Bread, Judgement is perverted.

THEPARABLE.

XXIV. A poor man that by extortion ofprejfeth the prov.
poor ^ is lil^ a land-fioudtbat caufe r famine.

THE EXP L ICATION.

'T'His Parable was by the Ancients expreft and fiiadowed forth, un-
der the Fable of the iivo Horfe-leeches^ tlie Full and the Hupgry ;
for Opprefjion coming from the Poor and necejjitous perfons, is far more
heavy than the OppreJJion caufed by the Full and Rich '■, becaufe it isfuch
as feekj out all Arts of Exa^ion, and all Angles for Money. This kind
of Opprefiion was wont alio to be reiembled to^«»_ge/,which being
dry, luck in ftrongly , not fb, being moift. The Parable compre-
hends in it a fruitful Inflruftion, both to Princes, that they commit
not the government of Provinces, or offices of charge to indigent
and indebted perfons 5 as al(b to people that they fuffer not their
Kings to be diftreficd with too much want.

THE

XXVI I r;

262 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VIII.

THE PARABLE.

P10V.XXV. XXV. Ajtiflman falling before the mcJ^d, zV a
troubled fountain^ and a cor rnpedff ring,

THE EXPLICATION.

'T'He Parable gives it in Precept, that States and Republic's faujl
above all things bervare of an unjufi and infamous fentence , in
any caufe of grave importance^ and exemplar in the face of the world '^
fpecially where the guilty is not quitted^ but the innocent is condemned.
For Injuries ravaging among private Perfons , do indeed trouble^
and pollute the waters of Jujiice, yet as in the fmaller fireams 5 but
itnjuji Jndgements^ fuch as we have fpoken of, from which examples
are derived, infeft and diftain the very Fountains ofjujiice ; for
when the Courts of Jujiice fide with Injiijiice, the ftate of things is
turned, as into a publick. Robbery^ and it manifcftly comes to pals,
ut Botfto Hcmini fit Lupus.

THE PARABLE

, XXVI. Mah^nofriendfloif with any angry man-^nor
wa\ tboH with a furious man.

THE EXPLICATION.

BY how much the more devoutly the Laws ofFriendOiip amongft
good men, are to be kept and obferved, by fo much the more
it ftandsus upon to ufe all Caution, even at firftin a prudent ele-
ftion of Friends. In li'e manner the difpofltion and humours of
Friends, fo far as concerns our pcrfonal intereji, Jbonld by all means
be difpenfid rvithall : but when they imfofe a necejfity upon us, what qua-
lity of perfons we mufi put <?«, and fufluin •-, it is a very hard cafe, and
an unreafonable condition of Friendp/p. Wherefore according to So-
lomon's Precept, it principally conduceth to Peace, and Safety in the
courfe of this world , that we intermingle not our afairs with
Cholerick natures, and fuch as eafily provoke and undertake Quar-
rels and Debates ; for fuch kind of Friends will daily efpoufe us
to FaAions and Contentions j that we muft of neccffity be forced
to break off all terms of Friendlhip 5 or elfe be wanting to our
own perfonal fafety.

THE

Prov.xxt I

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 262

THE PARABLE.

XXVII. He that conceals afmltfeeJ^ friendfhip j ^'"^
hut he that repeats a matter , feparates united

friends,

THE E X r L IC ATION.

'THe way to arbitrate differences, and to reconcile affe(3:ions is of
two roris. Th&'o»e_i>egifis by an Amt^fi^.^ and pajfi^g over that
vpbich is paji. The lOtherj frof/r a Repetition of wrongs^ inttrlacing A-
pohgtes ati4 ExciiJ'itia/ij,: ;' Fpr I jemember the fpeech of a very wi(e
Perlba, and a great States-man5;Whiph wa^ to this effeft. He that
deals about a Treaty of Peace, without any rccapitiilation of the terms
of Difference, and falling out, he rar(jer deludes mens minds with the
Jwectnejs of an Agree n^ent, than c(mpOHnd.s the. differences, by eqtiity
and moderation of Right, hut Solomon, a wife^ man than he, is of a
contrary opinon, approves Amnefiy, and prohfbites Repetition, for in
Repetition, there are thcfe inconveniences, for that it is, as it were,
unguis in ulcere, tie nail in the ulcer ; as alfo, there is a danger of breed-
ing a new parrel, for the Parties at difference will never accord
upon the terms of their falling out. And laflly, for that in the iffue,
it brings the matter to Apologies : but both the one and the other
Party, would feem rather to remit an offence, than to admit of an ex-
cufation.

THE PARABLE.

XXVIII. In every good morl^ there fiall be ahun- ^'^^
dance J hnt mhere words do abound, there com-
monly is want,

THE EXPLICATION.

IN this Parable Solomon feparates the the fruit of the Labour of the
Tongue, and of the Labour of the Hands j as if Wealth were the Re"
venuesof the one, want the Revenues of the other. For it commonly
comes to pais, that they that talk much, boaft many things, and pro-
mife great matters ^ receive no emolument from the things whereof
they difcourfe : nay, rather fuch natures for moft part are no way
induftrious, and diligent at work ^ but only feed and fill themfelves
with words, as with wind. Certainly, as faith the Poet,

^/ fUet efi firmns

for

.XFII,

.XI y.

264 Of the Advancement of Learning. ■ Lie.VIIL

for he that is confcious to himfelf of proficiency in his indea vours,
applauds himfelf inwardly, and holds his peace, but on the con-
trary, he that is guilty to himfelf of hunting after vain glory , talks
many things, and reports wonders to others.

THE PARABLE.

proy. XXVII. XXIX. Oj^eu Ke]^rebenJionu Better than fecret Af

feBion,

THE EX?LICATIO%

THe Parable reprehend* the foft nature of Friends, which will not
ufe the priviledge of friendfhipj in admooiOiing their Friends
with freedom and confidence, as well of their errors as of their dan-
gers. ForvphatJ})allldo^ (will foch a tender hearted friend fay)
orvphichvpayPjollItHrnmy felf^ tlove him as dearly as any wan can
do'-) and if any misfortitne Jliould befall him., I could vpilling impawn
iHy own ferfon for his redetuption ; but I k»ow his difpojition, if I deal
friely tpith him^ I fiall offend him, at kali maks him fad, and yet do
no good j and I pall fooner ejlrange him from my friendpip, than re-
claim him, or withdraw him jrom thofe courfes, which hehathfixt and
refolved upon in his mind. Such a friend as this, Solomon here repre-
hends, as weak and worth.lels , and that a man may reap more profit
from a manifeft Enemy, than frorafuchan effeminate Friend: for he
may perchance hear that by way of reproach from an Enemy, which
through too much indulgence was but faintly whifper'd by a friend.-

THE PARABLE.

XXX. A wife mantsmaryofhis ways , a cunning
Fool feeJ^s evafiom,

THE EXPLICATION.

T Here he two forts of w'lCdom-^ the one true and found, the other'
counterfeit andfalfe, which Solomon doubts not to entitle by
the name of Folly. He that applies himfelf to the former, talies
heed to his way and footing, forC'feeing dangers, andfludying remedies 5
w/?//g the ajjijiance of good men, muniting himfelf againti the invafiont
of the wicked 5 wary in his entrance and engagement upon a bujinefr^
■not unprepard of a retreat,and how to come offj attent upon advantagety
couragious againji encounters j with infinite other circumBancet, which
refpe& the government of his ways and aHions. But that other kind
wifdom is altogether made up of fallacies u>id cunning devices, and
wholly relies upon circumventing of others, and caliins, them according
to the form oj their own mould. This wifdom the Parable deferved-
ly rejefts, not only as U'icl^d, but alfo as fooliJI}. torfirji it is not
in the number of tho(e things, v\'hich are in our own power 3 nor.is

it

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 265

it diredied by any conftant Rule i but new ftratagems muft evei-y
day be contrived, the old failing and growing out of ufe. Second-
ly^ he that is once attainted with the fame and opinion of a cuntiwg
crapy Compa>iion, hath deprived himfelf of a principal Indrument
for the manage of his affairs, and a praftical life, that is, Trujl-j and
fo he (hall find by experience all things to go Crofs to his defires. Tq
conclude, thefe Arts and Shifts , howfoever they promife fair, and
much pleafe fuch as praftife them 5 yet are they many times fru-
ftrated. Which Tacitus hath well obferved, Confilia Callida ^ an- TacitJ
dacia, expeCfatione l<eta , trkSatn dura 3 eUentu trijiia,

THEPARABLE.

XXXI. Be not too frecifeiy Right eouy ; 7ior maf^ eccuh, .
thy felf too excejjively wife , why foould'fl thou
Uttfeafonably facrifice thyfafety ?

THE EXPLICATION.

THere are Times (faith Tacitus) wherein too gr^at vertues are ex' jacit.Hift. »;
fofed to certain ruine. And this fate befals men eminent for
Vertueor Juftice, foraetimes fuddenly, fometimes fore-feen a far off:
and if thefe excellent parts be feconded by the acceis of vpifdom^ that
is, that they are wary and watchful over their own fafety, then they
gain thus much, that their ruine comes fuddenly , altogether by fe-
cret and obfcure counfels 5 whereby both envy may be avoided, and
deflru(!iion affail them unprovided. As for that Nimiiim^ which is
iet down in the Parable, (in as much a.% they are not the words of
,(bme Teriander, but of Solomon^ who now and then notes the evils
in man's life, but never comipands them}it muft be underftood, not of '
vertue it felf, in which there is no Nimium or exceftive extremity, bu£
of a vain and invidious Affeftation arid Oftent,ation thereof. A point
fomewhat refembling this, Tacitus infinuates in a palTage touching
Lepidusy fetting it down as a Miracle, that he had never been the
Author of any fervile fentence, and ye& had ftood fafe in fb cruel
and bloody times. This thought {{znhht) many times comes into my Annal^wi
mind, tphet her thefe things are governed hy Fate ^ or it lies alfd in our
own Tower tojieer an even courfe void of Dagger and Indignity , between
fervile Flattery and fuUenContumacy.

THE PARABLE.

XXXII. Give occafion to a mfeman and his wifdont ptovjis.
will be ificreafedj -

>'¥ '<

THE EXPLICATION,

He Parable diflinguifhes between that wifdom which is grown, and
and ripened into true Habit-, and that whichfwims only in the Brain

L 1 find

266 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. Vlil.

and conceit^ or is baajied in fpeech, hut hath not taken deep root. For
the one upon occafion prefented, wherein it may be exercis'd, is ia-
ftantly quickned, prepared, and dilated, fo as it feems greater than
it felf : but the other which before occafion was quick and aftive,no\v
occafion is given, becomes amaz'd and confiifed, that even he who
prefumed the pofleffion thereof, begins to call into doubt whether
the preconceptions of fuch wifdom were not meer Dreams, and emp-
ty fpeculations.

THE PARABLE.

pror.sxvii. XXXIIL He that patfeth his friend aloud^ rijing
early, it fhaU he to him no hetter than a carfe,

THE EXP LJCATION.

Moderate and feafonable Praifes, and utter d upon occafion, much
conduce both to mens Fame and Fortunes 5 but immoderate, Jire-
porous, and unjeafonablj pour'd out, proft nothing, nay rather from the
fence of this Far able they do much prejudice. Forfirft, they manifeftly
betray themfelves to proceed either from too extreme AffeBion, or
from a too ftudied AffeBation, to' the end that him whom they have
thus praifed, they may by falfe acclamations demerit rather to them-
felvesj than by Juft attributes adorn his perfbn. Secondly, fparing
and modeft Praijes, commonly invite fuch as are prefentto add fome-
thing of their owil tp the commendations 5 Contrary wife profufe and
immodeft Praifes, invite thehearets to detra<3: and take away fbme-
thing. Thirdly, ("which is f he'principal point) too much magnifying a
man ftirs up envy towards him , feeiftgall immoderate Praifes leemto
be a Reproach to dtliers, who merit no iels,

THE PARABLE.

ptov.xxvi: XXXIV* . As Faces fhine in waters , fo nuns hearts
are manifesto the ipife.

THE EXPLICATION.

THe Parable dijiinguijlieth befweeu the Hearts of wife men and of 0-
ther Men-) comparing thofcto waters or glajfes, which receive and
reprefent the forms and Images of things j whereas the other are lil{eto
Earth, or rudejione, wherein nothing is refeBed. And the more apt-
ly is the mind of a wife-man compar'd to a GlaJ? or Mirror 5 becaufe
in a Glajs' his own Image may be feen together with the Images of o.
thers; which the eyes cannot do of themfelves without a G/4/r. Now
if the mind of a wife man be Co capable, as to obferve and compre-
hend fuch an infinite diverfity of Natures and Cuftoms, it remains

tg

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 26 j

to be endeavour'd, that it may become no left various in the Applica-
tion, than it is in the R-eprefentationj

'^i fapit^ intiumerjs Morihus aptus erit. Ovid.ds A,A,

THus have we Raid perchance fomewhat longer upon thefe Para-
bles of Solomon^ than is agreeable to the proportion of an ex-
ample, being carried away thus far for the Dignity both of the matter
it felf^ and of the Author. Neither was this in u(e only with the He-
brews, but it is generally to be found in the wife men of ancient
times i that if any mans obfervation lite upon any thing that was
good and beneficial to the common praftick courfc of life, he would
reduce and contract it into (omeJJoort Jentence or Parable^ or clkfome
Fable. But for Fables fas we have noted ellewherej they were in times i-U>-icap. 13,
^z^ Vicegerents, znAjufplements of Examples -j now that the times a-
bound with H//?(7/-/, the aim is more right and Aftive, whentheMark
is alive. But the form of writing which bed agrees with (b variable
and univerfal an Argument fas is the handling o^ negotiations andfcat-
terd Occafions) that would be of all other the fitteft which JlLichiavd
made choice of, for the handling of matters of /'tf/7V;'4»<^(?tfz;er/////c»/; nifcorfoja
namely by Obfervations or Difcourfes, as they term them, upon H/Jio' tiv.
rj> and Examples. For knowledge drawn frelhly, and, as it were in
our view, out of Particulars, knows the way befk to Particulars a-
gain, and it hath much greater life for Praftice, when the Difcourfe
or Difceptation attends upon the Example, than when the Example at-
tends upon the Difceptation : for here not only Order but Subjiance is
refpefted. For when the Example isfet down as the Ground of the
DifpHtntion, it ufeth to be propounded with the preparation of cir-
cumftances, which may fometimes controul the dijcofirfe thereupon
made; fometimes fupply it-, Co it may be in place of a pattern for i-
mitation and pradice : whereas on the contrary, examples alledged
fot the Difputationsfsike, are cited fuccinftly and fimply, and as bond-
men wait, in a lervil afpeft, upon the commands of the Dijcairfc. But
this difference is not amifs to be obferved, that as Hifiories of Times
afford t/Se beii matter for Difconrfes upon Politickj, fuch as are thofc of
Machiavel •■, So the Hifiories of lives, are the be(i InfiniBions for dif-
courfe of Bufinejs '■, becaufe they comprize all variety of Occafions and
Negotiations, as well great as fraall.

§ Nay there is a ground of Difcourfe for Precepts touching Buftnefr^
more accommodate than both thoCeJorts of History •■, which is, vphen
Difconrfes are made upon Letters, but fuch as are wife and ferions, as
thoCe o( Cicero ad Atticttm, and others. For letters ufually reprefent
Bufine/s more particularly, and niore to the life ; than either chroni-
cles or Lives. Thus have we fpoken both of the Matter and Form of
thehrfl: portion of the Knomkdge of Negotiation, which handles difpcr-
fed Occafions, which we deliver up upon the accompts of Defici-
ents. *
II. Thereis alfo another portion of the /j«/e ivw^jrW^e, which dif fabrr
ferethas much from that other, whereof we have fpoken asy^/Jtrt-, and ^?^^\^-
fibijapere: fortheonefeemstomoveas it were , frofjj the centre to the Arab'itu^vi:*.

L 1 2 circumference

268 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VIII.

circumference '■, the other as it were , from the circumference to
the centre. For there is a rvifdom of giving Counfel unto others 5 and
there is a vpijdom offorecaliingfor his ownjortunes j and thefe do fomc-
times meet, but more often fever. For many are exceeding wile in
their own ways, which yet are weak for adminiftration of civil af-
fairs, or giving of Couniel, YikctheAnt^ tphich is a wife creature for
itjelf but very hurtful for the Garden. This rvifdom the Romans thoie
excellent Patriots, did take much knowledge of 5 whereupon the
. ^ . Comical Poet faith. Certainly the Mould of a vpife mans Fortune is in
cic.in Par. his oxpn hands , yea it grew mto an Adage among them^

Saluft.ad '-

P^j;^y"'' Faher quifque Fortune propria 3

And Livy attributes the (ame virtue to Cafo Major : In this man there

werefuch great abilities of wit and underjianding^ that into what climate

foever his nativity had caji himjjefeem'd to be able to command a fortune,

•This kindofwifdom, if it be profeft and openly declar'd, hath ever

been thought not only irapolitick, but an unlucky and ominous thing ;

as it wasobfervedin2/wtf/Ae«/ the Athenian^ who after he had done

many excellent fervices to the honour and utility of the ftate, an4

was to give an account of his government to the people, as the man-

plutar in Svl- ^^^ ^^*' concluded every particular with this claule, and in this,

la." ^ ' Fortune hadnopart : but it fell out that he never profper'4 in any

thing he took in hand afterwards. This is in truth too high and ia-

vouring of extreme arrogance, afpiring to the Hi me point of Pride

which £!se4^"e/ records o{ Pharaoh^ Dicis fliroi/is eji meus^ €^ ego feci

Ezechap. f^eipfuM'j or of that which another Prophet fpeaks, They exult and of-

Habac i ferfacrifices to their »c/, and burn incenfe to their fnare. or of that

which the Poet rtcpreffeth of Miz^entius a Delpifer of the Gods,
Virg.iEn. 10.

Dextra mihi Dens^ (^ telnm quod mijjile libro^
Nunc adflnt.

Finally Julius Cefar, never to my remembrance, betrayed the im-
potency of his hidden thoughts Co much, as in a Ipeech of like nature j
Sit" Tulio. fo'^ when the Augur gave him information that the entrails were notpro^
fperous, he clofely murmur'd to himlelf Erunt Utiora cum volo^ which
fayingof his preceded not long before the misfortune of his death.
But this extremity of Confidence^ (as we have faid) as it is an unhallow-
ed thing, fo was it ever unbleft. And therefore they that were great
Politicks indeed, and truly wife, thought it their fafeft courfe, ever
to afcribe their fuccefles to their Felicity 5 and not to their skill and
virtue. So SylU firnam'd himfelf Fc/ixsnot Magnus'-, and Caelar (more
Plnt.iiiT. advifedly than before) faith to the Pi/tf/, C^jarem vehis^ & for tun am
C^f. ejus. But yet neverthelefs thefe Pofitions 5 Faber ^ifque Fortuntg

fu£. Sapiens dominabitur Ajiris. Invia virtuti nulla eft via, and the
like^ if they be underflood and applied rather as fpurs to indurtry,
than as ftirrops to infolency ^ and rather to beget in men courage and
conftancy of Refolutions, than Arrogancyand Oftentation^ arede-
fervedly accounted found and hcalchful 3 and (no queftion) have been

evet

L I B. Vill. Of the Advancement of Learning, 260

ever imprinted in the greateft Minds, fb fenfibly, as fometimes they
can fcarce diliemble fuch cogitations. For r»e fee Atigitftus Ccefur (who
compared with his uncle, was rather diverfe, than infcriour, but
certainly a perfon more ftaid and fbleran) when he died, defired of
his friends that Rood about his Bed, that when he expired they would Suef.m ^u.
give him a Plaudite 5 as if he were cpnfcient to himfelf, that he had ^" °
plaid his part well upon the ftage. This portiofi al(b of knowledge is
to be fumm'd up amongft Deficients •■, not but that it hath been ufurped
and frequented in Prai2:ice, far more exceffively than isfittting j but
becaufe books concerning this Argument are filent. Wherefore accord-
ing to our cuftom, as we did in the former; we will fet down fome
heads or palFages of it j and we will call it FabrumFortnM£^ or as we

have faid, Do&rinam de Ambitu «;;7^.— —i. Wherein j at the firft

view, I may (eem to handle a new and ftrange Argument, in teach-
ing men how they may be raifers and makers of their onm fortune 5 a
dodtrine certainly to which every man will willingly yield himfelfa
Dilciple, till he throughly conceives the difficulty thereof. For the
conditions are neither lighter, or fewer, oriels difficult to the Pur-
chafe of Fortune, than to the purchafe c^ virtue 5 and it is as hard and
fevereaThing to be a true Politick., as to be truly A/oral. But the
handling hereofconcerns learning greatly, both in Honour and iasub-
iiance. For it is a principal point which nearly concerns the Honour
of Learning, that Pragraatick men may know, that Learning is not li^s
fomefmall Bird, as the Lark,, tf'*^ can mount and fing, and pleafe her
felf and nothing elfe ^ but that flie holds as well of the Hawk., that can
Joar aloft, and after that when JJ)e fees her time, can (loop andfeize upon
her prey. Again this kind ofwiJdomTnuch refpefts the Perfection of
Learnings becaufe it is the right rule of a perfect enquiry, that nothing
he found in the Globe of Matter, th'af hath not a pt^rallel in the Chrijial-
line Globe, or thelntcUtcf : That ip, that there be not any thing iti
Being and Adtion, that fhould not be drawn and collefted into contem-
plation and Dodrine. Neither doth learning otherwile admire or
•efteem this Archite&urc ofFortunp, than as a work of an inferiour kind :
for no mans proper fortune can be a retribution any way worthy the
donation of hisEffence and Being granted hifn fro/p^God ^ nay it often
comes to pals, that men of excellent gifts abandon their Fortunes
willingly, that their minds may be vacant for more (ublime refped:s :
yet neverthelefi Fortune, as an Organ of virtue and merit, deferves
likewife her fpeculation and Doftrine.

§ Z^»/£'//j7i'/^«orp/e<:/ge appertain precepts, (bme////^/w4>;i' and Prin-
cipal j (omefpars'd and various. Precepts .S'«A*^/w<?r>' are converfant a*
boat the true knowledge both of others 5 and ofhimfclf. The fir ^ Pre-
cept, wherein the principal point ot the k.»owledge of others doth con-
fift, may be determined this 5 that we procure to our felves, (b fir as
may be, that window which Jlfomus once required. He, when he fa w
in the frame of Mans hear t,fo many Angles and Keceffcs/ound fault that pj.^^ ^^ -
there was not a window, through which a man might look into thofe obfcure
and crooked windings. This 2)'?W^n' we (hall obtain, if with all diligent
circumfpedtion we purchafe and procure unto our felves good informa-
tion touching particular Pcrfons, with whom we negotiate and have

to"

2 yo Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . VIII

to deal 5 as alfo of their natures, their defires, their ends, their cu-
ftoms, their Helps and Advantages, whereby they are chiefly fupport-
ed and are powerful ; and again, of their weaknelTes and difadvan-
tages, and where they lie moft open and are obnoxious 5 of their
Friends, Faftions, Patrons and Dependancies 5 and again of their
Oppofites, Enviers, Competitors 3 as alfo their Modes, Times, and
Critical feafons of eafie Accefs.

*i»g.t/£n. IV.

Sola "viri moUes Aditns, d^ tempera norh.

L^/y the Principles and Rules which they have fet downtothem-
felves ; and the like. And this information muft be taken not only
ofPerfons, but of Particular Aftions alfo which are on Foot, from time
to time, and as it were hot upon the Anvil 3 how they are condufted
and fucceed ; by whofe furtherances they are favour'd, by whom op-
pos'd, of what weight and moment they are, and what confequence
they infer , and the like. For the knowledge ofprefent A&ions is not
only material in it felf, but hath this advantage alfo, as without it the
knowledge of Perfom will be very deceitful and erroneous ; for Men
change with the A&ions 3 and while they are implicated in Aftions,en-
gaged and and environed with bufinefs, they are one 5 when they re-
turn to their Nature, they are another. Thefe Informations touch*
ing particulars, refpefting as well Perfons as Anions, are as the Minor
Vropofitions in every A&ive Syllogifm : for no verity or excellency of
Ohfervations or Axioms (whereof the Major Vropofitions Politick^ are
made) can fuffice to ground a conclufion, if there be error and mifta-
king in the Minor Propojttion. And that fuch knowledge may be com-
prov.xx. Y'^ffed^Solomon is our (urety, who faith — Counjel in the Heart of a Man
is like a deep water ^bnt a wife man will draw it out. — And although the
knowledge it felf fall not under Precept, becaufe it is of Individuals,
yet inftrudions for the deducing of it may with profit be fet down.
(j The k"o^l^dge of Men fix ways may be difclofed and drawn out j
by their Faces and Countenances^ by IVords^ by Deeds^ by their Na- '
turcj by their Ends, and by the Relations of others. As for the Fifage
and Countenance, let not the ancient Adage move us,

Front i nulla fides

Juv.Sat.n.

For though this faying may not amils be meant of the outward and ge-
neral compofure ofthe Countenance and Gejiure, yet there are ccrtaia
fubtil motions and labours of the Ejes, Face, Look/, ^nd GeHurCy
whereby, as ^ Cicero elegantly faith, is unlockt andopen'd — lanua.
qn^dam animi the gate of the mind. Who more clofe thatiTiberius

i)i Pet. Conr. C£far^ ButTac7/«j,noting the Charadler and different manner of fpeak-
ing,which Tiberius us'd in commending in the Senate the great (ervices
done byGermanicus andOrw/z/j^of the commendations given ofGerma-
tjicushe faith thus — -Mdgis infpeciemverbisadornata^quamut penituf
fentire crederetHr^ofthe commendations given ofDrufus thus, — Paucio-

/tosaLiv. ribus j Jed intentior, ^ fi'da or at i one. Again Tacitus noting the fame
Tiberius at other times fomewhat more clear and legible Saith — ^in

ipft

Anmli.

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 271

ipfe covipofltiis alias d^ veltit^ eht^antium verborum-^ folutiiis prer,ipti-^ <^^r'- & veli;c
ufq'-s loquebatiir quotiei fubveniret. Certainly there can hardly be ^^'^^'^or anx--
found any Artificer of DijJimulatJon (b cunning and excellent, or a
Countenance (b forced, or as he (aith — vultttsjuf/ns — fo command-
ed, that can fever from an artificious and feigned fpeech, thefe Notes 5
but that the fpeech is either mote flight and carelef^ or more /c/ and
formal J or more tedious and vo^ndring^ or more dr^ and reluUant^
than ufual.

^ As for Mens tpords they are (as Phyficians fay of Waters) full
of flattery and uncertainty; yet the(e counterfeit colours are two
ways excellently difcover'd •-, namely when mords are uttered either
upon the fudden,ot elfe in pajfzon. So Tiberius being Suddenly movedj
and (bmewhat incens'd upon a flinging (peech of jlgrippina^ came a

ftep forth of his inbred diCBmuIation. Thefe words 'faith Tacitus ^nnal.iv,

Ijeard by Tiberius , drete from his dar^ covert Breaji fitch words
as he us'dfeldom to let fall'-, and taking her up fliarply, told her her
own in a Greek verfe. That flje was therefore hurt becaufe f.>e did not

rc7g«.Therefore thePoet doth not improperly call fuch Pajjions .

Tortures-— becaufe they urge men to coiifefs and betray their
fecretSj '

Fino tortus & Ira • Hor.Eplfi.i,

Experience indeed (hews that there are few men (b true to them-
(elveSj and fo fetled in their refblves, but that (bmetimes upon heat,
fbmetimes upon bravery, (bmetimes upon intimate good will to a
Friend, fbmetimes upon weaknels and trouble of mind, that can no
longer hold out under the weight of griefs 3 (bmetimes from (bme o-
ther Affection or Pafiion, they reveal and communicate their inward
Thoughts: but above alljit (bunds the mind to the bottomland (earch-
eth it to the quick, when Simulation is put to it by a counter-DifS-
mulation according to the proverb of Spain, Di Alentira^ y facaras
verdad. Tell a lye and find a. Truth.

§ Neither are Deeds^ though they be the (ureft pledges of mens
minds, altogether to be trufted without a diligent and judicious
confideration of their Magnitude and Nature : For the laying is mo(t
true^ That fraud ere&s it fdfa. countermure of credit in fmaller matters^
that it may cheat with better advantage afterwards. The Italian thinks
himfelf upon the Crofs with the Cryer , and upon the point to be
bought and (bid, when he is better ufed than he was wont to be,
with'jut manifeft caufe : for fmall favours , they do bnt lull men a
fleep., both as to caution, and as tolndufkry, and are rightly called
by Demojihenes Alimenta focordi£. Again, we may plainly (ee the oemoflj^
falfc and inconftant propriety and .nature of (bme Deeds, even of
fuch as are accounted Benefits, from that particular which Mutianus
praftis'd upon Antouius primus, who upon that hollow and unfaithful
reconcilement made between them, advanced many of the Friendis
o^ Antoiiius, and beftowed H]^on them TribnneJIiips, and Captainfi}ips ticlin^ KSk
liberally: by this fubtile pretence of demerit, he did notftrengthen, iv.
but altogether difarm and defblate y^»/o»/;/j-3 and win frofn him his
DependanceSj and made them his own creatures,

§ But

272 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VI 1L

§ But the fureft key, to unlock x.\\QmmdisoiMQr\.confi^sinfitirch-
ing and cUfclofwg either their Natures a»d difpofitiotts , or their ends
and intention t. And certainly the weakeft and 'fimpleft fort of men
are beft interpreted by their Natures -j but the wifeft and more re*
ferved are beft expounded by their Ends. For it was wifely and
pleafantly faid (though in ray judgement very untruly^ by zNtin'
tio of the Popes, returning from a certain Nation, where he ferved
as Leidger, whofc opinion bang askt, touching the appointment of
one to go in his place, gave counfel, ^/j(«/ 7« ^»/ f («/e his Hoi. would
votfend one too wife, becaufe^faid he, no wife man would ever imagine^
what they in that country were like to do. Certainly it is a frequent
error, and very familiar with wife men, to mcafiire other men, by
the Module of their own abilities j and therefore often ftioot over
the mark, fuppofing men to projeft and defign to themselves deeper
ends, and to praftife more fubtil Arts, and compaft reaches, than
indeed ever came into their heads , which the Italian Proverb ele-
gantly noteth, fayingj

Dl Dendri, dt Senno, e dl Fede
C'n'e Minco che non Crede.

There is commonly le^ Many ^ lefs IVifdom, and le^ good Faith than
men do accompt. Wherefore if we be to deal with men ofa mean and
fhallow capacity, becaufe they do many things abfurdly, the coa-
jefture muft be taken rather from the proclivity of their Natures, than
the defigns of their ew^//. Furthermore, Princes (but upon a far o-
ther reafon^ are beft interpreted by their Natures 5 and private per-
fons by their ends. For Princes being at the top of humane Defires,
they have, for the mbft part, no particular ends propounded to them-

Pfov.i). felves, whereto they alpire, Specially with vehemency and perfe-
verance ; by the fite and di^ance of which endf^a man might take mea-
fure and fcale of the reft of their A&ions, and Dejires j which is one
o^xhe ch\c{ cau(esthat their Hearts (as the Scripture pronounceth)^rc
infcrutable. But private perfons are like Travellers which intentiVfe-
ly go on aiming at fomee»<^in their journey, where they mayftay
and reft; fb that a man may make a probable conjefture and pre-
lage upon them, what they would , or would not Do : for if any
thing conduce unto their ends, it is probable they will put the fame
in execution , but if it crofs their defigns, they will not. Neither is
the information touching the diverfity of mens ends and natures, to
be taken only (imply, but comparatively alfo ; as namely what affeSi-
on and humor have the predominancy and command of the reft .«" So we
fee, when TigeUinus faw himfelf outftript by Petronius Turpilianus in
adminiftring and fuggefting pleafures to Neroes humor, — Metuse-

xnnal.xiv. jn^ rimatur — (aith TaCitus, he wrought upon Neroes Fears , and by
this means brake the neck of his Concurrent.

§ As for the knowing of mens minds atfecond hand from Reports of

others, it lliall fuffice to touch it briefly. Weaken effes and faults yon

1 jlyall befl learn from enemies •■, vertues and abilities, from friends '^ cu-

Jloms and times, from fervants 5 cogitations and opinions, from inti-

matt

— -■ ' — ■— -— I — • -^ rrr

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 273

mate confidents, with whom yon frequently and familiarly difconrfe. Po-
pular fame is light, and the judgement of fuperiours uncertain 5 for
before fuch, men are more raaskt 5

Q, Cic. dc

Verier Fama e Domejlicis emanat — . ^^'' ^°°*

But to alt this part of enquiry, the moft compendious way refteth
in three things. F/;^/, to have general acquaintance and inwardnefs
with thofe which have moft lookt into the world, and are well verft
both in men and matters; but efpecially to endeavour to have pri-
vacy and converlation with fome particular friends , who according
to thediverlity of Bufinels and Perfbns, are able to give us (olid in-
formation, and good intelligence of all pailages. Secondly^ to keep
a difcreet temper and mediocrity^ both in liberty of fpeech and Taci-
turnity 5 more frequently uling liberty , hm fecrecy where it imports.
For liberty of Jpeech invites and provokes others to ufe the fame liberty
to ns agtiv , andfo brings much to a mans l^nowlcdge 5 but (ilence in-
duceth trtiU and inwardnefs^ fo as men love to lay up their fccrets with
Hs ar in a clofet. Thirdly >^ we muft by degrees acquire the Habit of a
watchful and prefent wit-, fo as in every conference and aftion we may
both promote the main matter in hand^ and yet obfervc other circum-
Jiances that may be incident upon the Eye. For as Epi&etus gives it
in Precept , a Philofopher in every particular aftion, fhould fay
thus to himfelf, Iwilldothisalfo, and yet go on in my coiirfe. So a Epi<5tEnchiri
Tolitickyci every particular occurrence lliould make this account and
refolution with himfelf; And I will do this Ukewifc^ and yet learn
fomething that may be of ufe hereafter. And therefore they who are
of fuch a heavy wit and narrow comprehenfion, as to overdo one
particular, and are wholly taken up with the bufineft in hand , and
do not fo much as think of any matters which intervene (a weak-
ness that Montaigne confefTes in himfelf) fuch indeed are the beft in- e%s.
ftruments of Princes and of State , but fail in point of their own For-
tune. But in the mean time, above all things caution muft be ta-
ken, that we have a goodjiay , and hold of our felves , by repreffing
a too a&ive forwardnefs of difpofition •■, left that this knowing much ,
do not draw us on to much meddling ; for nothing is more unfor-
tunate, than light and rafti intermeddling in many matters. So that
this variety of knowledge of Perfons and Adions, which we give in
Precept to be procured, tends in conclufion to this ; to make a ju-
dicious choice both of x\io(q Actions we undertake, and of thofe Per-
fons whofe advice and 5fliftance we ufe, that fo we may know how
to conduft our affairs with more dexterity and fafety.

§ After the knowledge of others follows the kfiowledge of our felves ;
for no lefs diligence, rather more, is to be taken in a true and exaft
underftandingof (?«r tf2r/;Per/£>«/; than of the Perfons of others^ for
the Oracle, Nofce Teipfum, is not only a rule of univerfal Prudence,
but hath a fpecial place in Politick/ •■> for as St. jf^w^cx excellently jacdb.u
puts us in mind, that he that views his Face in a Cl,ij^, yet in/iantly
forgets what one he w.fs ; fo that there is need of a very frequent in*
fpeftion. The fame holds alfb in Civil Affairs ; but there are indeed

M m diver*

274 Of ^^^ Advancet7ient of Learning, Lib. VIIL

divers Glajfes , for the Divine Claf in which we muft look our
felves, is the Word of God ; but the Politicly Gla^ is nothing el(e
but the State of the World and times wherein we live. Wherefore
a man ought to take an exaft examinationjand an impartial view (not
fuch'as ufeth to be taken by one too much in love with himfelf) of his
own abilities, vertues and fupports •-, as likewife of his own defedts.
Inabilities, and Impediments ^ fo making his accounts, that he ever
eftimate *Ae/e with the moft, thofe rather with the leaft, and from
this view and examination, thefe points following come into confi-
deration.

(j The firjl Confideration Jlwuld be , hove a mans individual confii-
tution and moral temper forts vPtth the general fiate of the times , which
if they be found agreeable^ then he may give himfelfmorefcope and liberty^
and ufe his own nature •-, but if there be any antipathy and dijfonancy^
then^ in the whole courfe of his life^ he pould carry himfelfmore clofe re-
tired^ and referved. So did Tiberius.^ who being confcient of his own
temper, not well forting with his times, was never feen at publick
Plays: and came not into the Senate in twelve of his laft years; where*
as on the contrary AuguHus lived ever in mens eyes, which alfo Taci-
^naal.r. tus oblerved ; Alia Tiberio Morum via j the (ame reafon too was to
(ecure his perfon from danger.

§ The fecond Confideration Jl^ould be how a mans nature forts with
the profejjions and courfes of life ^ which are in ufe andefieem, and where:
of he is to make his choice 5 that fo if he have not yet determined what
race to run^ or what courfe of life to take , he may chufe that which is
moflfit and agreeable to his natural difpofition :, but if it he be engaged
already in a condition of life^ te which by nature he is not fo fitted^ let
him make a departure at thefirfi opportunity^ and take another ProfeJJi-
on. This we fee was done by Valentine Borgia^ that was defign'd by
his father to a Sacerdotal profeffion, which, obeying the bent of hi*
own nature, he quitted fbon after, and appHed himfelf to a Milita-
ry courfe of life 5 though as equally unworthy the dignity of a
Prince as of a Prieft , feeing the peftilent Man hath dithonoured
both.

(j The third Conjideration JJjould be how a man may be valued^ and
may deport himfelf as he is compard with his Equals and Rivals^ whom
it is likely he may have Competitors and Concurrents in his Fortune^ and
that he take that courfe of life wherein there is the great cji folitudeof
able men ^ and himfelf like to be mofl eminent. Thus Jidius Cafar did,
who at firft was an Orator or Pleader, and was chief converfant in
Gown-Arts of Peace 3 but ^vhen he favv Cicero, Hortenfius and CatU'
Itts to excel in the glory of Eloquence, and no man eminent for the
Wars but Tompeius, he forfbok his courfe, aad bidding a long fare-
well to a civil and popular Greatnefs, transfer'd his defigns to the
Wars, and to the Martial Greatnefs j by which mean he afcended to
the top of Sovereignty.

The fourth Confidcration may be , that in the choice of friends and
inward dcpendances, a man confult his own nature and difpofition^ and
proceed according to the compofition of his own temper j for different
£onjiitutions require different ki"ds of friends to comply withall-^tofome

mettf

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 275

men^ fokmn andfdent natures^ to others hold and boating humours arc
acceptable--) and many of the like fort. Certainly it is worth the ob-
lervation, to fee of what difpofition the friends and followers of Ju-
lius Cafar were, (as Antonius^ Hirtius^ Panfa, Oppiffs^Balhus, DolabeUa^
ToUio, the reft) theie were wont to fwear, ita vivente Cstfare mortar ;
bearing an infinite affeftion to C<efar, but towards all others difdain-
ful and arrogant, and they were men in publick Bufinefs aftive and
effeftual ^ in fame and reputation, not folemn and celebrated.

Thefijth Confidpration may be that a man take heed hotv he guide him-
felfby Examples^ and that he do not fondly affeCt the Imitation of o-
thers 5 as if that which if pervious to others, mufi needs be as patent to
him, never confidering with himfelf what difference perhaps there is be-
twixt his and their natures and carriages, whom he hath chofen for his
pattern and example. This was manifcftly Tompeius'% error, who, as
Cicero reports it, was wont often to fay, Syllapotuit, Ego non potero .<?
wherein he was much abufed , the nature and proceedings of him-
felf and Sylla, being the unlikelieft in the worlds the one being
fierce, violent, and preffing the faft ; the other (blemn,reverencing
Laws, direfting all to Majefty and Fame, and therefore the lels
effectual and powerful to go thorough with his defigns. There
are more Precepts of this nature, but thefe (hall fufhcc for Example
to the reft.

§ Hvr is the well underfian ding, and difcerhing of a man's felf fuf-
ftcient, but he muji confult with himfelf upon a way how he may aptly
and wifely open and reveal himfelf , andinfumm, become flexible and
moulded to the fever al forms and impreffions of occaftons. As for the
Revealing of a mansfelf, we fee nothing more ufual, than for the lefs
able man to make the greater (hew. Wherefore it is a great advan-
tage to good parts, if a man can by a kind of Art and Gracie^ef forth
himfelf to others, by aptly revealing (fo it be done without diftafte
or arrogance) his Vertues, Merits and Fortune 5 and on the contra-
ry by covering artificially his weakneffes, defefts, misfortunes and
difgracesi ftaying upon thofe, and as it were, turning them
to the light 5 Aiding from thefe, and leflening them by an apt ex-
pofition, and the like. Wherefore Tacitm faith of Mucianus, who
was the wifeft man and the greateft Politick of his time^ Omniz
qu£ dixerat fecerdtq'-) Arte quadam ofientator. This fet ting forth of a ^[fj^-
«w<i«*jye/^ requires indeed (bme Art, left it turn tedious and arrogant 5
but yet fb, as fomekind oi Ofientation, though it be to the firft de-
gree of vanity, feems rather a vice in the Ethic^s, than in the Poli'
tick/. For as it is ufually faid of slander, Auda^er caluminare, femper
aliquidharet. So it may be faid of Ofientation Cunlefs it be in a groft
manner deform'd and ridiculous) Auda&erte vendita, femper aliquid
h<eret 5 it will ftick certainly with the more ignorant and inferiour
fort of men, though the more wife and folemn finile at it, and de-
fpife. Therefore the Efiimation won with many,j}}al/ countervail the dif-
dain of a few. But if this O^etitation of a mansfelf, whereof we fpeak,
be carried with decency and difcretion , for example, if it make (hew
of a native candor and inbred ingenuity 3 or if it be afl'um'd at times,
when other Perils approach ("as in Military perlbns in time ofLVVaj)

Mm 2 or V

2^6 Of the. Advancement of Learning, L i b . VIlI^

or at times when others are moft envied, or if words which refpeda
mans otpm Fraijc, feem to fall from him in a carelefs paflage, as intend-
ing fomething elfe, without dwelling too long upon them, or being
tooferious, ov'ii^amsLnCograce hiff/felf, as with equal freedom, he
forbears not to tax and jeft at himfelf ; or in {um,if he do this not of his
own accord, but as urg'dand provokt by the infolenciesand contu-
melies of others , it doth greatly add to a mans Reputation. Andjure-
1)1 not a few (more folid than windy natures, and therefore want the
Art of bearing up fayl in the height of the winds :,) fuffer for their mo-
deration, not without fome prejudice, and difadvantage to their repu-
tation and merit. But for thefe Flourifhes and enhancements of vertue,
howfoever fbme of weak judgement, and perchance too (everely Mo-
ral, may difalloW, no man will deny this, but that we fhould endea-
vour at leaft, that vertue thorowcareleft negligence be not difvalued,
and imbafed under the juft price. Thir diminHtion of the value, and
abating the price in eftiraating Virtue, is wont to fall out three vvayes.
FJrjl when a man offers and obtrudjeshimfelf and fervice in matters of
imployraent not call'd nor fent for , fuch prompt offices as thele are re-
puted well rewarded, if they be not refufed. Secondly when a man in
tbebeginningandfirft on-fet ofanimployment,toomuch abufeth his
own forces and abilities, when that which (hould have been performed
by degrees, he lavifbeth out all at once ; which in matters well mana-
ged, wins early grace and commendation, but in the end induceth
latiety. Thirdly when a man is too fuddenly fenfible, and too incon-
fiderately tranfported with the fruit of his vertue, in commendation,
applaufe, honour, favour confer'd upon him •-, and is too much afFeft-
ed and delighted therewith : of this point there is a wife Avilb. Se-
TPare lelf fou feem unacquainted with great matters^ that are thus pleas' d
ipitbfmall^ as if they were great'. . • ,

§ But the covering of Defects is of no lefs ir^portance than a wife and.
dexterous orientation afvertues. DefeHs are conceal'd andfecreted by a.
ihree-fold induliry, and as it were under three coverts. Caution, Co-
lour, and Confidence. Caution is.thatj when we do wifely avoid to be
put upon thole things for which we are not proper ; whereas contra-
riwife bold and unftaid fpirits will eafily engage themlelves without
judgement, inmatters wherein they are not feen, and fbpublilhand
- proclaim all their imperfedions. Colour is when we do warily and
wifely prepare and make way, to have a favourable and commodious
conftruQiion made of our faults and wants 3 as proceeding from a bet-
ter caufe, or intended for fome other purpofe than is generally con-
ceiv'd : for of the Covert of Faults the Poet faith well,

Qy. . S£pe latet vitiuntp-oximitate Boni-

Wherefore if we perceive a DefeB in our fclves, our endeavour muft
be to borrow and put on the r^r/<>« and Colour of the next bordering
Vertue,. wherewith it may be (badowed and fecreted. For inftance,
he that is Dull, muft pretend Gravity j he that is a Coward, Jllildnef,
and fo the reft. And it will advantage, to frame fome probable caufe,
and to give it out and fpread it abroad, that induced us to diflemble

our

L I B . V I II. Of the Advancement of Learning, 277

our abilities and not do our beft j that (b making a Verttie of Necejfitj,
what was not in our power, may feem not to have been in our tvrll to
do. j^x for Confidence J it is indeed an impudent, but the (iircftand
moft effeiHiual remedy ; namely that a man profels himfelf to defpife
and fet at naught, what in truth he cannot attain '-, according to the
Principle of wiie Merchants, with whom it is familiar to raife the price
of their own Commodities, and to beat down the price of others. But
there is another kind oi^ Confidence i^^t more impudent than this, which
is to face out a mans on>n Defecis^ to boaft them and obtrude them up-
on Opinion j as if he conceived that he was befl: in thofe things, where-
in he moft fails j and to help that again, that the Deception put up-
on others may come off more roundly, he may feign, that he hath
leaft opinion of himfelf in thofe things, wherein he is beft. Li^e as
we fee it commonly in Poets; for a Poet reciting his verfes, if you
except againft any verle, you (hall pre(ently hear him reply , And
for (his verfe it cofl me more labour than the rest j and then he will bring
* you fbme other verle, and (eem to difable and fufpedl that rather,and
ask your judgement of it,which yet he knows to be the beft in the num-
ber, and not liable to exception. Eut above all, in this Helping a mans
felfinhis carriage^ namely, that a man may fet the faireft glofs upon ,

himfelf before others, and right himfelf in all points, nothing, in my
opinion, avails more, thanthat aman do not difmantle himjelfandex-
pofe his perl 072 tojcorn and injury by his too much Goodnefs and Facility of
Nature j but rather in all things fiew fome fparkles and edge of a free and
generous fpir it, that carries with it as reell a Jiing, as Hony. Which
kindoffortifiedcarriage^together with a prompt and prepared refblu-
tion to vindicate a mans felf from fcorn, is impofed upon fome by ac-
cident and a kind of aninvitable neceflity, for fbmewhat inherent in
their perfon or fortune 5 as we fee it in Deformed Perfbns and Ba-
ftards, and in Perfons any way difgrac'd 5 fo that fuch natures, if they
have any good parts , commonly they fucceed with good felici-

§ As for the declaring of a Mans felf that is a far different thing from"
Oflentation^nx the Revealing of a mans felf whereof we fpake even now 5
for it refers not to Mens abilities ox rpeakjieffes, but to the Particular
Anions of life ; in which point, nothing is more Politick^, than to obferve
a vpjje and dijcreet mediocrity in the difclofing orfecretingtheiniyardin*
tentions and meanings of the mind touching particular A&ions. For al-
though depth of fecrecy and concealing of Counlels, and that manner
of managing Bulinefs, when men /et things awork by dark, and as the
French fiiles it , Sourdes Menkes , Jourd Arts , clofe Carriages , be
a thing bgth prolperous and admirable; yet many times it comes to
pafs, as thefliyingis, That DUfimu! at ion begets errors, and illaqueatcs

«Djf]emblcr himfelf. For we fee the ableft men, and greateft Poli-
J- that ever were, have made no fcruplc of it, openly to profefs,
freely and without diflimulation, the ends they aim at: foL. ^^yi'a '''"'^r.in s^N
made a kind of profefTion, That he wijlit all men h^ppy or Unhtippy as they pj
flood his friends or enemies : So Cxfar when he went firft into Gaul con- Csf. ''"
fidcntly profeft, That he had rather befirB in an objcure village, thanfe-
cond at Ro.'^e: the fame Cafar when the war was now begun did not

p'jy

278 Of the Advancement of Learning. 1 1 b. Vi IL

sl.Giamm.

play the diflembler, if we obferve what C/cer<? reports of him ; the 0-
Ad Att tib.x. fher (meaning of Cxfar) refufeth tiot^ nay in a fort defiref^ that^ as mat-
^'^' terijiand, he majifobe cal/edTyrant. So we may fee in a letter of Ci-

cero's to Atticus, how far from a Dijfembkr Augu^ius Cafar was, who
in his very entrance intoAffairSj while he was a darling to the Senate,
yet in his Harangues and fpeeches to the People was wont to fwear af-
Clc.ad Attic, ter this manner, Ita parentis honores confequi liceat^ which was no left
than the Tyranny 3 fave that, to help the matter a little, he would
withal ftretch forth his hand to a ftatue of /«//«/ C<£fars^ which was e-
refted in the Rojlra : and men laught and applauded, and wondred
and difcourfed thus amongft themfelves, what means this .<? What a.
yoitngman have we here .«" and yet thought he meant no hurt, he did
(b candidly and ingenuoufly (peak what he meant. And all thefe^ we
' havenam'd, were profperous : Whereas on the other fide, Pontpeius^

who tended to thelame ends, but by more umbragious and oblcure
ways (as Tdr/*»j faith of him, Occultor non melior-^ a cenfure whcreia
Sal.apud Su- SaluU concurrs, Ore probo^ Animo inverecundo^) made it his defigUjand
«ton.iib.de endeavoured by infinite engines, that deeply hiding his boundlefs de-
fires and ambition, he might in the mean fpace caft the ftate into an
Anarchy and Confufion, whereby the ftate muft neceffarily caft it felf
into his arms for proteftion, and fo thefovereign Power be put upon
him, and he never feen in it : and when he had brought it, (as he
thought,) to that point, when he was chofen Conful alone, as never
any was ; yet he could make no great matter of it 5 becaufe thofe,that
without queftion would have cooperated with him, underftood him
noti fo that he was fain in the end, to go the beaten and common
track of getting Arms into his hands, by colour of oppofinghimfelf a-
gainft Cxfar ; fo tedious, cafual, and unfortunate are thofe Couq-
fels which are cover'd with dee^ DijJifMnlationj whereof it feeras Taci^
ins made the fame judgement, when he makes the Arts of Simulation^
a prudence of an inferior form, in regard of /r«e Policy, attributing
the one to Augu^us, the other to Tiberius , for fpeaking o^Livia he
faith thus. That JI)efortedwell with the Arts of her husband^ and DiJJi-
mulation of her Jon.

§ As touching the bending and moulding of the Mind ^ it muji indeed
hy all pojfible means he endeavoured, that tbe mind be made pliant and
obedient to occaftons and opportunities, and that it be not any wayfiijfand
xenitent to them : for nothing hinders the effe&ing ofBuftnef, and the
making of mens fortunes fo much as this .° Idem manehat neque idem de-
cebat, that is, when men arewhere they were, and follow their own bent
•when occaftons are turn'd. Therefore Livy, when he brings in Cato Ma-'
jor, as the experteft Architect of his fortune, very well ancipxes this,
that he had, verfatile ingenium, and thereofit comes, that thefe grave
folemn wits, which muft be like themfelves, and cannot makedeA:-
ture, have for moft part more dignity than felicity. But in fome wo
nature to be vifcuous and inwrapt and not eafie to turn : in others it
is curtom, that is almoft a nature, and a conceit, which eafily fteals in-
to mens minds, which is, that men can hardly make themfelves be-
lieve, thattiiey ought to change fuchcouries, as they have found good
and profpe'roii-s by farther experience. For .ituck/avcl nctts wWcly ja

tithitff

Annal. libtis.

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 27^

FabiHs Muxtmns^ How he would have been tcmpoHzingJijll acco^rdiNg to
his old biaji', when the nature of the war was altered and required hot pur- oifeors fupr§
fitit. In (brae others the (ame weakneft proceeds from want of penetra- ^''''
tionin their judgement, when men do not in timedifcern the Periods
of things and AdtionSjbut come in too late after the occafion is efca-
ped. Such an overfight as this, Den/ojlhenes reprehends in the People orat.in Ph-.
of AthenSjlaying, theji were like countrey -fellow splaying in a. Fcnce-Jch'ool^ ''P- ''
that if they have a blow^then they remove ther weapons to that ward and
not before. Again in others this comes to pafs, becaufe they are loth
to loie the labour, in that wayjthey have enter'd into, nor do they
know how to make a retrait 5 but rather entertain a conceit,that by
perfcverance they ftiall bring about occafions to tlieir own ply. But
from what root or caufe Ibever this vifcofity and reftivenefs of mind
proceeds, it is a thing moft prejudicial both to a mans affairs and for-
tunes 5 a^d nothing is more politick,, than to make the wheel of our mind *•
conceKtri<:k.and vjlnble with the wheelj of Fortune, Thus much of the
two fummary precepts touching the Archite&ure of Fortune. Precepts
yi:d«ery are raanyjbut we will onlyleleft a few to ferveas examples
to the reft.

§ Thefrji Precept is^that this ArchiteB of his own fortune rightly ufe
his Rule, that is, that he inure his mind to judge of the Proportion and
■oalure of things, as they condu'ce more or lefs to hi s^wn fortune and ends 5
and that he intendtbe fam^e fithjiantiaUy^and not fuperficially. For it is
ftrange, but moft true,that there are many, whofe Logicalpart of Mind
Qil may fo term it) is good, hntxhc Mathematical part nox.\\\n^
worth 5 that*s,who can well and Ibundly judge of the confequences,
but very unskilfully of the prizes of things. Hence it comes to pals,
that (bme fall in love and into admiration with the private and (ecret
accels to Princes 5 others with popular fame and applaufe, ftppofing
they are things of great purcha<e,when iti many cafes they are but mat-
ters of envy, perilj and impediment ; o^^er/ meafure things, accor-
ding to the labour and difficulty fpent about them, thinking that if
they be ever moving, they muft needs advance and proceed ^ as
Cafar faid in a defpifing manner of Cato Vticenfis, . when he defcribes
how laborious, affiduous and indefatigable he was to no great pur-
pofe. Omnia (fkixh he) magna jiudio agebat. Hetice likewife it comes
to pals, that men often abufe themfelves, who if they ufe the favour
and furtherance of fome great and honourable Perfon, they promife
themfelves all profperous fuccefs 5 whereas the truth is, that not the
greatefl:, but the apteft inftruments, fooneft, and more happily ac-
complilh a work. And for the true diredion of the Mathematical
fjuareofthe.Mindj it is worth the pains efpecially to know, and have
it fet down, what ou^ht frji to be refblved upon for the building and
advancing of a mans fortune j what next, and fo forward.

§ Tri ihejirji place Ifet down, the Amendment of the mind •■) for by
taking away and fraoothing the impediments, and rubs of the Mind,
you Ihall fooner open a way to fortune, than by the affiftance of
Fortune, take away the impediments of the Mind- In the fecond
place I fet down wealth and Mcans^ which perchance moft men would
have placed firft, beciiufe of the general ufe it bears towards all va-
riety

. ■ > • " I— ■ ' ■■ — - - ■ ,

280 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. Vlll.

riety of occafions j but that opinion I may condemn with like reafon,
as Machiavd in another cafe not much unlike 3 for whereas the old
laying was, that Moniet were the finews ofvpar^ he on the contrary
affirmed, that there were no other fmews ofvears, fave thefinerps of va-
lia»t mens arms. In like manner it may be truly affirmed, that it is
not Monies that is the finews of fortune^ but the finews rather and a-
bilitiesoftheMind, Wit, Courage, Audacity, Refolution, Mode-
ration, Induftry, and the like. In the third "pUce^ Ifet down Fame
and Reputation^ and the rather becaufe they have certain tides and
times which ifyou do not take in their due feafon, are (eldom reco-
vered , it being a very hard matter to flay an after-game of Reputation.
In the liU place ifet down Honours, to which certainly there is a more
eafie accefs made by any of the other three, much more by all uni-
ted ; than ifyou begin with Honours and fo proceed to the reft. But
as it is of fpecial confequence, toobferve the order and priority of
things-, foisit of lefs import, toobferve the order and priority of
Time--, the prepofterous placing whereof, is one of the commoneft
errors s while men fly unto their ends, when they fhould intend their
beginnings; and whilft we fuddenly feize upon the higheft matters ,
we rafhly pafs over what lies in the raidft ; but it is a good precept,
^od nunc in^at agamus.

Thcfecond precept is, that upon a greatnefs and Confidence of Mind,
we do not engage our forces in too arduous matters, which we cannot fo
well conquer ■■) nor that we row againii the Jiream. For as touching
mens Fortune, the counfel is excellent, ^

Fatif accede Deifque.

Let us look about us on every fide, and obferve where things are o-
pen, where (hut and obftrufted ; where eafie, where difficile, to be
compafledjand that we do not overftrain and mifemploy our ftrength
where the way is not paflible, for this will preserve us from foil , not
occupy us too much about one matter j we fhall win an opinion of
Moderation 5 offend few 3 andlaftly, make a fhew of a perpetual
felicity in all we undertake •■> whilft thofe things which perad venture
would of their own accord have come to pals, flaall be attributed to
our providence and induftry.

The third Precept may feem to have forae repugnancy with that for-
mer immediately going before; though if it be well underftood, there
is none at all. The Precept is this j that we do not always expe^ occafi^
ons, but fometimes provoke them, and lead the way unto them j which
Orat ifl Phil. IS that which Demolihenes intimates in high terms. For as it is a re!*,
i. * ceived principle that a Ceneralfiould lead the Army j fo wife and under'

(landing men fjould conduct and command matters, and fitch thingt
fjould be done as t hey f aw fit to be done j and that the)fi}ouldnot be fore' d
topurfue and build only upon events. For if we diligently confider it,
we (hall obferve /m^ differing kinds of fufficiency in managing affairs
and handling bufineG; for Ibmecan make ufe of occafions aptly and
dexteroully, but plot and excogitate nothing, fome are all for
Plots, which they can well urge and purfuc, but cannot accommo-
date

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 281

date and take in: Either of which abilities is maimed, andimperfedt
without the other.

A fourth Precept is, fiot to embrace any matters rphieh do occupy too
great a quantity of time j bm to have that verje everfouncling in our ears,

Sed fugit interesj fugit irreparabile tempos.

And the caufe rvhy thofe who addiif themfehes toprofejjions of burden and
the like, as Lavpyers, Orators^ painful Divines, veriters ofBookj^ and
the like, are not commonly fo politickjn contriving and promoting their
own fortunes, is no other than this 5 that they want time,tphich is other-
wife imployed^ to inform themfelves of Particulars ^ and to wait upon
occafions , and to devife and projeH designs which may conduce to
the making of their fortune. Nay farther, in the Courts of Princes
and in States, you (hall have thofe that are exceeding powerful
and expert how to advance their own Fortune, and to invade the
Fortune of others, which undergo no pubhck charge, but are conti-
nually praftifed in that whereof we fpeak , The Advancement of
Life.

A Fifth Precept is, to imitate nature which doth notbing in vain.
Which certainly we may do, if wedifcreetly mingle and interlace
our bufineffes of all forts. For the mind (hould in every particular a-
ftion be fo difpofed and prepared 3 and our intentions fo fubdued^and
Subordinated one under another 5 as if we cannot have that we feek
in the beft degree, yet we may have it in a fecond, or at leaft in a
third: but if we can get no footing nor any confiftency at all in any
part of a thing we defire j then we may turn the pains we have taken
upon fome other end, than that whereto it was defigned : but if we
cannot make any thing of it for the prefent, at leaft we may extraft
fomething out of it that may ftand us in ftead for the time to come 5
but if we can derive no folid effeft orfubftance from it, neither for
the prefent nor for the future ; let us yet endeavour to win fame good
opinion and reputation by it j and the like: ever exafting accounts
of our felves, whereby it may appear that we have reapt fomewhat:
more or left from every particular Adion and Counfel \ never fufFe-
ringour (elves to be caft down and di(pirited, like men amaz'd and
confufed, if perchance we fail in the principal fcope of our intenti-
ons. For nothing is more prejudicious to a Politick, than to be
wholly and folely taken up with one thing j for he that doth fo,lof»
cth infinite occa(ions which do intervene upon the by 3 and which
perhaps are more proper and propitious for fomewhat may be ofufe
hereafter 3 thanfor thole things we urge for the prefent : and there-
fore we muft be perfedt in that Rule, H£c oportet facer e & iUa. nan a- - .a - • . -
ft/ittere, v-nrd

A fixth Precept is, that we engage not our felves too tercmpilorily in any
thing though itjeem not 'itfrjifght, liable to accident 3 but that we ever
have either an open window tojiy out at, or afecret pojiern'way to retirg

hy, ..muir :'.>=v.

Afeventh Precept is, that ancient Puile of Bias ; fo it be conftiued
not to any point of Perfidioufnefs i but to caution and moderation.

28 2 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. VIlI.

Pluravelist
V.Cardani
Proxen five
Arcana Pol.
6 quam Ar-
cana .'

Libro del
Pnn.

Cic.pro L«
Muixna.

plutar.in ly'
fold.

So love a man as yet thou maiji become an enemy ^^o hate a man as yet thou
maiji become his Friend--yior it utterly betrays and fruftrates all utility,
for a man to embark himfelftoofar in unfortunate friendfliipSjUnquiet
and troublefome fpleensjor childifh and humorous iEmulations.

Thefepail fufficefor examples touching the knowledge of the Ad"
vancement of Life : yetl would have it reraembred, that thefe adum-
brations which we have drawn and fet down as De^h>«f j , are far
from corapleat Traftates of them , but only that they are as little
pieces and edgings for patternSaWhercby a judgement may be made of
the whole web. Again we are not fo weak and foolifli as to avouch
that Fortunes are not to be obtained without all this ado , for we
know well they come tumbling into fome mens laps, and a number
obtain goodfortunes only with diligence and afliduity ("with fome
little caution intermingled) in a plain way, without any great or pain-
ful Art. But as Cicero, when he fets down the Idea of a perfeft Ora-
tor, doth not mean that every Pleader ftiould be or can be fuch :
and again as in the defcription of a Prince oi* a Courtier, by fuch as
have handled thofe fubjefts , the Mould is made according to the per-
fedlion of the Art, and not according to common pradtice : the fame
we have performed in the inftrudfcion of a P<»/i^/V4 man j I mean Poli'
tickjor his otvn Fortune. And likewife take this advertilement along
with you. That the Precepts which we have chofen and fet downjare
all ofthat kind which may be counted and called Bona Artes. As for
Evil Art S:, ifaman would yield himfelf a difciple to Mac hiave I who
gives it in precept. That a man needs not much care for vertue itfelfbut
for the appearance only thereof in the eyes of the world, becaufe the fame
and credit of vertue, is a help, but the ufe of it a cumber , who in ano-
ther place gives this rule : That a Politick man lay this as a foundati-
on of his praftickwifdom, that heprefhppofe, that men are not rightly
andfafely to be n>r ought upon and bowed to the bent of our wills, otherwife
than by fear^ and therefore let him endeavour by all means pojfible to have
every man obnoxious, low and infireights. So as Machiavel's Politici-
an feems to be what the Italians call ilfeminatore del/efpine ^ orifa-
ny would embrace that Principle which Cicero cites, Cadant amici,
dummodo inimici intercidant ■) as the 7r7««»w>z fold the lives of their
friends, for the deaths of their enemies. Or if a man would be an
imitator of L. Catilina to become an incendiary and a perturber of
ftates, to the end he may better fifii in droumy waters, and unwrap hi*
fortune's j I (faith he) if once afire fei^e upon my Fortune, will extin-
guijh it not with water but with ruine , or if any one would convert to
his ufe that o£Lyfander, who was wont to fay, That children are to be
. deceivedwith Comfits, and men with Oaths. With other fuch corrupt
and pernicious Pofitions of the fame impreffion, whereot (as in all o«
ther things,) there arc more in number, than of the good and found.
If any (I fay) be delighted with fuch contagious and polluted
wi(dom,I deny not but with thefe difpenfations from all the laws of
charity and integrity,whollyenflaved to the prefBng ofhispwn For-
tunes, he may be more fpeedy and compendious in the promoting of
his Fortune : but it is in life, as it is in ways , the fhorteft way is
commonly the foulefl ; and furely the fiiirer way is not much

about.

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 289^

about. But it isfo far from the mind and purpofe of this Difcourfe
that men (hould apply themfelves to thcfe corrupt and crooked Arts,
that rather indeed (if they be in their own power, and are able to
bear and fuftain themfelves, and be not carried away with the whirl-
wind and tempeft of Ambition) they ought in the purfuit of For-
tune to fet before their eyes, not only that general Map of the world^
That all things are vanity and vexation of fpirit , but alio that more
particular card and direftion. That Being^vptthout well-Being^is a curfe ,
and the greater Beings the greater curfe •■, and that all vertue is moft re-
warded, and all wickednefs raoft punifht in it felf: according as the
Poet laith exxellently,

gni(e vobis, qu£ cljgna^ viri^ pro tali bus aujfs
Tr^mia poffe reor folvi .•? rulcherrima primum
Dii Morefq-, dabnnt veHri.

And Co on the contrary he Ipeaks as truly of the wicked-^ aff-, eunit

ulcifcentur mores fui. ■ Nay further, the race of Mortality,

whilft their working heads every way tofs and difFufe their thoughts
how they may beft fore-caft and conlult their advancement in the
xporld^ ought, in the midft of thele heats, and-e:rger purfuits, to look
op to the Divine Judgement, and the Eternal Providence, which
oftentimes (ubverts and brings to nothing the plots of the wicked,
and their evil counfels, though never ib profound ; according to
that of (acred Scripture, He conceived vpicked thoughts^ travel' d great ^ '^"'
TPtth mifchief andJJ)aU bring forth delufive vanity. Nay, though men
ftiould refrain themfelves from injuries and evil arts , yet this incef-
fant and Sabbathlef afpiring to the Jieep height of Fortune, pays not the
tribute of our time due unto God, who (as we may fee) demands and fet f
apart for himfelf a Tenth of our fubjiance, and a Seventh of our time.
For it is to fmall purpofe to have an erected face towards heaven,
and a groveling (piritupon earth, eating duft as doth the ferpentj
an oppofition which even Heathens could fee and cenfure.

Atq'-i affgit humo divin£ particulam Aur£. °"'' " '

And if any man (hould herein flatter himfelf, that he refolvesto im-
ploy his Fortune well, though he (hould obtain it ill 5 as was wont
to be (aid of Auguiius Cafar and Septimius Severus , That cither they
Jliould never have been born, or elfe they Jljould never have dyed , they
did forauch mifchief in the purfuit andafcent oftheirgreatnefijand
fo much good,when they were eftablifh'd ^ let him take this with him,
that fuch compenfation of evil by good, may be allowed after the
Faft, but is defervedly condemn'd in the purpofe. Lajily^ it will
not be amifs for us, in that fwift and hot race towards our fortune,
to cool our felves a little, with that elegant conceit of the Empe-
rour Charls the Fifth, in his inftruftions to his Son, That Fortune hath ^. ^^^^
fomewhat of the nature of a woman, that if fie be too much wooed, fie is A.c/isip*
the farther ojf: but this laft remedy is for thofe whole talte, from
(bmc diftemper of the mind, is corrupted ; let men rather build up-
on that foundation, which is as a corner-ftone of Divinity and Phi-

N 2 lofophy

284 Of ^^^ Advancement of Learning. Lib. VIII.

^ ~~ lofophy, wherein they almoft joyn clofe by the fame aflertion of what
Mat- ri. (Iiould be jirfi fought ^ for Divinty commands, Firfifeek the Kingdefit
of God, and aU thefe thwgs fl}^ be fuperadded unto you^ and rhilo-
fophy commands foraewhat like this; Seekfirfl the goods of the tnind^
and the rejl pall befttpplied, or m vpay prejudiced by their abfence.-
And although this foundation laid by man.is fometimes placed upon
thefands, as we may fee in M. Brutus^, who in the laft fceneof his
life, brake forth into that fpeech,

TeColui virtus ttt Rem, aft Tu Nomen inane es:

Dion. Lib.

Po^'eta veu Yet the fame foundation laid by the hand of heaven, is firmly fettled
upon a Rock. And here we conclude the knowledge of Ad'
•vancement of Life 5 and withall the general knowledge of Negc
\ nations.

HAP.

m.

The Partitions of the Art of Empire or Governvient are omitted 5
only accefs is made to two Deficients. I. The knorcledge of en-
Urging the Bounds of Empire. II. And the l^nowledge of uni-
verfal Juftice; or of the Fountains ofLaiv.

I. T Come now to the Art of Empire, or the the knowledge of Civil
J Government^ Mndei 'which. Hotife-hold Government \s compre-
hended, as a Family is under a City. " In this part, as I (aid before, I
"have commanded my felffilence; yet notwithftanding I may not
" fo difable my felf ; but that I could difcourfe of this part alfo, per*
*=' chance not impertinently, nor unprofitably, as one pradtifcd by
" long experience j and by your Majejiy's moft indulgent favours, and
*' no merit of mine own, raifed by the degrees of office and honours,
" to the higheft Dignity in the State , and have born that office for
*'= four years ; and which is more , have been accuftomed to your
" Majefiies commands and conferences , for the continued fpace of
" eighteen years together, ("which even of the dulleft mould might
*' fafhion and produces State-man) who have fpent much time, a-
" mongft other knowledges, in Hiftories and Laws. All which I re-
port to Pojierity , not out of any arrogant ojientation 5 but becaufe I
prcfume it maizes fomethingto the honour and dignity of Learning 5 that
a man horn for Letters more than any thing elfe, and forcibly carried a-
vpay, I know not by what fate, againfl the bent of his own Genius, to a
Civil a&ive cottrfe of life , fliould yet be advanc'd to fo high and ho-
nourable charges in the State, and that under fo veife a King. But ifmy
times of leifure (hall bring forth hereafter any thing touching the
wifdom of Government , and ftate-matters, it will be perchance an
Abortive, or an After-birth. In the mean fpace^now that all Sciences
are diftributed and ranged , as it were, into their true Forms, left

fuch

Lib. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 28-

fuch an eminent place as this (hould remain empty, I have judg'd it
fit to note as Deficients two Portions only oi Civil Ktjovpkdge^ which
pertain, not \.ok\\q Sccrcii of Ewpre^ but are of a more open and
publick nature j and, according to our cuftom, to propound exam-
ples thereof. Seeitig the Arts of Government , comprehend three
forts of Politic/iDt/ties : Firji^ that a Kingdom or State be con(crved i
6'C(rtf/7(^/;'5 that it may become happy and flourifhing : Jhirdly, that it
may be ampHfied, and the bounds thereof propagated and extended.
Of thefe duties the /jr(7^>/2 are, for the moft, by many, excellently
well handled 5 but the third is paft over in filence 5 wherefore we
will (ct this down in the number of Deficient s^ and according to our
manner propose examples thereof 5 calling this part of Civil Know-
ledge Confulem FalHcLitum, or ak»ort>lecige of the enlarging the Bounds
of Empire.

EXAMPLE ' *

CONSUL

Of a Summary Treatife touching the enlarging of the tus, IJidc
Bounds of Empire. 1^:^^%,

bus.
'TPHefpeech of Them^iocles, taken to himfelf, was indeed fome-
* what uncivil and haughty; but if it had been applied toothers,
and at large, certainly it may (eem to comprehend in it a wife ob-
fervation, and a grave cenfure. Defired at a Feaft to touch a Lute,
he laid. He could not Fidle, but yet he could mal{e afmall Town a great piutar. in
City: Thefe words drawn to a Politick fence, do excellently ex- Them.
preis and diftinguilh two differing Abilities, in thofe that deal in bxi-
finefs of Eflate. Fi9r"7/<« truefurvey be taken of all Counfellorsand
■States-men that ever were, and others promoted to publick charge,
there will be found (though very rarely) thofe which can make a
fmall State great^ and yet cannot fidlei, as on the other fide there will
be found a great many, that are very cunning upon the Cittern or Luie.^
(that is in Court'Trifics) hut yet are fo far from being able to make a.
Jmall State, great , as their gift lies another way, to bring a great and
ftourijlnng Estate to ruine and decay. And certainly thofe degenerate
Arts and Shifts^whereby many Counfellors and Governours gain both
favour with their Mafters^and efliraation with the vulgar,Geferveno
better name than f/r///>;^ 5 being things rather pleafing for the time,
and graceful to the Profeflbrsthcmfelves; than tending to the weal
and advancement of the State^ which they ferve. There are alfoCno
doubt) Counfellors and Governours, not to be defpifed , which may
be held fufficient men, and equal to their charge; able to manage
Affairs, and to keep them from precipices, and manifejl inconveniencies,
which neverthelefs are far from the Ability to raife and ampUfie an
Ejiate. But be the v/ork-men what they may be, let us cA^i our eyes
upon the work, that is, what is the true grcatnefi of Kingdoms and
States^ and by what means it may be obtained / An argument fit for
great Princes to have perpetually in their hand, and diligently to
meditate, to the end that neither by oVermcafuring their Fbrccs,

they

286 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. Viil.

they lofe themfelves in vain, and too difficile enterprifes 3 nor on
the other fide undervaluing them, they difcend to fearful and pufilla-
nimous Counfels. The GreattiefsofanEHatein BHlk^and Territory^
doth fall under meafiire j the Greatnef of Financies and Revenue doth
fall under computation. The number of Citizens and the Pole may
betaken by Mufters, and the multitude and greatnels of Cities and
Towns, by Cards and Mapps. But yet there is not any thing a-
mongft Civil Affiurs, more fubjea to error, thana trueandintren-
fickvaluation, concerning the Power and Forces ofanEftate. The
Kingdom of Heaven is compard not to an Acorn or Nut 3 hut to a Grain
ofMuftard-feed, which is one of the leali Grains^ but hath in it a J>r0'
perty andfpirit hajiily to get up andfpread. So are there Kingdoms and
States in compafs and territory very great, and yet not fo apt to en-
large their Bounds or Command J and fome on the other fide that have
but afmalldimenfionofftemm, and yet apt to be the Foundations
of great Monarchies.

I. Walled Towns , ftored Arcenals and Armories, goodly Races of
Horfe Chariots of war. Elephants, Ordinance, Artillery, and the
like 3 all this is hut apeep in a Lions skjn^ except the Breed and Difpo-
fition of the people bejiout and rvar-like. Nay, number it felf in Armies
"imports not much, where the people is of a faint and weak courage:
for as T/rg// faith. It never troubles a Jf^'olf how many thejheep be. The
^^'^^^' Army of the Perfians in the Plains of Arbela, was fuch a vaft fea of
people as it did fomewhat aftoni(h the Commanders in Alexander's Ar-
my 3 who came to him therefore, and wilht him to fet upon them by
PlutarJn^- W<i}it^ but he anfwered, Iwillnot Tilfer the vi&ory-, and the Defeat
lex. " by that couragiousaffurance was the more eafie. When Tigranes the
Armeniarf, being encamped upon a hill with an Army of 400000 Men,
pint.in Lu- ^j(-j,QY£j.g(j (he Army of the Romans being not above 14000 marching
towards him, he made hirafelf merry with it, and faid ; yonder men are
too many for an Ambajfage, and too few for a Fight : but before the fun
fet he found them enow to give him the chafe with infinite flaughter.
Many are the examples of the great odds between number and cou-
rage. Firfl then a man may rightly make a judgement and fet it down
for a fure and certain truth.That the principal point of all other which
Mach.Dif- refpefts the Greatnefof any Kingdom or State, is to have a Race of Mi-
LiSoTb!z. htary men. And that is a more trite than true faying. That Money is
the Sinews of War , where the finews of mens arms in bafe and effemi-
nate people are fiiling: for Solon faid well to Crcejus (when in often-
tation he (hewed him his gold) Sir, if any other come that hath any bet-
Plut.in Solo- ^^Y Iron than you, he will be majier of all this Gold. Therefore let any
'^'^' rrince or State think foberly of their Forces, except their Militia of

Natives be of Good and Valiant Souldiers : and let Princes on the o-
t'her fide that have Subjeds of ftout and martial difpofition, know
their own ftrength, unlefs they be otherwife wanting to themfelves.
As for Mercenary Forces (which is the help in this cafe where native
forces fail) all times are full of examples,whereby it manifeftly appears,
that whatfoever State or Prince doth reft upon them, he mayjpreadhis
Fearhers for a time beyond the compafs of his neii j but he will mew them

foon after.

LiB.VIil. Of the Advancement of Learning. 287

2 7he blejJingofjHdah and Ijfdchar \v\\\ never meet. That the fame
Tribe or Nation Jfjo/tld be both the Lions rvhe/p, and the Ajs between Bnr- Gen. XIDL
dens't neither will it be that a people overlaid with Taxes ^ Jlwtild ever
become Valiant^ and Martial. It is true that Taxes levied by publick
conlent of the eftate do deprefs and abate mens courage lels-, as a man
may plainly (eein the Tributes of the Low-countries, which they call
Excifes 5 and in fome degree in thofe contributions which they call
Subjidies in England. For you muft note that we fpeak now of the
Heart and not of the Purfe; fo that although the fame Tribute con-;
ferr'd by consent or imposed by command, be all one to the pur(e5yet
it works diverfly upon the courage : Therefore (et down this too as a
Principle, That no People overchargd with Tribute^ is Jit for Etftpire.

5 Letjiates and kjngdonts that aim at Greatnefs by all means take
heed how the Nobility^ and Grandees, and that thofe which we call
Centle-men, multiply too faft •■, for that makes the common fubjeSt
grow to be a Peafant and Bafe fwain driven out of heart, and in effedi
nothing ehe but the Noble mans Bond-flaves and Labourers. Eveti
as you may fee in Coppice- woodji/j/^w leave yourjiuddles too thick,, you
Jliall never have clean underwood, hutfirubs and bujlies : So in a coun-
treyjif the Ni?/'////;' be too many, xh&ComntonsyNWl be bale and heart-
left, and you will bring it to that, that not the hundredth Pole will
be fit for an Helmet , elpecially as to the Infantry, which is the nerve
of an Army 5 and fo there will be great Population and little ftrength.
This which I fpeak of,hath been in no Nation more clearly confirmed
fhan in the examples of England and France, whereof £»^/«»£/,though
fer inferiour in Territory and Population, hath been neverthelels al-
ways an overmatch in Arms ; in regard the middle-people of England
make good Souldiers , which the Peafants of France do not. And
herein the devife of Hewr^ the Seventh King of England (wheieoflhiye Hiftor.Hcn."
fpoken largely in the Hiftory of his life) was profound and admira- vii.
ble, in making Farms and Houfes of Hulbandry ofaftandard; that
is,maintain'd with fuch a Proportion ofland unto them, as may breed
a (iibjeft to live in convenient plenty, and to keep the Plough in the
hands of the Owners, orat leaftulu-frudluary, and not hirelings and
Mercenaries 5 and thus a Countrey (hall merit that Character where.
by Virgil expieffes ancient Italy,

Terra potens Arms, atque ubere Cleba. JSn.i.

Neither is that ftate which is almoft peculiar to England, (and for a-
ny thing I know, hardly to be found any Vk^here elfe, except it be per-
haps in Poland^ to be pafled over 5 I mean the ftate of Free-fervants
and Attendants upon Noblemen and Gentle-men ; of which fort, e-
ven they of inferiour condition, do no ways yield unto the Teaman'
rj, ^Qx Infantry. And thereforcout of all queftion the Magnificence
and that Hofpitable (plendor, the Houfliold fervants, and great Re-
tinues of Noble men and Gentle-men, receiv'd into cuftom in Eng"
land, doth much conduce unto Martial Greatnefs : whereas on the
other fide, the clofe, referved and contracted living of Noble men,
caufeth a Penury of Military Forces,

iBJf

28 8 Of the Advancement of Learning, L i b . V IIL

4 By all means it is to be procured^ that the Trunk, of NebuchadncZ"
^ar's Tree of Monarchy, be great enough to bear the Branches aud the
Boughs 5 that is, that the number of Natural Subjc&s to the Crown or
State, bear a fufficient proportion for the over-toppiug the (ironger
Siibjeifs.Thctefbre all States that are liberal of Naturali'zation towards
fir angers^ are fit for the Creatnefs of Empire. For it is a vain opinion
to think, that a handful of people, can with the greateft courage and
Policy in the world, keep and reprefs under the laws of Empire, too
large andfpacious extent of Dominion , this may hold for a time, but
it will fail (uddenly. The Spartans were a fparing and nice People in
•pdmt. of Naturalization^ whereby while they kept their compafs, they
ftodd firm and alTured '-, but when they began to fpread and enlarge,
their Dominion, andthat their boughs, multiplied by ftrangers,were
becoming too great for the ftemm of the Spartans^xhey became a wind-
fal upon the fudden. Never any State was in this point fo open to
receive ftrangers intotheirBodyjas were the Romans ^ therefore their
Fortune feconded their wifeinftitution, for they grew to the greateft
Eremplas- Monarchy in the world. Their manher was to grant Naturalization
P"^^ic.pro ^^hich they called Jus Civitatis) and to grant it in the higheft degree?
that is, not only Jus Coptmercii, Jus Connubii, Jus H<creditatisj but
alfo Jus Suffragii.and Jus Petitionisftve Honorum , and this not to lin-
gular perfons alone, but likewife to whole families, yea toCities,and
fometimes to whole Nations. Add to this, their cuftora of Plantati-
6n of Colonies, whereby \\i^Roman Flants were removed into the foil
of other Nations : and putting both conftitutions together, you will
{ay, thdt it was not the Romans that fpread upon the rvorld ; but it was
the world that fpread upon the Romans \ which was the fecureft way of
Enlarging the Bounds of Empire. I have marvelled (bmetimes at Spain,
how they clafp and govern fo large Dominions, with (b few natural
Spaniards : but furely the whole compafs of Spain, is a very great bo-
dy of a Tree 5 being it contains far more ample Territories, than
Rome or Sparta at their firft rifings. And befides, though the Spani-
ards have not had that ufage to Naturalize liberally ; yet they have
that which is next to it, that is. To employ, almoti indifferently, all
Nations in their Militia of Ordinary fouldiers j yea and fometimes they
confer their higheft commands of war, upon Captains that are no na-
tural Spaniards ; nay it feems, not long ago^they have begun to grow
fenfible of this want of Natives, and to feek a Remedy, as appears by
the Pragmatical SanBion publiQit this year.

5 It is moji Certain thatfedentary and within door Mechanical Arts 5
and Delicate Manufa&ures (that require rather the Finger, than the
Atm^have in their nature a contrariety to a military Dijpofition. And
generally all warlike People are a little idle ; and love danger better
than travail : neither muft they be too much Broken of it,if we will
have their fpirits preferv'd in vigor. Therefore it was great advan-
tage in the ancient ftates of Sparta, Athens, Rome, and others, that
they had the ufe, not of Free-men, hwx. of Slaves, which commonly
did rid thofe MamifaUures : but the life of Slaves fince the receiving
of the Chri!IianLaw,hy in greateft part abolillit. That which comes
neereft to this cuftom, is to leave thole Arts chiefly to ftrangers,

which

B.VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. .289

which for that purpole are to be allured, or at leaft the more eafily to
be received. The vulgar Natives ^Q\)\d confift of three ions of meni
that is, o^TiUen of Ground •■, Free-fervants^ Sind Handji-crafis-men of
ikrongand Alanly ^rtf, as Smiths, Mafons, Carpenters,(>c. not reck-
oning profefFed Souldiers,

6 But above all, for the Grcatncfj of Empircy it impoTts mo(t^ that
a Nation doprofefs Arms as their glory. Principal ftudy,andchiefeft Ho-
nour. For the things which we formerly have fpoken of^ are but
Habilitatiotts towards Arms j and to what purpofe is Habilitation with-
out endeavour to produce it into AB? Romuhts, after his death, (as liv.Ub.i.v.c
they report or feign) ye«^ aprefent to the Romans, that above all they ''•
fhould intend Arras, and then thcyjiwuld pr^ove the greatest Empire of
the World. The whole Fabrick of the ^/4/etf/5'/),ir^^, was, induitri-
oufly (though not fo wifely) composed and built to that Ccopc and end.
The Pe'r^ans and Alucedonians had the fame ulagCjbut not fo conftant
and Jafting. The Britans, Galls , Germans , Goths , Saxons , Nor^
mans, (fox a flafh of time) gave themfelves chiefly to Arms. The Ttirl{s
not a little inftigated thereto by their Law, retain the fame difcipline.
at this day, ("though as it is now praftifed J with great declination of
their Militia. Of Chriftian Europe they that retain and profels it
are in effeft only the Spaniards. But it is fo liquid and raanifeft, that
every manprofiteth tftoti, in that he moil intendcth, that it needs not to
be ftood upon. It is enough to point at it , That no Nation tohich doth
notprofefs Arms , and pra&ife Military Arts, malting it their principal
Jiudy and occupation, may ever hope to have any notable greatnej^ of Em~
pire,jall into their months : and on the other lide, it is a moft certain
Oracle of time, That thofe Nations that have continued long in the pro-
fejfion andfiudj of Arms (as the Romans and Turl{s principally have done^
for the propagation of Empire,) rporl^rconders. Nay thofe that have flou-
ri(htforthe glory of Arms, but for the fpace only ofoneage^ have
commonly attain'd thatGreatnefs of Dominion, in that oneagejWhich
maintained them long after, when their profeffion and exercife of
Arms hath grown to decay.

7 Incident to this Precept is ; for a fiat e to havefuch latvs and cujloms
which may readily reach forth unto themJuH occafions, or at leafl preten-
ces of taking Arms. For thejre is that apprehenlion of Juftice imprint-
ed in the nature of men, that they enter not upon Jf^r/ ("whereof ib
many calamities do enfue) but upon (bme.at the leaft fpecious grounds
and Quarrels. The Turk hath at hand for caufe of war the Propaga-
tion ot his law and feft 5 a quarrel that he may always command.The
Romans though they Q^Qemedtht extending of the Limits of their Em-
fire, to be great honour to their Generals, when it was done, yet
for that caufe alone, to Propagate their bounds, they never undertook
a war. Therefore let a nation that pretends to Greatnefs, and afpires
to Empire, have this condition, that they have a quick and lively
fenle of any wrongs either upon Borderers, Merchants, or publick
Minitters 5 and that they fit not too long upon the firft provocation.
Again^..QX. them be preft,and Adiive to fend Aids and Succours to their
Allies and confederates , as it ever was with the Roviavs : infomuch

Oo aj

2QO Of the Advanceinenkof Learning, Lib. VUL

as if a hoftile invafion were made upon a confederate, which alfb had
leagues Defenfive with other ftateSjand the fame implored their ay ds
feverally , the Romans would ever be the formoft, and leave it to
no other to have the Honour of the Affiftance. As for the wars which
were anciently made for a kind of conformityjOr tacite correfponden-
cy of Eftates, I do not fee upon what Law they are grounded. Such
were the wars undertaken by the Romans, for the liberty oiGrecra :
fuch were thole of the Lacedtmoniam and Athenians^ to fet up or pull
down Der/tocracics and Oligarchies : fuch are the wars made fometiroes
by States, and Princes, under pretence of protecting Forreign fub-
jefts, and freeing them from Tyranny and oppreffion, and the like.
Let it fufEcefor theprefent point that it be concluded. That no ejiate
expeli to be Great ^ that is not injlantly avpake^ upon anyJuH occajion of
Arming,

8 Nobody can he healthful without exercife, neither Natural Body nor
Volitick^: and certainly to a Kingdom or Efiate ajttji and honourable war
if in place of a rvholjome exercife. A Civil war indeed, is lil^e the heat
of a Fever-y but a Forreign is like the heat ofExercife^zad ferves to keep
the body in health : for in a floathful and drowfle Peace, both cou-
rages will effeminate, and Manners corrupt But hovvfoever it be for
the Happinefs of any Eliate^ without all queftion, for Greatnef, it
maketh, to be ftill for the mofi: part in Arras ; and a veteran Army
(though it be a chargeable Bufinefs) always on foot, is that which
commonly gives the Law, or at lead the Reputation amongft all neigh'
hour-Jiates. This is notably to be feen in Sparn^ which had in one
part or other a veterane Army almoft continually, now by the (pace of
fix-fcore years.

9 To he Mafler of the Sea, is an Abridgement of a Monarchy^ Cicero
writing to Atticus of PompeiMt his preparation againft Cff/i?r,(aith 5 Con-'
filium Pompeii, plane ThemiHocleum ei?; putat enim, qui mart Potitur^
earn Rerum potiri. And without doubt Pompey had tyred out and
broken Cafar, if upon a vain confidence he had not left that way. We
fee from many examples the great effefts of Battels by Sea : The Bat-
tel ofActium decided the Empire of the world ; the Battel of £e/?4«-
io put a ring in the nofc of the Turk: Certainly it hath often fallen
out that Sea-fights have been final to the war , but this is when Prin-
ces or States have fet up their Reft upon thole Battels. Thus much
is without all doubt, that he that commands the Sea, is at great liber'
ty-i and may tah^ as much and as little of the war as he tpill: whereas
on the Contrary, tbofe that befirongeti by Land, are many times never-
thelefs in great fir aits. But at this day and with us of Europe, the van-
tage of firength at Sea (which is indeed one of the principal Dowries of
this Kingdom of Great Brittain)h in the fum of Affairs of great
import : both becaufe moft of the Kindoms of Europe , are not
merely Inland , but girt with the Sea moft part of their com-
pafs , and becaufe the Treafures and Wealth of both Indies, (kcms
in great part but an Acceflary to the command of the Seas,

lo The

Lib. Vlll. Of the Advancement of Learning. 291

10. The wars of latter Agesfeemto be mack '» tjje clarl{^^ ip refpe^^ of
the dory and Honour which reflected upon MiUlary men frovt the fears
in ancient times. We have now perchance, for Martial encourage-
ment,(bme degrees and orders of Chivalry, which nevertheleis are
conferred promifcuoufly upon Soldiers, and no Soldiers; and ibme
Pedegrees of Families perhaps upon Scutchions ; and fome pub-
lick Hofpitals for eraerited and maim'd Soldiers,and fuch like things.
But in ancient times^ the Trophy erefted upon the place of the Vi-
ftory, the Funeral Laudatives and ftately Monuments for thofe
that died in the Wars 5 Civick Crowns, and Military Garlands a-
warded to particular perfons ; the ftile of Emperor , which the
greateft Kingsof the World after, borrowed from Commanders in
War; the foleran Triumphs of the Generals upon their return, af-
ter the Wars were profperoufly ended ; the great Donatives and
Largefles upon the disbanding of the Armies : thefe, I fay, were
matters (b many and great, and of fuch glorious luftre and blaze in
eyes of the world , as were able to create a Fire in the moft fro-
zen breafts, and to inflame them to War. But above all^ that ofthe
7r7»«zp/j amongft the Romans, was not a matter of mere pomp, or
(bme vain fpe&acle or pageants , but one of the wifefl: and noblefl:
inftitutions that ever was : for it-contain'd in it three things , Honor
and Glory to the Generals ; Riches to the Treafury out of the Spoils , and
Donatives to the Army. But the Honours of Triumph perhaps were
not fit for Monarchies, ^Xcept it be in the perfbo ofthe King him-
lelf, or of the Kings Sons 5 as it came to pafs in the times of the Ro-
wan Emperors ^ who did impropriate the Honor of Triumph to thera-
relves,and their Sons; for fuch Wars as they did atchieve in Perfbn,
and left only by wz.yorwiAnXgQncQfiarmentszndTrinmphalEu'dgns
to the Generals.

§ But to conclude thefe difcourfes 5 (There is no man (as (acred M«t-v^=
Scripture teftifies) that by~care taking can add a cubit to his fialure ^
in this little Model of Man's body 5 but in the great Frame of King-'
dcms znA CoMVDon-wealths^ it is in the Power of Princes and Eftates,
to add Amplitude and Greatnefs to their Kingdoms. For by intro-
ducing fuch ordinances, conftitutions and cuftoms, as we have now
propounded, and others of like nature with thefe, they may fow
greatnefs to Pofterity and Future Ages. But thefe ccunfels are fel-
dom taken into confideration by Princes 5 but the Matter is common-
ly left to fortune to take its chance.

§ And thus much for the points that, for the prefent, have offered
themfelves to our confideration touching the Enlarging of the Limits
ttf a State or Kingdom. But to what end is this coratemphtiorl, fee-
ingof all Imperial Soveraignties in this World, the Roman Monar-
chy (as it is believed) was to be the laft ? but that, being true to
our own Defign, nor any where declining out ofthe way (in as much
Ins the Amplification of a Kingdom was, amongft the three Politick
Duties, the third} we could not altogether pafs it over untoucht.
There remains now anothQt Deficient of the two we have' fet down,
that rs, of Vnitferfaljujiice, or the Fountains of lam.

O O 2 Ilr All

202 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. Vill.

II. Ail they which have wfitfein of Laws, have handled that Ar-
gument either as Philofophers, or as Lawyers, and none as States-
men. As for Philofophers, they propound many thib'g^ goodly fo*
difcourfe, but remote from ufe. For the Lawyers^ they are manci-
pated and wholly devoted every one to the Laws of the State where
they live, or to the Placits of the Et»perial or Fontificdl Laws, and
cannot ufe impartial and fincere judgement j but difcoutft as out of
Gives and Fetters. Certainly this kind of knowledge pertains pro-
perly to States-men j who can befl: difcern what humane fociety is
capable of; what makes for the weal of the publick, What natural
equity is, what the law of Nations, thecuftom of Countries, the
divers and different forms of States. and Republicks; and therefore
are able to difcern and judge of Laws, from the Principles, both of
natural Equity and Policy. ' Wherefore the bufinefs in hand is , to
have recourfe unto, and make enquiry of the Fountains of Jujitce^
and of VHblickutility, and in every part of Law to repi^efent a kind
of Chara^er and idea of that which is juji 5 by which general mark
and direftion he that fhall intend his mind and ftudies that way, may
try and examine the feveral laws of particular Kingdoms and Elates 5
and from thence endeavour an emendation. Wherefore ahtx our ac^
cuftom'd manner we will, in ons Ti(le propound an example thereof

EXAMPLE

^ Of a Trcatife touching Vniirerfaljnjiicefir the Foutitainf
rl%^ unP' of Law in one Tide by way of Aphorifnt,

VERSALIS ■'

Gve deFon-

tibus Juris. THE I^R.OEM.

ATHORIS M I.

IN Civil fociety either Lavo or Tower prevails 5 for there is a ToWet
which pretends Law, and fome Law taftes rather of Might thaa
Right. Wherefore there is a threefold Fountain of Injujiicej Mere
Power i Cunning //7<i^«e^/?t7« under colour of Law 3 and the HarJIj
nefof Law itfelf

fj-

APHORISM n.

The force and efficacy of Private Right is this. He that doth a
wrong, by the Fai^, receives Profit or Pleafure ; by the Example ,
incurs Prejudice and Peril : others are not Partners with him in his
Profit or Pleafure 5 but they take themfelves interreffed in the Exam-
ple 5 and therefore eafily combine and accord together , to (ecure
themfelves by Laws , left injuries by turns feife upon every par-
ticular. But if thorough the corrupt humour of the times , anfl
the generality of guilt, it fall out, that to the greater number and
the more Potent, danger is Athcr created than avoided , by fuch a
Liw 5 f aftion difanuls that LdJTjwhich often comes to pafs.

A PHO*

Lib. VIll. Of the Advancement of Learnitig. 292

APHORISM lit:

Private Right is under the ProteCTion of Puhlic^LatP : for Lan>s are
for the People^ Magtjirates for Lanjs 5 and the aut-hority of Magi-
ftrates depends upon theMajeftyof Empire,' and the fofitt of Poli-
cy 5 and upon Laws Fundamental : wherefore if this Part be found
and healthful, Laws will be to g6od purpdfe 3 if otherwife, there
will be little fecurity in them.

or::v'«;; ^wi

APHokfsM W,-

Yet notwithftahding, the end ofr«^/ic4 ^fwi'is ribtbirly to Be a
Guardian to Private'RigBt, left that fhould any Way be T^iifat^d 3 6r
to reprefs Injuries : but itisexteriddd alfo utito Religi6n-, and Arms
and Difcipline, and Ornaments, and Wealth, and finally to all things
which any way conduce'unto the ^rofperoUs Eftate of a Common-'
wealth.

■' ••-hAPHokf^M] W^ '^ ^^^'' •■• c-!jrf3o c. .

For the End and Aim at whieK £4Wj- (hotiM level , iM whereto
they (hould diredt their Decrees and Sanftions, is no other than this
That the People may liv« happily : This will be brought to pals, if they
be rightly train'dupin Piety and Religion^if they he Honeii for Moral
converfation 5 fecur'd by Arms againft foreign enemies 3 munited by
Laws, againft (editions," and private wrongs 3 Obedient to Govern-
ment and Magiftrates 3 Rich 4«<^^(?«r//7i«g in Forces and s«eai|b;jbut
the Inftruments and Gnews of all Bleffiogs are LaTPs,. ■.':■.■,

JP HQ'RISM VL

■■'-'".■•,

And this end the beft Laws attain 3 but many Laws mMs thlsfriark:
for there is a great difference, arid a wide difl;ancein the dp'mpara-
tive valure and virtue ofLarvs 3 fox fome Laws ir'eexceUet}t\Jome ofa
middle temper3 others altogether corrupt. We vvill exhibite according
to themealure of our judgement, fome certain Laws ("as it Were) of
Laws, whereby information maybe taken, what in all Laws is well
or ill fet down, and Eftabliflu. ■■' n-'U-'- ;

APliORI^M Vlt. '•

But before wedefcend to the Body of I<«v/ in particular 3 we will
briefly touch the Merit and Dignities, of z:<?rp/ in.general. A Law may
be held good, that is, Certain in the ihtimiifton, Jtijl in the Precept ,
Profitable in the Execution, Agreeing with the Form of Government in
the prefent State 5 and begetting vertue in thole that live xiQ^ei
them, .. - ^■.-■^ r \Y. i

294 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VIII.

TITLE. I.

Of the firft Dignity of Laws, that they be Certain.

APHORISM VIIL ^

CErtainty is fo Eflential to a Lar», as without it a Liw cannot be
Ju^ 5 Si enim incertatft vocem det Tkba, quiife parabitad Bellnvt^
So.if the Law give an uncertain founds v/ho fliall prepare himfelf to o-
bey ? A Law then ought to give warning before it ftrike ; and it is
a good Rule, That is theheji Law which gives leaji liberty to the Arbi»
trage of the Jndge^ which is that, the Certainty thereof affefteth,

APHORISM. IX.

Incertainty of Laws is of two Ibrts 5 one where no Law is prefcrii'
ed j the other, when a Law is difficile and dark,: we muft therefore
firft fpeak oiCaufes omitted in the Law ; that in thefe likewiie there
may be found fome Rule of Certainty.

Of Cafes omitted in Law,

APHORISM X.

.. .. ^ V -

THe narrow fcdtnpafs of man's wifdom, cannot comprehend all
cafes which time hath found out ; and therefore Cafes omitted,
a»dnew do often prefent theralelves. In thefe cales there is applied
athreefoldremedyjOrfuppleraQntseithcr by a proceeding upon like
cafes ^ or by the ufe of Examples, though they be not grown up in-
to Law 5 or by JurifdiBions^ which award according to the Arbitre-
ment of fome Good Man, and according to found judgement 5 whe-
ther they be Courts Pretorian , or of Equity , or Courts Cenforiaa or
of Penalty.

Of Proceeding upon like Prefidents \ and of the
Extenfions o( L A py S.

APHORIS M XI

IN Cafes omitted, the Rule of Law is to be deduced from Cafes of
like nature ^ but with Caution and Judgement. Touching
Avhich thefe Rules following are to be obferved. Let Reafon be fruit-
ful 5 Cuftom be barren, and not breed Cafes. Wherefore whatfoever
is accepted againft the Sence and Reafon of a Law ; or elfe where
the Reafon thereof is not apparent, the fame rauftnot be drawn into

i:oafequence,

S. APHO"

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 295

APHORISM XIL

A fingular PubJick Good doth neceflarily introduce Cafes pre"
termitted. Wherefore when a Law doth notably and extraordinarily
refpeft, and procure the profit and advantage of a State, Let the in-
terpretation be ample and extenjive.

APHORISM XIII.

• It if A hard Cafe to torture Lavps^ that they may torture Men. We
would not therefore .'A^/L-iWJ Penal^ much lef Capital, pould be ex-
tended to nerv Offences : yet if it bean old Grime, and known to the
Laws, but the Profecution thereof falls upon a new Cafe, not fore-
feen by the Laws ; we rauft by all means depart from the Placits of
LaWi rather than that offences pafs unpunifht.

APHORISM XIV.

In thofe ftatutes, which the Common Latp (fpecially concerning
cafes frequently incident, and are of long continuance) doth abfb-
lutely repeal ; We like not the proceeding byffmilitude^ unto cafes omj-t'
ted : for when a State hath for a long time wanted a whole Law, and
that, in Cafes expreji j there is no great danger if the cafes omittedcx"
ped a remedy by a netoftatnte.

APHORISM XV.

Such conftitutions as were manifefltly, the Laws ofTime,and fprung
up from emergent Occafion , then prevailing in the Common-wealth 5
the ftate of times once changed, they are reverenc'd enough, if they
may conferve their authority within the limits of their own pro»
per cafes : and it were prepofterous any way to extend and apply
them to Cafes omitted.

APHORISM XVL

There can be no Sequel of a Sequel , but the extention muft be
arrefted within the limits of immediate Cafes : otherwife we fall
by degrees upon unrefembling Cafes ; and the fubtilty of wit will be
of more force, than the Authority of Law.

APHORISM XVIL

In Laws and Statutes of a compendious Uile^extention may be made
more freely , but in thofe Laws which are punftual in the enumera-
tion of Cafes Particular, more verily : for as exception ftrengthens
the force of a Law, in Cafes not excepted 5 fb enumeration weakens hj
in Cafes not enumerated*

APHO"

2^6 Of the Advancement of Learning L i b. VIII.

APHORIS M XVIII.

Ah ExpUtiatory Statute dams up the ftreams of a Former Statnte j
neither is the cxtenfion received afterwards, in the one or the other:
for their is no fuper-extenfion can be made by a 'judge, where once aa
extenfion hath begun to be made by a Law.

APHORISM XIX.

The Form of Words, and Afts of Courts, doth not admit an Ex-^
tendon upon like Ca(es ; for that loo(eth the nature of Formality ,
which departs from Cuuom to Arbitrement : and the introduftion
of new Cafes imbafeth the Majefty of the oU,

, APHORISM XX.

Extetijion of Law is aptly applied unto Cafes Poji-nate^ which were
not exiftent in nature, when the Law was enadted ; for where the
Cafe could not be exprefl, becaufe there were none fuch extant 5 a
Cafe omitted \s accepted for a Cafe exprefi, if the reafon be the fame.

So iox Extenfion of Lanps in Cafes ^wt/?, let thefe Rules fuffice. Now
n>e muft fpeak of the ufe of Examples .

Of Prefidents, and the ufe thereof.

APHORISM XXI.

NOw it follows we fpeak of Examples, ftom which Righ is in-
ferr'd, where L<?jp is deficient: as for Cujlom, which is a kind
of Law 5 and for Prefidents which by frequent Practice are grown in-
to Cuflom, as into a Tacite Law 5 we will fpeak in due place. But
now we fpeak of Examples or Prefideiits, which rarely and fparfedly
fall out; and are not yet grown up to the ftrength of a Law-, name-
ly when, and with what caution a Rule of Law is to be derived from
them, where Law is Deficient.

APHORISM XXir.

Prefidents muft be derived from Good and Moderate:, and not from
Bloudy, FaUioHs, or Dijfohte Times : for Examples fetch from fuch
times, are a Baftard iflue, and do rather Corrupt, than Inftrudl.

APHORISM XXIII.

In Examples the more Modern , are to be reputed the morefafe .-
for that which was but lately done, and no inconvenience enfued
thereon, why may it not be done again ? Yet neverthelefs Recent
Examples are of lefs Authority ; and if perchance it fo foil out. that

a Re-

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, i c)j

a Reformation mufl: be made. Modern Prefuktits tafte more of their
own Times^ than of right Reafon.

i

APHORISM XXIV,

But f»ore Aftcient Trefidents muft be received with caution, and
choice ; for the Revolution of an Age altereth many things 3 fb as
what might feem Ancient for Time, the fame through perturbation,
and inconformity to the prefent Age,may be altogether Ncn>. Where-
fore the examples of a middle time are beft ; or of fuch ati Age, as
beft (brts with the Tr.efentTifitesj which now and then the Time fur-
ther off better reprelents, than the Tit»e clofe at hand,

APHORISM XXV.

Keep your felf within, or rather on this fide the limits of an £.v-
afaple, and by no means furpafs thofe bounds : for where there is no
Bule ofLarv, all ought to be entertain'd with jealoufie : v^'herefore
here, as in obfcure Cafes, folloiP that which is leaji doubtful.

: APHORISM xxvr.

Beware of Fr4gz»e»/j and Compends o( Examples -^ and view the
Examples entire , and every particular paflage thereof: for if it be
inequitable and unreafonable before aperfe& comprehenfion of the whole
Laxf>,to make a judgement upon a Partner Paragraph thereof j much more
(hould this Rule hold in Examples , which unlets they be very fquare
and proper, are of doubtful ufe and application.

4 P HO R ISM XXVIT.

■ In Exramples it imports very much thorough what hands they ha^e
paft, and have been tranlafted 5 for if they have gone current with
ClerJ^s only and Minijiers ofjttjiice, from the conrfe of fame Courts ,^
without any notice taken thereof by fuperiour Counfellors •-, or with
the Majier of Errors, the People-^ they are to be rejefted and little
fefteeraed of: but if they have been fuch precife r/-e/?<s^e»// to Coun*
fellors of Eftate, Judges or Principal Courts, as that it muft needs
be, that they have been ftrengthened by the tacite approbation, at
leaftj of Judges 5 they carry the more Reverence with them.

APHORSIM XXVin.

Pre/?<5/f?«// that have been publifht, however lelspraftifedj which
being debated and ventilated by mens difcourfes and dilceptatioris
have yet ftood out unargued, are of greater j^uthority : but fuch as
have remained buried^ as it were, in Clofets and Archives, are of Icls i
for^Examples like waters arc mofi wholjome in the running (iream.

P p' APtid'

' _ * —— l,„. .1 ■ I - , II ■ ■■

208 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VIIL

APHORISM XXIX.

Examples that refer to Lam,we would not have them drawn from wri-
ters of H/j7(?ry,but from publick ^^/^and more diligent Traditions: for
it is an infelicity familiar even with the beft Hiftorians, that they pafs
ovet Lam and Judicial proceedings tooflightly: and if perhaps they
have ufed fome diligence therein, yet they vary much from AHtheti"
tick, ConJiitHtions.

APHORISM XXX.

An Example^ which a contemporary Age, or a time neereft unto it
hath repealed, fhould not eafily be taken up again, though the like
cafe (hould afterwards enfue : nor makes it fo much for an Example,
that men have fometimes ufed it 5 as it makes againft an exantple^thai
upon experience, they have now relinquifht it.

APHORISM XXXr.

Examples are admitted into Counfils , but do in like manner pre-
fcribe or command j therefore let them be fo moderated, that the
Authority of the time paft, may be bowed and plied to the praftice
of the time prefent. And thus much concerning information from
Frefidents where Lato is Deficient. Now follows that we (peak of
Coiirts Pratorian znd Cenforian':, Courts of Equity, and of Penalty.

Of Courts Praetorian and Cenforian.

APHORISM XXXII.

LEt there be Courts and Jurisdi&ions^ which may deRne according
to the Arbitrement of (bme Good man, and according to found
. judgement : for the Lavp (as is obferv'd before) cannot provide for all
Cafes i but is fitted to fuch occurrences as commonly fall out 5 and
Time fas was faid by the Ancients) is a tnoU wife Thing, and dail^
the Au&or and Inventor of new Cafes.

AP HO RISM XXXIII.

Kew cafes fall out both in Matters Crfmnal, which have need of Pe-
nalty, and in Adatters Civil, which have need of Relief: the Courts
which refpeft the Former, we call Cenforian^ which refpedthe lat-
ter, Pratorian.

APHORISM XXIV,

Let the Cenforian Courts ofJuHice, have jurisdiftion and Power not
only oipunijinng new o^'enccs 3 but alfb oiincreafing Penalties affigned

by

Lib. VIII. 'Of the Advancement of Learning. 299

hy {htLzwsiox older ir»cT ^ if the cafes be haiiious and enormous, Co
they be not Capital: for a Notorious guilt, as it were, a new Ca(e.

ATHOKISM XXXV.

Tn like manner, let Pr£torian Courts of Equity^ have power to qua-
lijie the Rigor of Law ^ as alfo oCfupplying the DefeSs of Law : for if a
Remedy ought to be extended to him whom the Law hath pasi by 3
much more to him whom it hath wounded.

APHORISM xxxvr.

Let the(e Cenforian and Pr£torian Courts be by all means liraifed
within Cafes Hainous and extraordinary 5 and not invade ordinary Ju-
risdictions 5 left peradventure the matter extend to the fuppUntation,
rather than ihefuppkment of Law.

AP HORISM XXXVIL

het the(eJurisdi&ioni refide only in the Highe^ Courts ofjudica',
iure, and not be communicated to Courts inferior : For the Power of
extending^ or fipplying^ or Moderating Laws, little differs from the
Power oi Making them.

APHORISM " XXXVIIL

Bulled not thefir Co//r/x be affigned oyer to one man, but confift of
Many: Nor let the Decrees thereof iflue forth with filence, but let
the Judges alleage Realbns of their (entence, and that openly in the
Audience of the Court, that what is free in the Power, may yet in
the fame and reputation be confined.

APHORISM XXXIX.

.. Let there be no i?«^r;V/ ofBloud-^ ne\t)\et'De^neo\ Capital crimes
in what Court foever, but from a known and certain Law 5 for God
himfelf firft denounced Death, afterwards infli(3:ed it. Nor is any
man to be put to death, but he that knew before- hand, that hefmned
again fi his own life.

AP HORISM XL.

In Courts of Cenfure, give way to a third Trial, that a neceffity be
notimpofed upon Judges of abfolvingor of condemning^ but that
they may pronounce a Non liquet 5 Co in like manner, let Laws Cenfo'
rian^ notonlyhez Penalty, hnt an Infamy, that is, which may not in-
flidl a punifhraent, but either end in admonition; or cl(e chaftife the
delinquent withTorae light touch of Ignominy ,and asit were, a blufh-
ing fhame.

Pp 2 APHO^'

^ oo Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. VIII,

APHORISM XU.

In Cenforian Courts let the frji aggrejfions, add the middle Adts of
Great offenceSj and wicked attempts bepunifht; yea although they
were never perfeftly accomplidit : and let that be the chiefeft ufe of
thofe Courts'-i (eeing it appertains tofeverity^to poniQi the firft approach-
es of wicked enterprizes^ and to Mercji to intercept the perpetcatioa
ofthera by correfting middle Afts.- ''■ ' ; us. :•^

APHORIS M XLII.

Special regard muft be taken, that in Fratorian Courts^ fuch Cafes
be not countenanc'dj which the Law hath not fo much pretermittedj
as (lighted as Frivolous , or, as odious, judgd unworthy redreft.

APHORISM XXUII.

Above all itmoft imports the Certainty of Laws ^ that Courts ofE-
ftity do not lb fwell and overflow their banks, as under pretence of
tnitigAting the Rigor of Laws, they do difleft or relax the ftrength and
finews thereof, by drawing all to Arbitremsnt.

A^P UORISM XLIV.

Let not Pretoriau Court shixve Power to Decree againft exprefs Jla-
iute, under any pretence of equity: for if this (hduld be permitted, a
Law-interpreter, would become a I^A^.^z^/^er 3 and all matters fliould
depend upon Arbitretfient.

APHORISM XLV.

Some are of opinion, that the Jurisdiftion of Defining according to
Equity and Conjcience^ and that other, which proceeds according to
jiri^ Lawj (hould be deputed to tbefan/e Courts^ but others fay to
fever al: by all means let there be afeparation of Courts^ for there will
be no dijiin&ion of Cafes, where there is commixtion or Jurisdi^ions 5
bat you (hall have Arbitrement incroach upon, and at iaft, fwallow
tip Law.

APHORIS Ad XLVI.

The Tables of the Pretors amonglt the Romans came in ufe upon good
ground: in thefe theTre/t^r fet down and publillit afore-hand , by
what form of Law he would execute Judicature. After the lame ex-
ample. Judges in Pretorian Courts, (hould propound certain Rules to
themielves (fo far as may be) and openly publilh them ; for that is the
he [i Law, which gives Icaii liberty to the Judge j he the beii Judge that
ta/{es leaji liberty to hiwfclf. But of thefe Courts we (hall fpeak more at
large, when we come to the Title Tye^udiciis i we now (peak of them

in

L I B . VI II. Of the Advancement of Learning. q o i

In paffage onlyj fo far as they clear aind (upply th^ Vvhich is omitted
by the Law. ' ''" ''■-'

Of the Reflexive Afped, or Reference of Laws
one to another;^ • "-^ «'*^'

APHORISM XL vir.

THere is likewife another kind of fuppletaent of Cafes omitted'^
when one Law falleth upon another, and withall draws with
_ it Cafey pretermitted. This comes to pa(s in Laws or Statutes, which
(as the ufual expreffion is) look back or reflet one upon another.
Laws of this nature, are rarely and with great Caution to be al-
teag'd : for we like it not, to fee a two Fac'd]2Ltiusin Laws.
'^^^ ■ '■ :..lA

APHORISM XLVIII.

He that goes about to elude and circumvent the words and fen-
tence of Law by Fraud, and captious Fallacies, deferves in like man-
ner to be himfelf infnar'd by a fiicceeding Law : wherefore in cale
offubtiljhifts zad fifiijier devifes, it is Very meet that laws Ihould
hol{_l?ac^u^n and mutually fupport one znother, that he who ftudies
evafions, and everfion of Lawj Prefect, may yet ftand in awe of /«-
iureLaws.

AVHORI SM XLIX.

Laws which ftrengthen and eftablifh the true intentions of Records
and Infiruments , againft the Defe&s of Forms and Solennities, do
rightly comprehend matters paft ; for the greateft inconvenience in
a law that refers hack^, is, that it difturbcth ; But thefe confirmatory
Laws, refpedt the peace and fetling ofthofe cafes, which are tranfaft-
ed and determin'd 5 yet we muft take heed that cafes already adjudgd,
be not reverfl or violated,

APHORISM t.

We mull: be very careful that, not thofe Laws afohe, be thought to
refpeH things paSt, which invalid cafes already decided 5 but thofe alfo
vih\c\xprohibite and refirain future cafes neceflarily connext with mat'
ters paji. As fot example, if a Law ftiouJd interdift fomekindof
Trades-men the vent of their commodities for hereafter : the Letter
of this Law is for the future 5 but the fence and meaning takes hold
of the timepa/i j for now it is not warrantable for fuch perfons to get
their living this way.

APHORISM LL

Every Declaratory Z.<jn?, although there be no mention of ///w^ ^4/?,
yet by the force of the Declaration, it is by all means to be cx»

tended

1^

9 o2 Of the Advancement of Learning L i b. VIIL

tended to matters paji : for the Interpretation doth not then begin to
be in force, when it is declared^ but is m3.dc contemporarji with th^,
#» Law itfelf. Wherefore never enaft declaratory Laws , but in cafe
where Laws may in equity refer and lool(^ back, one upon another.
And here we have done with that part which handles the Incertitude of
Laws, where no Law is found. It remains, we now fpeal^ of that other
part, namely where there is a taw extant, bnt fuch a one as is Perplext
and Oblcure.

o

of the Obfcurity of Laws.

APHORISM LIL

^Bfcurity of Laws ^^xings fromr four caufcs: either from the ex-
ceflive accnmulation of Laws, fpecially where there is a mix-
ture of Obfolete Laws ; Or from an ambiguous, or not perlpicuous
and delucid defcription of Laws : or from the [manner of expounding
Law, either altogether neglefted, ornot rightly purfued ; or laftlyj
eontradi&ion and incertainty of judgments.

Of the Ecceflive Accumulation of Laws.

AF HO RISM LIII. ,.,

I ■ ^ - A.

'J^He Prophet faith, Pluetfuper eos Laqueos ; now there are no worfe
fhares than the fhares of Laws, fpecially Penal ^ if they be/**-
menfefor number i, and through the alteratrons of times unprpftabU%,
they do not prefent a torch, but fpreada net to ourfe-et.

A? HO RISM LIV.

There are two ways in ufe oimz^mg a new Statutci,Uheonee^ab\t-
(heth and ftrengthens the Former Statute about the fame fubje(3:j and
then adds and changes (bme things: //le ez/j^r abrogates and cancels
what was Decreed before, and inh^diuies dcintegro, a new and uni-
form Law. The latter way we approve ; for by the former way De-
crees become complicate and perplext, yet what is undertaken is
indeed purfued , but the Body of Law is in the mean time cor-
rupted. But certainly the more diligence is required in the latter,
where the Deliberation is of the Law it felfj that is , the Decrees
heretofore made, are to be fearched into, and duely weighed and
cxamin'd, beforetheLawbe publiftit : but the chief point is, that
by this means the Harmony of Laws is notably advanced for the
future. I

A? HO RISM LV.

It was a cuftom in the State of Athens^ to delegate ^vx. perfons, for
forevife and examine every year the contrary Titles of Law, which.

tbey

Lib. VIll. Of the Advancement of Learnincr. 002

they called Anti-nomies , and fuch as could not be reconciled, were
propounded to the people , that fome certainty might be defined
touching them. After this example, let fuch in every State, as have
the Power of making Laws, review Anti-nomies every third or fifth
year, or as they fee caufe. And thefe may be firfl: fearcht into, and
prepar'd by Committees aflign'd thereto, and after that exhibited to
Aflemblies 5 that fo what (hall beapprov'd, may by fuffi:ages be efta-
blilht and fetled.

ATHORISM LVr.

And let there not betoo (crupulous and anxious pains taken in re-
conciling Contrary Titles of Law, and of Salving (as they termit) all
points by fubtil and ftudied Diftindtions. For this is the Web of
Wit ; and however it may carry a (hew of Modefty and ReverencCj
yet it is to be reckoned in the number of things Prejudicial 5 as be-
ing that which makes the whole body of Law ill-forted, and inco«
herent. It were far better that the worft Titles were cancel'dj and the
reft ftand in force.

APHORISM LVU.

Obfokte Laws, and fuch as are grown out of u(e, as well as Anti-
nomies^ (hould be propounded by delegateSjas a part of their charge
,tp be reptal'd : for (eeing exprefs Statute cannot regularly be void-
.ed by Dtfufe 5 it falls out that through a Difeftimation of Obfolete
Laws, the authority of the reft is fomewhat erabafed 5 and Mezenti-
us Torture enfues , that Laws alive are kjlled with the embraccments of
Laws dead : hut above all beware of a Gangreen in Laws.

APHORISM LVm.

So likewife for Obfolete Laws and Statutes, and fuch as are not late-
ly publi(ht 3 let the Pretorian Courts have power ; in the mean (pace,
to define contrary to them : for although it hath been faid not im-
pertinently, no man ought to make himfclf wifer than the Laws 5 yet
this may be underftood of Laws, when they are awake, not when
they are afleep. On the other fide, let not the more recent Statutes^
which are found prejudicial to the Law-piblickj, be in the Power of
the Judges 3 but in the Power of Kings and Counfellors of Eftate,
and ftipreme Authorities for Redrels, by (ufpending their execution
through Edifts and Afts ; until Parliamentary Courts, and fuch High
Aflemblies meet again, which have power to abrogate them ; left
the (afety of the Common- wealth (hould in the mean while be en-
dangered.

3 o4 Of the Advancemgm of Learning, L i b . VIII.

Of New Digefts of Laws,

AP HO RI SM LIX.

BUt if Laws accMmukted upon Lavps^ fwell into futh vaft voIumeSj
or be obnoxious to fuch confufion , that it is expedient to
revife them anew , and to reduce them into a found and folid
body 3 intend it by all means , and let fuch a work be reputed
an Heroical noble work ; and let the Authors of fuch a work , be
rightly and defervedly ranckt in the number of the Fonnders and
Rejiorers of Lavos,

APHORISM LX.

This Purging of Laws, and the contriving of a new Digeft is five
ways accorapliflat. Firji, let obfolete Lavet , which Jufiinian ternis
old Fables h&lQ^toxxt. Secondly^ let the moft approved oi Anti-
nomies be received; the contrary aboHQit. Thirdly, let all C<7-
incident Laws ^ or Laws which import the fame, and are nothing
elfe but repetitions of the fame thing, be expung'd ; and fome one,
the moft perfeft among them, retained inftead of all the reft. Fourth-
l)iy if there be any Laws which determine nothing, but only propound
Queftions , and fo leave them undecided , let thefe likewife be
cafher'd. Lajily, let Laws too wordy and too prolix be abridged
into a more narrow compafs.

AP HO RISM LXf.

And it will import very much for ufe , to compofe and fort apar£
in a new Digeii of Laws, Law recepted for Common Law, which in
regard of their beginning are time out of mind ; and on the other
fide statutes fuperadded from time to time : feeing in the delivery
of a Juridical fentence, the interpretation of Common Law, and Sta-
tute-Laws in many points is not the ftme. ThisTrehmanus did in
the Digefts and Code.

APHORISM LXir.

But in this Regeneration and new Jiru&ure of Laws, retain pri"
cifely the Words and the Text of the Ancient Laws, and of the Books
of Law 5 though it muft needs fall out that (uch a colleftion muft
be made by centoes and fmaller portions ; then fort them in order.
For although this might have been performed more aptly, and (if
you refpeft right reafon) more truly, by a New Text, than by ftich
a confarcination , yet in Laws, not fo much thejiile and defcription ,
as Authority, and the Patron thereof. Antiquity, are to be regarded :
otherwifey«c^ a work, might Ceema fchelajiick. lufnefs and method,
lather than a body of commatiding Laws.

APHO-

Lib. VIII. OftbeAchance7ne}itofLearmn'y. oq*?

AP HO RISM LXIII.

In i\{\%NeTP DJgejl cf Laws, upon good advifement a caveat hath
been put in j that the Ancient volumes of Law fhould not be utterly
extinguiflit, and periQi in oblivion ^ but fhould at lead remain in Li-
braries '-, though the common and promifcuous ufe thereof might be ^*
retain'd. For in Cafes of weighty confequence , it will not beamifs '
to confult and look into the mutations and continuations of Lawt
paji : and indeed it is ufual to fprinkle modern matters with Anti-
quity. And this nerv corps of Law, muft be confirmed only by fuch,
who in every ftate have the power of making Laws 5 left perchance
under colour of Digejiing Ancient Laws, new Laws, under-hand be
conveyed in.

APHORISM LXIV.

It could be wifht that this Inflauration of Laws, might fall out, and
be undertaken in /«cA times, as, for learning and experience ex-
cel thofe more Ancient times, whofe Afts and Deeds they recognize ;
which fell out otherwife in the works of Jufiinian. For it js a great
unhappines, when the works of the Ancient, are maimed, arid re»
compiled, by the judgement and choice of a lefs wife and learnec^
Age : but ofc times that is necefl'ary which is not the beft.

Thus much befpoken of the Obfcurityof Laws, arijing from the exceljive
and confufed accumulation thereof Now let usjpe^^ofthe^ d.ar^and
doubtful Defcription of them.

Of the Perplext and Obfcure Defcriptions
of LAWS,

APHORISM LXV.

Obfcure Deftr^tion of Laws arifes either from the Loquacity Or Ver-
bofity of them '-, or again fronl extream Brevity-, or from the Prei
amble of a Law repugnant with the Body of a. Law.

APHORISM LXVI.

It follows that wfc now fpeakof the obfcurityof Law, arifing from
a corrupt and crooked defcription thereof The Loquacity and Prolix^
ity, which hath been ufed in fetting down Laws, we dijlike .• neither
doth fuch a writer any way compals what hedefires,and labours for j
but rather the quite contrary. For while a man endeavours to pur-
fue and exprefs every Particular cafe in apt and proper terms, hoping to
gain more Certitude thereby^ contrariwife it falls out,that through
many words,multitude of^e^ions are ingendred -, fo as a more found
and folidjinterpretation of Law, according tojthe genuine lenfe and
mind thereof, is much intercepted through the noife of wortis,
^' Ctq APHO-

3 o5 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lib. VIII.

APHORISM LXVII.

And yet notwithftanding a tooCondfe and affe&ed Brevity for Ma-
jefties fake, or as more Imperial, is not therefore to be approved,
Ipecially in thefe times; left Law become perchance, & Lesbian Rule.
Wherefore a middle temper djiile is to be embraced ; and a generality
of words well ftated to be fought out ; which though it do not fb
throughly purfue cafes comprehended, yet it excludes cafes not com-
prehended clearly enough.

APHORISM LXVIIL

Yet in ordinary and Politick Laws and Edifts, wherein for mofl:
part no man advifeth with his Counfel, but trufteth to his own judg-
ment, all ftiould be more amply explicated and pointed oHt^ as it vt>ere^
with the finger^ even to the meaneft capacity.

APHORISM LXIX,

So neither (hould we ^llow of Preambles to Laws, which amongft
the ancients were held impertinencies, and which introduce Dif
puting and not commanding Laws , if we could well away with
ancient cuftom. But theie Prefaces commanXy (as the times are now)
are neceffarily prefixt, not fo much for explication of Law, as for
perfwafion that fuch a Law may pafs in the folemn meeting of a
State 5 and again, to give fatisfadiion to the communalty. Yet (b
far as poffible may be, let Prologues be avoided^ and the Lax» begin with
a command,

APHORISM LXX.

The Mind and Meaning of a Law, though (bmetimes it may be
drawn not improperly from Prefaces and Preambles ( as they term
them 5) yet the latitude and extention thereof, muft not be fetcht
from thence. For a Preambk by way of example, (bmetimes fetch-
eth in, lays hold upon fome of the plaufible and moft Ipecious paf-
fages 5 when yet the Law coraprifeth many more : or on the contra-
ry, the Law restrains and limits many Cafes, the realbn of which
limitations to inlert in the Preface were fuperjinous. Wherefore the
dimenjion and latitude of a Law muft be taken from the Body of a
Law : for a Preamble often falls either Jhort^ or over,

APHORISM LXXL

And there is a very vitious manner of Recording of Latps, that iSj
when the ca(eat which the Larv aimeth,is expreii at large in thepream-
^/e,afterward from the force of the word(The like) or fome fuch term^
of relation^ the Body of a Law is reverft into the Preamble 5 fb as the
Tre»mbU is inlerted and incorporated into the Law it felf, which is

an

Lib. VIJI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 207

^ "I ' ~~ ' : ■ _ ■- ■

anobfcureand not fo fafe acourfe • becaufethe fame diligence ufeth
not to be taken in pondering aqd examining the words of a Preamble^
as there ufeth to be done in the Bodji of a Law'xt ielf. This part
touching the Incertainty of Lawt proceeding from an ill Defcription
<?///je»/ we (hall handle more at large hereafter, when we come to
treat of the Tnterpretatio/i of Laws. Thus much of the obfcttre
Defcnption of Laws. Now let us fpeak of the ways of expounding
Laws.

Of the divers ways of expounding Law and
folving Doubts.

AFHO RISM LXXII.

T

'He ways o^ expounding Law and folving Doubts, are five. For
^ this is done either by Court-Rolls ^nd Records j or by Attthen-'
tick.lVrits 3 or by fubfidiary Book/ 5 or by PreleStions j or by Refponfet
and Refolutions of Wife men. All thefe, if they be well inftituted
and fet down, will be fiogular helps at hand againft the obfair.ity of
Laws.

Of the reporting of Judgements.
A P HO RISM LXXIir.

ABove all, let the "judgements delivered in higher, and Principal
Courts of Judicature, and in matters of grave importance, Spe-
cially Dubious, and which have Ibme Difficulty and NewnejS'xn them,
be taken with faith and diligence. For Decrees are the Anchors of
of Law, as Laws are of the Republic^.

APHORISM LXXIV.

The manner of colleding Cach Judgements and Reporting them, let
be this. Regjjier the cafe precifely ^ the Judgements exa&ly^ annex
the Reafons of the Judgements 2i\\Qzdgcd by the Judges j mingle not
Authorities of Cafes brought for example with Cafes Principal. As for
Perorations of Pleaders, unlefs there be fomething in them very re-
markable, pafi them over with filence.

AP HORISM LXXV.

ThePerfons which ftiould Colledt thefe Judgements , Let them
be of the order and rank of the leamedji Advocates, and let them
receive a liberal Remuneration from the State. Let not the Judges
themfelv^s meddle, at all, with thefe Reports •■, lelt perchance, de-
voted to their own opinions, and fupported by their own Authori-
ty, they tranfccnd the limits of a Reporter.

Clq 2 AVHO'

^o8 Ofthe Advancement of Learning. Lib. VIII.

APHORISM LXXVI.

Digeft thefe Judgtftents according to the order and contimiation
of time J not according to Method and Titles : for writings of this
Mature are, as it were, the Hijiories and Reports of Laws 5 nor do the
Decrees alone, but their times alfo give light to a wife Judge.

Of Authcntick Writers.
ATHORISM LXXVII.

LEt the ^ody of Law be built only upon the Laws themfelves 3
which conftitute the common Law 5 next of Decrees or Statutes 5
in the third place o£ Judgements enrolled j befides thefe, either let
there be no other AHthentickj at all, or fparingly enterraind.

AT HORlSM LXX VIII.

Nothing fb much imports Certainty of Laws (of which we nov^
difcourfe) as that Authentick^ IVritings be confined within moderate
bounds j and that the excejjive multitude of Authors and Doftors of
the Laws , whereby the mind and fentence of Laws are diftrafted 5
the Judge confounded j proceedings are made immortal 3 and the
Advocate himfelf, delpairing to read over and conquer fo many
Books, betakes himfelf to Abridgements 3 be difcarded. It may be
fome good gloft, and fome few of Claflick Writers, or rather (bme
fmall parcel of few Writers, may be received for Authentickj. Yet
of the reli^ fome ufe may be made in Libraries, where Judges or
Advocates, may as occafion is offered read their Difcourfes ; but in
caufes to be pleaded, let them not be permitted to be brought and
alleaged in the Court, nor grow up into Autority.

Of Auxiliary Books.

APHORISM LXXIX.

Et not the knowledge and praftice of Law be deftituted, but ra-
' ther well provided oi Auxiliary Bookj. They are in general
fix forts, Inftitutes ; of the fignification of Words 5 of the Rules of
Law 5 Ancient Records ; Abridgements 5 Forms of Pleading.

APHORISM LXXX.

Young Students and Novices are to be enter *d by Institutes 5 that
they may the more profoundly and orderly draw and take in the
knowledge and Difficulties of the Laws. Compofe thefe I»flitutes
after a clear and perfpicuous manner. In the(e elementary Bookj run
jQVer the vihoXtpivate Law 5 not paffing by fome Titles, and dwelling
too long upon others 5 but briefly touching fomething in all 3 that

coming

L I B.VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning: ■ ^09

coming to read through the rvhole body ofLarvt^ nothing may be pre-
fented altogether ftrange ; but what hath been tafted , and pre-
conceiv'dby fbme flight notion. Touch not the rublick^Lavp in /«-
JiitHtes, but let that be deduced from the Fountains ofthcnifehes.

A? HORISM LXXXf.

Compile a Commentary upon the Tertfn of Law .* Be not too cu-
riousand tedious in the explication thereof j and of rendring their
(enfe 5 for the fcope here, is not exaftly to feek out the Definition of
IVords^ but fuch explications only , as may clear the pafiage to the
reading of the Bookj of Law. Digeft not this Treatife by the letters
of the Alphabet : leave that to Come Index 5 but let fuch words as im-
port the fame thing be forted together ; that in the comprehenlton of
the fenle, one may adminifter help upon the other.

APHORISM Lxxxrr.

A (bund and well-labour'd Treatife of the divers Rules of Law .
conduceth (if any thing doth J to xhe certainty of Laws. A work
worthy the Pen of the greateft WitS5arid wiJeft Jurifts. Nor do we
approve what is extant in this kind. And not only noted and com-
mon Rules^ are to be coUefted, but alfb others more fubtil and ab-
ftrufe, which may be abftradled out of the Harmony of Laws , and
Judged Cafes :y fuch as are (bmetimes found in the beji Rubrics ^ and^
theie are the general Dilates of Reafon^ and the Ballajl, as it were
of Law. #

APHORISM LXXXIII.

But all Decrees and Placits of Law, rauft not be taken for Rules ,
as is wont to be, ablurdly enough ; for if this Ihould be admittedj,
then (o many Laws^ Co many Rules 5 for a Law is nothing elle, than a
commanding Rule. But accept thofe for Rules which cleave to the
very Form of Jujiice, from whence for moft part the fame Rules are
commonly found through the Civil Laws of Different States f unlels
perhaps they vary for the reference to the Forms of pthlick, Govern^
iftents,

APHORISM LXXXIV.

After theifa/c is divided in a brief and fubftantial comprehenfiocr
of words 5 let there be, /<7r explication, annext examples, and moft
clear and luculent Decifions of Cafes -, DijlinUions and exceptions Cot
limitations 3 Points concurrent in fence , for Amplification of the
fame Rule,

AP HOR ISM LXXXV.

It is well given in Precept, that a Law fiould not be drawn from
Rules 5 but the Rule from the Law in force. Neither is a Proof to be
taken from the words of a Rule, as if it were a Text of Law ; for a
Rule (as the fea-man's needle doth the Poles) indicates only, not De-
termines Laws.

APHO*

^^ , ^- — --■ — ...-.,■,.,

3 lo Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. Vill.

A? HO R ISM LXXXVI.

Befides the B^^r/y of Lavp, it will avail al(b, to furvey the Antiqui'
ties or ancient Records of Laws, whofe Authority, though it be va-
niiht, yet their Reverence remains ftill. And let the Writings and
"judgements concerning Laws, be received for the Antiquities of Lates^
which in time preceded the Body of Laws i whether they were
publifht or not : for thefe muft not be loft. Therefore out of thefe
Records feleft what ever is moft ufeful (for there will be found much
vain and frivolous matter in thera)and digeft them into one volume 5
left old fables, ( as Trehoniams calls them ) be mixt with the Laws
themfclves.

A? HO R ISM LXXXVII.

And it much imports the praftick part of Laws, that the whole
Law be Digejied into Places and Titles j whereto a man may have
(as occalioa (hall be given) a fudden recourfe , as to a furniftit
Promptuary for prefent pradiice. Thefe Bool{s of Abridgements, both
reduce into Order what was difperfed^, and ahreviate what was dif-
fljfed and Prolix in Law. But cautionmuft be taken that thefe Bre-
viaries, make not men prompt for the pra&ick^part, and flothful for
the knowledge it felf : for their proper ufe and oflBce is this, that by
them the Law may be tilled over again, and not throughly learned.
* And thefe Summaries muft by all means be colleded with great dili-
gence, faith and judgement, left they commit felony againlltbe Law,

APHORISM LXXXVIIL

Make a CoUeftion of the divers Forms of Pleading in every kind ;
for this conduceth much to thepradick Part: and certainly thefe
Forms do difcover the Oracles and fecret Myfteries of Laws : for
there are many things which lie hidden in Laws 5 But in Forms of
Pleadings, they are better and more largely difplayedj — lilie the
fiSi to the Palm.

Of Refponfes and Refolutions of Doubts.

APHORISM LXXXIX.

SOme courfe muft be taken for the rK/fi»^<?^ and (atisfying/)</r//V«-
lar Doubts which emerge from time to time : for it is a hard cafe
that they which defire tofecure therafelves from error,ftiould find no
guide to the way : but that prefent bufinelles (hould be hazarded 5
and there (hould be no means to know the Law before the matter be
difpatcht.

APHO RISAI XC.

That the Refolutions of the Wife , given to Clients touching point
of Law, whether hy Advocates or Profcj/brs^ihonld be of fuch Autho-
rity, that it may not be lawful for the Judge to depart from their
opinion, we cannot approve. Let Law be derived from/worn Judges.

AFHO-

L I B. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning, 311

APHORIS M xci.

To Feel and found Judgements by feigned Caufes and Perfons,that
by this meansj men might find out what the Courfe and proceeding
of Law will be, we approve not ; for it difhonoureth the Majefty of
Laws, and is to be accounted a kind o^ prevarication or double deal-
ing 5 ind it is afoul jight to fee places of judicature to borrow any thing
from tbejiage.

APHORIS M XCIL

Wherefore let, as well the Decrees, as the anfwers and Counfds pro-
ceed from the Judges alone: thofe of fuits depending 5 thele of dif-
ficult points of Law, in the general. Require not thefe Deciftons,
whether in caufes priniate or publick, from the Judges therafelves,
(for this were to make the Judge an Advocate) but of the Prince^ or
otthe State. I'rent thefe let the order be direfted unto the Judges:
and let the Judges thus authorized, hear the reafonr on both fides 5
both of the Advocates or of the Committees, deputed by the parties to
whom the matter appertaineth 5 or of them affigned by the Judges
themfelves ^ if neceffity fo require : and weighing the Caufe,let them
deliver the Law upon the cafe and declare it. Let thefe verdi&s and
connjels, be recorded and notified amongft Cafes adjudged, and be
of equal autboritj.

Of Preleclions.
APHORISM XCIIL

LEt the Leisures ofLaw,2nd the exercifes of thofe that addrefs them-
felves to the ftudies of Law, be fo inftituted and ordered, that
all may tend rather to the laying afleep, than the awaking of Quefti-
ons and Controverfies in Law. For (asthe matter is now carried}
a School is fet up, and open amongft all, to the multiplying oFaU
tercations and ^ejiions in Law-) as if their aim was only to make
oftentationof wit. And this is an old difeafe5for even amongft the
Ancients, it was, as it were, a glory, by Sefts and Faftions, to
cherifh rather than extinguiJJj many quejiions concerning Law, Pro-
vide againft this inconvenience.

Of the Inftability of Judgements.

AP HORISM XCIV,

IVdgements become incertain, cither through immature and tooptt"
cipitateproceedingtofentencety or through Emulation of Courts j or
throughiU and unf^lfulregifhing of Judgements i, or becaufe there
is a too eajie and expedit way open of Reverfing and Refcinding them.
Wherefore it muft be provided, that Judgements ifliie forth not with-
out a Jiaid deliberation had afore-hand j and that Courts bear a Rcve-

i-enP

5 12 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. VIII.

rent rcJpeB to one another , and that Decrees be drawn up faithfully
and wifely 5 and that the waj to repeal Judgements be narrow^ rocky
and ftrewed, as it were, with fharp ftones.

ATHO RIS M XCV.

If a Judgement have been awarded upon a Cafe in any Principal
Court 5 and the like cafe intervene in another Court , proceed not
to fentence before the matter be advifed upon in Qimejolemn Ajfembly
of Judges : for x^ Judgements awarded mjuji needs be repeal d^ yet let
them be interred vpith Honour,

APHORIS M XCVI.

For Courts to be at debate and variance about Jurisdi&ions is a hu-
mane frailty 5 and the more becaufe this intfpperance, through a
mifpriffion and vain conceit (that it is the part of a ji out refolute Judge
to enlarge the priviledges of the Court) is openly countenanced and
fpur'don, whereas it hath need of the Bridle. But that out of this
heat of ftomach. Courts fhould (b eafily reverfe on both fides Judge-
ments awarded, which nothing pertain to Jurisdi&ion, is an infuffe-
rable evil, which by all means (hould be repres'd and punifht 5 by
Kings or Counfels of State, or the form of Government. For it is a
Prefident of the worft example. That Courts, that fjould diHribute
Peace, pould themfelves pra&ice Duels.

APHORISM. XCVII.

Let there not be a too eafieand free paflage made to the Repealing
of Judgements by Appellations, and writs of Error, or Re- examination^
and the like. It is maintained by fome, that a Suit may be brought
into a Higher Court, as entire and untried, the Judgement paft up-
on it, fet afide and abfolutely fujpendedi others are of opinion that the
Judgement itfelf mtyjiand in force, but the execution thereof may be
Jiaid: neither of thefe is to be allowed, unlefsthe Courts whereia
the Judgement was awarded, were of a bafc and inferior order : but
rather that both the Judgement Jiand, and that the execution there-
of go on 5 fo a Caveat be put in by the Defendant for Damages and
charges if the Judgement (hould be reverji.

But this Title touching the Certainty of Laws (ball fufEce for a pre-
fident to the reft of a * Digeft, which we with care and diligence
'sMt^lujillil endeavour to contrive. And now have we concluded Civil Know-
itmfitm;opHi i^^gg ^fo far as we thought fit to entreat thereof) and together with it
Ir/noSm"" Humane Philofophy, as alfo with Humane Philofophy^ Philojophyin Ge-
toniitumiqucd neral. Wherefore being now at length at (bme pau(e, and looking
ruo fuuio Ex- ^ ^ j^j^ ^^^^ ^g j^^^,g f^ through ^ this our writing feems to us not

vrimifum. In- much unlikc thole founds and Preludes, which Mujiaans make while
fiaurandum: (hgy ajg tuning their Infiruments j which is harfh and unpleafing to
^^sefZ'uil hear , but yet is a caufe why the Mu^ck is fweeter afterwards.

tvufftrandum So

nftrv.itur.

' •!

L I B. IX. Of the Advimcem'cnt of Le amine o i ->

So have we been content to employ our pains in tuning the Injhumeht
of the Ulufcs^zad to fet it unto a trueHjrmony, that afterwards they
may play who have better hands. Sitrely^ when I fet before metfie
condition of the(e times, in which Learning feems to have made her
third Circuit to Men^ and withal diligently behold, with v,'hat va-
rious) fupplies and fupports being furnifibr, Ihe hath made her vifitati-
oni as are, the/jt^/^/6/ and w"z/4C/7/ofw^;/)'/F;7/ in thisour Age; the
excellent monuments of Ancient -writers^ which as fb many great lights
ftiine before us 3 the Art of Printings which communicates Books with
a liberal hand to men of all fortunes, the travel' d hojom of the Ocean
and of the world, opened on all parts, whereby multitudes of expe-
riments unknown to the Ancients have been difclofed •-, and Natural
Hifiory^ by the acce(s of an infinite Mais advanced ; the Icafure where-
with the Kingdoms and States of Europe every where abound, not
imploying men fo generally in Civil Bufineffes^ as the States o^Grtccia
did inrefpeft of their Fopitlaritj-j or as the ftarc of the Romans did
in refpedt of tht'ir Jlfonarchy: the Peace which at this prelent,Britta-
ny, Spain, Italy, as alfo at this inftant France and many other Coun-
tries enjoy : The Confumption and Exaninition of all that can be imagi-
ned or faid in controverfics of Religion^ which now Co long have taken
up lb many Wits, and diverted them from the ftudies of other Scien-
ces : the Elevation and Perfection of Tour Majejiics Learning:, about
whom (as the Birds about the Ph^nix) whofe voUies of wits flock and
affemble : Lajily the infeparable property which attends time it felf^
which is, ever more and more to difclofe truth : when we think,! (ay,
on thele advantages , we cannot but be rai(ed to this Pcrfwafion^thac
this third period of Learning , will far furpafs thofe two former of
the Grecian and Roman Learning. Only if men will but well and wifely-
know their own ftrength and their own weaknels both j and take,one
from the other, light of Inventions-, and not Fire-brands of contra-
diction •■, and efteem of the Inquifition of Truthjas a noble enterprife,
and not as a delight or ornament 5 and imploy wealth and magnifi-
cence to things of worth and excellency 5and not to things vulgar and
ofpopular eftimation.

As for my Labours^ if any man fhall pleafe himfelf or others in the
reprehenfion of them, certainly they (hall caufe me put up that anci-
ent requeft, but of great patience, verbera, fed Audi j let men repre-
hend as theypleafe, fo they obferve and weigh what isfpuken. Verily the
Appeal is lawful (though, it may be, for this matter, not fo need-
ful) if it be made from the fir U cogitations of men unto thefecond j and
from the neerer times, to the times farther off'.

Now let us come unto the Learning, which thofe two ancient Peri'
ods of time were not fo bleft as to know, I mean Sacred and Divine-
ly infpired Theology ^ the noblefi Saboath and Port of all mens Labours
and Peregrinations.

K r The

315

THE

Ninth Book

O F

FRANCIS L. F E RV L A M
VicoiiNT S'ALBAN:

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

o F

LEARNING.

To the KING.

Chap. I.

The Partitiofts o/Infpired Divinity are omitted^otily accefis made to
//iree Deficients. I. The Doftrine of the right u(e of Humane
Reafbn in matters Divine. II. The Doftrine of the Degrees
of Unity in the City of God. III. And the Emanations of SS,
Scriptures.

iND now (^fitojl excellent Kiftg^ we have with a fmall
Bark, fuch as we were able to fet out, fail'd about the
univcrfal circumference, as well of tbe old as the new ,
World efSciences'-fWith how profperous winds and courfe,
we leave to Polf erity to Judge. What remains but that
having accomplifht our Defigns, we fliould pay our
vows? But there refts yet heh'md Sacred-Jnfpired-Divwitj/ j where-
of if we ftiould proceed to intreat, we (hould depart out of the Prn-
Tiace of Humane Redfon ^ and go into the f. up of the Churchy which
muft alone be governed by a Divifrefca-needle^ to dired: her courfe
aright : for the stars of Vhibjopby which hithetto fhined forth unto
us, and were our chief guide, here fail us: it were then meet, war

Fv r 2 kept

3 16 Of the Advancement of Learning. L i b. iX.

kept (ilence in this facred fubjeft. Wherefore we (hall omit the jufi
partitions of this knorvleclge j yet notwithftanding fomewhat we will
caft into this treafury, by way of good wifhes according to the pro-
portion of our flender hability. This we do the rather becaufe we
find nocoaft or fpace of ground in the whole Bo^iji of Divinity lying
vacant and untilled 3 (b diligent have men been, either in Towing of
Coodfeed^ or fowing of Tares.

§ wherefore we will propound three Appendices of Theology ^xxQznng^
not of the matter informed of by Divinity , or to be informed of,
but only of the manner of information : neither will we annex ex-
amples, or fet down precepts concerning thefe Tradates, as our
manner was to do in the reft , that we refer to Divines 5 for thefe are
(as hath been faid) like meervovps only.
* I. The Prerogative of God comprehends the whole man ; and w

SOPHROX extended as well to the Reafon, as to the will of Aim ; that is, that
^ o\ifu ra" ^^^ renounce himfelf wholly, and draw near unto God : wherefore
TiONis hu- as we are to oZ'e;' his lan>, though we find a reluftation in our wil/^
manx in Di- Q^ ^^ ^j.^ X.O believe his word, though we a find a reludlation in out
' ' ' Rcafon : for if we believe only that which is agreeable unto our Reu'

fon^ we give allent to the Mattery not tQ the Author ; which is no*
more than we would do towards a fufpeded and dilcredited witntls :
Gen. 18. but that Faith which was accounted unto Abraham for Righteoiifncfs ^

wasof fuch a point, 2iS\vhtvt2iX. Sarah lattghcd , who therein was an
Image of Natural Reafon. By how much therefore any Divine Aly-
fierie is more dilcondant, and incredible 3 by (b much the moreHo-'
nour is given to God in Believing, and the viftory of our Faith is
made more noble: Nay, even finners by how much the more they
are furcharg'd in confcience, and yet repofe a truft in the mercies of
God for their falvationjby this do more honour God^for alldefperation
is a. reproach of the Deity. Nay farther5(if we truly confider the point)
it is an Aft more great and high to believe, than to know, as we novV
know: for in knowledge man's mind fuffers frorayew/f; which refults from
things materiate ^ but in Belief the fpirit fufFers from fpirit, which is
the worthier Agent : the cafe is otherwife in the Jiate of Glory, for
iCoi.xni> then Faith Jhall ceafe, and we /ImU know, as we are known. Where-
fore we may conclude, that Sacred Theology is grounded on, and
muftbe deduced from the Oracles of God--, and not from the light of
Nature, or the Di&ates of Reafon : for it is written, The Heavens de-
pfal.xix. clare the Glory of God, but we never find it written , The Heavens
declare the will of God : of the will of God , it is faid. Ad legem C^
TeUimonia j J(MonfecerintJecundnmilIud,S<.c. This holds not only
in thofe great Myfteries concerning the De/(>', the Creation, the Re-
demption, but appertains alfo to a more perfect interpretation of the
Mat.v, Law Moral, Love your Enemies j do good to them that hate you, Si.c.

that you may be the children of your heavenly Father, who commands
the rain to fall upon the jufi and unju^, which words certainly de-
ferve that applaufe. Nee vox hominem fonat : For it is a voice beyond
the light of Nature. So likewife we fee the Heathen Poets elpeci-
ally, when they fall upon a pafTion, do ftill expoftulate with Laws
and Moralities (which yet are far more free and indulgent than di-
vine

L I B. IX. Of the Advancement of Learning, o i y

vine Lairs) as if in a kind of malignity, they were repugnant to the
liberty of nature,

Et attod natura rtmittit f'^'^Y '" "'

Invtaajura negant

So (aid Detidamis the Indian, unto Alexanders MefTengers, That he
had heard fomewhxt of the name of Pythagoras^ and fame other of the
tvijemenofGxecxz, and that he held themfor excellent fficn -^ hut they
had one fault ;^ which was^ that they had in too great Reverence and Ve-
neration, an imaginary thingthey called Law and Manners. Soitmuft
be confeft, that a great part of the Lar» Moral \s of that perfcftion,
whereunto the light of nature cannot afpire: yet notwithstanding,
that men are faid to have^even from the Light and Law ofNutureXomG
notions and conceits of virtue, vice^ Juiiice, injury, good and evil,
is moft true and certain. Yet we muft underftand that this light of
Nature is ufed in two (eyeral fenles 5 firif:, as it fprings from fenfe. In-
duction, Reafon, Arguments, according to the Laws of Heaven and
Earth J Secondly, as it is imprinted and (hines upon the fpirit of Man
by an inward inftinft according to the Lave of Confcience, which is a
fpark, and, as it were, the Remains of a Priftine and Primitive Pu-
rity : in which latter fenfe principally, the foul is participant of fbme
light to behold and difcern the perfeftion of the Moral Law , which
light is not altogether fo clear, but fuch as in fome meafure rather re-
prehends ■y/cc/, than fully informes us concerning Duties: So then
the Religion as well Moral as Myliical depends upon Divine Revelati-
on.

kj The ufe, notwithjianding, of Humane Reafon in fmttersjpiritual, ^ ^^r^.~
is without queftion, manifold, very fpacious, and general 5 and it HcK-kLmm de
is not for nothing that the Apoftle calls Religion, our reafc^^thlefer- ^^EccLHoii-
vice of God, Let itberemembred that the (hadows and Figures of the .x.if.lViVi
old Law, were full of Rcajon and fignifcation, much differing from 'x.
the ceremonies of Idolatry and magick, which were fur \ and mute ; ^'^™-^-i''
oftentimes inftrufting nothingjUO not fo much as infinuating any thing.
The Chriflian Faith ejpecially, as in all things, fo in this is eminent, and
dcfervei highly to he magnified, that it holds a golden Mediocrity touch-
ing the ufe of Reafon and Difputation, which is the ojf-fpring of Reafon ,
between the Law of the Heathen and the Law of Mahomet, which have
imbracedthctwo extremes '-^ for the Religion of the Heathen, had no
conftant beliefor confeffion i on the contrary in the Religion o^ Ma-
homet, all Difputation was interdicted : fo as one hath the very face
of wandring and multifarious error 5 the other of cunning and caute-
lous impoiture , whereas the Holy Chrijiian Faith doth both admit and
Tcjed: Difputation, but according to due bounds.

§ The ufe of humane Reafon in matter pertaining to Religion is oft wo
(brts 5 the one in the explication and conception of the Mijiery j the o-
ther in lUatinns and Inferences derived front thence. As touching the
Explication of Misleries, We iee that God vouchfafeth to defcend
to the weaknels of our capacity , fo expreffing and unfolding
his Miihries as they may be befl: comprehended by us 5 and inocula-
ting

9 1 8 Of the Advancement of Leahiing, L i b . I X.

t!»g,as it were, his ReveUtions, upon the Conceptions andNoiions of
cur Reafon ^ and Jo applying his infpirations to open our tinderjianding^
as the form of the key is fitted to the ward of the locl{. In which re-
fped notwithftanding, we ought not to be wanting to our felves 5
for feeing God himfelf makes ufe of the faculty and funftion o^ Rea-
fon in his Jlluminations 5 we ought alfo every way to impioy and im-
prove the fame, whereby we may become more capable to. receive'
and draw in fuch holy Jll}(ieries : with this caution, that the mind
for its Module be dilated to the amplitude of the Myfteries 5 and
not the Myfteries be ftreightned and girt into the narrow compafs of
the Mind.

§ As for Illations ^vie ought to know that there is allowed us a ufe
of Reafon and Argument, in regard of Myfieries, Secondary and Re-
fpeftive •-, not Primitive and Abfblute ; for after the Articles and
Principles of Religion are placed in their feats, (b as they ftand al-
together exempt from the examination of Reafon , it is then indeed
permitted unto us to make derivations and inferences from them, ac-
cording to the Analogy of them. In things Natural this holds not ,
for both the Principles are liable to examination5by7»i^//c?io« I mean,
though not by Syl/ogifm j and the fime Principles have no repugnancy
with Reafon, but that the firft and middle Propofitions may be der
rived from the fame Fountain. But it is otherwife in the Do&nne of
Religion, where the firft propofitions are their own fupporters and
fubfiftent by themfelves 3 and again, they are not regulate by that
Reafon, which inferreth conlequent propofitions. Nor holdeth this
in ReligionsilonQ, but ahb in oth&x Sciences , both of greater and
fmaller nature , namely where the Vrimarie Propofitions are Placita
not Pofita 3 becaufe in thefezi^o the ufe of Reafon cannot be abfblute.
For infiancc rve fee in Games , as Chejs , or the Uke , that the firfi
Draughts and Laws of the Play are merely poftive e^ adplacitnm,which
mitii abfolittely be accepted, and not difputed'-, but that thereupon you
may win the Game, and with the befi advantage manage your Play, is
a thing artificial and rational. So it is likewife in Humane Laws ,
wherein there be many Maximes (as they ftile them) that is^ mere
Placita Juris, grounded more upon Authority than Reafon 3 neither
come they into difceptation : but what is T/tofi jufi, not abfolutely
but relatively, (that is from the Analogic of thefe AUxin/es) that
indeed is Rational, and affords a large field of Difputation. Such
therefore is that fecondary Reafon, which hath place \x\f acred Theology^
that is, which is grounded upon the Placits of God.

§ And as there is a double ufe of humane Reafon in matters Divine 3
fo in the fame ufe there is a double excefs 3 the one where there is made
a more curious enquiry into the manner of the Myficry.than is befeemingy
the other when equal Authority is attributed to Derivations , which is
to Principles. For both he, may feem to be Nicodemus Difciple, who

loan. III. pertinacioufly enquires, //^n'caw <« man be horn when he n old f' and
he in no wife can be accounted Pauls Difciple, which may not ferae-

I Cor VII. times interlace his inftruftinns with Ego non Dominus, or that. Accord-
ing to my Judgment 3 for to many Illations that ftile is well applied:
wherefore to my underftanding it would be a wholefome and very

pro-

Lib. IX. Of the Advancement of Learning. o i o

profitable courfe, if there were a Ibber and diligent Traftate com-
piled, which as a kind of Divins Dtaleclick^ might give direftions,
concerning the true limits and ujc cf Rcafon in matters Divine :, which
would be a kind of Opiats Medicine^ not only to quiet and lay ajlccp the
vanity of Aery fpeculutions , rpherovith the Schools jometime labour 5
hut likenvfc not a little calnt^ and mitigate the juries and rage of Con-
trcverCics^ rohich raife fidings and factions in the Church. A Treatife
of this nature we let down as Deficient^ and term it Sophron or the
the right ufc of Humane Reafon in matters Divine.

If. It imports exceedingly the Veacc of the Church , that the *
League of Chrifiians^ prefcribed by our Saviour in thofe two claufes ^y^^'^V^'
which feem to crolsone the other, were well and clearly expound- dibus uniutis
ed ^ whereofthe one defines thus, He that is not with m is againjl '" Civitate
us : the other thus ; He that is not againii us is with us. From thofe tuc.'c ixl // • 23
twofeveralaffcrtionsit plainly appears, that there are fome Articles i-^^-^u ^ . fo
Tphcrcin whofeever dijfenteth, is to be held as not comprehended in the
league : and there are other Articles^ nehcrcin a man may difjent , and
}et the league be kept entire. For the bounds of Chriftian community
are fet dovvn ^ One Faith, one Baptifm-^ and not^onc Rite, one Opinion. Ephef.iv;
We fee likewise the Coat of our Saviour was entire without feam •-, but joan.x x.
the garment of the Church was of divers Colours. The Chaff' mn(i tfal.xiv.
be fever'd from the corn in the ear -, but theTares may not prefent-
ly bepuU'd up from the Corn in the Field. When Mofes favv an
Egyptian fighting with an Ifraelite, he did not fay, why ftrive you>
but drew his fvvord and flew the Egyptian ; but when he (aw two
Israelites fight^thoughit could not poffible be that both parties had a
juft caufe ; yet he thus befpeaks them both^Tou are hrethren^-whyfirive Exod ih
you ^ Whereforeifthefe things be well obferved, it will be found
a matter of great moment and ufe to define what, and of what la-
titude thofe points are, which difcorporate men from the body of
the Church, and caftthem out and quite calbier them from the com-
munion and fellowfhip of the faithful. And if any think that this
hath been done now long ago, let him ferioufly confider with what
fincerity, and moderation the fame hath been perform'd. In the
mean fpace it is very likely, that he that makes mention of Peace ,
fhall bear away that anfwer Jehu gave to the Meflenger, // it Peace
Jehu ^ IVhat hafi thou to do with Peace ^ turn and follow me. P^rfte 'Reg.ix,
is not the matter that many feek after, but parties and fiding : Not-
vvithflanding v/e thought good to fet down amongft Deficients, as a
wholfome and profitable work, a Treatife touching the Degrees ofV-
mty in the City of God.

II[. Seeing the Parts of Sacred Scripture touching the Information *
ofTheology^^ie fuch and fbgreat^let us fpecially confider the Interpre- utres
tion thereof 5 nor do we here fpeak of the Authorrty of interpreting sxES^^iive
them, which is efl:abli(ht by the confent of the Church, butof the EiBanationes
manner of Interpreting. This is of two forts, methodical 3 and Solute^ Scripturarum.
or at large : for this divine water, which infinitely excels that
o£ Jacobs jvc//, is drawn forth and deliver'd much after the f;ime
manner as Natural waters uCcto be out of I^Fells 5 for tiiefe at thefirft
draught are either receiv'd into Cijicrns^ and fo may be conveyed,

and

Mat.xxiv.

320 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lib. IX.

and deriv'd by many Pipes for publick and private ufe ; or is pour-
ed forth imraeditately in Buckets and VeildSj to be us'd out of hand,
asoccafion requires,

§ Now this former Methodical manner hath at length brought
forth unto us ScholaUical Theology^ whereby Divinity hath been col-
lefted into an Art^ as into a Cijiern 5 and the ftreams of Axioms and
Tofnions^ diftributed from thence into all parts.

'^ But in j^/«/e Manner of Interpreting, two exireams intervene j
the one prejuppofcih fisch aperfeQion in Scriptures, as that all rhilofo-
phy ought to be fctcht and deriv'd from thofe facred Fountains ; as if all
other Philofophy rvere an unhallorved and Heathenifl) thing. This di-
ftemperature hath prevailed efpecially in the School of Paracelfus,
and fome others j the fburce and ^ring whereof flowed from the
Rabbins and Cabalifts. But thefe men have not attain 'd their pur-
pofe j nor do they give honour (as they pretend) to Scriptures, but
rather embafe and diftain them. For to feeka materiate Heaven and
Earth in the Word of God, whereof it is faid Heaven and Earth fliall
paS, hut my word Jf J all not paf, is indeed to purfae Temporary things
araongft eternal : for as tofeek^ Divinity in rhrlofophy, is as if yon
rvould feek^the living amongjl the Dead 5 (b on the other fide , to fee^
Thilofophy in Divinity , is all one as to feek. th' dead amongU the
living.

§ The other manner of Interpreting, which We fet down as an ex-
cels, (eems at firft fight fober and chafte ; yet notv.'ithftanding it
both diOionoureth Scriptures , and is a great prejudice and detri-
ment to the Church 5 and it is, to fpeak in a word, when Divinely'in-
fpir'd Scriptures are expounded after the fame manner that humans
vpritings are. For it muft beremembred, that there are two points
known to God the Author of Scripture, which man's nature cannot
comprehend 3 that is. The fecrets of the Heart '-, and the fucceffion of
Times. Wherefore feeing the Precepts and Di<3:ates of Scriptures
were written and directed to the Heart andThoughts of men, and com-
prehend the viciffitudes of all Ages, with an eternal and certain
fore- fight of all Herefies, Contradi&ions •■, differing and mutable e-
ftates of the Church , as well in general . as of the Elcdt in fpe-
cial 5 they are to be interpreted according to the Latitude and the
proper fence of the place, and refpedively toward that prefent
occafion whereupon the words were utter'd 3 or in precife congrui-
ty from the Context of the precedent and fubfequent words; or ia
contemplation of the principal fcope of the place ; but fo as we con-
ceive them to comprehend, not only totally or colle(2:ively, butdi-
ftributively, even in claules, and in every word, infinite fprings and
ftreams of Docirine to water every part of the Church, and the fpi-
rits of the Faithful; For it hath been excellently obferved, that the
Anfwersof our Saviour, to many of the queftions which were pro-
pounded to him, fecm not to the purpofe, but, as it were\ imper-
tinent to the Itate of the queftion demanded. The Reafons hereof
are two : the one, that being he knew the thoughts of thofe that pro-
pounded the Queftions, not from their words, as we men ufe to do,
but immediately, and of hinifelfj hemade anfwer to their thoughts,

not

Of the Advancement of Learning, 321^

not to their words. The other Reafon is , that he (pake not only to
thera that were then prellent, but to us ahb who now live, and to
men of every Age and Place to whom theGolpel fhould be preacht:
which fenfe ia many places of Scripture muft take place.

^ Thcfe thus briefly toucht and fore-tafted, come we now to that
Treatiie which we report as Deficient. There are found indeed a-
va.oxk'^lhtologiciil writings too V!\^wy Bookj ofControverjies, an in'
finite Mais of that Divinity which we call Pojitive , as Common^
places i Particular Treatife j Cafes of Confcience'j Sermons j Homilies j
and many Prolix Commentaries upon the Books ^f Scripture : but the
Form of writing Deficient is this, mmdyfttccini^ and found Collect-
on^ and that with judgement^ of Annotations and Okfirvations upon
particular Texts of Scripture 5 not dilating into common-places , or
chafing after Controverjies j or reducing them into method of Art : but
Xfhick be altogether fcattered and Natural j a thing indeed now and
thenexpreft in more learned Sermons, which for mofl:part vanilh,
but which as yet, is not colleded into Books that (hould be tranf-
mitted to Pofterity. Certainly as Wines which at firft prefling rua
gently, yield a more pleaftnt tafte, than thofe where the Wine-preft
is hard wrought 5 becaufe thole fbmewhat relifh of the ftone and
skin of the Grape 5 (6 thofe obfervations are moft wholfome and
fweet, which flow from Scriptures gently expreft, and naturally ex-
pounded, and are wrefted or drawn afide to common places or
Controverfies j fiich a Treatife we will name, The Emanations of
Scripture.

«= § Thus have we made, as it were, stfrnal/Glohe of the Intelle&u-
^'^al world, as faithfully as we could, together with a defignatioii
" and defcription of thofe parts which I find not conftantly occu-
'' pate, or not well converted by the Induftry and Labours of men.
" la which work if I have any where receded from the opini-
" on of the Ancients, I defirethat Pofterity v/ould (b judge of my
" intentions, as that this was done with a mind of further Progrejfion^
" zad Proficience in melius , and not out of a humour of Innovation^
" orTran(fnigratioai«<2//W.- for I could not be true and conftant
**^ to my felf, or the Argument which I have in hand, if I had not re-
"^folvedly determin'd. To add to the Inventions of others, (6 far as I
«« was able. And I am as willing , and as fincerely wi(h, that later
*' ages may go beyond me hereafter , as I have endeavoured to go
*' beyond others now. And how faithfully I have dealt in this bu-
'* fiae&may appear even by this, that I have propounded my opini-
" ons every where naked and unarn^^d, not feeking to prejudicate
" the liberty of others by the pugnacity of confutations. For in a-
'* ny thing which I have well fet down, I am in good hope that it
" will come (b to pals, that if in the firft reading a fcruple orobjedi-
" on be mov'd, in the fecond reading an anfwer will be ready made ;
'' zad in thole things wherein I have chanc'd to err, I am lure I have
" not prejudiced the right by litigious arguments, which common-
*' ly are of this nature , that they procure Authority to error, and dero-
'^'^ gats from Good inventions j for from Dubitation Error acquires Ho-

S f 2 " aour^

2 22 Of the Advancent of Learning.

^'^nour^ Truth fufferrepulfe. And now I call to mind an Anfwer Tiem-
''"Jiocies made, whOjWhen an Arabaflador in a fet fpeech had boafted
"great matters of a fmall Village, takes him up thus , Friendy ^tmr
"tpords TPould require a City, Surely I (uppole it may be juftjy ob-
** je&ed to me, that my words require an Age^ a whole Age perchance
^'^ to prove them,and many Ages to perfed them, iVotwithftanding
" feeing the greateft matters are owing unto their Principles, it is
"^'enoughtorae that I have Sowen unto Pojierit}. snd the immcrtal
" Gi)d^ whole divine Majefty I humbly implore through his Son and
"^■^our Saviour, that he would vouchfafe gracioufly to accept thefe
"and foch likefacrificet of Humme underjianding feafoned voitb Reli-
gion as vpith Jalt, and incenfed to bis Glorj.

ce

NEW WORLD

O F

SCIENCES:

0

OR THE

DEFICIENTS

LIB. 11.

* r^Rrores Nature : Or the
li Hiftory of Preter-Genc-

tions, Cap.2. Sed.^.

* FincHla NatHr£ , Experi-
mental or Mechanical Hiftory,

Cap,2. Se^./^.

* Hijloria InduSwa^ Natural
Hiftory for the building up of
Philofophy, Cap. 3. Sei^.i.

* Oculus Tolyphemi^ Or the Hi-
ftory of Learning from age to
age, Cap.^.Self.t* I

* Hit^aria ad Prophetiat t The
Hiftory of Prophefie,. Cap. 11.
Se&,2. •' ? •«--6,i.-^V3,-

* Saptentia Veternm , Philofo-
phy according to ancient para-
bles, Caf.ij. SeH,^

ruiK

-ta»i>*i^MahMjM

LIB. IH.

I ■.

Philojhphjit Prima > Or the

Common and General Axioms of
Sciences, Cap. i. Seif.^,

* Ajlronomia Viva^ Living A-
ftronomy, Cap.^. Se&.^. § i,

* AUrologia Sana , Sound A-
ftrologie, Cap./^. SeS.^. § 2.

* Problemes Natural, a conti-
nuatipn thereof, Cap.^. Se^.^,

* Placites of ancient Philofo-
phers, c«p,4. i'e<?.5. § i.

*" h''ornt£ Rerum : A part of
Metaphyfick, of the Forms of
things, Cap.^. Se&.6.

* Magi a Naturalis ; Or the
fetting of Formes on work. Cap.
5. Se^.l.fj I.

* Inventatium Opum Humana'
rum^ An Inventary of the Eftate
of Man, Cap.^. Se3. 2.

* Catalogut Polychreflorttm , 3
Catalogue of Things of multifa-
rious life and Application, C<i/>. 5.
S(&a, $ I.

Sfa LIB.

THE

INDEX

O F

SACRED SCRIPTURES

liluftrated or Alleged.

GEN.

Cap.

VerC

Pag.

I,&C.

26

2

137

3

27

9,&c.

102

9

132

27

S7

2

7

102

2

7

132

2

8

27

a

5

239

5

19

135

3

19

167

3

22

71

4

2

27

4

21

27

5

24

223

ii

9

27

i3

lO

316

45

3

73

49

9

287

EXOD.

2

13

319

7

I

180

7

12

48

H

i8 ,

223

LEVIT.

«3i

12, 13

a8

DEUT.

Cap.

VerC

Pag.

12

16

117

I. REG.

20

34

46

III. REG.

4
4
4
4

29
29

33
33

2

247

28

247

9

ro

13
25

26

IV. REG.

30
18

ESTH.
I

JOB

?^

Id

9
7
'3

130
3»9

^3

38

28

5

28

20

28

The Index ofS. Scriptures,

Cap.

28
38

Verf.

I, &c.
31

PSAL.

Pag.

a8
28

Cap.

7

4

28:i

8

3

87

'9

i,&c.

30

"9

I

74

19

I

316

45

13

319

62

10

234

90

4

65

ii5

15

223

125

2

232

14s

9

240

-

PROV.

4

12

104

4>

23

219

6

6

166

6

II

2'50

9

/

250

9

9-

265

io

I

251

10

7

62

10

7

251

II

29

252

12

10

255

14

6

230

14

23

262

15

I

248

3f5

15

224

35

19

260

»7

2

248

17

9

262

18

2

230

18

17

257

20

S

270

20

14

186

20

27,

4

23

13

49

22

24.

262

22

29

2|i8

23

23

12

25

25
25

25:

27
27

27

27
27

28

28

28

29
29

29
29

29

14

VerH

I

3
3

25

5

12

14

19

3

20
21
8

II
12
21

o

ISAIAS.
14

JEREM.
6

Pag.'

2$

14
27a

12

as*

ECCLES.

i.

I

8

A:

I

10

B9

I

18

dr

2

15

ISO-

3

II

4

3

II

10^

3

14

4

4

15

B$t

7

8

a$2

7

16

35$

7

21

BS9..

9

14

26a

10

I

ajg

10

4

256

10

10 .

44

II

4

245

12

II

35

12

T2

3

239

2.2

EZECH.

I
i

3

5

5

6

6
7

9
It

13

32
24
25

2

9

IX

3

i9

2
90

?1>^ Index of Scriptures,

Cap.

VerH

Pag.

2g

EZECH.
3

268

12

DAN.
4

^5

3

JOEL.

23

I20

HABAC.

U

i6

2

MATTH.

44

44

27

33
6

ir

19
52

29

35

20

LUK.
46
50
41
23

JOAN.

4
43

23

ACT.

2
22

35

192

268

66

240
gi6

291
2 §4
250
186

4»
152

30
320

14

Cap.

9
12

2

7
8

8
13

2

2

3

29
319
194
319

318

90

319

29

27
225

2

4
14

Veri:

ROM.

3
I

IGOR.

14
12

I

I

12

II COR.
II

EPHES.
12
5

COLOS.

8
18

14

I TIM.
5

TIT.
12,13

JAC.

17

24

APOC.

24
8

13

Pag.

22a

31-

66
318

3

4

316

88

66
319

88

239

18

Tt

234

48
273

39
103

225

THE

1?HT

THE

INDEX

O F

HUMANE AUTHORS

Cenfured, Praifed, Cited.

A.

^Sop. Fab.p.1^,45,147,

rj2j 188,194, ib.

Agel.N. A. 161,190.

Agrippa, p.98.

Alcoran. Azorara.5. p.3 17.

Alhazen. p.85.

Ariftoteles, p. 20, 22, 24, 52,53,
71.84,85, 100,101,104,105,
109, 114, ii5i 118, 119, 127,
140,152,157,159, 160, 162,
166, 190,220,231, 232, 236,
ib.237,239.

B.

Bacon, p.34,78. 159, 160,287.

229, 230,232, 237,244,245,
247, ib. 252, 268, 270, 273,
278, ib. 282,288,290.

Claud, p.70,

De Coramines, p. 2 5 5.

Gollius, p=i35.

Boetius, p.8f

C.

Campanella. p.136.
J. Capitol, p.5 7.
Cardan, p.137.282.
Celfus Nkd. p. 1 24, 142.
Cicero, p. 13,24,35,45,48,49,66

70,78,104:115.142, 144, i52,'..FIorns, p.231.

153..160, 168, 1S2, 186, 192, Find, p.119.

Tt 2

D.

Demoft.p. 130,1 53, 1 895190,2 20,

271,279,280.
P. Diaconus, p. 29.
Dion, p.30,32, 180,384.
Dion. Areop. p. 2 6.
Donius, p. 133.

Epic]-. P.385I89, 224,273,281.
Epiphan. p. i6o»
EucJid. p.84,158.
Eurip. p.41.80.

The Index of Humane Authors^

Gilbert.p,73,i55

N.

Nonn. p.8o.

H.

Herodian. P.305I23.
Kerodar. ^.j6^i6y.
Heiiod. p.ipo'
Hipp. P.855I 50,232.
Hift. Ger. p.ii5'
Hift. Hen. 7th. p. 285.
Horner. i^.S^S'^^j^^^dii 14^1 19.
Hooker, p.317.

Herat, p. 205 142, 1785 1863 191
271,283.

r.

Jac. R. p.47,5356i3Ti65 329, ib.

Iambi, p.223.

P. Jud.p.5.

Jul. p.29.

Juven. p.2 28,237.270.

L.

Laerr.p.i 2,15,20, 53^7o,1t,7%

88,223,245.
Livius, p.i2,22,68,i65323i, 289.
Lucan- p.90.
Lucian. p. 15.
Lucret- p. 40.
Lullius, p. i8o'

M.

Mach. difcorfe fopra Li v. lib. i.

cap. 10'
Machrav. p.ii,85,258j 260,^267,

279,280,^82,286.
Mart. Ep. p.74,169.
Meteran. p,H5.
Mori v\t. p. 11(3.
Mount. p«273.

O.

Orpheus, p.8o.

Ovid. p. 25, 37.41570,76, 78580,

121,140,143,18232675276.

Pandrol. p.14 2,148'

Paracel. p.84,89,1 19,135, i^c

Paufan. p.77.

Pernp.143.

Philofl:. p.31,115.

Find, p.i 79, 334,244.

Platin. p.8.

Plato. p.2,7,i5,28,3r,$8, 53,71,
102, 104, 114, 115, 118, 142,
153, 158, 159, 168, i8r, i82j
193,227,269.

Plaut. p.234,26?.

Plin. fen.32,52,143.

Plin, jun. p.6i, 230,239.

Plut.p.io, 13,15,33, 34,35, 3^5
38,63,77,184, 195.231,243,
244, 250,259, 268. ib. 277. ib,
282, 285,286. ih- 317.

Q:

Qiiint. p. 1 9, 1 15.

R.

Ramus, p. 17 9.
Rienovard.p.77,80.

. Saluli. p.i 2,13,1345224, 268,378,
] Sands, p.75,77,78.

Selden.

Cenfured, Praifed, Cited,

Selden. p.290.

Senec. p.9, 14,22338,72, 114,140,

158, 195,220,221,225,2265
^r 232.
Socrar. p.55.
Spart. p. 1 6.
Srrab. p.77.
Sueton. p,32555,56,63, loi, 115,

125,167,193, 268,269,278.

T.

Tacit, p.2, 1 2,20541,90,101, 115,
216,255,2595 265^ ib. 270, ib.
271, ib. 272, 2745275,278,ib.

Tdef. p. 1 3 3.

V.

A Via. p,32.

VJfg-P-7,i9538,39j45»4^,49> 61,
64374:85,87,91,103, 105, no,
119,120,136,142, ib. 185,189,
22152265,240,268, 2705283,
286,287.

Zcnophon. p.3 6, i V^',! 3 ^.

: 1
* If

Deiaori

LECTORI AC A DEMI GO S,

CE/ie Philofophia NTaturalis omniitm Scmitimua
nobilijfima eji, Certijftma ac arjrplijfima ^ itipotc
fno ambitti CowpleBens 'z/olumm illitd magmun
^ admiranditm Operum Deiac Crcaturarum i
eorumq\ i/arietatem-, Conjiantiam ac ornalitm. Catalogus
vero ifte, qui Capita (d^ fumma Keritm Cantmet^ oh^niut^
qui unquam prodtere-, perfeBijfimm eji , maxime ordhmtut
ac defnitns : ^^/imaginem Mundi compofitHs ac Rcriim.
non intelJeftusc^ fpeculationum, ^«^r«/;/ non eUordo^ tm-
V!erufyfjeqh finis. Catalogus re'vera ad munfuram unifverft
^ experimentornmita accommodate^ ut naturam in nacu*
X2i(mxtdx^.eamq\in omnes ejus formas miitatam conjiringat,
omnefq, ejut flatus coniprehendat \ libeitatem, crrores,
vincula^ in fpeciebus iuis, in monftris, in mechanicis. De-
wi^jlndex efl incomparabilis^ac ftimifto judicio elaboratiis.Ad
fyl'vam C^ fupelleBihm Hifloriantm Natnraliiim Colligeti'
dam^ nnllns nberior; ad, fic co[le6ia»i , in locos Coin. ^
proprias clajjes digerendam^ nullus Concinnior '■, ad, fic di'
geflamintemoriterretinendam,nnllns efuacior imqiiam ex-
titit J I'd hnmano itigenio ac indkUria exco<ii*:n: poteji. In-
tcr^rcs fic cogitavit} quod Jnwemm'i Academicas ac veri-
tatis amantibus mtum fieri, jpforiim interefj'e pntavit. £-
rufit fortaffis Pedarii Senatorns, qui, moder^iis methodis ad-
fueti, aliam fententiam fere fit ■, atqucferant aliaut '-, Scd ju-
ftificata eft fapientia a filiis fuis.

C\T.

CATALOGUS

Hiftoriarum Particularum*

SecHtidnm Capita.

Iflioria Coeleftiura s five Aftronomica.

2 Hiftoria configurationis Coeli 8c partium ejus^
versus Terrain & partes ejus , five Cofmographica;

3 Hiftoria Cometarutn.

4 Hiftoria Meteororum ignitorum.

5 Hiftoria FulgurumjFlutninum^Tonitruumj 8c Corufcationum.

6 Hiftoria Ventorunij & Flatuum repentinorum, 8c Undulationurn

Aeris.

7 Hiftoria Iridum.

8 Hiftoria Nubium, prout fiiperne confpiciuntur, r~^; .

9 Hiftoria Expanfionis Coerulea?, Crepufculi, plurium Solium, pfiiri-

um LuoaruHij Halonum, Colorum variorum Solis 8c Luna; 5 atq^
omnis varietatis Coeleftium ad afpeftum, qux fit ratione Medii.
16 Hiftoria Pluviarum Ordinariarum, Procellofarura, d<. Prodigio-
farumj etiam Cataraftarutn (quas vocantj Coeli, 8c fimilium.

1 1 Hiftoria Grandinis, Nivis, Gelu, Pruin^e, Nebulae, Roris, 8c fi-
milium.

12 Hiftoria omnium aliorum Cadentium five Defcendentium ex
alto, 8c fuperne generatorum.

15 Hiftoria Sonituum in alto (fi mod6 fint aliqui) prseter Tonitrua,

14 Hiftoria Aeris, in Toto, five in Configuratione Mundi.

¥5 Hiftoria Tempeftatum, five Temperameotorum Anni , tam Se-
cundum variationes Regionura^, quam fecundum accidentia
Temporura, 8c periodos Annorum j Diluviorum, Fervorum,Sic-
citatum, 8c fimilium.

i6 Hiftoria Terra° 8c Maris ; Figurae 8c Ambitus ipforum, 8c Confi-
gurationis ipforum inter fe, atqs Exporredionis ipforum in latum

ant

Catalogus Hiftoriamm Particularium.

aut anguftum j Infularum Terr^e in Mari, Sinuum Maris, & La-
cuum falforum in Terra, Ifthmorum, Promontoriorum.

17 Hiftoria Motuum (fiqui lint) globi Terrx 8c Maris 5 & ex qui*
bus Experimentis illi coUigi poffint.

18 Hiftoria Motuum ma jorum & Perturbationum in Terrd Sc Mari,

nempe Terrse Motuum & Tremorum & Hiatuum, Infularum de
novo enafcentium, Infularum flu(3:uantium, Abruptionum Terra-
rum per ingreffum Maris, Invafionura 8c IlJuvionum, 6c contra
Defertionum Maris 5 Eruptionum ignium e terra, Eruptionum*
fubitanearum Aquarum e Terra, & fimilium.

19 Hiftoria Geographica Naturalis, Montium , Vallium , Sylvarum,

Planitierum , Arenarum , Paludum, Lacuum, Fluviorum , Tor-
rentium, Fontium , 8c omnis diverfitatis fcaturiginis ipforum ^
8c fimilium; miffis Gentibus, Provinciis, Urbibus,8chujufmo•
di Civilibus.

20 Hiftoria Fluxuum 8c Refluxuum Maris, Euriporum, Undulatio-
num 8c Motuum Maris aliorum.

21 Hiftoria cxterorum Accidentium Maris; Sal fuginis ejus, Colo-
rum diverforum, Profunditatis : 8c Rupium, Montium, Valli-
um fubmariaarum, 8c fimilium.

Sequuntur HiJiori£ Maffarufft m^orum,

25tJIftoria Flammse, 8c Ignitorum.

45*^ Hiftoria Aeris, in fubftantia^ non in Configuratione, ^

34 Hiftoria Aqux, in fubftantia, non in Configuratione.

25 Hiftoria Terrse 8c diverfitatis ejus in Subftanti^ , non in Cob-
figuratione.

Sequuntur HiJiori£ Specienm.

a^tJIftoriaMetallorura perfeftorum,Auri, Argenti,8c Minerarum;
■^^ Venarum, Marcafitarum eorundem : Operaria quoque in Mi-
neris ipforum.

27 Hiftoria Argenti Vivi.

28 Hiftoria Foffilium , veluti Vitrioli, 8c Sulphuris, &c,

29 Hiftoria Gemmarum ; veluti Adaraantis, Rubini, d'r.

50 Hiftoria Lapidum , ut Marmoris, Lapidis Lydii, Silicis, ^c.

3 1 Hiftoria Magnetis.

32 Hiftoria Corporum Mi(cellaneorum, quxnecfunt Foffilia pror-
fu3 9 nee Vegetabilia ; ut Salium , Succini , Ambrx-grilese,

C^<^- - v.

35 Hiftoria Chy mica circa Metalla 8c MineraHa.

34 Hiftoria Plantarum, Arborum, Fruticum, Herbarura : Sc Parti-

um eorum, Radicum, Caulium, Ligni, Foliorum, Florum, Fru-
^uum, Seminum, Lachrymarum, d>"c.

35 Hiftoria Chy mica circa Vegitabilia.

36 Hiftoria Pifcium, ScPartium ac Generationis ipforura.

37 Hiftoria Volatilium, 8c Partiumac Generationis ipforura.

38 Hiftoria

Secundum Capita.

98 Hiftoria Quadrupedum , & Partium ac Generationis iplb-

ratn.
59 Hiftoria Serpentum, Vermiura^ Mulcarum, & Cceterorum Infefto-

Tum 5 & partium ac generationis ipfbrum.

40 Hiftoria Chymica circa ea qux fumuntur ab Animalibus.

^quuntur Hijioria Hominis.

41 Lllftoria Figurse , & Membrorum externorum Hominis , Sta-
"* ■' turs , Compagis , Vultus , Lineamentorum 5 eorumqj va-

rietatis fecundum Gentes 8c Climata , aut alias minores Dif-
ferentias.

42 Hiftoria Phyfiognomica fuper ipla.

43 Hiftoria Anatomica, five Membrorum internorum Hominis ; Sc
varietatis iplbrura, quatenus invenitur in ipsa naturali Compage
& StrufturS, non tantum quoad Morbos & Accidentia prxterna-
tiiralia.

44 Hiftoria partium fimilarium Hominis 5 ut Carnis, Offium , Mem-
branarum^c^f.

45 Hiftoria Humorum in Homine v Sanguinis , Bilis, Sperraatis,

&c. ' r

46 Hiftoria Excremenlorum 5 Sputi , Urinarum , Sadorum , Se-
dimentorum , Capillorum , Pilorum, Reduviarufflj Unguium ,
8c fimilium.

47 Hiftoria Facultatum 5 Attra^ionis, Digeftionis, Retentionis, Ex-

pulfionis, Sanguificationis, Affimilationis alimentorum in mem-
bra, Verfionis Sanguinis 8c Fioris ejus in Spiritum, &c.
4S Hiftoria Motuum Naturalium 8c Involuntariorum 5 ut Motus
Cordis, Motus Pulfuum, Sternutationis, Motus Pulmonumj Mo-
tus Ereftionis Virg$, c^c.

49 Hiftoria Motuum mixtorum ex Naturalibus 8c voluntariis 5 velu-
ti Refpirationis, Tuffis, Urinationis, Sedis, d^c,

50 Hiftoria Motuum Voluntariorum 5 ut Inftrumentorum ad voces
articulatas , ut Motuum Oculorum, LinguSj FauciuoijManuum,
Digitorum 5 Deglutionis, d)^c.

5 1 Hiftoria Somni 8c Infomniorum.

52 Hiftoria diverforum Habituum Corporis 3 Pinguis , Macilentij

Coraplexionum (quas vocant,) d^c.

55 Hiftoria Generationis Hominum.

54 Hiftoria Conceptioriis, Vivificationis, Geftationis in utero. Par-
tus, &c.

5 5 Hiftoria Alimentationis Hominis, atqj omnis Edulii Sc Potabilis,
atqi omnis Diaetje 5 8c Varietatis ipforum, iecnndum Gentes aut

-i mtnorcs differentias.

56 Hiftoria Augmentationis 8clncrementi Coporis in Totd 8c Parti-
£t.ib\isi,pfius.

57 Hiftoria Decursus ^tatisj Infantile, Pueritix, Juventutis, Sene-
ftutis,Long2vitatis,BrevitatisVit6ej 8c fimilium, fecundum Gen-
tes Sc minores differentias.

Riioiii.i-;^ V V 58 Hiftoria

1^

Catalogus Hiftoriarum Varticularinm

58 Hiftoria Vitx & Mortis.

59 Hiftoria Medicinalis, Morborum, & Symptomatum &Signorum
eorundem.

60 Hiftoria Medicinalis, Cur«E, & Remedioruma & Liberationum ^

Morbis.

6 1 Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum quje confervant Corpus & Sanita-

tera. * *

62 Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum qua; pertinent ad Formam 8c Decus

Corporis, df-c.

63 Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum quse corpus alterant, & pertinent ad
Regimen Alterativura.

64 Hiftoria Pharmaco-polaris.

65 Hiftoria Chirurgica.

66 Hiftoria Chymica circa Medicinas. :
6y Hiftoria Visas & vifibilium, five Optica.

68 Hiftoria Pidurs, Sculptoria, Plaftica, &c,

69 Hiftoria Auditus&Sonorum.

70 Hiftoria Mufica.

7 1 Hiftoria Olfaftus, & Odorum.

72 Hiftoria Guftit-i & Saporura.

73 Hiftoria TactAs & ejus Objeftorum. i:

74 Hiftoria Veneris, utipeciei Taftus.

75 Hiftoria Dolorum corporeorum, ut Ipeciei Tadius:

76 Hiftoria Voluptatis ScDoloris ingenere.

yy Hiftoria AfFeftuum j ut Irs, Amoris, Verecundix, &c.

78 Hiftoria Facultatum Intelleftualium 5 Cogitative, Phantafias,

Dilcursijs. Memorix, &c.
y;) Hiftoria DivinationumNaturalium.

80 Hiftoria Dignotionum, five Diacrifium occultarum Naturalium j

81 Hiftoria Coquinaria , & Artium fubfervientium, veluti Macel-
laria, Aviaria, e^c.

82 Hiftoria Piftoria, & Panificiorum ; & Artium fubfervientium, ut

Molendinaria, d^c.

83 Hiftoria Vinaria.

?4 Hiftoria Cellaria, & diverfbrura generum Potus.

85 Hiftoria Bellariorum 8c Confefturarum.

86 Hiftoria Mellis.

87 Hiftoria Sacchari.

88 Hiftoria Lafticiniorum.

^9 Hiftoria Balneatoria, & Unguentaria.

90 Hiftoria Mifcellanea circa curara corporis 3 Tonfbrum, Odora*

riorum, d^c,

91 Hiftoria Auri-fabrilis, 8c Artium fubfervientium.

92 Hiftoria Lanificiorum, 8c Artium fubfervientium.

93 Hiftoria Opificiorum e Serico 8c Bombyce, 8c Artium fubfervi-
entium.

94 Hiftoria Opificiorum ex Lino, Cannabio, GofSpio, Setis, &aliis

Filaceis 3 8c Artium fubfervientium,
9 5 Hiftoria Plumificioruro.
96 Hiftoria Textoria, 8c Artium fubfervientium.

^y Hiftoria

Catalogiis H/floriarum Farticularium.

97 Hiftoria Tindoria.

"98 Hiitoria Coriaria, Alutaria '■, & Artium fijfefervkntium*

09 Hiltoria Culcitraria & Plumaria.

100 Hiftoria Ferri-Fabrilis,

lor Hiftoria Latornix five Lapicidarura»

102 Hiftoria Lateraria, & Tegularia.

103 Hiftoria Figularis.

104 Hiftoria Csmentaria, 5c Cruftaria.

105 Hiftoria Ligni-fabrilis.

106 Hiftoria Plumbaria.

107 Hiftoria Vitri & omnium Vitreorumj & Vitriaria,

108 Hiftoria Architefturs' in genere.

109 Hiftoria Plauftraria Rhedaria^ Lefticaria, e^r,

I lo Hiftoria Typographica, Libraria, Scriptoria, Sigillatoria 3 Atra-

menti. Calami, Papyri, Membrane, d^c.
in HiftoraCerae.

112 Hiftoria Virainaria. «

113 Hiftoria Storearia, Opificiorum ex Stramine, Scirpis, & fi«
milibus,

114 Hiftoria Lotricaria, Scoparia, C^c.

115 Hiftoria Agricaltur^, Pafcuarix, Cultus Sylvarum, &v,

116 Hiftoria Hortulana.

117 Hiftoria Pifcatoria.

118 Hiftoria Venationis & Aucupii.

119 Hiftoria Rei Bellies, Sc Artium fubfervientium 3 Armatnenta-
ria, Arcuaria , Sagittaria Sclopetaria, Tormentaria, Baliftariaj
Machinaria, c^c.

120 Hiftoria Rei Nautic^e , & Prafticarum , & Artium fubfervi-
tium. ,/T « . 'r) A .

121 Hiftoria Athletica , Sc omms generis" Exercitationum Ho"
minis.

122 Hiftoria Rei Equeftris.

123 Hiftoria Ludorum omnis generis.

124 Hiftoria Prsftigiatorum 6c Circulatorum;

125 Hiftoria Mi(cellanea diverfarum Materiarum Artificialium 3 \xi
Efmaltse, Porcellanx, complurium Cxmentorum, &c.

126 Hiftoria Salium.

127 Hiftoria Mifcellanea diverfarum Machinarum 3 & Ma-
tuum. 4

128 Hiftoria Mifcellanea Experimeatorum Vulgarium, quse non
coaluerunt in Artem.

Etiam Alathematicarum pttrariim Hisfori£ co»fcribend£ Jitnt) licit Jint
fotius Ohjervationes quafft Experifftenta,

1 29 Hiftoria naturarum & poteftatum Numerorum,

130 Hiftoria naturarum 6c poteftatum Figurarum,

Secundum Capta,

N

Onabs re fuerit admomre^ quod, cum mcejje fit mult a ex Expert-
i ^ mentis fiib duobus Titulis vel plnribns cadere, (veluti Hiftoria
Plantarumd- Hiftoria Artis Hortulans mnlta bah ebunt fere communia)
commordior fninqHifltio per Artes^Dffofttio vero per Corpora. Paruat
enim nobis curaejide Artihns ipfts Mechanicis, fed tantitm de iis qu£
afferunt ad injirucndam Vhilofophiam, Verum h£c e re nata meliys
regentur.

F I N I S.

.Ml

-■^4
r^-^^

Typografhui- LeBorL

UNa aut altera Pagina vacante in damnum Bibilopo-
lae, ad implcndam areolam inanem, Nobilifl^. An*
thoris Literas, fuo Collegio miffas ac propria manu muni'-
tas, fubjungere vifum eft. Quod vivit Charmla hxc peri-
tura, id noftrum munus eft i Tuum,Ledor, fi vigeat. Suc-
cinfta pagina eft,fed folida : & excellentium virorum^etiam
Reliquiae confervandse. Vale.

Sfffff

1^

, P R A. T>tVERVLAMIO

Vice-Comes S^^ ALB AN I

Percclebri Collegio Sanftse &: Individuse Trinitatis.

IN •

CANTABRIGIA. S.

Ex omnes earnmq; jrogrejjus initiisfuis de-
hentur : Itaq; mm iniha Scientiarnm e
Fontihus 'veftrif hau^erim^ incretnenta ip-
famm vobi^ refendenda exiftimavi. Sfero itidem fo-
re ^ut hisc noflra a^ud vos tanquam in Solo mtivo Fe-
licius fuccrefcant, Quamohrem&'^vos hortor^ ntjaU
va. animi modejlia^ <^erga veteres reverential iffi
qmq; Scientiarum Augmentis non defitis : 'vermi
Mt foft voluminafacra verhi Dei d> ScripurarMn ^
fecnndo loco volnmen illud magnum opermn Dei c^
Creaturarum ^ ftrenue, d^ fr£ omnibus libriSy qui pv
Commentariis tantum haheri debent , evolvatis,
Valete, ^

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