“OFFICIAL, REPORT j or on TNT FRUIT GROWERS ens ee J igi ea “STATE oF CALIFORNIA. sso, : pes ~ PROPERTY QF CITY SCHOOLS S- min Darhara (Caldarnia —— << a. ER ete EO tae aA, i : Aad | 4 “i ey } Glass SOL) OOF \ an ie for kl & OFFICIAL DONATION. Whole Library nol 7 Aroom Library no. 2k ; Room.__21_in Ward Building. OFFICIAL REPORT a OF THE TENTH FRUIT GROWERS UONVENTION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE STATE BoArD oF HORTICULTURE, AT Cuico, Burrr County, coMMENcING TuEsDAY, NovEMBER 20, AND ENDING FRipAyY, NovEMBER 23, 1888. EDITED BY THE SECRETARY. ALOOROOSO SD re, pO > > ee ‘, 2 D> tee ee D O BOGODOOH? oo” a 2505 BODO 000009 SACRAMENTO: STATE OFFICE, : : : : J. D. YOUNG, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 1889. i ’ yr 4 eS - s ) i 4 f 7.4 a \ THA ETL Tt i Cha eh ee vem ; F Fs i ; i DS Res 9 ne eG Me ALOE A : Pat ‘ { : ; oes, | Av May ee tere ae: Ph, i dS ~ ‘ Was Py Pace BR Abe eh wee ae ek 5 ase ; ; - ris = t . a . ah) =7 ‘ - > ; a Mt * 4 7 ~ a . Fay ~ . ae fi 4 % ‘ S “i . ) ' ) * , i 2 rd ' ; cies < Sar - , ) ft - yee ' EN. a Ain ae ly y ms i ‘ ¢ . 2 ‘ rs } adits t ; : ’ an f ry 2 * S é 7 ‘ mM P 7 t oe j ; ~~ “ ! ee =: Lo, ASS Be : Ny eas) AP es, 4 : ne “ag i s STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. OFFICERS AND MEMBHERS. Honan el\VyO OD) COORMR. President 2 2.2s-s-cSenc. leo. SS ote SEE Santa Barbara, Commissioner for the Los Angeles District. Rey. N. R. PECK, Vice-President --.---- SAL ON eal Ae a doh Ne eh SE Ss Penryn Commissioner for the El Dorado District. pee aN aD eau ee ee eee Courtland, Commissioner for the Sacramento District. em CO Sih SAUIOTLOR. sacac 0 Seasee soe Uk Ee Boas woe See - San Francisco, Commissioner for the State at large. PE re emt TG) Vb AGI n ieee ote ee oe Ws Somer ate, sein eimai National City, os TEs ck HE, NYU ELE BB ag aga a gy i ee age Santa Rosa, MTree NN orl WO Kae. 5 SME ee Gk ie Se A Vacaville, BOT, MIN TCU C1eN Seve ER ean eee re eS, CNR ee NS ooo ee re ae Hanford, oSac, BIA ONG TRG sacs yellal et the al fagctk li n ge ig HE -Rt p a Santa Clara Commissioner for the San Francisco District. B. M. LELONG, Secretary. ELLA HALLAHAN, Clerk. HARRY STANLY, Messenger. Office of the Board: No. 220 Sutter STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. CONTENTS. PAGE Apprrss oF Prestpent—Opening Address._.-- 5220220 3222-3 o ee eee 6 ADDRESS OF WELCOME—By Rey. E. Graham ._..25-0-4-- 2122.22.04 22.42) 9 A Roya Prast—The Banquet. ---.--2-25-.2 22-2) -35 cbse be chee 141 CALIFORNIA HorTICULTURAL INTERESTS ABROAD—Address by D. Lubin__...---. .----- 24 CHERRY CULTURE—Essay by Joseph EH. Gedney----.------- wbeceecst. 4s 76 Crico’s: Vast SuRROUNDINGS—The Ride _—_. =... -2 842322 ee ae Lees Cuico HorTIcULTURAL SOCIETY—FRIENDS AND CITIZENS OF CHico—Resolutions thank- WG Ue eno Se ie Se tts eee Re er 163 Citrus Fruits In NoRTHERN CALIFORNIA—Remarks by Jesse Wood--------.---------- 149 DEYING AND CANNING HRuit—Bssay by B.C. Kellss 2-2 seo 2 oleae eee 113 Discussion One. 225 -.- 252235024 Soo ee ck eee ee eee ee 115-123 Fie CuLture In CALirornrAa—Remarks iy Hi. B.- Parker. 202242322... oe 108 DiIsCUSSION 52-8 ses Sole ee Ce oe oe ee ee ee 111 FLORICULTURE IN CALIFORNIA—Hssay by Emory E. Smith---...-.-........---_.------ £158 Discussion :.< -s--sq2.6a455 oe ok SE ee ee Pe re 160 Growi1ne Fruit WitTHouT [RRIGATION—Essay by George Ohleyer------------.-------- 153 InsEcT Pests, THEIR EXTERMINATION AND LAws THEREFOR—Essay by H.P.Stabler.. 11 Essay ‘by WG. Klee. 2 ico: oo ee ae eee ee ee ee ee 14 Remarks by Hon. 8. J. Stabler.....-- -2-. .- 43.2 -< e522 3556230 DISCUSSION = 55.55 6s ed oe ee eee ee Geol Secs ae ee ee 18-29 Leapinc Fruits GRown IN CALIFoRNIA—Reports from fruit sections-_--------------.. 179 MARKETING CALIFORNIA FRESH FRu1t—Essay by B. N. Rowley----------------------- 131 Remarks by A. Blocks. 0sc2o 324-4. Ree ee ee ee a ee 133 NOMENCEATURE OF WRuITts—Discussion: 6. 2-52-c242 4o5e52- ese en cee 164 OLIVE CULTURE—Hssay by Charles Dondero.--.--.------...--.=..------- oh 33 Kssay by B. MM, Lelong (oo oC Ree ee ee eee Rope cee eee ee sek 46 . Essay. py solmvGyGrays gi fue oe Beale ON ae chee oe ee ea en 62 DISCUSSION sie 2e cde e eae sete ey ee et 63 ORANGES IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA‘ 2202. oo 52822-5268 eshc-s,.2teko eles 165 Paris Exposirion—Remarks by Prof. George Husmann.-.-.-......_..----------------- 148 Pracn CuLrurE—lssay by_P. W. Butler: 2222332 25-22 cese cot 71 PEesR Buiicut ann Curt Lear—Discussions 2 .2222-.-022 hel ee 168 PLANTING AND Pruninc—Essay by John Rock-------- owes wets Joes teed 75 Prorits or Fruit Rarsine—Essay by Milton Thomas...) j220 .22205 2525225222 eee 85 STATE LEGISLATURE—Memorial of Fruit Growers..-.-..-.--22-.--225 226-6225. eee 152 WHEAT vs. Waoit— Essay by Gen. N. P. Ghiptian 22... 2282-3222 ee chee ee 94 MIscELLANEOUS—Tomato Culture. ........--------.--- ve eaitey tn Vo ONS INU ok 2h 166 AUD PCWGUK: 2 osc och eee cia Soe Sees emia Soa eres 177 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH STATE FRUIT GROWERS’ CONVENTION. HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE, OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, AT THE CiTy oF CHICO, BUTTE CoUNTY, COMMENCING TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, AND ENDING FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1888. Pursuant to notice issued by the State Board of Horticulture, a conven- tion of fruit growers, shippers, packers, nurserymen, and others interested in horticulture and kindred pursuits in California, assembled in convention in Pythian Hall. OPENING EXERCISES. The exercises were opened with prayer, by Rev. N. R. Peck, of Penryn. ORDER OF BUSINESS. The President announced the order of business to be: . The election of two Vice-Presidents. . The election of an Assistant Secretary. . The election of a Committee on Programme. . President’s semi-annual address. . Address of welcome. Ore (bo Fe VICE—PRESIDENTS. Hon. Wm. Johnston, of Richland, Sacramento County, and Mr. Geo. M. Gray, of Chico, Butte County, were, upon motion, elected Vice-Presidents by acclamation. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Mr. Edward J. Wickson, of Berkeley, Alameda County, was unanimously elected Assistant Secretary. PROGRAMME COMMITTEE. Hon. 8. J. Stabler, of Yuba City, Sutter County, Chairman; Mr. P. W. Butler, of Penryn, Placer County; Mr. G. M. Gray, of Chico, Butte County; Dr. A. F. White, of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County; and Mr. Milton Thomas, of Los Angeles, were appointed the Committee on Programme, and pending the report of said committee, it was agreed that the subject of * Insect Pests and Remedies Therefor” be considered in the afternoon. NATIONAL GRANGE. The following telegram was ordered dispatched to the National Grange, in session at Topeka, Kansas, on motion of Vice-President Johnston: Cuico, CauirorniA, November 20, 1888. To the National Grange, Topeka, Kansas: The fruit growers of California, in convention assembled, send you cordial greeting and bid you God speed in your efforts to educate the tillers of the soil and advance their inter- ests, and earnestly invite you to hold your next annual session in California. GOVERNOR WATERMAN. The Governor of State was expected to be present at the opening of the convention. Hon. Wm. Johnston explained his absence, stating that it was entirely due to official duties. The following was ordered dispatched to his Excellency: Hon. R. W. WATERMAN, Sacramento: The fruit growers of California, in convention assembled, desire to express to you their sincere regrets that official duties prevent your attendance with them, and extend to you their thanks for the deep interest you have often expressed in the success of their industry. Here a recess was taken until two o’clock p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Hon. 8. J. Stabler, Chairman of the Programme Committee, presented the report of said committee, which was adopted. ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT COOPER. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: This will be the tenth fruit growers’ conven- tion, and the sixth held under the auspices of the State Board of Horti- culture. At the ninth convention, held in Santa Barbara, ninth to twelfth of April Jast, I urged very fully the subjects which I deemed of greatest importance to be considered. There have not been any material changes in the fruit- growing interests, so that I refer you to the opening remarks made at that time. Our last biennial report is now ready for distribution. It comes down to July of this year. Contains, besides the reports of officers, the transac- tions of the Santa Rosa Convention, held in November, 1887, and the one held in Santa Barbara, April, of this year. We consider this report of great value to all those interested in fruit growing; we also recommend the pre- vious report of 1885 and 1886—to be had on application at our office, 220 Sutter Street, San Francisco. Before reviewing the last report I make mention that this is the first time in the history of the Board that we have been able to present the work so promptly to the fruit growers. It has been accomplished by the great en- ergy and indefatigable efforts of our Secretary, B. M. Lelong, for which he has the heartfelt thanks of the Board, and will have the thanks of every fruit grower who peruses it. The report is here for gratuitous distribution, and I trust every member of this convention will avail of the opportunity to procure a copy. Some reference was made in my opening remarks referred to, of the difficulties fl the Board had to encounter, and it is pertinent in this place to mention that the appropriation last made for the expenses of the Board, the time between March 31 and June 30, 1887, was overlooked, so that we had no funds for April, May, and June; all expenses incurred during those months remain unpaid. The deficiency should be met by a special appropriation at the next meeting of the Legislature. We turned back to the State Treasury $2,762 71 of unused funds, and yet by an oversight we could not recover for the expenses during said three months. I refer you to page 17 of that report. The appropriation is totally inadequate for the demands. I as a mem- ber of the Board have been called upon to advance money to procure ma- terials, because parties are unwilling to wait so long to get a warrant, and then submit to a discount to get the cash. A certain sum of money should always be in the hands of the Treasurer for immediate use. I submit for the action of this convention to adopt some measure asking the Legislature for a larger appropriation, and a different disposal of the funds appropriated. I recommended on page 161 further consideration of the subject of dis- tribution of fruits. Since that convention there has been organized a Dried Fruit Association to protect the dried fruit interests, as also raisins and nuts. The fullest discussion is invited on this subject. It is also important that this convention should have the benefit of the result of the auction plan as practiced by the California Fruit Union of sales of shipments of ripe fruit in eastern markets for the last crop. I visited in July the cold storage warehouse of Mr. Allegretti at West Berkeley, and was well pleased with the apparent success of his system. I am satisfied that it is worthy of our careful consideration. I recommend that the subject of protection to fruit industry be omitted from our programme at this convention. INSECT PESTS. The ravages of the Icerya purchasi become more and more alarming. The gas remedy appears to be given up, and, so far as I have been informed, no radical warfare has been made against the pest. A committee was appointed at our last convention to visit the orchards of Sherman P. Stow, and the Hollister estate, and report to the convention. The report made was not satisfactory to the citizens of Santa Barbara County, and was severely criticized, because it decided nothing. A gentleman by the name of Steele has been experimenting in the Hol- lister estate orchard, for some three months or more, with the Ongerth Tree Protector. I have watched the progress very closely, and conclude as fol- lows: That washing the trunks thoroughly with the undiluted mixture will - prevent the insects from crawling up the trunk, and that the tree is not injured by the washing. Spraying the top with a solution of four gallons of water to each gallon of the mixture will kill 95 per cent of every insect that it touches. It is manifest that vigorous work, such as is being done by Mr. Steele, will clean the orchard to such an extent that keeping the pest in subjection will not be a serious matter. Mr. Steele has a steam apparatus with which he can work four to six sprayers at the same time, and is now engaged in cleaning the orchard at a fixed price per tree, and proposes to go from orchard to orchard and com- plete the work, so long as he is encouraged by the owners. 8 PARIS EXPOSITION. The United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, are soliciting cooperation of the fruit growers, to prepare a display of fruits for the Paris Exposition of 1889. Should the convention desire to take any action regarding this request it will be inorder todoso. I therefore recom- mend that the subject form a part of our programme. OLIVE CULTURE. No fruit in California at the present time claims so much attention as the olive. A great deal has been written. Conflicting reports have created an inquiry that cannot be satisfied, there being no experience to ratify statements made. There appeared in the San Francisco “Call,” of June seventh last, an article by an Italian gentleman, Carlo Dondero, in which the statement was made that the oil I produce could only be rated second or third quality; that berries could not be dried by artificial heat, without injury to the flavor; that the seeds could not be crushed without producing an inferior oil; that the Mission olive makes an inferior pickle; that while it produces only 10 to 12 per cent of oil, they have varieties in Italy that produce 35 to 45 per cent; that scale insects here threaten even the possibility of suc- cess, while in Italy the experienced olive grower got rid long ago of these pests by simple and cheap remedies. I called the attention of the Board to these statements at our last meet- ing, July second. I was requested and instructed by the Board to com- municate with the gentleman, and have brought from Italy a sample of the superior berries referred to, as well as the superior oil, at the expense of the Board, and have them at this convention for examination. In order that they should arrive on time, I fixed the date of picking the fifteenth of October, at which time I picked some of the Mission variety, with two other varieties now here to be compared. I also wrote to others to pick olives on that date, and have them present. Mr. Dondero also assented to my request to write an essay on the olive. Arthur Tappan Marvin, of San Francisco, has compiled quite an elabo- rate work, principally translations from Italian books, recently on sale, in which certain statements are made, that may or may not be true, there being no experimental fact todetermine. At any rate, what has been said about the Picholine being nearly allied to the wild olive, and comparatively worthless, has created alarm amongst the growers. This variety has been planted by the thousands. It is important and necessary that we should investigate these statements, so as to prevent the planting of new orchards of worthless varieties, or should the publications have no foundation in fact, then to allay the alarm created by them. | If there are varieties in Europe so greatly superior to the Mission, we should make every effort to get them for general cultivation in California. FOREST CULTURE. I again urge that we ought to encourage forest tree planting for the pro- tection of our fruit trees. Our fruit industry is rapidly increasing from year to year. Our fruits are sought by the people in almost every part of the country; we have a growing demand with an increased interest in our products. 9 Shall we keep pace in our efforts so as to profit by it? We should give our greatest energies to improve our methods by producing better varie- ties—take greater pains in picking, packing, and drying, and put on the market in perfect condition at reasonable prices. Proper distribution will be the greatest obstacle to our success. We must not relax our efforts in educating the people, in insisting upon trans- portation facilities, and in doing everything that will harmonize our efforts for our success. All personal prejudices should be overcome by that which is more impor- tant, universal good. With these few remarks, ladies and gentlemen of this convention, I sub- mit these questions for your consideration. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. Delivered by REv. H. Granam, of Chicr LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: The old play-writers were accustomed before producing the substance of their play, to construct what they called a pro- logue; that is, something by which the general nature and character of the play which was to follow might be determined. The distinguished gentleman who was to address you this morning, Gen- eral Bidwell, has delegated to me the position of speaking the prologue of what is subsequently to follow. I; however, must cast myself upon my Yankee tendency to guess somewhat as to what shall be the nature and character of the play you are to perform, for I am no horticulturist myself, as you know from the official designation by which I have been introduced, still I have had the pleasure of reading the admirable biennial reports which you have issued, to which reference has been made in the address of your President, and from them I gather something of the general'aims of your meeting. I take it for granted that you are those that were spoken of by a very talented literary gentleman (Carlyle) as those who “cause to grow one blade of grass where a blade of grass never grew before,” and that each of you is therefore “of more value to the world than fifty warriors.” This indicates, I think, the character of your avocation. You are not accustomed to the roar and rattle of machinery, nor to the clash of arms, nor to those peculiar antagonisms that arise sometimes out of commercial and political affairs, but you walk in the quiet vales of Agriculture, you live in the sunlight, you listen to the hum of the bee and the voice of the warblers of the forest, you study those things that lead you upwards, fol- lowing the trailing vine as it climbs upward to the skies, and there is only one step, it seems to me, between your vocation and Paradise itself, a very short one to the garden wherein all flowers ever grow and wherein luscious fruits are always picked. Now I think itis very proper that we, herein Butte County, should give you a most hearty greeting, for we are par excellence horticulturists and agriculturists, and we flatter ourselves that however distinguished you may be personally or as an association, we are in such a position as to give you a hearty and universal welcome. 10 I have not the slightest doubt but that you all represent the “ garden spots of California;” each one of you lives in the finest climate and in the very best part of California. Well, let me assure you that you have not traveled beyond that boundary; that you may feel perfectly at home while you are within old Butte, for we too claim that we are in the “garden spot of California.” It is true that we cannot boast very much of our sun- shine this morning, but this is you know “exceptional in our district.” I have not the slightest doubt but what you have also had to make apology for your sections sometimes in having rain when you have expected and desired sunshine. I can assure you, however, that we have sunshine in all its glory; indeed, I am reminded of the fact that one of the most dis- tinguished horticulturists of our State, Judge Talbot, of Tulare, describes that belt of land which stretches from Red Bluff on the north to Bakers- field in the south as being the “sunshine belt of California,” having the distinguished eminence of being “above the fog belt and below the cloud belt,” indicating that it is really the home of the fig, of the pomegranate, and of the orange, which you can see here represented to-day. We there- fore say this downpour is exceptional; at the same time, you, no doubt, understand how we also appreciate the abundant rains, which, with the sunlight, make up the glory of the land, bringing to us the fruits and flow- ers in which we so much delight. You can therefore pardon us for giving you a drenching to-day. In other lines also, I think we have, if not the preéminence, very near the preéminence; we can show you “big things” uy here in Butte. I have not had the opportunity to get correct statistics as to our area or productions, but I venture the assertion that Butte will compare favorably with your most extensive areas and most varied productions. We have what, per- haps, might be called the “‘ biggest farm in the world,” at least a very dis- tinguished Scotch gentleman, who called on me the other day, gave me the assurance that he had the opportunity of examining into horticulture and agriculture all the world over, and he gave usin Butte County the pre- eminent distinction of having “the largest detail thoroughly cultivated farm in the world;” there may be modifications, of course, in some sense. We have also, as Sir Joseph Hooker has said, the biggest oak in the world, and he, I venture to say, is an authority upon that subject. We, I think, can present you with one of the biggest cherry trees in the State of Cali- fornia, if not in the world, and I think, perhaps, we can show you also the largest grain farm in the world, within the boundaries of Butte County; at least, we have only to step across the border and beguile ourselves with the belief that we are still in Butte County, and assure you of the fact that we have the largest grain farm in the world. We have a great many things that are beautiful. I would, however, we could this morning present to you one of the biggest things we boast of, one of the largest hearts in the world, that would give you a welcome such as I never could speak. He is a virtual production of Butte County, and we are as proud of him in Butte as Santa Barbara County is of your distinguished President, and Sonoma is of her pioneer hero, General Vallejo, whom we are proud to greet here to-day. Our honored citizen is absent, as has been referred to by the President of the convention, or from the fullness of that big heart, I am sure you would have such a welcome as would gladden you, and give you to under- stand that if we are not the biggest in everything, we are at least the big- gest in appreciation and hospitality. il I cannot, of course, inform you very correctly of the varied industries of the county, but I will take it for granted that you have eyes such as will search out for yourselves its capabilities, and by which you will be assured that you have come to a place that none of you can afford to despise, and that you perhaps would like to understand more thoroughly. You will find too, after your examination, that this is the spot of all others that comes up to the famous saying that “if you tickle the ground with a hoe it will laugh a harvest.” We can assure you that there is nothing that is worth producing either in agriculture or horticulture that cannot in a measure, and in most cases to perfection, be produced in Butte County, and the dif- ficulty indeed is, to select, in the whole scope of horticulture, anything that will not grow in Butte County. And we can also assure you that we do not require the abundance of irri- gation that is required in some counties that are represented here, giving us, I think, a special prominence in the matter of horticulture and agriculture, reducing the price of the production of our cereals and fruit, and com- mending itself to every horticulturist as the very home of fruits and flowers. But to come to a special point, I have no doubt at all that Iam expected to represent to-day something that I cannot fully express, and that is the great desire on the part of our people that you should feel entirely at home among our citizens—among the people of Butte County. , My embarrassment results not simply because you are a distinguished class of people, an honorable class of people individually, but because you represent to such a high degree the great qualities and conditions of life in which we live. If I should attempt to express the sentiment which is before your mind to-day, and deep down in the hearts of our people, I should say to you truly that every latch-string of old Butte is at the portal, every door is open, and every heart brings its gladdest welcome to make you feel at home while you are with us. Ishould say also, that all things seem to combine to increase our gladness and swell our welcome. Those flowers around us bloom for you to-day. The orchards are dropping upon you their richest fruits, the vineyards are pouring out their vintages, the very “trees of the field are clapping their hands,” and the benedictions of all hearts, I trust, will rest upon you and linger with you when you go from us, until you again return to gladden us, and receive the most abundant welcome that we can possibly confer. EN SECT ER SIS. Essay by H. P. Stasier, Yuba City. Fruit culture in California is now assuming vast proportions and every department is being thoroughly worked up by energetic men. The Fruit Union has proven itself eminently successful and insures a market for the California fruit grower in the Hast for an almost unlimited output of green fruit. The Dried Fruit Association will doubtless do the same for him for his dried fruit. The success of these two enterprises at once puts the fruit business in this State on a sound basis commercially, and no doubt will be the cause of many engaging in the business in the near future. ~ But there are yet scrious hinderances to the ultimate success of the business, which, if not overcome and counteracted, will in a great measure 12 reduce the profits and may seriously cripple what now promises to rank with the most prominent industries of the State. Undoubtedly the greatest threatened drawback to the success of the fruit interests of the State is the prevalence of depredating insects on both tree and vine. Nearly every branch of industry is afflicted by injurious insects. Earth, air, and the sea swarm with them. All crops throughout the country are more or less injured by them, and many are entirely ruined by their dep- redations. Cotton and tobacco in the South; potatoes and corn in the West; and wheat and rye in the North, have often been rendered entirely profitless by their devastation; but it is the fruit grower of California who suffers most from the depredations of pests. The tree in the nursery, the tree as it grows in the orchard, the fruit on the tree, and the fruit after it is dried, is often infested with pestiferous insects. Our climate—so mild and equable—is wonderfully favorable to the prop- agation and dissemination of insect pests. While almost every known horticultural product of the world will grow and flourish in some part of California, the pests that infests it, owing doubtless to the salubrity of the climate, will also multiply and spread to an incalculable extent. Not only have we to contend with almost every pest that is congenial to other climes, but with some species that only exist to a considerable extent in this State. Many of our enterprising citizens who have imported trees, plants, and scions from foreign countries are doubtless responsible for the introduction and subsequent spread of some of our worst pests; but however it happened, we know that the pests are here, and it looks as though their eradication was going to be a difficult problem to solve. 3 The orange growers of the southern part ot the State are unpleasantly familiar with the cottony cushion scale, the peach and prune growers of upper California have been forced into a reluctant acquaintance with the pernicious scale, and the apple and pear growers are sorely troubled with codlin moth and woolly aphis. The ravages of pests in this State alone annually amounts to tens of thousands of dollars, and unless effective laws are enacted by our Legislature and stringent measures adopted and fol- lowed by ourselves, the loss will certainly increase at a fearful ratio. I am not prepared to say that the present laws on the subject are not sufficient for the purpose designed, but if they are wanting in any essential particular, they should be speedily amended and made to conform to the necessities of the case. It does not seem to be so much the deficiency of the laws applicable to the matter in hand, as the non-compliance with them by interested parties. From the fact that pests spread from orchard to orchard, through some process not well understood, thus rendering the’ thorough and scientific spraying and disinfecting of one man useless, unless his neighbors adopt the same course, the most stringent and binding methods should be adopted and inflexibly pursued, to contest every inch of progress made or threatened by pests. The inventive genius of the American people has placed in the hands of the modern horticulturist adequate and efficient appliances for the destruc- tion of these insidious enemies. The law has also wisely provided for an officer, whose duty it is to examine orchards, experiment with the nature and habits of insect pests; to ascertain, invent, and promulgate remedies and outline the best methods of their application for the destruction of the pests; to import known parasites if possible, and generally to assist in every possible manner to attain the end desired. Such an officer now exists, and is believed to be worthy and competent. He is doing his duty in a careful, laborious, and painstaking manner. All else to be done remains with the 13 fruit growers. They should organize, in every fruit-growing section of the State, horticultural societies. Every fruit grower, however small his possessions may be, should become a member, and every member should regularly attend the meetings. The local Inspector of Fruit Pests and Quarantine Guardian should have at all times the full and vigorous moral support of every member. It is notorious that in many fruit-growing sections of the State some orchardists annually expend much time and money in spraying, cleansing, and pursuing other well known modes in exterminating pests, while adjoin- ing owners neglect their orchards, knowing them to be infested, thereby affording a hotbed and breeding place for the worst of pests. Vigorous and well directed efforts, and a thorough and efficient concert of action, seems to be what is needed. Efficient remedies are known to the skilled pomolo- gist, and can be ascertained and procured by everyone. They should always be applied at the full standard of strength, and in the most thor- ough and exhaustive manner, and by every one who has an infested tree. A community can be infested from one tree planted in a houseyard, and it is highly important that every fruit grower should be well versed in the time of application. When the insect is in its incipient state it is much more easily killed than when it approaches maturity and takes on its defen- sive armor. Hvery infested tree should be repeatedly and thoroughly cleansed at the proper time, and in default thereof immediately removed and destroyed. From a limited experience I am convinced that apathy on the part of the fruit growers of California is the best friend that the insect pest has as yet found. Persons who have but a few fruit trees for family use seem to be the most careless in respect to their condition. They obtain their income from some business, other than fruit growing, and therefore give their trees little or no attention. Of course it would not pay the latter class of per- - sons to purchase and keep in order a full complement of appliances for the destruction of pests, or to learn from others versed in the matter the most approved remedies for that purpose, but the fact still exists that the dis- semination of these little enemies to the orchard, comes largely from the foul trees of the small grower; therefore, it should be obligatory on the part of such owners, to either keep their trees in a healthy state, or else remove them. Almost any progressive orchardist would apply the remedies for a nominal consideration, his main benefit accruing from the fact of the destruction of the pests. This should be brought about and rendered compulsory by stringent statu- tory enactments, or by a strong public opinion, or by the watchful care and persistent importunity of local societies of intelligent pomologists, or by all of these agencies. Many of the intelligent, experienced, and progressive California orchard- ists seem to be derelict in contending against the spread of injurious insects. They do not vouchsafe to the subject the importance it deserves. They do not realize that unless prompt and vigorous preventive measures are pur- sued their property is constantly deteriorating. It is not enough to wait until the enemy appears and appreciable damage is done, before action is taken. A preventive is always better than a cure. The orchardist should be untiring in his warfare. He should disinfect and spray upon knowing the threatened danger, and that too with the same regularity that he prunes and cultivates, regardless of labor, and almost regardless of expense. The continuous and necessary custom of transporting scions and nursery trees to and from all parts of the country, of itself foreshadows the danger, 14 and the unwritten history of scores of dilapidated and ruined orchards in many parts of the State fully demonstrate it. The frequent and instructive meetings of this and other similar organ- izations, attended by fruit growers, bring home to their minds a full and ample knowledge of remedies, and they should be applied with alacrity. The cost is inconsiderable compared with the benefit. I believe that with a unity of action and with a wholesome individual energy on the part of the fruit producers, the prevalence of injurious insects in California will be materially lessened, and they may be exterminated. INJURIOUS INSECTS. Essay by W. G. Kurz, Glenwood. CALIFORNIA PEACH ROOT BORER. My attention was first called to this insect by Mr. J. Britton of San José, who in May last sent me specimens of the insect in its various stages, but in such condition that the exact species could not be identified. Enough, however, could be seen from which to conclude that it was a near ally of the pernicious Hastern peach root borer, Sannania (Aejeria) exitiosa. In Mr. Britton’s company I visited shortly afterwards the infested region, which lies about two miles and a half southwest of San José, where I obtained some specimens of the larva and chrysalids. Not satisfied with my result I again visited the place in company with Mr. Albert Keobele, and Mr. H. A. Brai- nard, editor of the “Santa Clara Valley:’ We spent the greater part of the day on the place of Mr. Leigh, southwest of San José, and obtained a number of specimens of both larva and chrysalids. These we readily found by removing the soil from around the base of the tree, laying bare the bark for several inches. Gummy exudations indicated the presence of the borer and with a knife it was easily extracted. This borer works directly under’ the bark, feeding on the cambium layer. Its tunnels, which are more or less vertical, vary from four to eight inches in depth, and from two to four inches inwidth. The larva has a great appetite, yet on account of its habit of working downward, the tree is not as quickly girdled as when the Hast- ern peach root borer is at work. Frequently three or four borers were found at work, and still the tree apparently not suffering severely. A tree badly attacked by this borer commences to look yellow, the fruit generally commences to enlarge, and often, after a hot spell of weather, commences to wilt; however, if only a portion of the bark is girdled, it may show no signs. To ascertain the presence of the borer the soil must be removed, as it works invariably underground. With the exception of two cherry trees, we found only peach roots affected, but anything on this root is plainly liable to its attack. It seems, however, that greatest danger of infection exists on lands of a heavy na- ture. In fact, in going over several acres of this character we obtained mostly all of our specimens, while hardly any were found on sandy soil adjoining. In this respect our observations agreed with Mr. Leigh’s experi- ence, who confidently asserted that these insects had been observed by him for ten years. 15 If plum root is or is not attacked, we have not been able to prove con- clusively, as we did not see but very few trees as plum root in the immedi- ate neighborhood, but there is strong probability that both plum and apricot are resistant. This matter requires thorough investigation, and I intend to try the experiment of colonizing the borer on plum root. The grub or larva is pinkish when alive; the chrysalid is brown, sperm of the eatings and borings of the wood. When emerging from its chrysalis state, the moth reaches the surface, and its last skin is often seen protruding. DEVELOPMENT. This species requires evidently a year for its full development, and as the moth appears in May and June, the egg must be laid in that time. These are laid just below the surface, and the reason that so few worms are found on sandy soil, is probably because in ovipositing the female has to push the abdomen in the ground; when it finds that the soil falls in, its instinct leads it to avoid such places. REMEDY. Planting in sandy soil or replacing the natural soil with a basin of fine sand, will probably prove a very good preventive of infection. The sand should be placed at least to the depth of four inches. A method recom- mended in the East for the peach borer found there, is the wrapping of a stout piece of paper around the trunk to the depth of six inches, and two above, this to be held in place by a collar of mortar. Gaslime, which has been recommended for this purpose, is too dangerous; while it might do no harm during the summer it would invariably result in danger to the tree, if thoroughly wetted and the solution was percolating down the trunk. Indeed, I have already learned of damage from its use. In my recom- mendation of using gaslume for woolly aphis on the apple tree, I have invariably warned against putting it against the trunk. In this case the material to be successfully used must be placed against the trunk. Air- slacked lume, however, may be used without any injury, but should be put on in the spring, after the heavy rains are over; in the early part of April. It being a settled fact that this insect is new to science (named by Pro- fessor Riley, Sannania pacifica), we must look for its original food plants in this State. I have spent a little time in looking over the creeks adjoin- ing the infested district, but have failed to find any wild trees infested, but I shall continue this investigation further next spring, as it is of consider- able importance to know the wild tree this borer inhabits. My conclusion is that it probably lives on one of our wild cherries (perhaps Prunus demissa), but owing to the fact that the soil generally is sandy along water- courses, and the trees of a kind are few and far between, the food for the borer has been restricted, so that very little increase took place until orchard planting commenced in the vicinity. There is no question that the insect may be spread on nursery stock. The eggs being laid in the bark, and the trees coming from suspected quar- ters should be thoroughly scrutinized, and at least thoroughly disinfected by dipping in caustic solution. So far I have only found this insect in the locality mentioned, two and one half miles southwest of San José, but being a native insect we may look for it in all the orchards along watercourses in the coast valley. The mature insects, male and female, are distinguished from the eastern Lae by the absence of cross bands of the abdomen, which are of a black steel blue. 16 BROWN APRICOT SCALE. Another insect which has forced itself to the attention of fruit growers in certain counties is a large brown soft scale, yet unnamed, a species of Le- canium, which I propose to call, popularly, the brown apricot scale, because it is one of the few scales troubling this tree. It, however, also infests many other kinds of trees, especially prunes, peaches, and pears. The young appear from the eggs in May or June, and scatter all over the trees, settling on the leaves, which become viscid and soon covered with black smut. The whole tree suffers severely by the pores being clogged up, resulting in small and inferior fruit. So small and transparent is the young scale that it is hardly perceptible on the leaves, except through a magnifying glass. They gradually increase in size, however, but not very materially before the following spring, when with the rise of the sap their growthis enormous, their soft, sticky bodies covering the branches completely. When detached from the branches the numerous oval eggs are seen surrounded with a white mealy powder. The young hatch in comparatively short time, and there is only one brood in the season, other statements to the contrary. The insect has spread rapidly in the prune districts of Santa Clara County, and I have also seen it in Alameda County, although much less dangerous than the pernicious scale. Itis very troublesome to exterminate, and its appear- ance in an orchard should cause thorough measures to be taken. This scale is evidently a native of the State, having been found on oak trees, from which it spread, and has proved itself well adapted to our fruit trees. REMEDY. This scale is hard to kill when most conspicuous in the spring; it is then protected and the tree too tender to use strong remedies; it must be fought either before or after this. In the winter it can be killed with remedies, half the strength of which is necessary to kill the perniciousscale. A solu- tion of one fourth pound of potash, one half pound of soda lye to four gallons of water, to which one fourth pound of whale oil soap has been added to each gallon of the solution. A strong solution of whale oil soap of one half pound added to one gallon of water will also suffice, but most thorough work is necessary, used early in the season immediately after the fruit has been harvested. The following summer wash previously recommended is of good service: One and one half pounds of sulphur, one pound of Amer- ican concentrated lye or four fifths of a pound of powdered caustic soda, ten pounds of best whale oil soap (80 per cent). Dissolve the lye in one gallon of water; boil the sulphur until dissolved; dissolve the soap in water; mix the two, and boil them for a short time; use at 1380 degrees Fahrenheit in vessel. CODLIN MOTH. The past season, unlike the previous one, proved exceedingly favorable to the propagation of this pest; and more wormy fruit appears this season than, perhaps, any previous one. The remedies for the moth have also proved less effective; and in many instances spraying with arsenites proved altogether ineffective. In most cases—except with early fruit only—one spraying has done no good whatsoever. The reason of this is obviously due to the wet weather in the early part of the summer, which removed the arsenic and left the fruit unprotected. When two sprayings have been made, especially after the rains, the good effect has been plain. os 7 In my own experiments in the Santa Cruz Mountains, I found that all early apples, and also Bellflowers, were pretty free, from five to ten per cent of the latter only being affected. The damage done to the trees by spraying (strength one pound to one hundred and eighty gallons) was again, as last year, quite severe, and the same circumstance presented itself as last year—that trees in position to dry out quickly after damp nights suffered but very little, showing conclusively that the damage was due to the arsenic being leached out by the moisture during the night. My statement made last year—that the strength of the solution endured by different varieties varies considerably—is again supported by experience elsewhere, particu- larly in the case of Bellflowers; this may, perhaps, be solely due to their dense foliage. While the Bellflowers with me were pretty clean, it was not the case with EK. Spitzenburg, which proved itself very badly infested. As these two apples—Bellflower and Spitzenburg—were harvested but a short time apart, and were almost of the same degree of ripeness, the difference must be sought in other causes. The reason in this case was, evidently, that, with the Spitzenburg and Yellow Newtown Pippin, but especially the first, there was a distinct second blooming some three weeks after the first, which did not receive any spraying, as there was only one spraying done. Thus blossoms which were small and not conspicuous, moths made the most of, and the apples were so badly affected that they never reached any size; and, although many were picked off, a great many fell between the vines growing among the trees, and were lost sight of. This proves conclusively the necessity of picking off such secondary blossoms. In this connection I would call attention to the importance, in early regions, such as the Sacramento Valley, to not allow a second crop, by growing early varieties; and observing this closely it has been the experi- ence of such men as Mr. Sol. Runyon, that codlin moths will do compara- tively little damage. But while my own experience has not been as encouraging as it might be, other people who have partly followed my advice have succeeded very well. Mr. W. W. Riser, of Centerville, Ala- meda County, used London purple. He reports his early apples, such as Astrachan and Alexander, free from worms; fall apples, when sprayed only once, badly infested, as well as winter apples, when only one treatment was given. But when two treatments were given, the last in the beginning _of July, at a strength of one pound to two hundred and twenty-five gal- lons, the improvement was great, resulting in having at least 50 per cent of clean apples, against only 10 when not treated. Whether I can safely rec- ommend so late a spraying may be doubtful, yet when the apple has sev- eral months to grow in, the danger of poisoning from eating is gradually lessened, especially as it has been proven that the arsenic is gradually leached out of the compound. In Coloma, El Dorado County, a widely different section and climate from Alameda County, it seems that one Spraying accomplishes as much as two with Mr. Riser, probably owing to the absence of rain and dew. Under date of October fifteenth, Mr. A. J. Mahler writes: “We have used the mixture of Paris green, one pound to one hundred and siaty gallons of water, for codlin moth; we gave the trees only one spraying, on April erghteenth, and the result is that we have saved at least 50 per cent of the apples treated. The apples that have been treated are large and of excellent color, and the trees show no damage from the poison.” Mr. C. T’. Settle, of San José, has obtained the best results of any. Although surrounded with badly infested orchards, he has succeeded in saving 75 per cent of a very large crop of late apples—Yellow Newtown Pippin and White Winter Pearmain, but it was done with no less than four 9h 18 sprayings with Paris green. The foliage was but little damaged when I saw them in August last. In answer to a letter addressed to Mr. Settle on this point, he writes under date of November thirteenth: ‘J washed my apples four times with Paris green, using ten ounces of the latter to one hundred gallons of water, commencing when the apples were very small and washing about every twenty-five days, and saved 75 per cent of the apples that were on the trees at picking time. I also used bands, removing these every eight or ten days.” KNOTS ON ROOTS OF FRUIT TREES. Last month my attention was called to the condition of a large number of plum trees in a young orchard near Mountain View. Subsequently I visited the place and found that something like one fourth of the trees were affected. These knots were found below. ground on the junction with the stock or on the myrobolan root itself, on which root all of the trees were growing. All of the trees affected in this manner are comparatively smal- ler. That these knots are the result of fungoid growth, allied to the black knot, Lam quite confident, and the probability is, that the disease is being propagated on the cuttings from which these trees, which served as stock, © were grafted. Thisis an additional argument against using cuttings of the myrobolan stock, another being that the root system formed by them is often defective. Similar excrescences are found on peach and pear root, and have been sent me from different parts of the State. Young trees affected by them should be avoided, as under certain conditions they will result in the death of trees. Such knots should, however, not be confounded with those sometimes produced by the tying material of a bud or graft being left in by accident. For trees affected with these knots, I have recom- mended the complete removal, if possible, by cutting close into their point of attachment. If this is not possible without serious injury, the roots of the trees had better be destroyed. When the knots have been removed, the cuts should be washed over with a very strong solution of bluestone, or better still, if the following mixture be put on it: Two pounds of rosin; one pound of beeswax; one pint of spirits of turpentine; and one fourth ounce of carbolic acid. Melt the rosin and wax by heat; when dissolved add the turpentine and acid, previously dissolved in a little alcohol or hot water. DISCUSSION. Dr. A. F. Waite, of Santa Rosa: Inorder to elicit discussion on this sub- ject I desire to inquire whether any gentleman here knows of a single county or district in this State in which the white scale had a firm settlement in the orchards from which by any means it has been thoroughly eradicated. Dr. Kimpatt, of Alameda: My impression is with the limited knowl- edge I possess, which may be more or less extensive than others, as I have traveled to some extent over the whole State, I believe I shall have to answer the question in the negative. ‘There is not one place that is abso- lutely free from it or where its ravages have been very materially checked. I am sorry to make such an answer, but that is the result of my informa- tion. Mr. Brock, of Santa Clara: Mr. Lelong, our Secretary, told me yester- day that he had a letter giving very encouraging reports as to the result of work; I would like to have the letter laid before the convention. The Secretary read the following letter: 19 TusTIN, CAL., November 12, 1888. B. M. Leone, Secretary State Board of Horticulture: DEAR Sir: Almost every one of the citrus growers are spraying their trees with a rosin wash that was discovered here. It is eight pounds caustic soda, two quarts whale oil, and fifteen pounds rosin, prepared as follows: The caustic soda, rosin, and whale oil are boiled together in about ten gallons of water, for about three or four hours, and then water is added to make one hundred gallons. of solution, and sprayed as usual. This remedy kills almost every “red scale” it touches and all “black scale.” Itis the most successful wash that has ever been used. It does not hurt the most tender shoots or bloom in the least. I have great faith now in citrus culture, and almost anywhere, even with the white scale (which we have not got) but has been killed with this wash in other sections. There are as many as ten spray tanks now in use in this vicinity. They are worked all the time. The main thing is to cook it well, so it will mix through and through. It must be applied warm. Yours very truly, H. K. SNOW Dr. Kimpatu: I will inquire whether or not it is a fact that citrus culture that that gentleman speaks of is becoming extinct from the ravages of the red scale alone, to say nothing about the white scale? Mr. Frank KIMBALL, of National City: In the Santa Ana Valley last Sunday, I noticed quite a number of orchards, some of them that were badly infested with the red scale had been cut off to mere hitching posts; every limb cut off to within a few feet of the ground and the trunks white- washed. Some of the orchards were entirely neglected and been abandoned as dead, while within half a mile of such places there were orchards finely growing, and as far as you could see, entirely free from the pests, as vigorous and fine as any have ever seen. In San Diego County, perhaps, in answer to the gentleman to my left (Dr. White), two years ago the grounds around the house of the late Wallace Leach, in the City of San Diego, became thoroughly infested with the cottony cushion scale so badly that you could not see the limbs. I discovered it, and reported it to the press, and it was immediately taken up by the orchardists in that county, and we went there in a body to operate on the trees. Mr. Leach met us with a shotgun, and said if a man touched a tree he was a nonenity; finally, he was pre- vailed upon to wash the trees continuously, and I do not believe there is a cottony cushion scale in the county to-day; if there is I do not know of it. There are some red scale and some red spider, though I know of but few places where they exist, but I have never found any difficulty with the ordinary whale oil soap wash in destroying either the red spider or the red scale. That wash I have prepared myself from the soap made by the Los Angeles Soap Company; I have used it from three quarters of a pound to a pound per gallon, and applied as nearly boiling hot as I could take it from the tank, and sprayed it with the ordinary spray pipe. J have met with great success on the ordinary spider and the black scale. I take from thirty-six to forty pounds of whale oil soap, of Los Angeles manufacture, and put it in ten gallons of water and boil it—this cooks better than in a larger quantity—then I add in the cauldron water, so as to make the whole forty gallons. The reason I make the difference between thirty and forty pounds, is if the scale is very young, thirty pounds to forty gallons of water would be as effective as the forty, and less offensive, taking it from the cauldron boiling hot and applying it through the ordinary spray pump. Dr. Wurre: How long since this extermination occurred that you re- ferred to? Mr. Kimpatu: That was more than eighteen months ago. I have not Seen a recurrence of it at any point. It was imported there on some plants, brought from some other section of the country. I think it was on some roses, brought from San José. 20 Dr. Wuits: I have only this to say in regard to the white scale: It has been before this assembly often. We have had various remedies, many of them efficient in killing the scale, for it is not difficult to kill. The great trouble is its wondrous cunning and its habits. It multiplies three times every summer, and is armed with a lance-like beak that will penetrate any poison you may cover the tree with, and draw its nutriment from the inner bark, so that it is difficult to kill, unless you can find something that when it touches the body of the insect will kill it. Mitton Tuomas, of Los Angeles: The white scale was brought into Los Angeles on some orange trees from Australia. They first appeared on a place that was at that time a fine orchard of deciduous and citrus fruits. As time passed on the scale took possession of the orange trees, and they were grubbed up. There were pepper trees, apple, peach, plum, and, in fact, all kinds of deciduous fruit trees in the orchard; but in less than a year after the orange trees were taken up the white scale disappeared, and those deciduous trees stand there to-day uninjured. I have an orchard of one hundred and twenty acres of deciduous trees, and I am willing that a man may take a peck, or any amount, and put them in that orchard, my faith is so strong; and I think I know something in reference to bugs on deciduous trees. While I am on the floor I want to say, in reference to the letter just read, that Mr. Snow is a man who stands high’as a man of the strictest integrity and veracity, and what he said you can take for granted it is true. Mr. Wuite: I will ask Mr. Thomas whether the orange trees in and about Los Angeles are in a thrifty condition, or whether the scale has injured them? Mr. Tuomas: I will say that in the City of Los Angeles, as a great many people know, it has been cut up into lots and sold and houses built on a great many orchards, and those orchards were abandoned and the scale has taken possession. I have a large place inside of the city; an orange orchard. I do not think that there is a scale on it and orchards adjacent to the city. You get out a little distance to the south and there is no scale to my knowl- edge, but inside of the city the scale has ruined the trees because people | have abandoned them and cut their property into building lots. Mr. Wuits: Please state what you know of the scale about Pasadena? Mr. THomas: Pasadenais the same as Los Angeles. Immediately around Pasadena, as you are well aware, it has been cut up into town lots and houses built on them, and orchards abandoned, and where those orchards have been abandoned they have not been irrigated, and the trees have lat- terly been destroyed, and. there is scale on those trees; but when you get out a mile or two I think there is none. Mr. I. A. Wicox, of Santa Clara: I think we can better employ our time in discussing what we can best do in keeping them under subjection than in trying to destroy all of them. Now as to the white scale, | have seen it in the Wolfskill orchard, and I can readily understand that you can kill most of them, but not get them all. That is the case with the pernicious scale. I am inclined to think that where the climate is warm it will do better than with us. Now I am not looking for any new remedies. I am using for this pernicious scale what we have had for a long time, and it keeps it down. I sold some pears last year from an orchard six or eight years old, and I do not think you can see a single one showing there was a scale, and I washed those trees every year since I started, for the scale. I used the common wash, the sal soda with whale oil; that is all I have used for three years, and it is the cheapest wash. We must not give up fighting the scale; we live in a climate where insects have the best show of life, and 21 we must teach the people of this State when we get home, that the success of fruit business depends upon persistent efforts, using the remedies that are offered. Dr. Kimpat: I remember the good book tells us about the men who went to spy out the land and who brought back a great account of it, that the men were large, the cities had high walls, and the warriors were valiant, and they thought the best thing that the children of Israel could do would be to turn back and wander around in the wilderness; but there were two men that gave a different report; they were fearless men and they con- cluded to go forward and they went forward to occupy the land, and his- tory tells us what has been the fortune of that country and of the men. I apprehend that my friend lacks a little of the faith, a little of the hope and spirit of perseverance that I believe fills the hearts of all of our fruit grow- ers—when we come to consider the obstacles that we have to meet. I believe that the experience of mankind teaches us that there are no obstacles so great but what persistent united effort will successfully banish. I believe that it only requires a persistent united effort to keep these insects in check, and that there is no variety of insect pests that now overrun our State but that if people will use the information that they now have, persistently—not one man here and another there, but every one, small orchardists as well as large, that before long these insects will disappear. Nature seems to work in a period of cycles; in 1853 I was in the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean; there they were extensively engaged in the raising of sugar, one of the most productive islands on the face of the globe; there was there at that time, an insect which resembled this Icerya purchasi, and it filled the planters of that island with gloom. It permeated every planta- tion from the sea to the mountain; but still the people had faith, and in time, by united efforts of their own they kept on and the cycle came around when that insect has entirely disappeared there; I was talking with a Catholic priest who had lived there many years and he said it had become perfectly innocuous, that it did not produce any more trouble among the planters; and this scale that we have here, this Icerya purchasi, resem- bles it very much; from my memory of it they were entirely similar, but I am informed that Professor Riley says that there is a difference, that one is smooth and the other is fluted, but they were apparently of the same nature. I believe that there is something to be hoped for from this parasite of the scale which is being imported here under the auspices of the State Board of Horticulture. Mr. Klee has had a number of specimens sent to him, and he is now engaged in propagating in San Mateo County a small fly that deposits the egg in this bug and the egg developes and destroys the insect, and it goes on with an endless multiplication. I believe that we may expect much from these parasites, and as I told the convention at Riverside I believe that that is to be one of the great sources of success to import and cultivate these parasites, because nature surely has a way of wiping out or removing that obstacle. I believe it is our duty instead of succumbing to the bug, to work, to fight, and that we will succeed in rais- ing good crops of fruit in spite of all these difficulties. I know our neigh- bors in San Lorenzo have been particularly cursed, we have had the canker worm, we had to band all our trees with a preparation of paper and to tar the paper every other day from January to April, in order to keep the foli- age from being eaten off; but the cycle has come around and there is not now a canker worm to be found in the county; and so I apprehend with these other pests, that they will be self-limited and that in time they will 22 pass away, and I can only advocate a persistent perseverance in using the best appliances which we now have, and await the result. Mr. Buocx: I agree with the gentleman who preceded me as to the importance of earnest industry and perseverance to destroy these insects. Now, a gentleman referred to freezing the bug; now, there is such a thing as smothering it, for the bug’s breathing apparatus is the life of the bug, and you close that with oil or rosin, or some such substance, and you can destroy it. Now, let me give you a little of my experience with what you call the San José scale. That insect, when young, is very easily destroyed; you can do so very cheaply with rosin washes, and many other washes; you can destroy it, I venture to say, with a wash that won’t cost you more than three quarters of a cent per gallon, and which will not injure your fruit. These rosin washes are good. When the insect is young, just hatched, you can penetrate and smother it, either with oil or a rosin wash. As it becomes older, if you neglect and put off the washing from time to time—I venture to say that this time is a good time to wash your trees—it is true that the foliage may prevent you sometimes from reaching the insect, but just as soon as you can wash it I am satisfied that you can use a great deal less strength and destroy them, than as the season advances. I believe that the coating that the insect gets, with one spraying it is harder to destroy; it sheds, I believe, about five times before the spring, and it makes a coy- ering after it sheds each coat, and remains with the covering over it, and so on until you have got to penetrate five coverings before you can reach the body, but if you did so at once you could destroy it much easier. I depend a great deal on summer washes for destroying any insect, and I have been very successful with them; but I do not claim that I can extirpate them in the summer, from the fact that the foliage prevents me from reaching every part of the tree; the foliage prevents me from destroying it, but you can save your fruit; you can keep the tree clean, figuratively speaking, not entirely free of insects, and if you follow it up I am satisfied you can destroy it; but if you wait until the five coats have accumulated, in the spring—by that time the buds have begun to push out—you require much stronger liquor to penetrate it, and I venture to say that you are not quite as successful in reaching it, and the solution you use is strong enough to injure your buds in many cases, not all, but many cases, some varieties of fruit buds that are more easily affected than others. If we make experi- ments in that way and compare them, get information of others—I have reference to the San José scale—I am satisfied I can extirpate it,and I am satisfied that the other, with persistent effort, can be exterminated; at any rate, this can be kept in check, and will not do much harm. Mr. B. M. Letone: I think the best way for a person to find out what remedy to use, or the one that kills the insects, the best is to examine the fruit during the summer when it isin market and find out whose fruit it is, from whence it came, and the remedy used. I went around this year since early in the spring, and examined the fruit from the different localities all over the State. Some of the fruit was all marked and stained and others were burnt with caustics. I inquired at one time of Dalton Brothers as to some fruit which was very clean in boxes and they told me it brought 35 cents a crate more than any others, and why? Because the tree had been washed by a certain remedy; they were from Mr. Runyon, of Courtland; that he had been using a rosin wash during the summer and his pears were very clean, not spotted. I saw others badly burnt; also peaches damaged in the same way. I saw peaches that could not be given away, and the commission man told me he had to pay men to cart them off. So it is all over the State; one man would send in a carload that 23 would be perfectly clean whilst his neighbors right alongside of him would send a carload that was badly affected with codlin moth, and by the time it reached San Francisco the pears and apples were full of worms. I took note of all this, and on page 379 of the third biennial report will be found the remedies used by these gentlemen. The name of the party is attached to each remedy, and if any one will do as these gentlemen have done, they certainly can make a success of it. Mr. I. H. Tuomas, of Visalia: Three years ago last August the author- ities notified us to spray trees. I did not have very much faith in spray- ing, and dug up my orange and some walnut trees; there is perhaps a hundred large walnut trees left. There is no scale on those trees and has not been. I will refer to Mr. L. H. Titus, who has a place near Alhambra, and last summer I think he had about forty acres of orange orchard, one hundred and twelve acres altogether, he sold for $21,200. The scale had taken possession of that orange orchard and the speculators bought it and were going to cut it up and make money out of it. I saw Mr. Titus per- haps three weeks before I went home, and he said “I have got some good news; I was looking at my old orchard and found that every scale in that place is dead;” and said he, ‘“‘ What is the cause of it?” I couldn’t tell; I do not know, but I know it is a fact that they are all dead, but whether they will come again, I have nothing to say. But it shows a little encour- agement to find that in that large orchard, where the trees were covered by scale, that they should be dead. Mr. Jonnston, of Richland: Perhaps there is something beyond a remedy that we ought to inquire into. There is an old adage, we have often heard repeated, ‘‘ An ounce of preventive is worth a pound of cure.” Isn’t there something beyond these cures that we should inquire into—the reason why we have them? Is there not something in the laws applicable to the animal kingdom that is also applicable to the vegetable kingdom? I remember of hearing my father, an old Pennsylvania farmer, when his neighbor in- quired of him how to cure the hollow horn in his cow, tell him the best cure he knew for a hollow horn was a full manger. He said to a neighbor, whose colt was infested with insects, when he inquired how to get rid of them, to make a hole large enough in the corn crib for the colt to get his head into. Is there not something of this kind applicable to the tree? Can we not find something that will prevent these insects—something that will enrich the tree, or enrich the soil to such an extent that the tree will be so fat that the scale insect cannot live upon it? These are questions that I would like to hear discussed. The questions as to remedies are well enough in their place; but if we can go back of that, and find the cause, and remove the cause, we will need no remedies, for I take it for granted that a scale is the result of some disease in the tree. We find that the cholera never visits a cleanly city. The yellow fever never visits a city that is properly taken care of. If it does, its ravages are limited. It seems to me we can find something of that kind that will be a great deal cheaper— something that will fertilize our soil, or our trees, to such an extent that the scale would be of no effect. It has been remarked here that we suffer more from a few persons to have a few trees in their yard, and neglect them; that they were worse infested with the scale than orchards that are well taken care of. That seems to be an argument in favor of care and culture, or of nourishment. These neglected trees are sickly, and are cer- tainly more liable to be infected with scales, or any insect, than the healthy tree that is properly cultivated and properly nourished in the orchard; and, from my experience, those that are the best taken care of, best ferti- 24 lized, and, in a word, are properly taken care of, are less infected with insects than those which are neglected. Mr. Witcox: Mr. Block has the oldest orchard, and I want to tell you that Mr. Block fertilizes his old orchard; it was run down when he took it, and. he uses every kind of fertilizer that he can lay his hand on; he keeps a lot of boys going around with carts after ashes and hair from the tannery and the refuse spent hops from the brewery, and all that kind of thing, and I have often thought that Mr. Block’s remedy for insects has been found in something deeper than he has made known. I want to say that I exter- minated the black scale on my farm, which I found on two orange trees, one a Japanese and the other a sweet orange, and the way I did was to cut that tree within six inches of the ground, and to burn all the top in my stove, and there never has been a black scale in that farm since. I think we ought to say something as to the marketing of our fruit; it is certainly discouraging for any one to try to exterminate scales when you buy fruit in the market covered with the scales; we can hardly buy a lemon or an orange without we see the evidence of it, and we ought to have some means of preventing the spread of these insects in that manner. The only thing we have any great difficulty with in Santa Clara County is the codlin moth; that has wings and goes from orchard to orchard, and we can see the evidences of its work and that of the San José scale (so called) upon our fruit in market. If that fruit should be confiscated by law, sustained by public opinion, that would be the way to give it the most effectual blow. CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL INTERESTS ABROAD. Remarks by Mr. D. Lusty, of Sacramento. I had intended to give the gist of my experience and observation in European countries, especially in the fruit belt—as I walked and rode over a great deal of that country—in relation to the question of fruit pests. I inquired of members of the Prussian Government as to what they did there. In going to these foreign countries I had letters of introduction from the United States Minister, and took an interpreter with me in Austria and Germany especially, and it would have appeared to me that the solu- tion of this insect pest question could be best settled if we could have the mode in vogue in Germany at the present day. I do not believe in copy- ing as a general thing, and I do not believe in the German mode of copying, especially. I saw there in their agricultural implement shops, the Oliver chilled plows and other instruments we have here. I believe that people should have some originality, but at the same time I do be- lieve that when people have been engaged in an industry from before the time of the Cesars, that there are some things that they know that we should adopt immediately, and if possible improve upon. I am speaking now of this question because I believe the subject is even of more impor- tance than the otherone. In Germany they have the most perfect system; the professor, who was a leading scientist, gave me to understand that there was a special society, a head chemist, a botanist, and an entomol- ogist, and what position he held I do not know; he was chief of all of them, and that appertained only to insect pests; they had nothing to do with those branches at large, and then they have a staff of competent officers sta- 25 tioned in various counties, all paid men, and then they had laws on the subject, and their mode of conducting this warfare against insects is, I think, admirable, and should by all means be copied here if you wish to accomplish anything. When this gentleman explained the system it ap- peared to me to be very arbitrary, more on the military style, and in fact the country is governed to a great extent on military tactics, but in this particular they are extremely rigorous, and he gave me to understand that this local man is governed from the head organization, and this lowest man is the man that is held responsible—personally liable for fine and imprison- ment if he don’t attend to his duties properly; he would have his star or badge of office and go to the fruit grower and look around, and if he dis- covered any evidence of insects he would tell this man to apply these remedies, and to apply them right away, to-day. ‘‘ Well,” I said, “‘ suppos- ing you don’t wishto?” Well, “‘O,” he says, “if he don’t wish to, the officers travel along with the apparatus, and he would bring in his apparatus and the remedy as given him by the chief professor; if he didn’t apply that, it would be applied by the government, and this man would immediately be brought before the government and fined, or imprisoned, or both; there was no appeal to a jury or anything.” ‘ Well,” I said, “isn’t this extremely rigorous?” He said, “We treat pests just the same as cholera and yellow fever should be treated; it is extremely dangerous. Now,” he said, ‘it costs France a great deal more for its neglect of this thing that Germany has done, than“it costs to pay the indemnity for the war.” I read an account yesterday, that if true, is the most singular fact that has been announced in this century: It cost France 400,000,000 pounds English money, to fight the phylloxera, and they are still fighting it. Now I do not know how much the State of California would sell for if put up at auction to-day; I don’t think it would sell for $2,000,000,000. Canany one tell what the war of the Rebellion cost this country? I don’t think it cost us $2,000,000,000. And they are still fighting—Germany does not fight because it has placed its line of officers there and they are responsible. We have not heard that Germany has got the phylloxera, and this is the reason; if they discover the slightest trace of phylloxera they dig up every vine down to the finest roots and burn it up with kerosene oil and fill up the land. I said, isn’t this an injustice? He said, it is an injustice to this man, and he suffered, but he says we have kept Germany free from the phylloxera and we propose to keep it free; itis an enemy. Here at the present time if my friend Mr. Klee is permitted to go into an orchard and look around, well and good; if not, there is no help for it. There is another matter. If any one had proposed that matter to me, Mr. President, some two or three years ago, as I proposed it to this body, now, I should have thought him a little previous, and probably that he didn’t know what he was talking about; but these things as they appeared to me upon examination, one fact upon another, and their inferences, gradually worked themselves into a consistent idea, and that is that it might be pos- sible, notwithstanding the cheapness of labor in Hurope, that we can, in fact, compete with the people of Europe, and I confess that I have had great misgivings in the matter. Passing through Spain I inquired the price of labor. One peseta, which is not quite twenty cents; no board, no lodg- ings. The price here is a dollar a day and board—equivalent to a dollar and a half; but I reasoned, how is it possible that these raisins that are raised at the rate of twenty cents a day come into New York City, and we meet them there at the rate of a dollar and a half a day and create a market? This can be explained only by two reasons. One, that they bought the raisins because we are acquainted, and they like us and like to 26 accommodate us, or else that there is an advantage. Nowif there is an advantage inherent in one box, that same advantage isin a million boxes. Now the question arose, is there an advantage? And I began to figure on it, and for a time it was a very difficult thing for me to solve, and finally I came to my conclusion. I was met on every street and corner and high- way by bands of soldiers. Now who pays for the marching of these men? The government; and that is an element in a box of raisins, even. Now upon closer inquiry, who owns this land? It was a seed renter; above him the speculative renter; above him the lord; and above the lord the great navy they have in Spain, second only to England’s; above the great navy the army; above the vast standing army, the aristocracy; and above the aristocracy, the king; and every item there counteracts the dollar a day and board. That is either a fact, and truth, or it is not a fact, and false. How then is it that the raisins are sold from California against the Malaga raisin in the City of London? When in the City of London, I spoke of this very thing, and wanted them to prove why it was not an advantage to handle our raisins. They say you can handle it in New York, because you stopped there; but if you go further you will pay an extra charge, and by the time you get to London, you have lost your advantage. I say yes; but ‘as we come here you go there. If we have an expense coming here, you have an expense going there, so we are even. Now it is a matter of public notoriety that an attempt was made, and the raisin was brought to London for the first time. I find here from the ‘‘San Francisco Bulletin,” under the head of “Trade and Finance,” on October seventeenth, what if true I con- sider to be a most important item of news for the State of California. - It says: “A few weeks ago we noted the shipment of three carloads of Califorma raisins to London, direct from Fresno; other lots followed from points further south; these shipments have since been heard from. They brought better prices in London than the best Malaga layers. The shipments have been a good ad- vertisement, and have resulted in orders for raisins from Amsterdam, Vienna, and other European citres.”’ In Europe, when the king dies, they say “‘The king is dead; long live the king.” There was a time when France supplied the world with wine; France has no more wine to export—there is no question about it; more especially as 95 per cent of the wines used throughout the world is the vin ordinaire, not that wine which sells for five or ten or fifteen dollars a bottle, that royalty has for its table, but the wines used by the people of the world. There is not a meal taken in Europe unless wine is found on the table; now France supplied 95 per cent of that wine, to-day she is supplying the same 95 per cent. Now where doesitcome from? They told me to go over to Algeria to see; we crossed over to Oran, and I expected to find a wild, barren country; in the north of Africa we traveled along a distance of two hundred and fifty miles, and there is where the vineyards are producing, not the noted French clarets as of old, but a wine of scarcely any commer- cial value, less commercial value than the poor wines of the south of Italy, | and these are taken over to France and blended and sold, and sold in Sac- ramento and Los Angeles and San Francisco, and many of the restaurants there, who would sneer at having the California wine, will bring you out a bottle of adulterated; and wine that they should sell for half a dollar a bottle, to give the grower $35 or $40 a ton for his grapes, is thrust aside, and the grapes dried and sacked. And I have this to remark in relation to the drying of the grapes—my friend from Penryn said he had found a splendid remedy now for getting rid of his wine grapes, he can dry all his grapes and sell them—it is one of the nails in the coffin of that industry in California; the stuff that is dried in sacks is used to kill the industries of 27 California; it is bought by those who make an adulterated mixture, and who palm it off for California wine, and it may take centuries for this State: to recover from this calamity of sacking up and drying the wine grapes; they should be sold in a ripe state, and at a respectable price; we have either a good table claret or we have not got it; if we have not got it we should not go about the country and lie; if we have got it, then we have something that Europe has not got, and it is time to take that wine right over the heads of those people that refuse to buy it; New York, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, say they want French wine; carry the war into Africa, bring it right to Europe, present it there, and urge your claims there, and when the wine gets a reputation in the City of London, which it will if it has merit, then the New York man will come and say I want some of that wine, and not before. Now either there are these things or | there are not; the wines will, when tested, prove whether they have merit in. them; if they have, then we have the world for a market. How then can we find these things out? Let there be an exhibition. I thought at first that Central Europe would be the place. I suggested to Mr. Judson, United States Consul, that Vienna was central enough; he said, “No.” “ Howabout Paris?” He said, “ No, that is no good at all, because they grow the things you want to sell; Berlin is a good place, but they will say you have got some scheme to induce immigration, and they won’t like it.” “Well,” I inquired, “where is the place,” and was told at London, and when I came to the City of London, I found that the people had anticipated my idea, and the day I arrived, there were four foreign exhibitions, and the grandest exhibition I ever saw in my life, not excepting international exhibitions, was going on in the City of London by the Italian government, and covering an area of some twenty acres of ground. They knew that the exhibition was coming on this year, and they did not pay any attention to it; that was the place to sell their wares and the kind of people that they wanted to induce to travel through their country and fill their hotels. We have either a great future before us or we have not, and to find that out we should go there where we will be recognized in our true worth and true value. As it is now everything is done wrong; we are sending our grapes to London to be manufactured into spurious wines; we are sending the kind of fruit that is killing the reputation of that fruit. Follow this industry as it is done, without check, and send job lots to London that has been done by the packers, and in foreign years the Italian, the Spaniard will say, ‘“‘ Hurrah for us, you are done for!” In the City of London, at one of the best known houses, one of the pro- prietors, Mr. Blackwell, gave me an instance of the California industry. He opened out some samples, and he said, ‘‘ You have got nothing but rub- bish; you have no recognized trademarks; you have no recognized stamps. When something is wanted that go for slops and job lots we go to you. When we want something that is marketable—that is merchantable—we go to the older markets of Europe.” And I denied the statement, and told him that we had the best in the world; and he said, ‘‘We will see;” and he opened out his samples. Now, what has happened? The good packer comes from an orchard, and the fruit grower comes, and says, “I have got a nice fruit crop.” And the packer says, “ How much?” The fruit grower says, “ lwo and a half cents.” “Two anda half cents. All right; I will see you next week.” And next week he buys it for a cent, and he packs that stuff. And I saw there one half of an apricot that was underdone, and the other half was mushy. The can was poorly soldered, and the syrup had become affected from the poor workmanship. In short, it is made as a lot of stuff to beat the world, and what does it do? 28 When the Lisbon fruit is put up every half apricot was just the same as if you had taken it from a mold—perfect; and the syrup was clean; and even the laying in of these apricots was done in a systematic, proper way. Now, sir, see the difference. The price of these is $2 a dozen—8 shillings; and the Lisbon, 24 shillings—a difference of 16 shillings. But you say, “You sell a great deal more of these than you do of the Lisbon.” “No, we donot. This is not salable here at all. A poor man cannot afford to buy any kind of fruit. He lives on vegetables, mush, and soup, and black bread; that is all. But the rich man don’t want any stuff like that. He wants the best; and the dishonest steward will come around and buy this, and say he has bought that.” ‘‘ Now,” he says, “this is of no value. It is doing you an injustice.” I sent out a communication to the “ Rural Press,’ and gave the name of the packing company that I found on the label; and I don’t know why they did not put the name in there. I think it should have been done, for they were doing very great harm to Cali- fornia. Now, if we have advantages we can make them known. Again, these people that are working for 20 cents a day, do all their work. I followed them right in the field, gangs and gangs of men, and women, the women especially, expert with some kind of a shovel that they work on that side and they cannot do very much in a day; and they have got old worn out lands, another advantage; in this country the custom is to have the farmhouse adjoining the farm; they do not live that way in Spain and in Italy; they have had so many years of war that they are inclined to live in villages four or five miles away, and they have got to come to work and to go back—quite a ways to travel—and take it all in all they have not the advantages that we have; even in the matter of labor I doubt that the men there could do any more than ours do; add to this, that we are here living in a republican form of government, and that they are living under a monarchial form of government with the peculiar disadvantages of that form of government. I am not prepared to say that I know it absolutely, but there is a very strong probability, by a great effort on the part of the people here we can determine that so far as land and fruit is concerned that we have every advantage over them, and that they will not be able to gain this advantage unless they adopt this same mode of govern- ment, because it costs an immense amount of money to keep up a mon- archy. Now these matters have been laid before before various people; I. invited the State Board of Trade, men of experience, of intelligence, and a committee was appointed, and after a thorough investigation adopted my views; and my object in coming before you is to have the indorsement of this body in carrying out this work. The question of the exhibition of having a market is only one side of the plan; the Commissioner is sent there for the purpose of attending this exhibition and may be instructed to bring back with him products of Europe, the manner in which they are put up, the cost of their production, etc., so that we may be informed. In this behalf I offer the following resolution: Resolved, That the convention here assembled indorse the action of the State Board of Trade in taking the initiatory step towards holding an exhibition of the products of Cali- fornia in the City of London. Resolved, That in our judgment, an exhibition of the products of California in London would tend to greatly accelerate the progress of this State. Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that this matter shall properly, and without loss of time, be placed before the coming session of the Legislature of the State of California, for due consideration, to the end that the same receive legislative sanction and State financial aid. On motion the resolution was adopted. 29 INSEG liGEs iS, CONTINUATION OF DISCUSSION. Hon. A. P. Hatt, of Penryn: I believe it is almost impossible to entirely eradicate the pests, still I think that certainly the condition of things that we are bound to meet, and that condition of things there is no remedy for. The only course left for us is to attempt the best we can under the circum- stances, and that is the way, it seems to me, with the limited knowledge that I have, that is the only course left for us if we wish to make the fruit industry in this county a success. With the limited experience I have, it seems to me that the feeling among the people of Placer County is this: while they believed at one time that the fruit pests had almost got posses- sion of their orchards, there seems to be almost a total revulsion of that feeling, and now they have got confidence that they have the best of it. I think that there are some sections in this State that are better adapted for the propagation of the scale insect than others, and I believe that the hotter and the drier the climate is the sooner you will get rid of them. In our section of country I am assured by fruit growers that the scale is fast disappearing. I had a letter from a gentleman living up in El Do- rado County, in which he says that the scale is making its appearance, and he wrote to me to get a wash whichI had been using. When I bought the place that I am now occupying, nearly five years ago, it was badly infested with the San José scale; I knew nothing about it, and when I came to find the condition of things I felt very much disheartened, and wondered whether our fruit interests were to be annihilated by the scale; but I went to work getting information from my friend Mr. Butler and others who had had experience in this matter, and I am happy to say that my place now is fairly free from the scale insect, and I firmly believe the time will come when the scale insect in this State will be considered a thing of the past; that it is one of those pests that spreads itself over the world at different times, and gradually it will wear away without seeming to have any particular cause for it, but at the same time I believe that it can be hastened to a very great extent by the active and energetic work of the fruit grower who feels any interest in the matter. We in our section are using a simple remedy with great success, but it may be in other localities it would not do. I take a pound of sulphur, a pound of concentrated lye or caustic soda, and a gal- lon and a half of water, and I boil these together for quite a length of time, an hour or-two, then I add a half a gallon of the commonest fish oil I could get instead of whale oil, and boil that until it is converted into a soap; it takes some time to do that, and while in the kettle, just as soon as it 1s converted into soap, I add a half gallon of coal oil while it is hot, and stir it up so that it mixes thoroughly, and then put twenty-five gallons of water and gradually beat it up until it becomes a homogeneous mass—it eae a milky preparation, but it remains thoroughly mixed without any trouble. A DELEGATE: You make an emulsion of it? Mr. Hatt: Yes, sir. I apply it cold and use it in the spring of the year, just as my tree is coming into blossom, and in fact while in blossom. I use it on all kinds of fruit with the best kind of success. Mr. Brock: What effect does this wash have upon the pit fruit? 30 Mr. Hatt: I did not notice any injurious effect on the tree, only on the scale. I think we ought to make the proper application of this or some other preparation every year, and we will make the fruit business a perfect success in California, and we will have to make the thousands of acres which are now being put out profitable to those who have planted them. We have got to work constantly against the ravages of these insects, and if we do so Lam confident it will gradually disappear and we will make the fruit industry the greatest industry of this State. Mr. Gray: A year ago we had very good reports from those who had used the lime, salt, and sulphur. I want to knowif there are any more members of this convention that have tried that, and if so, with what success. Dr. Peck: I want to say one word in regard to that, that they are using it constantly in Placer County, and with success. Mr. Brock: Do you mean this remedy which Mr. Thomas recommended ? Dr. Peck: Yes, sir. Mr. Brock: What effect does it have upon the fruit? Dr. Peck: I have not heard any complaint. We have good crops, and all the fruit we can handle; as to the time, some of them are spraying now. We have no white or black scale. Mr. I. H. Tuomas: I have used this lime wash for the San José scale, and know that it is effectual for that; I would like to know how it is on citrus fruits. Dr. Epwin KimBatt: I cannot answer to that; we have only the black scale on the olive and other trees around the bay, but I will say that any of those preparations of lime which are given in the reports, I believe are the cheapest and most effective in stamping it out. I know of one pear orchard planted eight or nine years ago, where the trees were obtained from San José and infested with the San José scale, and they tried petro- leum, potash, and caustic soda, with severe injury to the trees, and the scale survived all those applications. I have found in one particular orchard of about two thousand pear trees, that one application of this lime, sulphur, and salt wash has seemingly thoroughly eradicated it. The trees were trimmed first after the leaves had fallen, and then the orchard was thoroughly sprayed, and the earth removed from around the roots, and the water allowed to run down and penetrate around the tree. In my exper- ience, it is the very cheapest and most effective wash we have for the San José scale on deciduous trees; there are a number of different formulas, but they differ but very little, and it kills every scale it comes in contact with, but as we do not have the cottony cushion scale, I cannot speak as to that. Mr. Boorn, of Roseville, Placer County: I hope you will not have the idea that old Placer is infested with the scale; because itis not. I have a place that has been growing thirty-five years, and have yet to find the first scale of any description; and I hope you will not have the idea that we all have to wash, for I have not begun yet. Mr. Peck: Mr. Booth had better begin right off; for three years ago I said that I had not a scale in my orchard, and the next year I had it; and if I had washed it might have saved trouble. Mr. Brock: Mr. Hall gave an old remedy, somewhat changed. The reason I asked whether it affected the fruit or not was, that I thought it did affect pit fruit. It was a good remedy for pears and apples; and I was glad to hear that Mr. Hall had no difficulty with the pit fruit. Mr. President, if you will allow me, I would make a suggestion that will be of interest to the fruit growers. I see a recommendation is made of Mr. Ongerth’s wash. I knowin some cases where it has been injurious, unless ol thoroughly condensed. I think we should be very cautious in recommend- ing anything until we have had experience with it. It is very true that Mr. Ongerth’s wash has shown good effect, at first, in some instances, and has been recommended conscientiously and honestly; but in the course of time I have heard, and I have seen in many instances, that it had a very bad effect when used by those very parties who originally recommended it, and I should be very loth to recommend it. I say that in the interests of the fruit growers; but I consider it my duty to direct their attention to the matter. I hope, in the course of time, that you will be justified in recommending it. Many of these washes may, with a certain strength, be beneficial, while, if used stronger, would be injurious, and that may be the case with this wash. Mr. Lupin: I have here a statement from this high authority in Ger- many, that it is impossible to eradicate these insects that may be picked up here and there. I read the exact words. This was in the Royal Agri- cultural School at Berlin, Professor Dr. Whittmarck, who occupies the Chair of Practical Botany of the above institution, and Systematic Botany of the University of Berlin, also Secretary-General of the Horticultural Society of Prussia. ‘‘Have there been any practical advances made wn entomology with the result of averting the disastrous tendencies of insects? Answer—WNo; that is to say, no absolute remedy has been brought forth to the present day that will externunate all or every kind of wmsects. We have arrested the danger of the phylloxera and Colorado beetle by the severest measures; we have also got within recent times police regulations, and our attention is now directed to destroying the woolly aphis. Question—Are your police regulations well car- ried out? Answer—Yes, sir; they are carried out very well. The professor gave me to understand that in case any phylloxera or other dangerous insect appeared in any place, the remedy would be applied at once, and in case of the phylloxera, the vines would be uprooted and the ground saturated with petroleum, and in addition to that the hair fibers were all burned and the ground saturated with petroleum. Drastic measures were resorted to, and in no case was the eradication of dangerous insects left to the inclination or ability or knowledge of the owner or renter, but the government officials and police would promptly take possession of the affected ground and cure by annihilation that which could not be remedied otherwise, and in this manner they have thus far been able to keep the dreaded phylloxera, the Colorado beetle, and other dangerous insects at bay.” Mr. Burter: Although the German government, according to the infor- mation given by the gentleman, adopts these radical measures to prevent the extension of the insect pests, as they can do it under that monarchial form of government, it seems to me it would be impossible to carry out such measures in California. If such is the case, all we can do is to adopt remedies that we consider best. It seems to me that so far as the remedy for insect pests to be used on deciduous trees, this sulphur, salt, and lime remedy seems to be the most desirable of any; it is very cheap and very effective. So far as the remedy for the fluted scale, the rosin remedy spoken of seems to be the most effective, and as good results have come from its application in Los Angeles,it would seem to be the one that should be brought into general use. There have been many remedies brought before the people, and if these are the best, I think it would be well to take the sense of this convention in their favor, and have them brought into general use. I donot feel discouraged as some of the gentlemen. I think the sen- timents expressed by the gentleman to my left, that seemed to be so radical, were most excellent in the introduction of this discussion, as it has brought out expressions we could not otherwise have obtained; but we should not o2 be disheartened as Mr. Hall; he was discouraged at first. I remember when he first purchased his orchard in Penryn; he took me into it, and I saw the ravages of the San José scale, and I thought it would be as cheap to cut them down and destroy them; he did not do it, and this year, to my knowledge, he has had a very fine crop of fruit, and our people are not discouraged on account of these insect pests. We feel that we have to work to keep these insects under; we do not hope for their annihilation at once, but we hope that the time will come when they may be exterminated. They may be exterminated by the processes of nature, but we do not expect it in the near future, but the time may be hastened by what we can do, and we can keep them in subjection so that it will be possible to run this industry of fruit growing without fear of its failing. We should not be discouraged, the whole world has something to con- tend with, but we must do our share in proportion as we extend the fruit industry, and as we extend the fruit industry in proportion, we shall find ways and means to keep the insects in subjection, and to aid the produc- tion of our fine fruits. As far as the cottony cushion scale is concerned, we have none in our county—that is, generally, the Sierra foothill counties have not been troubled to any extent. At the same time it has been gen- erally expressed that we are subject to it. I remember a year ago at Santa Rosa, a gentleman said that there was no section of our country that was free fromit. They are liable to be infested, but I think from the experience of some of the gentlemen in the south, notably the gentleman from National City, that they can be exterminated. When south about a year ago, I found the Riverside orchards entirely free from the cottony cushion scale, and some prominent gentlemen who are in a position to be thoroughly posted, said they knew of none in Riverside. They did not claim but what they were liable to have it, but they proposed to take vigorous meas- ures to exterminate it if they found it and then keepit out. It seems from the testimony of many of these gentlemen that it is not necessary for them to get a foothold, and when they don’t they can be exterminated, can be kept down, and we can preserve our fruit-growing industry without being very seriously disturbed. Dr. A. F. Wurts, of Santa Rosa, moved that a committee of three be appointed to consider the subject of the German method of treating insect pests and to report. Motion carried. The President appointed on said committee Dr. A. F. White, Hon. 8. J. Stabler, and Dr. Edwin Kimball. The convention here adjourned until the following morning at nine o’clock. do SECOND DAY’S PROCEEDINGS. Cutco, November 22, 1888. President Cooper in the chair. OLIVE CULTURE. Essay by Cuas. DonpErRo, San Francisco. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: In a communication to the “San Francisco Morning Call,” I alluded to the respective merits of California and Italian olive oil. I did so, prompted by what I deemed a sense of justice, and I certainly had no idea that I would be called to the honor of appearing with this memoir on the olive, before a vast assemblage of California’s most in- telligent horticulturists as this convention is composed of—citizens of this blessed land of matchless freedom, who, like the Romans of old, have selected their noblest legislators and magistrates. I shall endeavor to be brief, but necessarily exhaustive. I shall not pre- sent you opinions or theories, but the practical experience of ages. I will give you the best results yet attained in olive culture, and the key to its greatest success. And, as gratitude is the most divine of man’s virtues, and you are a sub- lime example of it to the world asa nation with your annual Thanksgiving, so I will here say that for nearly all my statements, although born among olive groves, as the largest portion of my industrious countrymen, I am in- debted to first-class practical agronomists such as Bechi, Capponi, Passerini, Ridoli, Breamonte, the Presidents of the Chamber of Commerce of Siena and Porto Maurizio, the Minister of Agriculture, and to my lifelong friend Gattorna, now of Santa Clara Valley—a modest and intelligent agricult- urist with a heart as big as the wonderful lens of the Lick telescope over- looking that charming spot. There are no countries in the world so similar in topographical conforma- tion, position, climate, and agricultural products as Italy and California. Whatever sTows there will grow here, and vice versa. Italy has a match- less sky; California a blessed exemption from desolating storms. Italy has a finer flavored, California a larger fruit. Italy has tenacity; California a most productive soil. Italy’s fruit has a longer keeping power; California’s ripens much earlier. California has insect-breeding fog belts; Italy the source of the proper remedy. The olive is justly considered the Providence of Italy. It was undoubt- edly cultivated there before Cassandra’s prediction on the fate of Troy; before Homer had immortalized the wrath of Achilles. According to his- tory, the great olive trees yet seen around Tivoli, whose gigantic forms rival the majestic Sequoias of the Sierras, were already old when Romulus traced with the plow the walls of Rome—the city whose genius was to shape the destinies of nations for centuries. Since then mighty rulers, powerful empires, bright and barbarous civilizations have arisen and dis- 3 54 appeared; but the olive giants, untouched by all vandalic invaders, re- spected by the hurricanes of thirty centuries, are there, covering nearly an acre of ground each, vigorous and productive as in the days of Christ, as if to say: With all thy intelligence and cunning, with all thy pride and vaunted superiority over all other beings, how weak and insignificant thou art, oh man! The average duration of this precious tree, however, is considered two hundred and fifty years—long enough for us all! It begins to bear fruit at the seventh year, if well cared for and grafted in the fifth. Its produc- tion increases until the age of forty or fifty. It remains then about the same from year to year, if properly managed, with a perceptible improve- ment in the quality of its oil. Italy produces more olive oil than all other countries combined. France has only eight districts in which the cultivation of the olive is possible. The annual average of its production, continually decreasing on account of severe winters, is one million two hundred and fifty thousand gallons. Spain produces about fifteen million gallons. Portugal, Algeria, Tripolis, Egypt, Greece, Dalmatia, and other countries about eighteen million gal- lons. Italy’s annual crop is averaged at seventy million gallons, and it increases from year to year. By the perfect methods of cultivation now introduced, with selected stock, Italy’s production will be nearly double in the next twenty years. An olive grove in that country constitutes the luxury of the wealthy, the resource of the poor, the blessing of all. Adolph Flamant, in his interest- ing treatise on olive culture, tells us that a piece of bread, a flask of wine, and a pocket full of olives form the noonday meal of many laborers in the south of France. I will add that polenta (a corn meal mush), with olive oil and wine, is the most substantial noon meal of millions of hard working Italians. It is due to the providential olive oil that Italy never had to suffer, dur- ing the appalling pestilences and barbarous invasions of the dark, ages, or at any other ancient or modern period, such fearful famines as other coun- tries had. A piece of black bread and oil aided more than once brave defenders in saving cities from destruction. Garibaldi and his fearless followers would not have won the desperate battle of Milazzo and broken the chains of tyranny to eleven millions of people, if the providential oil had not saved them from starvation. It lingers yet in my memory, a say- ing of my grandmother, at a time when the rapacious legions of the first Napoleon on one side and the cruel Austrian hordes on the other were des- olating her home and olive plantation: “Children, as long as we have in the wallpit a sack of bran and a jar of oil, God is with us and our country.” I trust that man’s crimes and ambition will never plunge this glorious country into such a dreadful condition but the cultivation of the olive will be found none the less beneficial and useful to its generous and prosperous people. SOIL AND CLIMATE. There is no fruit tree as easily contented as the olive, nor so liberal to its owner for the same amount of care. Any soil will do, although calcareous formations are among the very best. It fruits with the greatest perfection in the porphyritic and slaty regions of Liguria, in the calcareous and marlic soils of Tuscany, in the argillaceous and sandy strata of Umbria, in the volcanic formations of Apulia and Sicily. Is there any one among you that ever approached Italy by the sea, par- ticularly the coastof Liguria? That stretch of land from horizon to horizon, 30 whose picturesque villages gladden the weary mariner on his return to the bosom of his wife and children; that garden spot of unsurpassed beauty, in whose balmy atmosphere queens and emperors seek rest and health, was once nothing more than a rugged and stony region, and it was con- verted intoan olive grove of more than one hundred miles in extent, because nothing else could then be grown on it. It is, however, a great error to suppose, as many do in this country, that the olive will thrive on poor as on good soil without helping it with the proper food or fertilizer. A horse cannot fatten on straw as on barley. Wherever the almond tree will bloom the olive will succeed with a greater certainty, except in damp localities and atmosphere, as foggy districts gen- erally are, for they breed the worst diseases and the most disastrous insects. There is but one variety of the olive family profitably cultivated in foggy districts. An excessive heat is not as damaging to the olive as an excessive cold. Sudden changes of atmosphere are injurious at all times, particularly dur- ing the fruit season. On level and low ground the tree grows more vigorously and bears larger berries; its oil is greasy and coarse but more abundant. On high and rolling soil of identical formation the same variety of trees grows of lesser size; the berries are proportionally smaller, but the oil is of a much finer grade. The compensation between low and high elevation may thus be considered about the same. In the central and northern parts of Italy, where the winter temperature is certainly more severe on an average than in Central and Northern Cali- fornia as far as Mendocino and Shasta Counties, the olive culture is profit- able as high as one thousand five hundred feet from the sea level. The olive belt rises as we proceed toward the south, where in Sicily it reaches an elevation of two thousand nine hundred feet. The olive puts forth at 53 degrees Fahrenheit, it blooms at 68, it fruits at 72. Itis thus seen that a locality in which at the time of blooming and fruiting the temperature does not reach such degrees is unfit for olive cul- ture. On the other hand, the olive will bear no fruit where heat reaches 120 degrees. In dry weather cold will affect the tree only at 20 or 25 degrees below zero; but in damp weather, if the soil and leaves are wet, frost may dam- age the tree at 5 or 6 degrees. Any position is equally good for the olive. In very warm localities, how- ever, a western position is to be preferred, while for cold places a southeastern inclination is the best. In all localities exposed to the damaging north wind a western facing is also to be desired, for it is the evening sun that often saves us from a visit of king frost during the night. THE BEST VARIETIES. As in the case of vines, different olive trees produce a different oil, although, for the nature of things, the difference is never so marked as in wine. There are about thirty different species cultivated in Italy, among which the Oliwastro, progenitor of the California mission olive, and the Leccino, known also under the name of Picholine. The first has a good sized berry, but is one of the poorest bearers; and its oil, characterized for its bitterish taste, never reaches 13 per cent in quantity. The Picholine has a much smaller berry, but is a better pro- ducer; and its oil, although never ranked among the finest qualities, is far 86 superior to the other, and its percentage of first and second extraction go as high as 16. It is, however, an esteemed tree only for its resistance to frosts. For this reason it is the preferred one in the severe climate of France, where it was introduced by an Italian named Picholine. The varieties most esteemed for their oil and abundance of berries are the Morinello, Frantoiano, Taggiasco, Correggiolo, Gremignolo, Capraino, Giuliano, Giugiolino. They are all beautiful trees, with the exception of Capraino, which is an ugly but very virtuous tree. While the other olives never ripen in Italy until the latter part of November or December, accord- ing to localities, the Capraino ripens its beautiful fruit in September. It is a tree lately introduced by the most improved methods of tree selection. It is, therefore, very little propagated yet. It has a berry almost as large as the Spanish Queen, and its oil of first and second extraction reaches from 25 to 28 per cent. The Frantoiano is the smallest of olive trees. It is the most adapted for shallow soil. Its berry weigh, on an average, thirty-two grains, or about the same as the Picholine. The Morinello produces the smallest berry, with an average weight of thirty-one grains. It is an olive of exceptional fine qualities for oil. The Correggiolo, whose berry weighs thirty-nine grains, is only a fine producer in rich soil, sheltered from winds. The Gremignolo has a berry of thirty-four grains; Giugiolino, thirty-six; Taggiasco, thirty- eight. All these varieties go as high as 28 per cent of oil of first and second extraction, except the Taggiasco, whose percentage rarely is more than twenty-two. Such results, however, are only obtained by the method of cultivation which I will soon indicate. The Taggiasco is the largest of the family. Near the sea it grows very fast and bears soon and abundantly. From ten to twenty riles inland it will not bear till the twelfth or fifteenth year, and never a very large crop. The Italian-Swiss Agricultural Colony several years ago imported a num- ber of cuttings of the Taggiasco variety for its orchard at Cloverdale. They all grew very well, but there is no sign of fruiting yet, while in the Santa Cruz Island, where several of the same cuttings were planted by Mr. Rossi, they all commenced to bear, I was told, on the fourth year, or sooner than expected. The Gremignolo is the only fog-proof of the olive trees. It prospers and produces most abundantly where no other olive tree will on account of fogs. It also resists remarkably well nearly all diseases and insects gen- erated in foggy regions. The Morinello resists also very well to fogs, dis- eases, and insects, but not quite so successfully as his worthy brother. The Lucca and Giuliana are most precious trees for preserving purposes. The first is equally as large as the celebrated Gordal Sevillano or Spanish Queen, and more fleshy. The second is the matchless queen of olives. it is grown only in the southern part of Italy, where the climate is never more severe than in California. While the Zucca’s berry has an average weight of eighty-one grains, the Giuliana rarely weighs less than one hun- dred and forty. It is also a good oil producer, its percentage being from twenty-four to twenty-six for the first and second extraction. For preserv- ing purposes it is generally cut into slices on account of its size. The tree bears heavily. All the varieties stated, the Taggiasco excepted, fruit as largely any- where inland as near the seacoast. of PROPAGATION OF THE OLIVE. The olive is propagated by various methods: by seed, by shoots, by cut- tings, and by woody balls formed in the bark of the upper roots of old trees. The propagation by shoots is now the preferred, because they root easier, and the plant grows quicker and more vigorous. As shoots are generally taken at the base of the tree, grafting is necessary. There is no economy of time between the cutting and shoot system. Trees propagated by balls are more subject to disease, and, asarule, they live much less. The cutting system is rarely practiced in Italy. Propagation by seed is the favored method. It is by far the best. The tree thus obtained has a perpendicular root, which provides the life fluid to the trunk in dry soil and during droughts by its depth. It grows more vigorous than by any other system; it better resists storms and frosts; it is less subject to diseases and to insects; it produces more fruit, and is longer-lived. It is the seed olive and no other that has the virtue of rejuvenating in old age by the change of its bark whenever powdered, unslaked lime is blown once or twice into the crevices. It is said that the seed system is too tedious and long. Itis not so with the successful method adopted in Italy. For the olive culturist who is not willing to wait, there are excellent nurseries for his supply at cheap rates for the value of the plant. For the patient orchardist the difference between the seed and cutting, or shoot systems, is hardly perceptible, if future inter- ests are considered. The seed is procured during the olive picking. The berries of 4 vigorous growth—not too young nor too old—are chosen. All healthy trees have plumpy kernels. It is a law of nature. The selected berries are deprived of their pulp with the fingers. The pits are then washed in water and ashes, and rinsed in pure water. In February, or whenever the seed is to be planted, the pits are slightly cracked longitudinally, and put in well prepared and sheltered ground, near the surface, with some straw on top. The straw is kept moist. In forty or fifty days nearly all the seeds sprout. The plants stand grafting at five years, if properly cared for, and bear fruit two years after. It is thus seen that all other systems of propagation can only claim the advantage of one or two years at most, while the seed plant is vastly the superior. . Italians say that the man who is not able to get an olive out of its seed does not deserve to have a wife. | The grafting is practiced during spring time. It is practiced in several ways, all equally successful, as in other fruit trees. The main point to be observed is that the plant should be already in a sapping condition, while the scion should be in a dormant state. The wound is carefully bound with asphaltum, dissolved over a slow heat with turpentine. The planting is done by making holes three feet deep and four feet wide. The excavated soil is left exposed to the rays of the sun several months. Some fertilizer of good quality is put in the hole, and is covered with soil. The plant is put in; after covering the roots with soil, more fertili- zers are introduced, and the hole is filled in. Irrigation is always most dangerous to the olive. The plant is some- times benefited by it, but the quality and fineness of the fruit never. Fifteen inches of rain, distributed in the course of the year, is enough for the olive tree, particularly when it commences to fruit. 08 SINGLE AND MIXED CULTIVATION. The distance from plant to plant varies according to the system of cultivation and also according to the variety. Where nothing else is culti- vated, twenty-four or twenty-eight feet 1s enough for a tree of small develop- ment as the precious Frantotano. For all other varieties, from thirty-five | to forty-five feet are necessary. The generous olive may pay you, however neglected, but never if you deprive it of plenty of sunshine and light. The greedy cultivator who crowds his olive trees, is apt to have the success of the greedy woman who doubled the food to her chicken in order to have two eggs per day instead of one. She lost not only the eggs, but the chicken also. Poor and small crops, diseases and devastating insects, are generally the result of crowded olive groves or fruit orchards. The mixed cultivation is by far the best and most profitable. It requires less attention and fertilizers; it resists more to droughts, to diseases and to insects, and its crops are superior in quantity and quality. The distance of plants in this kind of cultivation is from forty to fifty feet for trees of small volume, from sixty to eighty for trees of large development. Any other fruit tree may be successfully cultivated by the mixed system, and also any kind of vegetables. ‘The olive, for its nature, seems to be rather benefited by such cultivation. Cereals only are detrimental to the olive tree, for they absorb much from the soil and little from the air, while the reverse is, to a great extent, with fruit trees and vegetables. The principal objection to single cultivation is, of course, the crowded condition generally observed in such groves. A distance of twenty-four or twenty-eight feet for small trees, or thirty-five or forty-five for large ones, rarely afford to the mature tree all the sunshine and light required for its greatest SUCCESS. Long experience has proved that twenty olive trees in mixed cultivation may be made to produce as much as one hundred trees of equal kind and size in the single system, if the distance between trees is as I have stated. The quality of the product is generally much better also. The wise cultivator never allows the olive tree to develop lateral branches until five feet from the ground, thus concentrating all the vigor in the trunk of the plant. With the aid of good fertilizers, he thus succeeds to develop in a few years an olive tree almost as large as a prune tree of the same age. | Four or five feet from the ground he allows the formation of lateral branches. , At this stage, when the winter is over, he cuts the guide or central part of the plant, leaving the trunk with only three lateral branches. The wounds are most carefully bound with the asphaltum paste mentioned. From the three branches other lateral branches are soon developed, and the tree assumes a convenient form for the greatest production. FERTILIZATION AND CARE. In cold localities fertilizers are applied in the fall; in warm places the application is made in spring time. A yearly contribution is necessary for a large and fine crop of olives. Good and deep soil is not excepted, although poor soil needs it the most. The very best method of fertilizing is by exca- vating the soil around the roots, but not quite to their surface; applying then the fertilizer well mixed with soil, covering it immediately. The next. best method is by making holes fifteen or eighteen inches deep, four or five feet from the trunk of the olive, applying the fertilizer and covering it. The greatest care is taken to never allow the fertilizer to come in contact with 39 _the roots of the plant, for it would then be of injury rather than of benefit as food. The quantity of fertilizer used is according to its quality and the size of the plant. In steep soil the fertilizer is invariably applied only on the upper side, for the filtration of winter rains will provide for the lower part of the ground. Plants not propagated by the seed method develop their root-system in a horizontal direction and toward the surface of the soil. This is the cause. of their inferiority and also the cause of rendering slow and dangerous the work of fertilizing them. The spade is the proper instrument to use. The plow is most dangerous. The inventor of the plow and the discoverer of America were certainly the greatest benefactors of mankind, and yet—in- gratitude of man!—the memory of one is lost in the dim of ages and the memory of the other is only revered by a few. But the plow should never be applied around the roots of the olive, if success is desired. The noble tree is very modest. It only requires of you to be kept free from its enemy, the vegetation growing under its branches, robbing the roots of their food. Nearly all chemical fertilizers are injurious. When they are applied in a concentrated state, they only serve the purpose of diseasing and killing the olive. The best of all fertilizers is that which combines in itself all the virtues of air and soil. The best results are obtained with manure of cows, horses, mules, sheep, poultry, and the refuse of wool and of tanneries, and from the product of the outhouse. Some producers have a very ingenious and efficacious way of fertilizing. They put thirty or forty chickens in a large cage with a false bottom, leaving the cage two or three days under a tree, then transferring it under another tree,and soon. The manure is spaded in the soil as soon as possible, with an excellent result in the olive crop. A family with a cow and a horse kept in the stable, in the course of the year will have enough fertilizers for eight hundred trees. This, however, is not as good as the chicken or sheep manure, particularly if not immedi- ately used. Refuse of wool and of tanneries give surprising results, if mod- erately used and applied well mixed with soil. But the king of fertilizers is that of the outhouse. [am sorry to make mention of this at this time, being a delicate subject to speak of, but the splendid purple mantle of popes, kings, and emperors, which receives the homages of multitudes, and the luscious satin which gives an angel-like aspect to your fortunate and beautiful women, originated from a substance no less vile and revolting to our senses. An ordinary family will produce enough during the year to fertilize seven hundred large olive trees. The application is made most efficacious by making holes eight or ten inches from the stump, in the bottom of which straw is used for impeding the percolation, covering the holes as soon as possible, in order to arrest evaporation. Trees thus treated soon distinguish themselves from others for vigor and freshness, for abundance and fineness of crop, for resistance to parasitic insects. PRUNING AND ANNUAL CROP. Pruning is the most difficult part of olive culture. It is from it that depends a large annual crop, instead of a biennial one. It is from it that: mostly depends the health and general welfare of the plant. The pruner is either the wise doctor or the quack of the family. It is a grave error to: suppose that the olive produces in proportion to its branches or foliage. It: is the very reverse. It is equally erroneous to believe that an annual crop: cannot be had from the olive. It was so a long time ago, but not now, 40 wherever the plant is properly treated, as I am about to indicate. It is not the quantity, but the quality, that counts. It is not every husband that knows how to appreciate a loving, self-sacrificing, God-sent wife. It is not every pruner that knows the virtue and capacity of each branch. | And yet how easily the thing can be learned by observation! The olive has two kinds of foliage—the one formed last year, which will produce this year, and the one formed this spring, which will produce next year. It has also two kinds of buds, easily recognized by their round form and diamond-shaped points; one will bloom, the other will produce leaves. If in pruning yearly you equalize proportionally the fruiting and the wooding buds, your success for an excellent crop is assured. The resuit is almost astonishing, if you feed the tree with a good fertilizer, and soften the ground under the branches at least thrice a year. The greatest success, however, is obtained by pruning the tree as soon as its berries begin toripen. While pruning, the shaking of the tree will effect another good purpose. The damaged berries, by their weak nature, will fall to the ground, thus insuring a good oil out of the crop without further labor or trouble, and the sap, on account of the wounds caused by the pruner, rushes to increase the volume and the value of the sound berries; while the plant becomes from this time on well prepared for another large crop in the following year. The greatest care, however, is put in covering all cuts made during the operation of pruning with a paste made of one part of clay and two of cow dung, tempered with water. It causes a prompt formation of the bark on the affected parts. Another method for increasing the annual crop is gradually gaining ground, with a most wonderful result. It consists, besides pruning, in depriving at the same time the plant of all branches containing less than five leaves. The tree in the following season covers itself with large clus- ters of olives to such an extent that a support is often necessary. In pruning are cut down, besides all dead and damaged wood, all shoots’ with a vertical growth, and all branches covered with vigorous leaves, for they are the black sheep of the family, thus promoting the possible fecundity of the plant. Old branches with sparse leaves are the greatest producers. All cuts must be made cleanly, and possibly by a single stroke, with an inclined not horizontal direction, and healed with the last named paste. DISEASES AND INSECTS. The olive, as proven by its wonderful average of duration, is the healthi- est of fruit trees. Like all things mortal, however, it is subject to some dis- eases and insects, if the laws of its nature are not properly observed. The principal diseases developed in Italy are the following: The worst of all is a necrosis, or rottening of the plant. It begins on the surface of the bark, proceeding internally. Its development is due to wounds not properly cured, as in grafting or pruning. It attacks trees on damp soil only. The only remedy, if taken in time, is to cut the rotten part, healing it with coal tar. The black scale, deriving from fumage olex, is caused by dampness, by a deficiency of the elements of the plant in the soil, by want of sufficient light and space for the tree. Wherever none of these three things are wanting, the black scale, so dreaded and devastating in California, never shows itself, at least in Italy. And wherever it appears its damage is unnoticed, if there are antiparasitic birds of tender beak. Al The agaricus melleus is a whitish filament, which develops itself under the bark of the trunk and roots below the soil line. The same disease is noticed in vines. It is a consumption of the plant. The only remedy, if applied in time, is to excavate the soil, rub off the bark, leaving the affected part exposed to the sun rays for a few days before returning to its place the soil excavated. The most damaging of all insects in Italy is the dacus olex, or olive fly, the female of which deposits an egg on each berry. Forty-five days after, the egg develops itself into a larva, which digsa hole in the berry.and around the pit. In about thirty days the destruction of the pulp of the fruit is nearly completed. At this period the larva leaves its place, descending to the crevices of the bark of the tree, or in the soil underneath, where it is transformed into a chrysalis. Four weeks after, deprived of its skin, it returns to the open air a perfect insect, provided with wings and organs of reproduction. Olives affected by said fly will rancidize the oil in a very short time. Luckily the fruit so damaged is the very first to fall to the ground in shaking the tree, as stated. The new method of pruning and of cultiva- tion, and the picking of the berries as soon as they are ripe, tend also to check the propagation of the damaging fly, for the destruction of which many were the means adopted, but none proved so cheap and effective as insect birds. There are other insects more or less damaging to the olive culturist, but birds save his crops; they are his best and most faithful friends wherever protected. Insect pests increase or diminish in proportion to the protection accorded to antiparasitic birds. It is certainly not creditable to man, the fact that he is perhaps the only being who destroys his benefactors. You have undoubtedly heard of the case of Frederick the Great of Prussia. His gluttony had gone so far as to fear the cherries of his domin- ions would be all destroyed by sparrow birds. He conceived their destruc- tion. He ordered every farmer to bring at least twelve sparrows yearly to him. Itwasa big job, but the destruction was far from being accomplished. He then put a premium on every sparrow brought, dead or alive, to his law executors. The destruction was soon complete. The glutton’s joy, however, was brief. Insects and worms had invaded fields and orchards, destroying, besides, cherries, fruits, grain, and vegetables of all kinds. The monarch concluded that the exiled birds were wiser than his wrath was, and he called them back and passed laws for their protection. Birds of tender beak, such as the woodpecker, the branchpecker, and the blessed cingallegra of Italy, are of immense benefit in orchards. The ancient Romans, in their great pagan wisdom, protected with severe laws insect birds of tender beak. If you puta cingallegra on a fruit tree affected by insects and worms, they will soon disappear, eggs and all. If you watch the little greenish and blackish benefactor in its diligent and rapid opera- tions, no more coal oil, potash, soapsuds, or other washes will trouble your mind and pocket. Antiparasitic or insectivorous birds have been tried over and over again in Italy, but-never with any degree of satisfaction. Bad insects have been found to be more numerous and of greater fecundity than their enemies. The idea that birds propagate fruit diseases and insects in their flight is exceedingly erroneous. The same may be said as to their damage to fruit. Birds of tender beak should be used, and no other. Birds of this kind resort to fruit eating only when there is no insect food to be had. Excep- tions are not the rule. On the other hand, when a man brings to us a dozen pears, we should be generous enough to allow him to eat one of them. 42 If the bird saves our crops from a partial or total destruction, we should not be so selfish as to pretend that he should starve. Aves multiplicentur is as good a saying to-day as in the time of Virgil. Multiply, protect insect birds, and all your anxiety, all your troubles and expenses about fruit pests will soon disappear and many million dollars be added annually to the commonwealth. OLIVE PICKING. The olive is ripe when it assumes a dark purple or dark brown color, according to its variety. If picked before it is fully ripe, the oil will have a greenish color and a bitter tendency. If the picking is delayed a month after maturity, the oil will be four or five per cent more abundant, but of that much inferior quality. The best oil is the one made soon after the picking of a seasoned fruit. If the plant is of the Frantoiano family, picking is effected easily by hands. If of a larger size, shaking is resorted to. I have already stated how the tree is deprived of its damaged fruit. A repetition of the oper- ation is now made, if necessary. When the damaged berries are down, large blankets8 are unfolded under the branches, and the tree is vigor- ously shaken by the picker among the branches. The ripe fruit is soon down, without the least injury to the foliage of the plant. The fruit thus obtained is generally free of leaves or other impurities; but if necessary a powerful hand bellows or fan is used while the berries are on the blanket. The olives are brought into a preserving room, the temperature of which is kept from 55 degrees to 63 degrees Fahrenheit. If they are wet, they are dried gradually at the same temperature, on blankets. If the temper- ature of the room is above 63 degrees, the oil will be of inferior quality. The olives in the preserving room are so disposed as to permit a free cir- culation of air through them, preventing heat and fermentation. In this way, and at such a temperature, they may be kept two weeks without the least injury; the sooner, however, the oil is made the better. The fruit of the finest varieties of trees is kept separate from coarse varieties. The valley and hill fruit is never put together in; good oileries, for hill oil is invariably the finest. OIL MAKING. Unless the crop is large enough to go into thousands of gallons, a simple and cheap stone mill, turned by a horse, and a hand press is all the ma- chinery required. For greater quantity of oil water or steam power is nec- essary, but the principle of the crushing mill and press is the same. The crushing machine consists of a circular trough, the top of which, made of granite or slate slabs, assumes the form of a dish. A millstone, eight or ten inches thick and four feet in diameter, is made to revolve in the trough by a vertical beam. The crushing stone is so arranged as to be raised a few inches from the trough or lowered’ at will. The olives are brought in from the preserving room, laid in the trough about three inches thick, and the stone is set in motion. If you want virgin or first class oil, you must raise the stone so as to not permit the least cracking of the pits, or your oil will never rank as virgin. Several turns of the stone, and your olives are bruised enough for the press. The temperature of the crushing and press room must be kept the same as that of the preserving room. If cooler, the oil will be less and it will 43 not easily clarify by itself. If warmer, the oil will soon deteriorate, if not pass into rancidity. The only danger to which pure olive oil of all grades is subject is the contact of air at a temperature above 63 degrees. Out of the contact of air it will stand almost any amount of heat without altering. It is thus under- stood that frequent changes of weather are also injurious, if the oil is not kept in air-tight vessels. The bruised olives are taken from the trough and rapidly put in cages or sacks, shaped like a California cheese weighing twenty-five or thirty pounds, made of a seaweed, known to botanists as Juncus acutus—a most excellent material for the purpose. From five to eight of these cages are piled in a press on top of each other, with a metallic disk, generally of copper or galvanized iron, between each cage. The press is very similar to the one used in this country for cider making. If it is of hard wood exclusively, the press gives better results than when it is made of iron or steel. Metal generates heat easier than wood, and heat is always most injurious to oil. For the same reason olives in the trough are never laid thicker than three inches, and the crushing stone is never made to revolve more than six times per minute, although much less liable to become heated by friction than iron. The use of iron rollers in olive crushing, as now practiced in California, has been tried long ago also in Italy, but it was soon discarded as absolutely contrary to the pro- duction of fine oil. Several twists are gradually given to the screw of the press, and the almost colorless virgin oil streams down to the bed of the press, from where it runs into a vessel. When the flow begins to diminish another twist is given to the screw. As soon as a change of color is observed in the oil, the flow is stopped by a sudden unscrewing of the press. The olive paste is taken from the cages and returned tothe trough. The millstone is lowered to its bed and a perfect crushing now ensues. The paste’is again pressed, gradually but energetically, and the oil is left to flow until it stops byitself. This is a beautiful straw colored oil, univer- sally esteemed, although only of second quality. The pressed paste is again put under the crushing stone, but this time moistened with water heated 80 degrees, or, better still, moistened with wine vinegar. The resultant oil, naturally deteriorated by the temperature of the water or by the strength of the vinegar, is of third quality, but the untrained palate is apt to take it as a much finer oil. When, however, the temperature of the water used is above 80 degrees, the oil is not fit for food on account of its disagreeable taste. In such cases the oil is generally , made tolerably good by washing it several times in first-class wine vinegar. At this stage of the process, the oil is far from being all extracted from the remaining paste. It is, however, beyond the power of the common producer to proceed further in the extraction. It is here that ingenuity and capital step in for their share of profit. The Yankees are no longer the only wonderful people in the world. They are getting civilized in Italy as anywhere else. Unfortunately for the dime- novelists and over-sentimental young ladies, they have no more brigands in that country, unless they be cowboys as we have on this continent. If the clever Yankee can sell corner lots in an unborn city, or get good whisky out of sulphuric acid; if the patient German can get good beer out of bean stalks; if the obliging Frenchman can get good cognac out of potato-roots, the hot-blooded Italian is cool enough to get more oil out of the olive than any other man. 44 The producer sells to the oil extracter all the remaining paste for a share of the oil to be extracted from it, or for cash. The extracter has a large establishment or oil factory, conveniently located in the center of an oil district, well provided with a twenty or twenty-five-inch stream of the purest water. By further triturating the paste with comb-shaped machines, by forcing its passage into a large number of peculiarly formed tanks by small troughs and falls regulated like a clockwork, the extracter succeeds in get- ting a fourth, a fifth, a sixth, and a seventh grade oil, which makes him a millionaire in a few years. | Some of these establishments cover an area of acres, employ hundreds of workmen, and have nearly a mile of troughs and falls. I will not attempt a description of the process. It would require a longer paper than this, and the olive culture in California is yet far off from the day when the system may be needed. As it might be supposed, the olive extracted, particularly the last three grades, is of a very repulsive smell and taste, but the ingenuity of the extracter is equal to the emergency. Vinegar and kaolin are his principal agents. By successive washes he succeeds in making the largest portion of his oil as good and acceptable for food as the third quality of the original producer. The rest is treated with sol- vents, and go for lubricating and soap-making purposes. Oil of all grades is left to clarify in large vessels of terra cotta, well glazed inside, with an air-tight cover. In three weeks, if the tempera- ture is kept as indicated, the clarification is generally perfect. The oil is then transferred into large tanks made of glass plates, immured in solid masonry, for keeping, where it may remain three years without the least deterioration, although age never improves it. The greatest cleanliness is necessarily observed. All dangers of rancid- ity are thus removed. When the oil is wanted for immediate use, clarification is effected by filters containing cotton and charcoal. As I have already stated, the quantity of oil in the olive varies according to the quality and age of the tree, its location, treatment, season, etc: The annual average, however, is considered, for the very best varieties, 12 to 15 per cent of virgin oil, 5 to 9 per cent of second, and 4 to 6 per cent of third quality. To these figures must be added the amount taken by the extractor, which usually runs from 11 to 18 per cent. It is thus really surprising the amount of oil incased in an olive of choice variety. The oil is not located all in the pulp of the fruit. If microscop- ically examined the pit reveals a part of it. The kernel is nearly all reduced to oil; an average of 5 to 8 per cent of oil may be extracted from them; they are the vital part of the olive, and as such their oil is the very ' first to be affected by the contact of heat and air. PRESERVED AND PICKLED OLIVES. The ripe berries of first class trees are almost sweet, but for preserving purposes they are deprived of all bitterness by maceration in pure water at a temperature of 55 to 60 degrees, changing the water frequently. They are then dried at the same temperature, and packed in boxes or cans for market. Thus prepared they keep in a perfect condition for years, and are fit for gods as for man. When picked green they are treated with weak lye at the same temper- ature, rinsed in fresh water several times, and bottled or canned in brine. 45 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE. You have been told by all sorts of authorities that the oil of the south is not as good as the oil of the north. Thisis only partially true. As already intimated, temperature is a most wonderful agent; the same plant, the same temperature of elevation, the same system of treatment, the same degree in the preserving and in the crushing room produces an identical oil in the south asin the north. The olive is never influenced by the soil as much as the vine is. It is the proper application of temperature that makes to-day, all things being equal, the oil of Riviera, Umbria, Apulia, Sicily, in fact of all olive districts of Italy, as fine and appreciated as the deservedly celebrated Lucca. PROFIT OF OLIVE CULTURE. The oil market in Italy is rarely affected by the amount of the crop. The barometer of quotations is the quality, not the quantity. Virgin is quoted, on an average, from $1 80 to $2 10 per gallon; of second quality, $1 25 to $1 75; of inferior trees, $1 to $1 15; third quality, 85 cents to $1; refined oils, about the same price. The average value of the crop of the best varieties is considered as follows: Each tree, at ten years, $3 50 per annum; at sixteen, $5 50; at twenty, $7 50; at thirty, $13; at forty, $18; at fifty, $24. There are cer- tainly a great many exceptions below and above—trees that produce only five gallons of berries, and trees that go as high as three hundred gallons; but such are the calculations of competent agronomists. It is thus seen what a blessing an olive plantation of seven hundred or eight hundred trees is for a family and its posterity. It may seem a small thing to you, accustomed, as you are, to broad acres; but in Italy they con- stitute almost the only happy patrimony of thousands of wealthy families. SAMPLES. You have invited me, Mr. President, as you have already stated at the opening of this convention, to bring samples of oil and olives of Italy, to be compared with the corresponding product of California. You were so kind as to state in your invitation, for my guidance, that the picking of your samples of olives would have taken place on the fifteenth of October. Although this was a marked disadvantage for Italy’s product, because in that country, as I have stated, the olives, as other fruit, does not mature as early as in California, and, consequently, could not be as fully developed as your olives of the same date, I accepted, and left no stone unturned, I assure you, to bring before this body, at a cost of over $100, samples of oil, and all kinds of olives mentioned by me, from nearly every oil district of taly. Unfortunately, my request, for reasons yet unknown to me, was not fully complied with, and the samples delayed on the way. Besides, they were neglectfully forwarded without the proper bill of lading or the necessary consular certificate as to their value, and there was another delay in New York, where they arrived on the fifth instant. There was no possibility, by the time I received the notification on the fourteenth instant, of having them in time for this convention, and I was thus compelled to come, in order to not fail to my promise, without the samples. As a proof of my earnestness I can only beg the permission to present for your examination the letters of the managers of the European-American Express in Havre and New York, referring to the subject. 46 I have, however, brought here two samples of oil, first and second grade, a sample of preserved and a sample of dry olives, taken from the sample room of the Italian Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco. As a curi- osity I also brought a sample of seed of the Gremignolo, known in Italy as the fog-proof olive. The dry olives are the berries of the precious Frantoiano, the smallest of olive trees. The preserved olives are the berries of the no less precious Capraino. Like all the best Italian varieties, it is a very sweet olive. In size it ranks only third, the Lucca being much larger, and the Giuliana at least three times as much. The oilis from the Taggiasco variety. It is not considered the finest, but it is a fine oil. If these samples, though not as choice as those I intended to present, will be found, as I trust, superior in flavor, in fineness, sweeter in taste and lighter in weight than the corresponding California product, and if it will be so decided, Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen of the convention, nothing in the world will be gained by me, but it will be a further credit to your intelligence and taste, and, as a compensation of all my trouble and expenses, I shall deem to have rendered an act of justice to the pro- ducts of the beautiful land of my fathers and a useful service to this the beautiful land of my children. Mr. Jounston: I move that the thanks of this convention be tendered to Mr. Dondero for his very able and exhaustive essay on the olive. Carried. THE OLIVE IN CALIFORNIA. Essay by B. M. Leone, Secretary. FOREIGN VARIETIES OF OLIVES, VARIETIES, BUDDING AND GRAFTING SYSTEMS, NEW AND IMPROVED METHODS, AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AT HOME AND ABROAD. The olive is now more prominently before the people of this State than any other tree. The merits of the varieties most largely planted have been widely discussed through the columns of the press; only two varieties having received attention, this being due to the fact that very little has been known of other introduced varieties that have recently came into bearing. I have within the past year given this matter a great deal of attention, and have spared no pains in investigating anything in the olive line that has been made known to me; although this task has been some- what difficult to fulfill, having so many duties to perform. The adulterated olive oil question remains the same. I hope you will pass such resolutions as you may deem proper, giving the State Board of Horticulture authority to ask the Legislature for the passage of a bill to prevent the sale of adulterated olive oil, and further, that every label on bottles of California olive oil, or on bottles of olive oil offered for sale as such, to bear the name of the producer and the locality in which it is made, as a guarantee as to its purity and California origin. This industry AT is, as yet, very young, and must be protected. The production of olive oil has not been large, and notwithstanding the fact that the producers of pure California olive oil are but few (and their brands well known), there are in this State over thirty brands purporting to have been produced in this State, while the producers number less than a dozen. The injury is not at our home market, but in the Hast, where people suppose, when they buy these brands that they really get what the label bears “pure California olive oil,” only 50 cents a bottle; per gallon, $1. Appended hereto is a translation from the “ Annals” of the National School of Agriculture of Montpellier, France. The description therein given of the varieties of olives in general cultivation there is the most reli- able information obtainable, and as many of these varieties are now begin- ning to fruit in this State, their qualities should be known. PICHOLINE.* (Figure No. 1, Plate I.) SynonyMEs.—Pichouline, Pecholine, Pijouline (Languedoc). Saurine, Rozier (Nimes). Sausen, Saugen, Sauzin (Gard). Saurenque (Aix) Plant de Saurin, Saurine punchudo (Marseille). Piquotte, Piquette(Beziers). Coiasse ou collasse, Reynaud. Lacques batarde (quelques localities de Herault). Olivo lechin, Tablada. Pignola, Duhamel (Genes). Olea ovalis, Clemente. Olea europaea saurina, Risso. Olea europaea oblonga, Gouan. Olea frustu oblongo minore, Tournefort. Olea minor oblonga, Magnol. DESCRIPTION. Tree is of vigorous growth, but of average dimensions; its trunk is cylin- drical; its bark is easily detached from the trunk in large, irregular layers; its branches extend horizontally and are of slight build; the rejection of its leaves are not numerous. Branches not very vigorous, short, strong, inserting themselves at right angles; of a greenish, yellowish color; near the bark of a rugged nature covered with numerous protuberances which are quite visible; wood cylin- drical and flattened slightly; knots few in number. Leaves oval, lance shaped, very often enlarging themselves at the superior part; of average length; average length five and a half to six and a half centim. Width one and a quarter to one and a half centim. Top surface of a dark green color; bottom surface approaching end of leaf rather thick and of a soiled white color. Stem very thick, hard, breaking easily. Veins, very visible from bottom. Stem, short, very thick, very much curved toward the surface of the upper side of leaf. Leaf Stalk, large, long, but little contorted. The leaf perceptibly flat, the edges of which are not very much curled. The leaves accumulating in great numbers on the young branches, covering them thickly. Fruits, generally accumulating in the direction of the branches of the year (yearly branches), isolated or grouped by twos on the leaf; stalklet very short. Fruit Stalk, very large, short, inserting themselves in a rather large de- pression of the fruit. Stigmate persistent in an umbilic not very visible. Olive, a trifle below the average size, length two and one half to three centim., width one to one and one fourth centim. Of elongated form, but large near the fruit stalk, with a tendency of tapering itself towards the *A variety believed to be the Picholine is fruiting in several parts of the State under one of its synonymes of Oblonga. 48 point; rather symmetrical. Strongly fortified on one side at a point not attached. Intermediate form between varieties Oliviere and Lucques. The fruit changes (passes) in color from light green to wine red, then to red black. The surface carries a number of spots, specks, variegations suff- ciently visible. Little like a plum. Skin, fine, pulp abundant, of a dark red color, fleshy. Kernel (pit), small, very elongated, pointed at both extremities, with a more pronounced curvature than is generally found in most olives. Tree of average maturity. OBSERVATIONS. The Picholine is widely known (spread) in certain parts of Province, particularly so in the neighborhood of Aix, Tarascon, Marsville. One like- wise encounters it again frequently in Languedoc, but only by its name, as it is only a secondary variety there; perhaps also in some localities of the department of Gard. It is a variety yielding a good and regular produc- tion, being rather hardy (rustic), it is able to stand severe amputations, to which it has been subjected at Hante Province. It is cultivated sometimes for its oil, but much more often for the purpose of having the fruit picked green, having its commercial value in view as a (pickle) preserve. The Picholine is a very delicate olive, as much prized as the Olive “ Verdale” for table use, and which is sold often under the name of “ Lucques,” but resembling it a little only in form. SAILLERN.* (Figure No. 2, Plate I.) SYNONYMEs.—Saillerne (Nimes). Sargene. Olea ninor, rotunda, rubro-nigrigans, Turne- fort, Olea Atro-rubens, Flor. Monsp. DESCRIPTION. A very hardy tree, middling or tall, spreading out; trunk very big, en- larged at the base; the bark comes off lengthwise in thin strips of blackish color; the main limbs are horizontal or slightly set up; shoots very numer- ous; itis one of the varieties which put forth the greatest number. Branches pretty vigorous, generally in limited quantity, big, much bulged out at the insertion, of dirty yellow color, longitudinally striated and covered with apparent and pretty numerous freckles; wood decidedly canaliculate; knots little prominent. | Leaf, \anceolate, regular, short, relatively large (mean length six to seven centim., width one and one quarter to one and one half centim.); upper face shining light green, a little wrinkled; under face covered with a dirty white coating pretty abundant. Limbs not very thick, flexible; nerves well delineated on upper face. Mucron well marked on the wide point of the leaf; hard, short, bent round. Petiole big, short, bent over, bringing the leaves upon one another on the same side of the branch. The leaf is nearly flat, the edges but slightly drawn back. The cover of the tree, little provided with leaves, on the inside is always tolerably thin. Fruits, for the most time isolated, occasionally grouped in twos, on two- year-old branches. Peduncle long (fruits hanging down), inserted in a light depression of the fruit; stigma persistent in a well marked umbilic. *Fruited in this State this year under one of its synonymes of Atro-Rubens. THE OLIVE.—P.iare’ I. Fig. No. 1.—Picholine. Fig. No. 2.—Saillern. reel ie et icity esabergernearrnn Miners areas f i * E \) 5 \ ch f | { : Ns ' i Py: t h at ty 2 rt J s I : - ‘ j “ We , {4 v : 2 y z ; , 2 | i =| ( ~ . / 5 i i i { ) j / ‘ pr t Net es 7 1 re , a: . ¢ . ) . ) i | ' | - ' H f ee ee ee ee ee re ee } ! % H y a Peak 2K | PAL) Vs ‘ tra mu ah dalle aed atl dh plist ite Nala. i thal ag Pan Me iene eer eee pe hee le ‘ THE OLIVE.—PL.atE II, Fig. No. 3.—Rouget. Fie. No. 4.—Verdale. ‘ NSE Fh te VAC) Ph ind . setceaepeatnedenin ented anata ye tie ret partner erie eee enti talatyaatainey 9h Winn Kaba > x : > 5 ¥ j us ; 3 33 he Naieed Mt A { ) ; ) * wi . y Gt } 1% { 1 - 4 ¥ i I ’ a + \ ‘ ss ba . % ' F 4 : , a \ 3 ‘ z , a ‘ys , i vr ' i vy i s ae = } 4 * ) Wea i ‘ My é aed - . 5 * f 1 " ; ‘ : a) See . > i. . 4 # 2 k uf ntl ke jp > z 4 > 1 | r sense 5 re a : , , . * 7 i \ = } j 5 : % x ' ' J ' ‘ 4 ~~ 5 5 ‘ ’ ‘ : me } , + ? . di * 4 , a . ‘ ¢ . \ ’ Fe tnd ; eer ] iy , j \ i Pa | * _ ~ weet ~ >) ‘ . . ‘ . - ee ee : t were Fae, AD ee - F j 2. I ‘ ‘ j ‘ 2 } 4 ‘ -~ i THE OLIVE.—P tate III. Fig. No. 5.—Oliviere. THE OLIVE.—P tate IV. Fie. No. 6.—Lucques. vey aed oye erp th ye tebe int 7 i : ee i \ ie ° Oe RN ohn ee at regan a ete ma sarpeinins RN ANT ai RS ge nh Wb erin vaeineh balrauelacete ceaph THE OLIVE.—PLatTE V. Fic. No. 7.—Pigale. HM tS i Dy ieee OLE E, Pe vArE yy I: \ D> A \ \\ \ ——— A : i —— Z See ZA Ais Hy, Fic. No. 9.—Manzanillo. THE OLIVE.—P ate VII. “eIqUY— OL “ON “OL SS sss "ed. 1VOLOVIT—' TL ‘ON “OL = UN a a mer Haies puerta. ht EWE CURL eke At . N r THE OLIVE.—Ptate VIII. —S l l EEE Fig. No. 12.—Uvaria. A j a ’ ih if nt IMsbs, Ova, Jeers 1 Fig. No. 13.—Atro-vialacea. \ A i « i o , } ‘ oe Rae ih ie ae fae eee et termi me aim erg myaien arte: cena “mm mune ee eee ee ee . > 4 PP le : ; i Peete. ; \ ir i 2 a ag eee ne et etnias aimee aimee n lrale a pte p mm@rmerT? I oem fame ame nthe Sehile as hi yf TE Olin e:—Prare Xe Fig. No. 14.—Pendulina. Fia. No. 15.—Columella. i anes. ry eth a oats aoelys sabe | aa ‘ ME OLIVE -“Pr are x1. (Cal.) Fig. No. 18.—Redding Picholine. (Natural size.) Fic. No. 17.—Redding Picholine. (Cal.) (Natural size. ) (Cal.) .—Redding Picholine. Fig. No. 16 Fie. No. 20.—Mission, showing size of pit and flesh. Fic. No. 19.—Mission. nie mare eas on wilde eae ot a 'o fe v * i ! \ i = 1 5 ’ 4 , \, { r = iw { t X ' * i « 4 ; ' i? x » A, i ane : oe THE OLIVE.—Piate XII. Fig. No. 22.—Twig Bud. Fie. No. 23.—Small Twig Bud. Fig. No. 24.—Started Bud, trained. Fig. No. 21.—The Scion. ~ ” i) “ee { t 4’ ! a 5 ‘ > , eee Ei OLIVE. Prare
  • Poe iS See Area LOOUE WE Mage ee pei ete a a eee a ee eed eek I SUR MNOMMO OUT UER ener aire Se oe oe eee he Bt Ae eee Pome CLMMCNnO lO OMG e= oi Fae Ooo el oe ee ek ee eS Be MOMENTO © ONDERG Yee os oe ys ELS ee ea ee ae Smereso Coumby 2 2s oie ee iL ie fii a Ue alk 00 dy een aga EC CE See ETO DIS PONCOUIEY, oe eens a lel eee s Re esG BUVC PRR OLG OLE G Vere eae ae ta Ss le lie ee ge SEL EE. OGURA Lae ae eet Sit ee eugene i ie ae aA moa ran eNO Se! @ te IpBBIRISERIMO OLNEY sete Us eee gh ye. LS el Ee Si ees SY See feet ge “STE PREL? (OOTTEN ee Se SE as eS ce pe cS eee a i a IE SES ao SIDA TSTE, (COUT oe ore ae a ea pera ee age pe © Ome Hee Pa 2 LADLE Te CGMS aE ee Ee eR cl Siberptiprupheree GOP Lanse nye tg ee eee Ce cate OL a i hs aie eh elt Per SneiErmG OUILEL Merten y ss stom sa foe tk Se eee ea BoE Wembuna COUNTY =—2352 452464... ss Saas Ae NA ie oe Oa es OA Oe ty ats Se BGPRO OME a PF Sete oe ln SEER seal ow oe opbae) Tae ote BVGon br IR CO ONURERL Wal 2s ce oe ee Ss ee ele hey Toes ert alot LOE Yi Se tice Sees a EOS TAREE eR 9 A eg GRU, WESIL 2ocn SOR RE Sse oe ele 2 PERE BD 0 Alcs ee A an Rowley, B. N., essay on “ Marketing California Fresh Fruit” ----.------.-.--.----- ie S Suaiibwecanor acy our fruits? essay, by Ru Co Kells; 4 Laveso2 ou gee i sd soe SRE RERE DES OU GRIN Ge ements tems ei ee Ls Tice deo) a eee Ne a) eo er el Stern OnLy, CSSa\, Ole hOMTACO CULUEG © 222-22. 585. coseen cece euee elo BEGET eC TME GW oe ret aon Ie ek RAMs ce item hye AS a ho ee Sener es POSIN wash letter krOM se= fo 282 Se Lg oe eo ee) dekh Stabler, H. P., essay on “Insect Pests”_.......-- EAE Os Aan Ber ROO bay ate alae gs? ae rele SST TRIG ee diesen ZI ol oyiale alesis sae al pe Renee ae Se Oa ge aR ee ee es ee Disarm easnduen Lrace: RESOlMItIONS=sa5= 22056-2400 Se ey 2 a Le caeecl te Kenth Stare Bruit Growers’ Convention: 222 2222222222282 bocce scene ake pS iegey bee AOGKesS Gh EEeStlenL.MilwOod COOPER! -- 22 222-52 .Jocc3 soseue-.ss5 ekaee see. AGdtessor welcome, by Key. B. Grakam 2) 500 se ee alk ASSIS taen COLO baLygr ei amine un ce ye mye on oe ee) ee ee COVEInOL Wiarerinal se resOlUilOns: =e 22s SL ll ee ees ah Se ES Oo © Or NH 252 Tenth State Fruit Growers’ Convention—National Grange, resolutions --..--.------ Opening exercises .-- 22-28-32 32 ee ee eee Order. of business: 22.522. .2.s2s6u. Sek Lo ee Proceedings ...s2 ss eo Sees Se eee ee Vice- Presidents, .....2_-----cic--s-2- elo ie eee Whe banquel. < foc .e ese 2 ce ee ee Ee ee The future of floriculture in California -........-.....2__--2.-..... eee The olive .in California, essay by. B. M. Lelong --.....-.-...-.-2---.. Se Atro-Vialacea —s..-=-=- Soo beeen akon e a deekekel lo. Advice fo:2ToOWers2e- 222 sci Cie cee cers eee aubotvcsl. lt ee eee BudGiNS veo. eo Pe @wee- tee seaee cus leel ick choo eee Columella.c-cc cet cc che e ee . Bye budding 2c. svete cece et eee Gratting: os ctsceen sn eee kk cee eee ee Introduced svarieties.oo..co0 2k ee oe ee ee pt oe Lmeques ss eke Ce Eee Le Macrotarpa Jocoe ut oe ee a a ee eee Manzanillo oc. ncc cle pce ceed clue ceili ee eee MISSION W2sJcc2 Camsbceece cu nth chet cHeCee CUR cL Cent in ee Olitviere oe eek eee end bec kceeteetn bot Lee ce a eee Pendouliereiss2ccecs sensi pcchi eee cee te ccc lee bh eee Pendulind.ses ee Saat eee peegeeeliloesciiednc th eee ee Picholine. ts 0) eA ee SR BES I On Ne UWiva ria <2. EC eR eB a 2 Ja Verdale 2220. cc ac ee ee ee ee Tomato culture, essay. by Emory E. Smith _.2..-.+--2-.-. 3... eee Transportation and railroad rates.........2-5.--2 2202-2268 eee Waterman, Governor, reply from: i cjce2 3. 222 uel leet ee eee Wetmore, C. A., letter from --.---- ee OES Be aes ee Oe eS eS Wheat growing in California. 20.2242. 80) 2582 ee ee eee ee Wheat vs. fruit; essay by General N.. P»Chipman:. 22225. 222022- 5201-220 2 \ 7) Barbara, Cal 7 > ae SS: =) oa Os > b— = a 4 9 \ Santa LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SMM OOC0TULba??h