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EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster,

D OHIO WEED MANUAL

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EVISED DESCRIPTIVE ILLUSTRATED LIST OF

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BULLETIN “"2*'

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

Noumpser 175. JUNE, 1906.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL.*

BY A. D. SELBY.
GENERAL WEED QUESTIONS.

INTRODUCTION.

The Station Botanist has been receiving annually during the
past ten years a large number of weeds for identification; this num-
ber of individual specimens has sometimes reached several hundred.
Personal observation bears out the inference drawn from these in-
quiries, that there is general interest in the Ohio weed problem.
Effort in weed destruction is oftentimes misdirected, while precau-
tions against the introduction of new or troublesome weeds are fre-
quently slighted. Suggestions of various sorts in the weed line
may have a reason for publication. ‘These suggestions may as
rightly calla halt in measures directed against useful plants that
tend to spread spontaneously, as to intensify efforts to subjugate
real weed pests. The following revised pages are offered to Ohio
cultivators in the hope that what appears in them will be of assist-
ance both in recognizing and in dealing with weedy plants.

NATURE OF WEEDS.

Plant life upon the earth is essential. The husbandman 1s con-
cerned with growing plants first of all, but he seeks to avoid those
which are unprofitable. ‘The plants which tend to grow where they
are not desired he calls “‘weeds.’? Some of these weedy plants have
been brought from Europe and Asia, while others are African or
American.f ‘They all have this tendency to propagate themselves
and to resist man’s efforts to subdue them.

*A revised and enlarged edition of A First Ohio Weed Manual, Bulletin 83, 1897, pp. 248-400.
tSee the Non-Indigenous Flora of Ohio by Dr. and Mrs. Kellerman, Ohio State University Buue-
tin, Botanical Series No. 4, 1900.

292 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

_ Weeds are plants out of place. But we may add that man’s
ideas of place are here considered. Civilized man has disturbed or
overturned conditions existing at his advent in America, introduced
and cultivated a variety of plants and brought in, with or without
intent, a goodly number that now torment him. Cultural conditions
have been maintained, and weeds as long accustomed to these con-
ditions as the cultivated plants themselves, in some cases even
longer, flourish under them. ‘They make the host of introduced
weeds. Besides, certain native plants are occasionally better
adapted to the new conditions than to the old; they accordingly
thrive. Both the naturalized and native plants crowd the cultivated
ones. Wethus perceive that some weeds are inevitable when the
wilderness has once been broken. The number of weeds, and the
damages resulting from them, will be altogether a matter of the
wise efforts, both individual and collective, that are expended for
their destruction. Weeds are destroyed or subdued that more
valuable food plants may be grown.

Upon a railway track or right-of-way any plant growth is un-
sightly or a possible menace. From this point of view leaking
grain as corn, oats, wheat, when “‘starting to grow upon the track”’
supplies a new type of weeds.*

HOW WEEDS INJURE THE HUSBANDMAN.

Weeds injure the husbandman ina variety of ways. ‘They in-
jure by offending his esthetic nature, his taste; also by threatening,
as his judgment assures him, conditions of taste or profit for the
future. The esthetic side is a large factor in depreciating the
value of weedy and carelessly kept homesteads. ‘This sort of injury
is shared by the whole community when thoroughfares, be they
public canals, railroads or common roadways, are permitted to re-
main uncared for. .

Weeds injure by reducing the crop yield. It is the crop loss
that receives more common estimate when damages from weeds are
counted. 1. Weeds rob the soil of moisture. 2. Weeds crowd
other plants, thus depriving them of light and of space in both soil
and air. 3. Weeds take up the flood elements which are needed for
other plants. 4. Weeds may harbor injurious fungi or insects. 5.
They injure by killing stock (sheepkill) or by rendering milk
offensive (wild onion). 6. Weed seeds render certain products of
the farm, such as clover seed, wheat and the like, unmarketable.
Other injuries might be enumerated and will suggest themselves. *

*Scee Stair, LL. D. Railroad Weeds, Proc. Ohio Acad. Science 8:44-59:1900.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 293

Perhaps the first point, robbery of the soil moisture through weeds,
is one of the chief; this is especially true in fruiting orchards dur-
ing drouth, when any removal of moisture by other plants may
cause serious damage. I regard the robbery of moisture as a lead-
ing form of injury. Crowding causes large injury, particularly to
young seedlings in cultivation. The third form of injury is general,
_ like the first and second, but probably has.been given its full value.
Soil robbery and crowding as well as many other forms of injury
will be in proportion to the number and growth of these persistent
invaders. Enlightened practice will appreciate the matter of
harboring injurious fungi by weeds, as for example, barberry and
wheat rust; the same applies to insect harbors.

The simple cost of weed removal along the railways of the State
of Ohio is placed by Stair at over half a million dollars per annum.

INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF WEEDS.

We have seen that weeds arise from their adaptation to the con-
ditions man has brought about on the earth. ‘The mutual plant and
soil characters count for much here. With the continuous changes
being wrought, new plants come into any given region. Some ot
them prove adapted to the conditions offered and show great powers
of growth and reproduction. ‘The Russian thistle illustrates the
point fully. Bracted-plantain, broom-sedge, penny-cress, spreading
mustard and a host of others give the same evidence. Yet plants
may grow harmlessly for a long time in a given situation to become
aggressive in another. ‘The tickseed sunflower, Bidens trichosper-
ma,isfound in swampy places. Ina part of Mahoning county, as re-
ported by Mr. Vickers, it became transplanted to upland roadsides,
showing remarkable vigor in this new habitat. While a slight
change of location may result in a change of habit, by far the com-
moner source of new pests is by introduction from remoter regions.
There appeared in Ohio, to the writer’s knowledge, in 1896, two
plants newly introduced from Europe, both of them new to the
United States as well as this state. ‘They are a very small flowered
catchfly, Sz/ene conica L.., found in crimson clover at Clyde, Ohio,
and sandwort plantain, Plantago arenaria L.., in the city of Dayton,
(Fig. 56). Itis to be noted that this is the third of the introduced
species of plantain—narrow and bracted-plantain are quite well
known as weeds in Ohio. Half a century ago numerous species, now
weed pests, were unknown in the state.

294 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175..

Weedy plants become introduced unintentionally, in seeds, in
packing material, and so forth. ‘The catchfly just mentioned came
in crimson clover seed; the Russian thistle in flax seed, while
bracted-plantain, Croton, and gum-weed have been introduced in
many Ohio counties in western clover and alfalfa seed. Prickly let-
tuce is dispersed in this manner; charlock and spreading mustard
are scattered in oats, the latter by sticking in the slit, while sorrel,
narrow plantain, panic-grasses, foxtail and others, are similarly dis-
persed. Once within a region, weeds become scattered by many
special means. Some are spread through the enclosing parts of the
seeds that attach them to animals by means of prickles, like cockle-
bur, sticktights, tick-trefoil, Spanish needles, beggar’s-lice, hound’s
-tongue, agrimony and bur-grass. Yet other seeds are provided
with a hair-like parachute to render them buoyant and thus be
readily transported by the wind. Dandelion, thistles, milkweed,
dogbane, prickly lettuce, asters, goldenrod and white-top have this
abundant attachment to insure them wide dissemination. Oc-
casionally weed seeds are provided with wings, as in the case of
toad-flax and spurry; the catalpa among the trees has similar wings.
One of the unusual adaptations is in the case of spreading mustard
seeds which are so smallas to become lodged in the slit of oat
seeds.

CLASSES OF WEEDS.

Weedy plants are classified according to their life period:

I. Annuals, marked (A) in the weed list, are those weeds which
grow from seed each year or season and die after ripening seeds
again. Ragweed, crab-grass, buffalo-bur, pigweed, lady’s-thumb,
lamb’s-quarters, Russian thistle, purslane, foxtail, and a multitude
of others are of this sort, and may be called summer annuals. Many
of them are troublesome pests. 7

Some of the general class are winter annuals. ‘They spring
from seed in late summer or fall and survive the winter in the shape
of small seedlings. White-top, prickly lettuce, shepherd’s purse,
spreading mustard, chickweed and dead nettle live over the winter
in this manner. Chess, spelt and rye grow in the same way.

Il. Biennials (B) grow from seed but do not produce seed until
the second season. Wild carrot, wild parsnip, common thistle,
winter-cress, burdock, teasel, sweet clover, hound’s-tongue and

mullens belong here. ,

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANDAL. 295

IlJ. Perennials (P) live year after year without renewal from
another source. They grow from seeds, or from rootstocks and
subterranean stems; once started they continue in the same spot or
spread about it. All woody stemmed pests like briers, sassafras,
roses, etc., belong here. But of the herbaceous perennials we have
two classes according to underground propagation:

1. The pests with creeping or underground stems, by which
the plant spreads: Horse nettle, Canada thistle, toad-flax, mints,
* moneywort, field bindweed, common bindweed, cypress spurge and
bouncing-bet illustrate these features.

2. Perennials with ordinary roots and not spreading under-
ground. Bulbous and tap-root weeds are in this class. Chicory,
goldenrod, aster, vervains, motherwort, broad and narrow plantain
and mallow have this character of root.

Lists of ‘“‘worst,” “‘bad’’ and “‘indifferent’’? weeds are of great
interest, yet the plants ina list of “worst’’ weeds can not usually
claim a wide range. Sorrel is the worst weed upon the Station farm
when a period of years is considered. Other locations will quite
likely exhibit an adaptation to some other plant and therefore show
some other “worst’’ weed. There are about one hundred weeds in
Ohio that are always troublesome. Indifferent weeds are simply of
less importance, for the time, than the plant under culture.

VITALITY OF WEED SEEDS.

Weeds spring up sometimes in a most perpiexing manner.
After two seasons of comparative freedom from white-top, Arigeron
annuus L.., in clover, the fields were white with it in the summer of
1897. Similarly, white clover may cover nearly all old grass lands.
Chess grows in wheat, mustards in clover, chickweed and shep-
herd’s purse in gardens and ragweeds in wheat stubble about as
often as the wheat rotation is repeated. An old hut is cleared away
and new plants come into life where it stood. Earth from ditches,
from wells and from cisterns is scattered but to bring forth strange
growths. Hasty conclusions may easily be drawn from these oc-
currences. It would appear possible to explain most of them upon
natural grounds. ‘Take the example of white-top in clover fields:
‘the season of 1896 was one of abundant rains throughout. We have
but to conceive of the presence of seeds in the soil, a reasonable
assumption based upon the seed’s powers of dissemination, which
germinated under the continued warmth and moisture. The same
explanation appears to hold good for white clover and accounts for
its prevalence. Sorrel likewise was unusually prevalent. It has

been found by Dr. Beal,’ that shepherd’s purse, :peppergrass, May-
1Agricultural Science, 8: 283.

296 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 1%5.

weed, mullen, curled dock and others retained their vitality after
being buried in the soil for fifteen years, but that they germinated
slowly afterwards. The same author’ later finds that some of the
seeds of pigweed, black mustard, shepherd’s purse, Virginia pepper-
grass, May-weed, evening primrose, smart-weed, purslane, curled
dock, foxtail and chickweed germinated after having been buricd for
twenty-five years in sandy sowl. Clover seed, likewise, retains its ger-
minating power for many years when buried. Continued moisture
and warmth or continuously favorable conditions are needful to
sprout these buried seeds. Just such conditions prevail in a wet
season. Following rainy seasons, therefore, we may certainly ex-
pect weeds of severai sorts to reappear.

One needs but to take earth from shallow depths in cultivated
fields and place it for several weeks in a warm room or greenhouse,
keeping it moist meanwhile, to learn how many buried seeds lie dor-
mant in the soil of such fields. These tell of what has gone before;
they are silent but capable witnesses. Buried seeds explain a
multitude of asserted mysteries, and moreover, they must be duly
estimated when one undertakes to keep a clean account with a crop.
This stored weed seed is the account that generally shows a large
credit balance. |

AVOIDANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF WEEDS.

Successful measures in destroying weeds are founded mpon a
knowledge of the life of the weed and of its manner of propagation.
To avoid introducing or propagating weeds is better than to expend
labor destroying them. Some principles of weed destruction may
be applied universally. Allare based upon a knowledge of the plant
to be destroyed: ¥

1. Strive to prevent the seeding of all weedy plants and the
introduction of weed seeds. ‘This if attained will be sufficient to
subdue annual and biennial weeds. It is valuable with all classes.

2. Perennial weeds of all sorts, and especially those with
underground stems or extensive root systems, must be cut re-
peatedly to starve out these subterranean parts. With this class
ereen leaves are the feeding organs and must be removed. Salt,
coal oil, (kerosene) or strong sulfuric acid may be applied with or
without cutting to reach the same end. Cutting is probably the
cheapest of all these effective measures, unless it be salting. Man-
of-the-earth, Canada thistle, horse nettle, bouncing-bet and toad-flax
suggest themselves at once as examples under these suggestions,

1Beal, W. J. The Vitality of Seeds, Bot. Gaz. 42:140-143; 1905.

— A SECOND OHIO WEED MANDAL. 297

|

3. Weeds that are “indicators,” i. e. diagnostic of soil con-

ditions, are most cheaply controlled by removing the conditions.

Drain wet places to avoid sedges, apply lime or fertilizers to crowd
cut sorrel. Let the despised sweet clover show what is the matter
or what the special excellence in uncultivated land.

| 4. Persistence in the destruction of weeds by simple methods
counts for much more than spasmodic effort, and oftentimes for
more than expensive processes. It would appear to some persons
a waste of time to spend two seasons in eradicating a small patch of
Canada thistles, although but a little time is required at each cut-
ting; the chief element is thoughtfulness. "The same persons would
spend more time at once in efforts to dig them up completely, only
to find when the time has been spent, that the weeds, whatever

their name, have been spread by the process. '

‘

Some weeds may be eradicated while others may only be subju-
gated. Canada thistle is often eradicated in a particular spot, while
for prickly lettuce this is a recurrent problem everywhere. The

latter can not now be eradicated, while it may be subdued. Other

examples may be cited in docks, white-top, chick-weed and purslane.
SEED IMPURITIES AS A SOURCE OF WEEDS.

Weed seeds are a frequent impurity in seeds of clover, alfalfa
and grasses, aS well as in hay and seed grain. The many weeds
introduced in this manner give but a faint ideaof the extent of these
impurities. New weeds are introduced and old ones are scattered
widely with the consequent damage to the purchaser. Seed oats
may contain impurities like charlock, or spreading mustard, and

_ prove a real damage when introduced upon a farm or in a com-

munity. In the case of seed grain the husbandman may choose to
rely upon his own judgment as to whether injurious impurities are
present, but he can certainly afford to “look sharp” at this seed

—— rather than introduce
weed pests that will re-
main to plague him for
years to come. In the
matter of impurities of

Fic.1. Pocket Coddington and section of its lens, clover sary ae alfalfa
Wetiral cise, the published work of

The best lens for ordinary examinations. : IMS. T
ilman‘ in Nevac -
The Doublet lens differs only in being cheaper, it is con- H = s evada ( Bul

structed with a separate lens at each end of tube. letins 38 and 47) and of
this department of this Station in Bulletin 142, ought to be of some
aid to the purchaser.

1Nevada and Other Weed Seeds, B. 38, (1897.) Clover Seeds and Their Impurities, B, 47, (1900.)

298 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Illustrations and lists of impurities of clover seeds and alfaifa

are inserted in this edition of the weed manual. ‘The published

results of examination of samples will show the possibility of intro-
ducing new weed species in these seeds and also ¢he great danger
trom dodders, which are especially to be feared in alfalfa growing. It
seems possible for each grower to learn the commoner weed seeds
and to be able on all occasions, and willing to recognize them. Seed
dealers have an equal interest in the matter. ‘They are commonly
on the alert with respect to seed impurities and will cover the
matter so faras demanded by their patrons. In the line of seed

examinations the Botanical Department of the Station stands ready,

as in the past, to render service if seed samples are submitted for
examination.

In the matter of books, I believe we have no single work in
English, aside from the bulletins mentioned, which illustrates, or des-
cribes, many weed seeds. ‘The bulletins just referred to will serve
the purpose, together with others, quite satisfactorily to most.
Those who read German will find Nobbe’s Samenkunde (Knowledge
of Seeds) exceedingly useful. It treats of all questions pertaining
to seeds, their structure, testing, impurities, and the detection of
the latter. This work was published in Berlin by Wiegandt, Hempel
& Parey, in 1876 but may still be obtained from the second-hand
book stores. The English reader, familiar with botanical names,
can make good use of the 339 woodcuts, chiefly “representing seeds
of interest to us.’? Another and more recent German work, “Die
Unkrautsamen (Weed Seeds) by Burchard is also published by the
same publisher, Paul Parey. Burchard’s work gives excellent illus-
trations of about 200 weed seeds in 5 plates. See also Bulletin 66,
Kansas Experiment Station.

But aside from books, by investing in a few dozens of small
glass bottles (vials) and labels, one can soon make ‘a valuable and
useful collection of seeds. The collection being done from known
plants and the vials labeled accordingly, the seeds will be
available for reference at all times. Collections of seeds may
also be put up in sheets as suggested by Dr. B. D. Halsted.
Heavy bristol board is perforated with a wad-cutter, then by past-
ing gummed paper or other bristol over the back, placing the seeds
in the holes and covering, the whole with glass or each ori-
fice by 2 small cover slip of thin glass or mica, the labeled samples
will be so placed that seeds to be identified may be compared with
them. We have found that if well gummed labels are used for the
back these may be moistened again after putting on, and the seeds

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 299

will adhere firmly, being protected by the sides of the board. In
such a case the holes need not be over half an inch or even less in
diameter. The possibilities of seed collecting have been well
demonstrated in more recent years by teachers and superintend-
ents in their nature work in the rural schools. Some of the sets
of weed seeds collected by students and put up in glass vials
would do credit to advanced workers in this line.

Very generally a magnifying glass will
be needed in addition to all other aids. Some
of these are made more expressly for such
work, but the grower or student will wish to
purchase one that will meet various needs,
such as the examination of parts of plants,
fungus spots and insects. For this purpose
the pocket Coddington lens, or pocket doublet
lens, of one-half inch focus, is perhaps the

. - 3 : Fic. 2. Linen Tester,
best low-priced lens. Itis shown in Fig. 1, natural size.

A good cheap magni-
andcosts about one dollar and fifty cents for fier.

the Coddington, half-inch focus; the cost of
the doublet lens is about one dollar. This is the most desirable
size to purchase for general use.

The pocket lenses with fancy rubber and nickel frames, made
up of one to three glasses, are not to be compared with it in effect-
iveness. ‘The best, very cheap magnifier is the “linen tester,’ Fig.
2. It commonly sells at from thirty-five to forty cents for each lens,
and will usually be more effective than the rubber-cased lenses just
mentioned and will cost about one-half or one-third as much. ‘The
linen tester is not well suited to seed work. For seed merchants
Fig. 3 shows a usefui lens of
about one inch focus mounted on
tripod. It does not magnify
sufficiently for many purposes
but is good for rapid examina-
tion of a seed sample toseparate
impurities. The seed being
placed upon a paper on a level
table the glass is stood upon ;
It costs about fifty cents. An
of these lenses may be purchase

through opticians or jewelers o1

Fic. 3. L-ns mounted on tripod, natural : :
Size. A good glass to examine seed for impuri- Will be sent by the makers post-
ties; less desirable than the Pocket Coddington. age paid upon receipt of cata-

log price. The above cuts were furnished by the Bausch & Lomb
Optical Co., of Rochester, N. Y., who are makers of such articles.

300 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

SEED INSPECTION.

Seeds should be inspected not only to determine their purity,
but their vitality aswell. This is a serious matter to the vegetable
grower, with whom the difference between strains of the same
variety is often very great. With the celery farmer a supply of bad
seed causes large losses. In any statute concerning weed-seed
impurities, as in Sec. 7001 R.S. Ohio, there should be some authority
designated to examine seed in order to make the law operative. If
there has been a conviction under that statute in the many years
since it was.enacted, it has never been known tome. The U.S.

Department of Agriculture is carrying on “‘pure seed investiga-.

tions”? through its seed division, and it would appear that the time
approaches when the State will be required to provide for seed
control similar to that maintained in some foreign countries. Mean-
while the small amount of examination made by the Botanical De-
partment of the Experiment Station represents the demand for it.
In this work there is opportunity to do a good deal more, should it be
required.

In the maiter of the conditions affecting the vitality of stored
seeds, the recent work of Duvel’ is of great value to all. He has
shown that sozsture is the chief factor in determining the longevity
of seeds as commercially handled; seeds must be kept dry to re-

main viable.
WEED LEGISLATION.

Weed destruction or subjugation requires individual and col-
lective or communal effort. This arises from the manner of seed
dispersion. If one farm produces weeds and seeds in abundance,
adjacent areas will be covered by them. Wares offered for sale may
contain noxious seeds. ‘The necessity for reasonable weed legisla-
tion is well established, but unfortunately there is room for much
improvement in Ohio weed statutes.

There are now in force an act to prevent the vending of seeds
containing seeds of certain weedy plants—Sec. 7001; a law providing
for the destruction of weeds, briers and so forth, along partition
fences—Sec. 4255 1-5 R.S., and two recent acts requiring the de-
struction of Canada and Russian thistles, wildlettuce and wild
mustard. ‘There appears to be no provision made for the destruc-
tion of weeds upon the property of the State, as along canals and
about reservoirs. Under these circumstances much good may be
accomplished by the enactment of an adequate and at the same time

readily adjustable state weed law.
1The Vitality and Germination of Seeds by J. W. T. Duvel. Bulletin Bureau of Plant Industry.
U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 58: pp, 96, (1904).

vse

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 301

To be effective a weed law must be specific with respect to the
weeds to be destroyed, while the dates assigned for work and the
methods employed must be adapted to these plants. It must also
be susceptible of change as to the plants named init. This is made
necessary by the constant introduction of new weeds. <A weed law
should, furthermore, impose weed destruction in such a manner as
to lay the least burden, while at the same time fixing the responsi-
bility upon the persons benefitted by it, nameiy, the persons using -

the land.

A weed law must further be operative. The careless user of
land is often easy to offend. A definite officer may rightly be

charged with the duty of supervision rather than to leave it to the
‘complaint of aneighbor. It should be drawn so as to secure the

cutting of weeds along the thoroughfares, whether public or corpo-
rate.' And lastly, it should expect the State to deal with its public
works and lands as individual citizens are required to deal with each
other on the weed question. Enactment of this charactér will pro-

ceed only from effective agitation by the persons interested.

DESCRIPTIVE ILLUSTRATED LIST OF OHIO WEEDS.

In the list here given, it has been the aim to give some of the
more obvious characters of each weed and to present illustrations
of such of the noxious or new ones as appear to require it. Infor-
mation looking to the recognition of the plant has been first in mind.
Seed characters are presented where possible. "The best known
methods of eradication or subjugation have been viven in every case.
Where plants have been classed as noxious upon insufficient
grounds, correction is offered. In a few instances the uses of
plants are stated. Parasites, with the exception of the dodders
and broomrape, are omitted.

‘The plants are grouped according to a recognized plan among
botanists.” Those of similar characters will thus be found in
sequence under families or orders. Noting that individual plants,
rather than groups, appeal to the ordinary weed observer, the mat-
ter of classification is not made prominent. Enough has been given
to determine the orderor family in every case, if the name is known.
In mentioning the parts of plants the simplest accepted terms have
been applied. One seeking to find the name of a plant may proceed
in any one of the several ways. The indexes, the analytical key,

1Credit is due the railways for much greater care in the destruction of weeds along their rights-of-
Way in recent years.

2The systematic arrangement ana technical nomenclature of Britton’s Manual have been followed.
his begins with the lower orders.

302 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

the resemblance to some plant illustrated or known, will assist
according to the circumstances. The resemblance of a given
plant to some one of a known family will aid greatly. in the use
of the indexes. The annual (A) biennial (B) and perennial (P)
weeds are distinguished. The technical names of weeds intro-
duced from beyond our borders are designated by an asterisk. (*)

s

DESCRIPTION AND ILLUSTRATION OF WEED SEEDS.

An effort has been made to describe and illustrate the weed
seeds likely to be met with in commercial seeds and forage. The
descriptions are given in popular language and with as much exact-
ness as has seemed possible; in nearly all cases they were made
from specimens, the remainder are based on Nobbe’s illustrations.
The descriptions will no doubt be found to be of unequal value and
frequently quite inadequate. ‘The only magnifier employed was a

Coddington lens % inch focus, such as is illustrated in Fig. 1. A good. 3
deal has been accomplished in seed illustrations since the issue of ©

the first manual in 1897. We have endeavored to profit by these 4
contributions in the present issue. Where new cuts were made the |
illustration of seeds was included. ‘The illustrations of weed seeds
reproduced by photography are printed in plates at the back of the
bulletin. :

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

The list is based upon the material accumulated from corres-
pondence during the past ten years, including the many cordial

responses to requests for lists of roadside weeds, and upon the ~

results of personal investigations. ‘The contributed roadside weed
lists, given in the tables at the end of the former bulletin, are
omitted in this issue. It has appeared best to base estimates of a
goodly number of weeds quite largely on the known botanical
characters of the plants in question. An occasional patch of toad-
flax or of bouncing-bet, or acemetery over-run in parts with cypress
spurge and periwinkle, commonly excites littleapprehension until —
it is too late; the true characters of these plants and a host of —
others are not reailzed. Likewise the frequency of certain weed
seeds in commercial seeds and hay may appear at times to be
stated in strong terms; but these statements are based upon the —
results of examinations made at the Station. It may be admitted —
that correspondents are more likely to send impure seeds than clean
seed without altering greatly the state of the question. The
responsibility must finally be laid where it belongs.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 403"

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I am under many obligations to correspondents throughout the
state. The cordial assistance and the continued interest must be
acknowledged as contributing largely to the nature and scope of
the list. .

Prof. E. E. Bogue, now of Michigan, and Mr. Wm. Krebs,
of Cleveland, have contributed information concerning golden hawk-
weed; Mr. E. W. Vickers, of Ellsworth has sent valuable notes on
tickseed sunflower with specimens; Mr. W. H. Aiken, College
Hill, on Scotch thistle; and Bro. H. Jaske, of Dayton, now deceased,
sent specimens of sandwort plantain. More recently I am indebted
to E. W. Roush, of Lindsey, Sandusky county, for information
regarding Aryszmum repandum L. in oats, etc., and to Dr. Keller-
man’s State Catalogue and Supplement for occurrence of plants.
Many others whose names are not given have rendered valuable
assistance.

Of the illustrations Nos. 1,2 and 3 were supplied by the Bausch
fezomb Optical Co., of Rochester, N. Y.; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 1,
16, 22, 23, 25, 26, 32, 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 65 and 69 were reduced from
plates published in Dr. Vasey’s Reports as Botanist of U. S. Dept.
Beeericulture. Nos, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 29, 34, 39, 42, 45, 52, 57, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70 and 73 are from Dr. Millspaugh’s Bulletin
23 of the West Virginia Experiment Station, kindly granted by the
fate: Dr. Jno. A. Myers, Director ofthe West Virginia Experiment
Station; Nos. 40, 51 and 55 are from electros supplied by the U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture. No. 71 is a cutdrawn by Miss Detmers. ‘The re-
mainder are from original drawings made for the Station. Of these
latter No. 24 is by Miss Vinnie Cunningham, No. 66 by Miss
C. Durstine and twenty-three others are by my wife. I desire to
express my obligations to all these persons for the favors granted
and assistance received.

Nore.—I have inquiries asking me to recommend books on botany for self instruction, or for use
on thefarm. ‘These more commonly seek to find books teaching the names of plants with statement of
characters. Upon this branch, Systematic Botany, there are several good works:

1. Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada, 3 vols., each $3.00.
Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. Each species is illustrated and described. ‘This is a work to be
recommended for the libraries of horticultural societies, granges and farmers’ clubs. It is useful to all
students of botany. ,

2. Britton’s Manual of the Northern United States and Canada, 1 vol. $2.00, Henry Holt & Co.,
New York. This a compact book of 1080 pages and gives the revised nomenclature of recent use.

3. Gray’s Manual of Botany, (6thedition). 1 vol. $1.80, American Book Co., New York, Cincin-
nati, etc. A standard work on the botany of the northern states,

4. Gray’s Revised Lessons in Botany, American Book Co. is an elementary treatise on botany, but
gives no names of plants—simply elements to prepare for that.

5. Gray’s Field Book of Botany, Revised by Bailey, 1 vol., $2.00. Commonly bound with the les-
sons. American Book Co., Cincinnati. This book will be found the most helpful to those dealing with
cultivated plants. The wild plants are not all included.

304 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

I PTERIDOPHYTES.
Plants reproduced from spores by means of a prothallus.

FERN FAMILY.

1 Brake Fern (P) Pteris aguilina L. The brake or eagle fern often infests
partly tamed, sandy soils and chokes out grasses. Its tall, 2 to 5 ft. fronds
(leaves) are much parted, while the young sprouts are coiled like a shepherd’s
crook. The sprouts are used as pot-herbs. Clearing up, plowing and manur-
ing the land will make it possible to seed to grass. .

2 Sensitive Fern (P) Onoclea sensibilis L. The leaf-like (sterile) and fruit-
like (fertile) fronds of this fern appear together in moist meadows and on the
borders of thickets. It is dealt with by drainage and tillage.

3 Cinnamon Fern (P) Osmunda cinnamomea L. This fern is often found in
swampy places and near springs and brooklets. Its fronds are very tall, 3to5 —
ft. high, and have the stalks covered with rusty wool. It may be destroyed by 4
draining the soil and grubbing out the rootstocks.

4 Flowering Fern (P) Osmunda Claytoniana L. Much like the last but dif-
fering in having an open interval about the middle of the frond; to be dealt with
in the same manner. , Ae

HORSETAIL FAMILY, EQUISETACEZ2. ee

5 Horsetail (P) Lguisetum arvense L.. The common horsetail is met with Ee
upon moist road embankments and in wet grass lands. In the early season —
many small, pale, arrow-like stalks with yellowish heads make their appear- —
ance; these are followed by feathery, tail-like, leafy, green shoots. These
plants are merely symptomatic and indicate lack of drainage. The lack sup- F
plied, cultivation will dispose of the horsetail. 2

II. SPERMATOPHYTES.
Plants reproduced from seeds. 3

1 GYMNOSPERMZE

Ovules naked.

PINE FAMILY, PINACEE.

6 Pines, Pinus spp. Pines are as yet rarely spreading within our bor- —
ders, as is so well marked in other states. That such may become much more
general is to be expected. Many causes may make such spread rapid and
aggressive.
7 Hemlock, TZsuga Canadensis(L.) Carr. Hemlock is known to the writer —

to be freely spreading on certain light soils in Wayne county. With both pines
and hemlock, grubbing will effect removal.

2 ANGIOSPERMZ
Seeds enclosed.

1 MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Plants with but one seed-leaf (cotyledon) and leaves parallel-veined.

CATTAIL FAMILY, TYPHACEA.
8 Cattail(P) Zypha latifolia L. The cattailis a frequent obstruction in
ditches and moist places.
BURREED FAMILY, SPARGANIACEE.
9 Burreed (P) Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Like the cattail the burreed —
is frequent in wet places and may be much inthe way. Such aquatic plants
are subjugated when the excess of water is removed by drainage. q

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 306

PONDWEED FAMILY, NAIADACE/E#.
10 Floating Pondweed (P) Potamogeton natans L.. This species and others
ef the genus occur in canals and reservoirs. When growing abundantly in
canals such plants are an obstruction to navigation. :

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY, ALISMACEE.

11 Common Water=-plantain (P) Alisma plantago-aquatica L. The water-
plantain occurs about the borders of watering ponds or in depressed grass areas
covered with water a portion of the year.

12 Arrowhead (P) Sagittaria latifolia Willd. This common arrowhead, and
at times some others not readily separated from it, are found in wet places or in
water. They are chiefly objectionable because of the harbors afforded by them.
Muskrats live to a considerable extent upon the roots of these and other aquatic
plants. The reduction of wet areas to the smallest amount will be a profitable
preventive.

GRASS FAMILY, GRAMINE.

13. Johnson=-grass (P) Sorghum Halepense(L.) Pers. Among the forage
plants which are capable of doing much harm, we must include Jonhson-grass.
It has strong, creeping root-stocks and like quack-grass will spread by means
ofthem. Unless one is ready to give the land upto this grass, the seeding of
it should not be undertaken. The seeds do not as yet appear to have become
intermixed with other grasses at the north. Spillman! has worked out methods
of eradication by cultivation.

14 Big Blue-stem (P) Andropogon furcatus Muhl. This is a tall, finger-
spiked, beard-grass distributed in dry or sterile soil over central and northern
Ohio; it grows 3 to4ft. high. Inthe early season it makes a dense, tufted
growth, when it is readily eaten by stock. After blossoming the stems are hard
and woody. It is apparently not to be feared as an intruder.

15 Broom-sedge (P) Andropogon Virginicus L. Broom-sedge, Fig. 4, is a
weedy grass that has moved tothe northward. Native and abundant in the
south, and apparently in the southern counties, it has latterly spread over much
of Ohio not originally infested by it. It grows in dense tufts, 3 to 5 feet high, its
early light green and later brown color be-

ing in contrast with the other grasses. In
the fall its plumed hairs are conspicuous. It
Zé is limited in weedy development to the dry,
sandy soils of the state. In this respect it is
like sorrel, but, unlike the latter, it does not
seem to be controlled by enriching the soil.
The sandy up lands of the coal measure dis-
tricts appear to be the worst infested with
broom-sedge. That part of the state lying
east of a line drawn from Cleveland to the
mouth of the Scioto river, marks the district
in a, ‘neral way, but the weed has not yet
xy ached the northern counties of this section.
Sandy soils predominate in a wide belt just
west of the line named, especially where the
native rocks are not covered by the drift.
And in this belt, likewise, as well as in the
— district just named and in other sandy soils,
the broom-sedge may ultimately appear. <A
warning is here given to grub out the first
bunches. I very well remember the first
Fic. 4. Broom-sedge. appearance of broom-sedge in northeastern
Athens county in the early seventies. It has now invaded much of that county,
while in Meigs, Jackson, Vinton and Lawrence counties it is a veritable pest.
iBulletin Bureau Plant Industry, 72: 15-22: 1905.

306 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 116.

Seeds straw color, oat-like, 1-8 inch long, with 3-8 to 1-2 inch awn at tip; tufts
and plume of fine hair at base. The seeds are supported by the plumes of attached
hairs and thus they are widely scattered by the wind.

In destroying broom-sedge we must deal with both the seeds, which mature
as early as September and perhaps earlier, and with the dense matted roots as
well. The seeds may be destroyed by burning the land over, the roots by tilling
the ground. Indeed there are localities in which permanency in valuable grasses
is rendered difficult by broom-sedge. Short rotations with clover are not in generai
use in these lands, and may prove a most valuable means of subduing the pest.

16 Little Blue-stem, Andropogon scoparius Michx., another grass like
above, occurs locally in dry soil. It is much less prevalent than the one figured
and it may be dealt with in the same manner.

17 Field Paspalum (P) /aspalum lacve Michx. Much resembles crab-grass
in respect to the finger-like, though much broader, spikes. In paspalum, however,
the spikes are alternately arranged on the culm, are 2 to6 in number and the seeds
are borne in two wide, smooth rows. The plant is scarcely weedy with us»
although occasionally received as such.

Seeds approaching circular in outline, smooth, flat on one side and swollen on
the other, 1-10 inch long.

18 Barnyard=-Grass, Cocksfoot (A) *Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv.
This is a smooth-stemmed, leafy, coarse-growing grass, 1 to 4 ft. high. Its one:
sided spikelets and awned glumes have suggested the name of cocksfoot. It is
abundant around barnyards and upon enriched cultivated lands. It is also com-
mon in low bottom lands following acrop that has been ‘‘laid by’’ early. This
grass, because of its rapid growth late in summer, has been recommended to
grow for forage like millet. It will certainly make fair yields treated in this
way and proved usefulness may remove it from the weed list.

Seeds, straw-color to brown, flat on one side rounded on the other, 1-8 inch
long, three-fifths as broad with short awn tip, very smooth and shining. Fre-
quent in clover, alfalfa and millet seeds.

This and the next succeeding grasses are late growths in ‘‘laid by’’ crops,
also in many other places. Todestroy them the prevention of seed ripening is
all essential.

19 Old=witch Grass (A) Panicum capillare LL. This weedy panic-grass is
found over the state, preferring dry soils. The spreading ‘‘tickle,’’ plume-like
tops (panicles) break off in the fall and are blown into fence-rows.

The seeds are straw-color; very small, 1-16 in. long, one-third as wide,
smooth and shining. They occur frequently in clover and other seeds. Old-
witch grass is an annual and must be prevented from maturing seeds by cutting
and removal or burning, if it is gotten rid of.

20 Millet (A) *Panicum miliaceumL. This well-known plant with its
shining seeds is one of the panic grasses, and comes to us frequently in the form
of seed impuritiesin grains and inthe secds of clover plants. Seeds, oval,
about 1-10 inch long, smooth and shining, somewhat rarely hulled. It is men-
tioned here by reason of the frequent occurrence of the seeds in samples presented
for examination.

21 Sprouting Crab-grass (A) Panicum proliferum Wam. The sprouting
crab-grass is very much branched. The anthers are a characteristic saffron
yellow. The spreading growth contrasts with the others. It springs up
along stream borders, sidewalks and in grassy yards, often with crab-grass.
It is a decided weed, to be dealt with as the next.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANDAL. 307

22 Crab-grass (A) Syutherisma sanguinalis (L..) Dulac. To one who cares for
alarge, much trodden-down lawn or a tasty garden, crab-grass makes good mid-
summer rains almost a burden; following these
showers it springs up in nearly all early grass
tracts, in gardens, meadows and cultivated
fields. Its stems strike root where they touch
the earth and most careful labor is required to
clean itout. Withal it is highly nutritious,
and often furnishes one or two crops of hay in
southern (Tennessee) grainfields. In Ohio it
ranks as a pest so far as known to the writer.
It is alsocalled Polish millet. Fig. 5 shows
the appearance of the weed.

Seeds straw-color, 1-10 in. long, like old-
witch grass but longer and more pointed. (See
seed figures. )

Thorough, late tillage to destroy all piants
and seeds will be required to get rid of this
weed.

23 Slender Finger=grass (A) Syutherisma
filiformis (L..) Nash, and 24 Small Crab=grass
(A) *Syntherisma linearis (Krock) Nash, more es-
pecially the latter, are species closely related
to crab-grass that may be met with. For

Fic. 5. Crab-grass. practical purposes their possible confusion with
the common weedy species will not be a matter of importance at the same time
that the critical student will wish to distinguish them.

25 Foxtail, Pigeon=grass(A) *Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. The common
or yellow foxtail with dense, spiked heads like millet, iseverywhere known, I
comes in cultivated fields after crops are laid by, in stubble, in lawns, meadows
and in pastures. It also springs up where any vacant space is left in the oat
fields, as between plots of Station work. The bristles in the dense heads are
upwardly barbed.

Seeds flattened on one side, 1-8 inch long and more than half as wide, straw-
color to dark brown, with dense, transverse wrinkles all over them. Very com-
mon in clover seed, millet and seeds of late grasses. (See seed cuts.)

Late cultivation, cutting, burning or other seed destruction is required in
subduing this grass. Its seeds are evidently stored in most cultivated soils.
This weed is attacked by a smut, Ustilago panici-glaucit (Wallr.) Wint., which
destroyed the seeds to a measurable extent about the Station in 1896-1897; this
smut does not attack grains.

26 Green Foxtail, Bottle-grass (A) *Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Re-
sembles the common yellow foxtail, but has a green head and usually green
bristles. The heads are more tapering towards the tip. Occurring in rich,
cultivated fields.

Seeds, 1-16 inch long, resembling the last but with slightly different mark-
ings. (See seed cuts.) This grass should be destroyed like the common foxtail.

27 Foxtail=-grass (A) *Chaetochloa verticillata (L.)Scribn. This, the third o
the prevalent foxtail grasses is distinguished from green foxtail by the upward
barbing of the bristles. The seeds are large like those of the latter species,
partly light-colored and partly dark, about 1-16 inch long, with indistinct mark-
ings as shown in the illustration in the seed cuts. This is tobe dealt with in
the same manner as the other species.

308 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

28 Italian Millet, Hungarian=-grass (A) *Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribn.
Hungarian grass is frequently cultivated in our area and is even more frequent-
ly animpurity in various seeds. While less prevalent and troublesome than the
common, yellow foxtail itis often regarded as a weed, and frequent inquiries
arise for this reason. Seeds about the same size as green foxtail—about 1-16 inch
long—smooth or but slightly marked, varying in color, often coming with entire
hull removed.

29 Bur-grass, Sand=bur (A) Cenchrus tribuloides L.
This vile weed is illustrated in Fig. 6. It is of itself,
sufficiently illustrated for those who have been in close
contact with it. The stems are branched, about 1 foot
high, and the spikes are well armed. The one character-
istic feature is the many pointed, rigid bur enclosing the
seeds; this drops or is detached and carries the seed with
it. Bur-grass appears to be scattered over the entire
state in sandy soils. It is found to be a most pernicious
weed. Along the shores of Lake Erie I have noticed it
frequently. The spines are very hard and stiff. It is
worse than cockle-bur or bur-dock in its penetrating §g
powers.

Fire and hand gathering should go together in de-
stroying it. Waste, sandy areas harboring it should be
burned over annually. Fic. 6. Bur-grass.

30 Reed Canary=grass (P) Phalaris arundinacea L. Is a tall perennial
with culms 3 to 5 feet in height and with somewhat copious leaves, often 3-5 inch
n width and almost afoot in length. Itis characterized by a dense continuous
ipanicle which turns Jight in color, and by the production of abundant root-
stocks under ground. Jt is a native of rather marshy land and sometimes com-
plaints reach us by reason of its persistence in such soil. The cultivated ribbon
grass is a variety of this species. The Reed canary-grass may prove profitable
for cultivation owing to its productiveness although the production of viable seed
is quite uncertain. The seeds vary from lighter to darker, are elongated and
taper to point above, often downy and hairy above, while smooth and shining
at the base, about 1-8 inch in length.

31 Canary=grass (A)*Phalaris Canariensis L. This grass, which in its na-

tive home produces bird seed, the common food of oanary birds, is

distinguished by a short, dense, oval spike. The scales upon the outside are

often whitish with conspicuous green faces. Its seeds frequently appear as an_
impurity in other seeds; they are elongated, pointed, about 1-6 inch long, smooth

and shining. Mentioned herein because of the common occurrence of the seeds in

commercial products. Not to be feared as a weed.

32 Poverty=grass, Tripleawned-grass (P) Aristida dichotoma Michx. This
species, with other awned ones of the same genus, is occasionally met with in
borders and grass lands, especially in dry soil. The two erect and one divergent
awn at the tip of the grain sufficiently characterize these grasses for common
recognition. They occur somewhat infrequently but often attract interest by
reason of the characteristic awns. Like wild oat-grass it is best controlled
by improving soil conditions.

33 Porcupine-grass (P) Stipa spartea Trin. This growstothe height of 2
to 4 feet and has an upright, smooth culm. It is not frequently, though occasion-
ally met with in our area. It is characterized by a long, stout, spiral awn,
usually twice bent, hence the illusion in the common name. Certain to attract
notice where persisting and capable of being annoying as a weed.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 309

34 Nimble Will, Dropseed-grass (P) A/uhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nim-
dle will, Fig. 7, is alow, much branched, weedy grass with wiry culms (stems)
1 to 2 feet long, also called wire-grass. It is
common on dry hillsides and along pathways.
Seeds slender and inconspicuous.

Cultivation and rotation’ with clover may be
successfully used in dealing with this grass.

35 Mexican Drop-seed, Wood-grass (P)
Muhilenbergia Mexicana(L.)Trin. This grass is
a much-branched perennial growing in damp
ground, especially in woodlands. It is of no
agricultural value and is frequently received
forname. While resembling the last it has lat-

eral and more compact panicles. Cultivation
\ and drainage will displace it.

36 Rush Cattail-grass (P) */Heleochloa
schoenoides (L.) Host. This is a low, perennial
grass with decumbent base and attracting at-
tention by the short, dense panicles, very much
resembling, at first glance, those of the cul-
tivated timothy. The plantis sparingly naturals
ized at various points in the state and is likely
to attract increased notice. How objectionable
wit may prove experience will show.

Fic. 7. Nimble Will. 37 Wild Oat (A) *Avena fatua L. Wild

oat, Fig. 8, has been introduced at two points

or more in the state, and should be destroyed

promptly wherever found. It has become very

troublesome from Minnesota to Oregon and else-

where westward. It may be looked for in oats
or forage and some other western seeds.

Seed grains, usually larger than cultivated
oat, ripening earlier and irregularly, each
floret falling as soon as ripe, the lower with
long, stout, twisted and bent awns. The floral
glume about the grain is hairy below the mid-
dle, nearly black at maturity.

Gathering and burning the plants before
the seeds ripen is the method of destruction now
needed.

38 Wild Oat-grass, Poverty-grass (P)
Danthonia spicata(L.) Beauy. Dry, sterile banks,
or hard, but poorly seeded, infertile grass lands
are covered in early summer by this light green,
tufted grass. The leaves are short and narrow,
usually rolled. The stems (culms) are slender,
10 to 20 inches high, with few seeds. After f
flowering, the leaves and stems dry up and give rs
a desolate appearance. It is rightly named _
“‘poverty-grass,’’? indicating an impoverished
condition. Manuring, rotation with clover and reseeding will soon rid the land
of this grass by causing a better growth in its stead.

——

Puts 67.

Fic. 8. Wild Oat.

dLU - OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

39 Bermuda-grzss (P) *Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Also called dog’s
tooth grass. This low grass spreads from long, creeping and branching stolons
and grows to a height of from 6 inches to 1 foot. It has short leaves and
propagates itself so rapidly that it is very intrusive and objectionable. While
locally cultivated in the south for pasture it is becoming established at some
points in Ohio, and from its nature is iikely to give serious inconvenience in
lawns, and especially in cultivated grounds. Only careful attention will suc-
ceed in eradicating it where once established. Distinguished by the four-to
five-finger spikes of the head, which are shorter and much thicker than ordinary
crab-grass. The seeds atthe north not frequent as an impurity although may
possibly become so; enclosed in glume, about 1-8 inch long with groove on one side.

40 Stinking-grass, Pungent Meadow= :
grass (A) *Z7agrostis major Host. Stinking-
grass, Fig. 9, is another of the weedy annual ~
grasses. It is quite showy and may be readily
recognized from the peculiar form of the pani-
cles (heads). It grows in cultivated or waste
grounds and in yards. When fresh it emits a
strong, unpleasant odor.

Seeds very small, nearly round, of a light
reddish color, without adherent glumes, Fre-, \-
guent in timothy seed. ¥

To destroy this weed it must be prevented
from seeding, either by uprooting or by late *
cultivation. :

41 Low Meadow-grass (A) *Zragrostis
Eragrostis (L.) Karst. This second species of
meadow-grass is much lower than the preceding ¥
which in a way itresembles. The stems are
seldom much more than 1 foot in length with
decumbent and much-branched bases. oie
sheaths are loose and sparingly hairy and the
leaves are short; liable to become quite g _neral
in time, and to persist like the preceding. The
seeds are small, resembling those of stinking-
grass. Should be eliminated, if at all, by cul-
tivation.

42 Frank’s Meadow-grass (A) Eragrostis Frankii Steud. This is a low
much-branched and spreading grass resembling the preceding. It is a native
species and tends to multiply on low, or sandy ground. To be handled like the
other species.

43 Crowfoot, Dog’s=tail Grass (A) *Zleusinz Indica (L.) Geertn. Crowfoot,
a two-to-five fingered grass, grows to aheight of a foot or more and is
prevalent in walks and yards. The spikes are thicker than those of crab-grass
and the whole growth is sturdier. Itshould be taken out with a hoe before
seeding.

44 Tall Red-top (P) Tricuspis seslerioides (Michx.) Torr. This is a tufted
grass with itstall culms, 2 to 5 feet high; the purplish heads are quite conspicu-
ous, especially through the southeastern part of the s.ate. It has recently been
complained of as intruding in grass areas, in thatregion. Sometimes these
are borders, sometimes meadows. Once recognized by its manner of growth
and purplish panicle, reaching a foot or morein length, it is not easily
forgotten. While perennial, it is probably less troublesome and objection-
able than orchard grass, though more inclined to intrude in swampy areas.
Seeds not large, 1-16 inch long; the plant is scarcely to be feared as a weed
but should be controlled by mowing.

Fic. 9. Stinking-grass.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 311

45 Wire-grass, Flat-stemmed Blue-grass, (P) *Poa compressa L. While
of much more value than most of the preceding, this grass, by its creep-
ing rootstocks, tends to crowd out more valuable sorts. In the light soils

_ of southeastern Ohio this is generally the case. In mowing, the flat stems are

very hard tocut and this leads to the name of wire-grass; it is also called
Canada blue-grass. Upon thin, light soils, where no other grasses can be grown
successfully, it will yield rather scant herbage. ;

Seeds like Kentucky blue-grass but less downy. Cultivation for one or
more years in some summer crop is necessary to kill out wire-grass satisfac-
torily. This result is not secured by taking a single cropof wheat and
reseeding.

46 May-grass, Low Spear-grass (A) *Poaannua L. This is a low grass
scarcely reaching a foot in height, growing from seed each year. It strikingly
resembles blue-grass except in the height, the more compact form of the panicle
and its early heading out. Very many specimens have been sent the season of
1905 for identification, commonly by those who thought it might prove useful as
a lawn grass, which it cannot from its annual nature. The writer looks upon
it as an incumbrance in lawns, which may be mastered, except for the occasional
wet seasons. The seeds are larger than those of wire-grass, about 3-16 inch
long, with sparing woolly-hairiness and of appearance shown in the weed seed
illustrations. See plates of seed cuts.

47 Chess, Cheat (A) *Bromus secalinus L. Chess needs no description and
no apology for including it in a list of weeds. It is a winter annual. From the
fact that it frequently comes in wheat where clean seed has been sown, the notion
that wheat turns to chess has gained prevalence. But the chess plant springs
from chess seed as certainly as wheat springs from wheat seed. The seeds,
however, appear to retain their vitality for a long time and the presence of such
seeds in the soil will account for its appearance under some circumstances.
The vitality of- buried seeds has been already discussed.

Seeds slender 5-16 to 3-8 in. long, with adhering glumes. Occasionally found
in wheat, in oats and in clover seed. Distinguished from oats by darker color
and smaller size of grain.

Chess, like wheat, dies after seeding. To prevent seed from ripening and
to avoid sowing chess in other seeds is the remedy. It may be pulled out of the
grain fields when present in limited amount. Ground may be freed from buried
seeds by thorough, continuous cultivation.

Sy r 48 Soft Chess (A) *Bromushordeaceus L. This

: y chess-grass is distinguished from the common cheat by

(i its soft-hairy character and commonly shorter culms.

It is less likely to be introduced than cheat but is fre-

quently met with,and for that reason must be distin-
guished from the commoner species.

49 Slender Chess (A) *270mus tectorum L. Slender
chess is occasionally found in different parts of the state.
It is gradually becoming introduced. The whole plant
is lax, the panicles somewhat one-sided and covered
with fine down. It should be destroyed in the same
manner as cheat.

50 Perennial Rye-grass, Darnel, (P) * Lolium perenne

(V¢ .
Ms f L. The seeds of the common darnel, Fig. 10, are some-
Pty ° _ .
; 4 scue 2S tUuc wy LL.
Fre; 10. Perennial Rye- times sent out for meadow fescue, Fesfuca elatior L.,
grass. which they closely resemble. It is also spontaneous

(After Millspaugh.) Guite generally. In moist climates it is a reliable past-

ure grass for strong soils. While not ranking as a noxious weed it is here
included that it may be distinguished from-more valuable grasses.

312 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175

51 Quack-grass, Couch-grass, Wheat-grass (P) *Agropyron repens L.
Quack-grass, Fig. 11, ranks among the very worst weeds and is found locally
in most counties. This grass grows 1 to 3 ft. high, from an extended, creeping,

Fic. 11. Quack-grass.

exes, jointed rootstock, bearing spikes 3 to 10 inches

long. The rootstocks are of the same character
as those found in Johnson-grass and render
this one of the most difficult planfs to eradicate.
A correspondent writes that the rootstocks in
his field grew through potato tubers.

Seeds slender, 3-8 to1-2 in. long, the en-
closing glume apparently three pointed. Itis
not yet prevalent in the seeds of commerce.

From what has been already said, it may
be inferred that quack-grass is very difficult to
destroy and that unless eradicated when found
it will, in time, spread indefinitely. Not only
must seeding be prevented but the creeping
rootstocks must be starved out and destroyed.
The method to be employed will be determined
somewhat by the other circumstances. Where
there are small areas containing it, they should
not be cultivated with the surrounding land.
A small area may sometimes be smothered out
by covering tightly with boards. Hoe cutting
and salting at frequent intervals will be found
effective. This is especially useful when the
In any case two or three years

pest occurs in land pastured by sheep or cattle.

wiil be required to eradicate it and frequently a longer time.

tracts are infested, fencés and other harbors
should be removed and the whole carefully culti-
vated for afew years in some hoed crop.

52 Spelt (A) *7riticum spelta L. Spelt
is like wheat in general character; it differs in
the strong tendency of the glumes to adhere to
the grain, and in some other characters.

Complaint reaches us from Michigan, that
speit is becoming a menace to wheat growing,
since once admixed in the wheat, it can scarcely
be separated and the spelt spoils wheat for
flour. The Michigan conditions should be
sufficient warning to others to eliminate spelt
by avoidance.

53 Squirreltail-grass (Aor B) *Hordeum
jubatum L. This weedy grass, Fig. 12, ‘seems
capable of invading many partsof Ohio. It has
come from the west and has been established in
several places, particularly is it noticeable about
Castalia, Erie Co., and near Toledo. It may
spread to many districts not yet infested. The
plant is usually 1 ft. high with a dense head
two inches or more in length. The long awns
and slender, sterile glumes give these so char-

acteristic a look that one can scarcely be mistaken in the plant.

to barley.

—
Avy
)

Fic. 12. Squirreltail-grass

When large

It is related

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 313

Seeds, when stripped of glumes, much like rye in appearance, 1-8 inch long.
Squirreltail-grass should be gathered and burned wherever it is found. If
this is practiced it may be prevented from becoming a general pest.

SEDGE FAMILY, CYPERACEZ:.
54 Galingale (A and P) Cyperus diandrus Torr., Cyperus strigosus L. There
are several species of this genus, Fig. 13, growing in low wet ground and in
ditches. They have grass-like leaves and at
the top, clusters of flattened, chess-like fruits,
borne on cylindrical or triangular stems.
The second onehas corm-liketubers about the
base, which distinguishes it from the next.

First of all to be rid of them, the land
{must be underdrained and then thorough
f tillage is required to destroy the ;lants
where they have become fully established.

55 Nutgrass, Chufa (P) Cyperus escu-
lentus L. The nutgrass of Ohio is a species
of galingale, Cyperus, and is not identical
with that of the Atlantic and Gulf states,
which is Cyperus rotundus L., an introduced

5S 2B. Galingate. weed. Incharacter ours is a troublesome
(After Millspaugh.) weed, very difficult toeradicate. Unlike the
introduced pest, this produces few seeds and propagates itself chiefly by means
of underground stems, bearing small, pear-shaped tubers 1-2 in. in length, at
intervals of afew inches. Stems are sent up to the surface at like intervals.
Nutgrass is limited to lands originally suited to it, namely, those that were low
and quite wet. But upon draining these lands it is very difficult to eliminate
the plant. Some lands of this sort that have been in cultivation for many years
are far from rid of it. Like Canada thistle and quack-grass, the stems and
tubers underground must be starved out. To secure this, clean hoe cultivation
for two or more seasons will be required; even this may prove ineffectual if
infested fence rows are left uncleaned.

56 Sedges (P) Carex spp. The sedges are numerous. Fig. 14 shows their
grass-like appearance. The leaves are frequently lighter colored than the
grasses, and the rough culms (stems) are mostly tri-
angular. The sedges that intrude upon the cultivator
are plants of wet soil which can only be disposed of
after drainage and by subsequent thorough culture.
When present they show that the ground is not in condi-
tion to yield right returns, without draining.

RUSH FAMILY, JUNCACEZ.

57 Slender Rush (P) Juncus tenuis Willd. The
slender rush, sometimes called poverty-grass, has round,
pithy, unbranched stems, 8 to i8 inches high, and seed
pods at the summit.. It grows in over-moist soil like
many of the preceding, and in trodden paths, but may
often be cleaned out through cultivation. More drainage
is the indicated need, where it occurs. The plant has
little or no feeding value. It is properly not a grass.

Fic. 1t. Sedge.
58 Soft Rush (P) /uncus effusus L. A taller rush, (After Milispaugh .)

growing 2 to 3 ft. high, is often met with in the depres-
sions of pastures and in hollows. This soft rush is less frequent than the lasi
and should be treated in the same way.

314 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 1%.

LILY FAMILY, LILIACEZE.

59 Day-lily (P) *Hemerocallis fulva WU. The common, orange-colored,
day-lily often escapes from cultivation, especially about old house-sites and on
roadsides. The roots are very tenacious and only stringent measures will
destroy them. Hoe cutting and salting, as recommended for Canada thistle,
should prove efficient here. The plant does not deserve a place inculture. It
spreads generally from the root. ;

60 Wild Onion, Wild Garlic (A and B) *Allium vineale L. The wild
onion, Fig. 15; is a bulbous plant and for that reason liable to be scattered
widely. It grows from 1 to 3 ft. high and the floral umbel is
often densely bulb-bearing, like the old garden onion, a
feature not shown in the cut. A bulblet is figured ata. These
bulbs or bulblets must be destroyed if wild onion is eradicated.
If cows eat of this vile weed, the milk and butter are ruined.
When the bulblets get into the wheat, as may often happen,
the flour is likewise spoiled. This weed has been introduced
from Europe sand is established at several Ohio stations.
While always bad it seems to flourish rather better on sandy
or loamy soils. It seems to be planted occasionally and
thence escapes, and also to be sown in wheat at times, espec-
ially in the south.

A case of the latter sort occurred inthis county. Scattered
plants may be taken out and destroyed, but in badly infested
lands it will be necessary to cultivate thoroughly in some
hoed crop for at least two seasons. I have never seen it
produce true seeds, but the bulblets, Fig. 15, a, possess great
vitality. These may be removed from grain by drying ra) “~*
thoroughly as proposed by Duvel.

61 Meadow Garlic (Aand B) Allium Canadense UL.

The meadow garlic just named, as well as the wild leak, Fic. 15. Wild
Allium tricoccum, both closely allied to the preceding, are re
sometimes found in borders and in meadows. These species

seem to multiply more rapidly than the wild garlic and yet may prove pestifer-
ous. Recognized by their bulbous character, and by their blossoms, resembling
those of the onion. If necessary either may be removed in a manner like the
preceding.

62 Star of Bethlehem (B) *Osxithogalum umbellatum L. This is a common
bulbous plant cultivated for ornament, which frequently escapes to the field. The
scape, or stalk, is a foot high, or less, with narrow leaves and umbel-like
clusters of greenish flowers with white margins. As a rule, even where escaped,
the Star of Bethlehem is not objectionable. Should it prove so in any case the
bulbs may be removed and the plant thereby evicted.

63 Adam’s Needle (P) * Yucca filamentosa L. This plant, while a favorite
in cultivation, is capable of spreading greatly if permitted to ripen seed. The
tall scapes (flower-stalks) with many creamy flowers are handsome, but if the
plant is grown, itshcould not be permitted to produce seed. Once scattered,
only laborious hand digging or cultivation will destroy the large-rooted seedlings.

64 Asparagus (P) *Asparagus officinalis L. The wild asparagus does
not differ essentially from the cultivated sort, This illustrates the danger of
permitting plants escaped from cultivation to grow anywhere. The asparagus
beetle, Crioceris asparagi has first been found by the Station Entomologist in
any given locality, on these isolated plants; thence it has spread to gardens.
The asparagus rust, Puccinia Asparagi DC., a most destructive disease of this
plant, has already appeared in Ohio, and while itis more likely to be intro-
duced in cultivated areas, the rust will certainly be harbored by any escaped
plants. Persistent culture with hoe and, perhaps, the addition of salt, w_.
destroy the strays. é

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 315

GREENBRIER FAMILY, SMILACE/E.

65 Greenbrier (P) Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbriers of one or two
additional species besides thaf above named, are found in fence rows and thicket
borders. They may be killed by grubbing and putting the land incultivated crops.

II DICOTYLEDONES.
Plants with two seed-leaves (cotyledons) and leaves netted-veined.

WILLOW FAMILY, SALICACE.

66 Willows (P) Salix spp. That very persistence in growth which renders
willows so valuable in protecting embankments and closings the mouths of
abandoned waterways, makes them obstructive pests along streams generally.
Frequent cutting or grubbing is resorted to. After the willows have become
large enough to ‘‘peel’’ the bark from the trunk near the ground, this method of
destruction is often succesfully practiced. This seems best done during June,
when the bark is most easily separated. I have seen willows thus treated com-
pletely killed out, and the stumps rotting afterwards with little or no sprouting.

67 Cottonwoods, Poplars (P)/Popu’us spp. The various sorts of poplar
are often a serious annoyance in lawns. The white, or silver poplar, Populus
alba L.., sprouts prodigiously, and the same is true of the Lombardy poplar,
Populus dilatata L. The commoner cottonwood planted for shade has likewise
proved a troublesome neighbor by reason of its free sprouting. The frequent
grubbing of sprouts is about all that can be done, and will prove effective if
often enough repeated.

WALNUT AND HICKORY FAMILY, JUGLANDACEZX.

68 Hickories (P) Hicoria spp. Sprouting hickories are one of the greatest
pests of the sandy, hillside pastures of southern and southeastern Ohio. Unless
frequently grubbed over, the quality and yield of herbage are affected. On such
lands plowing is dangerous because of disastrous washing. The most that can
be done seems to be to grub out, cut off or peel the bushes at intervals. With
these as with other plants, the maximum shock will be given to the plant if cut
off or grubbed at the time growth is about to cease and food storage increase.
This will commonly occur in June and July.

MULBERRY FAMILY, MORACEAE.

69 Osage Orange (P) Zoxylon pomiferum Raf. This is the common
osage hedge plant from the southwest and often planted for hedges. The leaves
are ovate and frequently pointed, smooth and glossy. The flowers are of two
sorts and the fruit, a large apple-like affair, contains a large number of seeds.
The plant is freely multiplied by cuttings and appears to branch freely from the
root, especially where this is broken. It is a conspicuous annoyance in many
portions of Ohio where it has heen planted for hedges and neglected, interfering
not only with the appearance of the roadway but with the productiveness of the
fields by which the early hedges grew. It is not improbable that becoming a
pest in border areas, it may, in afew generations, become a persistent border
plant, rendering the woodlots a source of annoyance thereby. It may be eradi-
cated by cutting off the tops and burning brush upon stumps and by subsequent
attention and removal of sprouts, if any.

70 Hop (P) *Humulus Lupulus L. Thisis a common vine with its long root-
stocks under ground and is frequently a source of trouble about old homesteads.
The leaves are roundish and 3to7 cleft, while the vines are rough with stiff
hairs. Persistent grubbing of the roots and cutting of the new shoots will
usually clean it out. These vines were originally planted for the production of
hops and are often neglected. They are freely attacked by leaf-spot fungi
including, Cylindrosporium Humuli E & E., Pahyllosticta Humuli Sacc.,
Septoria lupulina E & K. and others, and for several reasons are objectionable
when running wild.

316 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 1'5.

71 Hemp (A) *Cannabis sativa L. This annual grows higher than a man;
it has divided leaves with tapering pointed segments. The resemblance to the
nettles would usually be noticed; hemp has avery tough, fibrous inner bark and
is so distinguished; it is grown in the south. Quite common in waste places,
particularly about cities and stock yards and liable to become general. Seeds
large, quite irregular as to size, ovoid, about 1-8 inch long, varying from dark
to lighter with surface markings. May be looked for as an impurity in seeds
from the hemp growing districts. Quite frequent in seed oats.

NETTLE FAMILY, URTICACEZ.

72 Tall Nettle (P) Urtica gracilis Ait. This plant is often found in fence-
rows and in moist ground, growing 3 to 6ft. tall. It is somewhat bristly, and
while it has fewer stings than others, it still has stings. The flowers are in
clusters and the leaves are ovate (egg-shaped) and coarsely toothed. Nettle is
best destroyed by freqnent close cutting or by cultivation. Seeds small, about
1-20 inch long as shown in seed cuts.

73 Stinging Nettle (P) *Uritica dioica L. This nettle has become introduced
at a few places. It is like the other, only very bristly and stinging. Itis
destroyed by grubbing or cutting.

Seeds with difficulty distinguishable from the preceding.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, POLYGONACE

74 Curled Dock, Sour Dock, Yellow Dock (P) *Rumex crispus L. The
curled dock may be recognized by its narrower, curled leaves and other less
evident characters. The plant is a bad pest about yards and farm outbuildings.
Its large roots make deep cutting necessary; while young, the leaves are used as
a pot-herb for ‘‘greens.’’ This dock harbors both the melon louse and the corn-
root louse. Seeds brown, triangular, 1-12 inch long, two-thirds as wide tapering
abruptly to the point, smooth and shining. Very common in clover and alfalfa
seed.

All docks require yearly pulling, deep cutting or grubbing, and this must
be done before the seeds are formed. They are also destroyed by cultivation.

75 Bitter Dock, Broad Dock (P) *Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad dock
occurs with the last and is very common. It may be distinguished by the broad
leaves and more numerous grains on the seed valves.

Seeds like the curled dock, sometimes slightly darker in color and having a
more extended beak, tapering more gradually to the tip. Very common in clover

seed. It must be remembered in pulling up docks that the large roots contain»

enough food to ripen the seeds if the grubbing is left till these begin to form.

76 Tall Dock, Peach-leaved Dock (P) Rumex altissimus Wood. This dock
has a certain resemblance to the others but with distinct botanical characters
of leaf and fruit. It prefers moist ground; while a native species it may be
found frequently intermingled with the others. Seeds much like the others.

77 Patience Dock (P) *Rumex Patientia L. A very tall sort of the height
of aman, with large leaves and very deep, long root. It is more locally intro-
duced than the others, but must be reckoned with among these pesky weeds.
Seeds as in the others, about 1-8 inch long, triangular in form.

78 Sorrel, Horse Sorrel (P) *Rwmex Acetosella L. Sorrel ranks pre-emi-
nently as the worst pest of the order on sandy soils. The illustration (Fig. 16)
will show the characters of the plant. The whole has asourtaste. Itis
perennial and abundantly propagated by its running rootstocks as well as by
seed. It is apparently confined to sandy soils; these predominate in the coal
measures and subcarboniferous districts, where not covered by the drift.
This character of formation underlies that part of the state east of a line from
Huron on Lake Erie to Rome on the Ohio River below Portsmouth. Sandy

7

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 317

soils also occur in portions of Lucas, Henry, and Fulton counties, on the ola
lake beaches south of Lake Erie, and elsewhere in limited areas. The drift

clays cover much of the northern portion of the gen- %/ \ rir
eral district before outlined. On suitable landsthe *& VY We
sorrel crowds out feeble growths of other crops. a N g

Seeds small, brown, triangular, about 1-20 inch
long, almost as broad as long; when thoroughly
cleaned, smooth and shining, more commonly invested ,
by a dull brown, adherent covering. Very frequent
in clover seeds of all sorts and sometimes in other
seeds. Especially difficult to separate from seeds of
Alsike clover, samples of which have been received
that were found to contain thirteen percent. of sorrel
seed.

In dealing with sorrel we cannot hope to eradicate
it, at most but tocontrol and subdueit. It is an
index of soil character. How far in Ohio it may
indicate an acid soil I am unable to state, although
the two conditions are associated. In Rhode Island,’ pes Sze
‘ : : : Fic. 16. Sorrel. Thecut
it has been found that treating the soil with lime shows creeping parts.
largely controls the sorrel. (After Vasey.)

Enough has been done in Ohio, including work on the Station farm in
recent years,” tojustify the conclusion that sorrel is controlled through liming,
fertilizing or manuring the land to smother it by the increased growth of other
crops, especially clover and grasses. After liming, if the fertility of the soil is
sufficiently increased the growth of forage plants will smother the sorrel, and
infested tracts or fields can be successfuly dealt with only by improving them.
Lime used on such lands in Ohio, corrects any acid condition and may serve
further useful purposes. Climate will influence results, the maximum good may
be looked for in seasons favorable to a good stand of clover and grasses.

79-80 Knotweed (A) Polygonum aviculare L. and Polygonum erectum L.
These weeds are very abundant in yards and by waysides where the ground has
been trodden. The first named species is much smaller, the leaves less than an
inch in length, while the second or erect knotweed, grows one to two feet high
and has leaves one or two inches or more long. These are attacked by aspecies
of mildew, Lrysiphe communis (Wallr.), which also attacks certain cultivated
plants. Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tul., a smut, is also reported upon knotweed.
Seeds rather small, dull black, 1-8 in. long, triangular, apparently not abun-

dant. The knotweed may be prevented by substituting cement walks and paved
ways for trodden paths.

81 Pennsylvania Smartweed (A) Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. This
is a much larger growing sort than the preceding ones, being from two to four
feet in height and sometimes even higher. The flowers are often bright rose
color, with gland-tipped hairs on the stem (peduncle) below the flower cluster.
The heads of this smartweed are often affected with a smut Ustilago utriculosa
(Nees), which converts them into a mass of violet spores, thus destroying the
seeds. The leaves are frequently spotted by a leaf spot fungus, Sep/oria polyg-
unorum Desm., and also attacked by arust, Puccinia polygont Pers.

Seeds rather large, lenticular (lens-shaped), 1-8 in. long by 1-12 in. wide,
dark and shining. Frequent in clover seed since this plant ripens its seeds at
the time of cutting clover for seed. Destroy the plants before the seeds are
formed. The seeds follow closely the opening of the first blossoms, commonly
maturing from August to October.

1Report Rhode Island Experiment Station, 1895: 193-199; also 1894
2Bulletin Ohio Agricultural Ea periment Station, 159; 1905

318 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

82 Lady’s-thumb, Smartweed (A) *Polygonum Fersicaria L. The
lady’s-thumb is smaller than the last, 12 to 18 inches high, with smooth peduncle
and leaves often marked with a dark triangular or crescent-shaped spot near
the middle. Itis attacked by the septoria already mentioned, and also harbors
the corn-root aphis, according to Forbes, the louse appearing with the first.
leaves of the plant. |

Seeds much smaller than the last, lens-shaped or triangular. Found in near-
ly all clover seed, from which the seeds cannot well be separated by screening.
It can be destroyed by preventing it from seeding and by sowing only clean
seeds. When such plants occur in fields to be cut for clover seed they should
first be removed.

83 Smartweed, Water Pepper (A) *Polygonum Hydropiper L. Thisis
a smooth, erect smartweed, often reddishin color. The leaves are lance-shaped
while the stem grows to a height of one totwo feet. The spikes are nodding,
often uninterrupted. The seeds are dull, not smooth and shining as in the
others. The plant is frequently naturalized in moist places and may be accom-
panied by, the mild water pepper, /olygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

84 Prince’s Feather (A) *Polygonum orientale L. Also grows as an
escape from cultivation. The more pronounced flower-cluster will distinguish it.
The seeds are usually dull, almost circular in outline with point at apex, thick
lens-shaped, 1-10 inch in diameter.

85 Black Bindweed (A) *Polygonum Convolvulus L. Black bindweed is
atwining or running annual with leaves shaped like buckwheat and with
similar seeds. It is very abundant in bottom lands, where, by overflow, it may
be distributed widely. Alsofound in cultivated grounds. It is attacked by two
or more species of leaf fungi.

Seeds dull black, triangular, 1-8 in. long, occasionally found in grain. It
has been especially complained of in bran from western mills. To be rid of
black bindweed it seems necessary to remove fences and borders of brush and
to employ the scythe and torch in destroying plants and seeds.

86 Tear-thumb (A) Polygonum arifolium L., Polygonum sagitiatum L.
These two species, the first halberd-leaved, the second arrow-leaved, are often
found in low grounds, and make themselves especially known by the prickles
on the stems and leaf-stalks. The seeds may come in commercial products;
(See weed cuts for latter sort), Destroyed by drainage and by the methods
recommended for the last.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY, CHENOPODIACEE.

87 Lamb’s-quarters, Goosefoot (A) *Chenopodium
album WL. WLamb,s-quarters, Fig. 17, is a common annual
weed in cultivated lands. It grows from two to six feet
in height but more commonly, two to three feet. The whole
plant is more or less mealy in appearance. It is some-
times called pigweed, which name more properly belongs
tothe amaranths. The young and tender plants are used
by southwestern Indians as pot-herbs, but with us they
are not made use of.

It is attacked by several species of fungi, including ‘=
Cercospora dubia (Riess. ), Septorta Westendorpii Wint., and
Peisonospora effusa (Grev.) Rabh.; the latter fungus is
destructive to spinach. With smartweed, ragweed and
sorrel it harbors the adults of a small striped beetle,
Systena teniata, which is destructive to beets and mangel-

: Fic. 17. Lamb’s
wurzels. The larve of this beetle also work upon the quarters.

roots of these plants. This and No. 83, also harbor the (After Millspaugh.
melon louse, Aphis gossypit Glov., according to Pergande.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANDAL. 319

Seeds lenticular, round, 1-20 inch in diameter, dull black, ripening from
August to November. Frequently found in clover and alfalfa seed. To destroy
lamb’s-quarters it must be prevented from seeding by cultivation and destruc-
tion of all plants. This may be taken as a type of a number of weeds which
come in potato fields, corn and other crops receiving only early cultivation.
The remedy lies in more thorough destruction of them through better and
especially, through later cultivation.

88 Wormseed (A) *Chenopodium anthelminticum L. This is another
annual differing slightly from the preceding in the inflorescence and in having
a penetrating (to some, offensive) aromatic odor. It is more frequent in the
southern part of the state, but has been introduced generally. Seeds very
small, of the size of timothy seed, kidney shaped, light brown, small and
shining. Not yet occurring very generally in commercial seeds.

89 Mexican Tea (A) *Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican tea is from
tropical America and differs from the preceding but slightly in the wavy
margins of the leaves and in minor characters. The seeds are small like those
of the next sort.

90 Jerusalem Oak, Feather-geranium (A) *Chenopodium Botrys L.
Jerusalem oak strongly resembles the preceding, but differs from it in being
smaller, having leaves deeply lobed and dull seeds; also occurs in waste places.

91 Nettle-leaved Goosefoot (A) *Chenopodium murale L. This is suffi-
ciently designated by the name and having the lamb’s-quarters in hand or mind.
It is distributed less widely in Ohio than some others but may become an omni-
present weed of like character with those better known.

92 Oak-leaved Goosefoot *Cheopodium glaucum L. Naturalized from
Europe, is becoming frequent in waste places and especially along railways.

93 Maple-leaved Goosefoot (A) Chenopodium hybridum L. This plant
has one to four large, pointed lobes to the leaves, which gives the resemblance

and name. While a native plant, it may spread as a weed in waste places.

94 Orache Atriplex (A) *Atriplex
hastata L. This plant, Fig. 18, allied to
to the garden orache, has recently been
introduced and now ranks with lamb’s-
quarters and pigweed in its pestiferous
characters. It occurs especially along
railway embankments and on vacant lots
in cities. It is very spreading in growth,
forming a broad mass one to two feet
high and several feet in diameter. It is
attacked by the mildew, Pezsonospora effu-
sa, which injures spinach and orache.

Seeds resembling those of lamb’s-
quarters. Fig. 18a, nat. size; 6,x6.

This weed should be uprooted before
the seeds begin to form. Mere cutting
with the scythe is not sufficient, because
the plant stools freely and the stems are
too low to be reached in this manner.

95 Thelance-leaved, Atriplex patula

= L., with this marked difference from the
Fie. 18. Atriplex. figure, alsooccurs as an Ohio weed.

96 Silvery Orache (A) *Atriplex argentea Nutt. This is a native of the
western United States.and is reported by Dr. Kellerman as present in this
state. The plant is densely silvery-scurfy with foliage otherwise much as the rest

of the genus. Less likely than the commoner sorts to be troublesome as a weed.

320 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

97 Western Orache (A) *Afriplex tiuncata (Torr.) A. Gray. This
requires notice here, since the flat triangular fruits, containing small, circular
seeds, are often found in alfalfa seed. For these, see seed cuts.

98 Russian Thistle, Russian Tumbleweed (A) *Salsola TragusL. This
plant, which is properly a tumbleweed, nota thistle, early proved very aggress-
ive inthe west. It was introduced into what is now South Dakota in flax seed a
little more than twenty-five years ago. Its occurrence in Ohio has thus far been
limited to points along trunk railways, and occasional fields where it seems to
have becn scattered from western stock carsor in seeds. It has been found in
ten or more counties, beginning to appear in 1893. The plant varies greatly in
appearance and in leaf character at different stages of growth. While the
plants are young the leaves are long and slender, two inches or more in length
and less than one-eighth inch in width, but when older these slender leaves
drop off to give place to triple, half-inch spines on the flowering branches. At
this stage the plant often becomes very large and spreading, forming a top
about two feet in height and from two to six feet in diameter. The leaves on
this plant are never much wider than wooden tooth-picks and form no broad
leaf blade. This alone will enable an observer to distinguish it from the
common tumbleweed which is so frequently mistaken for it. On the tumble-
weed there are flat leaves about two inches long having a broadened blade
1-2 inch or more in width. The Russian thistle has, so far as now known,
been exterminated at every point where it has been introduced in Ohio, thanks
to the interest taken by the railway officials and others. The attention given
the Russian thistle has led to greater care generally in the destruction of
weeds along railroad rights-of-way. While a great deal more yet remains to
be secured, it seems to me that this weed affords an illustration of what can be

‘done in limiting the spread of a newly introduced weed.

The seeds of the Russian thistle are very characteristic, about the size of
clover seed, light yellow, conical, showing coiled embryo, but usually invested
by a thin, grayish coating. They are very different from those of tumbleweed
which are much smaller, flattened, round, dark and shining; they occur fre-
quently in alfalfa seed from the west. To eradicate the Russian thistle it is
only necessary to uproot all plants before August 15th. After that date it is
necessary to burn the plants which are green and succulent, with brush or
logs. lt has proved possible to prevent this weed from gaining wide dissemina-
tion in Ohio. Yet this result was reached through persistent care and by
reasou of the easier handling of the weed.

99 Kochia (A) *Xochia Scoparia (.) Roth. This plant is now very
commonly cultivated and has freely escaped about Wooster as well as elsewhere
in Ohio. Itsresemblance to evergreens in form of growth makes it popular as
a border plant; the change to reddish color of stems and leaves in autumn is also
a noticeable feature. The plant is liable in time to become common as a weed
and to have similar characters, as such, to others of the tribe. Seeds less regu-
lar than those of lamb’s-quarters, 1-20 inch in diameter, dull and dark.

PIGWEED FAMILY, AMARANTHACE®,

100 Tumbleweed (A) *Amaranthus graecizans L. This weed, Fig. 19, is
another of the pernicious annuals of which we have by far too many. It com-
monly grows about a foot in height and one or two feet in diameter, and is
likely to be found in waste grounds generally. It is not very frequent in
cultivated lands but is often met with along railways. It may be distinguished
from the Russian thistle, for which it is often taken, by its having leaves with
a definite, flattened blade 1-2 inch or more in width and by the small, round,
shining seeds. It is attacked by a white mold, Cystopus Bliti (Biv.) Lév., which
also attacks the beet.

a a ee

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 201

Seeds, as shown in the illustration, enlarged four times, round, lenticular,
1-32 inch in diameter, dark brown, smooth and very shining. Met with in
clover seed. Here, however, less fre-
quentthan the seeds cf pigweed, Ama-
anthus hybridus, from which they may
be distinguished by the more dis-
tinct wing-like border. To be de-
stroyed like other similar annuals by
preventing the ripening of its seeds,
which mature from August to the end
of the season. (

101 Low Amaranth (A) *Amaran- |
thus biitoides (Wats.) The low ama-
ranth is a native of the western states
and has become generally introduced
in waste places and along railways.
It differs from the preceding in its
prostrate growth, lying and spreading
upon the ground. Seeds readily dis-
tinguished from the preceding by their
double size and similar winged border.
To be dealt with as the last.

102 Pigweed, Redroot, Amaranth,
(A)* Amaranthus hybridus L. Pigweed
is very common in cultivated fields,
growing two to four feet high. It is a cages
abundant in gardens and especially in corn and potato fields after they are
laid by. The leaves are broad, with wavy margin and long stalks ( petioles).
These are frequently attacked by a white mold, Cystopus Bliti, that also attacks
beets. It may be expected to harbor the beet feeding beetle, Systena teniata,
already mentioned.

Seeds like those of tumbleweed, about 1-20 inch in diameter, without any
manifest border. This large group of annual weeds, belonging to the buck-
wheat, goosefoot and pigweed families, all require similar measures for their
destruction. The seeds ripenfrom August to November and in addition, are no
doubt abundantly stored in most garden soils. Later cultivation and more
thorough removal of the weeds in corn, potatoes and other tilled crops is needed
to reduce the number of these weeds.

103 Rough Pigweed (A) *Amazanthus retroflexus
L. Rough pigweed is distinguished from the preceding
by its pale green color, roughish stems and spikes of
double thicknéss; the growth is generally stouter but
weedy characters the same. Seeds slightly smaller
than those of No. 100. Plant naturalized from tropical
America.

104 Spiny Amaranth (A) Amaranthus spinosus L.
Is another of the pigweed tribe. It differs chiefly in
the pair of spines in the leaf axils, The leaves, blos-
soms, etc., Fig. 20, will at once suggest the class to
which it belongs. In southeastern Ohio this weed
appeared just after the war, having possibly been
transported from the south in material sent back from

Fic. 20. Spiny Amaranth. that region. Locally it is called soldier-weed.
(After Milispaugh.)

329 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

The plant 1s a great pest because of its free growth and of its annoying spines,
It is most troublesome along the river counties in the southeast, infesting lawns,
fields and roadsides.

Seeds dark, lens shaped, round, very small, 1-40 inch in diameter, smooth
and shining. Such a pest as this should not be permitted to invade new
districts as itis now doing. Prompt destruction of all plants before seeding,
as has been above outlined, will in time free lands from spiny amaranth, while
watchfulness about its introduction will be amply repaid.

105 Juba’s Bush, Bloodleaf (A) Jresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Is
known to be present in Ohio; its weedy characters are unknown to the writer.

POKEWEED FAMILY, PHYTOLACCACE.,

106 Poke, Garget (P) Phytolacca decandia L. This is a tall, smooth, plant
with thick, red stems, two to six feet high, bearing in the fall an abundance of
dark berries in grape-like clusters. It is common in deep soils, forming very
thick, deep roots. It seems to be distributed largely by birds that feed upon the
berries, possibly by the children who make ink of them. While the young
shoots of this plant are frequently used as pot-herbs, the root is violently
poisonous. The root furnishes a well known officinal remedy. It is reported
that sheep eat the berries and leave the seeds on the high points of their pastures.
Pokeberry pies are alsoa matter of tradition, and while those who eat them
may survive, as did my Michigan friend who fed upon the cooked berries of
black nightshade, one familiar with the poisonous character of this plant will
not be disposed to test such pastry. In fact it would seem safer to omit poke
from our dietary.

Grubbing or cultivation is the best means of eradicating this weed. If cut
well below the crown the plant does not usually send up further shoots.

INDIAN CHICKWEED FAMILY, AIZOACEE.

107 Indian Chickweed, Carpet=-weed (A) *MWollugo verticillata L. This
is a low, prostrate annual, frequent in the interstices of brick sidewalks about
towns and in cultivated grounds. The leaves are clustered at the joints and
broader toward the point. Pods many-seeded. Its carpet-like growth is very
characteristic.

Seeds very small, reddish brown, about 1-50 inch long, kidney-shaped, with
several longitudinal lines around the back and on the sides. Like purslane the
seeds are early matured and prompt destruction of the plants by cultivation is
necessary to destroy them.

PURSLANE FAMILY, PORTULACACE. j

108 Purslane, Pursley (A) *Portulaca oleracea L. This prostrate, fleshy-
stemmed plant, with fleshy leaves and small yellow flowers (opening only on
sunny mornings), quickly succeeded by well filled seed capsules, is preeminently
a garden pest. It is also found in cultivated fields generally. In the garden we
cannot entirely prevent the appearance of purslane even if well trained for other
weed destruction. The plant has some value as a food for pigs, but the cost of
gathering it is greater than that of producing better food by field crops. This
weed is attacked, especially in wet seasons, by a white mold, Cystopus portulace
(DC.) Lév. It makes small yellow spots in the leaves which soon drop off,
thus causing the whole plant to have a sickly appearance. This fungus was
an obvious check to the purslane in the season of 1896; the scarcity of purslane
during 1897 has been the subject of frequent remark. A leaf miner also works
its destruction. Purslane also harbors both the melon plant louse, Aphis
gossypii Glov., and the corn root louse.

Seeds very small, black, kidney-shaped with a decided snout, marked with
fine network. Very careful cultivation is required, in rich land, to keep purs-
lane in subjection.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 323

PINK FAMILY, CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

109 Cockle, Corn-cockle (A) *Agrostemma Githago L. The pink
flowered cockle is too common in wheat fields. Where very abundant it is very
difficult to remove the seeds from those of the grain. The seed capsules are
early filled, so that the seed is well matured when the grain is gathered.

Seeds black, angular, kidney-shaped, 1-12 to 1-8 inch across, marked with
spiny reticulations arranged in rows around the curved sides of the seeds.
Very common in wheat, from which about the best separation is secured by
hand sifting, using a screen of eight meshes tothe inch. Also found in oats.
Poisonous to young fowls. The best method of removing cockl¢ is that of pulling
from the seed grain. The weed remains only because of carelessness and the
neglect of reasonable precautions to remove it.

110 Night-flowering Catchfly (A) *Szlene noctifora L. A tall, leafy
viscid-hairy (sticky), annual, one to two feet high, with few, creamy-white
flowers. Lower leaves broader toward tip (spatulate), upper tapering; pod
soon ovoid, having a green network of veins without. Frequent in grasses and
clover fields, persisting in lawns.

Seeds very abundant, grayish brown, kidney-shaped, 1-20 inch long,
regularly and minutely tuberculate over the surface. Distributed in clover,
alfalfa and grass seeds. Destroyed by cutting below crown with hoe or spud,
or by uprooting.

111 Conical Catchfly (A) *Szlene conica LL. This weed has been intro-
duced in Ohio in crimson clover seed purchased in Delaware. It is a rather
small, slightly downy annual with narrow leaves, very minute pink flowers and
conical, many-nerved pods.

Seeds very small, brown, columnar-kidneyform, 1-30 inch long and beauti-
fully reticulated with basket-form markings on the seed coat. Apparently not
infrequent in crimson Clover seed, in which it has evidently been brought from
the Mediterranean regions of Europe. Probably not a bad pest, though likely
to become omnipresent. The seeds can certainly be separated from those of
crimson clover by careful cleaning and screening. The plant ripens seeds as
early as Mayor June. Destroyed as other annuals by preventing the ripening
of seeds.

112 Sleepy Catchfly (A) *Szlene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly is aslender
annual, one to two feet high, with narrow leaves. It may be distinguished by
the fact that a portion of each joint of the stem is dark and sticky (glutinous).
This weed is very abundant locally and while not of the worst class appears to
be persistent, especially upon light, sandy soils.

Seeds very much as in night-flowering catchfly, but smaller and darker, 1-40
inch long, seed coat tuberculate in rows, rather distinct. Close scrutiny of grass
and clover seeds and thorough cultivation should be practiced for this weed.

113 Soapwort, Boxncing-bet (P) *Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing-bet
is an example of the many pernicious weeds thought at one time worthy of
cultivation. Once established, plants of this character, with underground stems,
are very difficult to eradicate. This grows one totwo feet in height and has
dense clusters of la‘ge, pale rose-colored flowers and smooth, oval, tapering
leaves. The soapy effect produced by the mucilaginous juice in water will
further serve to identify it. Soapwort has become introduced nearly everywhere
and may be seen growing in yards, in pastures, along roadsides and railroads.
It is a bad weed deserving attention and should be destroyed. The leaves are
attacked by Macrosporium saponarie Pk., which causes many spots upon them

324 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 1%.

Seeds black, flat, smooth, kidney-shaped with beak, 1-16 inch long, marked
with tubercular spots. From the situation in which this occurs, close and
frequent cutting with salting would seem a good method of extermination; as
with other plants having rootstocks, the cutting will need to be followed for two
or more seasons. Where the ground can be plowed, cultivation may succeed but
it is more likely to spread than destroy the weed. In a few years it will be too
late to destroy this weed in many localities.

114 Deptford Pink (A)* Dianthus Armeria L. This is a little pink with
narrow, linear, hairy leaves and small, rose-colored, white-dotted petals. It
is becoming scattered. Like the other annuals of this family it must be kept
out by scrutiny of seeds and by cultivation.

115 Chickweed (A) *Alsine media L. This winter annual, Fig. 21, is as
well known to gardeners as purslane. Its small, smooth leaves and very small
flowers, whose white petals are shorter than the green sepals, make it easy of
recognition. It appears to root slightly and to spread extensively in moist,
enriched ground. It may be found in blossom almost the entire year, and ripens
seeds so early that it is difficult to clean out. This plant is likewise a host of
the melon louse, Aphis gossypii Glover.

Fic. 21. Chickweed.

Seeds brown, almost or quite circular, flattened, with notch and beak atone
side, about 1-32 inch across, tuberculate, much like soapwort, shown in Fig. 21;
a natural size;x6. It seems best controlled by some winter crop, such as rye,
hairy vetch or crimson clover to crowd it out.

116-117 Mouse-ear Chickweed (P&A) *Cerastium vulgatum L., and *Cerasti-
um viscosum la. These two chickweeds, of which the former is the larger and
perennial, grow much like the preceding but have hairy leaves. One or the
other is often found with it in similar locations. To be dealt with in the
same way.

118 Jagged Chickweed (A) *Holosteum umbellatum WL. An additional -

chickweed with umbelled flowers and notched petals is reported from Cincinnati
by W.H. Aiken. It is to be ranked with other annual chickweeds in weedy
characters.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 325

119 Spurry (A) *Spergula arvensis L. This is also called ‘‘corn spurry’’
from its occurrence in English wheat fields. The stem is a foot or more long
with narrow leaves clustered at the joints or nodes and small flowers in
terminal clusters. The seeds are dull black, circular, lens-shaped. about 1-20
inch across with distinct margin or border. With us still local but conspicuous
as a winter annual.

120 Knawel (A) *Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel or German knotgrass
is a very low, spreading weed with short awl-shaped leaves. The seed cap-
sules break off and find their way into commercial seeds. Found at Clyde, O.,
in crimson clover lot but common eastward. See seed cuts. Asa weed unob-
trusive but persistent in character.

CROWFOOT FAMILY, RANUNCULACEE.

121 Black Snakeroot, Bugbane (P) Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. This,
also called rattleroot, is a large ill-smelling weed with tall stems and long
spikes of white flowers. It is familiar in fence rows and in new land where it
soon yields to close cutting or cultivation.

122 Field Larkspur (A) *Delphinium consolida L. This field larkspur,
with its leaves cut into narrow lobes, at times in company with another species,
frequently becomes introduced into grain fields. The long-spurred, various
colored flowers along with the leaves will serve to identify it.

Seeds black, of various forms, 1-12 inch across, with roughened-covering
over the whole seed. Distributed.in grain and other seeds, Being an annual
it may be killed out by destroying the plants and seeds.

123 Small-flowered Crowfoot (B) Ranunculus abortivus L. Is a biennial
weed with smooth, round or kidney-form, lower leaves, divided stem leaves, and
very small, yellow petals. The flowers are succeeded by smooth, covered seeds
in great abundance. This is a very common weed in low grass lands and in
moist, cultivated fields. It is frequently very annoying to the strawberry
grower who rates it as a serious pest. It is best overcome by drainage and
hoe cutting.

124 Seiaieas (A) *Ranunculus acris L. The acrid field buttercup is
rapidly becoming abundant in the pastures of north-
ern Ohio, especially in moist situations. Wherever
itis found stock give it a wide space because of its
acrid, poisonous juice, which, however, disappears
in drying, leaving it harmless in hay. The illustra-
tion, Fig. 22, will enable one to recognize it. The
showy yellow flowers, having petals shining within,
are favorites with children. It commonly grows from
two to three feet high.

Seeds small, often invested with covering, appar-
ently introduced in grass seeds. Where but few
plants are found they will repay hand digging; where
present in large numbers drainage and tilling the
soil should remove them.

125 Cursed or Ditch Crowfoot (P) Ranunculus
sceleratus LL. This closely resembles the small-
flowered crowfoot from which it 1s distinguished by

oo (ot ae its longer, cylindrical heads and thick, hollow stems.

The juice like that of the buttercup, is acrid and

blistering. Quite frequently found in low pastures and along ditches; so named
because of its poisonous character. In most of these places it will repay the

labor of removal.

326 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

126 Other Buttercups (P) Ranunculus spp. Four or five other species,
introduced and native, occur in various localities; the native species in damp
lowlands, the introduced, in situations where goods with a large amount of
packing material are received from Europe. They may be recognized by
resemblance to those already given. Oneofthem, the bulbous crowfoot, will be
likely to prove troublesome.

127-128 Meadow-rue (P) Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. and Thalictrum pur-
purascens L. These tall, handsome plants with their compound leaves and
abundant clusters of white flowers are frequently found along brooks and ditches.
They may be destroyed by means of hoe or spud.

BARBERRY FAMILY, BERBERIDACEE.

129 Barberry (P) *erberis vulgaris L. This shrub with its bristly
leaves, has been planted for hedges, etc , and has latterly escaped to thickets
and copses, notably eastward. This prevalence will increase with us and as
the barberry bears the cluster-cup stage (Aecidium) of the wheat rust (Puccinia)
its presence may aggravate rust outbreaks on wheat. Removed by grubbing.

LAUREL FAMILY, LAURACEZE.

130 Sassafras (P) Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras is commonly
a moderate sized shrub and a great pest in the fence rows of much of the state.
With hickories and some others it is abundant, especially in the hilly districts.
Although the bark of the root is much prized in making sassafras tea, the shrub
is more of a pest than an ornament. The roots persist underground, sending up
shoots at frequent intervals. Frequent grubbing is required to destroy them;
they, like brush and briers, are commonly monuments of needless fences.

POPPY FAMILY, PAPAVERACE.

131 Field=-poppy, Corn=poppy (A) *Papaver dubivm L. The field-poppy,
with its lobed leaves, long, bristly stalks, club-shaped, smooth pods and light
scarlet, showy flowers has been introduced in crimson clover seed and no doubt
otherwise. It produces seeds so abundantly, that care in the destruction of all
plants which may be found, is to be strongly urged. Seeds small, brown,
introduced as stated above. The plants should be pulled up before the seeds
ripen, and the whole burned for efficient destruction.

132 Prickly-poppy, Mexican Poppy (A or B)* Argemone Mexicana L. This
is a rather low plant with bright yellow flowers and large, inflated, spiny
pods.. It is becoming spread by escapes from gardens and possibly by being
sown in seeds. It is a native of Mexico, yet one finds it already on the list of
introduced weeds of New South Wales, Australia. The yellow juice and large
bladder-like prickly pods, one inch or more long and half as wide, will serve
to identify it. It may be killed by digging up the plants before flowering.
Seeds globular with straight line of attachment at side, equal to diameter,
which is usually about 1-12 inch; surface honey-comb pitted.

MUSTARD FAMILY, CRUCIFERZ.

This family is one prolific in bad weeds. From the shepherd’s-purse, a
common winter annual, to the perennial horse-radish it includes a long series
of well known pests. Perhaps thirty plants of this family properly rank as
weeds, while about twenty-five of them must be admitted to this weed list. The
wonderful seed producing power of these plants, and the well known vitality of
mustard seeds in the soil, make the mustard tribe one of the most perplexing
and difficult to eradicate. With them the cultivator must use all his ingenuity,
both in devising methods of seed destruction and in adapting farm practice to
these ends. With shepherd’s-purse and peppergrass to torment him in clover

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 327

fields, hotse-radish to kill out of cultivated ground, winter-cress in grass lands,
aiid charlock and black mustard almost universal in his seed oats, even in his
bran used for feed, the farmer’s mustard problem does not require any exaggera-
tion. Spraying with 2 to 3 percent solution of coppet sulfate (8 to 10 lbs. to 50
gallons) or 15 to 20 percent solution of iron sulfate, applied as given under
charlock, is an efficient remedy in grain fields.

‘For those sorts growing and seeding throughout the winter, like shepherd’s-
purse and penny-cress, some winter green manuring such as rye or crimson
clover seems valuable, while for all, the utmost scrutiny of seeds and the
greatest care in plant and seed destruction are indispensable. If more objection
were needed it is found inthe harbors afforded insects, especially plant lice,
by many species of the family.

133 Field Peppergrass (A) *Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Brown. This
field pest, Fig. 23, has become introduced into Ohio within the last twenty
years. Itis now quite general along Lake rrie and
locally throughout the whole state. It is especially
fitted to take care of itself in permanent grass lands and
almost equally difficult to destroy in cultivated grounds.
Field peppergrass may be distinguished from all the
other similar plants by its downy appearance and
clasping leaves and by the spoon-shaped seed pods.
The flowers are white and inconspicuous.

Seeds dark brown, rather large, oblong ovoid, taper-
ing at one end, 1-12 inch long, half as wide, rough and
dull, shown in Fig. 23d. Becoming frequent in grass
and clover seeds andin hay. Like most winter annuals
the field peppergrass matures seed early in the season,
beginning in May. He who would destroy it must,
therefore, soon be about it. Mowing will do little good,
so that hand digging or cultivation are the methods
Fic, 23, Field Peppergrass, scale apo P oe

ih (After Dewey.) 134 Roadside Peppergrass (A) *Lepidium ruderale
L. This is also called narrow-leaved peppergrass and differs from both the
others in the divided leaves. It may, in time, become general, though as yet
only locally introduced. It is to be dealt with as the others.

135 Peppergrass, Tonguegrass (A) Lepidium Virginicum L. This native
peppergtass is Smooth, with leaves tapering to the base and slightly cut on
the border, pods round with notch atthe top. Common everywhere in fields
and gardens. Peppergrass is attacked by Cystopus candidus (P.) Lév. and by
Peronospora parasitica (P.) Tul., both of which also attack cultivated crucifers.
With shepherd’s-purse it also harbors the melon louse.

Seeds light brown, flattened, egg-shaped with a very distinct narrow bor-
der, 1-16 inch long, half as wide. Very frequent in clover seed and in grass
seeds and hay. Chiefly separable from clover seed by the use of proper care in
screening. This and the preceding weeds, as well as shepherd’s-purse, are
peculiarly trying in enriched clover fields. Often the clover seems crowded
out or perhaps a lack of stand opens the way for the mustards, since after the
hay, these spring up to contaminate the seed crop. With peppergrass and the
others we must not only destroy th- plants but the reserve store of seeds in the
soil. In bad cases of mustards generally there seems no better method of deal-
ing with them than two or more years of successive cultivation in some well
tilled, preferably, a hoed crop. In such cases frequent cultivation will induce
germination of the seeds in the soil as well as destroy any plants that may begin
growth. The measures indicated are drastic but it is well to repeat that half-

way measures will not rid lands of mustards,

$28. *- OH O EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

136 Penny-=cress, French Weed (A) * 7hlaspi arvense L. For Ohio, penny-
cress is by no means general though promising to become so. It is already
common on sandy lands in Lucas and Fulton counties and has also been intro-
duced into Delaware and Hamilton counties. It is a persistent, winter annual,
flowering and seeding much of the winter and persisting, by means of its seeds,
in the land once occupied. The large, broadened, flat pods, about half an
inch in diameter, Fig. 24, c, and the other characters given in the illustration,
will enable one to identify it. Inthe valley of the Red River of the North this
weed is very abundant and a vile pest. It is there &
known as French weed. 5 » Me

Seeds dark brown, 1-16 inch long, flat, egg-shaped NeaN 6
without border, striate-roughened with curved lines as =\ FF)
inthe drawing, Fig. 24, d. Coming in all seeds and
grain from the valley of the Red River of the North, and
becoming frequent in hay, grain, clover and grass seeds
from northwestern Ohio. Penny-cress can best be «
subdued by continuous cultivation and by smothering
with a winter crop, as rye or crimson clover. Incase
the first plowing is deferred until late in the season the
ground should be covered with straw or other combusti-
ble litter and burned over to destroy the seed. This
applies as well to any of the other weeds of the mustard
family mentioned here. AaN

137 Garlic Mustard (Bor P) *Alliaria Alliaria - re
(L.) Britton. This Jack-by-the-hedge has become start- Fic. 24. Penny-cress.
ed in Ohio. It is a coarse weed with large, rounded, coarsely toothed leaves.
Destroyed by hoe cutting.

138 Hedge Mustard (A) *Sisymbrium officinale (L.)Scop. This is very frequent
along roadsides and in waste lands; much less common in cultivated fields than
the ones that have been described before. It may be recognized by its spread-
ing, ragged growth, two or three feet high, lobed leaves, small, pale yellow
flowers and slender, awl-shapel pods closely pressed to the stem. It may be
destroyed by frequent mowing or by cultivation and fertilizing. This weed has
another bad quality for the grower of cabbage and turnips; it harbors the
club-root fungus, Plasmodiophora Brassice Wor. These weeds may breed the
disease upon land that has never been in cabbage or turnips.

Seeds light to dark brown, 1-16 inch long by one-third as wide, oblong,
cylindrical on back,more or less double-wedgeform and grooved on the other
side; found in grasses.

139 Tumbling Mustard (A or B) *Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumbling
mustard has come to us by way of the Canadian northwest where it is a very
bad weed, liable to be disseminated in baled hay and timothy seed according
to Dewey (Circular No. 7, Division of Botany, U. S. D. A., 1896). It is char-
acterized by the spreading, mature pods produced in great numbers and the
free growth toa height of 2to4ft. The leaves are pinnately divided. The
plant has been collected in Lake and Preble counties.

Seeds small, slightly elongated, 1-32 to 1-24 inch long, approaching in
shape those of spreading mustard but smaller.

140 White Mustard (A or B) *Simapis alba L. This is easily confused
with the two following species. The beak of the pod is flat and the plant less
frequent with us. Seeds light colored, spherical, larger than either of the two
following, about 1-12 inch in diameter.

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A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 329

141 Black Mustard(A) *Avassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard is a tall,
prickly plant, growing in waste places and fields. It is often confused with
the next, from which it is distinguished chiefly by the pods. The pods of black
mustard are four-angled, smooth, oblong, 1-2 inch or more long, contracting
suddenly to a slender, conical style 1-8 inch long, while those in charlock are
knotted and usually contracted to a stout two-edged beak, commonly containing
a single seed in the beak.

Seeds black to dark brown, commonly spherical or ellipsoidal, 1-20 inch
long, siightly granular-roughened. Frequent in seeds of clover and grasses,
also in forage, but apparently less common than the next; dealt with in the
same manner as charlock.

142 Charlock, Wild Mustard(A) *Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S. P. This is
the commonest and worst pest among the Bras-
Ssicas, occurring in Ohio; it is the plant mostly
called wild mustard. It is distinguished from
the others by its long knotted pod, with its
stout, two-edged beak, Fig. 25. Itis among
the very worst weeds known to Ohio farmers,
especially in the northern half of the state,
where oat growing is largely practiced. It
comes up and grows withthe oats, remaining
in them when threshed, or having seeds already
ripened when mown for hay. With other Bras-
sicas, charlock harbors the club-root fungus,
Plasmodiophora Brassice Wor.

Seeds spherical, 1-16 inch in diameter,
larger than those of black mustard. Very
common in hay, in seed oats, and in clover seed;
retaining their vitality for a long time when
2 buried in the soil. The measures here recom-
Fic. 25. Charleck. mended will apply to black and spreading

enor) mustard as well. The oat crop seems to be one
particularly favorable to the propagation of these two mustards. Infested
land may be rendered comparatively free from them by surface burning and
continuous cultivation in hoed crops or by spraying. Wherea limited quantity
is to be dealt with, hand pulling from the grain, is to be recommended.

Spraying to destroy charlock and other mustards is a recent practice
which originated in France and became known in America in 1898. Experi-
ments in the United States and Canada have fully confirmed the European
results as to safe destruction of these weeds by the spray,'-*-?in crops of cereals.
The method is to use a solution of either copper sulfate (blue vitriol) or iron
sulfate (copperas) as a spray; of the copper sulfate 2, 2% or 3 percent solution,
(8, 10, or 12 ibs. in 50 gallons), applying 40 to 50 gallons to the acre upon the
fields of grain containing mustard plants in dry weather either cloudy or
bright and sunny. The most effective results are obtained before the mustard
comes into bloom. While the cereals, such as corn, oats and wheat, may show.
slight apparent injury at the time, the injured plants appear to recover and
the mustard is killed or prevented from seeding. Showers soon after spraying
may require repetition of spray. 5

This will kill or injure practically all plants of the mustard family if
applied on the foliage. To be especially recommended in wheat and oats on
this weed. Of the iron sulfate solution, 15 to 20 percent solution (60 to 80 lbs.

in 50 gallons) may be employed as the chemical is cheaper though less active.

1Bolley, H. L. Proc. Soc. Prom. Ag. Science, 1899: 107-109.
2Stone, J. L. Bulletin Cornell Experiment Station, 216: 107-110: 1904.
8Shutt, F. T. Rep. Canada Exp. Farms, 1899: 194-196.

LRStowell at.

330 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

143 Indian Mustard (A) *Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. This is a tall,
coarse mustard, of pale color with rather large toothed leaves and long pods.
Locally introduced especially along railways. Seeds like th. se of 142..

144 Winter-cress (B) *Barbarca Barbarea (1..) MacM, Winter-cress is a
well-known biennial, frequently occurring in mead- DD
ows. It is illustrated in Fig. 26. The dense clusters
of dark green, many lobed leaves are very conspicu-
ous in early spring; these are followed by the up-
right, branching stems, yellow flowers and the seeds.
The leaves alone, taken with the general habit of
growth, will enable one to distinguish it from the
other mustards. Ihave frequently observed this
weed in meadows the first and second years after
seeding. The evidence is conclusive that the seed
was introduced in the clover or grass seed sown.
Apparently the seeds are frequent in grain, since the
fertilizer plots at this Station upon which wheat bran
had been used, showed a great deal of winter-cress,
while others sown with the same grain and clo er
seed, had none. Winter-cress is grown extensively
in Europe as a pot-herb and would be useful for this Rid. 96. Waitercecal
purpose were such a dietary common among our peo- (After Vasey.)
ple. Sheep will feed upon it as freely as upon rape or other crucifers. This
has suggested its use as a forage plant, in which its weedy habit must be taken
into account. It is attacked by a leaf-spot fungus, Ramularia Barbareeé Pk.

Seeds dull grayish brown, oval in outline, 1-20 inch long, somewhat pitted.
Distributed in clover and grass seeds. It may be destroyed by uprooting or deep
hoe-cutting before the flowers are opened. If cut later than this, burning is
needful, since the juices in the plant will mature the seeds. ¢

145 Wild Radish (A or B)*Raphanus Raphanistrum L. The pods of wild
radish are yet more jointed than those of charlock, the leaves are rough, petals
yellow, veiny, turning whitish or purplish. It is a vile weed, found in a few
counties of the state. It should be destroyed wherever it appears.

146 Marsh=cress(A) Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Marsh-cress has its leaves
much parted, small, yellow flowers and small pods, 1-16 of an inch long, tipped
with a short style. Itis very common in wet places or in shallow water. It is
reported as very troublesome in oats in Defiance and Henry counties; perhaps
the abundant rain-fall made it prominent during 1896 and 1897. If persistent
it should receive the same treatment as charlock and black mustard. Seeds
very small, with markings similar to those of false flax.

147 Horse=radish (P) *Roripa Armoracia (L.) Hitch. Horse-radish re-
quires no description and those who haye had any experience in destroying it
find it to be a great pest. Any small piece of root may produce a new plant.
It is apparently not spread except by gradual extension from small plantings.
As with any other weed propagated underground, tracts infested with horse-
radish should be separately cultivated. It can be destroyed only by killing
every green shoot as it appears above the ground; this may be done by cultiva-
tion in a hoed crop or without a crop. . It is perhaps easier to kill it out without
plowing by a free use of hoe and salt; two or three years will be required for
this work.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 331

148 Shepherd’s-purse (A) *Aursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. This
iliustration, Fig. 27, will enable one who does not already know this plant to

recognize it; the triangular or purs

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e-shaped pods are unlike any other. Shep-
herd’s-purse as a winter annual is a trouble-
some pest in gardens, orchards and vine-
yards, and in enriched cultivated lands
generally. It is freely attacked by the white
mold, Cystopus candidus (P) Lév., but no-
where destroyed. It also harbors on its roots
the fungus of club-root, /lasmodiophora
Brassice Wor.

Seeds light brown, oblong in outline,
1-20 inch long and half as wide, shown
natural size, and x6, a, 6, Fig 27. They
may be looked for in hay and seeds. To
destroy shepherd’s-purse one needs to be
diligent. For those situations where it is
most annoying some winter growth to crowd
it out, together with cultivation, seems the
best available method. Both red and crimson
clover are worth trying for this purpose
where rye can not be used.

149 False Flax (A) *Camelina sativa
(L.) Crantz. False flax is appearing with in-
creasing frequency; the seeds are introduced
inclover seed. With recent importations of
crimson clover seed- from Europe, this seed

Fic. 27. Shepherd’s-purse.
has also been entered duty free.
and a very short, inversely egg-shaped pod.

The plant has narrow, arrow-shaped leaves

Seeds brown, 1-10 inch long and about half as wide; pitted-roughened,
occurring in clover, alfalfa and flax seeds. Its habits are the same as shepherd’s

. purse and peppergrass. The methods of destroying it are likewise similar.
150-151 Whitlow-grass (A) *Draba verna L. and Draba Caroliniana Walt.
These two winter annuals are often found forming dense masses and disfiguring

lawns. They require the same treatment as shep-
herd’s-purse.

152 Rock-cress (B) Arabis levigata (Muhl.)
Poir. Rock-cress is a smooth, upright plant
with partly clasping, narrow leaves. Itis often
found near the borders of woods and in dry semi-
woodlands. It is readily destroyed by cultivation.

153 Spreading Mustard (A) *Zrysimum re-
pandum L. This mustard has small, narrow,
toothed leaves and an innocent look until seed
ripening approaches, when the seed pods spread
out and arejagged and obtrusive. (See Fig. 28)
It is a winter annual growing in wheat and
-likewise as a summer annual inoats; with the
latter, the seeds cling in the slit of the grain and
at times cause horses to reject the oats; a pestifer-
ous weed identified for the writer by Lyster H.
Dewey. First introduced in clover seed at Zanes-
field, Logan county and latterly reported abundant
in Sandusky county by E. W. Roush of Lindsey,O.

Fic. 28.

Spreading Mustarea

332 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds oblong, about 1-20 inch long, as shown in seed cut. This weed requires
drastic measures where it prevails. In oat fields it is to be destroyed by blue-
stone spraying like charlock.

154 Hare’s-ear Mustard (A) *Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. This is ©

a low plant and has rather large, oval, fleshy leaves which suggest the name.
It has been found within the state and may attract local notice. Seeds rather
large, elongated, 1-10 inch long and as shown in seed cuts.

155 Alyssum (A) *Alyssum alyssoides (L..) Gouan. In this we have another
low, hairy, European mustard with narrow leaves broadened toward the end,
and small pods resembling those of peppergrass. It has been introduced into
Ohio in crimson clover seed.

Seeds light brown, lens-shaped, oval, 1-16 inch long, resembling somewhat
those of peppergrass, but smaller. It requires the same methods of destruction
as the other annual mustards.

CAPER FAMILY, CAPPARIDACEZ.

156 Polanisia, Clammy=-weed (A) *Polanisia graveolens Raf. Polanisia is
a low growing annual with unpleasant smell and sticky-hairy leaves and stem.
Most abundant along the gravel-ballasted railways. It may readily be destroyed
by hoeing or uprooting.

ORPINE FAMILY, CRASSULACEZ.

157 Live-for-ever, Garden Orpine (P)*Sedum Telephium L. This cultivated
plant, with its stout stems two feet high and oval, blunt, thick leaves is common
in gardens. Escaped to the fields its numerous thick tuber-like rootstocks make
it the worst of pests. Sotenacious of life is this plant that the stems readily
strike root and extreme measures are needed ior its destruction. In some cases
fields are overrun with live-for-ever. The pest appears to be spread exclusively
by the root.

Weeds of this character require the most severe measures for their destfuc-
tion. The cutting and salting or use of sulfuric acid as mentioned for Canada
thistle will destroy them. Recently, Mr. M. E. Merchant of Guilford, New
York, has been sending out diseased live-for-ever plants. In them the leaves
have dropped off and the thick rootstocks have begun to decay. They are
recommended to be planted about in the patches of this weed, thence the disease
is said to spread to the healthy plants. The nature of the disease and the
success of the method are not sufficiently known to warrant recommendation.
This, however, may prove a useful means of destroying live-for-ever, although
it failed to yield decisive results with the writer.

158 Love-in-tangle, Mossy Stonecrop (P) *Sedum acre L. This is a
spreading, moss-like plant with bright yellow flowers, common in cultivation.
It has escaped in many localities and one case of severe poisoning from eating
it is reported. It should be thoroughly destroyed where found.

ROSE FAMILY, ROSACEA.

-

159 Running-brier, Dewberry (P) Rubus procumbens Muhl. The dew-

berry, with its long, trailing stems, is frequent in dry fields, especially to the
southward. It ranks withthe next and requires the same treatment.

160 Common Brier, Blackberry (P) Rudus nigrobaccus Baily. The common
bramble needs no description for its identification. It is present everywhere by
waysides and in fence rows and appears to be doing its utmost to lead farmers
to recognize their own interests in abandoning fences as far as possible. It
also infests many fields to their greatdamage. The thrifty growing blackberries
produce an abundance of luscious fruit and where desired for fruit are valuable.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 333

The wild and cultivated blackberries are infested with bramble rust, Ceoma
nitens (Schw.). This rust destroys cultivated blackberries and raspberries,
since the fungus persists in affected stools. The briers also harbor many
insects which prey upon the cultivated sorts. Briers may be destroyed by
frequent mowing and by cultivation. The cutting seems to be most effective
when done late in the summer.

161 Cinquefoil, Fivefinger (P) Potentilla Canadensis L. Fivefinger, named
in allusion to its five leaves (leaflets), forms by its long runners a thick covering
on dry and sterile soils. Its bright yellow blossoms are quite showy. Cinquefoil
serves to indicate that the infested lands require enriching and reseeding,
possibly liming as well. Shorter rotations with clover and the application of
manure or fertilizers will be found useful in those portions of the state where
cinquefoil is frequent. Like some other weeds it may be easily smothered out
by the growth of forage plants.

162 Tall Fivefinger (B or P) Potentilla Monspeliensis L. This weed grows
one to two feet high, has a hairy stem and leaflets in threes, not in fives as the
name indicates. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, while the growth of
the root leaves is very dense.

Seeds light colored, very small, 1-32 of an inch long, nearly circular but with
one flattened side. Frequent in timothy seed and seeds of other grasses. The
plant is best destroyed by close cutting in spring or early summer or by culti-
vation. Mowing with the scythe is not sufficient to prevent it from seeding as
it sends up shoots anew.

163 Large-flowered Fivefinger (P) *Potentilla sulphurea Lam. This plant
may be recognized from its larger, pale yellow flowers and deeply toothed
leaflets, five to seven in number. Seeds small, coming in grass seeds with iu-
creasing frequency. Destroyed by cutting with hoe or by cultivation.

164 Agrimony, Stickseed (P) Agzvimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bickn. The

_ characters of smaller stickseed, which grows one to two feet high, may be seen

from the illustration, Fig. 29. The leaves are
similar to those of the strawberry and rose,
with large and small in alternating pairs.
The small yellow flowers come in slender clus-
ters at the ends of the branches; they are fol-
lowed by pear-shaped clusters of prickly-hooked
fruits, detrimental to sheep and wool. More
frequent in shady places and along ditches. It
may be destroyed by careful cutting twice or
more times a year.

165 Soft Agrimony (P) Agrimonia mollis
(T. &. G.) Britt., may often be mingled with
the preceding.

166 Small-flowered Agrimony, Stickseed
(P) Agrimonia parvifiora Solan. This is a much

F A
Fee (afer APs Millspaugh.) taller plant, resembling No. 164, but with

more crowded leaves and smaller yellow flowers; the seeds or fruits are objec-
tionable like those of the others. A frequent and persistent weed in low mead-
ows and along streams. It requires severer measures than the preceding;
more frequent cutting or thorough cultivation as well as draining will usually
be needed.

167 Wild Rose (P) Rosa humilis Marsh. The wild rose is a common
intruder in dry banks and by roadsides. This one grows commonly one to two
feet high and has very pale petals. In similar situations the sweetbrier, Rosa
rubiginosa L.., is frequently found. These wild roses are another evidence of

too many fenece-rows.

334 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 1145.

The seeds of the common roses are straw color to brown, angular, 1-8 to
3-16 inch long. The seeds of a western species, together with the globular
rose-hips containing them, are frequent in western oats. Such impure seeds
should be rejected. Wild roses are destroyed by grubbing and cutting after
the manner of briers and brush.

APPLE FAMILY, POMACEZ.

168 Thorn, Haw (P) CGategus spp. Species of wild thorn or haw are
often a menace in borders and pastures. These harbor the cluster-cup stages
of many rusts, and while ornamental in away, are objectionable as pasture
invaders. Removed by grubbing.

PLUM FAMILY, DRUPACEZ.

169 Peach (P) *Amygdalus Persica L. In southeastern Ohio there is no
more frequent roadside pest than seedling peach trees that spring from cast-off
pits. These become affected with yellows and spread the contagion to orchards.
They should be persistently grubbed out.

SENNA FAMILY, CAESALPINACEE.

170 Partridge Pea (A) Cassia Chamecrista L.
This is a low, spreading plant, about one foot in height
with rather large, showy, yellow flowers and leaves
closing at the touch, Fig. 30. While pretty to look upon
it is capable of becoming a serious pest in dry or sandy
soils. It is more common southward than in Ohio, but
occurs over the whole state. Being an annual, this
plant seeds very freely and should be destroyed by
cutting or by cultivation before the seeds mature.

171 Wild Senna (P) Cassia Marylandica L. With
its tall stems, three or four feet high, numerous leaflets
and abundant, curved pods, two or three inches long,
wild senna isa conspicuous weed. Its deep, perennial
root makes it a persistent offender in the rich hillside,
pasture lands of southeastern Ohio. See Fig. 31.

Seeds hard, gray, elongated, 3-16 inch long and
half as wide, with smooth, shining coat, much resem-
bling grains of wheat in size but flattened. The occur-
rence of this weed in permanent pastures makes it
difficult to destroy. Cutting with the scythe before the
plants come into blossom, if repeated during the season,
ought soon to kill much of it. Where limited in quantity Fire. 30. Partridge Pea.
the use of the hoe and salt might be even better, since the salt invites the
stock to complete the work of the hoe.

PEA FAMILY, PAPILIONACEA.

The pulse or pea family is a most valuable one for the agriculturist. To it
belong the peas, beans, lentils and lupines, as well as the many clovers so
vyaluabie both for forage and for restoring fertility tothe soil. These plants,

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 335

through the mutual working of bacteria

which induce the formation of the nod

seen upon the roots, are capable of appro-
priating nitrogen from the atmosphere
and storing it up in the plant tissues to
be used for food or for restoring fertility.
Such of them as possess this valuable
power should not be too hastily placed
among the weeds. There are a few seri-

ous pests, however, in this family.

172 Black Medick, Yellow Trefoil
(B) *Medicago lupulina L. A branch
of black medick or yellow trefoil, is illus-
trated in Fig. 32. This is properly nota
Weed in any other sense than its frequent
occurrence in other seeds. In this it ranks
with white clover and is deserving of be-

ing known more generally, while scar
meriting further recommendation.

other single plant has been sent for iden-

tification more frequently the past
years. It is much less valuable for

than the tall growing clovers, its chief

value being for pasture. It may be re

MAVwdd
Fic. 32. Black Medick.

ules

cely
No

ten
hay

Wild Senna.
cog-

nized by the small, dense heads (1-4 to
3-8 inch long) of little, yellow flowers
and the clusters of black seed pods which
turn backward upon the stem on ripening.
Its strong resemblance to the clovers is
noted by all observers. The elongated

®% heads are in contrast to the globular

heads of the clovers.
Seeds commonly yellow like red clover
seed, but smaller; frequent as an adul-

y teration of alfalfa seed. (See seed cuts.)

173 Sweet Clover, White Melilot (B)
*Welilotus alba Lam. The white sweet
clover is very common and a branch is
illustrated in Fig. 33. There is also
another,

174 Yellow Sweet Clover (B) *Wedilo-
tus officinalis L., which occurs more spar-
ingly. The white sort is very frequent in
clay ground along roadsides. It grows
four to six feet in height and appears
very rank.

There may property be serious ques-
tion about rating these plants among the
weeds. Theformer weed law included
them, which appears to be a mistake.
Sweet clover seems to prefer hard, trodden
ground, and except under cultivation does

336 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

not grow to any extent in soils of good tilth. Its appearance may indicate a
soil well adapted to other forage plants like alfalfa, Sweet clover is accord-
ingly an indication of a soil condition which itis, at the same time, the very

: best plant to bring about. Where an abandoned brickyard or
old roadway is to be brought into cultivation, sweet clover is
recommended for that purpose. It is one of the valuable forage
# plants in some parts of the south. And while the stock need to
% learn to eat it, the objections disappear on drying the hay. For
this purpose the white one is to be preferred and it should be cut
rather early, before the blossoms appear and before the stems
hare become too woody. It also makes most excellent mulch or
material for composting when cut early and may have value as
a cover crop.

Seeds like those of red clover but smaller and flatter. Plants
may be destroyed by repeated mowing or by cultivation, as well
as others of this class.

175 Rabbit-foot, Stone Clover (A) *77<z/olium arvense L.
This is a low, branching clover, five to ten inches high, with

Fic. 33. Sweet : : ©
Clover. soft, silky, grayish heads, hence the name. It is becoming intro-

Aer Milspaugh) ace into fields and by waysides.

176 Yellow Clover, Hop=clover (A) *7rifolium aureum Poll. Yellow
clover is a somewhat upright clover about one foot high, with spherical, yellow
heads, turning brown with age. This anda smaller one, low hop-clover, are
occasionally found; mentioned here for purposes of identification.

177. Axseed, Axwort (P) *Coronilla varia L. Escaped from cultivation in
Brown county, at least. Has the characteristic leaves of the family, and dense
clusters of white and pink flowers. May be destroyed by frequent hoe cutting.

178 Axseed (P) *Coronilla scorpioides Koch. Seeds of this are an impurity
in alfalfa seed. These seeds are reddish brown, elongated 1-5 to 1-6 inch long,
and slender. See seed cuts.

179 Sticktights, Tick-trefoil (P) W/ezbomia canescens (L.) Kuntze This is
a branched, hairy plant with egg-shaped, bean-like leaves and terminal, rough
pods, narrowed at the joints. These pods are very adhesive and readily break
apart, sticking to clothing or to animals as flat, four to five sided sticktights.
It is a common weed in rather low grounds.

The seeds rarely separate from the joints; they are lenticular, kidney-form,
about 3-16 inch long. Frequent mowing or hoe cutting will kill out these stick-
tights or they may be destroyed by cultivation.

180 Tick-trefoil (P) W/eibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. This tick-trefoil
is a smaller plant than the preceding, frequently found in dry soils. The leaves
are smooth and the plant dark green. It is less troublesome than No. 179
and can be controlled inthe same manner. Other species of this genus may
be troublesome, resembling the one or the other sort named.

181 Bush Clover (P) Lespedeza violacea (Li.) Pers. It is also &equent in
dry, somewhat sterile soil, similar tothat producing cinquefoil. It has pea-
like violet blossoms, crowded together at the tips of the stems. It is smothered
by fertilizing and cultivation. The other species are similar to this one.

182 Common Vetch, Tare (A) *Vicia sativa L. This weed very strongly
resembles the pea, but has narrow, somewhat tapering, blunt pointed leaves and
blue flowers. Not frequent as a weed, but occasionally found in grain fields
and waste places. If prevented from seeding it may be killed out in time.

183 Hairy Vetch (A) *Vicia hissuta (L.) Koch. The hairy vetch is useful
as a forage plant, whence it escapes and its spherical, dark seeds are a frequent
impurity in oats.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 337

184 Perennial Vetch (P) Vicia Cracca L. The perennial vetch is a native
of damp thickets. It has extensive rootstocks, rendering it persistent where
once established. In one instance known to the writer the seed had become
introduced in grass seed, thus infesting a lawn with the weed. Init the vetch
proved a serious pest. It has 20 to 24 rather long leaflets and is covered with
soft down; the flowers are blue turning to purple.

It can be destroyed only by starving out the rootstocks, through repeated
cutting or cultivation. It will require the same persistence in effort as Canada
thistle. Care is likewise needed to avoid breaking up the rootstocks and thus
scattering the weed thereby.

GERANIUM FAMILY, GERANIACEZE.

185 Geranium (A) Geranium spp. Several specimens of Europzan gerani-
ums have been found at different points in the state, chiefly in lawns. They
are less conspicuous than low mallow, but none the less are weeds. Chiefly
annual or biennial. ;

186 Storksbill, Alfilaria (A) *Zrodium cicutasium (L.) L’? Her. Thisisa
low, hairy plant, with finely divided leaves and conspicuous storksbill fruits.
A common weed in the old world and likely to become general with us; at
present occasional throughout the state. Seeds elongated, hairy, with long,
spirally twisted beak.

WOOD SORREL FAMILY, OXALIDACEE.

187 Yellow Wood-sorrel, Sour=-grass (A) Oxalis stricta L. Is the common
sour-grass of children, which has three inversely heart-shaped leaflets, usually
yellowish greenincolor. The flowers are bright yellow, the seeds are produced
in great abundance. It is acommon weed along fences, in lawns and in waste
places. Seeds brown, flattened, oval in outline, very small, 1-32 inch long,
covered with deep, transverse wrinkles; in hay, etc. This plant requires
persistent hand digging to eradicate it.

. FLAX FAMILY, LINACEZ.

188 Flax (A) *Zinum usitatissimum L. The cultivated flax, with its bright
blue flowers and numerous seeds, sometimes occurs in grain andclover. In these
situations it is evidently sown with the other seeds and may be prevented by
care in this regard.

AILANTHUS FAMILY, SIMARUBACE¢.

189 Tree=-of-heaven (P) *Azlanthus glandulosus (Desf.). This tree is
much planted in towns. It is a leafy, rank-growing tree whose staminate
blossoms have a very offensive odor. The leaves are very long and pinnate,
like those of the walnut. It spreads both by seed and from the root. It should
not be planted unless the risk of spread has been duly considered. The ailan-
thus has been introduced from China. The seed containing fruit is winged,
thus rendering it easily carried by the wind. Where extermination is desired

_ frequent grubbing is needed.

7 eo eas

-
(Es
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7

SPURGE FAMILY, EUPHORBIACE 2.
190 Croton, Hogwort (A) Croton capitatus Michx. This species of Croton

native further west and south, was first collected as a waif near Columbus;

possibly not general with us. The seeds occur in alfalfa seed and plants thus
produced and having mature seeds have been sent for determination. Seeds
smooth with suggestive resemblance to those of castor oil plant, brown, semi-
globular, about 1-8 inch across. Prevented by avoidance of impure seeds.

338 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

191 Three=seeded Mercury, Waxball (A) Acalypha Virginica L. Isa
leafy plant one to two feet high with long stalked, egg-shaped, bluntly toothed
leaves. The seeds are borne in the axils (angles) of the leaves inclosed by
fruiting leaves (bracts) with 5 to 9 lobes or points. Very common about build-
ings and in enriched waste ground, also in clover seed in which its seeds area
frequent impurity.

Seeds straw color togray, ovoid, 1-16inch long with wavy lines extending
lengthwise, easily crushed between the fingers, hence the name waxball. Very
common in clover seed from which they can not well be separated in cleaning.
The time to remove such seeds is before the clover is cut. Controlled by de-
truction of the seeds.

192 Flowering Spurge (P) Zuphorbia corollata L. Flowering spurge, Fig.
34, is common indry soils. It grows two or
three feet high and exudes a milky, acrid-

A poisonous juice when the stems are cut or bro-

“ken. The favorite habitat is in land of low
fertility where it is avoided by stock.

Seeds ash color, thick, 1-12 inch long slight-
ly uneven. This plant has rootstocks under-
ground and requires repeated cutting for its
destruction.

193 Spurge (A) Euphorbia nutans Lag. It

fz)

stems and small leaves tinged with red on the
margins and with a red spot near the base. It
has small white or reddish flowers and the
abundant milky juice of the preceding; it is

Fic. 34. Flowering Spurge.
(After Millspaugh.) —gmmon in dry soils along pathways and road-

sides. It has been accredited with causing slabbering in cattle. Seeds dark,
slightly four angled, transversely grooved, 1-24 inch long. Found in clover seeds
and in seeds of grasses; also in hay. Destroyed by early pulling or hoe cutting
and by cultivation.

194 Spotted Spurge (A) Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted spurge is a prostrate,
spreading, commonly hairy, small plant with browish-red spots on the leaves.
This one grows frequently in the interstices of unused walks and by road-
sides. It has the milky juice of the family and the same objections hold against
it as against the others. Seeds ash-gray, 1-30 inch long, ovate in outline,
sharply four-angled with four shallow grooves across each side. Frequent in
seeds of grasses and clover. Destroyed like the preceding.

195 Cypress Spurge (P) *Zuphorbia Cyparissias LL. Cypress spurge is
another of the same tribe, once thought by some to be worthy of cultivation. It
iscapable of proving equally as bad as toad-flax, live-forever, and other ‘‘flow-
er-weeds.’’ It is shown in Fig. 35, that it inay be recognized. The stems are
in dense clusters, six to ten inches high with numerous narrow leaves, giving
the plant a graceful appearance. It has been so much planted in country
cemeteries that it might with propriety be called ‘““oraveyard weed.’’ The
rootstocks propagate the plant in a widening circle each year, so that no other
Aowers are able to resist its encroachments. Cemetery trustees should prohibit
‘ts planting in these places and require its destruction where it is grown in
yem. It apparently spreads by the root.

The seeds are as shown in Fig. 35, a 6c; these figures are copied from Nobbe.

is an erect, branching herb, with reddish-green

sana

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 339

Repeated cutting and salting is perhaps the best method to destroy cypress-
spurge in small patches. This will need to be continued until the underground
stems have been starved out
as with the other plants that
have been mentioned.

SUMAC FAMILY,
ANACARDIACEE.

196 Sumac (P) Rhus gla-
bra L. Smooth sumac isa
low shrub with pithy stems
and pinnate leaves, frequently
troublesome in sandy lands
and in fence-rows. Thetaller
stag-horn sumac, Rhus typhi
ma L., similarly occurs in
waste places. Both may be
recognized by their dense
clusters of bright red, acid
berries. The leaves of the
European sumac, Rhus cori-
aria, are used in tanning.
The American species have not
been utilized for this purpose
and are probably valueless.
Neither of these species is
poisonous to the ordinary per-
son. Destroyed by grubbing or by repeated cutting.

197 Poison Ivy, Poison Oak (P) Rhus radicans L. The pois-nivy is a woody
vine, climbing over trees and fences by means of its numerous air-roots. Itis
very frequent on Ohio fences. By reason of some poisonous property, or perhaps,
some poisonous exudation, many persons touching it or coming near it suffer
from the painful skin eruption known as ivy poisoning. The swamp sumac,
Rhus vernix L., also produces similar but more violent poisoning. One can
avoid the swamp sumac, but the poison ivy is too common to be escaped altogether.
It has three leaflets on each leaf stalk. These are commonly broader toward
the base. It is often confused with the Virginia creeper, a harmless and
beautiful vine, which has five or more leaflets, broader toward the point. Poison
ivy should be killed out by grubbing and fire. Occasional persons can handle
it with impunity; they are available in its destruction. Neglect is the only suffi-
cient reason for permitting poison ivy to remain.

Fic. 35. Cypress Spurge.

MALLOW FAMILY, MALVACEZ.

198 Low Mallow, Cheeses (b)*MWalva rotundifolia L. This mallow is
a common garden and roadside weed; it has much scalloped leaves and small
white or rose-colored flowers, succeeded by flat, cheese-like masses of seeds,
simi.ar to those of the hollyhock. Children sometimes gather and eat these
masses, Calling them ‘‘cheeses.’’ It has a long tapering root, which fits it to
grow in trodden earth.

Seeds very numerous, brown, kidney-shaped, 1-16 inch across, thicker on
the curved side with notch and beak at the other; apparently mallow seeds
retain their vitality for a long time when buried in the soil. It requires pull.ng
or grubbing to destroy the weed in ground that cannot be cultivated.

340 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

199 High Mallow (B) *J/alva sylvestris L. Itisa tall plant, two or three
feet high, resembling the hollyhock. The leaves are sharply five to seven lobed
and the petals large, purple or rose color. raeresties a found by roadsides.
Destroy by digging or cutting.

200 Sida (A) *Sida spinosa. The spiny sida, which is becoming very fre-
quent inthe southern half of the state, especially ondry land, is a native of India.
It is soft-downy, 10 to 20 inches high and much branched. The leaves are long,
egg-shaped, tapering and sharply saw-toothed. The flowers are small, green-

ish yellow, shaped like those of the hollyhock. There is a little tubercle at the —

base of the leaf on some of the plants, which gives it its name. For the soils
indicated the sida is very frequent about gardens and potato fields.

Seeds dark brown, the shape of a quarter sphere, 1-12 inch long, smooth and
dull. Like other annuals, this weed must be prevented from seeding in order to
destroy it.

201 Glade [Mallow (P) *Napea dioica L. This is atall, roughish, perennial
weed with very large, 9 to 11 parted lower leaves and small white flowers. It
is becoming introduced especially about cities. ‘To be destroyed like low mallow.

202 Velvet=leaf, Indian Mallow (A) * Abutilon Abutilon (Li.) Rusby. Velvet-
leaf is a tall annual, 4 to 5 feet high, with large, velvety, heart-shaped, pointed
leaves; conspicuous in corn and potato fields, and especially in bottom lands.
The flowers are yellow, the seed capsules are urn-shaped and many pointed or
beaked.

Seeds very numerous, dark gray, kidney-shaped or pipe-shaped, by reason
of the long nose, 1-8 inch across, slightly roughened. Found inhay, etc. This
weed is easily exterminated by pulling or cutting before the blossoms open. Its
presence does not indicate care.

203 Bladder-ketmia, Flower-of=an-hour (A) *//zdiscus Trionum L. Itis
a rather low, hairy annual, having three parted leaves with tapering divisions.
It has a sulfur-yellow, showy corolla with dark center (eye), soon closing, hence
the name, flower-of-an-hour. Frequent in gardens and along roadsides, Capa-
ble of becoming a conspicuous and obnoxious pest.

Seeds dark gray, angular, kidney-form to obscurely pipe-shaped, 1-12 inch
long, with slight roughening and commonly two rounded depressions in opposite

sides of the seed.

Fic. 36. St. John’s-wort.

(After Vasey.)

Deserving of complete destruction before flowering.

ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY, HYPERICACE®.

2S, AZ 204 St. John’s=wort (P) *Hypericum perforatum L.
SP Tew This herb is an upright, woody-stemmed plant, 1 to 2 feet
WY), “ty ary, high. It has opposite leaves, dotted with small black spots,
See | aea> and bright yellow flowers with numerous stamens; see Fig.
RIZ at? © 36. It is a troublesome weed in pastures and meadows.
; 3 RG i ~S Seeds oblong or slightly curved, 1-20 inch long, surface
|) hol 47, = pitted in rows, apparently often distributed in grass seeds.
vip y /\ It is best destroyed by digging it up.
ag iw 205 Dwarf St. John’s-wort (A) Aypericum mutilum
“2 AES L. Dwarf St. John’s-wort is tufted in growth, usually
: he less than a foot high, often with a height of but six inches
Wal) or less. Like the others, the flowers are yellow, in close
spss clusters, followed by many pointed capsules. The leaves
— of this plant turn reddish t8ward fall and mark certain

soil characters at Strongsville Test Farm, indicating lack
of lime. Should be eliminated by improved soil conditions,
(notably by liming) and by cultivation. Seeds cylindrical,

smooth, about 1-48 inch long.

~~ t.

Oeen nee | mee ey

bd tee

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-

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 341

206 Shrubby St. John’s-wort (P) Hypericum prolificum L. It grows in
dense clusters of upright, shrubby stems, 2 to 4 feet high, in exhausted and
sterile, dry fields. The flowers are much like the preceding, and the small
woody branches are two edged. Should be grubbed out and the land reclaimed
by manuring and cultivation.

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, LYTHRACEZ.

207 Clammy Loosestrife (A) Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Isa very
sticky, red stemmed annual, found throughout southern Ohio. The plant grows
about a foot high, has egg-shaped, tapering leaves and small purple flowers.
Itis most frequent in dry fields and roadsides, occupying similar places to
those infested by sida, especially pastures. The conspicuous feature of the
weed is its very sticky (viscid) character of leaves and stems. Destroyed by
uprooting before the seeds are formed.

EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY, ONAGRACEE.

208 Water=-purslane (P) Jsnardia palustris L. This is a prostrate,
smooth weed, with small, egg-shaped, reddish leaves. It is very common in
ditches and one of the serious pests of muck farms. Where too obnoxious it
should be pulled up.

209 Seed=-box (P) Ludwigia alternifolia L. This is a smooth, branched
plant, about three feet high, with narrow leaves pointed at both ends, and cubic-
al pods with wings atthe angles. Itis frequent in swampy lands and some-
times occurs with spiny sida. Seeds very small, brown, 1-50 inch long and
one-third as wide. Destroyed by frequent cutting.

210 Willow-herb (P) Zfilobium spp. The willow-herbs are somewhat
downy plants of wet places, one to three feet high, with tapering, sharp-toothed
leaves, resembling those of willows. The seeds have a woolly attachment of the
seed coat which renders them
buoyant. Usually disposed of
through drainage and cultiva-
tion, by which the land is tamed.

211 Fireweed, Great Wil-
low=herb (P) Chamenerion an-
gustifolium (L.) Scop. Has a
very tall, unbranched stem 4 to
7 feet high, and scattered, taper-
ing leaves. The flowers are
showy, bright rose color to pur-
ple. It is sometimes very abun-
dant in newly cleared lands.
Fire seems to induce germination
of the seeds protected by a layer
of soil; hence the name. ‘The
seeds are very small, similar to
those of the preceding; they are
buoyant and can be transported
by the wind. Destroyed by very
early cutting or cultivation.

212 Evening Primrose (B) Fic. 37. Evening Primrose.

Onagia biennis (L..) Scop. This is a tall, stout, very leafy, somewhat downy
or hairy weed usually unbranched, from 2 to 5 feet high, see Fig. 37. The
stems are often decidedly reddish; this character is lost when shaded. The
leaves are two to six inches long. It has bright yellow, stalked flowers which
open in the evening. This primrose isa frequent pest in fields, and by streums
and roadsides, where it is generally neglected.

342 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds brown, rather small, 1-32 inch long, angular, shown x6, Fig. 376.
Distributed in grass seeds. The evening primrose is often a very troublesome
pest. It is killed by early pulling, low cutting or by cultivation, but will stool
ifmown. It should not be permitted to occupy fields, from all of which it can
be obliterated by reasonable care. Any biennial with this character of seed
can be subdued.

213 Gaura(B) Gaura biennis L. This plant has pointed, willow-like~

leaves, and whitish flowers, turning to pink or red. The root is deep, like that
of evening primrose, which the plant resembles in its weedy characters. The
seed or fruit is 1-2 inch long and 4 ribbed.

PARSLEY FAMILY, UMBELLIFERZE.

214 Wild Carrot (B) *Daucus Carota L. Wild carrot, Fig. 38, sometimes
called bird’s nest, is a vile pest. It grows from 2 to4 feet high and hasa
bristly stem and much divided leaves, like the cultivated parsley. The flowers
are in broad, showy umbels, which turn inward from
the outside, forming a neat bird-nest cavity. A bad
weed of the field and roadside. Wild carrot is in-
fested by the leaf-spot fungus, Cercospora apit, which
also attacks celery.

Seeds brown, 1-8 inch long, oval in outline, with
many white prickles in lines along the seed, shown
in Fig. 38, 3. Often distributed in clover seeds and
among grasses. Wild carrot is one of the vile weeds
whose destruction should be required. The plants
should be cut with the hoe or spud before blossoming
or pulled up following rains; if mown, they stool
again and produce seed later. When a clover field
is discovered to be infested with wild carrot it is

permit the weed to gain a foot-hold upon the farm.
So conspicuous a weed can readily be rooted out.
a a ee 215 Angelica (P) Angelica atropurpurea L. An-
gelica is a tall, stout plant with thick, purple stems
and spherical flower-clusiers (umbels) 3 to 4 inches in diameter, at least so in
fruit. Leaves much divided into leaflets one to one and one-half inches broad.
Common in river bottoms. This may be killed out by grubbing the deep root.

216 Cows=parsnip (P) Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip is frequent
in low borders, meadows and pastures. It is distinguished by its very large
toothed leaflets, downy beneath, and the inflated petioles, as well as by the
deep, thick root. Not intrusive but persistent when established. May be re-
moved by grubbing.

217 Wild Parsnip (P) *Pastinaca sativa L. Wild parsnip is a familar
weed too often neglected. It has commonly a thick, grooved stem, rather long
leaflets, a wide spreading umbel of yellow flowers and a deep root like the
cultivated parsnip. The root is poisonous even after cooking. Persons who
have eaten it were seriously attacked. Wild parsnip harbors the fungus,
Cercospora apit, which so seriously injures celery. The weed is found more
frequently in moist ground but flourishes nearly everywhere.

Seed whitish, thin, 1-4 inch long, 3-16 wide; carried to some extent by the
wind. The parsnip, like the carrot, may be killed out through deep cutting
before the plants bloom. This may be done either in late fall or early spring.
About celery gardens the presence of the fungous parasite on wild parsnip and
wild carrot should lead to their complete destruction.

better to plow again and cultivate in corn than to,

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 343

218 Meadow-parsnip (P) 7haspium spp. The meadow parsnips are sim-
ilar in appearance to wild parsnip though much smaller ana with stems much
lessor not at all grooved. They sometimes infest fence-rows and cultivated
ground along ditches. Destroyed by frequent cutting with hoe and by cultivation.

219 Caraway (B) *Carum Carui L. It resembles wild carrot yet may be
distinguished from it by the difference in the flower clusters; those of caraway
not forming the peculiar bird’s nestof wild carrot. The roots are thick and
fleshy. This plant has escaped about Vermillion, Erie county, where it is
proving as troublesome as wild carrot. It is also reported from several other
places. It should betreated with the same vigor as that accorded to wild carrot.

220 Poison=hemlock (B) * Conium maculatum L. Poison-hemlock is a large,
much branced, European weed, growing in waste places. It has spotted stems,
large, compound leaves and white flowers. This is a dangerously poisonous
plant named after the Hemlock by which, as Dr. Gray observes, ‘‘criminals and
philosophers were put to death at Athens.’’ It should be eradicated by digging
it out each spring.

221 Water-hemlock, Spotted Cowbane, Beaver=poison (P) *Cicuta macu-
lata L.. This is a stout weed, 2 to 6 feet high, having its stems streaked with
purple and compound leaves with leaflets, 1 to 5
inches long, as shown in the illustration, Fig.
39. It commonly grows in marshy places and,
as its name indicates, is a very poisonous plant
which should be removed from ail farm lands.
The danger in cases of this sort is too imminent
to permit of neglect.

DOGWOOD FAMILY, CORNACEZE.

222 Panicled Cornel (P) Cornus candidis-
sima Marsh. ThisSis a small dogwood, a shrub
4 to 8 feet high, with many smooth gray branch-
es, characteristic, egg-shaped, pointed leaves,
whitish beneath and white berries. It often
infests low, somewhat marshy land, where it

is killed out by draining and cultivating. Fic. 39. Water-hemlock.
(After Vasey.)

HEATH FAMILY, ERICACEZ.

223 ‘Laurel, Sheepkill (P) Aalmia latifolia L. Laurel or calico-bush is a
tall shrub, growing on sandy points or hillsides in eastern and southeastern
Ohio. It has rather broad, bright green leaves, remaining on the bushes over
winter. The flowers are in large, showy clusters, rose colored to white with
dark spots. This is found only inthe uncleared land but its leaves are very
poisonous to sheep that may eat of it freely in winter or early spring. It should
be grubbed out upon every farm. It will pay to grub it out of the woodlots and
save the many sheep that are likely to be lost.

PRIMROSE FAMILY, PRIMULACEZE.

224 Moneywort (P) *Lysimachia Nummularia L. Moneywort is another
of the pretty flowers that are only pretty to look upon. It has smooth, creeping
stems with small, roundish, yellowish-green leaves and showy, bright yellow
flowers. It is often found in lawns and by roadsides, forming dense patches
and crowding out everything else. Once started it can scarcely be controlled
without cultivating the infested lands for some time. It should never be planted
on account of its aggressive habits and is unfit to remain in public cemeteries,
where it is often found. Besides thorough cultivation, the use of hoe and salt
will be found efficient to destroy it.

344 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

225 Scarlet Pimpernel (A) *Anagaillis arvensis L. Scarlet pimpernel is a
low, spreading plant, with 4-sided stems and small, oval, opposite leaves about
1-2inch in length. The flowers are scarlet to white, commonly with dark center,

upon conspicuous stalks, opening only in bright weather. Abundant in waste.

places and ranking with the chickweeds in character. Seeds numerous, brown,
irregularly triangular, about 1-24 inch long.

EBONY FAMILY, EBENACE.

226 Persimmon (P) Diospyr0s Virginiana L. The persimmon occurs
throughout southern Ohio and, often like sassafras and hickory, proves a serious
pest. It can be removed, however, by grubbing in the manner recommended for
the other shrubs just named.

GENTIAN FAMILY, GENTIANACEE.

227 Sabbatia (B) Sabdatia angularis (L.) Pursh. Is a handsome plant,

1 to 2 feet high, with 4-sided and wing-angled stem, much branched toward
the top. The leaves are egg-shaped, and somewhat heart-shaped at the clasp-
ing base. The flowers are showy and rose colored. This is very frequent in
dry grass lands throughout the coal measure region. It is not especially trouble-
some and can be cleaned out by cutting.

DOGBANE FAMILY, APOCYNACEAE.

228 Periwinkle (P) * Vinca minor L. The common periwinkle, incorrectly
called myrtle, is frequently planted for ornament. It has long, trailing stems,
green leaves persisting throughout the winter, and pretty, bluish-purple blos-
soms. It alsohas extensive underground stems by means of which it invades
surrrounding areas. While very pretty to bank about dense evergreens, it
should never be planted intentionally and should be treated to liberal doses of
hoe and salt until exterminated. The old proverb applies in the planting of
such weeds. ;

229 Spreading Dogbane (P) Apocynum androsemtifolium L. The spread-
ing dogbane is a low plant, usually about a foot high, with milky, poisonous
juice. The stem has many diverging branches, the leaves are egg-shaped with
a foot-stalk (petiole), the flowers numerous, 1-3 of an inch across, rose colored
and handsome. The leafstalks and larger, pretty flowers distinguish it from
the next. This weed has long, running rootstocks like the common milkweed;
these render it difficult toeradicate. It infests dry thickets and borders. I
have met it most frequently as a field weed in the vineyards of northern Ohio.

Seeds brown, slender, about 3-16 inch long, with a dense tuft of silky hairs
at the tip for carrying by the wind. These seeds are contained in slender,
smooth, tapering pods about four inches long by 3-16 inch in diameter. Can be
destroyed only by continuous clean cultivation or by repeated hoe cutting. As
in other examples of rootstocks, these must be starved out.

230 Indian Hemp, Dogbane (P) Apocynum cannabinum L. Is the more
poisonous and troublesome of the two, and is spoken of through the state as the
small-leaved milkweed; the leaves are oval or tapering, two inches or less in
length. It has, like the other, milky juice, but grows taller and more erect, 3
to 5 feet high, with small yellowish-green flowers in broad clusters at the tips
of the stems and branches. The pods are tapering as in the other but longer,
5 to6inches. The leaves are almost without stalks. Indian hemp has yet
more numerous rootstocks, and growing as it does, in rather damp bottoms, it is
difficult to destroy. The plant has been suggested for fiber production, but for
this purpose is thought to be inferior to swamp milkweed. (See Fig. 40.)

Su 440. 3)

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANDAL.

Seeds brown, slender, about 3-16 of an inch long, tapering to both ends,
with abundant tufts of silky hairs. Eradicated only by persistent cutting and
‘salting or by continued cultivation. .

MILKWEED FAMILY, ASCLEPIADACEA.__
231 Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-root (P) TAY

Asclepias tuberosa L.. Butterfly-weed oc- | SS

curs only in dry ground, growing 1 to 2 SH

SS ‘ y) s ss ; ;
= > \Y 4 LH AY™ . ~ ON \ \
feethigh. It has rough, hairy stems with <—s N PRES . a

o— 7 =
very numerous, rather narrow leaves and > \ SX REQ (SE
dense umbels of bright orange flowers. It : Ws oe

2 a EN Y
occurs most frequently by roadsides and \ SA GZ
> SS <<

in waste places in the southeastern and Lox )
northwestern portions of the state. The Cit Lp aN /
juice is not milky, the pods are grayish,” , \ ASN
turning backward. The root is rather A\\

: 3 j \\ \\ t} Wy \ /
deep; it is an officinal remedy. \ A) i, Wee [KL
»\ Wf! x

Seeds flat, broadly winged, with \\
abudant silky hairs. While a handsome \
plant, worthy of cultivation, it is, never-—>*®
theless, out of place in fields and culti-
vated lands. Removed by grubbing or
repeated cutting. Ay~ -

232 Swamp Milkweed (P) Asclepias
incarnata L. As its name indicates, this
has milky juice and is found in swampy
places. Stems very leafy, 2 to 3 feet high,(!
leaves long, distinctly veined, pointed, ~
the flowers are purple, pods rather slen- .
der and smooth. The fiber of swamp phe Wier Deven

milkweed is quite good but not likely to supplant that of flax, hemp, etc.

Seeds brown, flat, 5-16 of an inch long, broadly winged and with attached
silky hairs. After draining, this plant still requires repeated grubbing or

cultivation.

233 Milkweed, Silkweed, Wild Cotton (P) Asclepias Syriaca L.

the common milkweed of roadsides and permanent
pastures; in the latter it is a most serious pest. The
stem is softly-downy, tall and stout, 3 to 4 feet high,
with oval leaves, pale underneath, 4 to8 inches long.
The flowers are in dense umbels, dull purple, followed
by thick warty pods. Fig. 41 shows the plant char-
acters in part. The whole plant has an abundance
of milky juice which exudes upon the slightest wound.
The long hairs of the seed are abundant and applied
- toa variety of uses. Instead of a deep tap-root this
milkweed has rootstocks by which it extends and
spreads underground. For permanent pastures it is
one of our bad weeds.

Seeds brown, flat, 1-4 inch long, slightly winged,
with an abundance of silky hairs. By reason of its
rootstocks it requires continued efforts for its destruc-
tion. Repeated cutting with hoe or scythe or continu-

a4 MEiticweed. ous cultivation will in time destroy it. For the pasture

(After Vasev.) lands it may be cut two or three times annually with

the scythe. Once cutting will not subdue it.

346 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

234 Climbing Milkweed (P) Gozolobus levis Michx. Is aclimbing, long-
stemmed plant with opposite, heart-shaped, pointed leaves and pods and seeds
as in the other milkweeds. The flowers are very small and inconspicuous,
while the leaves are 3to 5 inches wide. It is a very troublesome and unsightly
weed along fence-rows near the Ohio river, from Brown county westward.
Seeds much as in the common milkweed. Climbing milkweed offers good reason
for cleaning out fences, after which it will yet require continued cutting and |
salting or cultivation.

MORNING-GLORY FAMILY, CONVOLVULACEZE.

235 Man-of-the-Earth, Wild Potato=vine (P) /pomaa pandurata(L.) Meyer.
As an example of food storage in large, thick roots this
man_-of-the-earth, Fig. 42, can scarcely be surpassed. The
leaves are long pointed and sometimes fiddle-shaped, the
flowers larger than those of the morning-glory, with purple
eye (center) and roots very large. Halsted has found some
single roots weighing 35 pounds. These are of various
forms, often club-shaped, thick and fleshy, two or more feet
long, spreading chiefly underground. An enduring pest in
sandy or rocky soils, where deep in the earth or in the
cavities among the rocks it survives many years. The leaves
are attacked by a white mold, Cystopus I[pomece-pandurane
(S.), which infests others of this group, including the
sweet potato.

Mere occasional cutting will not destroy it and digging
out the root is too expensive, even where possible, which it
Fic. 42. Manor the: is not, among rocks. The best available method for stary-

(After Millspaugh.) ing out these large roots is repeated treatment with hoe

and salt or with sulfuric acid; salt is generally more convenient and safer.

236 Field Morning-glory (A) */pomaa hederacea Jacq. This morning-
glory is found in fields generally. It resembles the cultivated sorts which also
grow in fields but often has halberd-shaped leaves. It is attacked by the fungus
above named.

Seeds dark, angular,
resembling those of culti-
vated varieties. Destroyed
by pulling before seeding.

237 Field Bindweed
(P) *Convolvulus arvensis
L. The field bindweed, or
small flowered morning-
glory, is a somewhat re-
cently imported pest of the
most serious sort. The
character of the weed may
be seen from the illustra-
tion, Fig. 43. The leaves
and the small flowers, 1
inch or less in diameter at
the top, are certain char-
acters of recognition. It
gerows with stems several
feet in length, twining a-
bout themselves or about
any other plants, which

Fic. 43. Field Bindweed.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 347

may happen to be near. Underground it has extensive stems, any piece of
which may start a new plant, and by this means it spreads year by year or is
scattered by cultivating through the infested patches. Introduced from Europe
and frequent along railroads, it is also found in gardens and fields where it
is difficult to limit its spread.

Seeds dark, somewhat angular, 1-120f aninch long. See drawing, after
Nobbe, x6, Fig. 436. ‘The eradication of the field bindweed is a very difficult
task, yet as with Canada thistle, nothing short of eradication, when found in
small areas, will serve the purposes of the land owner. A friend who had his
garden infested tried digging it up and then smothering with straw, but with-
out success. A liberal use of hoe and salt would seem the best means of
destroving it. True, other vegetation will chiefly be destroyed but this may be
endured for atime if the bindweed is also exterminated. The work should
begin on the outer fringes of the patches and let nothing escape there. The
infected spots should not be cultivated with the surrounding land because of
dragging the roots onthe plow and tools. Alfalfa seeding and cutting may
prove successful, as noted in next.

238 Bindweed, Hedge Bindweed, Morning-glory (P) Convolvulus sepium
(L.) Willd. The bindweed or bracted-bindweed is a native pest, almost equal-
ling the preceding, but with perhaps, more limit by nature astosoil. It has
long, twining stems, and triangular, halberd-shaped, or arrow-shaped pointed
leaves with large white or rose colored, funnel-form blossoms, see Fig. 44. In
addition to these it has very numerous, creeping, underground stems which
possess all the persistent characters of those of the preceding. This weed is
more common in bottom lands where, in corn, it is erroneously called peavine;
it is also found in moist fields generally.

Seeds dark, somewhat angular-kidney-form, 1-8
inch across. The bracted bindweed is permitted to
remain in some bottom lands cu'tivated continuously
in corn. Certainly the continuous cultivation isa
favorable opportunity to kill it out if followed by the
free use of the hoe in summer and fall. So long as
the weed is permitted by late growth thus to recover
from the annual shock, it will continue to flourish.
Reports of those who have seeded such infested land
to alfalfa, show that the repeated cutting of the
alfalfa will soon destroy the bindweed, so that it
does not reappear on replowing.

DODDER FAMILY, CUSCUTACE/ZE.

239 Flax Dodder (A) *Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe.
1; The dodders are weed parasites growing from seed
sown with the infested crop, or permitted to drop
Fic. 44 Bindweed. upon the ground the previous season. They grow for
(After Vasey.) 4 time without attaching themselves to other plants
and unless a host is found within reach, they die when the stored food of the
seed is exhausted, since they form noleaves. Living, slender, leafless, straw-
colored stems twine about the host plant, sending sucking organs into it and
robbing it. They bear dense clusters of small, whitish flowers, followed by
numerous spherical pods full of seeds. The flax dodder attacks the flax in this
manner, the seeds being sown with the flax seed and ripening with it,

348 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds brown, small, somewhat the shape of a quarter of an apple. 1-32 of
an inch long. Frequent in flax seed. A case of serious damage occurred near
Wooster in 1896. It is evident that the only way to prevent flax dodder is to
sow no dodder seeds with the flax. The seeds are smaller and may be separated,
but it is yet necessary to reject the seed from fields in which the dodder occurs,
if one wishes to be wholly safe.

240 Clover Dodder (A) *Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Clover dodder is oc-
curring with greatly increasing frequency in Ohio
clover and alfalfa fields. It has the same tawny
stems, twining about the clover and uniting the stalks
above, but robbing and destroying the clover wherever
the dodder grows upon it. One correspondent des-
cribed these spots as resembling the work of fire in
clover. It has been sent to this office from many
scattered localities, thus indicating the need of very
much closer scrutiny of the clover seed sown. The
samples of clover and alfalfa seeds examined show
a marked percentage of dodder seeds therein. The
smali cut, Fig. 45, will give some idea of the appear-
ance of a clover stalk with the dodder upon it. Dod-
der in clover means that the dodder seed has been
sown with the clover seed, and further, that no clover
seed should be saved from a dodder infested field. Fic. 45. Clover Dodder.

Seeds small, rusty to brown, 1-32 of an inch long, (After Millspaugh.)
rounded on back and with roughened surface, occurring in clover and alfalfa
seeds. Clover dodder, like flax dodder, can be prevented only by sowing clean
seed. When it is found that the clover is attacked by the dodder the field may
be plowed at once and cultivated to make sure of controlling the pest; in case
the field is left, no seed should be-saved from the infested field. In practice,
the dodders on clover are a less serious problem than on alfalfa, since the life
of the seeding is somuch shorter. Hillman finds the yet smaller seeds of a
native dodder in American alfalfa seed.

241 Field Dodder, Alfalfa Dodder (A) *Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. This species
and the preceding both occur freely upon alfalfa and clover and especially in
commercial alfalfa seed; the seeds of field dodder are distinguished from clover
dodder by their double size. The vegetative characters of the species are scarcely
distinguishable to the ordinary observer. Dodder seeds are so liable to occur in
alfalfa seed which has not been recleaned, that is wiser to insist upon recleaned
seed when purchasing. Unfortunately, moreover, recleaning does not insure
the removal of all the large seeds of this dodder; some will usually remain in
badly infested samples of seed. The dodder problem in alfalfa growing requires
care and close examination of seeds purchased and of newly seeded areas.

Seeds the largest of our clover infesting dodders, rusty-yellowish to brown,
roughened, irregularly spherical, about 1-16 inch long, occurring in seeds of
clover and alfalfa. See seed cuts. The still larger seeds of a native dodder
come in western alfalfa seed.

In dealing with dodder patches in either clover or alfalfa, it is best to take
the areas as early as possible, dig up thoroughly all plants in them, to slightly
beyond limits, and to burn, in situ, the dried remains in order to destroy the
dodder seeds. Sometime may elapse before reseeding, which will Le desired in
alfalfa fields. By surrounding the infested area with a shallow furrow, some
imflammable material may be spread after which the torch may be applied for
the destruction of the dodder seeds. This method may still not succeed unless
the plants have been killed and permitted todry. The digging method has
been tested and found effective.

—_

7) j
a , ee ee

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 349

242 Onion Dodder, Wild Dodder (A) Cuscuta Gronovit Willd. This is
a wild species often seen growing over weeds and bushes along streams. It
attacks onions and other plants in cultivation about its native haunts, Clearly
the way to control this dodder is to destroy all of it upon its wild hosts by a free
use of scythe and torch.

WATERLEAF FAMILY, HYDROPHYLLACEZE.

243 Phacelia, Miami Mist (B) Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Miami mist is a
pretty, blue-flowered weed growing, as if annual, upon dry or gravelly soils.
It has hairy, branched stems about a foot high, with 2 to9 lobed leaves and light
blue flowers having fringed petals; it is quite a serious garden pest in the situa-
- tions named.

Seeds rusty brown, the shape of a quarter sphere, 1-8 to 1-16 inch long,
surface minutely pitted all over as if rust eaten. Cultivation and seed destruc-
tion are essential in dealing with this weed.

; BORAGE FAMILY, BORAGINACE.

244 Indian Heliotrope (A) *Heliotropium Indicum L. This plant has
hairy stems, and quite large, wavy margined leaves on long hairy footstalks.
The flowers and nutlet fruits are borne in slender, partly coiled spikes, suggest-
ing the staminate spikes of ragweed in appearance. Locally introduced in
waste places, and destroyed as other annuals. Seeds in ribbed nutlets.

245 Hound’s-tongue, Dog=bur (B) *Cynoglossum officinale L. UWHound’s-
_ tongue is an offensive smelling, leafy, field and wayside weed with mullen-like,
though smoother leaves and small red-purple, partly concealed flowers at the

ummit. The flowers are succeeded by rather broad, rounded burs which ad-
here to clothing and to animals. It is a common weed in wasté places. Burs
about 1-4 inch long, nearly as wide, with one flat side and very numerous short
spines. Destroyed like other biennials, by deep cutting in fall or early spring.

246 Beggar’s-lice (A) *Lappula Lappula(L.) Karst. A grayish weed with
small, blue flowers, narrow, hairy leaves and bur-like fruit. This is found in
some sections quite abundantly. To be treated as the
preceding. Another plant, also called beggar’s-lice,
Lappula Virginiana (1...) Greene, is found in thickets
and upon the borders of woods. -This is a biennial
with similar flowers and other like characters.

247 Wheat-thief, Pigeonweed, Redroot, Corn=
gromwell (A) *Lithospermum arvense L. Wheat-
thief also called stoneséed and pigeonweed is a troub-
lesome winter annual especially in the northern and
northwestern part of Ohio. The cut, Fig. 46, will
give some idea of the appearance of the plant and its
manner of flowering. It is from 6 to 12 inches high,
leaves narrow, without veins, the whole hairy, rough
and grayish. The flowers are small, white to cream
color, seated in a leafy cluster, opening in March or
April, and soon followed by the seeds, which often
drop off below while the plant is blossoming above. An
exasperating pest, especially in wheat fields where
little opportunity is afforded to ¢vs roy it without
destroying the crop.

Seeds hard and stony, gray to dull brown, 1-10
inch long, roughened, conical, with narrow base;
shown Fig. 46 a and 6, the latter x 6, Frequent in
wheat, in clover seed and in hay. These seeds no doubt retain their vitality

Fic. 46. Wheat-thief.

-

350 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175

for along time. To destroy wheat-thief the plants must be uprooted very early
commonly the efforts to prevent it from seeding are begun only after the seeds
are matured. Cultivation and hand pulling are good means of destroying the
weed. It may be better to break upa badly infested wheat field in early spring
than to seed the field indefinitely with the pest.

248 Puccoon (P) Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Isa softly hairy
plant, 1 foot or less in height, with blunt, narrow leaves and bright yellow
flowers. It has adeep, reddish root and grows chiefly in sandy or dry soils.
Destroyed by deep cutting. 8) uy

249 Comfrey (P) *Symphytum officinale L. This
comfrey is a large-leaved, deep-rooted, rough plant
of the family, somewhat generally introduced in waste
places. The flowers are cream to purplish, succeeded \'
by brown nutlets. Destroyed by deep cutting. i\

250 Blueweed, Viper’s-bugloss (B) *Zchium |
vulgare L. Is arough, bristly, thistle-like, intro-
duced weed, shown in Fig. 47. It has rather a deep
root and a great abundance of prickly hairs, ready
to become detached upon touching. Handling blue-
weed affords as much after pastime asa like engage- |\
ment with prickly-pear (cactus). This character QO
engages for this plant an abundance of room. Blue- Bae
weed, also called blue-devil, is found sparingly along a
railways and by roadsides, occasionally also in fields. 2

Seeds much resembling those of wheat-thief, but
with broader base and angular body, 1-8 inch long.

P : : Fie. 47. Blueweed.
The intensely bristly character of this weed calls for (After Vasey.)

destruction wherever it appears. It should be cut out with hoe or mattock in
early spring.

VERVAIN FAMILY, VERBENACEZ.

251 Narrow-leaved Vervain (P) Verbena angustifolia Michx. Is alow
perennial on prairie soils in northern Ohio. It has a deep root, narrow, taper-
ing leaves and dense spikes of purplish flowers. The seeds as in the other
vervains, are brown, short, slender, inclusters of four. Eradicated by the use
of the hoe or by cultivation.

252 Bracted Vervain (P) Verbena bracteosa Michx. Is a similar perennial
plant with cut or three-cleft leaves and leaf-like bracts among the flowers.
Occurs in southwestern Ohio, where it may be destroyed if dealt with through~
out the season.

253 Blue Vervain (P) Verbena hastata L. A tall plant, 4 to 6 feet high in
moist ground. It has blue flowers borne in distaff-clusters at the summit. This
is an unsightly weed, somewhat mildew covered as the next, and requires free .
use of hoe or mattock to be rid of it. Seeds by fours, brown, commonly adhering
together; singly, slender, with two straight and one curved side, 1-16 inch long.

254 White Vervain (P. Verbena urticifolia L. White vervain is a commom
weed, 3to 5 feet high, in fields and by roadsides. It has white flowers, in
slender branching clusters, oval leaves which are stalked, coarsely saw-toothed
and pointed. There are few other plants so commonly covered with the leaf
mildew fungus, Zrysiphe Cichoracearum DC., as is white vervain. This fungus
also infests phlox, ragweed and a wide range of hosts. Seeds like the last,
frequent in clover and grass seeds.

The ever present mildew on this weed makes it a conspicuous and eye-
offending pest that may be, and certainly if appearances couns, will be destroyed
by cultivation or grubbing.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL 351

MINT FAMILY, LABIAT.,

255 Peppermint (P) *Mentha piperita L. and 256 Spearmint (P) *Mentha
spicata L., are two well known plants, prefering to grow in moist places, yet
capable of growing wherever planted. The peppermint has a pungent, agreeable
smell and taste, while the spearmint has a sickening taste. Both spread freely
as do many of the plants of this family, by underground stems, any piece of
which propagates a new cluster of plants. My attention has recently been
called to bottom fields overrun with spearmint. Once thus infested the reclaim-
ing is difficult as is well shown where areas have been seeded to peppermint for
oil production. Certainly these two mints should be restricted and their spread
prevented by hoe and salt or by other efficient means. Neglect of a small tract
may mean the surrender of a large area in later years.

257 Water-horehound, Bugleweed (P) Zycofus spp. These are weeds of
wet places; they have square and even sharply angled stems and more or less
cut or saw-toothed leaves. Unsightly plants along ditches, they call for frequent
mowing.

258 Pennyroyal (A) Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Is alow, branching,
hairy weed, growing commonly in the shade of stumps and fences. The leaves
are small and pleasantly aromatic. This little plant sometimes overruns
pastures and field borders. Fire can, perhaps, well be used to destroy dead
plants and seeds in the fall. The seeds are small, ovoid, 1-32 inch long and
frequent in red clover seed.

259 Basil, Calamint (P) *Clinopodium vulgare L. Is an erect, hairy plant,
1 to 2 feet high, with egg-shaped leaves and pale purple flowers appearing in
globular clusters. This grows abundantly in field borders and by roadsides,
gradually becoming introduced from the west. To be cleaned out annually.

260 Catnip (P) *Nepeta Cataria L. Is avery common, upright branching
mint with deeply scalloped leaves, whitish underneath. Seeds like those of all
mints, in clusters of about four, brown, with two rather straight and one. larger
curved side, about 1-20 inch long, having two distinct white parts to the scar
near one end of the seed. Killed out by digging or close hoeing.

261 Ground Ivy, Gill (P) *Glecoma hederacea L. A very pretty creeping

, or trailing plant, with round, kidney-shaped, scal-
A Pes loped leaves and reddish-blue flowers, see Fig. 48.

e) This forms a dense growth of leaves and stems above,
and stems below the surface of the ground, occupying

&. it to the exclusion of better plants; another of the
cultivated pretty flowers which prove almost impossi-

‘ ble to kill out where well established. There can be
\\ i> no doubt as to its ranking among the very worst
int weeds and it is rapidly becoming prevalent in fields

and by roadsides.
Seeds brown, re-
sembling those of cat-
nip, about the same
size but with more of
the grape-seed ap-
pearance about them,
apparently not found
Z nO in large numbers.
(7G \ The seed is shown
= natural size, Fig 48
Fic. 48. Ground-ivy. a, enlarged six times

352 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

486. This pretty thing is as d#fficult as horse-nettle or Canada thistle to eradi-
cate; where fields become infested, fences should be removed and continuous
cultivation be practiced. There is no middle ground with weeds of this class,
they must be destroyed utterly or they take full possession of the fields. When
dooryards and lawns are infested the same cultivation may be used, since hand
digging will not destroy them.

262 Heai-ali, Self=-heal (P) *Prunella vulgaris L. Is a common plant in
low, grass land and by roadsides, growing about a foot high, with egg-shaped
to oblong leaves and violet-blue flowers in a dense head. Seeds brown shaped like
a grape seed, 1-16 inch long, half as wide, smooth, shining, with a few darker
lines lengthwise of the seed; not rare in hay. ‘To be killed by free use of hoe.

263 Horehound (P) *Warrubium vulgare L. Commonly grows about a
foot in height, having round, egg-shaped, stalked, scallop-toothed leaves and
dense heads of small, white flowers about the base of the leaves. The heads
are prickly later from the teeth of the calyx. The whole plant is whitish-woolly
and bitter aromatic. Frequently found in fields and waste places.

Seeds straw color to brown, broader toward one end, somewhat triangular
with the characteristic shape of the mints, 1-12 of an inch long. While useful
in domestic medicine, perhaps, horehound should be killed out in fields and
waste places.

264 Hedge=-nettle (P) Staciys palustris L. Growing frequently in wet
ground along ditches and the borders of swamps, two to three feet in height,
with four-angled stems and numerous, scalloped, saw-toothed leaves. Flowers
are very Small, clustered in the angles of the leaves. It is an unsightly weed,
killed out by cutting or cultivation after sufficient drainage to permit the growth
of grasses.

265 Wild Sage (P) *Salvia verbenacea L. Wild sage is locally naturalized
and may be recognized by its hairy stems and cut-tooothed leaves. It requires
close cutting to destroy the plants.

266 Motherwort (P)*Zeonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort is a common, tall
perennial weed with its four-sided stems, lower rounded and upper finger-lobed
leaves. The pale, bearded flowers are in clus—
ters atthe base of the leaves.

Seeds dark, sharply triangular with one
curved side, the flat top covered with hairs, 1-12
of an inch long, somewhat shining. Best killed
out by cultivation; may be destroyed by repeated
cutting with hoe or by the free use of salt.

267 Dead=-nettle (A) *Lamium amplext-
caule 1. Dead-nettle is a recently acquired
winter annual or biennial weed against which
a sharp warning is needed. It has low stems,
rounded, scalloped leaves clasping the stem and
bright red-purple flowers in whorls at the top,
see Fig. 49. It is becoming very frequent in
lawns and gardens, proving aggressive in both
situations. It should be watched for and eradi-
cated upon its appearance. Two other species
are of local occurrence, Also called henbit.

Seeds gray, curved, triangular, 1-20 of an inch long, with whitish markings
over the surface. Promising to become as omnipresent as those of peppergrass.
Enough has been said of this to show the urgent necessity of prevention and
destruction. The plant begins to blossom by March and forms its seeds very
early, thus making promptness necessary. It should be treated as recommended
for peppergrass and shepherd’s purse by growth of a winter crop of some sort
and by thorough cultivation.

Fic. 49. Dead-nettle.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 353

268 Blue-curls, Bastard Pennyroyal (A) T7yichostema dichotomum L.
This is alight green, low plant, with fine, sticky down, oblong, tapering leaves
and blue flowers in late summer. It is common inthe dry fields of southeastern
_---_ ~-Qhio where it seems to do little damage as a weed.
Bay _ ~=269 Wood=-sage,Germander (P) 7eucrium Canadense L. A very conspic-
oa) -_ mous weed in grass lands by roadsides, with its downy stems one to three feet
-. high, egg-shaped, saw-toothed leaves, rounded at the base and conical flower
< clusters of rose-colored, purple dotted flowers at the summit. It merits destruc-
| tion by cutting or grubbing.

POTATO FAMILY, SOLANACEZE.

Pe 270 Apple-of=Peru (P) *Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britt. This isa tall.
_ Peruvian annual, two to three feet high, with smooth leaves somewhat resem-
_ bling those of jimsonweed. The flowers are pale blue and the fruit similar to
those of the ground-cherry, except that the covering becomes bladder-like and
‘five wing-angled. <A suspicious plant, recently introduced; it should be pulled
up wherever seen.

_ 271 Growxnd-cherries (A and P) Physalis spp. The various ground-cher-
ties, with their egg-shaped leaves and downy or sticky branches, are frequent
in waste places and in grass lands. They commonly have greenish or yellow-
ish flowers, succeeded by a pulpy, many seeded berry, enclose by a loose husk.
The annual may be distinguished from the perennial sorts by the difference in
the roots. All of them save the cultivated annual one with yellow, edible berries,
deserve to be destroyed. The perennial sorts have deep, spreading roots.

272 Horse=nettle, Sand-brier (P) So/anum Carolinense L. No list of the
vilest and worst weeds of the state would be complete without including the
horse-nettle, a southern species much resembling the potato in leaf characters
; but with leaf and stem bearing ‘stout, straw-
colored prickles. Fig. 50 shows the appearance
of this plant when in blossom and also shows
the spreading, underground stems by which it
gradually extendsits growth each year. It is
commonly afoot in height, with purplish or
white blossoms, followed by round, yellow ber-
ries about 1-2 inch across. These berries are
many seeded and strongly resemble those of the
potato. The resemblance of the plant tothe po-
tato in general appearance, together with the
prickles on the stems and leaves and the under-
ground stems, make identification rather easy.

The weed has spread over all counties of
the state, and in the south and southeastern
areas it ranks with any other weed in noxious
character. Itis particularly annoying in per-
manent pastures where it flourishes in all sorts
of soils. The berries are, according to a Meigs
county correspondent, commonly produced in
abundance, and the sheep feed upon them carrying the seeds to the higher land,
thus spreading the pest widely. If choosing between it and the Canada thistle,
the wind carried seed of the thistle is the only point to make it worse than horse-
nettle; this point is almost offset by the fact just stated. Yet horse-nettle has
been permitted to spread over many thousands of acres of grass lands and along
many milesof roadside. It should certainly be included among the weeds in a
state law.

Fic. 50. Horse-nettle.

354 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds straw color, flat, round to egg-shaped, 1-10 inch long, smooth, liber-
ated by the decay or opening of the berry. To destroy horse-nettle the under-
ground stems must be starved out. For this purpose, especially in pastures,
but few methods of destruction can be used. If cut off with the hoe and then
salted freely as often as the plants show green leaves, stock will seek the salt-
and materially assist in the destruction of the young plants, while of itself the
salt and cutting tend to destroy them. Twoor three seasons of continuous care
will be needed to kill out the horse-nettle. Kerosene and sulfuric acid may be
used instead of salt, but do not invite the stock to assist.

273 Bittersweet (P) *Solanum Dulcamara L. Thisclimbing, perennial,
European plant has-heart-shaped lower and halberd-shaped upper leaves
(leaflets ) with two ear-like lobes at the base, and purple or bluish flowers in
small clusters, followed by oval red berries. It has become introduced in waste
places and especially about old dwellings. It should be destroyed to prevent
its spreading. The plantis said to be poisonous. Seeds almost circular, flat,
with rough-pitted surface; occurring in European alfalfa seed.

274 Black Nightshade (A) Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade is a
common weed about dwellings. It haslow, smooth, branched stems, egg-shaped
wavy-toothed leaves, white flowers and black, globular berries. The plant is
very poisonous and children are at times poisoned from eating the berries. Safety
demands the destruction of this weed.

275 Buffalo-bur, Sand=bur (A) *Solanum rostratum Dunal. <A_ prickly
fruited, potato-like plant, is a recent introduction from the plains of the west.
It is commonly very prickly, 1 to
2 feet high, with prickly, light-
colored leaves, resembling those
of the potatoin shape and hav-
ing the berry enclosed in a
densely prickly covering; flowers
yellow, root annual. Afew years
ago the first of this weed for Ohio
was discovered about the grounds
of Sells Brothers circus, near
Columbus, since that time it has
been scattered in western seeds,
in hay and the like, to many parts
of the state. One correspondent
aptly described it as looking as
if it were a cross between the
thistle and the potato.

Seeds black or greenish, com-
monly kidney form, angled, 1-10
inch long, the coat pitted all over
with bubble-like pits or cavities.
Frequently distributed in west-
ern seeds and hay. Buffalo-bur
may easily be recognized by its
prickly fruit and its resemblance
to the potato. It should promptly
be pulled up wherever found
and burned.

Fic. 51. Buffalo-bur.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 355

276 Matrimony Vine (P) *Lycium vulgare (Ait. f.) Dunal. Thisisa
woody vine, frequently with spines. and often escapes to borders and waste
places. The orange-red berries are characteristic. Killed by frequent cutting.

277 Black Henbane (P) */yoscyamus niger L. This sticky, narcotic,
poisonous herb, somewhat resembles the following sorts, but has smaller flowers.
Even more dangerous than jimsonweed. Destroyed by cutting.

278 Jimsonweed, Jamestown-weed (A) *Datura Stramonium L., and 279
Thorn-apple (A) *Datura Tatuia L. Fig. 52 shows a branch of one of these
weeds with blossom aud prickly fruit. Both have
large, scallop-toothed leaves and funnel-shaped white
or purple flowers. The common name of these weeds
is by reason of their early introduction at Jamestown,
Virginia.

Seeds black, kidney form, 1-8 inch long, wrinkled
and finely pitted over the surface. These weeds
should be pulled out wherever found as they are dan-
gerous. Children gathering plants have been poisoned
from eating the leaves.

FIGWORT FAMILY, SCROPHULARIACEZ.

280 Mullen, Woolly Mullen (B) *Verbascum
Thapsus L. Itis atall plant, 3 to 6 feet high, with
large whitish, woolly leaves and dense clusters of
yellow flowers; common in sandy pastures and waste
places. It should be cut off below the crown with hoe

or mattock; if this is done in fall or early spring the . F' 52. Chee aitiepat es

plants may soon be destroyed.
281 Moth-mullen (B) *Verbascum Blattaria lL. Moth-mullen, Fig. 53,

deserves to rank among the very worst weeds of timothy mead-
ows, since the small, brown seeds are so common among the
seeds of this grass as well asin clover seed. The plant is
smooth, with a dense rosette of dark green leaves, from which
springs a tall flower-stalk with woolly, yellow or white flowers
followed by globular pods of the size of peas. Very frequent
in meadows and by roadsides. The universal testimony about
this weed is ‘‘I found it in a newly seeded meadow.’’ Seeds
very small, brown, about 1-40 inch long, like the lower part of
a hexagonal pyramid, with sides alternately pitted, see weed
cuts. Very frequent in seeds of timothy and similar seeds of
grasses. To be cut out in early spring with hoe or spud.

282 Toad-flax, Butter-and-Eggs, Ranstead (P) *Z7n-
aria Linarvia (L.) Karst. This is another one of the ‘‘posies’’
that soon prove to be weeds. Commonly planted about pioneer
cabins and public cemeteries for ornament, this weed, unless

Fic. 53. Moth- destroyed, will spread over fields and waysides. It grows in
mullen. dense tufts with low, erect stems, narrow leaves and bright
yellow, spurred flowers, Fig. 54. It produces seeds abundantly, and propagates
itself without limit by its underground stems. I have seen the sloping grassy
hillsides and waysides of central Pennsylvania dotted for miles with this weed;
once upon a farm it spreads to every corner, infesting all fields to their perma-
nent damage. %hus far in Ohio it is chiefly limited to patches here and there,
but as surely as it is neglected for twenty or thirty years more, so surely will
many of the fields of the state be hopelessly overrun by it.

356 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds black, with wing, the whole 1-12 inch across, see Fig. 54a, which |

represents it enlarged several times. Present in seeds and hay from some

districts. - Toad-flax, like horse-nettle, requires per-

_ sistent and vigorous labor to destroy it. It may be
. killed out by continuous cultivation, but is much more
likely to spread through the breaking and spreading
of the under-ground stems, Use of the hoe and some

following the cutting will be found efficacious, if con-
tinued for two or more seasons. In pastures, it goes

in the destruction. "The weed should not be trans-
planted for ornament.

This is a tall, smooth plant, 3 to 5 feet high, with
foursided stems and very large, pointed, saw-toothed

ditches.

Seeds dull brown, 1-32 inch long, deeply grooved
and wrinkled-roughened.” Figwort may be killed
out by persistent grubbing. Where abundant, the
roots, which are an officinal remedy, might be sold to
repay the cost of digging them.

284 Foxglove Beard-tongue (P) *Fentstemcn
Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Is a western, smooth annual,
3 to 4 feet high. It has long, tapering, smooth leaves with clasping base and
large, tubular, inflated, whitish flowers commonly striped with purple. These
are borne in dense clusters at the topof the stem. The seeds of this plant.
which are irregularly angular about 1-20 inch long, have been introduced into
many counties of Ohio during the past few years in western grass seeds and in
grain. It may be killed out by digging it up, otherwise our own grass seeds
will soon become infested.

Fic. 54. Toad-flax.

285 Corn-speedwell (A) *Vevonica arvensis L, 286 Purslane-speed-
well (A) Veronica peregrina L, 287 Thyme-leaved Speedwelf (P) Ve7-
onica serpyllifolia L, and 288 Fieldspeedweil (A) Veronica agrestis L.
These are small, weedy plants, 4 to8 inches high, with rather pretty flowers
along the tips of the branches. Allexcept the last named are found nearly
everywhere in gardens, in lawns and by roadsides. They grow in early spring,
blossoming and seeding with chickweed and shepherd’s-purse, and requiring
the same severe methods for their destruction. The last named is less general
but of the same character.

289 Common Speedwell (P) Veronica officinalis L. This is a downy,
prostrate, stem-rooting plant of dry banks, with elliptical leaves 1-2 to 2 inches
long, and short spikes of rather pretty, blue flowers.

BROOMRAPE FAMILY, OROBANCHACEE.

290 Louisana Broomrape (A) Ovobanche Ludoviciana Nutt., and 291
Hemp-Tobacco Broomrape (A) *Ovobanche ramosa L. These two species are
of interest in Ohio, since the first has already attacked tobacco, in Clermont
county, apparently passing from wild plants, while the second is a pest upon
hemp and tobacco in Kentucky. A third species, 292 Clover Broomrape *0O7-
hanche minor J. FE. Smith, occurs upon clover roots in Europe and in the Eastern
United States. Seeds of all small, but the hemp species likely to occur in
hemp seed.

plant destroyer such as coal oil, salt or sulfuric acid, ?

without saying, that salt would invite other assistance ©

283 Figwort (P) Scrophularia Marylandica L. ‘

leaves. It is common in low, rich bottoms and along ~

2 ree

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 357

4

BIGNONIA FAMILY, BIGNONIACE 4,

293 Trumpet-creeper (P) 7ecoma radicans (L.) DC. Is a woody, climbing
vine with 9 to 10 leaflets and clusters of tapering, scarlet flowers, 21-2 to 3
inches long, handsome in cultivation, but a serious pest when in fence-rows and
waste places. It requires repeated grubbing to destroy it, and this treatment

is deserved when aggressive.
PLANTAIN FAMILY,

PLANTAGINACEZE.

294 Bracted-plantain (A)
*Plantago aristata Michx. Bracted-
plantain is comparatively a new
weed in Ohio, and has attracted much
“notice during the past few years.
It has apparently been widely intro-
duced through the use of western
seeds and forage. It commonly
grows less than a foot high with
rather long, narrow, pointed, ribbed
leaves and wtnaked flower-stalks,
bearing long clusters of flowers
intermingled with short, narrow
leaves (bracts), hence the name.
See Fig. 55. It most resembles
the narrow plantain. The weed
appears thus far to have been less
aggressive than either the broad or
narrow plantain, but has become
so widely diffused that it may be
expected to prove well suited to
certain soils. :

The seeds are dark brown,
rounded at the ends and on one side,
flat, grooved lengthwise on the
other, 1-10 inch long with a trans-
verse groove midway across the
smooth, rounded side. (See Fig.
55d ) Distinguished from the seeds

Fic, 55. Bracted-plantain.

(After Dewey =

Bulletin 28, Division of Botany,
S. Dept. Agric.)

Sic. 56. Sandwort-
plantain,

of narrow plantain by this transverse groove. Very frequent
in clover and timothy seeds from west of the Mississippi.
This is rather ashort lived plant, a winter annual or
biennial, which can best be removed through cultivation or
by hand digging in the spring. The methods of control
are much like those of the narrow plantain, while it prom-
ises to be less noxious.

295 Sandwort-plantain (P) *Plantago arenaria L.
This is the latest importation from Europe, represented in
Fig. 56, which is drawn from a specimen collected in Day-
ton, Ohio, by the late Bro. H. Jaske, a careful collector.
The leafy stems are much taller, the resemblance to the
other plantains being suggested only in the narrow, ribbed
leaves and in the flower clusters. It is illustrated that it
may be distinguished should it appear elsewhere. Its
possibilities as a weed can hardly be predicted. From what
we know of the others the destruction of the plant as a
weed would be a safe measure.

358 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Seeds shown in Fig. 56, almost oval, 1-12 inch long, black, with one fiat,
grooved, and one rounded, smooth side. Apparently brought in packing from
Europe.

296 Narrow Plantain, Buck-plantain, Buckhorn, Ribgrass (P) *Plantago
lanceolata L. Narrow plantain, Fig. 57, ranks among
the worst weeds, particularly upon light, sandy soils. —
It is apparently not so exclusive as sorrel in choosing to
grow only upon sandy lands, but its most aggressive and
injurious characters will show over the same regions as
those outlined under sorrel and broom-sedge. The leaves
of this weed are narrow and tapering, with prominent
veins (ribs) running lengthwise. The flowering stems
are commonly about a foot high, with leafless spikes
(heads) of flowers succeeded by an abundance of seed.
I have seen some fields hopelessly infested with it. For
such only the greatest care and persistence can bring
relief. For most districts it comes largely in hay and
in grass and clover seeds. In all these districts it will

¥ x be possible by vigorous measures to control the pest.

Fic. 57 ew eo one Seeds brown, oval in outline, rounded at the ends

Sea spaugh.) ang on one side, hollowed and grooved on the other,
about 1-10 inch long, smoothand somewhat shining. A very frequent impurity in
clover and alfalfa seeds where it occurs often with bracted-plantain. It is dis-
tinguished from the latter by the absence of the transverse groove across the
back and the more shining coat. The first measure in all cases is to avoid dis-
tributing the seeds of narrow plantain. But once having it, methods of destruc-
tion must be vigorous and persistently followed. If a few stools only are found
these may be removed by hand digging. For this purpose a narrow hoe or spud
is a good tool. But where a field has aconsiderable quantity scattered about,
it would be best to plow promptly and cultivate until the plants are destroyed.
In every case no plant should be permitted to form seeds. Newly seeded clover
fields should be inspected to ferret out any of this or of other weeds. In lawns
where dense tufts of it occur mere mowing will not suffice and it will generally
prove cheaper to spade up and resod. The thickened rootstocks of this weed
must be thoroughly removed in all efforts in digging and cultivation.

297 Plantain, Broad Plantain (P) *Plantago major L. and 298 Rugel’s
Broad Plantain (P) Plantago Rugelii Decaisne. The broad plantains are ans
noying weeds, more particularly in manured land. They have thick rootstocks
like the last, broad, oval, ribbed, green leaves and the latter one named, very
long tapering spikes of flowers and seeds. In enriched fields seeded to clover
and the like, the broad plantains are frequently serious pests; they are ever pre-
sent about yards and waste places. The recognition of the plants is not a
difficult matter, but the recognition of the seed is all essential since it is so fre-
quently an impurity in clover seed,

Seeds dark brown to black, very irregular in shape, with rounded back
and variously flattened; sloped or angled on the other side, 1-12 inch long or less,
by about one-half as wide. Very common in clover seed. It is suggested that
interested persons collect this seed to keep for comparison with the apparent
dark fragments in clover seed. The seeds may be otherwise passed by for some
particle of dirt in the seed. The broad plantains may be removed by hand
from yards andlawns. In clover fields continuous cultivation is required. This
will be the same as that recommended for mustards in clover.

—a

= he

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 359

MADDER FAMILY, RUBIACE.

299 Button-weed (A) DYiodia teres Walt. This alow plant with rough
stems and small, rough, narrow, opposite leaves. The flowers and seeds are
borne in the leaf angles (axils). This species, long abundant in the Atlantic
coast region is now found also in Ohio. Its weedy character is to be determined
here. The stony seeds are wedge-shaped, about 1-8 inch long by half as broad
and somewhat rough on surface.

300 Bedstraw, Cleavers, Goosegrass (A) *Galium Aparine L. Thisisa
weak-stemmed, prickly-angled plant, trailing over other plants and over bushes.
Itis found in damp thickets and along fence-rows. The seeds mature and drop
early, so that where troublesome it is best controlled by taming the land and
crowding it out with grasses. Seeds rough, apple-shaped with one sunken cone,
about 1-8 inch in diameter.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, CAPRIFOLIACEE.

301 Common Elder (P) Saméucus Canadensis L. The common elder has dark
purple berries in large, flat clusters, following the somewhat showy blossoms;
the pithy, woody stems are easily cut and broken, but the spreading roots are
much more difficult to destroy, since they spread and send up new shoots on slight
provocation. The roots in this case, like the underground stems of horse-nettle,
require to be starved out by repeated cutting or dragged out by cultivation.
Seeds spread by birds attracted by the berries.

VALERIAN FAMILY, VALERIANACE.
302 Lamb-lettuce, Corn-salad (A) Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. This is
a low, white-flowered, pale weed, with two-forked, branching stems and grow-
ing in wet grasslands. It is mentioned here more by reason of its abundance
than because of any especially noxious character.

TEASEL FAMILY, DIPSACEZ.

303 Tezsel (B) *Dipsacus sylvestris
Huds. Teasel, Fig. 58, is by no means
a rare roadside weed. Its large prickly
leaves and awned heads are very conspic-
uous. It grows like the common thistle,
and like it flourishes through neglect. It

= 7 NN ] often infests fields, but is more generally a
\ weed to demand the attention of the road
supervisor.

Seeds, brown, four sided and somewhat
angled, ends almost flat, 1-6 inch long, with a
rib lengthwise in the middle of each side.
Teasel, like any other biennial, may he readily
destroyed by deep cutting or grubbing in
early summer. The use of the hoe would

Dien Betilepaiegh) greatly improve the appearance of many

roadsides.

BELLFLOWER FAMILY, CAMPANULACEZE.,

304 Creeping Bellflower (P) *Campanula Rapunculoides L. This bell-
flower is becoming more widely scattered. Its leaves are ovate, pointed and
scallop-toothed, while the flowers are scattered along the upper portion of the
stem. The plantspreads by rootstocks and may be destroyed as other plants
propagated in the same manner.

360 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

305 Venus’s Looking-glass (A) Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Isa
low plant, 4to 18 inches high, with roundish, toothed leaves clasping the stem,
and bluish-purple flowers sitting in the cups. A frequent weed in open, rather
sterile ground. It should be pulled up before seeding if found obnoxious.

306 Lobelia, Indian Tobacco (A) Lodelia inflata L. Is a low weed, 1 to
1% feet high, much branched, somewhat hairy, with egg-shaped, blunt-toothed
leaves and small blue flowers, followed by inflated, seedy pods. It is very
common in dry fields and in pastures generally. This is a very poisonous
plant, much prized in domestic medicine as an efficient emetic. It may be
pulled up before flowering. The plant is so very poisonous that none but
competent physicians should prescribe its use.

307 Great Lobelia (P) Lobelia syphilitica L. This is a hairy, single-
stemmed plant, growing 2 to 3 feet high, bearing an abundance of large, thin
toothed leaves, tapering to a point at both ends, and dense clusters of blue
flowers at the summit. It resembles the cardinal flower except for the difference
in color. Where too conspicuous this may be grubbed out with the hoe.

CHICORY FAMILY, CICHORIACEE.

308 Chicory (P) *Cichorium Intybus L. Is a European
plant that shows itself aggressive. Fig. 59 shows a cut
of branch with its pretty blue flower heads. The root is
large and deep and requires grubbing or close cutting with
the hoe. It is most complained of in southwestern Ohio,
where it infests the roadsides. Certainly capable of
proving a great pest if permitted toescape widely.

Seeds black, somewhat four-sided, 1-12 inch long,
top with fringed borders. To be guarded against by
scrutiny of seeds. Like the dandelion and spinach, this
plant may be used for food.

309 Fall Dandelion(P) *Zeontodon autumnale L. This
European accession much resembles the common dandelion,
except that it has stiffer and longer stalks to the flowers. |
Becoming widely scattered in Ohio. Seeds cylindrical, fig. 59. Chicory.
elongated and transversely wrinkled. (After Millspaugh.)

310 Bristly Ox-tongue, Worm Salad (B) *VPicris echioides L. The seeds
of this plant come to us in alfalfa seed, and are cylindrical, about 1-10 inch
long, contracted to a neck above, reddish brown, and transversely wrinkled.
(See seed cuts). The plant which may occur already in the state, has bristly
leaves and yellow heads.

311 Purple Salsify, Oyster Plant (P) *7vagopogon porrifolius L. and
312 Meadow Salsify (P) *7. pratense L. Ave deep rooted plants with grass-
like leaves, milky juice and purple or yellow flowers. Both have escaped from
cultivation at many points and are liable to become prevalent weeds. The
white mold, Cystopus Tragopogonis (Pers.) Schroet., grows on these and on a
great variety of composites.

Seeds large, brown, 1-2 inch long, striate and tuberculed, less tubercled in
last named, with long-stalked, hair-parachute. Perhaps not sufficiently
buoyant, by reason of the size of the seeds, to become as prevalent as prickly
lettuce. Plants destroyed by grubbing.

a. ee
rs
Ap

a

ae A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 361

—
oan
.

mt 7
«313. ~ Dandelion (P) *7araxacum Taraxacum (W.) Karst. The dandelicn
aaa s a pretty weed to look upon but difficult to destroy. It is present in lawns
--_— and pastures generally. One way to utilize the weed is to take up the _roots.
et and place in earth in the cellar through the winter, where in early spring it
Ja vi 1 make a growth of pale leaves, unsurpassed to mix with spinach or to use
eo alone for food.

_-——s« Seeds brown, ribbed, with pappus, 1-8 inch long, contracted to a decided
“eg point, and with prickles about the base of it. Destroyed by cultivation or by
hand digging with a narrow tool.

See 314-315 Sow=-thistle (A) *Sonchus asper (L.)
All., and *Sonchus oleraceus L. The cut, Fig.
60 shows the appearance of the sow-thistles,
which have plants 2 to5 feet high, with yellow
heads of flowers, milky juice and spiny leaves.
The leaves of the second are commonly much more
lobed and divided, while those of the first are
toothed with stiffer spines. A common weed in
cultivated ground and about dwellings.
Abundant in such places as corn flelds that are
not cultivated the succeeding spring; for example,
in the unseeded shock rows of a corn-stubble
wheat field. Destroyed by cutting or pulling.

| Seeds brown, somewhat oval, thin, 1-8 inch
4 long, striate. Those of Sonchus oleraceus also

Fig. 60. Sow-thistle. ‘
y: (After Millspaugh.) transversely wrinkled.

316 Field Sow-thistle (P) *Sonchus arvensis L. Is a perennial sow-
_ thistle, somewhat shorter than the preceding, with similar leaves but larger,
_- bright yellow heads. These and the perennial root will serve to distinguish it
i from the two preceding. It has been introduced about Cleveland, Painesville
and Cincinnati and perhaps at other places.
- Seeds as those of .S. oleraceus but less flattened, transversely wrinkled on
the ribs. The field sow-thistle requires close hoe §
cutting or digging to destroy it This weed
_ promises to compare with dandelion in lawns and
parks, yet it is a taller stemmed plant.

; 317=318 Wild Lettuce (A or B) Lactuca Cana-
densisL. and JL. sagittifolia Ell. These are
tall growing, yellow-flowered plants of fence-
rows and open woods. They have rather deep
roots and a milky juice. While freely eaten by
stock the plant is by no means ornamental, desery-
ing to rank as a weed, but in no wise comparable
tothe next in aggressive characters. Besides the
common form with lobed leaves there is also the
one with entire leaves. See Fig. 61. ;
. Seeds brown, flat and ribbed, narrowed above Fic, 61. Wild Lettuce.
as those of cultivated lettuce, 1-6 inch long (After Millspaugh.)
and having pappus. They may be destroyed by cutting with scythe before the
_ blossoms open. Now included in the weed law under the name assumed to
apply to prickly lettuce.

362 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

319 Strong-scented Lettuce (A) *Zactuca virosa L. This lettuce is illus-
trated in Fig. 62. This plant has spines or prickles on the midribs and margins of
the entire leaves and upon the stem below. Its milky juice, yellow heads of
flowers and other characters resemble those of cultivated lettuce. {he weed is
an introduction, coming to us from Europe and
appearing, as to this species, in Ohio about 1878 or
1879. Since that time it has spread to every county
of the state and apparently into their most remote
corners. This species to northward;in southwest see
next. Itis a winter annual, starting from seed in
the fall and reaching early maturity the succeeding
season. Itinfests clover fields, completely destreying
their value and is an omnipresent weed if neglected.
Treated of in Bulletin 44 of this Station. Apparently
the weed intended to be designated by the term ‘‘wild
lettuce’’ in the Ohio weed law. MHeretofore confused
in specific name; this name, vzvosa, refers to reputed
poisonous character.

Seeds brown, widening upward, ribbed, 1-8 inch
long and about one-third as wide, suddenly contracted
into a narrow neck, provided with an abundant
pappus and carried long distances by the wind, the Fic. 62. Strong-scented
chief method of dissemination. Lettuce.

While this weed cannot now be exterminated it may yet be subdued.
If prevented from seeding in most places it will decrease in numbers and
aggressiveness. Where mown the plants stool freely and so must be either cut
with hoe or pulled to prevent altogether the ripening of seeds. praca of
effort will be most effectual in limiting its spread.

320 Prickly Lettuce (A) *Zactuca ScariolaL. This is the sort with lobed
leaves, otherwise it resembles the entire-leaved or preceding species. For manv
years this one with lobed leaves was very scarce northward, while abundant
in the region of Cincinnati. In weedy characters the two belong under the
same head. The specific name in this case alludes to the prickles. Seeds like
those of the preceding.

321 Willow Lettuce (A) *Zactuca saligna UL.
The willow lettuce is a very’ slender - plant,
see Fig. 63, without prickles and with pinnatifid
leaves. _It was first noted by the writer near
Dayton, O., in 1898, being in great abundance to south-
ward of that city. Since that time it has become scattered
over the western and central parts of the state and perhaps
more widely.

Seeds resembling those of 7. virosa but slightly
smaller.

322 Hawksbeard (A) *Crepis tectorum UL. This
species of hawksbeard together with the biennial sort»
has become introduced to spread as a weed. The flowers
are yellow while the tall flower-stalk resembles that of fall
dandelion. The plants have buoyant, ribbed seeds.

323 Golden Hawkweed, Orange Hawkweed (P)
*Hieracium aurantiacum LL. The cut, after Dr. Vasey,
Fig. 64, shows the characters of this plant. It spreads by
Fig. 63. Willow Lettuce. runners as well as by seeds. The flowers range from deep
orange to flame color. This is a serious field pest, described by Prof. L. R.
Jones as unquestionably the worst of recent invaders in Vermont. It has

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 363

reached northeastern Ohio, having been collected by correspondents in the
northeastern part of Orwell township, Ashtabula county, at Cherry Valley,
Williamsfield and Lindenville, same county, at Thompson’s Ledge, Geauga
county and also received from Columbiana, Columbi-
ana county, and Alliance, Stark county. in -all
these localities it does not appear that there are
more than a patch or two of the weed.

Seeds cylindrical, black, one-twelfth inch long,
ribbed, with slight tawny pappus. The work upon
this weed in Vermont leads Prof. Jones to recommend
sa’t at the rate of one or two tons per acre, which
kills the weed without seriously injuring grasses.
It should be exterminated in each locality if possible.

324 Mouse-ear Hawkweed (P) *Heracium
Pilosella Ll. This hawkweed has appeared in Lake
county and calls for mention. It propagates by
stolons, has hairy parts and a scapeor stalk witha
single flower. Probably more a weed of waste places
than of pastures, but merits watching.

325 King-devil (P) *Azeracium prealtum Vill.
This expressively named weed proves to be as Fig. 64. Golden Hawkweed.
bad as the golden hawkweed in parts of the New (After Vasey.)
England States. The heads are yellow, against the orange-red of that
species, while the stems are smooth and glaucous. May not as yet be in Ohio,
but merits a suitable reception when appearing.

RAGWEED FAMILY AMBROSIACEZ.

326 Marsh Elder (A) /va ciliata Wild. The seeds of this and other
species of Iva, native farther west and northwest, occur in alfalfa seed offered
our state; the plants, accordingly, may be expected to appear.

Seeds about 1-8 inch long, nearly as broad at wider end, and within
conspicuously ridge-ribbed on the face. Seeseed cuts. This with other species
of Marsh elder to be expected in western alfalfa seed.

327 Ragweed, Roman Wormwood (A) Ambrosia artemisiefolia L.

Ragweed, with its divided leaves and long spikes of pollen-producing
flowers, is known to most persons. It is the universal weed of Ohio grain fields,
ranking with our European immigrants in its noxious character. It reappears
persistently, following the grain crop, and its hard stems remain to infest the
hay of the next year unless sooner removed.

Seeds dark brown, ovoid, with sharp tip, one-eighth inch long, two-thirds
as thick, smooth, commonly surrounded by an urn-shaped, long-pointed
covering, with six or more horn-‘ike projections around the crown. Frequent in
American clover seed, and evidently retaining their vitality for many years
when buried inthe soil. It is, apparently, these soil covered seeds that lie in
wait for the removal of the grain crops and showery seasons thereafter.

Careful selection of seed and the free use of the mowing machine after
harvest, will intime conquer even ragweed. But the victory will not be
apparent until the soil balance of seeds has been exhausted through years of
cultivation. Manifestly the mowing machine should be used before any seed has
been formed, even before blossoming. When the weeds are thus cut down they
will form a useful mulch for young grasses.

364 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

328 Tall Ragweed, Horseweed (A) Ambrosia trif-
ida L. This tall weed with its three-lobed leaves and
three=forked flower clusters finds its home in fertile bot-
toms and roadsides. The cut (Fig. 65) shows the
essential characters.

Seeds, like those of the preceding, but much larger,
five-eighths of an inch long, when enclosed in the dense,
‘pointed, five to seven horned, urn-shaped covering in
which these are usually found. Ohio roadsides may
certainly be freed from this weed. That can be done by
annual mowing before the plants flower.

329 Western Ragweed (P) * Ambrosia psilostachya
DC. The name indicates the habitat of this as west of
us; it belongs in the country described by ‘‘Illinois and

westward.’?’ The weed resembles No. 327 but is

Fic. 65. Tall Raweeed perennial by running roots; the seeds are also similar.
1 = - : ‘ . . . .

CAjter Millspaugh.) The plant is as yet local in Ohio. It may in time prove

as bad as any of the ragweeds.

330 Cocklebur, Clotbur (A) Xanthium Cana-
dense Mill. Fig. 66 will show the characters of cockle-
bur, a weed much despised by shepherds and stockmen
generally. It is very common by roadsides and
occasionally infests moist fields; from both places it
may be removed by persistent pulling. The seeds are
enclosed in the large spiny burs, two in each bur.

331 Smoothish Cocklebur (A) Xanthium gla-
bratum (DC) Britton. Thiscocklebur differs from the
preceding in its rounder, slightly iarger leaves and the
straight, smooth beaks ofthe bur; ranking withit as a
weed.

332 Spiny Clotbur (A) *Xanfhium spinosum L.
The spiny clotbur has been recieved from Hamilton,
Montgomery and Seneca counties and promises to
become widespread. It differs much fromthe preceding

Be : : Fic. 66. Cocklebur.
in its white, hairy appearance and long, straw-colored, (After Milispaugh.)

three-forked spines, growing in the leafaxils. It is one
of the newly introduced weeds coming to us from tropical America.

THISTLE FAMILY, COMPOSITZ&.

This is one of the most abundant families of plants in our flora and is.
represented by a liberal supply of weeds; formerly the two preceding families
were included in it. It is named the composite family from the fact that many
single flowers are collected into dense heads, commonly known as the flower.
Many of the species have two sorts of flowers in the head. The border ones
having long, strap-shaped corollas, forming the rays of the head; they are
commonly white or yellow in color and are sometimes absent. The center of
the head has the disk flowers, which are inconspicuous and have tubular
corollas, often differing in color from those of the ray flowers. All have a
forked style and the anthers in a ring. We shall use the term “rays’’ to
designate the flat, strap-shaped corollas of the border flowers, and the term
‘‘disk flowers’’ to represent those of the center of the head. The old group with
milky juice and all the corollas strap-shaped is included in the chicory
family. The common term petals, as applied to daisies, asters and the like, is
too misleading to warrant its use in the descriptions of the list.

is A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 365

*R-
333 Ironweed (P) Vernonia maxima Small. With its tall siems, 4 to 7

ie high, large, tapering, pointed leaves and red-purple heads of flowers, the
ironweed is a noticeable plant. More than this, its perennial roots makes it
Be ae. etesnised by the cultivator. This weed’s favorite haunt is in moist, permanent
27 grass lands, such as grassy hollows, bottoms and pastures. In these situations
_ danger of washing often prevents cultivation, so that the ironweed holds its
own year after year, sending up its hard woody stems. For eradication we have
ae ov the alternatives of grubbing or frequent cutting off with the hoe and salting;
the salting will be much more efficient in pasture lands, where its work wili
be extended more or less by the stock. The species given is that more
commonly found; one or two other species grow in similar situations, but all
have the ironweed character.

The ironweeds are attacked by several species of fungi, including the leaf
mildews, Erysiphe Cichoracearum DC. and Spherotheca Castagnet Lev.; by a
downy mildew, Plasmopora Halsiedit (Farl.), and by rusts belonging to two
genera, Coleosporium and Puccinta.

334 Jopye=-weed, Trumpetweed (P) Eupatorium purpureum L., is a
very tall weed, four to ten feet high without branches and with a large

cluster of reddish blossoms. The leaves are very large, growing in whorls,
three to six at a joint. They are sharply saw-toothed on the margin.
Jopye-weed grows in similar situations to ironweed 1nd may be destroyed in
the same manner.
335 White Snakeroot (P) Lupatorium ageratoides L.f. This is a
smooth, branching thoroughwort, about three feet high, with broadly egg-
shaped, coarsely toothed, pointed, long-stalked opposite leaves, three to five
inches long. It has showy clusters of pretty white flower-heads, making a
__—s conspicuous and handsome plant, sometimes found in cultivation. It is very
Se frequent in low, bottom pastures and along the borders of woods. Interest
attaches to this weed by reason of its suggested relation to milk-leg in cattle
and its-reputed poisoning of sheep and of persons through use of milk from
cattle feeding on it. Recent experiments by Moseley’, sustain the reputed poison-
ous character of the plant.

For destruction it requires the same measures as for ironweed. Removal
would be profitable compared with recurrent loss and sickness.

336 Boneset, Thoroughwort (P) Aupatorium perfoliatum lL. If use asa
domestic remedy would exclude a plant from a weed list this one would be
excluded. But unfortunately it is a low, unsightly weed in moist land. It has

a - light green, opposite leaves, whose bases unite around the stem, and small

re

heads of white flowers. This plant was introduced into England, according
a - to Millspaugh, as early as 1699, but was not admitted into the medical list
ee until about 1800. It has the same character of root as ironweed and requires

like vigorous treatment to destroy it. As with the three preceding, its
destruction is assisted by more thorough drainage of the land in which it grows.

Thoroughworts harbor the same or similar species of fungi to sare found
upon the ironweed.

> 337 Mist-flower (P) Eupatorium celestinum L. This plant resembles
No. 338 in growth, but has blue or violet rays. Occurring in the southeast and
possibly elsewhere. Destroyed as the others.

338 Kuhnia, (P) Azuhnia eupatorioides L. Grows in cluster, two to three
feet high, from a very large, deep root. The leaves are narrow, tapering and
sometimes toothed, the whitish flowers are followed by seeds with very showy
attached plumes. Thisis a very conspicuous weed in late fall, occurring in
dry or prairie lands, more commonly to the northward. It is, wherever seen,

usually badly rusted with Puccinia Kuhnie S.
It is more easily killed by grubbing than ironweed or boneset, by reason of
the single root.

1Ohio Naturalist. 7:463-470, 477-483 : 1906.

366 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

339 Gum-plant (P) Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. This gum-plant
is a native of the plains and has recently become introduced eastward. It has
been locally introduced in alfalfa and other seeds from the west. The plant
iS very leafy, 1 to 2 feet high, with yellow rays and sticky or glutinous
bracts about the base of the heads. Seeds, light-colored, smooth, four or more
angled, often ribbed and curved, about 1-10 inch long with truncate (flat)
summit, occurring in alfalfa seed.

340 Golden Aster (P) Chrysopsis Mariana (L.) Nutt. Is a silky-hairy
low plant, about a foot high, with oblong leaves and flat-topped clusters of
flowers with bright yellow rays and disks. It is frequent in dry or sterile
grass lands in southeastern Ohio. A second species also occurs.

341 Tall Goldenrod (P) Solidago Canadensis L. While there are many
species of goldenrod (Solidago) more or less abundant along streams and the
borders of woods, there seem to be two species only, requiring mention here as
weeds; these are the tall goldenrod and the next or low goldenrod.

This one is tall and stout, three to five feet high, with rough, hairy stem, an

abundance of lance-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed leaves and small heads of yel-
low flowers. The stem is very leafy, the leaves commonly five to six inches long.
The plant comes frequently on wood borders and in fence-rows where, though
pretty, it calls for destruction. Best killed out by cultivation or by digging.

342 Low Goldenrod (P) Solidago nemoralis Ait. It is by far the com-
monest goldenrod of sterile fields and dry roadsides. It grows from six inches
to two feet high, having a grayish, hoary down and leaves wider toward the
point, tapering toward the stem. The most characteristic part is the dense,
one-sided cluster of bright yellow heads, beginning to open early in August.
Like cinquefoil, the low goldenrod indicates a sterile soil, which calls for
fertilizing and general improvement. The goldenrods are attacked by similar
rusts and by the same mildews as those found upon ironweeds.

343 Heart-leaved Aster (P) Aster cordifolius L. Isa handsome aster,

with broad, heart-shaped leaves, growing freely in fields and by roadsides,
often accompanied by two or three other species of similar habits. Ithasa
much branched stem, pale blue or nearly white rays, and pink to yellow disk
flowers. Where too aggressive these asters may be killed out by cultivation, but
they usually indicate a need of greater fertility.

344 Steelweed, Hairy Aster (P) Aster ertcoides pilosus ( Willd.) Porter.
Within afew years a great deal of complaint of
his weed has reached us from the region bordering
tn the Ohio river, and in some localities, notably
in Brown county, the idea has been advanced that
ohe weed was brought in by the great flood of 1884,
Examination, however, showed that the weed
prevails throughout southeastern Ohio and has
done so since the settlement by the whites. Mr.
Nelson Cox, of Ensee, Lawrence county, informed
me in 1894-5 that to his knowledge fields in his
vicinity were badly infested with this weed about
thirty years ago (1875-7).

Southern Ohio seems most congenial for this
plant, although it is found as far north as Lake
Erie. The weed is native, undoubtedly, over
large portions of the state. Itis ahairy, moderate
sized plant, 1 to 3 feet high, with tapering leaves
as shown in the cut (Fig. 67), short, white rays Fic. 67. Steelweed.
and purplish disk flowers. The favorite habitat of this weed is in dry, some-
what sandy land, where it proves decidedly aggressive. The dense, woody

7+,

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A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 367

stems are objectionable in meadows and the plant appears to be useless as
forage. The characterization as a worst weed is well shown by a study of its
habits in the hilly counties.

Seeds grayish, oblong, with roundish ends, 1-32 inch long, hair soft and
weak, in a small ring, (Fig. 58a and 06). Carried freely by the wind. Itis
hopeless to undertake to eradicate hairy aster from the regions well suited to it.
Like the goldenrod just mentioned, it is more or less indicative of sterile soil.
Its habit shows that we may hope to subdue it by the husbandry practiced and
by culitvation and fertilizing, thus in the end crowding it out with clover and
grasses. Sheep will keep it down quite satisfactorily and are the usual solution
of the problem in pastures.

345 Smooth Aster (P) Aster levis L. This is a low-growing, smooth
aster, with rather dark green leaves and sky-blue rays. It is common in dry
situations and like the last more or less symptomatic.

346 Whitetop, Whiteweed, Daisy-fleabane (A) Zrigeson annuus Pers.
Is a common weed, 3 to 5 feet high, in meadows and other grass lands. It has
a hairy stem and egg-shaped, coarsely and sharply toothed leaves. ‘The rays
are white, the disk yellow with the general appearance of a ‘‘daisy.’’ The
farmer knows its character but too well. Its appearance in meadows seems to
be intermittent. This has already been mentioned on an earlier page. During
13895 and ’96 there was very little whitetop in the clover fields here or elsewhere,
but in 1897 it was very abundant. The explanation lies In the germination of the, -
buried seeds during the favorable rainy season of 1896, hence we may expect it
again in 1898. The small plants might have been seen in the fall of 1896, with
their dark green, coarsely toothed leaves, waiting only until spring should come,
to send up their stems and produce flowers and seed. It will thus be seen that
whitetop is a winter annual, and that we may expect crops of it so long as we
produce crops of seed. This weed has become naturalized in Europe.

Seeds very small, light colored, with short tufts of tawny hairs (pappus).
It certainly should be possible to remove these seeds wholly from grasses and
clover by thorough cleaning, although this is by no means always accomplished.

Eradication of the whitetop has been outlined above. It must depend upon
seed destruction. When the seeds are harvested with the hay and again scattered
with the manure we can not expect to be rid of it. Where clover fields are
badly infested this may be known by fall examination, and the ground again
plowed for wheat, turning under the weeds.

347 Common Fleabane (P) Zrigeron Philadelphicus L. Is like the preced-
ing but growing in moist land only, and having rose-purple or flesh-colored
rays. It is disposed of by drainage an cultivation.

348 Horseweed (A) Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britt. Horseweed is a tall,
hairy plant, 1 to 5 feet high, with very narrow leaves scattered along the stem.
1t has dull flowers followed by an abundance of seed resembling that of white-
top. The leafy character has led tothe local name of ‘‘mare’s tail.’’ This
conspicuous weed may be killed, in uncultivated fields, by pulling it up, since
the stem is always strong and the root not large.

349, 350 Plantain-everlasting (P) Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Rich-
ards, and A. meglecta Greene. This everlasting is a low plant, 4 to 12 inches
high, with silky-woolly, plantain-like, whitish leaves in rather compact rosettes.
It spreads by offsets and runners, thus extending rapidly under favorable
conditions. It has afew globular heads of creamy flowers on upright stems a
few inches in length. Seeds are produced in great abundance, though perhaps
counting for much less than the runners in spreading the plant. This weed is
found in dry, sterile soil and is apparently much more abundant in those of
hard clay, being a conspicuous invader of these soils in the northeastern counties.

368 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

Like several of the foregoing it appears to indicate a soil out of condition. Such
lands seem to need drainage and fertilizing and especially cultivation and
rotation with clover. Where the weed comes in pastures the same method is
required. A mixture of grasses will sometimes resist adverse conditions more
successfully than a single kind.

351 Everlasting, Cudweed (A) Guaphalium obtusifolium L. With its
light color and woolly, fragrant foliage, the common everlasting may easily
be known. It is 1 to3 feet high, having white, clustered heads and lance-shaped
leaves, tapering at the base. It is common in old fields and in dry woods.
The cudweeds are none of them particularly aggressive, while the tall ones are
far from handsome. This one may soon be destroyed by pulling o1 frequent
mowing.

352 Low Cudweed (A) Guaphalium uliginosum L. In contrast with the
preceding, low cudweed is commonly 3 to 5 inches high, spreading upon the
ground by diffuse branching. The heads are small, in dense terminal clusters,

he foliage green above and whitish beneath. The small tufts of this weed are.

common in dry soil. About Wooster they occur in gravel walks, fields and in
open woodlands. Not especially prominent nor disfiguring. It has been pro-
posed by a correspondent to use this as a bedding plant to secure marked
tcontrast with alternanthera, in borders, etc. It may have value for this purpose

353 Elecampane (P) */nula Helenium L. Fig.
68 shows the appearance of a flowerstalk and flower

large lower leaves, woolly beneath. Elecampane has
a thick root, and the leaves springing from it have
long petioles while the stem leaves are partly clasp-
ing. This weed has been occasionally transplanted,
probably for ornament or reputed medicinal qualities.
It is found in fields, about old house-sites and by

resistance and capacity to spread. The plant belongs
among our weeds.

Seeds brown, four to five ribbed, 1-6 inch long
with pappus (hairs). They are blown by the wind.
The thick, fleshy root of this weed is not easy to kill.
Close cutting with the hoe, if repeated, will soon
conquer the plant.

354 Cup=-piant, Rosinweed (P) S7/phium perfoliatum L. This plant has
large, square stems and ample leaves uniting by their bases to form the ‘cups’.
The heads are rather few, large with yellow rays. Frequent along roadways
especially in moist soil. Destroyed by hoe cutting.

355 Ox-eye (P) Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. P. Ox-eye is a smooth
plant, with opposite, three-ribbed, toothed leaves and yellow heads resembling
those of the sunflowers, from which the glabrous aspect of the plant serves to
distinguish the ox-eye. Frequent along roadsides and borders.

356 Yellow Daisy, Brown-eyed Susan, Niggerhead (B) Rudbeckia hirta
L. The yellow daisy, with its rough, bristly stems, 1 to 2 feet high, oblong or
tapering leaves, and large heads with yellow rays and dark purple disk flowers,
is found generally in meadows and by roadsides. Seeds brown, four-angled,
about 3-16 inch long, with no pappus (hairs) and only a minute border at the
top. Frequent in grass and clover seeds. This biennial, if not continuously
introduced in the seeds sown, may soon be killed out by hand digging.

Fic. 68. Elecampane.
(After Millspaugh.)

of this plant. It is stout, 3 to 5 feet high, with very ©

roadsides. As a weed, it shows good powers of _

we .
sy, ot a eee ae

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 369

357 Sunflowers (P) Helianthus spp. The wild sunflowers with their broad
leaves and tall stems surmounted by beautiful yellow flower-heads, are usually
conspicuous in rich bottoms and upon dry hillsides. The seeds unlike the most
of the family, are without hairy plums. Sunflowers may be destroyed by
‘cultivation or by free use of the hoe and salt.

358 Winged-ironweed, Yellow Ironweed (P) Verbesina alternifolia (1. )
Britt. It is a frequent pest in bottoms. It is very similar in habit to the
ironweeds, differing in the yellow heads of flowers and in the winged stems;
the wings are more prominent above. It grows 4 to 8 feet high, persisting by
the perennial roots. To be treated in the same manner as the other ironweeds.

359 Spanish Needles (A) Aidens bipfinnata L. A low, smooth, much
branched annual, with three times parted, egg-shaped tapering leaves and
inconspicuous, yellow flowers, which is commonly found growing in moderately
dry pastures and waste places. Because of it the sheep come up with brown
head-gear at the time when nuts begin to drop and squirrels are plenty in the
woods.

Seeds dark, four sided, needle-shaped, 5-8 inch long, tipped with two to
four stout, downwardly barbed awns. Gathered freely by the wool of sheep.
Successfuly removed by hand pulling and mowing before the seeds are formed.

360-361 Stick=-tights, Beggar’s=-ticks (A) Aidens connata Muhl., Bidens
frondosa L.. These are taller, leafy annuals, more frequent than the last,
especially in moist lands. Seeds brown, flat, thin, with twoor more bearded,
forked awns at the top, adhering freely to clothing and animals. May be
subdued largely by a free use of the scythe in late summer.

362 Tickseed Sunflower (A) Sidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. This
is a smooth, branched, rather tall growing plant, with 3 to 7-divided leaves and
rather large heads of flowers having golden-yellow rays; seeds much as the
last. It is commonly found in wet or marshy land, but as reported from Mahon-
ing county by Mr. E. W. Vickers, this plant is capable of growing along dry

roadsides. In these situations near Ellsworth, it grew luxuriantly, proving

obnoxious to the judgment if not to the eye. For its destruction the same
measures are recommended as for stick-tights.

363 Galinsoga (A) *Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga has become
widely distributed over Ohio, having been introduced from tropical America.
It is a low, branching annual, with nettle-like leaves and minute heads with
whitish rays. Very frequent in waste places. Destroyed by prevention of
seeding. Seeds dark, pyramidal, four-sided and ribbed, 1-16 inch long,
narrow below.

364 Sneezeweed (P) Helenium autumnale L. Is a rather smooth plant,
2 to 4 feet high, with toothed, lance-shaped leaves and handsome heads of yellow
flowers. The yellow rays are 3 to 5-parted at the tip, which character may
serve to identify it. Quite frequent along banks of streams and ditches. Not
especially noxious but sometimes impeding the discharge of overflowing waters.
Western species of sncezeweed have been introduced in grass seeds.

365 Fetid Marigold (A) *Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. It is a nearly
smooth plant, about a foot high, with leaves resembling those of spanish needles
but prickly toothed. It has a disagreeable odor and has recently become
transplanted from the west. It grows luxuriantly where established.

Seeds dark, slender, four-angled, about 1-6 inch long, wider above,
covered with upwardly pointing hairs, crowned by a ring of short, rusty-brown
pappus. Becoming frequent in western seeds and hay. Destroy it in the same
manner as the other annuals just described. It is well worth while to scrutinize
the seeds used in order to avoid planting this weed. Its character in Ohio is
yet to be learned, though rating nearly as mayweed.

370 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

366 Yarrow, Milfoil (P) Achill:a Millefolium L. Fig. 69 will give an

idea of the appearance of this pest of the grass lands.

It commonly grows 2 tc

4 feet in height and has many fern-like, much divided leaves and flat clusters

of flowers having white or pink rays. It is
very frequent in lawns and by roadsides. An
unsightly, ill-smelling plant, much too common.

Seeds small, gray, somewhat wedge-shaped,
about 1-12 inch long. Frequent in seeds
of timothy and clover in which they constitute
a very damaging impurity. Any seeds of
yarrow should cause the rejection of the seeds.
Destroyed by cultivation or by persistent hand
digging. At some points provision might be
made for the cultivation of unused roadsides to
rid them of this and other weeds.

367 TMayweed, Dog’s Fennel (A) *Anthemis
Cotula L. An acrid, ill-smelling annual,
shown in Fig. 70. This has leaves cut into
narrow segments and small heads of flowers
with yellow centers and white rays. A vile

Fic. 69. Yarrow.
(After Millspaugh.)

weed introduced from Europe, abundant in waste places. The stock-runs
and yards are the favorite places for mayweeds. About them it flourishes,

usually, without hindrance.

great detriment. It

Fic. W ster Wilapaueh) is beginning to be

ena found at various

points and should be guarded against in the purchase
of seeds.

Its seeds resmble the preceding, but with a
minute, scale border at the summit. Impurity of
seed is the source of danger and seed scrutiny the
means of prevention. It is worth while to pull this
out of meadows, etc., by hand or to replow a new one
that is badly seeded with the weed.

369 Oxeye Daisy, White Daisy (P) *Chrysan-
themum Leucanthemum L. The illustration, Fig. 71,
will serve to show the characters of this vile weed.
Its pretty heads of flowers with white rays and yellow
centers are larger than those of any similar weed,
while the cut-toothed, narrow leaves complete the
essential characters. An introduced weed that has

Seeds somewhat columnar, tapering to the
base, 1-16 inch long with from eight to ten rows
of warty projections extending lengthwise.
Frequent in the seeds of clover and grasses.
It should be cut or pulled up and destroyed
before the blossoms open. If the weed is per-
sistently mown, it will soon be reduced in
numbers. The mowing machine here, as with
ragweed, can be made serviceable.

368 Corn=-camomile (A or B) *Anthemis.
arvensis L. This weed resembles mayweed
but is not ill-scented.
a much worse pest upon the farm because it
invades wheat fields and meadows to their

It is capable of proving

Fic. 71. Oxeye Daisy.
(After Vasey.)

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 371

rightly been outlawed in most state weed laws. Itis nearly always spread
by the seeds, which are carried in hay and in seeds of various sorts. Large

‘portions of Ohio are comparatively free from oxeye daisy, while it is found

to be a bad pest in many counties. Perennial by short, rather thick rootstocks,
it must be entirely uprooted before it will perish.

Seeds gray to black as viewed, broader above, with many light colored ribs
lengthwise, 1-12 inch long, no pappus and withasharp point. Frequent in
grass seeds, wherein it is an impurity forbidden by statute. Oxeye daisy, like
narrow plantain, requires careful cultivation to destroy it. Where but few
plants are found these may be removed by hand digging, but no badly infested
field should be continued in grass without first cultivating the weeds out of
existence. With this, as with several other weeds, the whole community is
concerned when one resident permits it to grow and fails to make sufficient
effort to destroy it.

370 Costmary (P) *Chrysanthemun Balsamita L. This plant, locally
cailed lavender (erroneously), often with rayless yellow heads, is a frequent
weed about old gardens. The scented leaves are recalled by most persons. -
Requires grubbing

371 Feverfew (P) *Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Pers, Is a third
weedy species of the genus. This has rather pretty heads of small size.

372 Tansy (P) *7anacetum vulgare L. Tansy is often planted and remains
unless carefully destroyed. Ithas yellow heads of flowers m dense, flat-topped,
clusters, and much dissected leaves. It is a bitter, acrid and showy, ill-smelling
herb. Seeds angled and ribbed, 1-10 inch long with a large, flat top anda
short crown. Plants destroyed by cultivation or by grubbing.

373 Wormwood (B) Artemisia biennis L. This weed grows from 2 to 3
feet high, and has divided, narrowly lobed leaves and inconspicuous heads,
The plant-has a penetrating, though not entirely unpleasant odor and a bitter
taste. It grows with an erect habit and a leafy stem. It has been introduced
into a large number of southeastern counties as well as about cities. Seeds
small, slender, 1-20 inch long. Destroyed by pulling or grubbing.

374 Mugwort (P) * Artemisia vulgaris L. Mugwort resembles the pre-
ceding but has smaller heads and perennial roots. It is the more objectionable.

375 Fireweed (A) Erechthites hieracifolia Raf. This plant is atall, rank-
smelling weed with grooved stem and thin, cut-toothed, tapering leaves. The
flowers are whitish, succeeded by an abundance of seeds having a large tuft of
hairsoneach. This isthe weed of new clearings and logheaps. It is attacked
by two leaf mildews, Hrysiphe commnnis (Wallr.) Schw. and Spherotheca Cas-
tagnet Lévy. and also by Septoria LErechthites Ell & Ev. Being an annual it is
easily destroyed by cutting, pulling or digging before the blossoms open.

376 Common Groundsel (A) *Senecio vulgaris L. This is a-hollow-
stemmed plant, a foot or more high, with incised, oblong leaves and many
rayless heads. Now infrequent but destined to become an unsightly and
common pest in cultivated ground and waste places.

377 Burdock (B) *Arctium Lappa L. With its very large, rounded leaves
and tall stems, having small heads of purplish flowers, the burdock is scarcely
unknown. The heads become armed with hooked tips, making them like the
burs of Xanthium in adhesiveness. They prove vile pests in the wool of sheep
and in the manes of horses. The plant has very large, deep roots.

Seeds light brown, spotted with darker, wider above, 1-12 inch long, with
occasional lines lengthwise and a short, bristly pappus; occasionally found
in seeds. Burdocks may be removed with mattock if done before flowering.
Certainly if conspicuousness of a plant leads to its recognition there is no reason
why burdock should be so often seen about fields and roadsides.

372 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

378 Canada Thistle, Field Thistle (P) *Carduus asvensis L. This field
pest is well enough known by name, yet a good many persons are mistaking it
for other plants and calling other plants the thistle. A complete illustration is
shown in Fig. 72. The essential differences from other thistles are the under-
ground stems (with numerous shoots coming to the surface as shown in the
figure) the lobed and very spiny leaves and the smaller heads. The absence
of the thick tap-root alone usually makes us certain that we have to do with
the so-called Canada thistle. It is incorrectly so-named, because it is intro-
duced from Europe and not from Canada. The specific name ‘‘arvensis’’ means _
growing in fields, hence field thistle is a much more correct name. Perhaps
there is no weed name that carries with its utterance more of dread to the land-
owner than that of Canada thistle, yet as I have endeavored to make clear in
previous pages, its most noxious feature, that of creeping, rooting, underground
stems, is possessed by a dozen or more others, including horse-nettle, toad-flax,
nilkweed, ground-ivy, cypress-spurge, nut-grass,
periwinkle, bracted bindweed, field bindweed,
quack-grass, dogbane and elders. While this-is a
vile weed it has been over advertised in comparison
with some others equally as bad. It has been
asserted that the Canada thistle does not mature
seeds in any part of Ohio. Though it may not
ripen seeds south of the latitude of Columbus, it
certainly appears to form viable seeds in this
county and to the northward. It springs from
seed in many new places each year, and spreads
from the underground growth in the others. Its
capabilities of forming new plants underground
are shown in the four shoots of Fig. 72. Open
woodlots are its favorite place to grow from seed.
The farmer may rightly be particular in looking
such carefully through each vear. When a tract

Fic. 72. Canada ‘Thistle, of these weeds has been discovered the next point

The lower figure shows how is to destroy them before they spread to a great

REG Eee eee Ane distance. Railroad rights-of-way and roadsides

often become infested and in these, plants have not

always received the attention required to-killthem out. It is attacked by a

rust, Puccinia suaveolens Rostr., which it has been proposed to use to destroy it.
The fungus can scarcely be expected to accomplish this end. /

Seeds gray, oblong, 1-8 inch long, striate with obscure lines and with a ~
copious pappus by which they may be carried many miles; present in hay and
seeds. Inthe latter, if known, their presence is a punishable offense. (Sec.
7001 Revised Statutes of Ohio). The eradication of Canada thistles is required
by their character, but no one can hope to reach this end without continued
effort. Sure and swift cures or destroyers may be advertised, yet the nature
of the plant including character of growth, makes these claims beyond reason-
able expectations. I have often heard it claimed that Canada thistle had been
killed by a single treatment, and while this is possible it is very seldom
attained. The underground stems must be starved out to kill Canada thistle.
This starving is a slow process and we must be content in our measures, to let
time operate. Destruction of this weed falls under two plans:

1. Destruction in small patches.

- 2. Destruction in field areas of an acre or more,

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 373

For the first, repeated cutting with hoe and applications of salt, kerosene
(coal oil) or sulfuric acid to the cut stems in the ground will usually prove the
cheapest and best method. The treatment, at least the cutting, needs to be
repeated as often as green leaves of the thistle show above ground. Cutting
_ alone will be sufficient to destroy them but it will need to be followed for two
or more seasons to be effectual.
: In areas too large to be destroyed by hand work, the summer fallow may
be used, to be followed by hand treatment to kill out the small remaining areas.
The field should be plowed shallow in June and harrowed to destroy all green
: = tops. Upon the appearance of new growth of the thistles it should be cross-
_ plowed and again harrowed. This procedure is repeated thorughout the season,
_ to be followed by carefu' tillage the next year in corn, potatoes or some other
crop that is to receive all-summer hoeing and cleaning. After this some patches
_ will commonly remain to be killed out as first suggested. Refuse packing or
house salt, which is quoted at about twenty-five cents per barrel, is perhaps
the cheapest chemical to apply after cutting. Kerosene is sometimes recom-
mended, yet costs more, while sulfuric acid is dangerous to handle, although
effective in burning up and destroying whatever it may be applied to.
Smothering with straw is rarely successful, since the thistles finally grow
through it, aside from its depriving the owner of the use of the land for a longer
time than summer fallow. The correct principle of destruction is, however, of
more importance than the mere method. This is to starve out the underground
stems. Two or more seasons will be needed.
379 Common Thistle, Bull Thistle (B) *Carduus lanceclatus L. The
_ common, purple-fiowered thistle found in pastures is a biennial, 2 to 4 feet high,
_with deep tap-root. The plants start in the fall

: sui Lit
_ and may beseen during winter waiting for the bois
_ next summer to blossom and fruit. The cut (Fig. ! i Wg

_ 73), shows the appearance of the head of this

S weed; these are about one inch across. Sid
aa Seeds gray, larger than those of the Canada WIV) #7 ; aE
ry ¥ + a ¥ ~~
thistle, 1-4 inch long and abundantly supplied \ iy

We >

with pappus. Common in hay and seeds. De-
_ stroyed by cutting off below crown before blossom-
ing, usually not destroyed by mowing.
z= 380 Tall Thistle (B) Carduus altissimus L.
“3 Is a native thistle with downy stems, 3 to 10 feet
_ kigh, leafy to the heads and leaves white woolly
underneath. The flowers are chiefly purple, the
heads large, 11-2 to2 inches high. It is found <3
_- : Fic. 73. Common Thistle.
- in damp thickets and fields. Destroyed as the (After Milispaugh.)
_ preceding. Seeds dark brown, 3-16 inch long and smooth.
«381 «~Swamp Thistle Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Is another thistle
found in swamps; it has the leaves green on both sides and the heads almost
without prickles. It is usually not aggressive.

382 Cotton or Scotch Thistle (B) *Onopordon Acanthium L. This is an
___ abundant weed in the vicinity of Cincinnati. It has a cottony appearance all
> over and the leaves extending as wings down the stem. Destroyed in the same
= magner as the common thistle.
383 Blue-bottle, Corn Thistle (A) *Centaurea Cyanus L. Is the escaped
_ bachelor’s button which sometimes is quite showy in grain fields. It may be
removed by hand. Other annual species also are found.

Seeds bluish-white, oblong, 1-8 inch long with brown, ‘‘paint brush’’ circle
of pappus half or more than half as long as the seed body. Conspicuous by
_ reason of this ‘‘brush.’’

39

374 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN, 175.

384 Brown Knapweed (P) *Centaurea Jacea L. This is a perennial plant
of the genus, whose seeds are frequent in alfalfa seed. These seeds are light
colored and shining but without brush of pappus.

385 Star Thistle (A) *Centauzea solstitialis L. This star thistle is a con-
spicuous plant with an array of long, straw-colored spines about the yellow
head, after the manner of true thistles. 2he stems are wing-angled, woolly,
1 to 2 feet high, with leaves very narrow or of narrow segments. The whole is
grayish in color. Eradicated by uprooting. Seeds usually light-colored,
smooth and shining, 1-10 inch long, with a light pappus longer than the seed;
occasionally there are dark seeds of mottled aspect without pappus ‘‘brush’’ in
the same.head. Present in alfalfa seed as attested by numerous specimens
received from alfalfa seedings in Ohio.

St.

pe a
Z ot oe
ee @
an

-
bl
ey
ie

-
»

BS,
FOUND IN RED AND MAMMOTH
CLOVER SEEDS.

Grass Family.

)
Barnyard-grass, Echinochloa Crus-galli (I.
; Beauv.
Blue-grass, Kentucky, Poe pratensis L.
as es Fiat-stemmed, Poa compressa L.
Crab-grass, Syntherisma sanguinalts (L.) Nash.
3 ey “6 Jjiliformis (L.) Nash.
linearis (Krock) Nash.
_ Foxtail, Yellow, Chetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.
“3 Green, Chetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
2 Whorled, Chetochloa verticillata (L.)
_ Scribn.
Italian Millet, Chetoch/loa Italica (L.) Scribn.
Millet, Panicum mtliaceum L.
_ Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare L.
_ Quack-grass, Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
_ Slender Paspalum, Paspalum setaceum Michx.
Timothy, Phleum pratense L.

Sedge Family.
-Sedges, Carex spp.
Buckwheat Family.

Black Bindweed, Polygonum Convolvulus L.
Dock, Broad, Rumex obtustfolius L.
Paemcuried, “ crispus L.
se Pale, Ts
“ee Tall “

“ ot ae

Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare L.

a, « “3 Erect, Polygonum erectum L.

_ Lady’s Thumb, AS Perstcarta L.
Penna. Smartweed, “ Pennsylvanicum L.
-Tear-thumb, Polygonum sagittatum L.

Goosefoot Family.

_ lLamb’s-quarters, Chenopodium album L.

_ Mexican Tea, e ambrosioides L.
Spreading Orache, Atriplex patula L.

_ Western Orache, Atriplex truncata (Torr.) A.Gray

Amaranth Family.

Slender Pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L.
Rough Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.

_ Spreading Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides Wats.
Tumbleweed, Amaranthus graecizans L.

Pink Family.

Forked Catchfly, Sz/exe dichotoma L.
Night-flowering Catchfly, S7lene noctifiora L.
Stitchwort, A/sine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton.
Chickweed, ‘“* medial.

Mustard Family.

Black Mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.

Charlock, Wild Mustard, Brassica arvensis (L.)
nS. P-

Turnip, Brassica campestris L.

Field Peppergrass, Lepidium campestre L.

Peppergrass, Lepidtum Virginicum L.

Shepherd’s-purse, Bursa Bursa-pastoris.(L.) Britt

.- Rose Family.

Rese, Posa huzntlis Marsh.
‘Lall Fivefinger, Potentilla Monspeliensis L.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL.

375

FOREIGN SEEDS FOUND IN COMMERCIAL SEED SAMPLES

The following named species of weed or foreign seeds have
E ‘been found in commercial samples of seeds examined during the
r past few years. All the seed samples were either purchased for
use in Ohio or offered for sale in the state.

FOUND IN ALFALFA SEED.

Grass Family.

Barnyard-grass, Echinochloa Crus-galli
Beauy.

Crab-grass, Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash.
Fescue-grass, Festuca ovina L.
Foxtail, Green, Chetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.

o Yellow, es glauca (L.) Scribn.

€* Whorled, ‘ verticillata |.) Scribn.
Kentucky Blue-grass, Poa pratensis L.
Millet, Panicum miliaceum L.
Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare L.
Quack-grass, Agropyron repens \L.) Beauv.
Reed Canary-grass, Phalaris arundinacea L.
Timothy, Phleum pratense L.

Sedge Family.
Sedges, Carex spp.
Buckwheat Family.

Black Bindweed, Polygonum Convolvulus L.
Dock, Broad, Rumex obtustfolius L.

a Cunedas + crispus L.
Sorrel, ?wmex Acetosella L.
Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare L.
Water Pepper, Polygonum Hydropiper L.
Lady’s Thumb, Polygonum Persicaria L.

Goosefoot Family.

Cycloloma, Cycloloma atriplicifolium
Coult.

Goosefoot, Chenopodium murale L.

Lamb’s-quarters, Chenopodium album L.

Russian Thistle, Sa/sola Tragus L.

Western Orache, Atriplex truncata (Torr) A. Gray

Amaranth Family.

Spreading Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides Wats.
Rough Pigweed, Amaranthus retrofilexus L,
Tumbleweed, Amaranthus grecizans L.

Pink Family.

Forked Catchfly, Silene dichotoma L.
Night-flowering Catchfly, S7/ene noctifiora L.
Cowherb, Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britt

Mustard Family

Black Mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.
Charlock, Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P.
False Flax, Camelina sativa (L.) Cranz.
Hare’s-ear Mustard, Conringia ortentalis L.
Peppergrass, Lepidium Virginicum L.
Rape, Brassica Napus L

Turnip, Brassica campestris L.

Pea Family.

Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum L.

Black Medick, Yellow Trefoil, Wedicago lupulina L.
Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L.

White Sweet Clover, We/tlotus alba L.

Yellow Sweet Clover, Me/zlotus regs ie
Coronilla, Coronilla scorpioides L .

Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L.

White Clover, 7rifolium repens. L.

Spurge Family.

Prickly Poppy, Argemone alba Lestib.
Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha Virginica L.

(L.)

(Spreng.)

376 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175.

IN CLOVER— (Continued).

Pea Family.

Alsike Clover, Trtfolium hybridum L.
White Clover, 7rzfoliam repens L.
Coronilla, Corontlla scorptotdes L.
Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L.

Woodsorrel Family.
Yellow Woodsorrel, Oxadis stricta L.
Spurge Family.

Spurge, Euphorbia nutans Lag.
Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha Virginica L.

Mallow Family.
Low Mallow, Malva rotundifolia L.
Carrot Family.

Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota L.
Pimpernel, Pzmpinella Saxtfraga L.

Dodder Family.

Clover Dodder, Cuscuta Epithymum Murr.
Field Dodder, ‘¢ s arvensis Reyr.

Vervain Family.
White Vervain, Verbena urtictfolia L.
Mint Family.

Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides L.
Self-heal, Prunella vulgaris L.
Catnip, Mepeta Catariza L.

Potato Family.

Climbing Bittersweet, Solanum Dulcamara Li,
Black Nightshade, Solanum nigrum L.
Horse Nettle, Solanum Carolinense I.

Figwort Family.
Moth-mullen, Verdascum Blattaria L.

Plantain Family.
Bracted Plantain, Plantago artstata Michx,

Broad, Pe “ major Li.

Narrow ee od lanceolata L.

Rugel’s Broad Plantain, Plantago Rugelit
Decaisne.

Madder Family.

Blue Field-madder, Shevardia arvensis L.
Chicory Family.

Chicory, Cichorium Intybus L.

Dandelion, Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst.
Prickly Lettuce, Lactuca virosa L.

Worm Salad, Picris echioides L.

Ragweed Family.

Ragweed, Ambrosia artemistefolia L.
Great Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L.
Marsh Elder, /va axz//aris Pursh.

Thistle Family.

Canada Thistle, Carduus arvensis L.

Common Thistle, § lanceolatus L.
Fireweed, Evechthites hteracifolia L.

Mayweed, Anthemzs Cotula L,

Oxeye Daisy, Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
Scentless Camomile, Matricaria tnodora L.

Star Thistle, Centaurea solstitialis L.

Yarrow, Milfoil, Achillea millefolium L.

IN ALFALFA—(Continued ).

Mallow Family.

ac Mallow, Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh.
ray.

Low Mallow, Walva rotundifolia L.

Musk Mallow, Malva moschata L.

Sida, S7da spinosa L.

Carrot Family.

Caraway, Carum CaruiL.
Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota L.
Pimpernel, Pimpinella Saxifraga L.

Dodder Family.

Clover Dodder, Cuscuta Epithymum Murr.
Field Dedder, Cuscuta arvensis Beyr.

Borage Family.

Amsinckia, Amstnckia intermedia F. & M.
Amsinckia, Amsinckia tessellatu Gray.

Vervain Family.
White Vervain, Verbena urticifolia L.

Mint Family.

Sage, Salvia lyrata L.
Self-heal, Prunella vulgaris L.

Potato Family.

Climbing Bittersweet, Solanum Dulcamara L.

Piantain Family.

Bracted Plantain, Plantago aristata Michx.
Broad Plantain, Plantago major L.

Narrow Plantain, Plantago lanceolata L.
Rugel’s Broad Plantain, Plantago Rugelii Dec.

Chicory Family.

Chicory, Cichortum Intybus T..
Worm Salad, Picris echiotdes L.
Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnale L.

Ragweed Family.

Ragweed, Ambrosia aptera L.

Ragweed, Ambrosta artemistefolia L.

Marsh Elder, /va ciliata Willd.

Marsh Elder, Zva avillavzs Pursh.

Marsh Elder, /va wanthitfolia (Fresen) Nutt.

Thistle Family.

Brown Knapweed, Centaurea jacea L.

Canada Thistle, Carduus arvensis L.

Common Thistle, Carduus lanceo’atus L.
Gum-plant, Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.
Mayweed, Anthemts Cotula L.

Yellow Camomile, Anthems tinctorta L.

Oxeye Daisy, Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
Scentless Camomile, Matricaria tnodora L.

Star Thistle, Centaurea solstitialis L.

Sunflower, //elianthus ciliaris L.

A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 377

FOUND IN ALSIKE CLOVER.

Grass Family.

Crab-grass, Syntherisma sang: inalis (L.) Nash.

Foxtail, Yellow, Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.
A Green, S viridis (L.) Scribn.

Kentucky Blue-grass, Poa pratensis L.

Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare L.

Redtop, Agrostis alba L.

Timothy, Phleum pratense L.

Buckwheat Family.

Dock, Broad, Rumewx obtustfolius L.
Lady’s Thumb, Polygonum Persicaria L.
Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella L.

Goosefoot Family.
Lamb’s-quarters, Chenopodium album L.
Amaranth Family.
Tumbleweed, Amaranthus graecizans L.
Pink Family.

Night-flowering Catchfly, S7/ene noctiflora L.
Forked Catchfly, Sz/ene dichotoma L.
Chickweed, A/sine graminea L.

s Cerastium sp.
Common Chickweed, Alsine media L.
Spurry, Spergula arvensis L.

Mustard Family.

Charlock, Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S. P.
Falre Flax, Camelina sativa L.
Peppergrass, Lepid:um Virginicnm L.
Shepherd’s-purse, Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.)

Rose Family.
Tall Fivefinger, Potentilla Monspeliensis L.

FOUND IN TIMOTHY SEED.

Foxtaibgrass, Chetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Kentucky Blue-grass, Poa pratensis L.

Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare L.
Redtop, Agrostis alba L.

Sedge, Carex spp.

Bitter Dock, Rumex obtusifolius L.

Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella L.
lamb’s-quarters, Chenopodium album L.
Tumbleweed, Amaranthus graectzans L.
Peppergrass, Lepidium Virginicum.

Tall Fivefinger, Potentilla Monspeliensis L.
Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum L.
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.

White Clover, 77 tfolium repens L.

Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L.

Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota L.

Nettle, Urtica dioica L.

Bracted Vervain, Verbena bracteosa Michx.
White ue «¢ urticifolia I.
Moth-mullen, Verdascum Blattaria L.

Broad Plantain, Plantago Rugelii Dec.
NarrowPlantain, P/antago lanceolata L.

Pea Family.

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.

Black Medick, Medicago lupulina L.
Red Ciover, Trifolium pratense L.
White Clover, ‘ repens L.

Spurge Family.

Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha Virginica L
Dodder Family.

Clover Dodder, Cuscuta Epithymum Murr.
Mint Family.
Selfheal, Prunella vulgarts L.
Figwort Family.
Eyebright, Euphrasia officinalis L.
Plantain Family.

Bracted Plantain, Plantago artstata Michx.
Broad “e cm easor- Aa.

Narrow Plantain, Plantago lanceolata L.
Rugel’s Broad Plantain, Plantago Rugelit Dec

Chicory Family.

Chicory, Cichorium Intybus L.
Nipplewort, Lapsana communis L.

Thistle Family.

Canada Thistle, Carduus arvensis L.

Field Camomile, Anthemts arvensis L.
Gum-plant, Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.)
Marsh Elder, /va xanthiifolia. (Fresen.)
Mayweed, Anthemis Cotula L

Oxeye Daisy, Crysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
Pyrethrum Pyrethrum inodorum L.

FOUND IN OATS.

2% quarts out of 2 bushels contaite .

Barnyard grass, Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.)
Beauy.

Green Foxtail, Chetochloa viridis (T..) Scribn

Sprouting Crab-grass, Panicum proliferum L.

Timothy, Phleum pratense L.

Curled Dock, Rumex Crispus L.

Lady’s Thumb, Polygonum Persicaria L.

Pennsylvania Smartweed, Polygonum Pennsyl
vanicum L.

Tear-thumb, Polygonum sagittatum L.

Wild Buckwh at, Polygonum Convolvulus L.

Nightflowering Catchfly, S7/exe noctifiora L

Black Mustard, Brassica nigra L.

Indian Mustard, Brassica juncea L.

Flax, Linum usttatisstmum L.

Narrow Plantain, P/antago /anceolata L.

Yellow Daisy, Rudbeckia hirta L.

Oats, Avena.

Also hulled seeds of various Polygonums.

No. 1

BES weanuaarnwn

PLATE If.
Each magnified about 5 diameters.

Serghum FHalepense (L) Pers......-.0........ Johnson-grass, 2 seeds. |
Syntherisma sanguinalis (..) Duac.......... Crab-grass, 4 seeds.
Syntherisma linearts (Krock) Nash.......... Small Crab-grass, 2 seeds.
Panicim CAPUIGEOR I (5508 ds toe vat ele eae gn ds .Old Witch-grass, 4 seeds.
Agropyron repens (L) Beauv................. Quack-grass, 2 seeds.

P08. COUP ESSAI ie Fon Sack see ete ve ee Wire-grass, 2 seeds.

POG ALRUGNY ster ee ee ee ee a eee May-grass, 2 seeds.
Chaetochloa glauca (LL) Scribn................ Yellow Foxtail, 4 seeds.
Chaetochloa viridis (1) Scribn. ......s.0.+0: Green Foxtail, 4 seeds.
Chaetochloa verticillata (1.) Scribn..... ee---- Whorled Foxtail, 2 seeds.
Cheetochioa Ttalzca(l4) Scribm, .--. est oeeeces Italian Millet, 2 seeds,
Echinochloa Crus-galli (LL) Beauv........... Barnyard-grass, 4 seeds.
Panscune miliacewuspe Va; \icsh. acs can aps oe eee Millet, 2 seeds.
Evleusinedndzica (lu) Gaerti).c.ss. oe. se tee Dog’s-tail Grass, 2 seeds.

EP LCUIILADT CLCTESC.Muns\ der. Aois eis ae a Timothy, 4 seeds.

TEFAGT OSES MGIOT TORE sn i'o os «0s 2 ns lade See ee Stinking-grass, 4 seeds.
Piglaris GHuUndtnacea lana. eae eaadee eee _... Reed Canary-grass, 2 seeds.
PB estuca€lattor Wak wilh sae eaee oe a econ Meadow Fescue, 2 seeds.
BOMUS SECAINUS Wepre oe ee ee Chess, 2 seeds.

SLE PUSPAMLCT LOANS MA CLS heater tec as Club-rush, 2 seeds.
Scirpusatrouirens NUN si ose Gliooks cacewe ee Dark-green Buirush, 2 seeds.
Carex TUrvda WAN 2. Shae hee ee eee eae Sallow Sedge, 2 seeds.
UTEICOSBY ACHIS BAG es, Gees seiner eae reek ace Slender Nettle, 4 seeds.

POLY SOUUUE BUECUIATE Ta 25.33 Oe eee eae retah <0 Knot-grass, 4 seeds.

Poly ZOmMIAP CP STCAPLA Ts no os orcigiel: me ko ieigieiah= Lady’s-thumb, 4 seeds.
Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L......++.0 00+. Pennsylvania Smartweed, 4 seeds.
Polygonum sagitlatum Ta, sat eds smeek Tear-thumb, 2 seeds.
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.......... Mild Water Pepper, 2 seeds.
Rumeraltisstmus WO0d . s00i0025 code 3. ae Tall Dock, 4 seeds,

TRUMLE RES AIICLFOLEL SIN CIID =) @)«.cicis21=io.eietoreis' lop eieie Willow Dock, 2 seeds.

From original photographs by P. A. Hinman and F. M. Van Hook,

pomyrnoanrwndr

PLATE II.
Each magnified about 5 diameters.

Polygonum Convolvulus L....... os SEE Black-bindweed, 4 seeds.

wine cAcéloselia han once ee eca Ce eh ene oe Sorrel, 4 seeds.

TRIE MCHISDUS Norden es sacle s Si-lejetiee ae ae tae Curled Dock, 4 seeds.

TUULULEN OOLULSI OLLUSILT. ess hiseite -circisinlereae oP ote Bitter Dock, 4 seeds.
Chenopodium albums. ..... oi aes... gabe sven =: Lamb’s-quarters, 4 seeds.
Chenopodium ambrostoides Li............240+ Mexican Tea, 4 seeds.

Salsola’ Tpagus Ta sack ss «sop Sabeols saeieeen => Russian Thistle, 4 seeds.
Atriplex truncata (Torr) A Gray............. Western Orache, 4 seeds.
Cycloloma atriplictfolium (Spreng) Coult.... Winged Pigweed, 3 seeds—] with covering.
Amaranthus graccizans Va... ovens i ceenscs Tumbleweed, 4 seeds.

Amaranthus blitoides WAatsS.0.:. acs ns Sete Spreading Amaranth, 4 seeds.
S7lene CORTE Nasa ch cs ote poe rie 6 cee eee Conical Catchfly, 4 seeds.

Seleme HOCHROFE Entec enim cesses ee Night-flowering Catchfly, 4 seeds.
Silene dichotoma Ehrh....................... Forked Catchfly, 2 seeds.

AUSERE TED 1AINT se ee cee nee eee ee Common Chickweed, 2 seeds.
Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl.......... Nodding Chickweed, 2 seeds.
Scleranthus ANNUUS Viwecs cocoa ves cijsdcaneeer Knawel, 2 seeds.

Agrostemma Githago Vis....0 0.206 sosees dacs Cockle, 4 seeds.

Dranthus Agomeria Lis. tee one we spinel oo mee . Deptford Pink, 2 seeds.
Sapouaria opicimalts De, 5.55: then ewe te ame sate Bouncing—-bet, 2 seeds.

Vaccaria Vaccaria(L) Britt..................Cow-herb, 2 seeds.

Sper pila arvensts Van 22 or ceen = was rds c cece Spurry, 2 seeds.

TUEIU TCI SIACIIS Lad ss een eee ete ese eee eee Buttercup, 2 seeds—1 with covering
Papaper Q60te Ge Tsao cows so isd <a ee ans = SOE Poppy, 4 seeds.

Argemone alba Lestid ........ 0.0.20 e cece cone Prickly-poppy, 2 seeds.

Brassica nigral) Koch .... 2.0... ciewccs an o0 cs Black Mustard, 4 seeds.
Brassica arvensis (i) B.SoP......d.scce0. ace Charlock, Wiid Mustard, 4 seeds.
Brassica campestris [b) 3s.c0- sees eee pees Turnip, 2 seeds.

Lepidium campestre(L.) R Br..........22+.0.. Field Peppergrass, 4 seeds.

Dept dune Ver Gin icum Wa... ns oasie come ap say Peppergrass, 4 seeds.
Camelinazsctiva |.) Crantz >i... 2 ees False Flax, 4 seeds.

Conringia ortentalis (L) Dumort............. Hare’s-ear Mustard, 4 seeds.
ErysimumSepanddm Nan. secs sh 2s tns ode os Spreading Mustard, 4 seeds.
Bursa Bursa-pastoris (i) Britton...... ..... Shepherd’s-purse, 4 seeds.
Thlaspi arvense Ls... 01. 100+ cece ceccee cee ces Penny-cress, 4 seeds.

From original photographs by P. A. Hinman and F. M. Van Hook.

PLATE II

SCanannr WwW

PLATE IIL.
Each magnified about 5 diameters.

Polentitia MOnSpeliensts Wa. sacees. see een § Tall Fivefinger, 4 seeds.

TPE ONGYE TF CPCHS Maer. SatZats oh cans ie ok FOR cee White Clover, 4 seeds.

Trifolium hy b vidéa Va oc. «2 oven suhioeelewes aie Alsike Clover, 4 seeds.

TEL OU Pt ateuse Lin. onde Soap n ata. tee Red Clover, 4 seeds.

Leaf OUa i ANCAFNALUMI MGR Te eee en tice eee eee Crimson Clover, 4 seeds.

WA EDICE ID TUP ULI gon dio'a'ehais cio neste ee ee ee Yellow Trefoil, Black Medick,4 seeds—1 with
MMECICOED SOLUUE Vas. on sin, <i5ic Sats toe Bienen Re Alfalfa, 4 seeds. {covering
Ondbrychis sataia Tuam se ncn 228s sparse ee Sainfoin, 2 seeds—1 with covering.
Ornsthopus satrius Brot :.25eso ce nan eee Serradella, 2 seeds—1 with covering.
WOLUSICO7MICUIALUS MUL ee eek eee Ee Bird’s-foot Trefoil, 2 seeds.
Goronilla SCOPpIOIgES Ni. ov Bien wn a ee ae eee Axseed, 2 seeds.

CUSCULG AZO CHSIS BOYLE ie eae ee eee Field Dodder, 4 seeds.

Cuscita 2pithymum Nir... 2.27 esec ee eee Clover Dodder, 4 seeds.

Geranium Carolinianum Wi, ...00.... 060.0 0m- Crane’s-bill. 4 seeds.

Buphorbta nutans Gag... a.0ckc <2 ee ee Spurge, 4 seeds.

Euphorbia maculata: Ta)... oi. uae oan eee een Spotted Spurge, 2 seeds.

Aéaly pha Vir senid Nas. Sojourn ee catae <> tare Three-seeded Mercury, 4 seeds.

NA AER AOSTA QUE) Vinca goby aseapA Ono os a05N+ Low Mallow, 4 seeds.

LAV OISCUS TF L0RUIMMN Gece. oe eee eet eee Bladder-ketmia, 4 seeds.

Abutilon Abutilon (L) Rusby..... ........... Indian Mallow, 2 seeds.

DUPE-SPIN OSE Baar, Cite Oe? sive beta gee ee Prickly Sida, 2 seeds.

Cron Capiiata saNuenxn criss arecareeeeee eet Croton, Hogwort, 2 seeds.

Onagra bremmis (WU) Scop «. cate oe ee ee Evening Primrose, 2 seeds.

Carin CAZuyils. Aestig cece Caraway, 2 seeds.

DAU SIO GTOLG Mu ee ee fo ea re roaosistate Wild Carrot, 4 seeds.

Pimpineiila Savifraga Visi ogee ssa niitan eee Pimpernel, 2 seeds.

LERNOSPES NUM: GFBERSE Taig omen ihoces vane Wheat-thief, 4 seeds.

From original photographs by P. A. Hinman and F. M. Van Hook.

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19

PLATE IV.
Each magnified about 5 diameters.

Ipomoea hederacea Vacd......5 io Sap See ese cme Field Morning-glory, 2 seeds.
Amsinckia intermedia F & M.............-+0+ Amsinckia, 2 seeds:
Amsinckia tessellata Gray....0.. 22.0 008s... . Amsinckia, 2 seeds.

Verbena urticifolia L,..........-+-+0+.--+-. «. White Vervain, 4 seeds.
Verbena: hastatia Vino eee ona Blue Vervain, 4 seeds.
Nepeia CGA cis =) Base ee ss SOT oo Catnip. 4 seeds.

Prunella vitigaris Va, 12... .20.000ceeer nse secs Self-heal, 4 seeds.

Lami amPplertcaagle laiessces ssn res hem cee Henbit, 4 seeds.

SGI DIG MTGE Myst ons Sais oe cet oe ESS Sage, 2 seeds.

Hedeoma pulegioides (Li) Pers... ...... «+++ Pennyroyal, 4 seeds.

Perilla frutescens (lL) Britton... ...< 222-1. +3 Perilla, 2 seeds.

Solanum Carolinense Ta. -2. +). sor cee etsisene Horse Nettle, 4 seeds.
SOLAN HDUICQM ALAN ee = eek eee Climbing Bittersweet, 2 seeds,
Veriascum Bilatiaria Ns asc. 7a: seneneeeeree Moth-mullen, 4 seeds.
Plantago major L...........+- nevis seen mite Broad Plantain, 4 seeds.
Ploniago Rupelit Dee. 5... 62 csaces dpa 3 yan Rugel’s Broad Plantain, 4 seeds.
Plantago leuceolata U,5 22 22). hee eae eae Narrow or Buckhorn Plantain, 4 seeds.
Planiago aristaba. Mich x02 < 2550 bes 2 eee Bracted Plantain, 4 seeds.
Sherardia arvensis Ti...eebeo cose _. Blue Field-madder, 2 seeds.
Cichorium Intybws Va. 25.52%. 2 Sip ants she ACME 2 BEES.

Taraxacum Taraxacum (L) Karst............ Dandelion, 2 seeds.

Pcrss ERIS ras lace Ga ot Bo pe Worm Salad, 2 seeds.

EL OCERCE IPSS Be, oo) Seti oun ee eas Prickly Lettuce, 4 seeds.
EAC CE SOUP NS <5 das Joma tas te ee ee Willow Lettuce, 4 seeds.
Fiteractum aurantiacuta (a... cc-ces ccsu sos sss Golden Hawkweed, 4seeds.
Sonchus usper (Ly BM, 32053. ol Set Sao Sow-thistle, 2 seeds.

SOncRUs O127ACEUS Lae chincts che ee Se ee ee Sow-thistle, 2 seeds.

Arialies mellefolswm Livre setae ten & ees Yarrow, 2 seeds.

Anthems: GC otula ns (Gee ee Mayweed, 4 seeds.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L........... Oxeye Daisy, 2 seeds.
Erechiites hieracifolia () Rafe. 00... 022s Fireweed, 2 seeds.
Matricatiasnodora Ts. si see eee Scentless Camomile, 2 seeds.

From original photographs bv P. A. Hinman and F. M. Van Hook.

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or

PLATE V.
Each magnified about 5 diameters.

EEULICUIR SPCllaWae, 2.52. sees: cae See Spelt, spikelet and seed

Iva xanthiifolza (Fresen) Nutt. .............. Marsh Elder, 2 seeds.

VTE eCOLIALG WV Allee 2) oon Sera oe eee ent ee Marsh Elder, 4 seeds.

Ambrosta artemist@folia Li...... cece eens caee Ragweed, 4 seeds.

AIO OSELILET ODE NTs Pa ue h ole oe sens anes Great Ragweed, 2 seeds.
LLCLANILUSHEBAUUS Vis tte ne eee Sunflower, 2 seeds.

Carviduius arvensis (Iz) RODS, <.ssees een eee ek Canada Thistle, 4 seeds.

Carduus lageepralis is Gis soa ke Ce Common Thistle, 2 seeds.

Wigdbechia higlads. i> 's6 schn ti ke ee ee ae Yellow Daisy, 2 seeds.

Leontodon autumnale V........ 2S ere A ee Fall Dandelion, 2 seeds.

Areiinm Lappa ls: 2.2% ct fos ote ne eee re see Burdock, 2 seeds.

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.......... Gum-plant, 4 seeds.

CORLGUP ER SHO COANG a on. Sate ee Ae Brown Knapweed, 2 seeds.

CEUMIGUE EG SOISTIRIATIS Ni.) hacia tes eee Star Thistle, 2 seeds—these come with and
Centaurea Cyngns Vie Osos hen Oe Blue-bottle, 2 seeds. [without pappus.

From original photographs by P. A. Hinman and F. M. Van Hook.

INDEX BY COMMON NAMES.

Adam’s Needle, 314
Agrimony, 333
Serge aa case 333
x » 333
Aitanthne © Fae 337
Alfalfa Seed, Weeds in, 375-6
Alfilaria, 337
Alyssum, 332
Amaranth, 321
Low, 321
“Spiny, 321
Angelica, 342
Apple Family, 334
Apple-of-Peru, 353
Apple, Thorn, 355
Arrowhead, 305
Asparagus, 314
Asparagus beetle, 314
Aster (Thistle) Family, 364
Aster, Golden, 366
“Hairy 366
‘* Heart-leaved, 366
‘* Smooth, 367
Atriplex, 319
Axseed, 336
Axwort, 336
Barberry, 326
Barberry Family, 326
Barnyard-grass, 306
Basil, 351
Beard-tongue, Foxglove 356
Beaver-poison, 343
Bedstraw, 359
Beet, beetle on, 318
Beggar’s-lice, 349
Beggar’s-ticks, 369
Bellflower, Creeping, 359
Bellflower ‘Family, 359
Bermuda-grass, 310
Bignonia Family, 357
Bindweed, 347
Black, 318
“y Field, 346
= Hedge 347
Bittersweet, 354
Blackberry, 332
Bladder-ketmia., 340
Bloodleaf, 322
Blue- bottle, 373
Blue-curls, 353
Blue-devil, 329
Blue-grass, Flat Stemmed, 311
Blue-stem, Big, 305
ne Little, 306
Blueweed, 350
Boneset, 365
Borage Family, 349
Botany, Works on, 303
Bottle-grass, 307
Bouncing-bet, 323
Brier, Common, 332
Broomrape,
23 Hem p-Tobacco, 356
J Louisiana, 356
Broom-sedge, 305
Brown-eyed Susan, 368
Buckwheat Family, 316
Buffalo-bur, 354
Bugbane, 325
Bugleweed, 351
Bur, See Buffalo-bur, Cockle-
bur and Clot-bur.
Burdock, 371
Bur-grass, 308
Burreed Family, 304
Burreed, 304
Butter-and-Eggs, 355
Buttercup, 325
Buttercups, 326
Button-weed, 359
Calamint, 351
Canary-grass, 308
Caper Family, 332
Caraway, 343
Carpetweed, 322
Carrot Family, 342
Carrot, Wild, 342
Catchfly, Cenical 323
ss Night-flowering, 323

Catchfly, Sleepy, 323
Catnip, 351

Cattail, 304 :
Cattail Family, 304
Camomile, Corn, 370
Charlock, 329
Cheat, 311

Cc 3

“6 Soft, Jil
Chickweed Family, Indian, 322
Chickweed, 324
Indian, 322
= J agged, 324
Mouse-ear, 324
Chicory, 360
Chicory Family, 360
Chufa, 313
Cinquefoil, 333
Clammy-weed, 332
Cleavers, 359
Clot-bur, 364

“ Spiny, 364
Clover, Alsike, Weeds i in, 377
Bush, 336
Hop. 336

“ Stone, 336
‘© Sweet, 335
“Yellow, 336
‘¢ Yellow Sweet, 335
‘© ~=White, 295
Clover Seed, Weeds in, 375-6
Cockle, 323
Cockle-bur, 364
st Smoothish, 364
Cocksfoot, 306
Comfrey, 350
Corn-camomile, 370
Corn-cockle, 323
Corn-grom well, 349
Corn-poppy, 326
Corn-salad, 359
Corn-speedwell, 341
Cornel, Panicled, 343
Cornflower, 373
Costmary, 371
Cotton, Wild, 345
Cottonwoods, 315
Couch-grass, 312
Cowbane, Spotted 343
Crab-grass, 307
ie Small, 307
* Sprouting, 306
Creeper, Trumpet, 357
Croton, 337
Crowfoot, 310
ee Cursed or Ditch, 325
<6 Family, 325
‘S Small-flowered, 325
Cudweed, 368
Cup-plant, 368
Cypress-spurge, 338
Daisy (Thistle) Family, 364
Daisy Fleabane, 367
Daisy, Oxeye, 370
$6 White, 370
< Yellow, 368
Dandelion, 361
Dandelion, Fall, 360
Darnel, 311
Day-lily, 314
Dead-nettle, 352
Dewberry, 332
Dock, Bitter, 316
Broad, 316
sc Curled, 316
4 Patience, 316
‘¢ Peach-leaved, 316
‘¢ Sour, 316
co Talis 16
se Yellow, 316
Dodder, Alfalfa, 348
Clover, 348
“ Family, 347
af Field, 348

“ Flax, 347
<s Onion, 349
Pe Wild, 349

oe
—————————————————— TL
EEE

Dogbane, 344
Dogbane Family, 344
= Spreading, 344
Dog-bur 34¢
Dow? s-fennel 370
Dog’s-tai’ Grass, 310
Dogwooé Family 343
Doorweed, 313
Dropseed-grass 309
Dropseed Mexican, 309
Ebony Family 344
Elder, Common, 359
‘“* Marsft 363
Elecampane, 368
Evening Primrose Family, 341
Everlasting 36%
Plantain, 367
Feather-geranium, 319 -
Fern, Brake 3(4
** Cinnamon, 304
‘* Family 304 .
‘¢ Flowering 304
“* Sensitive, 304
Feverfew, 371
Field Paspalum, 306
Field-poppy, 326
Field-speedwell, 341
Figwort 356
‘© 6Family, 355
Finger-grass, Slender, 307
Fireweed, 371
Fivefinger, 333
2 Large-flowered, 333

“Family, 337
Fleabane, Common, 367
" Daisy, 367
Fiower-of-an-hour, 340
Foxglove Beard-tongue. 356
Foxtail. 307
Foxtail-grass, 307
Foxtail, Green, 307
French Weed, 328
Galingale, 313
Galinsoga, 369
Garget 322
Garlic, Meadow, 314
Wild, 314

Gaura, 342
Gentian Family, 344
Geranium, 337

‘“C. .) Ramily oor

es Feather, 319
Germander, 353
Gill, 351
Glade-mallow, 311
Goldenrod, Low, 366

se Tall 366

Goosefoot, 318

me Family, 318

‘6 =Maple-leaved, 319

“ Nettle-leaved, 319

a Oak-leaved, 319
Goose-grass, 359
Grass Family, 305
Greenbrier, 315

+L Family, 315
Ground-cherries, 353
Ground-ivy, 351
Groundsel, Common, 371
Gum-plant, 366
Haw, 364
Hawksbeard, 362
Hawkweed, Golden, 362

Mouse-ear, 362

* Orange, 362
Heal-all, 352
Heath Family, 343
Hedge-nettle, 352
Heliotrope, Indian, 349
Hemlock, 304
Hemlock, Water, 343

= Poison, 343

Henbane, Black, 355
Hickories, 315

= UHIO EXPERIMENT STATION:
Hogwort, 337 Moneywort, 343
Honeysuckle Family, 359 Morning-glory, 347
Hop, 315 Family, 346
Horehound, 352 bs Field, 346

= Water, 351
Horse-nettle, 353
Horse-radish, 330
Horsetail, 304, 367
Horseweed, 364, 367
Hound’s-tongue, 349
Hungarian-grass, 308
Indian Hemp, 319
Indian Tobacco,. 360
Ironweed, 364

* Winged 369

- Yellow, 369
Italian Millet, 308
Ivy, Poison, 310
Jamestown-weed, 355
Jerusalem Oak, 319
Jimsonweed, 355
Johnson-grass, 305
Jopye-weed, 365
Juba’s Bush, 322
King Devil, 363
Knapweed, Brown, 374
Knawel, 325
Knot-grass, 372
Knotweed, 317

Lady’s-thumb, 318
Lamb-lettuce, 359
Lamb’s-quarters, 318
Larkspur, Field, 325
Laurel, 343

Laurel Family, 326

Leaf Mildews, 347. 365
Lenses for Seed Study, 297-9

“* — Strong-scented 362
= Wild, 361
a Willow, 362
Lily Family, 314
** Day, 314
Live-for-ever, 332
Lobelia, 360
“© Great, 360
Loosestrife, Clammy, 341
Family 341
Love-in-tangle, 332

Madder Family, 359
Mallow Family, 339

“© 6 Glade, 340
= High, 340
Indian, 340
- Low, 339

Man-of-the-earth, 339
Mangel-wurzel, beetle on, 318
Mare’s-tail, 352
Marigold. Fetid, 369
Marsh-cress, 330
Marsh Elder, 363
Matrimony Vine, 355
May-grass, 311
Mayweed, 370
Meadow -BTass, — s 310
“ Pungent, 310
Meadow-parsnip,36
Meadow-rue, 326
Medick, Black, 335
Melilot, White, 335
Mercury, Three-seeded, 338
Mexican Drop-seed, 309
Mexican Poppy, 320
Mexican Tea, 319
Miami Mist, 349
Milfoil, 370
Milkweed, 345
> Climbing, 346
_ Family, 345
= Swamp, 345
Millet, 306
= Italian, 308
¢ Polish, 307
Mint Family, 351
Mist Flower, 365

Motherwort, 352
Mugwort, 371
Mulberry Family, 315
Mullen, 355

‘©. Moth, 355

= Woolly, 399
Mustard, Black, 325

Family, 326
= Garlic, 330
“ Hare’s-ear, 332

3 Indian, 328
rhe Spraying for, 329
ae Spreading, 331
is Tumbling, 3238
BS: White, 328
£8 Wild, 329
Myrtle, So-called, 344
Nettle, Dead, 352
3 Family, 316
‘6s Hedge, 352
“* Stinging, 316
+ Tall, 316
Niggerhead, 368
Nightshade, Black, 354
Nimble Will, 309
Nonesuch, 335
Nutgrass, 313
Oak, Jerusalem, 319
Oak, Poison, 339
Oat, Wild, 309
Oats, Weeds i in, 377
Oat-grass, Wild, 309
Onion, Wild, 314°
Orache, 319
2 Silvery, 319
Z Western, 320
Orpine Family, 332
Orpine, Garden_ 332
Osage Orange, 315
Oxeye, 368
Ox-tongue; Bristly, 360
Oyster-plant, 360

Parsley Family, 342
Parsnip, Cow, 342

si Wild, 342
Pea Family, 339
Pea, Partridge, 334
Peach, 334
Penny-cress, 328
Pennyroyal, 351

o Bastard, 352
e Tg1ass, 327
sit - ; Field, 327
- Roadside, 327

Peppermint, 351
Periwinkle, 344
Persimmon, 344
Phacelia, 349
Pigeon-grass, 307
Pigeonweed,

Se Rough, 321
Pimpernel, Scarlet, 344
Pink, Deptford, 324

= Rugel’s Broad, 358
a. Sandwort, 357
Pleurisyroot, 345
Plum Family, 334
Poison, Hemlock, 343

Ivy, 339
ey Oak, 339
Poke, 322

Pokeweed Family, 322
Polanisia, 332
Pondweed Family, 305

I OG aetna SR oe Crick RR PALMAE Ue RRS a Wa TR beast F211 GG

BULLETIN 175.

Pondweed, Floating, 305
Poplars, 315
Poppy Family, 326
“. Cars: 326
‘© Field, 326
“ Mexican, 326
‘“* Prickly, 326
Porcupine-grass, 308
Potato Family, 353
Potato-vine, Wild. 346
Poverty-grass, 308, 309
Prickly-poppy, 326
Primrose, Evening, 341
Family, 343
Prince’s Feather, 318
Puccoon, 35
Pulse Family, 303
Purslane, 322
Family, 322
os Speedwell, 341
ae Water, 341
Pursley, 322
Quack-grass, 312
Rabbit-foot, 336
Radish, Wild, 330
Ragweed, 363
Ragweed Family, 363
= Tall, 364
a Western, 364
Ranstead, 355
Red-root, 321,349
Red-top, Tall, 310
Reed Canary-grass, 308
Ribgrass, 358
Roadside weeds, 302
Rock-cress, 331
Roman Wormwood, 363
Rose Family, 332
Rose, Wild, 333
Rosinweed, 368
Running-brier, 332
Rush Cattail-grass, 309
.. Farnily, 313
“© Slender, 313
pi A Sis
Rye-grass, Perennial, 311
Sabbatia, 344
Salad, Worm, 360
Salsify, Meadow, 360
ss Purple, 360
Sand-brier, "B53
Sand-bur, 308, 354
Sassafras, 326
Sedge Family, 313
Sedges, 313
Seed box, 341
Seeds found in clover,etc. 375-7
Self-heal, 352
Senna Family, 334
Senna, Wild, 334
Shepherd’s—purse, 331
Sheepkill, 343
Sida, 340
Silkweed, 345
Smartweed, 318
se Pennsylvania, 317
Snakeroot, Black, 325
White, 365
Sneezeweed, 369
Soapwort, 323
Sorrel, 316

Sour-grass, 337
Sow-thistle, 361
‘© Field, 361
Spanish Needles, 369
Spear-grass, Low, 311
Spearmint, 35
Speedwell, Common, 356
Corn, 356
ss Field, 356
= Purslane, 356
wes Thyme-leaved, 356
Spelt, 312
Spurge, 338
Cypress, 338
66 Family, 337
o: Flowering, 338
as Spotted, 338

INDEX BY COMMON NAMES.

Spurry, 325

Squaw-root, 342

Sguirreltail-grass, 312

Star of Bethlehem, 314

Steelweed, 366

Stickseed, 333

Stick-tights, 369

Stinking-grass, 310

St. John’s-wort., 340

St. John’ s-wort., Dwarf, 340

Family, 340

eS Shrubby, 341

Stonecrop, Mossy, 332

Storksbill, 337

Sumac, 339

Sumac Family, 339

Sunflower, Tickseed, 369

Sunflowers, 369

Susan, Brown-eyed, 368

Tansy, 371

Tare, 336

Tea, Mexican, 279

Tear-thumb, 318

Teasel, 359

Teasel Family, 359

Thistle, Bull, 373

Canada, 372-3

Common, 373

ay Corn, 373

sé Cotton, 373

5 Family, 364

oe Field, 372-3

oC Russian, 320

Ge Scotch, 373

ee

“3 Sow, 361

is Star, 374

oh Swamp, 373

SI 4 billie Sy:
Thorn, 362

Thorn-apple, 355
Thoroughwort, 365
Thyme-leaved Speedwell, 341
Tick-trefoil, 336
Timothy Seed, Weeds in, 377
Toad-flax, 355
Tobacco, Indian, 360.
Tongue-grass, 327
Tree-of-Heaven, 337
‘Trefoil, Yellow, 333
Tripleawned-grass, 308
Trumpetweed, 365
Tumbleweed, 320, 365
Russian, 320
Velvetileaf, 340 ~
Venus’s Leoking-glass, 360
Vervain, ee 350
Blue, 350

of Family, 350

ee Narrow-leaved, 350

ss White, 350
Vetch, Common, 336

. Hatry, 330

*¢ Perennial, 337
Viper’s-bugloss, 350 o
Walnut and Hickory Family315
Water-horehound, 351
Water-hemlock, 343
Water Pepper, 318

Water-Plaintain Family, 305
Water-Plaintain, Common, 305
Water-purslane, 34]
Waterleaf Family, 349
Waxball, 338
Wheat-grass, 312
Wheat-thief, 249
Whitetop, 367
Whiteweed, 367
Whitlow-grass, 331
Wild Oat, 309
** Garlic, 314
‘6s Radish, 336
‘¢ Onion, 314
“© Sage, 352-2
Willow Family, 315
Willows, 315
Willow- herb, 341
Grea t, A41
wWinseeinsee, 330
Wire-grass, 311
Witch-grass, Old, 306
Wood-grass, 309
Woodsage, 353
Woodsorrel Family, 337
Yellow, 337
Wormseed, 319
Wormwood, 371
Roman, 363
Yarrow, 370
Yeilow Trefoil, 335

Abutilon Abutilon, 340
Acalypha Virginica, 338
Achillea millefolium, 370
Agrimonia hirsuta, 333
«s mollis, 333
& parvifiora, 333
Agropyron repens, 312
Agrostemm Githago, 323
tlanthus glandulosus, 337
Aizoacez , 322 A
Alisma P lantago-aquatica, 305
Alismaceez, 305
Allium Canadense, 314
‘© wineale, 314
Alliaria Alliaria, 328
Allyssum alyssotdes, 332
Alssne media, 3.4
Amaranthacez, 320
Amaranthus blttoides, 321
ss raectzans, 320
z hybridus, 321
x retrofiexus, 321
Spinosus, 321
Ambrosiaceae, 363 :
Ambrosia artemisitafolia, 363
" pstlostachya, 364
7 trifida, 363
Amygdalus Persica, 334
Anacardiacez, 339
ae ea arvensis, 334
Andropogon furcatus, 305
= scoparius, 306
4 Virginicus, 305
Angelica atropurpurea, 342
ANGIOSPERMAE, 304,
Antennaria neglecta, 367
a plantagintfolia, 367
Anthemis arvensis, 371
* Cotula, 371
Apocynacee, 344

‘ Apocyn um androsemtfolium344

cannabitnum, 344
Arabis levigata, 331
Arctium Lappa, 371
Argemone Mexicana, 328°
Aristida dichotoma, 308
Artemisia btennts, 371
Mes vulgaris, 371
Asclepiadacez, 345
Asclepias incarnata, 345
= Syrtaca, 345
i ee tuberosa, ete
Sparagus officinalis, 3
Aster eddie 366
“ ertcotdes pilosus, 366
“levis, 36F
Atriplex argentea, 319
& hastata, 319
s patula, 319
as truncata, 320
Avena fatua, 309
Barbarea Barbarea, 330
Berberidacee, 326
Berberis vulgaris, 326
Bidens bipinnata, 369
<S connata, 369
“ frondosa, 369
os trichosperma, 293, 369
Bignoniacezw, 357
Boebera papposa, 369
Boraginacez, 349
Brassica arvensis, 329
Juncea, 330
nigra, 329
Bromus hordeaceus, 311
ee secalinus, 311
“oy tectorum, 311
Bursa Bursa-pastoris, 331
Ceoma nitens, 302
Cesalpinacee, 334
Cameltina sativa, 331
Campanulacez, 359

“<“

Campanula Rapunculoides, 359

Cannabis sativa, 316
Capparidacez, 332
Caprifoliaceze, 359
Capriola Dactylon, 310
Carduus altissimus, 373

“arvensis, 372--3

&6 lanceolatus, 373

¥¢ muticus, 373
Carex spp, 313
Carum Carut, 343
Caryophyllacee, 323
Cassia Chamecrista, 334

‘* Marylandica, 334

Cenchrus tribulotdes, 308
Centaurea Cyanus, 373

ee acea, 374

eh solstitialis, 374
Cerasttum viscosum, 324

se vulgatum, 324
Cercospora apzt, 315

‘s ubta, 318
Chaetochloa glauca, 307

ss Italica, 308

ae verticillata, 307

sf viridis, 307
Chamenerionangustifolium 341
Chenopodiacez, 318
Chenopodium album, 318

ambrosioides,319
ve ee
Re glaucun 319
<e hybrizz a, 319
“se murale, 319

Chrysanthemum Balsamita,

< Leucanthe-
mum, 370--1 .
Chrysanthemum ss erg
7
Chrysopsis Mariana, 366
Cichoriacez, 360
Cichorium Intybus, 360
Cicuta maculata, 343
G ahs vacemosa, 325
Clinopodium vulgare, 351
Coleosporium, 365
Compositz, 364
Conium maculatum, 343
Conringta orientalis, 332
Convolvulacee, 346
Convolvulus arvensis, 346
x Sepium, 347
Cornacez, 343
Cornus candidtssimus, 343
Coronilla scorpioides, 336
£¢ varia,
Crassulacez, 332
Crataegus spp, 334
Crepis tectorum, 362
Criocerts asparagt, 314
Croton capitatus, 337
Cruciferz, 326
Cuscuta arvensts, 348
‘© Epilinum, 347
“ Epithymum, 348
ig Gronovit, 349
Cuscutacez, 347
Cylindrosporium Humult, 315
Cynoglossum offictnale, 349
Cyperacee, 313
Cyperus diandrus, 313
J esculentus, 313
strigosus. 313
C3 stopus Blitz, 320,-1
ee candtdus, 331
2 Lpomea-pandurane

“ce

oe portulace, 322

ee Tragopogints, 360
Danthonia spicata, 309
Datura Stramonium, 355

a Tatula, 355

- OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 175,

INDEX BY TECHNICAL NAMES.

Daucus Carota, 342
Delphinium consolida, 325
Dianthus Armeria, 324
Diodia teres, 359
Diospyros Virginiana, 344
Dipsacez, 35!
Dipsacus sylvestris, 359
Draba Caroliniana, 331
re verna, 331
Drupacee, 334
Ebenacez, 344
Echium vulgare, 350
Echinochloa Crus-galli, 306
Eleusine Indica, 3\()
Epilobium spp, 341
Equisetacez, 304
Equisetum arvense, 304
Eragrostis Eragrostis, 310
“s Frankiz, 310
be major, 310
Erechthites hieracifolia, 371
Ericacez, 343
Erigeron annuus, 367
ae Philadelphicus, 367
Evrodium cicutarium, 337
Erysimum repandum, 331, 303
Erysiphe Cichoracearum, 359
<e communts, 317, 371
Eupatorium ageratoides, 365
s§ coelestinum, 365
* perfoliatum, 365
og purpureum, 363
Euphorbiacez, 337
Euphorbia corollata, 338
a Cyparissias, 338
es maculata, 338
as nutans, 338
Festuca elatior, 311
Galinsoga parvifiora, 369
Galium aparine, 359
Gaura biennts, 342
Gentianacee, 344
Geraniacex, 337
Geranium spp, 337
Glecoma hederacea, 351
Guaphalium obtusifolium, 368
a: uliginosum, 368
Gonolobus levis, 346
Graminee, 305
Grindelia squarrosa, 366
GYMNOSPERMAE, 3()4
Hedeoma pulegioides, 351
FHlelentum autumnale, 369
Heleochloa schoenotdes, 309
Flelianthus spp, 369
Heliopsts helianthoides, 368
Heliotropium Indicum. 349
flemerocallis fulva, 314
Flevacleum lanatum, 342
FH[tbiscus Trtonum, 340
fTrcoria spp, 315
Hieractum aurantiacum, 362
“s Pilosella, 363
s prealtum, 363
Flolosteum umbellatum, 324
Hordeum jubatum, 312
Humulus Lupulus, 315
Hydrophyllacez, 349
Hypericacee, 341
Hyoscyamus niger, 340
Hypericum mutilum, 340
a perforatum, 340
- prolificum, 3Al
Inula FHlelentum, 368
Lpomea hederacea, 346
a6 pandurata, 346
Tresine paniculata, 322
Isnardia palustris, 341
Iva ciliata, 363
Juglandacee, 315
Juncacez, 313
Funcus effusus, 313
ao tenuts, 313

INDEX BY LTECHNICAL NAMES.

Kalmia latifolia, 343
Kochia Scoparia, 320
Kuhnia eupatoriotdes, 365
_ Labiatz, 351
Lactuca Canadensis, 361
< sagittifolia, 361
03 saligna, 362
= Scartola, 362
ee virosa, 362
Lamium amplextcaule, 352
Lappula Lappula, 349
“e Virginiana, 349
Lauracez, 326
Legouzia perfoliata, 346
Leontodon autumnale, 360
Leonurus Cardiaca, 352
Lepidium campestre, 327
sie ruderale, 327
7 Virginicum, 327
Leptilon Canadense, 367
Lespedeza violacea, 336
Liliacez, 314
Linacez, 337
Linaria Linaria, 355
Linum usitatissimum, 337
Lithospermum arvense, 349
a canescens, 350
Lobelia inflata, 360 :
ee syphilitica, 360
Lolium perenne, 311
Ludwigia alternifolia, 341
Lycopus spp, 351
Lycium vulgare, 355
Lysimachia Nummularia, 343
Lythracez, 341 j
Macrosporium Saponarie, 323
Malvacee, 3390 —
Malva rotundif lia, 339
Eg sylvestris, 340
Marrubium vulgare, 352
Medicago lupulina, 335
Metbomia canescens, 336
ny Dillenit, 336
Melilotus alba, 335
23 officinalis, 335
dentha piperiia, 351
y spicata, 301
Mollugo verticillata, 322
Moracee, 315 _.
Muhlenbergia diffusa, 309
“s Mexicana, 309
Naiadace, 305
Napea dioica, 340
Nepeta Cataria, 351
Nicandra physalotdes, 334
Onagracee, 341
Onagra biennis, 341
Onoclea senstbilis, 304
Onopordon Acanthium, 363
Ornithogalum umbellatum, 314
Ovrobanche Ludoviciana,
3 vamosa, 356
Osmunda cinnamomea, 304
ec Claytoniana, 304
Oxalidacez, 337
Oxalts stricta, 337
Panicum capillare, 306
se Crus-gallt, 306
4 miliaceum, 306
2 proliferum, 306
Papaver dubium, 326
Pap tveracee, 326
Papilionacee, 334
Parsonsia petiolata, 341
Paspalum leve, 306
Pastinaca sativa, 342
Pentstemon digitalis, 356
Peronospora effusa, 318-9
“ arasitica, 327
Phacelia Purshti, 349
Phalaris arundinacea, 308
a Canariensts, 308
Phyllosticca Humult, 315
Physalis spp, 353
Phiysalodes physalodes, 353
Phytolacca decandra, 322

Phytolaccacezee 322
Picris echiotdes, 360
Pinus spp, 304
Plantaginacee, 357
Plantago arenaria, 357
ss aristata, 357
= lanceolata, 358
major, 358
ES Rugelit, 358
Plasmodiophora, Brass tc@, 328
Plasmopara Halstedit, 365
Poa annua, 311
‘© compressa, 311
Polantsia graveolens, 332
Polygonacez, 316
Polygonum artfolium, 318
< aviculare, 317

Zy Convolvulus, 318

ee erectum, 317

= fy dropiper, 318

ce hy dropiperoides,

as ortentale, 318

xe Pennsylvanicum,
3

SE Persicaria, 318

sagittatum, 318
Pomacee, 334
Populus alba, 315
< dilatata, 315
“ spp, 315
Portulacacez, 322
Portulaca oleracea, 322
Potamogeton natanrs, 305
Potenti{jla Canadensis, 333
A: Monspeliensts, 333
3 sulphurea, 333
Primulaceez, 343
Prunella vulgaris, 352
PTERIDOPHYTES, 3()4
Pterts aguilina, 304
Puccinia asparagt, 314
7 Kuhnie,
olygont, 317
c* Bk fis PR 372
Ramularta, Barbaree, 330
Ranunculacee, 287
Ranunculus abortivus, 325
“ce acris, 325
sceleratus, 325
s spp, 326
Raphanus Raphanistrum,
Rhus cortaria, 339
“glabra, 339
- oss ianbeg 339
typhina, 339
Oras 339
Rortpa Armoracia, 330
“<< palustris, 330
Rosacez, 332
Llosa humilis, 333 «
Rubiacee, 359
Rubus nigrobaccus, 332
«procumbens, 332
Rudbeckia hirta, 368
Rumex Acetosella, 316
= alttssimus, 316
“< crispus, 316
“8 obtusifolius, 316
“© * Patientia, 316
Sabbatia angularis, 344
Sagittaria latifolia, 305
Salicaceze, 315
Salix spp, 315
Salsola Tragus, 320
Salvia verbenacea, 352
Sambucus Canadensis, 359
Saponarta offictnalis, 323
Sassafras Sassafras, 326
Scleranthus annuus, 325
Scrophulatiacez, 355 __
Scrophularia Marylandica, 356
Sedum acre, 332,
“ Telephium, 332
Senecio vulgaris , 371
Septoria Erechthites, 311

“ec

“eé

.
n

“e

Septoria polygonorum, 316
° ? ee i y leua, 315
‘id estendorpti, 318

Sida spinosa, 340
Steglingia seslertotdes, 310
Silene antirrhina,

ef conica, 323
noctifiora, 323
Silphium perfoliatum, 368
Simarubacee, 337
Sinapis aiba, 328
Sisymbrium altissimum, 328

ne officinale, 328

ce

‘Smilacere, 315

Smilax rotundifolia, 315
Solanacez, 353
Solanum Carolinense, 353
ps Dulcamara, 354
=s nigrum, 304
= rostratum, 354
Solidago Canadensis, 366 |
>s nemoralis, 366
Sonchus arvensis, 361
= asper, 361
a oleraceus, 361
Sorghum Halepense, 305
Sparganiacee, 304
Sparganium eurycarpum, 304
Specularia perfoliata, 360
Spergula arvensis, 325
SPERMATOPHYTES, 304
Spherotheca Castagnet, 365, 37
Stachys palustris, 352
Stipa spartea, 308
Symphytum officinale, 350
Synthéerisma sanguinalts, 307
< filiformis, 307
linearis, 307
Systena tentata, 318, 321
Tanacetum vulgare, 371
Taraxacum Taraxacum, 361
Tecoma radicans, 357
Teucrium Canadense, 353
Thalictrum polygamum, 326
Thalictrum purpurascens, 326
Thaspium spp, 343
Thlaspi arvense, 328
Toxylon pomiferum, 315
Tragopogon porrifolius, 360
Tragopogon pratense, 360
Trichostema dichotomum, 353
Trifolium arvense 336
és aureum, 336
Triticum spelta, 312 =
Tsuga Canadensis, 304
Typha latifolia, 304
VYyphacee, 304
Umbelliferx, 342
Urticacee, 316
Urtica dioica, 316
ne gracilis, 316
Ustilago panier eee 307
<s utriculosa, 317
Valerianella radiata, 359
Verbascum Blattarta, 355
be sige 355
Verbenacee, 350
Verbena angustifolia, 350
2 bracteosa, 350
ES hastata, 350
is urtictfolia, 350
Vernonia maxima, 365
Verbesina alternifolia, 369
Veronica agrestis, 356
“arvensis, 356
oe officinalis, 356
ss peregrina, 356
a serpyllifolia, 356
Vicia Cracca, 337
‘© hirsuta, 336
‘6 sativa,
Vinca minor, 344
Xanthium Canadense, 364
ag glabratum, 364
a spinosum, 364
Lucca filamentosa, 314

“ce