% —_A ——e ——— .<——— Se << Orr Quarartee
seth
on
Or wo or
ercentag , of water varies greatly with the species, age and condition. The hog carries a
on than the ox. The calf’s body, even though fat, is comparatively watery, and
en, ge and a the lean animals carry a much larger proportion of water
Oh hs enw aie i
Frei & ‘now on feedstufis will be spoken of as containing Stung of r protein,
fats and moisture, and it is well for the stockman and feeder to understand the. various
are now in common use in agricultural publications, and, while the majority of farmers ¢ a
understand them, it will do no harm to go into them 1 in some detail i in this soles
by the single term protein.
In the following table will be found the average composition of Poche fase
from the Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 22, United States Department of Agriculture, 1895
is a table giving the average dipestipiic: of American feedstuffs, taken from og
compiled by Lindsay of the Massachusetts Experiment Station in 1896. ii
Following this, we present a table, giving the average digestible nutriments o
stuffs, showing the amount of nutriments that the stock feeder should obtain from e
the various feeds. It is, however, a deplorable fact, that while this amount of n
obtained, it is very seldom available, owing to the inability of the digestive organs of t
to properly assimilate it. It is for this: purpose chiefly that Davis Stock Food was
market, and we will attempt to make it clear in this volume just how and why D:
accomplishes this purpose. .
+
TABLE No. |
Average Composition of faneciean Feedstuffs.
, z PERCEN TAGE COMPOSITION
FEEDSTUFFS A : | N itrogen |
- Water Ash Protein | Gunde Free.
3 Extract
Concentrates.
GComegent-). own i... 0. See", his Pia als ee iLO oie ata) to 3 escheat Mind es Ri
Pernt) Wee, aay ad Oa 1A" Geta (10. 5 alk een
Cornisw Catach eeariri no e e eE ee Rr 8.8 1.9 11.6 | 2.8 66.8
Gornjineal 20... a5. Bee AONE By (5200) aes Q 2) A FAL OE ese 7
gest C00 fie ota so PR Re. Wate Oy. os | hed 2.4 - | 80.1 s| 54s0 oe
Mord and cob. ineal uk he Ries 15.1% 8.5) | 28.5" | 1656.) 6a. eae
Boratiscai-... ees poe Peewee cecmtohe 9.1 ‘as 9.0. )12:7. | 626257 oe
Cora, germ |.) AE. eT WA eB 10.7 | Al0..} 9.8% 4 4:19) 64.0 Sas
Hominy chops 2. .g,Saulpe menses 4)" 141 | BoB | 9.8 1828!) O45 eee
eepaaartead Ceo .8te. «7. .. Ae watet ae Ses Bok: eee ls ee | 9.9-*| 62.55 4p
Dried starch and sugar feed ............4. 10.9 0.9 19.7 4.7 | 54.8 9.0h4
Starenieed wet oec. ss doe bia sites 65.4 0.3 6.4 3 AL DIG Say
Maize teed) Chicare 2). RE a 9-4 0.9 228g eo 52°71 Brae
Grane -pinten oN. hoe Se... ee ee 5.8 28. | Btol 3012.0. 2 380 a
Cresaas Sitten eee VE. a ee 8.1 Wiest, wlaeesy ont E 1.350) SOnOs 4.8.
Giiten niesl 5) 50: ope eee. on oe eee oh ie iO ea i fe 2 3.3 | 46.5 «| 11.8
Chesten etd ute re ene), ss ste ages 7.8 Ss Ca 2 Na ss ar er a ag TO:-6542
Wheat, all-analyece. Perret en asc | ae LOD ACO eagle tg) 1.8 171.9 ae
Wheat, spring..... Diet Ase, pei, 10.4 19) aS 1:8. | Tl 2s
Wheat; winter.) sRanwemee ee ce: Wek... “10.5 18) bits 1:28: | 7250 Saleae ees
Plour; high grade. a avee ie Sie 12.2 0.6 | 14.9 Oo 4b 70.0 2.0
Flour, low grade............ ee , . 12,0 2054) 13 20 rales 9 268 id 3.9.
_
for)
|
ee 1 pe Si a ie ec ae Le
aS Se Se gs aoa < > pete ee ee So 2) ae oT Se ee ee Sel! ee a ee? re eS . Sa aa
KI: — t
a 8 s
TSS HADMDOrFPNNCHOHHErHAOMNMMAHOOAHANAHONMNOHOHNANMONA -HON THON
os Or Orn rm re OD - rH é mo . i To) NAN Se)
us 3
fr
FA
a
Ss |. NOWMWMOCOCKrAOMDAMDAHANAADAHOONMOHHAMOHHHRAMNHAHMOHOCOCORRHOOOR
ae Sk Raiden SE Nah esis oe eS EE as oak BE ae Fess Gh ch
is ws Sl
» £ '
G . ig < E ‘
| mee APIWMHODAIDSMDWAMONHD DOM MOE HANANADOAOCMWANMMONDANORBHANOHTHH OO
- Z| Se OOH SSSA N PADS AAHHPEBOSADAHD Ww Hi 19 OWS a Soo Hm 9 0 Dd Ow H 0
Sle a ID ISD 1D © 1D Oh O19 © O OH 10 H 19 © 19 19 1 19 oD HN O & OD OD SH H SO SE Ease Cae Wie 9 SCS
: AEA ; - {
* Sp oO) 33. DOSHOHANH DAN MMHONMOHARAHTN EAN MHAMTONHHRAMAMAYS
A ‘j Beare 0 ATE a Oe a ea he ee ee
f Bel : aS aN or) st oD ANN
—_ for) lor) ©
for) for) jor) baal
7 N
re
N
‘
ue ye
#
7
hg hi
grains, wet....
vers’ grains, dry. gees
new process ..
ae
3
a3)
>
FEEDSTUFFS. i ORAS ee
Concentrates. . ee a
Cotton seed hulls. ......... ET 2 eae ee 2B a
Cotton seed kernels (without hulls)........ {G2 4e2)
Cocoanut caltestaass ....... cota eee ke 10-32) 5.92)
Palm nubsneaiepeten.. ./... Saree oer Meds) -4 Be
Sunflower seeds t wey os. + «5. Chew kage oye | eG 2.6. —
' Sunflower seed cake....... ee pe | 10.8 a7 hy
Peanut kernel (without hulls) ............. "7D | ene
re Peanintuneale es bec. oe ab tee ae | HOS Spe ae
. Rape seed cake ieee. os Sai te ea aus EOVOuE 7 29"
7 ; Peqmeals o> ee Hert WR RE a. VO So ero oes
; Soja,bean. . :.4,Ngixvee ceneee 7 By ete 9 P10. 88 Wipe a
Cowpea: <2 25 ae ae ees cen Rone 14.8 Ee is
Horse bean ..... oN 5 CS ei eevee Std shel aa aehe
Roughage. pe f fe
Corn Forage, Field Cured. Ge Pimegen Ne
: Fodder corn’. #2 Gomes 7 be eo pained DOT S| (Aa
= Corn stoyer a: > knee Beene). 1a Secwnee ame OaD | Okie [i Sarees :
ye 2Corn hugks. 225. «|. : ee. bye ec vee ta MOY 31. U8 5 a Seaeaegh ae
, Corn leaves......... eres Saute Pca ae BO/0R) 5.5 we HOF ez bya ae
a Corn Forage, Green, | E 4 | Se cal i d 4
| : Fodder corn/all varieties (320.400.2008 19, BSA RD el ch len On Oias ales
Dent vasieties fe A ea tn) Herc Reg eC de yey acl ent Lert Me Bis bay se
Dent, kernels, glazed ....... rai + 2a ae RACAL S| bat 2 Oe ae aber ect
Wit vanetiee . 1 oo. Gee ee [79 Sea CiM. | 2501 ade.
Fhat, kernels elazed «3s 26 Oe Aeererfeet Tet yi eg a eat gh ee
Sweet varieties ......... D2 IS a BOO So eaig Le hele Awd
Leaves and husks ..........: Beets ae Pa | 66.2 7). 2,9 2 AO SB aT ts
Stripped stalks ....... a ag Maat es A, Ores OF | Oa 0) ir eee
Hay from Grasses. ; wh 3 5 Wied
Hay from mixed grasses > ens Be Me OS) pedeeat | ABO 5.5 Chere eal i
Timothy, all analyses’..f2 00.5.0. Ceaser p he he Mane re eed Ye 0)5.
- Timothy, cut in full bloom................ 15.0 4.5 6.0 (29.6...
; Timothy, cut soon after Bloods 2 tee aoe 14,2: 4.4 Be Tie LOR
‘ Timothy, cut when nearly ripe ............ 14.1 3.9 Buen laa
< Orgiard erase yo gh. SP ty Bis ences cy AL A) en a as a) 8.1 | 32.4
Red top, cut at different stages............ Be) 5.2 7.9 | 28.6
J Red top, cutin bloom...) 2... bya. 8 ae se tie i ae 8.0 | 29.9
a Kentucky bluegrass ens... 620. Ae eae VD al G28 eS aes
: _ Kentucky bluegrass, ‘cut when seed in i aaette 24.4 id fk ER baton 2 ae ee ot)
} Kentucky bluegrass, cut when seed ripe..... 27 Bel, O24 1a el) Zen
a Hungarian grass .... alas psn Ti tei BOO) SAB ten 27 oa.
: Meadow fescue......-. 4 Dey a, lena 120.0268 Om Pilego so
E Italian rye grass ten: Wekome yo 8 Sale 5 eb Ore Bs:
.< Perennial rye grass Haein .14.0 E90 5. 4
é Rowen (mixed) .. 16.6 | 6.8 25s
i ; b.
fr
gies fe
“ sot te
2.
a
__ COMPOSITION OF FEEDSTUFFS.
1—Continued.
TABLE No.
Average Composition of “American Feedstuffs.
Se ws we BN i =
es, ew
ww :
og RHA DOOHNANANN -DOHMOnRnAHAAHHMANDOOOKRRNH DOHMH MMOH oD sH oO
ea re i Sn ie Ven) Se re N mo (ae) om N ; E b
Za Race,
a
HO : L ;
gs Ot om OH M10 Ht DMONAAAOSMONRAMAMOMNADAADENANMDMONOCO HOR
ay NANANAMMDMDAN SOA HOTHOSDSTOSCHOSOSOMHAMNANANMNANDANANAMNAHH HOS i
Sees ;
Be es MAOHOHDAHOD LFONMEMDDAOONDMHAAAHDOKRMOOKRNOOHAHEHO wWMOdxd
A | Bei SHO 19 +H OHNO AROMEKDOHDHAHAMDMMMMDAMMOBODANANDROHHAOG oD rH 00
See ae +s mt SS St Ss aA RA Sl rt ot st ot ot Oo) OD SH OD CD CO St SH OD G00 00 SHG sha) aor ®
3 ee ; gee
a 38 OrRNSOOHM Ow SHANONHHANWDDAHADOMBMOTANCOHHMHR HON OS H mt N
Bl oe MH Oooeomeceom HOH MH HH ORDOOORKRHHHOHRHMOANH WMH OMS O & 19
Ss NAAN ON O.CO N ee ee NAMAANANNANNANAANANA A '
teal a ¥ = PS * 3 Gee aE -
ss a HOMNMOANRN MA nr OMAHA SCHMR HAHAHA Rr AMHAROWOEANADMOHTRONDSHKO Wow
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : - . . an ange. . . Sa . - .
Z| 2 SHOrRMNMNOnR MHOANNANMAAAMDAMANAANCANNMMHOMMERMINOCH HMO
a Ay easy = Se I en ce Ps eo Bone DF | :
(oa - - - a — xs
ere WANK ADOA SHH OMMAHADAHMDMDOMHANDOTAMMOMHMANANDNM MOR
<- 19 H 19 Or M19 © O NANNAANAN TAA THANANGANOOCONHHONNNONNNON AN A
j ; ; ;
35 SOOHMMAN Q|SQueHOOMNDOHOHANMDOOMANAKREROOCHEMOMA HOS 00 CO & Ae
3. Jie . . . . . . . . . . . « . . . . . ee 5 . . . . . . 5 a ee . . . . . . . . . . . . (: a4
E NOW Mont OoH OOS SGM MIONOBAAADAMAMMMNOHOAMANMDOHNHA OME oto i Gok mos =
7 Peete redetret etra Ao «©6COOOOY,r OO EEF Fe OoOrFreor re ANN ham! Sc oon i oon hc hen! =X © sets
eR eee ! : eee ; i
= Sc ae eae § ars
mere Bem X cue sas otis . . xe) . . .
. Be ee et. tis Pei Ee :
. os cece aes : as 2 pices ; :
fH PR ceed 2 eed AS tates FS = an n ;
A a ese sy ae ite oe eae ae : ee tn tripe S
Sreniyeat| 2 wir? oO . 5 = a . pe) . ax ne
Ble Py . we ec a pee apes ty . : we
3] Hater . SO . a Pose 36 ee) Bost: te oe fe es
a |O--g & Beno ee Rage a ge = a eepe as
Syd eer te: Bee hot ig 2 lao is te oe
ee ee Ge oa ee E se
Se » re a 6) 2 gy nea SI ES Bp:
. Oo a Spoceew a 5 g aiden see
ge ea a pores : ays)
as x ea og m7 OB - gee
Non ian =. Seon Ome ss aster L
- ~ - @ + 5 bo - SS wn
ore E
ice |
Ps
20 COMPOSITION OF FEEDSTUFFS. Baubbrer tes
TABLE No. |—Continued. ,
Average Composition of American Feedstuffs.
Rr: Types ae Fe PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Se Asn | Protein | Crude | vee on Analyses
Fresh Legumes. “ot RRS
Alfalta cc sok AAR ie custome set eng 71.8 2:7 4.8 Ce} T23
Cow peal; .o. ¢. . aR ORD Roce dt she ae 83.6 1.7 2.4 4.8 wae
Soja ‘bean oF Ges ae ae ee 75.1 2.6 4.0 6.7) eG
Serradifla {..2¢ 22080. Ae. ee a eee 79.5 3.2 27 5.4 8.6 me
Horse bean*: i) 4ie) ease MNS TE, os 84.2 12 2.8 4.9 6.5 yar
Flat pea . van (ibs ee: «Oe 66.7 2.9 8.7 Te Dis Ss Slee Or,
Straw. 3 Rr. 78
Wheat . 5.2280 (het oe i Gan ae 9.6 i) 420) Bud 88, baa Lous
Rye 381s, ee ee one fess? a22 80" i887 90 by AGeee ees
Oat 2) 2.0. eS ee ee 9.2 aed 4.0..| 37.0 | 42.4)
Batley 20.00. he Le tah ae 14.2 | 5.7 | 3.5.) 36.0.1 89.0) aie
Wheat chaff: 2c sie ee Ce teens fo} Roe ek 14.3 9.2 4.5 | 86:0. | 84.005 eas
Oat chafi .. -3RRe eR eh eat 14.3 10.0 4.0 | 34.0 | 36.2> 1 ie a
Buckwheat Stim, eaeet: sie sips. a ee al 929 9.) 9.5 5/2, 7 4820s eo 1.3 3
Soya bean ‘2 Rie enters i 10.1 5.8 4.6 | 40.4 | 37.4 | 1.7. 4
Horse bean oy arte er i CR 9.2 8.7 8.8 | 37.6 | 34.3 aes 1
Silage. ‘
Parte... 7 SHES... eerie ts 79.1 1.4 I a7 60:1 Lied 0.8
Soveaeiintes
lots had skim milk in the proportion of 1 pound of milk to 1 of grain. The results were as ; follo ws
Gluten Meal Compared with Linseed Meal in a Carbonaceous Ration. —
|Feed Per 100 lbs. Gain
a ein | ee
z) gon) Bo | ogee
\ a, \eoas| 68 | se | Az
RNa bh ==) =a ee ale een
RATION ga [S82] 22 | ge | & | Grain,
y . 5 iB or] Sa | Ss Ae Pounds
Z 2 a oN Sa
0
Hominy chops, three-fifths; linseed meal, two-fifths] 5 37 298 60; |) 99.1) ages
Hominy chops, three-fifths; linseed meal, two-fifths| 5 36 | 294] 60] .98
Hominy chops, three-fifths; gluten meal, two-fifths
Hominy chops, three-fifths; gluten meal, two-fifths
ASO ALOK 3 Gens 21k Seite te AE Bors VO b Sucaeereta tenane aN ort NEE hel Pena a
This table shows advantages of gluten meal.
Both rate and economy of gain fa
isa ae feed of high value for cattle and sheep, and its effects on the
of fertilizing value of the manure are nearly as great as its effects on the feeding
value of the ration. Sole :
of cotton seed meal extends ie oe the states where it is produced, and farm-
eing at feast 50 per cent. “In two tests eeeacicted by the Texas ion. Station, ee cotton seed
: least serious results, while soaked taw cotton seed, roasted cotton seed and raw cotton peed
SS Pe car At the Arkansas Station, three lots of pee pigs each were fed
ations, the cotton seed meal constituting one-third of the grain. All died.
ime sil eage between the lols of feeding cotton seed or cotton seed meal and thee
Curtis gave six to eight weeks, Lloyd, in one test, lost the
ee: and. gions state See no case has come under their SEPenienGs “where a Ae os died
on seed mixture has not been continued longer than three weeks.”
symptoms of Poisoning. —Poisoning is manifested in a peculiar manner. In many cases pigs that
rently well in the evening are found dead in the morning, and often the most careful watching
how coal indications of Bae
a “The core stood with head near the ers che Banks meket up, the ears” sinetag
the tail straight and limp. - Some would lie flat on the belly, never on the side, while
ume a sitting up-posture with the fore legs well apart. Inseveral cases there was a marked
emperature, the thermometer registering 160 degrees Fahrenheit per rectum, The circu-
. weak and‘tapid. The gaspings became more and more frequent and violent, and
1€ animal was dead. As arule they were dead in an hour. In the last moments ©
in all ase was ob a type which oe be deccied as acute. In several instances
e off their feed for one or two days before other symptoms were observed.
b ited any symptoms at all died within twenty-four hours. It would remain by
d to move, breathing with extreme rapidity and jerking or thumping in the —
_ Fever was absent, or but slight; ae
Gosdling occasionally ed S
—Francis states: “On post. mortem examination the digestive organs
‘The other abdominal organs - appeared normal. The cee eo
mselves were : bright red and ees much congested and doughy.” .
7
eed of the South has s so wide a range of interest as ction seed meal, It.
Where See are ene those most characteristic z
128 _EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
Mayo pronounced the death of the Kansas pigs to be due in all cases to “congestion and inflamma-
tion of the intestines, lungs and heart,’’ but Niles could find no assignable cause of death in the case
of the Iowa pigs.
Dinwiddie, in the Arkansas experiments, made post mortem examinations of eight of the nine
pigs which died, and found a very constant condition of disorder. He says, in describing the first »
examination, the description of which applies to all cases: ;
“The body presented no external changes. Subcutaneous tissue showed blood extravasations
in streaks and points. Blood engorgement of lymph nodes of neck and jaws. Respiratory and buccal
mucous membrane, dusky red. Pleural cavities contain a large quantity of yellow, cloudy fluid, com-
pressing the lungs to less than half their normal bulk. In the pericardinal sac there is a similar dropsical
effusion, part of which has formed into a soft, yellowish white clot. No evident pleuritis. Lung, dark
red, congested and collapsed. Cavities of heart contain dark, soft blood clots; slight petechial extrav-
asations on the epicardium. No obvious peritoneal effusion. Liver is dark in color, friable and deeply
blood engorged, the lobular boundaries on ‘section being unusually prominent, with dark red depressed
centers. Kidneys on section appear congested throughout, capsule non-adherent.
“The stomach and intestines often showed abnormal features: The small intestines ((jejunum)
frequently showed hyperemic patches on both the serous and mucous surfaces, and the large intestineand =
stomach in several cases contained aconsiderable quantity of gravel. The urine was slightly albuminous
in two cases. In one instance, where the brain was dissected, there was engorgement of the veins and
sinuses of the dura mater, which extended backward into the vessels of the neck. The histological
examination is described as follows:
“Sections of the liver tissue reveal an intense congestion of the portal system, the intralobular
capillaries especially being enormously engorged throughout and the liver cells compressed and shrunken. ~
There is, however, no marked degeneration, and the nuclei take the stain in the normal manner. Sec- aA
tions of the kidney exhibit a similar capillary engorgement, though less intense. The glomerular tufts =
are compressed by edematous effusion into their capsules. A degenerated process in the cells of the ~ a 4st
urinary tubules or other marked pathologic changes were not demonstrated. In the spleen no distinct ;
pathologic changes are found. The lung sections show a marked congestion of capillary vessels, with — :
edematous effusions and occasional blood extravasations, but without cellular proliferation or infiltration. : LA
There is no evidence of pneumonia or pleurisy.”’ x -
Treatment.—As a rule, hogs suffering from the effects of cotton seed poisoning, if taken from the Ye,
cotton seed ration and pldced on rich, green pasture, become apparently well in a’week. A similar result se
follows when they are simply deprived of the cotton seed meal of the ration and given an ordinary grain ~ wt
ration. However, Curtis reports a case where a pig died during the winter after a week’s feeding on a © F
straight corn diet that followed four weeks’ feeding on a ration of one-fifth cotton seed meal and four-
fifths corn meal; and Dinwiddie and Duggar had similar experiences. In some cases pigs may pass through
a season of cotton seed meal feeding and thereafter be indifferent to it. Curtis found that if a pig lived
‘2e." &,
thirty days after the first appearance of trouble it could be regarded as immune from the effects of cotton i
seed but the experience of others. seem to contradict this. Dinwiddie gives two months ag the time 4
required for a hog to be on cotton seed meal before it can be regarded as immune. we we
The Cause of Poisoning not Known.—The poisonous agent in cotton seed has not yet been deter- i “a
mined. So far chemical and bacteriological examinations have revealed nothing to which can be attrib- , me
uted its dangerous character. The injurious action has been variously attributed to the lint on the seed, Py
the large fat content, the highly nitrogenous composition, the sharpness of the hulls, the presence of a
toxin, supposititious chemical or bacteriological changes in the meal, formation of poisonous crystals
by metabolism, etc. Up to a certain period the amount of cotton seed or cotton seed meal fed does not
seem to have any influence on the health of the pigs, but the evidence on the subject is so meager that
one is not justified in drawing conclusions as to the amount of meal that can be fed safely. Curtis ae
inelined to the toxin theory; he found the amount which proved fatal in his investigation to be from 23
to 33 pounds of cotton seed meal. Dinwiddie holds to the belief that there is a toxic principle in the
ey, eit. eee OS ee
, the most reasonable one, and one that has not been. disproved, The action
\ with young than with older animals, which is characteristic of poisons. He
{ 2 amount. fed to pigs is much larger in proportion to their body weight than that fed
; ggests this as a reason for the supposed greater immunity of cattle. -With a 1,000 pound
4 pounds of cotton seed meal is an amount equal to 0.4 per cent of the body weight. In the case
pigs in the Arkansas experiments, the proportion was about 1.5 per cent of the body weight at
nning of feeding. The amount of cotton seed meal eaten per head was 23, 25, and 45 pounds,
ely, in the three experiments at that station. Dinwiddie calls attention to the fact that other
mals are susceptible to cotton seed poisoning and states that guinea pigs, to which he fed small
ua tities = cotton seed meal ae with bran, Use in from two to three weeks. He also admits the
q rot the oe ee See
and weak for two days. This pig averaged about 60 pounds in weight and up to the time of
th ae been fed 5.4 pounds of cotton seed meal. This was a-total of 9.2 pounds per 100 pounds —
_ phe: pig, had not had more than 0.25 pound cotton seed meal daily per 100 pounds live
auses wor ees are Peed by ee as being both essential and ones the
“as ‘follows:
ear r to be in cae here. Further ones il ea Shel some grave alteration
ee ion a of the blood, as the Beeary effect of acute cotton peed meal poisoning. In hogs, at
EY
ITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 129
Grounds ive 2 ee for forty days anda nal of 18.90 eoanids per 100 pound average live weight.
igs in cae elie ayereine a little over 70 pounds, died when 16. 60 ee of cotton seed
ur the second fatal experiment one of the pigs died after having apneared
ia | cause ee the. toxic ee a supposed to be present. He describes the immediate cause of im
“Tn all our cases the immediate cause of death was obviously ee due to pressure on the lungs ©
rops cal eflusion into’ the ooo cavities. In its final manifestations the disease was an acute
The congestion of the abdominal oe and ee OLraae
¢)
=
ni
130
nea and it has been pretty clearly established by the studies oe Curtis mae Se ee eR oEeRG aa
tical feeders that the meal is so changed by the processes of digestion that hogs following steers > V
are being fed a heavy cotton seed meal ration are not injured by the droppings.
Feeding Value.—Disregarding, for the moment, the fatal effects of this product, let us oe
its feeding value. The results from oun eves the whole grain or the meal have not been unifor
dangerous; (2) that it is ‘aly fairly valuable and hardly worth the risk of feeding, and (3) ‘that
extremely valuable ei means can be devised to feed it without fatal results.
The Kentucky Experiment Station fed a ration of one part cotton seed meal, one part wh
because the pigs refused it, whether fed wet or dry. No fatalities were reported, but the gains were 1
factory, and the station came to the conclusion that in Kentucky cotton seed meal could not be pe
fed to hogs, whether.for growth or fat. i ;
Curtis expresses himself in a similar tone,-that after two years’ successive tests in feedi
seed and cotton seed meal to oe with a definite aim in view, and after practical a PO)
that it is practically impossible to prepare aoieon seed or cotton seed meal in any manner soe
will eat it greedily.
Lloyd’s opinion, from his experience at the Aissesiot Bian is somewhat similar. He ae
from raw cotton seed meal, but none from those getting cooked seed, although these pigs be
sick and refused to eat. His gains were neither nee a nor igen ae
Station may be noted. The intention was not to note the Las of cotton seed meal feeding. —
seed meal in amounts varying from one-thirteenth to three-tenths of the entire ration was fed wi
results, covering periods of from fifty-six to one hundred and thirty-nine days. Two pigs in a lot
wet feed were troubled with indigestion, and after the close of the trial one of them died from con
of the liver, following indigestion. This may have been cotton seed meal poisoning. The p
on a ration in which there was 3-10 pound daily for sixty-three days.
Cary’s results in Alabama are remarkable because of the large quantities of cotton |
He conducted three experiments in which cotton seed or cotton seed meal were fed to thirteen
from 114 to 414 pounds of crushed cotton seed were fed per head daily. In two instances cotton
meal was fed, but in small amounts (3-10 pound daily in each case). The pigs receiving cotton
meal did not thrive, losing appetite; one of them received bran, the other corn meal in addi
the cotton seed meal, and both had green feed. When they were taken from the cotton eee meal
placed on corn and pasture they recovered rapidly.
In the first test, the pigs on crushed cotton seed made fairly good gains. They had sca ;
in addition, and all received green or succulent feed. In the second test three pigs were fed ra
corn meal and crushed cotton seed or cae cow peas and eee cotton air The rations ¥
131
half th Eon Fair gains were er and the after effect does not seem to fone been
igs did well when placed on pasture and corn. One pig in this lot had crushed cotton
re Sand given corn he did well. Another pig that had 314 pounds of crushed cotton seed and 344
s green. rye daily, lost 28 pounds in twenty-eight days. After the rye was discontinued the pig
d to. thrive, but recuperated rapidly on pasture with corn.
$ In three cases where 3 pounds of crushed cotton seed were fed daily, with ground cow peas and
n eee or corn meal and es rye, nominal gains were made. No disastrous effects followed when
‘ Length of time that cotton seed or cotton seed meal was fed in these experiments was one hundred
d five days in the first, ninety-one days in the second, and one hundred and nine days in the third.
ough the pigs were occasionally off their feed, there were no fatalities.
- Duggar’ s experiments did not show very favorable results for cotton seed meal as part of the
‘ration. In no case did the pigs so fed make so great an average daily gain as 1 pound, and the
were usually expensive, whether the grain was fed alone or with green feed. ations of corn meal
fifth, corn meal four- fifths, and grazed on sorghum made an average daily gain of 0.53 pound for
y-four days, at an outlay of 380 pounds of grain for 100 pounds gain. Another, averaging 68 pounds,
e same grain ration, but grazirlg peanuts, made an average daily gain for thirty-eight days of 0.94
d, requiring 185 pounds grain for 100 pounds gain. Another lot made an average daily gain of
nd for twenty-eight days on a ration of cotton seed meal one-fourth and corn meal three-fourths,
ring 384 pounds grain for 100 pounds gain, while a lot on corn meal only in the same test, made
verage daily gain of 1.1 pounds, but required 531 pounds grain for 100 pounds gain. Duggar found
meal oy a more @ palatable ration than one to which cotton seed meal had been added, and had
i ae Kentucky, May fed cotton seed meal at intervals of one week as part of the ration to twenty
e Berkshire pigs during a three weeks’ finishing period with very good results.
_ At the Wisconsin Station, Henry fed two lots of five pigs each for thirty-five days on a ration
af hich ¥% pound daily was cotton seed meal. The feeding was alternated, one lot receiving oil meal
ile the other had cotton seed meal. The result of the grain ration was a mixture of equal parts of wheat
-and corn meal. Skim milk and whey were fed and the feeding was done in the fall and winter.
S were never sick nor off their feed and made their gains economically. The tabulation of results
ile on cotton seed meal the pigs required 5 per cent less feed than while on oil meal.
lowa Experiment Station, Curtis fed two lots of three Poland China pigs each on a ration
0 corn and cob ‘meal, cotton seed meal and buttermilk. One lot received 14 pound of cotton seed meal
pet head daily and the other 1 pound per head daily. The grain fed was soaked for twelve hours before
2 . Salt and ashes were also given. Everything went well until the sixth week, when the droppings
rigs on the heavy ration became dark in color and somewhat hard. However, the appetite was
i, had been on the heavy ration, but showed no | of a and their gains had been
without eaeptons of trouble. For a day or as before death he had shown a failing
med breathing. The rest of the pigs in this lot showed the same symptoms, but
ins were light.
being fed 414. pounds daily. He lost in weight but gained in size of frame. When turned on.
ly gave better results. One lot of two pigs, averaging 68 pounds, fed a ration of cotton seed meal
The first pig” died fifty-one days after feeding commenced, and a second went the follow-
The station veterinarian could find no assignable cause of —
is ve 7 a &
f
132 ~—~—|-s«&~EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
In this experiment the fatal quality of cotton seed meal seemed to depend, to a certain e
on the quantity fed. The first pigs to die were those in the lots receiving the heavier ration of cotton
meal. These pigs also made the better enh
corn meal. The meal was stirred in water at feeding time. It was not relished at first, but wh .
was once eaten, aepid & gains were made. The first pig died twenty-three Eee after the feeding began,
the weight ae the theory that the quantity eaten has an influence on the al property of the feed
pig weighed about 18 pounds at the time of its death. The last pig died on the forty-sixth day
experiment.
Two sows weighing respectively 135 and 308 pounds were put on a ration of one-fourth cotte
meal and three-fourths corn meal for oes -five days; they gained 89 pounds each without
poisoning. as.
In a second test, six pigs that had been stunted by exclusive corn meal or ground wheat
were divided into two lots of three each and put on rations composed of one-fourth cotton seed
three-fourths corn meal for one lot, and equal parts of these meals for the other lot. The change o
dition is described as magical and immediate. The pigs began to gain in weight at once, and - thos
receiving the greater amount of cotton seed meet made the larger gains. No other oe was Ee
fifty- third day and the fourth on the fifty-sixth day han the beginning of hs cotton seed meal
Two pigs were left in each lot; they were placed on green oats and then thrived nicely.
A bulletin from the Kansas Station mentions a lot of pigs that had done poorly in ;
experiment; they were fed cotton seed meal and were ready for market, well finished, in twenty-two
At the Kansas Station cotton seed meal is very highly regarded to put pigs in high condition
for a short time in small quantities. The beginning ration is 144 pound cotton seed meal to eac
live weight. The meal is mixed with the rest of the grain.
The Kansas and Iowa results show that a cotton seed meal ration is valuable i enone
meal is used in moderate amount and for a limited time. The proportions of cotton seed meal u
the lowa test was about one-eighteenth and one-tenth of the total grain ration at the start, a1
one-tenth and one-fifth at the close. Up to the time the pigs began to die, the gains of those o
heavier cotton seed meal rations were the larger and more economical (1.4 pounds daily gain a
pounds meal and 250 pounds milk per 100 pounds gain). The lighter ration was about equal in
to one of corn and cob meal, gluten meal and buttermilk, that stood steady to the heavy co
ration. The two lots returned in pounds of gain per 100 pounds of dry matter in the feed (before deatl
began) 31.1 pounds and 26.4 pounds, respectively, for the pigs on.the heavy and light rations. |
the Kansas tests the gains before deaths commenced were also very economical; they varied in cost
considerably less than 300 pounds grain per 100 pounds gain in the case of the pigs that ha
previously on the single grain rations to 350 pounds grain per 100 pounds gain in the case of tk
Pigs Following Steers on Cotton Seed Meal. —Evidence of the dangerous properties as cotto
meal for pigs when they are following steers, whose ration is made up wholly or in part of cott
‘meal, is conflicting. In the lowa tests a lot of three pigs followed steers for seventeen weeks th i
receiving from 4 to 7 pounds of cotton seed meal daily. They had very little feed oe what they p
up behind the steers, yet there were.no noticeable injurious effects. ;
The Kansas Station states that the meal used in their early experiments was shipped in
Texas during the previous winter by a local feeder, to be fed to steers. He turned about forty hogs
them and all died in the course of six or seven weeks. Considerable evidence that pigs may not :
after steers that are fed on cotton seed meal has recently been _ presented in the columns of
agricultural press. a Ot :
MENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 133
The Oklahoma Station has made an extensive study of ne possibility of feeding
yKlal this by product so that good results may be obtained with little or no danger
Experiments. from poisoning. The conditions under which it has been found that cotton seed
meal may generally be fed safely are (1) where pigs have access to range, and
1 omitted. : te
Se Following up this system the Oklahoma Station has conducted three experiments. In the first
al, in 1900, the alternating method was tried with seventeen thrifty shoats of various sizes. They
the run of a ee Deeg where they got a little pucer stuff. The trial began March 22nd. see
cotton seed meal, pea five days on the Serie ration. None of the pigs had died, and all
e very fair gains on a moderate amount of grain. At the close of this trial part of the pigs were sold
and the rest continued on the cotton seed meal ration, with which the trial closed (one-fifth cotton seed
1 and four-fifths Kaffir corn meal). They were fed on this ration without change until July 14th
ith the loss of one pig only.
iv In the second trial of the same year sixteen stunted shoats, about a year old, averaging 79 pounds,
re ‘used. For twenty-six days from April 12th they were hurdled on wheat and fed a light ration
one-fifth cotton seed meal and four-fifths Kaffir corn meal. There was no ill effect from the grain
ion, The gains averaged 0.96 pound per head daily, and were made economically. On May 8th the
pig were taken from the wheat and fed the same grain ration in a lot for twenty-one days with no serious
results, making an average daily gain of 1.71 pounds at the expense of 307 pounds of grain for 100 pounds
_ Five of the largest were sold after forty-seven days continuous feeding with cotton seed meal ration.
=a te eleven pigs ees were then oe fae and green reed and the same grain ration con-
re Soat seeen weeks old at the beginning of te experiment and averaged 47 pena in oe
aie. experiment began January 11th. The pigs were divided into four lots of four each. Each lot was
siven an open pen, 9x24 feet, and had a space 8x8 feet in an inclosed piggery. Cob charcoal, wood ashes,
and salt were always accessible; water only was given to drink, and the grain was mixed with water in
Lot 1 received corn meal ue to April oth,
seperiment meee
her severe for such. young pigs, and in lot 3, where a dullness of appetite was noticed for about two
a This 1 was Sie aan One Pig in lot 4 died on February 15th, one week after it had been
is ter they had been on a cotton seed meal ration ance for forty days. No further losses
ut recovered.
After April 5th, lot 1 was given the same management and feed as lot 4, but there were no
S s that the hogs » were on a Be aieht corn a ration except during the closing period, when their
were put on a ration composed of one-fifth cotton seed meal and four-fifths Kaffir corn meal and had
ae of a thick ee just rae feeding. ~ From ee Ist to July 14th, 2 pounds of sugar beets were
The only signs of the lack of appetite were in lot 1, where exclusive corn meal feeding proved:
ju ious results. On the contrary, their gains increased. This was also noticed with lot 4. During the
r of oa Seis, and (2) where periods of cotton seed meal feeding of three to four weeks’ duration
securred and the pigs thrived and made good gains. One pig in lot 4 showed symptoms of sickness, ©
The results are tabulated as follows:
fos sen c
*
134 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUN
i a Ms DA ae rae y
DOGRAR Gane
ais he i, ce, bi ‘4 ;
greater maturity enabled them to make use of a more carbonaceous ration, the gains were
expensive, but when the cotton seed mixture was resumed, the gains were large and eco
disregarding the effect of loss by death. ‘tga eae Pee
The following table shows the results of 126 days feeding for the pigs that survived:
Feeding Pigs on Cotton Seed Meal Rations.
Average | Average Average
| 4 Weight at | Weight at | Average eee Amount
RATIONS ; Number |Beginning,| Close Gain, aly Grain.
of Pigs | Jan. 11th, | May 17th, | Pounds ple: Eaten,
Pounds’ | Pounds ounds | Pounds | Po
Lot I. Pi
Semeertnerile S.8 APO oh he eho 4 46 125 78 . 62 368
Lot 2.
Corn meal, one-third; wheat mid-
dlings, two-thirds............ 4 46. 191 146 | 1.15
Lot 3. :
Cotton seed meal, one-fifth; corn
Fneal COUT-HIENS : Se ee 2 47 182 135 1.07
Lot 4. A
Alternaterations.............-- 3 44 -| 178 134 | 1.06
Curtis and Malone suggest that had the cotton seed meal lots been running on green pa
the beginning of the experiment, no losses would have occurred. They also suggest the pro
that a ration of one-tenth to one-fifth cotton seed meal may be fed‘ for an indefinite time if pigs ha
the run of green pastures. ; ta ;
-
In addition to throwing light on the pathological features of cotton Ss
The Arkansas ing, Dinwiddie has corroborated the results of those stations which h. es Oy
Experiments. that, when properly fed, cotton seed meal is a valuable pig feed if ca
: be avoided. In the experiments in which all the pigs died, lot 1 1
ration of cotton seed meal one part and corn chops three parts; lot 2 received cotton seed me
and corn meal three parts, with roots; lot 3 received cotton seed meal one part and wheat
parts, and lot 4 received bran one part and corn chops three parts. There were three pigs i
and feeding began January 1, 1902. The pigs were confined in pens with an open shed fo:
were watered and fed twice daily and had a mixture of hardwood ashes and salt supplied con:
Feeding Pigs on Cotton Seed Meal Rations.
: Number of Eaten Per | Eaten Daily ee a Initial Daily Gain
RATIONS Days Until Head, Per Head, Weicht, . “Weight, - | Per Head,
Pounds Pounds Per Gent Pounds Pounds
First Death
would expect from the Oklahoma result, roots did not have so g 4
The pigs received from 0.64 to 0.8 pound of cotton seed per head, daily, which was from |
per cent of their initial body weight. The first death occurred in the case of the pigs on a
28 WITH GROUND. AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 135
1 ae case Sol he pigs fed corn, cotton seed meal and fools the first death was
4 beginning, an average per head of 25 pounds of cotton seed meal being eaten. The
45 mounds. af cotton seed meal being eaten per head. Up to he time of agen the gains of the pigs
on co’ -on seed meal were as good or better than those of the pigs on corn chops and bran (lot 4).
E Following the experiments in which all the pigs on cotton seed meal died, Dinwiddie fed four
i e pigs, averaging about fifty pounds in weight, on various rations, cotton seed meal being a prom-
_inent factor, constituting one-fourth of the ration. Turnips were fed for eighty days, after which rye,
oats and alfalfa were given for two months. The pigs were fed from February 26 to November 6,
02. foe one seco cotton seed meal throughout the experiment, and forasmall part of the time
Feeding Pigs on Cotton Seed Meal Rations.
.| Weight of Cotton | Daily Consump- | Weight of Cotton x eens of Cotton
ee
Number of Gee. Weight of Cotton} Seed Meal Eaten | tionof Cotton | Seed Meal Eaten Meal Eaten
Fed Cotton Seed | Seed Meal Baten, eriod in First Seed Meal to Daily in Second Daily for Re-
: Meal Pounds _ Period (80 ays), Initial Weight, | Period (59 days),| mainder of Test,
Ea Pounds Per Cent Pounds Pounds
Bee etantt eerena ter cseees 139 : 80 .08 1.4 a .55
Rasisese «ire ate, 248 242 . 58 1.4 PO Ore b 1.5
Sa : 198 : 137 .58 1.4 305 AG
198 137 . 58 1.4 ZOO Coa
a Decrease probably due to a larger supply of green feed.
b One hundred days. (Cotton seed meal 1, corn meal 3.)
| c Fifty- -nine days.
ae test was made in which rations of cotton seed meal one part and bran three parts, and
seed meal one part and wheat chops three parts were fed. The former ration was fed for ninety-
a to si six pigs, which averaged about 50 pounds in weight. The latter was given for ninety-nine
ays to four Tamworth pigs, averaging about 50 pounds in weight. The following table shows the results:
¥
ASC ae - Feeding Pigs on Cotton Seed Meal Rations. :
>
RATIONS
Seed Meal,
Days
Meal Eaten,
Pounds
Eaten During
First Month,
Pounds
Weight,
Per Cent
Pounds
Pounds,
3
co)
~~
3
&
3
n
ic}
fe)
a=
Cotton Seed
Cotton Seed Meal
Initial Bod
First Month,
Eaten Daily
During Test
3
oO
=
us)
o
®
nD
eS
ie}
2
~~
o
S)
Number of Pigs
Time Fed Cotton
Average Amount
Average Amount
Ayerage Amount
Cotton Seed Meal
Eaten Daily After
Cotton Seed Meal
aoe
|
|
on
TS
CO
IO
oon
oO
B=}
| @
Ja:
Nara
&
ct
fe}
jm
fe)
ie)
mn
ct
=r,
Lee |
(a)
on
ts
le)
©
Or
~]
ry
—
CO
or
db Last half of ae
There were no losses. from these rations and the pigs made small gains.
pee of Cotton Seed Meal on Pregnant Sows.—Dinwiddie fed a native sow carrying her third litter
oat” amount of. 12 Beads of cotton seed meal, aheu was 1.39 pounds daily, or 0.8 per sent of
cee ages Pet weight. The ration agreed with her, and there appeared to be no harmful
136
These pigs were on ‘the BS ia oil ration 144 days. The amount of oil fed for the entire time to each
was 21 pounds, equivalent to 150 pounds of cotton seed meal. The average daily amount of oil consume
varied from 0.06 pound (meal equivalent, 0.4 pound) to 0.24 pound (meal equivalent 1.6 pounds).
average daily amount of oil fed for the entire test was 0.14 pound (meal equivalent 1 pound).
made an average daily gain of 0.6 pound, and suffered no serious effects from the oil. >
Use of Cotton Seed Meal in the Feed Lot.—The use of cotton seed meal in the feed lot ite
very carefully guarded, especially until the conditions under which it may be used without
and the circumstances which govern the demonstration of its poisonous properties are more tho
understood. The feeding of the cotton seed meal which the South produces is one of the greatest
lems of agriculture in that section yet to be solved satisfactorily. It is not difficult to appreciat
may be gained if some of this by ee which a such high feeding and Se value, a
=
imported from other states.
The frugality of the modern meat packer has become almost proverbial, Less
Packing House than twenty years ago the disposal of the offal of slaughtering was a p yblem,
By Products. but at present there is very little waste, and the packer has ac
position paint meat scraps, blood, bone, hair, intestinal contents, eter abhe aise mon aan )
product that has had its sale entirely as a fertilizer, is ‘growing among pig feeders and has be A
lowa Station. Beef mealisalsoa Saale house by product hese feeding value was studied slong 2
that of tankage in the lowa experiment. eee
tain meat scraps, intestines and their contents, ae etc. It is classed as concentrated and cristled
age. Concentrated tankage is not used for animal food. Crushed tankage is said to be of severa
being graded according to the ammonia and phosphoric acid content, although it is probable
tankage graded as No. 1 is free from the contents of the intestines.
Kennedy and Marshall used two brands of tankage, made by Chicago packers.
is described as follows:
Digester tankage is made from meat scraps, fat trimmings, and scrap bones. “enesen are tale o
up as fast as taken from the animals and put into a large steel tank and cooked under live steam press re
of 40 ae to the square inch, which cooks out the tallow. After the steam is turned off, it is ae
described, is made from meat scraps, scrap bones, etc. Quoting the words of the manufacturer, it i
follows: ‘“‘Tankage is the by product which drops to the bottom in our rendering tanks when wi
rendering outgrease, tallow, etc., at our various packing houses. It has been thoroughly co
under 40 pounds pressure for several hours, which thoroughly destroys any disease germs ee nig
possibly be in the raw meat. This product is pressed and then dried in steam driers at a
temperature. It is then ground and shipped in 100 and 200 pound sacks.”
The Beef Meal, Used i in the Iowa Test, is Described as Follows: '—This by product is made from scr
These are then pressed, dried and ground, in preparation for the market. cane is claimed to contain ae m
40 to 50 per cent protein.
eae mee a
XPERIME! ITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 13a
—The analysis reported by the Indiana Station is as follows;
Per Cent
‘ouse By I Products.
BeiRhe ts ath calle) Vell site Ne Viel rou reek aim WiphTOns ehnenaite Nrtinan cot y tant (el facie bi" Va Mw Tlerieh wheal Gul eilake ml Ye Sl alave> al revives ia pe
Analysis of Feedstuffs (Weems).
“RATION ee ees, ee
: E > ; Per Cent Per Cent
sear eee at mR 11405 1.55 15:25 4.85 60. 80th ab ae
re i es LO 15.60 61.10 5.20 3 12 B88
ES ee tetas ES Aas G25 0b 12.85 42.15 6.95 15.50 16.30
Pee ee Sac Apia 9.05 20.65 39.10 10.90 8.60 120s,
pee the value of fankape: The pigs were pure bred Poland Chinas and Berkshires. There were
two of each breed 1 in each lot. The tankage was especially prepared by the packers who fur-
lot was ina separate enclosure. There was no See and lot 3 was the only one SHowene ine
atany time. The pigs were fed as follows: Lot 1, ten parts corn meal and one part tankage;
arts corn meal and one part tankage; lot 3, corn meal; lot 4, ten parts of a mixture of equal —
fe orn meal and shorts and one part tankage. The feed was weighed out and then mixed with
ater n the proportion of about two parts of water to one part of feed, a slop of medium thinness _ <
Je. Each lot of pigs had access to ashes and salt. The cost of feed used was as follows: Corn
$20. 00 per ton; shorts, $16.00 per ton; tankage, $30.00 per ton. é
ES The Iowa test with beef meal seems to show that it, like tankage, is ee ina pig’sratiou. The
neal fed lot made an average daily gain of 2.08 pounds, requiring 461 pounds of food for 100 pounds
ae poe vat a cost of $5.10 per 100 pounds. Those fed beef meal made an average a
te . ‘ 2 . uy
138 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
and fat of the milk being retained in the cheese. While whey is by no means worthless for fee
purposes, it can any be seen that if skim milk and buttermilk have higher feeding values for pigs tha
and 3 Reding. These by Sangunls supply growing material to young animals and nope an ex
nitrogenous balance in the fattening ration. The constituents that remain in the milk after skimmin
and churning are the most expensive ones, considered from the standpoint of feeding and fertil
value, and it is largely due to this fact that dairy farming is so often a profitable business bites con
in a thorough manner.
The value of dairy by products is not alone in their nitrogenous character. Skim milk or
all proportion to the nutritive value and is more valuable than the nitrogenous grains to balance
Where pigs have been for a long time on a monotonous ration, such as corn meal alone, they lose ¢
become listless and sick, and so make very unsatisfactory gains. If skim milk and Davis Stock
are given, even ir very small amounts, an immediate change for the better is noticed—appetite retur
the pigs begin to gain rapidly in weight. As already stated, the gain in weight is out of all pr
to the actual'amount of nutrient material in the milk, and this peculiarity has been remarked w
only when pigs are fed as indicated above, but. also when pigs are fed a varied grain ration an
milk in comparison with others on the grain ration only. Just why dairy by products with Davi
Food have this effect is not exactly known, but the suggestion has been made that they keep the di
system in better order, and thus enable the animal actually to digest a greater percentage of hi
The same fact has been noticed when roots and green feed are fed. Pasturing of rape, alfalfa,
grasses pebebiy has a similar ae less marked effect.
is to make the feed more digestible. He found that milk rendered soluble from 1 to 3 per cen
total insoluble proteids of wheat flour,-and attributed its action to the soluble ferment, or
is one of the most important results of such feeding. It is generally admitted that, while
hams and bacon may be produced without Davis Stock Food and dairy by products, the: us
products will result in pork of a more nearly uniform high quality.
The economy of Davis Stock Food and skim milk feeding in connection with grain has be
edly demonstrated. The average results of the Danish experimenters show that when so fed 600.
of skim milk has a cote value about equal to 100 pounds of oe At the Wisconsin Station the a
fed, in five tests the pigs made an average daily gain of 0.90 pound, consuming 421 pounds of dry
per 100 pounds of gain; in eight tests, where a grain and milk ration was fed, the average daily ga:
1.27 pounds, and the dry matter per 100 pounds of gain 334 pounds. Results at the Tennessee S
gave an average daily gain of 1 pound for pigs on a corn meal ration, with 416 pounds dry matter
sumed per 100 pounds gain; when corn meal and skim milk were fed, the average daily gain was
pounds and the dry matter per 100 pounds of gain 293 pounds. Two years’ additional tests at the
$5.80 when no milk was given; when milk was fed it was $4. 60. The profit for noe group (value «
manure bad cost of care not being considered) was $1.05 for the corn meal fed lots and 34. 96 - thos
fed milk.
kK is of ou value ee fer with grain, especially corn meal, it is not a satis-
Where attempts have been made to maintain pigs on skim milk alone, the gains
returns from the milk fed less ee when grain was fed in connection with it. The
ing pigs averaging from 75 to 100 pounds on rations composed of mixed grain and milk in varying
portions from 1:3 to 1:12, found: the best results when the ratio of grain to milk was one to three.
tations containing a large amount of mik were found to -be unduly expensive, At the Cornell
on two er reximeals or the best results when the ratio was 1:3 and 1:2.5; in two others,
‘Pigs, , weighing from eo to 180 pounds:
f - Rations for Growing Pigs.
ee RATION
=e 60 ie {3 ounces of corn meal, 1 teaspoonful Davis Stock Food to each quart of milk.
60 ae 100 pounds | 6 ounces of corn meal, 1 teaspoonful Davis Stock Food to each quart of milk.
iC 8 ounces of corn meal, 1 Reade a Davis Stock Food to each quart of milk.
Rations for ae Pigs.
RATION
180 pounds 3 ounces of corn meal, wheat, rye, or hominy meals, 1 teaspoonful Davis Stock
: Food to each quart of milk, and then gradually increase meal to satisfy appetites.
teaspoonful Davis Stock Food, and one-third gluten meal, to satisfy appetites.
to 100 pounds — Milk at disposal, plus mixture of one-half corn meal, one-fourth wheat bran, 1
| teaspoonful Davis Stock Food, and one-fourth gluten meal, to satisfy appetites.
teaspoonful Davis Stock Food, and one-sixth gluten meal, to satisfy appetites.
4 spoonful Davis Stock Food, as a substitute for quart of milk. ‘a
0 pounds | Milk at disposal and mixture of one-half corn meal, one-half gluten feed, 1 tea-
: spoonful Davis Stock Food, to satisfy appetites.
Milk at disposal, and mixture of two-thirds corn meal, one- third gluten fac ef
_ teaspoonful Davis Stock Food, to satisfy appetites.
— weiue as an adjunct of the grain ration. The average of four experiments
139
hoes young pigs Honitl not be maintained , ae on ae milk. The Tennessee Station,
popes ‘| Milk at disposal, plus mixture of one-third corn meal, one-third wheat bran, 1_
0 to 180 pounds | Milk at disposal, plus mixture of 4wo-thirds corn_meal, one-sixth wheat bran, 1
ae 60 ae 3 ounces of corn meal to each quart of milk, and 4 ounces of gluten feed, 1 tea- :
140 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. _
highest efficiency of labor are absolutely essential to profitable results. Dairying and pig feeding ar
so intimately related that Linfield’s investigations on this subject are interesting. Correspondence »
various creameries in Utah, where large numbers of pigs are fed, is summed up as follows: =
One creamery reports that one man would feed 1,000 hogs, clean all the pens each day, and
the grain feed from the mill, two miles distant. Another says that one man does all the work of feed
cleaning out the pens for 500 hogs in five hours each Gay The wages paid in each case was |
$1.00 per day. .
At both creameries the hogs are purchased when weighing from 50 to 100 pounds each,
some few are heavier. The hogs are crowded from the start, and, at most, when Davis Stock Food i
to keep their digestive organs in good condition, not more than 100 days are required to fit the hos
market, and in this time 100 to 125 pounds have been added to the live weight of each hog.
By putting all of the above figures together, we find that it costs five hours’ labor, or 50 ce
look after 500 hogs for one day, or $50.00 to look after 500 hogs for 100 days. This is 10 cents for
214 per cent of a selling price.
Lest these results be misleading, Linfield calls attention to the fact that a conditions ule
ideal for the greatest economy—the hogs were short fed and all feeding appliances and pens v
arranged as to have in view the greatest possible saving in labor. At another creamery, where t!
were raised on the place and fed until they were fifteen months old and the accommodations »
so good, the cost sae was as large for 300 hogs as the other reported for 1,000 head,
Pasture and ture on the efficiency of the grain ration of pigs, which is generally ou
Pasture_ portion to the nutrient value of the amount consumed of these supplem
Substitutes. feeds, and is to be accounted for only on the theory that the digestiv
ratus is kept 1 in better order CS Davis Stock Food and their use, ree mz
condition, and enable an amount of rate of in which well repays for the use of the ‘pashan
Utah Station has recently published results which confirm previous investigations on the 5
Four years’ work shows that pigs on grain alone ate 4.05 pounds of feed daily and made an
grain for 100 pounds gain. The total gains averaged 33 per cent ete for the Be on pasture than
those on grain alone. The average daily gains were nearly 29 per cent greater, and there was a savi
more than 10 per cent in the feed required for 100 pounds gain for the pigs on pasture.
marked advantage from pasture might be explained by the skim milk in the ration.
safe cagk yaaa that in feeding pigs the best results will follow the use of dairy by products, “roo!
141
action ee the eee system seems to be similar, When attempts are made to
peer, the ee ae of ample € exercise must not be es ee
ne San the Bee are sold, such a ration Pronid be resorted to only under the pressure of -
‘necessity, when the saving of grain is imperative. According to Henry, no station has shown
pigs can be successfully maintained on pasture alone, if a eu test by Mills, at the Utah Station,
r lots S ats were pastured on Sealey or feed grasses, one actual losses with two lots ead very
ht. gains with the others, the average daily gain amounting to 0.189 pound in one case and 0.059
in the other. ‘The effect of this method of feeding on the appearance of the pigs was very marked;
1898 test it was particularly commented upon. The plump, rounded forms gave place to large,
frames and large stomachs. At the end of the experiment they looked very much larger than at
eginning, but the scales failed to show any gain. What is said above would also apply to the mixed
e set, oe in that case the eye was not so badly deceived—small gains were made. In 1899,
s ve de gains very nearly 1 in proportion os the amount of extra ea given, which Poster and Merrill
ae arded as evidence that the pasture supplied enough feed for maintenance only. —
Tests at the Oklahoma Station showed a total gain of 68 pounds for four pigs in eight By
s each—where pigs were on pasture alone, while four others on pasture with a grain ration gained ©
unds in the same time, an average of 81 pounds.
nds in thirty-five days, when she was removed. Her five pigs made a total gain of 146 pounds in the
Arst five weeks, and 96 pounds during the succeeding period of three weeks. The grain fed these pigs
Jigs mounted to only 221 pounds per 100 pounds of gain.
In addition to tests mentioned in a preceding paragraph, experiments by Linfield at the Utah
a show that when pigs are receiving a grain ration with dairy by products the addition of pasture
ents shows average daily gain of 1.03 pounds where pasture was allowed; these pigs consumed
4 Jae of milk and 236 epannds of grain per 100 pounds of gain, The pigs without pasture con-
E. : gain ee those in pens. At 15 cents per 100 pounds this means a difference of 45 cents per 100.
ou ids of pork made, The difference i in grain fed was nearly 20 pounds per 100 pounds of pers made
favor of the pen fed lots.
‘hes results are evidence in support of the idea that the effect of dairy by products and succulent
the ration. is similar, and that to get the greatest amount of gain at the least expenditure of feed
only one of the supplementary feeds is necessary; that the addition of pasture to a ration which already _
tains a large: amount of seid by products: is superfluous, and that the a advantage to be gained by —
The lack of a permanent pasture should not deter the prospective pig feeder
Substitutes “of the industry has been the increasing use of succulent feeds, such as cereals,
for ey _ tape, vetches, cow peas, sorghum, etc., which yield large amounts of feed per
acre and also enable the feeder to grow ae season’s pasturage on a small amount
Not oes dees ae make successful pig feeding when ee a
_ A sow with a litter of five pigs was in the same lot with the grain fed pigs. The sow Sata 61 Soe
essary and adds nothing to the effectiveness of the ration or the gains made. Theaverageoffour
Green from engaging in the business. A prominent feature of the recent development
? : ee ye G Lt "i «
ee 2 ee . og ONAN Teas oe “ai . ae
142 CEXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN,
advantages of exercise and succulent feed. Rape has been most generally used for hie purpos
experiments have been reported recently by the Utah and Alabama Stations and by the Central E
mental Farmof Canada. The gains at the Canada Station were particularly good, averagin
pounds daily, the pigs eating 238 pounds of grain per 100 pounds gain. In the Alabama t
average daily gain was 0.56 pound and the feed per 100 pounds of gain was 238 pounds. In the
test the average daily gain was 0.204 pound and the feed per 100 pounds gain 490 pounds.
At the close of the Alabama test the pigs were placed on second growth rape for three w
They grazed one-sixth acre, eating 168 pounds corn meal and making a gain of 82 pounds, whith
average daily gain of 0.98 pound, at a cost of 205 pounds meal per 100 pounds gain. Assuming t
pounds of grain alone are required for 100 pounds gain, Duggar estimates the amount of the por!
duced per acre from the first and second growth rape together at 512 pounds, worth at that time $
Seven shoats, averaging 41 pounds in weight, were on rape at the same station for four.
during the late spring. They received some corn meal in addition. During the first two weeks the
was fed to the pigs in the pens; during the remainder of the time they were hurdled. They ate
pounds of corn meal. The total gain in weight for the four weeks was 103 pounds, an average daily ga
of 0.53 pound, 310 pounds of grain and 4,050 square feet of rape being required to produce 100 po
gain. Compared with clover, the Wisconsin Station found in two tests that pigs_receiving a grain
and hurdled on rape made ae and more economical gains than those on ae same grain and hi
on clover.
The same station fed two lots of pigs on rape alone for two weeks. Two lots of eighteen p
were taken from rations composed of grain exclusively, grain and clover, and grain and rape. ‘They re
given nothing butrape. They fed nearly all day, appeared contented, and scoured but little, but twenty-
five of the thirty-six lost in weight during the two weeks they were on rape, and only four made
The total loss on thirty-six pigs was 60 pounds, or at the rate of 1.66 pounds per Pig. _ The six pigs
had been on an exclusive grain diet lost 18 pounds, or 3 pounds each. The eight pigs that had bee
grain and clover lost 19 pounds, an average of nearly 2.33 pounds each and the twenty-two Pigy th
taken from a grain and rape diet lost 33 pounds, or 1.5 pounds each.
One of the most promising features of animal husbandry in the South is aes ‘
Pasture range of forage crops at command. The hog raiser is particularly benefit
Substitutes | these crops, many of which may be sown annually and used as substitut
in Southern pasture. The most common Southern grazing crops for pigs are peanuts aT
States. cow peas. Both are very highly nitrogenous and therefore are good crop
use as a supplement to a ration composed of corn, rice products, or other
bonaceous feeds. In addition to cow peas and peanuts, chufas, sorghum, soy beans, velvet beans,
sweet potatoes, etc., are used for pig grazing. The method of grazing is usually that of hurdling ; 4
is, the pigs are enclosed on a small part of the field by means of portable fences. These fences are mo d
to ungrazed parts of the field as plants are eaten. Nearly all the efforts of the stations have been c
fined to demonstrations of the feasibility of pig feeding in the South and the possibilities of grazing t
forage crops which are found in that section. The Arkansas Station made pork at the rate of 1,2
pounds per acre for peanuts, 592 pounds per acre for chufas, and 436 pounds per acre from corn, estima
ing the yield of corn at 30 bushels per acre. The forage crops were hurdled and the corn fed dry int 1e
ear. In other tests at the same station both peanuts and chufas gave especially good gains. The Alabz
Station raised six Poland China pigs on peanuts, with some corn in addition. The lot made a ¢g
380. z pean in six weeks on an area of about one-sixth acre and ate 373 ens of corn.
concentrates, with vines eaten not estimated. , -
IMENTS oe | GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 143,
to oa be ee oie on a latter Soden Duggar penned a litter of nine weeks old pigs
a o- es stand of ppatish peanuts eee after weaning. They were on | this pasture from November
tone of an acre a erate At 4 re pee pound for pork and ‘making allowances for the grain
the return per acre for the peanuts was $10.04.
a So eesti he ne and her litter of nine pigs were fed from ee 30th to November 4th
oe Me <
| With the usual allowances, the ee per acre for peanuts in this test was $18.02.
ri acehes test seven shoats were taken from corn meal, cow pea meal, and sorghum, and placed
aS panish peanuts and corn meal for four weeks. They ate 333 pounds of corn meal and grazed 1,593
re feet of peanuts, making a gain of 121 pounds, which was at a cost of 273 pounds grain for 100
ik poe ds gain. The value per acre of the peanut pasture was estimated, by the usual methods, at $9.00.
Some of these pigs were continued by hurdling on peanut pasture and were given some grain in
on for five weeks longer. In this period the return per acre for the peanuts was estimated at $9.88.
In another test, a litter of seven Poland China pigs, averaging 28 pounds in weight, were hurdled
panish peanuts just after weaning. The pasturing continued six weeks and no grain was fed. The
rain was 157 pounds, an average daily gain of 0.53 pound. The area grazed was 13,887 square feet,
tale return per acre, with pork < - 4 cents per pound, was $20.12.
e were three et in vee lot and they were of rather ordinary Fecdiae qualities. In four weeks tlie
m corn meal gained 38.6 pounds, those on peanuts alone gained 21.1 pounds, and those on corn meal
2,025 square feet ee in peanuts. . This is at the rate of 840 pounds of growth from one acre
i + pound and corn meal at 40 cents oe bushel of 48 Gee. this is a gross rahaen of $25.20 and
ao pu beeocuine the value of the meal) of $10.94 per acre of ce
: . The Alabanih Station: estimates ee value of peanuts in ou production at $12.00 to $20. 60 per
= ‘the higher returns being made where corn meal supplements the peanut pasture.
In another test at the Alabama Station, pigs grazing peanuts, with a half ration of a mixture of
| meal two parts: and cow nee meal: one part, pigs. grazing peanuts alone, and pigs grazing chufas
In another test seven eases: averaging nearly 100 pounds, were penned on Spanish peanuts from
per 11th to November 2nd and fed some corn meal. ae made a total Ea of 225 ey. eating —
s - The Alabama Srenoe fed one e lot of pigs on a peanut noo which was a poor stand, giving some
ae pounds. The lot on peanuts and corn meal ate 206 pounds of corn per 100 pounds gain and : .
With pork at 3-
Pe es ee ee
144 _ EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND 2 es ty
may be had when grain is fed with peanuts. The Se per acre of nasal aa diate, oie pe
4 cents per pound, was estimated, where grain was fed, at $9.56 and $9.62, respectively.
on peanut pasture without grain returned only $3.03 per acre for the crop. At the rate of gai
in this experiment it is estimated that with these rations one acre of the grazing crop would
feed for a 100-pound shoat as follows: Peanuts and grain ration, 850 days; chufas and grai
827 days; peanut pasture alone, 463 days. bey nine
The value of sorghum and cow peas as grazing crops was investigated by. the Alabama. Ste C
grain ration of a mixture, by SaeKt, of corn meal two parts and cow pea meal one part.
placed in a pen in which sorghum was growing and had, in addition, enough ripe Spanish pean
constitute a half ration of peanuts. A third was hurdled on drilled Whippoorwill cow peas, on
part of the pods were ripe, and received no grain. The fourth was confined in a bare pen and g:
grain mixture given lot 1 in such amounts as the pigs would eat up clean. :
The results were not very satisfactory for grazing on sorghum or on cow peas without
mentary grain ration. The waste of feed in the cow pea lot was very great, large numbers
peas falling to the ground and sprouting. Previous work at the Alabama Station has ee
satisfactory results when grain was fed in conjunction with the cow pea pasture.
Duggar notes another Beperiniene with sorghum grazing, in which there was a large wast
although grain was fed. Seven shoats were on the sorghum from June 24 to September 2,
received at the same time about 1.5 pounds per head daily of a mixture of equal parts by
cow pea meal and corn meal. The pigs grazed 15,374 square feet of sorghum and’8,380 squai
_ Duggar suggests that when lage: is cheap and abundant, or a . corn harvester is available soil
. sorghum will be the more profitable method of feeding. : ane
An earlier experiment at the Alabama Station gave more profitable results from a rati
and cow pea pasture. One lot of pigs had corn only; another was hurdled on cow peas abo
matured at the beginning of the experiment, and given corn. The cow peas yielded about 13
of peas peracre. The pigson corn alone made an average daily gain of 0.36 pound, eating 58
of grain per 100 pounds of gain. Those on cow pea pasture, with corn, made an le oo
0.97 pound, eating 374 pounds of corn per 100 pounds of gain.
The pigs were pastured on an area Of i, 280 square feet, or about one-sixth of an acre.
pork at 3 cents per pound and corn at 40 cents per bushel, the return of cow peas per acre was. eas i
at $10.65, not including the value of the manure made. By pasturing, 277 pounds of corn was ve BS
per 100 pounds of gain, and therefore an acre of cow peas would replace 1,662 pounds of corn, ise
test as a basis.
\
\
orate been kept in a pen evidently had lost their eae ability and did not thrive so oan on aie
The abundant variety of forage plants at the command of Southern farmers led Duggar to sugs
@ succession of grazing crops which could be planted in the milder portions of the South, so that pa
would be available from January to December. The following table shows the crops suggested,
the results of investigation by the Alabama Station as a basis. It is said that other eas 2h ep)
be added as they are tested, such as alfalfa, pumiphns, artichokes and soy peaae:
_ EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. ey as
Succession of Forage Crops.
vat
\
MONTHS TO BE USED CROPS
Fall sown rape and chufas.
Fall sown rape, vetches and oats, rye, wheat, etc.
il 16 to May 1' ....| Vetches and oats, crimson clover, oats and wheat.
«AT ge i aegis Spring sown rape, vetches and oats, wheat, and the usual pastures.
kee Sree Ue Spring sown rape, stubble field, turf oats, and the usual pastures.
‘and August ...... Sorghum, early variety of cow peas, and the usual pastures.
September, October and bua
Aiea ..| Spanish peanuts, cow peas, sweet potatoes and sorghum.
ane ......{|Chufas and full sown rape.
eat disadvantage of grazing pigs on peanuts or chufas, the effects of which must be guarded against
es the flesh soft, flabby and urdesirable in appearance, especially during the summer months. To
viate this difficulty, the common practice of farmers is to use corn in finishing hogs which have had
anuts as the principal component of ration. Recently the effect of cotton seed meal on the fat has
en investigated with good results so far as increased firmness of the pork produced is concerned.
aoe ae grades produced a firmer Sone of ae and lard than scrubs. The range of individual varia-
_tion in the melting point of lard from-scrubs was much larger than that of the lard from grades of pure
i Dugear, however, states that in his experience, even when fed a month exclusively on corn,
e entire feeding period. This condition was noticeable even after cooking. One month of exclusive
corn feeding increased the firmness of pork made from animals previously fed on peanuts alone, but the
improvement was not sufficient to make the flesh or the lard as firm as the same articles afforded by ani-
mals fed entirely on corn. Both Bennett and Duggar state that, while exclusive peanut feeding injures
the sale of lard and pork by making it soft and oily, the cooking quality does not seem to be impaired.
It is also given as the experience of both these stations that feeding exclusively on corn for a month
vas appreciably different from that of hogs fed on corn simultaneously with the peanut grazing. The
lting point is lower in the case of immature pigs than with mature ones. The hardening effect of
her feeds than corn and of combinations of these feeds with corn has been studied extensively by
et Alabama Station, where a pig that was fed a ration of one-third ground cow peas and two-thirds corn
ie eal was compared with pigs which had grazed sorghum, peanuts or chufas, with and without grain.
oie The melting point of the fat of the jowl was found to be 4.6 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in the case
_ of pigs which had the same grain ration but had erazed peanuts and sorghum, and still higher than that
from pigs which had grazed cow peas. A number of experiments show that aration in which cotton seed
‘meal. entered to the extent of one-fourth had a marked effect on the bariae of the fat.
Pumpkins and Apples.—Farmers generally regard pumpkins highly as a fall pig feed. They are
succulent, palatable, and nutritious, and, properly fed, give profitable returns. Experiments at three
tations, where the utility of cooking pumpkins was studied, show that the practice added little to the
efficiency of the ration. The gains from feeding were good in all cases and economically produced.
Pigs fed on raw pumpkins and grain showed gains at a cost of 262 pounds of grain and 376 pounds of
be eas per 100 4 of Sees the ponies were fed raw, and 222 pounds of grain and 1,150
r the Southern feeder, is that the lard from such pigs has a very low melting point; the fat, therefore, —
~ According to Bennett, if good grade or pure bred pigs are grazed on peanuts or chufas, either alone
ie rand it at the same time ney are fed on an amount of corn sufficient to full feed an: ;
after the feeding on peanuts was stopped did not have an effect on the melting point of the lard that.
eS sy
New Haaiuchire en for Pa days, nee an avetiome daily gain a AG 12 pounds
food per 100 pounds of gain being $2.
Another test at the same station With a ration of aden or wind fall apples and pump
parts, cooked, showed but expensive gains, the high cost being attributed to the apples.
Roots and Tubers.—Feeding roots to live stock is comparatively recent in the
Corn, with hay or ensilage, has been the principal maintenance during the winter months whe
was not available. In hog feeding it is safe to say that, until very recent years, almost the )
stitutes for pasture were pumpkins, artichokes, and clover ‘or alfalfa hay in certain sections.
and Canada, however, much dependence is placed on roots, and, while we may never reach
this country generally of fattening animals almost entirely on a root diet, the peculiar adv
gained by them, their great palatability, and the good effects on the health and thrift of ‘the
commend roots to the stockman.
A number of experiments have been reported recently on feeding roots to hogs.
At the Indiana Station, Plumb and Van Norman conducted two experiments to comp:
composed solely of grain with one where roots were added. In Doce roto the et i
were relished more chan ties mangels.
At the Ontario Agricultural College, Day fed four lots of pigs in pens as follows:
Poe 1 and 2 were made up of four grade a en each from the same ae
ees of raw cae aaneLie The proportion of cea in middlings was 1 2 j in all lots at t
of the experiment, and wa’ gradually changed as the pigs ee in TEEN and age un
toward the close.
At the Utah Station, Foster and Merrill pondieied two experiments to compare the r:
and sugar beets with rations of corn meal, ground wheat, and corn meal and peas. In the first
lot 1 received corn meal, lot 2 received ground wheat, and lot 3 received sugar beets with a o
of bran. In the second experiment lot 1 received a mixture of equal parts of corn meal an
lots 2 and 3 being fed as in the first test. The pigs were fed in covered pens, Ee were
would eat. There were three in each lot. : “3
At the Montana Station, Shaw fed one lot of hogs on grain only and. another on ee
ration with sugar beets added. .
The Indiana results showed larger and more rapid gains in both cases for the pigs r
roots, but in one test there was a saving of 72 pounds of grain for 100 pounds of gain by fee
pounds of roots. The Ontario and Montana results.favored root feeding in all respects. The g
larger and more rapid, and less feed per 100 pounds of gain was required when roots were
average of these experiments shows that in six out of seven tests where roots were fed there was a sé
of the grain. Sih
The average of feed per 100 pounds gain shows that feeding 427 neuen or roots saved
of grain, or 19 per cent, which is a very high value for roots. “4d
The feature of root feeding has previously been remarked upon in this book. “Attention
to it in nearly every instance where experimenters have fed roots successfully. - Plumb. and Van’
do not regard their results as showing great value for roots, but think they have an effect on the
digestion, and general health that is beneficial, particularly i in winter, In ‘the Ontario ee
to analyses and digestion experiments, there is approximately ses nine mae as atic gostiol
in a mixture of corn and middlings as there is in mangels. Iti is es spate to Ore he ‘ore, how
ox Ng
—_
EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 147
_ effects of their feed in more growth and thrift than the others. They had less tendency to become fat,
and the root ration was reduced for this reason. Day explains this effect of root feeding to be due to a
the others; for there is little doubt that hogs closely confined in pens are likely to suffer from indigestion.
‘Shaw explains the marked effect of roots in similar words, stating that the value of sugar beets for pigs is
derived not so much from the nutrients in the dry matter which they contain as from the influence they
exert on digestion and assimilation.
i Henry found the results at three American experiment stations to be that about 615 pounds of
‘roots saved 100 pounds of grain. The Danish experiments give 600 to 800 pounds of mangels and from
~ 400 to 800 pounds of fodder beets as the feeding equivalent of 100 pounds of grain.
- The average of the results here given indicates that about 515 pounds of roots saved 100 poe
5 of meal, a somewhat higher value for roots than that given in previously published works.
y More extended experiments by ‘other stations showed an average daily gain for pigs of 1.58
pounds, at a cost of $4.60 per 100 pounds gain, on grain only (9.11 pounds of grain per head Si:
the second lot, on grain and sugar beets (6.65 pounds grain and 4.58 pounds sugar beets per head daily),
made an average daily gain of 1.64 pounds, at a cost of $3.80 per 100 pounds. There were four pigs in
each lot, and they were fed fifty days. As a side light on the possibilities of pork production in the irri-
gated Northwest, it is interesting to note that Shaw found his net profits from feeding these eight pigs to
be $14.12, or 33 per cent on the investment in fifty days.
ra In an experiment to compare the feeding value of forage beets, sugar beets, mangels, and turnips,
at the Central Experiment Farm of Canada, when pigs received a ration of mixed grain, the pigs on
_ forage beets made the greatest average daily gains and required the least feed for 100 pounds gain, the
other lots standing in the order of sugar beets, mangels, and turnips. The results are remarkably low
__ than pasture and milk.
Day, at Guelph, and Shutt, at Ottawa, have found that the effect of roots on the carcass is not
t detrimental, but produces a firm bacon of good quality, a very essential matter to Canadian pig feeders.
In this experiment neither buyers nor packers criticized adversely the pigs fed on turnips and mangels,
and the carcasses of the sugar beet pigs were all select (there was no packer’s report on this lot); but the
buyer found one carcass too fat in the lot fed on forage beets, and the packer’s report was not so favorable
as on the others.
An attempt at the Colorado Station to maintain pigs on sugar beets alone was successful only in
E a _ the pigs to eat beets, but after they became accustomed to such a diet they took to it readily. At no
_ time were they able to eat beets enough to approach the conventional feeding standard; 12. 5 pounds
- daily was the greatest amount they would take.
wh: An experiment at the same station, when sugar beets and sugar beet pulp were compared, showed
_ that the whole beets had greater feeding value than the pulp, but both rations were inferior to one of the
mixture of equal parts of wheat and barley, so far as amount and rate of gain and profits were concerned,
although the pigs on beets or pulp received the same grain ration as the lots on grain alone. The beet
and pulp rations required less grain for 100 pounds of gain than the grain ration, and the pulp ration cost
_ 20 cents less per 100 pounds gain than the grain ration, but the profit on the latter lot was greater. The
pigs ate pulp with considerable reluctance, and did not seem to relish the beets at first.
- * grain and skim milk were given in additien; but, while over 400 pounds of potatoes were eaten, the pigs
_ made no progress and were getting out of condition when the experiment was brought to a close. The
low temperature while the pigs were being fed, ranging between 29 and 30 degrees Fahrenheit, is
suggested as a reason for the poor results. :
At the Central Experiment Farm, very satisfactory results were obtained from cooked potatoes,
but raw potatoes produced little gain. In one experiment the pigs were getting all the raw potatoes
they would eat, but made no gain, and the tubers were discontinued. In a second test a similar
pounds of mangels should prove equal to 100 pounds of meal. The pigs receiving mangels showed the ©
‘beneficial effect on the digestive organs of the animals, causing them to digest their feed better than did |
in feed requirements, and would seem to show that roots and milk may be more advantageously combined:
maintaining them without loss. The ration proved expensive and there was difficulty at first in inducing ©
Clinton reports an unsuccessful attempt at Cornell to feed potatoes, raw and cooked. Some —
on ey mig! ee eo 2 itll 3
148
as raed grain.
The Alabama, South Carolina, Maryland and Florida Stations have experimented
potatoes with somewhat varying results. At the Alabama Station, Duggar fed one lot of
ration of three-fourths sweet potatoes and one-fourth ground cow peas, and another on a ration
oak of corn meal and cow peas. After four weeks they were put through an intermediate er
the sweet potato ration. This was PT A for four weeks longer, so that in all there were «
of feeding on a sweet potato ration.
to 36Q hie w ie corn meal was fed. Duggar refers to the difficulty of inducing the pigs to.
matter when sweet potatoes made up so much of the ration, and suggested a ration of a
cow peas and sweet potatoes as being more palatable and nutritious. He questions whether s
toes can be profitably grown, stored and fed to hogs unless the feeding value per bushel wo
than 10 or 15 cents. Where the pigs do the harvesting, especially on sandy soils, where +1
sweet potatoes is ten or fifteen times that of corn, they may be an economical feed. ;
ane results at the South Carolina Station were much more favorable to sweet ie
1.39 pounds, requiring 602 pounds of corn for 100 pounds of gain. It was ‘euiseeied that at 200 b
per acre sweet potatoes would produce 369.5 pounds of pork per acre, worth $18.47 when pork is w
5 cents per pound. The gain from corn was 139.5 pounds of pork, and the corn ‘yield was ;
per acre on land similar to that on which the sweet potatoes were grown. At 5 cents per |
pork, the money return 23 the corn was $6.97 per acre.
twice a es for Ehiiey ods days. It required over five tons of these potatoes for 100 Seu
the return from them was only about $1.60 per ton.
showing sweet potatoes to be more ealapie when fed with grain and Cilla vy is Bae :
;
The Florida Station fed a lot of four native a on a ration of equal parts, ie eas nt
“aes
ning of the test and faded in weight 31.16 per cent, or 126.5 pounds. at a cost of 5.6 pie
of gain for feed eaten. / ;
for thirty-five days. They were given, in addition, 2 pounds of ground corn and 1 pound of
cow peas per head daily. In the time specified they gained 67 pounds, an average daily gain o
et thus requiring 315 peenas of grain in addition to the sweet es for sae 100 otis
EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. — 149
At the Oregon Station, French took six Berkshire pigs from wheat stubble on October 22nd
and placed them on a field of artichokes that had been planted in April, on deep plowed ground, pre-
3 pared as for potatoes, in rows 3 feet apart, with the seed 18 inches apart in the row. The growth was
ag vigorous and the yield abundant, the tops growing to a height of 7 feet during the season, and a trial plot
_ showing a yield of 740 bushels per acre. The pigs had free access to the field and did all the harvesting.
An attempt to sustain them entirely on the tubers failing, some shorts were fed in addition.
At Ottawa, Grisdale sowed a plot of one-sixteenth acre with about 70 pounds of tubers on May
peo 19th, planting in rows 20 inches apart, 4 inches deep and 20 inches apart in the row. Six pigs were
_ turned in October 3rd. Although the tubers were immature at that time, the tops were from 10 to 13 feet
id high. The pigs were allowed a daily grain ration of 1.5 pounds of a mixture composed of one-half corn
meal and one-half of a mixture of equal parts of ground oats, peas and barley.
In the Oregon experiment the pigs made an average daily gain of 0.81 pound for fifty days, eating
309 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain, at a cost of $1.85; in the Canadian test the pigs made an aver-
on age daily gain of 1.57 pounds for twenty-one days, eating 96 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain,
ae which cost $1.80.
ike The cost of the meal in the Oregon experiment was estimated at $12.00 per ton; that in the Cana-
_ dian at $18.00 per ton. Valuing the meat made at $6.25 per 100 pounds, Grisdale estimates that,
after deducting the cost of the meal fed, a balance of $10.61 is left for the artichokes fed, and, deducting
from this the cost of seed, planting, rent of land, etc., the one-sixteenth acre used gave a net return of pork
iH worth $8.76.
um -_
es Roughage. —Hogs are generally regarded as animals hose particular function is the conversion
, of concentrated feed into meat. Although the capacity of bulky feed that we find in the stomachs of
‘cattle and sheep is lacking in hogs, a reasonable amount of bulk in the form of roots or hay is palatable
and profitable. In many parts of the country where concentrates are costly feed, stockmen are forced
- to use substitutes for at least a part of the grain ration, both for fattening and maintenance, and over the
entire country the winter ration is a problem. To solve these problems many Western farmers have
a ‘resorted. to the use of alfalfa hay, and outside of alfalfa districts clover hay is used. Considerable study
has been devoted to this subject by the experiment stations.
The Kansas Experiment Station has reported a series of experiments with drouth resistance crops.
Three of these experiments had to do with alfalfa hay. In the first, the hogs used were of mixed breeding,
Berkshiré and Poland China, } representing about the average of Kansas farm hogs. The alfalfa was of
- good quality.
Two lots were fed, one receiving the hay whole in greater quantity than it would consume, the
other having ground hay. In the second test the meal fed lot received some cotton seed meal—O.16
-~ pound to each pound of Kaffir corn—which did not affect the hogs seriously. This test was conducted
during the most severe weather of the winter, the thermometer registering 32 degrees Fahrenheit below
zero February 12th, ten days after the experiments began.
“ge _ Inthe third test the grain was wet with water at the time of feeding. The alfalfa hay had been cut
late“~and was rather woody.
The Utah Station fed one lot of hogs on a mibceare of equal parts, by weight, of chopped wheat and
_ bran, wet. Another lot shad the same grain ration with chopped alfalfa hay. added. The alfalfa used
_ was well cured and was prepared by running through an ensilage cutter, the blades of which are arranged
: _ for cutting into half-inch lengths. The pigs were thrifty grade Berkshires.
The Montana Station fed three lots of hogs to compare the feeding value of a grain ration with
sugar beets and alfalfa hay as a roughage with a ration of grain only. The lot on grain alone received a
ration consisting, during the early part of the experiment, of two parts of damaged wheat and one part
_ of oats, barley taking the place of the wheat during the latter partwf the experiment. The hay fed lot
had the same tation with alfalfa hay added. The alfalfa hay was run through a cutting box, moistened,
and mixed with meal. The hogs were by a Berkshire boar, out of high grade Poland China sows.
ror. had previously had the run of a stubble field with some clover pasture. . i
“the hay feeding period both lots were given grain and roots and made satisfactory gains.
150 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNG!
The avefage of these exponents shows that 593 Satis of grain were require fo 100 -
of gain when no hay was fed, and 505 pounds of grain and 89 pounds of al alfalfa hay w en hay
a saving of 88 pounds of grain to be credited to the raid fed. . 1
the statement that its feeding value is Petes: equal to that of corn is true Bae ane certais
Where hogs are confined to an exclusive grain ration, and especially where this is made up of a si
the addition of Davis Stock Food and a moderate amount of hay to the ration will be rel shee
grain will be required. - : 5
the hay in the ration cannot be used economically in more than very moderate amounts. | Th
lar fact to that which has been found by many investigators with such bulky feeds as green cl
roots, and skim milk. That it is bad economy to attempt the maintenance of hogs on ye
is shown by an experiment by McDowell, in N evada. ae
In this experiment two lots of two pigs each were fed on a ration of alfalfa hay. The ae
in twenty-one days 99.12 pounds and 99.14 pounds, respectively, and lost in weight 33
A consideration of the approximate proportions of ay to grain fed Delles ew
mane the effect of these rations in greater detail.
in the proportion of from one- “seventh to one-fourth of the ration when en makes up all t
Ratio of Hay to Grain in Reading Hogs.
Average
RATIO OF HAY TO GRAIN ey 2
: P €e Grain,
ounds | pounds
Kansas.
Si 4 2 a TEAS RRL re ce OR Cv Per wed ede eat, Selah ll My UE eee
Pea i Ay Pe aN NOR Pee i, a Lanes Ng ene cae eta nee Sid ina Meine D4 seve
eT: os et aa RE en nel vetoes apr nai nS Coury ami ads ek AN ht fc
Sg MR tle chy Sg 2 REA gic Pe ashe or rpc a a aid de CR Ar 1.44
Be eas cel Ps oem ee ely SER Pt PECs, ota MTN MOO AINE ES RM ee Pete
Montana.
i Ae iI ee: Soar sO 25) of alters egy SM Sle 6 eg ire
Utah.
0: Cem Mee eR AERO IE sMAN Da sy Rab ie 1.19
The average of experiments at the Utah ae Montana Stations shows sugar beets t be mo e.
able as a roughage than anes spit Pigs on hay and en renee a3 ee of grain in 12: pe
EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 151
o Weeent reanles at the Colorado Station have been unfavorable to either hay or sugar beet feeding
ea fe: pigs. Nine Berkshire pigs, averaging about 150 pounds, were fed. Lot 1 received a mixture of approx-
_ imately two parts barley and one part corn, and about one-half pound alfalfa hay daily; lot 2 had the
grain ration only; lot 3 had the grain ration and about 1 pound of sugar beets daily. There was some
oly at first to get the pigs in lot L to eat alfalfa, but when it was cut fine and mixed with barley slop
y would take it.
_ The pigs on grain alone made the bed and most rapid gains, and required the least grain for
poet 0 pounds of gain. These pigs also made the cheapest gains and the largest profit. The hay fed pigs
ave nearly as good gains as those fed grain only, but they required more feed and the profit was 21
cents less per head for the ninety-seven days’ feeding. The grain and sugar beet ration was least effective
and least economical. The proportion of hay to grain fed was approximately 1:11; that of beets to grain
‘was a little more than 1:5. ,
The Maryland Station has conducted a number of experiments with ground corn fodder, or new
rn product, as it is otherwise called. This product is the ground residue of corn stalks from which the
h has been removed. It was fed to pigs varying in age at the beginning from eight to twelve weeks.
rations contained milk, and the fodder was fed in different proportions to note any possible advanta-
ous results from such a practice. No special advantages could be observed from feeding the corn fodder,
er in lessening the amount of grain required for 100 pounds of gain or in lowering the cost, except Mes
aT pigs were six months old. For fairly mature pigs the new corn product probably would have an effect
n a ration somewhat similar to that of alfalfa hay.
In the foregoing pages attention has been called to the fact that there is very
Breed Tests. little difference in the standards of excellence for the various breeds of what has
come to be designated the lard, fat, block, or corn belt hog. Tests of the different
Di Lae made in different parts of the country show that there is very little difference in the cost of pork
sroduction by the best representatives of any of the established breeds.
One of the most striking facts to be observed in the study of breed tests by the experimental
ons is the apparent contradiction of the evidence of different experiments. For example, Curtis
d Craig quote Hayward, of the Pennsylvania Station, to the effect that the results obtained in Maine,
Massachusetts, and Ontario show the feed eaten per 100 pounds gain by various breeds to be as follows:
~ Poland China, 407 pounds; Berkshire, 419 pounds; Tamworth, 420 pounds; Chester White, 500 pounds;
_ Duroc Jersey, 522 pounds. — 7
-. To ascertain what results might disclose if a broader average were taken, the writer averaged the
feed per 100 pounds of gain found at eight experiment stations. Only those experiments were used
where there was a sufficiently exhaustive test and a large enough number of pigs to make the results fairly
representative. It was found that the least amount of feed for 100 pounds of gain was shown by the Tam--
: wo hs, 44 pounds, and the greatest by the Duroc Jerseys, 418 pounds, the other of the six leading breeds
poe in this order: Chester White, Poland China, Berkshire, large Yorkshire. Similarly contra-
di tory results may be found in almost every breed experiment conducted. In the Iowa test, which
covered three years, the Yorkshires averaged highest in average daily gains, with 1.04 pounds; the
Bae and Duroc Jerseys being tied for second, with 0.98 pound, and the others following in this
Tamworth, Poland China, Chester White, the lowest being 0.89.pound. In feed requirements
Pama by digestible dry matter for 100 pounds gain) the Duroc Jerseys were first in least requirements,
with 410 pounds, the other breeds standing thus: Poland China, Yorkshire, Chester White, Tamworth,
the last being 456 pounds. In cost of 100 pounds of gain the Yorkshires were lowest, with $2.15, the other
breeds taking this order: Poland China, Duroc Jersey, Tamworth, Chester White, the highest being —
2.46. In tHe work at the Ontario Agricultural College the results of four tests with the same breeds
lowing in this order: Yorkshire, Berkshire, Tamworth, Boland China’ “and Chester White. There
is, however, very little difference between the Duroc Jersey, Yorkshire, and Berkshire in respect of
erage daily gains, and the Tamworth, Poland China, and Chester White formed a second group, with
and the Chester White and Poland China another group at 400 Bich He The Tamworth required | 390
pee of meal for 100 i Soins gain—somew hat less than the Yorkshire and Duroc Jersey. The a
402 sends Ta the Minsespt teas on the other hand, the Tamworth and Yorkshire showed more 4
favorable results than the Poland China.
Given any of the eincceel breeds and there seems to be ei ae no di@erenee? in the: feedigg }
’ between representative animals of any of them. One breed may contain more good feeders than anc
but Re good judge can find among et all animals which will feed rapidly and economically, « ay
we paept the figures of i stations as corres The fact that a pig is a Yorkshire or a Tamworth ;
cannot be taken as prima facie evidence that it will make slow or expensive gains. Bs
Breed influence, how ever, may be noticed on the carcass. It is notorious that the low pm
a ‘first class carcass. The result of experimental shipments of pork to this market are therefore parti a
ularly interesting to pig feeders. After each slaughtering of the Iowa pigs some of the pork was ship Si he
to Liverpool*for sale on the English market. Very complete reports were received ~regarding:
suitability of these cuts abroad.. oe
In 1897 the opinion of the packers before the shipment was made was that the Berkshire an
worth pigs were the most suitable for the making of English meat. The lots of pork that were unsuttz
on account of feeding were one of the long cut hams from Poland China pigs and one of the long cut h
from Chester White pigs, which were too fat and short. One lot of American cut hams from the B a i
shires was rendered unsuitable for the English market by cutting. . Some of the cuts were criticizec
soft and spongy, others as somewhat fat, but they were not necessarily condemned on account of fat.
A tendency in the Yorkshire long cut hams to be rather stout was remarked upon. if
In 1898 a still more complete report was received concerning the cuts that were shipped to En
The cuts from the Tamworths were all reported suitable for the English trade, although some were crit:
as being somewhat too fat. The Berkshire cuts were given second place, only two being conde:
as being too fat for the British market. The showing of the Yorkshire cuts in this shipment was surprising,
- Out of eight Cumberlands cut from Yorkshire pigs only one was suitable for export, the others bein,
much too fat. Out of eight Yorkshire short cut- hams four were condemned on account of fat.
Yorkshire cuts were the least suitable of the shipment.
This characteristic of the Yorkshires in this experiment brings up the very -mportant ques 1
regarding the influence of feeds on the carcass. It also shows how individual and family characteristi
are strong factors in experimental work. In justice to the breed it should be said that it is highly val
for its high class pork products and it is employed in every country where the production of prime b ,
of the Yorkshires for the export bacon trade is shown in the resume on the Ontario Agricultural C
work in the following paragraph:
Summarizing the results of five years of work with six breeds at Guelph, Day would ran
Yorkshires first in suitability for the export trade, placing the Tamworths second and the Berks
third. The showing of the other breeds that were fed (Chester White, Duroc Jersey, and Poland China. 4
was so unsatisfactory in the production of export bacon that they could not be graded. In a breed tes
inaugurated i in eA ie with the oan es Department of ae the Yorkshires and the Berk-
these breeds.
EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 153
d The criticism to which our bacon is open when it comes into contact with the
i Feeding for products of other countries in the world’s market, would seem to call for more
4 - Prime Bacon. attention by American feeders than has been given in the past to the production
7’ of prime bacon for the foreign trade, especially that consumed by Engiand, which
country is our best customer. The bacon from the United States forms the greater part of all this product
' imported by that country, but it has never equaled the Danish bacon in price, and in this respect
it has generally been behind that imported from Canada, also. While American bacon is said to
"have a better standing on this market at present than in former years, we can hardly yet claim superi-
os ority for it, and whatever advance in quality has been made must be attributed rather to the enterprise
of the packers than to increased skill on the part of the breeder or feeder.
2 Canadian farmers depend upon their exports of bacon to a very great extent and its maintenance
» is a source of solicitude. Day, at the Ontario Agricultural College, and Grisdale and Schutt, at the
P+ Central Experimental Farm, have studied the production of export bacon during the past eight years
to ascertain the best methods of feeding and breeding, and also in prevention of deleterious properties
_in its production.
Lack of space prevents more than a brief notice here of the studies conducted in Canada to raise
_ the-standard of the bacon from that country. In meeting the problem the most conspicuous fault found
sek with the usual Canadian product was a tendency to softness. This was a different condition from the .
softness which troubles pork curers in the Southern States. It was the development of a flabby condi-
tion of the sides while they were in salt and did not seem to depend necessarily on the season of the
year when the pigs were slaughtered, although soft bacon appeared to be more prevalent in May, June
and July. Soft sides were more common from hogs fed in lower Ontario (Essex and Kent counties),
where large quantities of corn are fed. . .
Investigation showed that those sides were soft which contained relatively large amounts of
: fluid fat, principally olein, and that when the proportion of palmitin and sterin in the fat was relatively
large the sides were firm. The soft tendency was also found to be more marked when immature and
‘ Beoshed pigs were slaughtered than when pigs were mature and fed to a finish. The principal trouble,
however, was soon traced to the large amount’ of corn, and rations were devised to counteract the mani-
festly injurious effects of this feed, a condition readily overcome when Davis Stock Food is fed. After
_ considerable experimenting, the grain which was found to be a bacon producing feed par excellence was
barley. Not only did it produce the highest quality of bacon, but when fed in combination with corn
and Davis Stock Food in various ways the softening effect of the corn was prevented to a great extent.
In one series of experiments the bacon which showed the lowest percentage of olein was fed on rations
of equal parts of oats, peas and barley, with 1 tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food to each 10 pounds
of grain. Bacon fed on a ration of one-half corn meal and one-half of a mixture of equal parts of oats,
- peas and barley compared very favorably with it. The rations which produced bacon with the highest
olein content and the lowest melting point were those made up largely of beans or consisting entirely
of corn meal.
In the second series of experiments the best results came froma grade ration, half of which was
“corn meal, the other half being a mixture of equal parts of oats, peas and barley, with skim milk and sugar
beets in addition. A ration of peas alone gave nearly as good results. The poorest results came from
corn meal alone and beans alone.
In the work of Day, at Guelph, the effect of skim milk was strikingly shown. One of the best lots
of bacon in the second series at Ottawa was fed on a ration of corn meal and skim milk. This shows —
that the American farmer has it in his power to produce a grade of bacon which will be unsurpassed. In
those sections of the country where corn cannot be produced, but where barley is an abundant crop, he
has the best bacon producing grain known. In the corn belt, where the most abundant crops of corn are
at his command, he can neutralize the i injurious effects of this grain on the carcass by the use of skim milk.
It is not idle fancy to urge American farmers to consider the taste which the English wish to
_ gratify with regard to the bacon they buy. The American bacon commands the English market by reason
of its overwhelming quantity, not by its quality. It is entirely outclassed by the Danish bacon and
sells below the Canadian product. 9
7
x
During the fifteen years for which we have figures regarding the Denis bacon,
100 pounds has been less than $11.00 in three years only (1895, 1896, and 1899), and
(1896) has it fallen below $10.00, when a valuation of $9.93 was reached. In the years 1 93 an
it was more oa $13.00. On the other hand, in‘the years 18938, 1901, and 1902 only has bacon f
when extremely high prices were recorded in ae country for ies hogs, has the valuation pe
neighborhood of $11.00 per 100 pounds, being $11.02 and $10.90, respectively, in these year
year has it sold up to the average valuation per 100 pounds of the total import of bacon in
Kingdom. In three years, 1888, 1893, and 1902, years of high prices in this country,
ence in the value per 100 pounds between the Danish and the United States bacon has been
$2.50, as follows: 1888, $2.48; 1893, $2.09; 1902, $2.07. In 1895, the difference was less tl
but in all of the years it was more than $3.50, a difference of more than $4.00 being noticed in
1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1897, and 1898, and a difference of over $5.00 in the years 1890 and 1
greatest difference was in 1890, when the Danish bacon averaged $5.20 per 100 pounds mor
from this country. The average valuation per 100 pounds of all bacon ‘imported into the
dom for the entire period from 1888 to 1902 was $8.94, that of the United States bacon was |
that of the Danish bacon $11.83, a difference of 8: 76 in favor of the Danish bacon.
Further evidence of the fact that the Danish bacon stands higher in the esteem of 1
people than that produced in the United States is that there is less fluctuation in its value on tl
in periods of greatest supply. In other words, when a shortage in the American supply s
up and diminishes exports from this country, the price of the Danish bacon, while rising s
does not increase in so great a proportion as that from the United States. On the other h d,
supplies increase in this country, causing prices to fall and exports to increase, the America
decreases in price on the English market to a greater extent than the Danish. The Danish bac
fore, seems to supply a trade that buys it more steadily and, to a certain extent, regardles
whereas the American product goes to the trade that buys it in largest amounts when the P:
and curtails purchases when the price rises. : ;
The Arkansas Station noted the effect which the grazing of pigs ‘ana t
Effect of Hog Rais- eeeene ys crops had on the soil and the cotton yield per acre.
E is grown on the plats where pigs had grazed peanuts, chufas or so
ing on the Fertility and a fourth plat, which had been in corn which had been cut and th
of the Land. removed therefrom, was used as a check. The yield of seed -cott
was as follows: On the peanut grazed plat, 1,771 pounds; on the ch
plat, 1,200 pounds; on the soy bean grazed plat, 1,588 pounds; on the corn plat, 1,005 pounds.
succeeding year the cotton yield was noted on the same plats, no fertilizers having been appli
decrease of yield was caused by unfavorable climatic conditions. The yields were: On the peat
plat, 1,134 pounds; on the chufas grazed plat, 981 pounds; on the soy bean eee plat, ay 102
on the corn plat, 798 pounds. :
the manure left by the pigs, supplemented by the eta properties of the Piaet tietieleeeal
the yield of cotton from nearly 20 to more than 76 per cent ie acre over the yield from the
apparent, ranging nou 22 per cent to over 42 per cent more on ‘the ee than on the ungrazed
Naturally some of the increased yield must be attributed to the fertilizing values of the peanuts a
beans; but as chufas are not leguminous plants, and therefore are not equipped with the
ing bacteria, the figures, where they were used, show quite accurately the manurial effects of
The increased yield of the chufas grazed plats was nearly 20 per cent the first i ean after gra:
over 22 per cent the Preps year.
ville. In the experiment of 1902-03 the available manure was estimated fe (
voided by the animals and its value was calculated by estimating nitrogen
1_GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 155
.
5 cents, and ae oibiic acid at E cents. The following table shows the estimated value of
_ the manure made. ‘There were three pigs in each lot in the test of 1902, and four in each lot in 1903.
ey They were sok upd days i in 1902 and seventy-seven days in 1903.
a : Value of Manure from Pig Feeding.
= i VALUEOF
Ane a _ RATION ; MANERE:
eat meal, corn meal and skim Meee joe noc) a IS IN sores ain emcee Ve ALE Ui seh Ses $3.43
Wheat meal, oeminiemrigicied omic ares ESM eee AS 4.34
a oie, COGMMINCA ARG Slaimiutiiabie. qe Oro oN ek Ss) SRL Mee eee tnet ria 5.00
mete Meemaiitiet anemone, ce kiss soe nes ke ee paces eas poeeee 52s
mieaimenrmrmcal ane sicaninile 224k ee be aed ee be be be 5 Re 4.18
n meal, corn meal and skim milk ......... MR a at ee eee 4.91
teal | By iNG! SERA gL SORTA AULT sears eA Pk en A yee Oe en ea Sa Reh a SC nr 08 oe 4.04
oho a ie See LAGE eee ee as eke... Se ee
the skim,milk rations and the soy bean meal ration, is apparent.
‘The value of manure as a by product of animal husbandry cannot be too strongly emphasized,
ert in extent, been lost. The South supports the greater part of the business of the country in com-
al fertilizers and, while paying enormous sums annually in this manner, cannot look forward to
Be ing but greater impoverishment of the soil unless the production of live stock is increased and
aad ener ly utilized,
Pay
: ‘The fe fertilizing value of rations composed to a considerable extent of nitrogenous feeds, ;
y in those sections of the country like the South, where the first history of the land has, to a _ :
‘
ae
4
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oe
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ae
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WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP.
Champion Flock of Shropshires. +
Owned by CLOVER HILL FARM,
Chandler Bros., Proprietors,
Kellerton, Iowa.
corresponding superiority in mutton.
a good mutton sheep may be of interest.
The Ram. foeele Sheep should be neither eee nor characterless.
the stamp and character of the breed they —
represent. This breed character is amark of good blood, and it
should be manifest in no unmistakable manner. The sire should be
impressive, resolute and of noble bearing. He should be distinctly
the head of the flock in every sense of the word. To meet these
requirements he must have good constitutional and vital powers.
Without these no animal is fit to head a herd or flock. In selecting
a sire look first at the head. If deficient there, look no. further,
but reject at once. Insist upon a head that faces you boldly, witha
wide face, a clear, prominent eye, and a robust character through-
out. The head should be joined to awell filled, round, muscular
neck, wide at the poll and back of the ears and gradually enlarging
on all lines to a strong, full junction at the ‘shoulder, as seen from
top, sides and bottom. This should be accompanied by a wide
chest, a prominent, well filled brisket, and a full heart girth, giving
straight, even lines from the shoulders back. A depression either
in front or behind the shoulders, whether at the top, side or bottom line, is an indication of weakness i
The back should be strong, wide and well meated from shoulder point to tail. The sain. ae ee
ete
The value of good blood has been demonstrated ee all-question of a doubt.
With pve in view a brief Se ee of what constite
Not all Bel
fe
‘eed
se 1,
ao
nited and there are
few really good anima
breed. This seems to be
true of the mutton. shee]
chief trouble in mutton pro
is and always has been the se:
of stock sheep, particularly
that have eee pap:
The Am
They should
Merino Ram.
LICKING COUNTY WONDER, No. 2
Owned by J. J. DEEDS, ee
Pataskala, Ohio.
oN
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. 157
- ___ should be full and well let down in the leg and flank, in order to yield well of high priced meat. The
3 legs should be placed wide apart and stand straight. Sickle shaped hocks and weak, sloping pasterns
afford sufficient reason for condemning an other-
wise good sheep. :
The modern mutton sheep
Essentials of must also be a wool pro-
a Good Fleece. ducer. Our future wool
supply must come largely
from sheep grown primarily for mutton. It is
essential, then, that mutton sheep have a good fleece
as well as a good carcass. This combination is both
practicable and profitable; and it is no longer
regarded essential to grow one sheep for a fleece,
another for a carcass, and another for a lamb.
The intelligent flock master combines them all in
one class. Some of the best mutton sheep are
producing as profitable fleeces as those kept exclu-
ie. a Sa
2 ft cate : sively for wool, and their lambs are decidedly
ae superior. One of the first essentials in a good
3 Prize Winning Flock of Hampshire Down Sheep. fleece is compactness or density. This quality
ian Owned by GEORGE W. GRIM, : aie : ;
: Fremont, Ind. does not only insure a better yield of wool, but it
affords better protection against storm and indi-
P= cates a hardier animal, better able to withstand exposure. A close, even, dense fleece, with no breaks,
should cover all parts of the body, including the head, limbs and under parts. The tendency in improve-
ment of the wool producing qualities of all modern breeds has been toward carrying the fleece more
completely over the head, face, limbs, and lower line. The advantage is not so much in the increased
‘ _ yield of wool grown on these parts, as that is of little consequence, but in the accompanying
L tendency to a larger and better
* yield of wool in all parts.
A-bare faced and bare legged
sheep is always a relatively light
shearer, and in contrast with this
the sheep wooled from the eyes to
the toes always yields a heavy
fleece, and the wool is generally
of a better quality than from those
haying a scanty covering.
Fineness, length and strength
of fiber are essential qualities in
a good fleece that should always
have prominent consideration in
_ the selection of breeding stock,
-as these qualities largely deter-
mine the market value. Neglect
or undue exposure of the flock, a
_ period of sickness, or anything that
- induces unthrift and impaired
\
\
Imported Shropshires Yearling Rams.
; Winners in England and America, 1905.
vitality invariably results in Owned by CLOVER HILL FARM,
Chandler Bros., Proprietors,
Kellerton, fowa.
_ diminishing both the length and
Strength of the fiber. Well fed
_ Sheep always produce the most and the best wool. Softness and pliancy of wool usually
iz eorrespond in degree with fineness. Harshness and dryness are always detrimental to the quality, even
2
d - ee ae? ee a” pe ere
o:
: if the fiber is otherwise good. As-a rule this condition may be taken as an “indication
| ing, although it may be due to disease, old age, or improper
; treatment. Generally a fleece commences to decrease in
5 value and yield after a sheep becomes four years old. Soft-
ness and pliancy are to a large extent dué to the secretions
of the skin. A clear, pink or yellowish skin is an indication
of a good quality of wool, while a pale or bluish skin is
generally accompanied by an inferior fleece. The yolk is the
oily secretion which gives color, softness, pliancy and luster
. to the fleece. The composition of the yolk consists of a
soapy matter, principally animal oil and potash, which pro-
motes the growth of the fleece and prevents friction, wearing
of the fibers and cotting. Good feeding, care, shelter and
Davis Stock Food promote liberal secretion of yolk, while
exposure and alkaline soils result in injury to wool: by
diminishing the yolk. The secretions are always more abun-
dant under high temperature, hence blanketing and confinement in close, warm “quarters will
the production and insure a finer fiber. A liberal secretion
favorable to the production of a good fleece, but the yolk
clear and transparent and not too thick and gummy.
a EN ET Pewee yy ee:
uniformity tine refers to covering, density and ae:
fleece should be as nearly uniform in all De as fae :
Grand Champion Cheviot Ewe,
At St. Louis Exposition.
Owned by WM. CURRY & SON,
Hartwick, N. Y.
Sheep Feeding. from Wyoming and Montana, and the southern, from New Wes and A
Besides these there are a good many
that are annually grazed in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and other
states. Large numbers, mainly from the southern ranges,
are fed annually in the vicinity of Fort Collins and Rocky
Ford, Colorado; and at New Brighton and St. Paul, Minnesota,
northern range lambs are fed extensively each winter, being
fattened principally upon screenings from the large mills in
the vicinity of St. Paul and Minneapolis. About 200,000 head
of sheep and lambs are fed there during the winter. The
feeders in the vicinity of Fort Collins handle about an equal
number, and Rocky Ford somewhat less, although this point
Le ee a eS ee eee
-
Oxford Down Ram,
is rapidly increasing the capacity for furnishing good mutton KELMSCOTIAN, No. my £
i i i 1st Prize, World’s Fair, St. Louis.
lambs in large numbers. During the winter of 1897-98 the owne i ge GEO. McKERROW & SONS,
feeders of Nebraska handled nearly 1,000,000 head; this _ ‘Pewaukee, Wis. ;
winter (1898-99) the number is estimated at a little more
than half that amount. lowa, Illinois and other states annually finish for itive large
: western nes A total of about 2,000,000 head in all is now eae gas for marke
_
«
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. 159
lots of the middle and western states. A light grade of screenings, containing less grain and more bulky,
‘coarse material, is considered best at the beginning when sheep are being put on feed, and a heavier and
richer grade is used for finishing. Davis Stock Food will be found invaluable in sheep feeding and will
increase the gains 15 to 25 per cent from the same amount of feed, at the same time 3 the sheep
in a healthy condition.
ee : The self feeder is extensively employed where screenings are used At other
The Self Feeder. points, however, where corn constitutes the chief grain ration, the self feeder
eel is not in-favor, and its use is not to be recommended for sheep feeding under
farm conditions, though it is recommended by some successful cattle feeders. The economy of the self
Pies derconstituted the subject of an experiment by Professor F. B. Mumford, of Michigan, with the
following results:
ae aha Results of Feeding Experiment.
grain, | nay, | water, | cox ot | cit | Seat | aioe
rain, ay, ater, ost o ain Per eekly
METHOD OF FEEDING Lots Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Feed Lamb, Gate 1 Pound
er Ree sae Pounds | Pounds Gain,
Pounds
1,464.) 4,173 | 2.073" $14.24} 23. | 1.77 Bae
1,460 924 | 2,547 | 15.47 29.6 | 1.58 | 10.94
The conclusions drawn concerning the use of the
self feeder at the Michigan Experiment Station are stated
as follows: “Feeding by means of a self feeder is an
expensive method of fattening, and it is not to be recom-
mended either from the standpoint of total gains made or
the amount of dry matter required to produce a given gain.”’
In Nebraska and other states, where large numbers
are fed, a liberal supply of hay of good quality and at a
moderate price con-
LORD MILTON, stitutes an important
Imported Oxford Down Ram. zi a
Champion at International, Chicago, 1904. factor. For this bass
Sold for $200.00. pose perhaps nothing
Owned by GEO. McKERROW & SONS, ; E :
Pewaukee Wis. 1s superior or quite
eae equal to _ properly
‘cured alfalfa. Many large feeders have been buying extensive
areas of alfalfa in Nebraska during recent years, and at other
points accessible for corn feeding. Millet hay and straw are also
used to a considerable extent in fattening sheep, but they are
less desirable. A dry, keen winter atmosphere is favorable to
sheep feeding and conducive to general thrift of the flock and eee
large gains: on the other hand, damp, murky weather always Liecester Ram SANFORD.
means unsatisfactory results. Chicago International, Lewis & Clark
‘Exposition, and numerous others.
Many of the largest feeders in Nebraska, Colorado, Owned by A. W. SMITH,
‘Minnesota and elsewhere have no shelter, and considerable diffi- er ee oa a
culty and loss are experienced in severe winters. It is generally conceded that properly constructed
i sheds are an advantage, though they are somewhat expensive for large feeding yards. Where the
sheep are handled in smaller numbers, however, shelter is generally provided and considered profitable,
A constant and liberal supply of bedding is of even greater importance than shelter, and water and
Grand Champion at St. Louis World’s Fair, ©
160 a8 _. WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. : Bes
Regularity and uniformity in feeding are of prime importance. Some of the ‘ m9
Regular Feed- most successful feeders manage a large feeding establishment with absolute
ing Essential. regularity and precision. The system generally consists in having a feeding
yard separate from all other quarters. One feeding yard serves for five to ms
ten lots of sheep, ranging from three to five hundred in number. The grain ration is placed in the cin
troughs, and the sheep admitted and returned to their regular quarters in ten or fifteen minutes after ‘
the grain is eaten. The sheep themselves become wonderfully punctual and regular in their habits. ae
When properly managed, the feeding begins at precisely the same time and proceeds in regular order .
each’ day. This procedure becomes so well understood by the sheep that they always expect their
ration promptly on time, and they will take their place at the gate admitting them to the feed yard in a
regular order by lots. For instance, lot 1, at its feeding time, will be waiting for admittance, while lot 2, 4
in the pen adjoining, five minutes before feeding time will be lying contentedly and taking no notice of a
vhat is going on outside; a few minutes later, however, they will be crowded at the gate and eagerly *
waiting their turn. When the feeder is a quarter of an hour late, every animal in the lot seems to #
recognize and resent his tardiness. i ie
eS
Carload of Grand Champion Wethers.
Fed and Exhibited by
G. H. HOXIE, President Mallory Commission Company, Chicago. =e
They 2veraged 185 pounds and sold to the White Star Line for 5 cents per pound. ;
Attention to these and numerous other minor details has a great deal to do with the profits — ~
resulting from extensive feeding operations. The loss from indigestion and other troubles frequently
reaches 4 or 5 per cent under negligent methods, but in careful, judicious handling and the regular use
of Davis Stock Food: this can be reduced to less than 1 per cent. :
On one of the largest and most successful feeding ranches in the west, near —
Feeding Three Hansen, Nebraska, 2,500 head, in lots of about 300 each, were being fattened a
Times a Day. on a grain ration consisting of 1144 pounds of shelled corn and 14 pound of ~ oa
oil meal per head daily, at the time of the writer’s visit there. They were
being fed grain three times a day in separate feeding yards adjoining their other quarters. The
manager of the sheep at this farm recommends feeding three times a day, although it is not common to
feed more than twice. Those who have practiced feeding three times a day claim as an advantage
for this method that larger quantities of grain may be consumed with less danger of injury than by
@ only twice, Wick Davis Stock Food is fed, which will tee the appetite keen. One feeder
a i recently introduced this method stated that he was able to feed safely 300 pounds or more
of grain per day to 2,500 head of sheep.
A striking illustration in favor of careful methods is furnished in the following record: Three lots,
ging from 500 to 1,500 each, all selected from the same large bunch shipped in from tlfe range together,
2 went 4nto the hands of different feeders. One, the largest lot, made an average gain of 20 pounds in
; months, another 13, and the third 9. They went to market at about the same time and sold for
_ $4.55, $4.40, and $4.35, respectively. The difference in gain and value of the sheep on the market
= fen finished was enough to return a liberal profit on the best lot, while it was with difficulty that the
‘others were able to balance accounts. These differences prevail in other localities, and demonstrate
the advantage and increased profit that always result where right methods are applied. Careful feed-
re feed Davis Stock Food and give strict attention to all essentials, are able to make average g gains
or fattened
bad ea successfully without a
eee _ close- observation of their
jabits and peculiarities. There are a great, many
things that enter into the attention and
agement no a successful shepherd that may
“Phe eye of the master faitens” 1s aN ne
or pr icable than in the sheep fold, + bine
be manifest if a single animal is offits feed i cic
A Flock of Rerresentative Dorset Sheep.
a Ped eae ee all look alike, Bat arhien Bred by W. R. FOWLER,
ightly studied no class of stock presents Baas Photo, courtesy ee Woodland Farm
ked peculiarities or so clearly manifest evidences ‘Breeders of Dorset Sheep, Mechanicsburg, Ohio.
thrift and well doing, or the reverse. Attention
these little details, accompanied by regular habits and a quiet manner, and the regular use of a
d stock food, constitutes the keynote of successful sheep feeding. Nothing contributes more to
good results than contentment and quiet surroundings. The feeder who disturbs the quiet and com-
; of the flock every time he goes about it should quit the sheep business at once. Rough manners
nd 1atsh treatment absolutely disqualify any man for success in this work. The natural timidity
d nervous temperament of the sheep necessitate gentle treatment. Their dainty habits about
ating and drinking must also be indulged as fully as practicable. No animal naturally selects
a wider variety of feed, particularly of rough forage and vegetation; but two essentials arc always
exacted, namely, cleanliness and palatability, and Davis Stock Food should always be added to the
‘ration, for this if no other reason. Never give a sheep any stale or undesirable feed, nor expect it to
any feed left over from a previous meal. The ration should be always wholesome and tempting to
€ appetite. The barn or stable quarters should never be without fresh, pure atmosphere and an
mple supply of dry bedding. Sheep rarely suffer from cold if kept dry and eee from direct
drafts. ‘The open air is better than a poorly kept shed or barn.
: } . It is important that the practical feeder be able to Soca when lambs are
When isa > properly finished and in the most satisfactory and profitable condition for the
_ Lamb Fat? market. This is not always an easy task; experienced feeders are sometimes
deceived. As an aid in studying this matter, the following directions prepared
_ by Professor John 3 a ate of the animal See aaC ny department of the Iowa Agricultural College, for
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. 161
ee eee oe
‘ed
162 WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP.
When put into the feed lot under proper conditions the lambs will usually begin to show the
influence of good feeding at the end of the third or fourth week, During this time they seem to be simply
getting into good condition to put on flesh, though it appears that some flesh is being deposited inter
nally. Toward the end of that time many lambs may be noticed standing leisurely in the sun in a
partially stretched posture. This pose in the lambs is a delight to the shepherd. The fattening process
seems to extend from the internal regions, and is first in evidence at the tail. It then passes along
the back over the shoulder and reaches the neck. From this line it seems to extend down the sides
and over the breast in front. There are six main points at which its extension seems most in evi-
dence—at the tail, middle of the back, the neck, the flank, the purse and the breast. Judges of
condition handle these different points, and seem to arrive at the same conclusions from continued ~
practice in observing the develop-
ment in any one of them, although
a critical examination will reveal
that lambs sometimes fatten un-
more of these points and deficient
in others. By feeling, the tail
head some will form their opin-
ions as to the degree to which the
lamb is fat. Others are satisfied
with feeling the back. Many after
feeling the tail grasp the neck and
base their opinion on the fulness
of that part. The flank and breast
are often used for further assist-
KI NG G CROP WEL ie NO i ance, and some butchers estimate — :
OWNED BY R.CJOHNST ONL SoH KAS conditions from the fulness of. the
purse. At any of these points, more
especially the back, the covering
should be such in the prime eats as to prevent feeling the sharp projections of the backbone. In fact,
it can hardly be said that a lamb is,really prime unless instead of a projection of backbone there is a dis-
evenly and may be good in one or
tinct trough or groove running from the tail to the shoulders, and this covering should extend welldown ~
over the sides without softness due to excessive fat or oily tissue. All lambs do not fatten as smoothly
or as uniformly as herein indicated. In most lambs, however, the worst defect is bareness of the loin
and lightness in the hind quarters. With these parts well covered and fully developed, a rather sharp
shoulder and peaked brisket may be overlooked. Not only should the flesh be thick over the valuable
cuts, but it should be firm. Very often it will be found that soft, rough patches will be present about the”
head of the tail, owing to the depositing of too much soft flesh on the back, which may slip from: theres sf
on the overripe lamb and gather at the flank or along the sides in long, soft rolls.
The American people have been characterized as a nation of pork eaters and
Increasing pork producers, with little or no appreciation of good mutton. However true
Demand for this may have been in the past, the condifions are rapidly changing. Perhaps
Good Mutton. the recent depression in the price of wool is largely accountable for the readjust- —
ment and changed condition; at any rate, there is a constantly increasing
demand for good mutton in the United States.
The production of prime mutton for American and European markets is rapidly ai Ee
Sheep Produc- becoming a permanently established industry of vast proportions in the United —
tion asa Feature States. Our rich lands and abundant. feeds are well suited to the economical
of American production of superior mutton, and it has been clearly demonstrated that
Agriculture. mutton sheep properly selected can grow a large part, if not all, of the wool
demanded for American manufacturing. The erroneous impression has pre-
vailed that sheep are only suited for inferior lands. No greater error can be imagitied. While it is true
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. os ae 168
that one are. well PG to scanty vegetation and capable of Rnb grazing semiarid lands, they
also render as large returns for a liberal ration of good feeds as any domestic animal, with the possible
- exception of the hog. The high priced agricultural lands of Great Britain sustain 680 sheep per
_ thousand acres, and Scotland in 1893 had even as high as 1,380 sheep per thousand acres of agricultural
Jands. The leading agricultural states of the Union have not to exceed EWentys -five sheep per
ousand acres of land.
2 The’ seven states constituting the corn belt area of the United States produced over a billion
hels of corn and 237,000,000 bushels of oats in 1896. The annual production of these crops ranges
372,000,000 bushels. A large part of this product is obliged to seek a market abroad, and there is not
always a profitable cash market for these surplus grains. This has been particularly true during the
recent years of low priced corn, but
oa to good mutton sheep. There are
also some other considerations worth
oting. The salé of $1,000.00 worth
of,corn at present prices takes from
the soil producing the crop about _
$300.00 worth of fertility; that is, :
takes material for which the owner of
the land would have to pay this
- amount if he were obliged to purchase
commercial fertilizers at the rates
isually prevailing in the market, but
1e same amount of corn can be |
onyerted into good mutton and sold
Flock of Dorset Sheep. ¢
- ¢ it . ‘
s a an advanced price and it will pakee Owned by FILLMORE FARMS, Bennington, Vt.
from the land not to exceed $50.00 Photo, Courtesy Wing Bros., Breeders Dorset Sheep,
__worth of fertility, or if sold in the form HEL NOR OUNE QU AGY :
_ of wool it will not take from the land over $2.00 or $3.00 worth 6f fertility. It will be ieconupeyanie
yetter for American farming and for our system of agriculture to convert the surplus grain products into
prime meats to the extent of at least supplying home demands, and then find foreign markets for the
condensed and high priced meat products rather than export the corn and other grains as such.
During the recent years of contraction, as indicated by the figures already quoted, the market for
d mutton has been continually expanding, and the experience of every successful sheep raiser in any
part of the United States emphatically refutes the doctrine that any of our lands are too valuable for
- mutton. production.
Mate ish etatacing the apparent contraction of our herds the sheep industry has
Mutton the Pri- made substantial progress. It has been established on a more permanent and
oy Consideration. lasting basis by making mutton the primary consideration and wool incidental,
instead of the reverse, as has generally been the case heretofore. On this basis
sh ep raising will return satisfactory profits one year with another, independent of the price of wool, or
‘nearly so, as it has been clearly demonstrated that it does not cost any more, if even as much, to produce
pound of mutton from good mutton sheep under average farm conditions than to produce a pound of
f, when the wool is left entirely out of the consideration. And the wool always has some value: it
om goes so low that well bred -mutton sheep will not yield a fleece worth from 75 cents to $1.50.
Large numbers of sheep have been fattened annually in the grain producing states the past few
, and many important truths and fundamental facts pertaining to this industry have been estab-
These all tend to place sheep raising on a more permanent basis. Practical feeders and farmers
Ae aaa Sie cece ca
oe ee
= ee, a ea eee
164 WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP.
have found that there is no more profitable outlet for surplus grain products, particularly after the country ;
has suffered from the ravages of hog cholera, than in mutton production, and the advent of good, reliable
digestive feeds of known content has assisted materially in the profitable production of mutton.
Exhaustive and careful investigations by the lowa Experiment Station in 1899, to determine the
cost of production of mutton, may be summed up as follows: One hundred and nine head of shee *
consumed 34,501 pounds of feed in ninety days and made a gain of 4,678 pounds. oe
Seven special mutton breeds consumed 23,792 pounds of feed and gained 3,281 pounds:
This gain is at the rate of 1 pound of increase in live weight for each 7.37 pounds of dry matter, ;
of feed for all breeds and 1 pound of gain for each 7.25 pounds of dry matter of feed by the special mutton — :
breeds. While this is a very good showing, the gain could have been increased materially by the judi--
cious use of a good digester and tonic, making the feed more palatable and thus inducing the sheep Sy
to eat a greater quantity. One tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food added to each 10 pounds of grain
will prove very beneficial and satisfactory. A full ration of hay may be given, and bran or other com- _
paratively bulky feeds are well suited to start sheep on feed; for the same reason that oats are safer
to use in starting a bunch of feeders than corn. During the primary stage of the feeding period, when
the sheep are being brought on to full feed, an allowance of 1 pound of grain a day is sufficient. Following ~
this the grain ration may be increased 4 to 4 pound a day, or possibly 34 of a pound, if Davis Stock
Food is used in proportion of 1 tablespoonful to each 10 pounds of grain. This keeps the digestive
system in a perfectly normal condition. Unless Davis Stock Food is used we do not advise increasing
the daily allowance over 44 pound per head for the first thirty days. It is a very serious mistake to
attempt to put lambs or sheep on a heavy grain ration suddenly, and this practice, if attempted, will
not infrequently cause serious loss and permanent injury. To avoid this trouble we earnestly advise
the use of a good tonic and digester; the farmer or feeder may select his own special kind, but Davis
Stock Food is the best by far that is now upon the market. - There is no question regarding this, and.
it has the additional feature of being of known quantity and quality to recommend it, for the
manufacturers place the formula in plain letters on every package.
During the latter part of the feeding period the daily allowance can be increased to at least 2 pounds Z
per head; that is, if no digester or tonic is used. By the use of Davis Stock Food the amount can —
safely be increased to 214 to 234 pounds per day. The sheep will have no trouble in taking care of this ~
‘quantity. If these methods are followed the feeder will have no difficulty, at the present price of grain,
in obtaining mutton at an average of 21% cents a pound; and, when the market price of good mutton is.
taken into consideration, it can ‘readily be seen that the operation is an extremely profitable one.
Exhaustive imvestigations and experiments in the United States have served to indicate beyond i" 3
question of a doubt that a pound of gain on lambs can be made at much less expenditure for feed than
is required to produce a pound of beef on cattle.
It is sometimes asserted that cattle and sheep require the same amount of feed per thousand ©
pounds of live weight. This statement does not seem well founded. To sum up the experiments con- Be
ducted in the United States, cattle consumed approximately 20 pounds of dry matter per thousand
pounds of live weight, while sheep consumed approximately 30 pounds. ‘This refers to both cattle and —
sheep being on full feed. Under such conditions the sheep have made a daily gain of approximately _
4 pounds per thousand pounds live weight, and the cattle approximately 214 pounds gain per thousand
pounds liveweight. Thus we find that, while the sheep até 50 per cent more than the cattle, they also
gained 75 per cent more. a t
With mature sheep a larger amount of feed is required i in proportion to the increase in live were be.
This has been thoroughly demonstrated in. experiments conducted at the Iowa Station, in which the cost
of producing gains on pure bred Shropshires and lambs under same conditions and on the same ration ©
were compared, It was found that it cost 56 per cent more to produce gain on yearlings than on lambs”
of the same breed. Perhaps this difference is somewhat greater than would ordinarily occur, on account
of the wethers being somewhat fatter at the beginning of the experiment than the lambs; although the”
comparisons from month to month showed a wide difference in each case. It always costs proportion-
ately less to make gains on young, animals than on old ones. ; Bre
ines can doubtless be followed and a great many Gr atuable Pot gained from ee by the
erican | breeder and raiser of stock. :
access to it from the stubble fields.
One of the first things done at weaning time is to divide the lambs into two or three bunches.
Wether lambs or ewe lambs, not fed for breeding, are separated and put in a bunch by themselves and
given different feed from those intended for breeding purposes. Ram and ewe lambs intended for breed- —
“ing are separated, the rams to be more liberally fed than the ewes. Davis Stock Food should be given
to all of them.
we
>
babes|
WHER Pye. S
Ce
169
pape : “Many breeders sell their ram lambs in the fall of the year, but others prefer , keeping them
~ over and selling them as yearlings, Those intended for immediate sale are, as a rule, given better
are, better feed and more Davis Stock Food than those to be carried over the winter.
‘The following illustrates the method of feeding from weaning time until the following spring:
run of a grass lot which has not ea previously “pastured ae
sheep, and a grain ration of oats, bran, and linseed cake. During
July and the early part of August, until sale time, they are fed on
cabbage and rape, with about 1 pound of grain. The ewe'lambs are
fed on vetches, cabbages and rape, with no grain, unless the green
feed is scarce, when 1g or 14 pound perdayisgiven. From Septem-
ber until the Ist of May they are folded on turnips, swedes, and
kale, with 14 pound per day of grain and_ straw, chaff, or clover
hay, and a due allowance of Davis Stock Food.
of Davis Stock Food and very frequent changes of pasture for lambs
‘ according to sex, but feeds all alike. The principal feeds used are
green clover, tares, rape, and turnips. During the fall and winter
they are fed on turnips, and fed all they will eat up clean of cut
clover hay in which is mixed about 4 pound per head per day of
linseed cake.
M. Armer and her Prize Winning
Megs Rane. is about the Ist of June, when the lambs are three months old, they
PASHA COLUMBIA. _ are divided into two flocks, the rams in one and the ewes in another,
He ne, ane: and are given the best green crops available. Vetches are preferred,
- Hingston, N. M. ‘then clover, rape, kale, cabbages, early turnips, and swedes, in
. the order named. The lambs are always allowed the run of a new
grass lot during the day for several hours, and when the crops are harvested they are changed to the
_ stubble fields. When old mangels are available they are given for a few weeks, sliced. Some grain is
i ‘fed, about 14 pound per day at ae eens , and gradually increased, so that when the lambs are six
an breeder of Suffolk sheep who weans his eae about the middle of Tae when they are four
aad one-half months old, feeds as follows: The ram lambs are separated from the ewes and fed on white
clover, cabbages, rape, and kohlrabi, cut and fed in troughs. In addition they have from 14 to 1 pound
each of grain per day and Davis Stock Food, the object being to push them ahead rapidly so that they
will be of good size at sale time, in August or September. The ewe lambs are put on trifolium
and vetches, which are followed by rape, cabbage and mustard, with the run of the stubble fields
when ready. If in good condition no grain allowance is given, but if not, about 1g pound per day
s fed. During the fall and winter they are fed on white turnips and swedes, with about 14 pound
per head daily of grain and a liberal allowance of pea straw or clover hay. When the turnip
Beets. is not sufficient, cut mangels are given ‘in the spring.
ebe methods oh ee practiced on other farms are very similar to the foregoing. Green. feed
ae breeder of es who weans Ais lambs about June Ist, when they are four months -
A famous breeder of Lincoln sheep advocates liberal feeding |
from weaning time until the following spring. He divides his lambs
A Shropshire breeder feeds as follows: At weaning time, which —
Bion) ee ete
oe ae a, oe
~ Py
if
eee : ae oe
170
In the SN and oa of lambs fob pacer Sainte
Fattening Lambs pursued. Those who rear early lambs aim to grow them rapidly, so t
for Market. will be Teeny. for the market in aa or the ae Part of ane The ae
or lambs coc fall feeding, dis increasing the sheep ae capacity of the farm and pone)
returns. Those who prefer late lambs believe that they do not require the same amount of a at
as early lambs, that the ewes do not require so much special feeding, that warm sheds are not a A :
and that the lambs can utilize the waste of the farm during the summer and fall, especially th
the stubble fields. Where late lambs are reared much care is necessary during the summer mon
old pastures: must not be used as grazing sagas as in them the parasités are almost ‘sure
the flock and cause serious losses.
In rearing early lambs the mothers are very liberally fed on clover hay, gfain, succulent
Dayis Stock Food. The amount of roots fed is surprising, in some instances as much as 20 p
day per ewe, but from 10 to 15 pounds daily is considered very liberal feeding. — Winter
barley, and kale are utilized before the grass comes. The lambs are taught to eat grain. aia
age, most of them eating well at three or four weeks. Special lamb pens or feeding creeps are
for this purpose. In some instances a self feeder is used, but the majority of farmers prefer s
fresh every day. The amount of grain fed is gradually increased until the lambs are eating fr
114 pounds per day each, at three or three and one-half months of age. This method of feeding
tained even when the grass is abundant. The lambs are Bee when from pier tof a
old, weighing from 60 to 100 aes ee ;
in September. At that time lambs are generally fed on rape, ole. cabbage, or more
In addition to the succulent feeds supplied in the folds, the lambs are given a grain allow
34 to 114 pounds each day and a good stock food. Cotton seed or linseed cake or a combi atic
two sane forms one-half to two-thirds of the concentrated feed. The remainder of the ;
is oats, barley, beans, peas or corn, i ae on the market prices. _ m a rule not —
feeding still exists in all parts of the Liga Some of these atiidaede ne en
but a considerable number come from Ireland and Scotland, especially
the Scotch Highlands. The fall and winter method of feeding is much the same as that ep d
the se feeding. Feeding on green crops or on the root crops is the general Sadie adc
Fattening Sheep.
Davis Stock Food. In some instances dried brewers’ grains are fed with cake.
Where yard or shed feeding is practiced during the winter the ration ee consists
fatten see Behe on Mee Pes , feeding in addition Cotton oan or linseed cake, or a ae 1
the two, to the extent of from 1 to 14% pounds per sheep perday. sxe e
Sheep, either as a specialty or as an itiameant idea ceed to the eae fi
Sheep Raising operations, are raised in all parts of Scotland. In the farming country, :
in Scotland. the rent values are from $5. 00 ‘to $15.00 per acre, nacre? are ges A in
values sheep very highly as soil eta Although 4 the use of couiaeasal ee c
in all parts of the country, the farmer who takes possession of a worn out feat vatiab orts :
*
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. 171
cep feeding as the surest and erates method of enriching his land. On the hill and mountain land
_ sheep are grown in large numbers. With high and well drained land the conditions in Scotland are well
suited to the production of sheep, as many parasitic troubles which so often cause heavy losses among
: the flocks of England are almost unknown in Scotland. The climatic conditions are favorable to the
__ growing of roots, especially turnips, which form the basis of practically all sheep feeding. The fall and
winter months are generally open and permit the grazing of the turnip crop, eliminating a great deal
of labor in harvesting and saving the labor of handling the manure.
; Sheep folded on turnips are always fed from 14 to’114 pounds each per day of grain and cake,
this feeding being felied upon to enrich the manure. The influence of sheep husbandry on the fertility
__of the soil is generally recognized as of sufficient value to compensate for the labor expended and for
one-third of the total cost of the grain and cake fed. In some sections of the country the terms of the
lease entitle a farmer who is giving up a farm to reimbursement for one-third of the total cost of all cake
fed on turnip ground during the year. The influence of sheep feeding on the soil is so great that many
farmers claim that they cannot afford to be without sheep. Two and three year old wethers are
_ considered the most valuable and ewes in lamb the least valuable to improve the soil fertility
_ The tendency now is to use younger sheep in feeding than in former years. The lambs grown
on the arable farms are nearly all marketed under one year of age, while in former years they were fat-
tened as yearlings and two year olds. The hill and mountain sheep are also finding an earlier market.
The change in the age of feeding sheep has been brought about by the demand of the retail dealers for
__ smaller carcasses to supply smaller cuts. Furthermore, mutton from young sheep can be sold at once,
__as it does not require several weeks to ripen, as is the case of that from two and three year old wethers.
In the management of pure bred flocks. Scotch farmers, as a class, use more
Feeding Pure simple methods than those of England, and there is not the same tendency to
Bred Flocks. force young sheep. The lambing season is later, both on account of the colder
_ climate and because the absence of danger from parasites obviates the neces-
bay. aE getting lambs off the pastures early. March and April are the usual months. In the manage-
2 tat of breeding flocks breeders give plenty of natural feeds, outdoor exercise and fresh air.
During the breeding season most of the breeding rams are allowed to run with the
. Feeding ewes night and day, and, as a rule, they receive no other feed than that obtained
Breeding in the grass, lot. Young and growing rams or old thin ones are often given
Rams. | . 4 good stock food and some additional feed. The feed used varies on different
rie farms, in some’ instances a mixture of linseed cake, oats and bran is given,
yiilc on other farms oats alone or oats and cabbage are fed; about 1 pound per head daily of the
grain mixture is fed. Outside the breeding season rams are fed moderately. During fall and winter
_ they are on good pasture when the weather is favorable, and are given hay (clover preferred) and
a _ turnips or cabbage. Up to the opening of the breeding season rams are allowed the run of a grass lot,
-_-with no additional feed.
In the feeding of breeding ewes good care and feed are given just previous
ES Feeding to and at lambing time. Breeders, especially those who breed Leicesters,
‘ Breeding do not, as a rule, flush their ewes to the same extent as the English breeders.
4 =e wes. Those who handle the Down breeds give more attention to this point using
meadow aftermath, stubble, cabbage, rape or grain. After the ewes are safe in
lamb they are not given additional feed to that obtained on pasture until the winter, when the best
breeders allow ewes the run of a grass lot, feeding hay and cabbage or turnips in addition, without
B grain, until two or three weeks previous to lambing time.
Where early lambs are produced the ewes are fed very liberal rations just bere lambing, being
given a daily ration of clover hay to the extent of 114 to 2 pounds, turnips 14 pounds, from 1 to 1%
. pounds of a mixture of equal parts of linseed cake, crushed oats and bran, and a reliable stock food.
* In some instances dried brewers’ grains are given with linseed cake, instead of oats and bran, on account
_ of the lower cost. The heaviest grain rations are always given to the ewes with twin lambs. The
lambs are also taught to eat oatmeal or rolled oats, to which some linseed cake is added later on. After
.
ae See iP eee) oe ee
a ee eg
ae ae te eee ee eee
a2 2 eo
See! ore Sen
hii, 8! en, * Oe
i72 WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP.
grass has made a good start neither ewes nor lambs are given grain and cake until weaning. Ewes with
lamb, during the latter part of March and early in April, are usually given some grain and cake for a~
few weeks, especially if the grass is backward in growth.
After the lambs are weaned the ewes are usually put on short pasture until the flow of milk has |
completely stopped, and in many instances remain there until the next breeding season.
The majority of lambs are weaned during August and September. In some
Feeding the instances they are allowed to run together until the middle of October, when
Lambs After the rams and ewes are divided. On other farms this division is made at weaning
Weaning. time. Grain is fed to all lambs, regardless of sex, for’ five or six weeks
after weaning, so that they may have a good start and not lose the flesh made
while suckling. The following methods prevail-on the most successful farms:
A breeder of Leicesters weans his lambs in August. After weaning the lambs all run :
together until the middle of October, have a good grass lot, usually meadow aftermath, and receive about
io pound each per day of oats and linseed cake. When the ewes and rams are separated, the rams are
put on cabbage or turnips and are carried in this way all winter, but the grain is increased to 1 or 1%
pounds per day and a due allowance of a good stock food given. When the weather is open no hay is
given, but in stormy weather or when the snow is on the ground some clover hay or mixed hay is fed each
dgy. The ewe lambs are allowed the run of a grass lot all fall and winter and have some turnips in addi-
tion fed on the grass. In some instances they are folded on a turnip patch for a few hours each day, but
grain is never given. This breeder aims at having his rams well forward as shearlings at sale time,
which is about the first of September. With the ewe lambs growth and a robust constitution are the
points sought for.
On one of the largest and most successful Shropshire farms, located in East Lothian, near Edinburgh,
the manager weans his lambs during the first week in August, when the ewes and rams are separated. =a
The ewes are put on second crop clover until turnips are ready, when they are fed turnips on grass and
have some hay in addition until the following spring. The ram lambs are better fed. They are grazed
on second growth clover, are fed on cabbages or turnips, and have in addition from 14 to 1 pound of lin-— = ie
seed cake and crushed oats each per day. During cold and stormy weather they are fed some clover hay.
In the south and southeast of Scotland the Cheviot is the popular hill sheep, - :
Production of while in the western, central, and northern portions of the country, the ae
<—
Sheep on the Blackfaced Highland sheep are used. They furnish the chief source from ~
Hillis and _ which the farmers in the arable districts secure their feeding sheep.
Mountains. The mountain and hill sheep are bred and grown for feeders, and the | |
allowance of feed is only sufficient to maintain the older animals and furnish a
rather scanty diet for the growing ones. Therefore, the sheep require considerable time to reach maturity. =
In iormer years they were practically all retained on the hills until three-and one-half years of age,
as lambs and are ready for the butcher before nine months of age, and this system is growing in favor,
but the great majority are sent down into the arable districts as lambs to be wintered, and are returned
y=
They are now generally sold between two and one-half and three years of age. Many of them are fed
note er aN
ia
LoS Aa Ae Bg
4
SB Ne oa PB Mads Bes EN Ft
seal
ew ba
ie
“se
aes
#
i
to the hills with the opening of spring to be sold as feeders the following year. If it were not for this a
practice, yearling wethers would be fed generally, but the majority of hill sheepmen consider it too soon*
to send their sheep back in six months’ time, and therefore retain them until two and one-half yea of.
age before marketing. .
In some instances the lambs sent to the arable farms in the fall are not returned to the hills the
following spring, but are either sold for immediate feeding or are grazed during the succeeding winter :
and summer to be sold later as yearling store wethers.
Grass, shrubs, and heather furnish the feed throughout the various seasons of the year. The
ewes drop their lambs about the latter part of April or early in May, by which time the weather is-usually
favorable and there is sufficient grass to insure a good supply of milk. Neither ewes nor lambs get any —
other feed than grass during the summer and fall, and at weaning time the lambs are sent down °
to the arable districts to be wintered, so that they are not compelled to endure the hardships of the —
Highland winter. _All other sheep, as a rule, are grazed on the hills and mountains throughout the entire
y
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP. 173
' year. The average period of usefulness of the ewes is about five years. When five years old they are
_ generally taken from the flock ‘and sent to the arable districts, where they are fattened or, what is a more
common and profitable practice, bred to a first class mutton sire. In the latter case they rear one crop
of lambs. Both ewes and lambs are fattened for the early summer market. Young ewes, not needed
_ for breeding purposes, are sold in the fall to feeders or to Irish hill farmers, who breed them to high
class mutton sires to produce feeding sheep.
The feeding of sheep and lambs for market is the most important branch of
Fattening Scotch sheep industry. The great bulk of the work is done during the fall and
for Market. winter. Many farmers feed at this time of the year who do not keep any sheep
on their farms throughout the remainder of the year, especially where very
intensive farming prevails. Insuch cases the sheep or lambs are folded on the turnip fields: Where the
land is not so valuable and the rents are low, many farmers keep a large portion of the land under grass
ee and feed sheep during spring and summer. There are a great many farmers who breed’ practically
all of their own feeders, but these men either have cheap grazing land or they raise early lambs, which
are grain fed from the time they will eat until they are marketed, and others raise one crop of lambs
from oe off hill ewes, as already mentioned.
In certain parts of Scotland considerable attention is given to the production
Producing of lambs for the early summer market. Those farmers who are making a suc-
Lambs for _ cess of this have warm pens for the ewes and lambs, and give the ewes very
_ * Early Summer liberal rations, and the lambs are fed grain and cake as soon as they will eat.
Market. The lambs are dropped during the latter part of January and February and
. are forced until May or June, when they are marketed. The ewes are fed
_ from 14 to 2 pounds each per day of clover hay, from 12 to 16 pounds of turnips, and.from 1 to 134
_- pounds of a mixture of wheat bran, crushed oats and linseed cake; the larger allowances are fed to those
with twin lambs. The lambs are fed in creeps, and given all they will eat of oatmeal and rolled oats at
first, and later on crushed oats, cracked corn, and either linseed or cotton seed cake; a good stock
Bi - food being used regularly. Lambs at four weeks old will eat about 14 pound each day, while at three
a
a
months old they will take from 2% to 1 pound each. When fed in this manner they make very rapid
_ growth and are always well fleshed.
When hill and mountain ewes are brought to be bred to a mutton sire =e one —
Fattening Hill and crop of lambs, they are bred to drop their lambs in March, and during pregnancy
Mountain Ewes are given the run of grass or stubble land, with some turnips, so as to be in fair
and LambDs. condition at lambing time. A few weeks previous to lambing they are fed oats
and linseed cake, or brewers” grains and linseed cake. From lambing time they
are fed well until marketed, the lambs having the same ration as soon as they are old enough to eat it.
Grain and cake are given until the grass is good, but after that time cake alone is fed, the amount varying
from 14 to 34 pound per lamb per day, and from 34 to 134 pounds per ewe per day. The lambs are mar-
_ keted when from three to four months of age, and if ready the ewes go at the same time, but generally”
_ they require about four weeks more liberal feeding on cake to finish them.
. __ Lambs for fall or winter feeding are usually purchased in the month of September,
a Fattening Lambs or if home bred are weaned at that time. They are first given the run of the
for Market. stubble land for a few weeks and are gradually taught to eat turnips, and later
are folded on the turnip land. In addition they are fed cut hay and a liberal
Da allowance of grain and cake—largely cake. When the lambs are on common turnips, many successful
feeders feed cotton seed cake and dried brewers’ grains, equal parts by weight, to the extent of from 14 to
4 pound per lamb per day. Should the root be changed to swede turnips the grain ration is changed to
two parts linseed cake, one part cotton seed cake, and one part dried brewers’ grains. Swede turnips
are thought by sheepmen to be more difficult to digest than common turnips, and the addition of linseed
cake is supposed to assist digestion. The grain allowance is increased during the finishing period, and
may be changed to eliminate the brewers’ grains, but cake is practically always used as a part of the
_ ration. Some farmers do not put their lambs on the turnip fields so soon, but first graze them for two
or three months.
174 WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SHEEP.
The fall and winter methods of fattening sheep are very similar to those described for lambs.
They are usually fed on roots, with a grain and hay ration in additiofi. Roots are usually sliced for
sheep which are teething. The amount of hay and grain is not large, but as much as 25 pounds of
roots per head is fed daily Practically all feedir_, is done in the open.
With an abundance of grass and a temperate climate, the conditions of Ireland
Sheep Production are very favorable to sheep raising For years Irish farmers have given most —
in Ireland. attention to the production of sheep for feeding and the finishing of sheep on
grass alone for market, but recently the breeding of pure bred sheep and the
fattening of sheep for mutton have increased, and it has resulted in the adoption of improved methods
of feeding.
Feeding Pure respects, but as a rule fewer forage crops are grown and a much more liberal
Bred ° Flocks. use is made of grass, and smaller amounts of grain, hay, and succulent feeds
are used. Throughout a great deal of the country grass alone in its season is — af
the principal feed for breeding sheep.
The production of feeding sheep is an important industry in Ireland. The ten-
The Production ant farmers, especially in the western and southern portions, grow some feeders
of Feeders. each year, and although the number kept by each individual is generally small
the total production is large. These sheep do not receive a great deal of care, but
when the pastures are not too heavily stocked they do well. Winter feeding is not resorted to except
in the case of a prolonged period of severe weather, which seldom happens.
In the mountains and hilly districts feeders are raised in rather systematic manner. Large num-
bers of Blackfaced Highland ewes are annually purchased in Scotland and bred to high class mutton sires.
The Scotch ewes drop their lambs about the latter part of April or the first part of May, when the weather
is warm and the grass abundant. They run on pasture at all seasons of the year, and are thus maintained
very cheaply. The feeders are generally sold when one and one-half years old.
In central Ireland the fattening of sheep for mutton is receiving considerable” =
Fattening Sheep attention. On good land nothing but grass is given, but where the soil is not
for Market. so good and the yield of grass per acre less some additional feed is usually sup-
smaller amounts usually being fed. One very successful ration is equal parts of cotton seed cake, linseed
cake, and cracked corn. The length of the feeding period varies from sixty to one hundred and mae 29
days, depending on the condition and age of the sheep and the condition of the markets.
ee
plied. The principles are practically the same as those of the English feeders,
The methods of feeding pure bred oaee resemble those of England in some
. + é
b
; CANT ate ee EM Be eee
« OS OR OTA ay RE SF; ile Ate es
pl eee! z hea af
eee | ce 6 ee oe a ee
: Figure 1.
‘4 i rraplonicat House Transformed
WR Into Poultry House.
-
ues. these.
larger Son armption of poultry products per capita in the United
States, it is of prime importance that there should always be an
abundant supply of strictly fresh eggs and of the best grades of
table poultry This condition is also a necessary factor in the Figure 2.
Figure 3.
A Lean-to Poultry House. our popu-
to us care and panielierance with ene the market is supplied.
_ Increase of Product.——There is no stock on the farm that
POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
The barnyard fowls are regarded by most farmers as a very
insignificant- part of their live stock; and yet, though so often
neglected and forced to shift for themselves, the poultry and egg
crops constitute in the aggregate one of the most important and
valuable products of American agriculture. The conditions in this
country ate such that the poultry industry is capable of indefinite
expansion, and therefore able to meet any demands that may be made
upon it either by home or foreign markets.
Importance of High Grade
Product.—In order to secure a
Implement House Transformed Into
development of the export trade. When he markets are filled Poultry House.
with eggs which have lost their quality and flavor by long
_ keeping, and many of which have acquired an offensive taste; when the broilers and the roasters offered
to the consumer are thin, tasteless, tough, and altogether unfit for the table, it is not surprising that
they are passed by and beef, mutton, or
the exporter is buying for consignment to
foreign markets, he must be able to find at
all times a good quality of eggs or poultry
in sufficient quantity or he cannot continue
to buy our products. All of which should
emphasize the necessity of the proper selec-
tion of feeds and their use.
Possibility of Increased Consumption.—
An increased supply of poultry products of
the highest class would unquestionably lead
to an. increased consumption. There is
no more staple and popular article of
food, and consequently we may confidently
expect the demand to develop in propor-
tion to the
increase of
lation and
: gong f Figure 4.
yields a better relative return to the feed consumed than do the — gimpie Form a Poultry House
a hens, and consequently it is well worth while to consider in what
manner their product may be increased without disproportionately increasing expenses.
ay
The fowls must have comfortable and healthful quarters; they must have proper feed and
nesting facilities, but it is not at all necessary that there should be SEN aLBenn expenditures in
See
pork taken in their stead. So, also, when.
‘
ee re Ne ao Thay en
176 _____ POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. ee
en
The Kind of The kind of chickens to be kept upon a farm’ depends almost as much upon
Fowls to Keep. the kind of man who manages them as upon any other condition. There
are no birds which stand neglect better than the common, mongrel barnyard
towls, for these have lived and developed under unfavorable conditions, and are accustomed to
CROUND PLAN shift for themselves. They are generally hardy and vigorous,
and yield a fair return in eggs or as table poultry; they respond
fairly well to generous treatment, and, if selected with some care, :
are by no means to be despised, even when their product is *
compared with that of the standard breeds.
ROOST avo NESTS
& BY
Q m.
S .
” °
window oe
Figure 5. Ground Plan of Simple Form Figure 6. eq
of Poultry House, Shown in Figure 4. Poultry House with Scratching Shed.
Improvement The improvement of the common poultry should begin in most cases by
of Breeds. breeding from birds selected for their shape, size and productiveness, and by
bettering the condition of life under which they are kept. If the owner is will-
ing to go a little further, and to bestow somewhat more attention upon his birds, he may cross them
with males of a standard breed or — e
replace them entirely by pure bred
males and females.
GROUND PLAN
ROOST ANONESTS:
00rR
wINnoow
shea ike a: “npg Canines ot See. win So Figure 8. Construction of Roosts.
Care of Fowls. The standard breeds have been brought to a higher plane of development by
extra care and a more skilful management, and if they are to maintain this
improvement they must be continued under
the conditions which brought it about. They
suffer more from neglect and unhealthful sur-
roundings than do the common fowls, because
less accustomed to these conditions. The
standard breeds, for these reasons, may not
| za ROOST POLE
PLATFORM : Fits
Tt [pe se
always give satisfaction, if their characteristics [Eee
and requirements are not understood. If, how- Figure 9, Sectional View of Platform and Nests.
ever, the poultryman expects adequate results, :
and is willing to give that care and skillful management necessary, then a breed of fowls should be adopted
which has been bred for generations for a special purpose and in that line developed to the highest degree.
177
The most popular fowls in the United States are the American breeds known
~ as the Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes. They are of medium size, good
as broilers, good as roasters, good. egg producers; the hens are good sitters and
good mothers ; and for these reasons they a are known as general purpose fowls.
ie
Varieties.
pide BR aadotses, there is a sufficient range oe color to meet salchuct aay See
\ For farmers who desire fowls more particu-
igg Production. larly for egg production, the Mediterranean
, f breeds, particularly the Leghorns, Minorcas,
and Spanish, are-to be recommended. The birds of these breeds
are smaller, more active and greater foragers than the Plymouth
Rocks or Wyandottes, and as layers they are unsurpassed. Should
eat. be desired, on the other hand, to raise heavier birds than the Ply-
"BREEDS (oct, | Hous,
Peer Pe eas OO ate we es 914 7%
Sn ee ale Sete ses et ee oe ee 84 6%
OE a gs 2 oie igen ee ae 12 914
ore es ee ee He ee es FEDS 814
WS se oe. Seas es fe so coord ..{10144-11) 84
poe 2: in BE Sy Si pe aia rer eee ret ae 10 ‘i
Seca ER ye Re Da ae Sas OS 614
Re ee ee 8 61g
= The Leghorns are smaller than the Minorcas and Spanish,
_ and have not been given standard weights. The Rhode Island Red
promising general purpose breed, resembling in size and
3 Figure 10. Secti 1 Vi of Concealed
ine: anes Rock. gu ectional View
a has been developed by BSS oe ison Nese
SES _ Having in mind the size and Sates, of the varieties of fowls to which
ection of reference has been made, it would not appear to be a difficult matter to select
that the stock is in healthy condition and that it has been bred for early matur-
ize, rae and eggs producing qualities, rather than for perfection in feathering. For the show room
thering cannot be Beeler’, as the judges often place it ahead of all other features of the bird's
ee make up; but for the farm the color and marking of feathers must be
held subordinate to the utilitarian qualities. The feathers should
cation of the purity of blood and carefulness of breeding.
It is very desirable that poultry should be
Poultry Houses. provided with a house somewhat separated
from the other farm buildings, but near
enough to the barnyard so that they can spend a part of their time
in scratching for and gathering up the many seeds and grains which
" otherwise might not be utilized. On farms where no poultry house _
“Stock for one which will satisfy the requirements of any farm. In purchasing breeding —
ae e edi ing. -. stock it is important. to purchase from reliable breeders only, and to ascertain ~
not, however, be entirely neglected, as their perfection is an indi-—
SS tt pce
178 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
2
injured by the droppings, and sometimes vermin swarm in the roosting places to such a degree that
the hens are voted a nuisance rather than a desirable part of the stock.farm. If these vermin infested
places are near the horse stable the mites may attack the horses, causing itching and a mangy
condition of the skin, the origin of which is not always suspected.
Too often the location of the poultry house is thought to be of minor importance,
Selection of the and consequently is given less consideration than that of any other farm build-
Site for Build- ing. The other buildings are frequently located first, and the poultry house
ing and Yard. then placed on whatever space may have been left, when it ought to have had
due consideration before the other buildings were located. In caring for the
various classes of live stock the question of labor
has always been an important item. The class that
requires the closest. attention to detail, as a rule,
requires the greatest amount of labor; and, as poultry
keeping is wholly a business of details, the economy
in performing the necessary work is of great impor-
tance. If the poultry house is not conveniently
located and arranged, it becomes expensive on
account of unnecessary labor As it is necessary to
visit poultry houses several times each day in the
year, their arrangement is of more importance than
in the case of any other farm building. The opera-
tions must be performed frequently, so that any
little inconvenience in the arrangement will cause
not only extra expense and care, but, in many cases,
more or less neglect of the operations that should be
performed each day. Again, poultry houses are likely .
to be infested with rats and mice unless some means are provided to exclude them. And all this should
be given due consideration in the selection of the location. Taken all in all, it is usually best to locate
the poultry house at some distance from the other farm buildings, especially if grain is kept in the latter. ©
Figure 12. Scratching Room under Poultry House.
A dry, porous soil is always to be preferred as a site for poultry buildings and yards. Clean-~
liness and freedom from moisture must be secured. Without any doubt, filth and moisture are the
causes, either directly or indirectly, of the majority of diseases among the poultry. They form
the stumbling block which brings discouragement and failure to many raisers. It must not, however,
be inferred from the above that poultry cannot be successfully reared and profitably kept on any soil, for
abundant proof to the contrary is liberally
furnished by the phenomenal success of some
of our largest poultrymeyn. The necessity
for cleanliness, however, is not disputed by
ence in the poultry business. That an open,
with much less labor than a clay soil will be
Figure 13, Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds.
the yard next the building will become more or less filthy from the droppings and continual tramping to
which it is subjected A heavy or clay soil not only retains all the manure on the surface, but by
retarding percolation in times of frequent showers it will give the whole surface a complete coating of filth.
If a knoll or ridge can be selected, where natural drainage is perfect, the ideal location will be nearly —
approached. Where naturally favorable conditions of drainage do not exist, thorough draining will go
a long way toward furnishing the necessary surroundings to insure success. We donot mean by this”
that elaborate and expensive structures and surroundings are necessary.
those who have had any extended experi- —
potous soil can be kept comparatively clean
evident to those who are at all acquainted
with the habits of domestic fowls. When the fowls are confined in buildings and yards the part of,
ROOST 4" NESTS ROOST WONESTS ~
a
winoow
Figure 14. Ground Pian of Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds.
Inexpensive remodeling into a poultry house, an inex-
‘Structures. - pensive lean-to may be built, although we
do not advise it (Figure 3), or a new
with a view to simplicity, economy and+convenience, while
supplying the conditions proper for successful poultry feeding.
One of the simplest forms
Ce ; _~ of poultry houses is shown in Fig-
Cshaing gabe ec ae ure 4, and ground plan for the
same in Figure 5. A scratching
“may be attached to the side of this house, as in Figures 6 and
lich, if desired, may be enclosed in front with poultry wire, so
keep the birds confined. “
igure 15.
Figure 16. A Common Form of
Roosts.—The details of construction of roosts Chicken Coop.
Fittings. are seen in Figure 8. The important points
: are a nearly flat or slightly rounded surface on the upper side and as few cracks
and crevices as possible in which vermin may hide. The roosts may be made of 2x3-inch scantling
es be so put in that they can easily be removed at any time for cleaning and disinfection.
ete A platform is often placed under the roosts to catch the drop-
ts pings, and the nests are placed under this platform. In a house, such
as Figure 9, a manure platform may be dispensed with and the nest
boxes placed along the front or sides of the building, sand being placed
under the roosts for the droppings.
~ Nests.—The. sim-
‘Figure 17. A Common Form of plest form of nest is a
= 5 Ghicken Coop.. - box placed upon the
floor of the poultry
| With nee fowls, which are apt to break their
Te: a
Figure 18, Chicken Coop with Enclosed and
8s cating, more eecrated or dark nest may be necéssary. Covered Run. ~
(Figures 10 and 11.)
~~ Floor.—One of the most troutiedorne parts of the
poultry house to make satisfactory is the floor. Many
in cold weather, and they induce rheumatism, colds,
: cold and also more or less damp. Probably a good
—— sep with Enclosed Run. cement floor, laid in broken stone and covered with a few
inches of earth, sand preferably, would be satisfactory
ve board | floor, 6 or 8 inches above the earth, with good
— se
In case there is no building suitable for
building constructed. A house for this purpose should be planned —
use earth floors, but these are often damp, especially os
roup, digestive disorders, and various other diseases.
Some have put in cement floors, but have found these —
180 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM Pe,
A double flooring, laid tightly with
building paper between, or a good single floor-
ing, covered with a few inches of dry earth, is
_ probably the best. In-all cases of board floors
there should be a sufficient space beneath for
ventilation and to guard against the lodgment
of rats.
Good Plans.—A good style of poultry
house, with scratching room under it, is shown
in Figure 12. In case more than one flock is
to be kept, the plans shown in Figures 13 and
14 have been found satisfactory and may ‘be
multiplied to any extent by adding to the ends. With such houses there may be fenced runs at the
back or front, or both sides, so that the birds may be kept confined. noc
Figure 20. Chicken Coop with Enclosed and Covered Run.
‘
The amount ~of.7 3 “
Space to be space to beallowed
Allowed. for each bird de-
pends upon the wea
size of the bird, whether a shed is attached |
to the house or whether the fowls have the — e
free run of the open fields. For birds in
Figure 21. Chicken Coop with Enclosed 2nd Partiy Covered Run. confinement there should be from 6to15
square feet for each adult bird in case there
is no shed attached to the house; and with a: shed this space may be reduced about one-half. The ea,
yards should be large enough to allow exercise in the open air, and to furnish more grass than the birds 2
will eat. This will vary from 60 to 150 square feet for every adult bird. >
The open shed facing the south, where the birds can be
jnduced to hunt for their feed and take exercise in all seasons
of the year, and where they can enjoy the pleasure of scratching
and dusting themselves in the sunshine, even during the winter
months, is of great assistance in maintaining the health and
productiveness of the flock. The roosting space allowed should
be 6 to 8 inches for the smaller breeds, 8 to 18 inches for the.
medium breeds, and 10 to 12 inches for the larger breeds. Poultry houses should
Ventilation. — be well ventilated, but ~——_
so arranged that the
drafts of air will not strike the birds. Win-
dows and doors should be provided in such
locations that the sun may shine into the build= _
ing during a considerable part of the day.
Sunshine is required both to keep the houses”
dry and to destroy various forms of infection.
A liberal supply of
Poultry Coops. coops should be pro- ny
vided for the confine-
ment of hens with broods of small chicks, and
Figure 22. Chicken Coop with Enclosed Run.
for those hens which insist upon sitting at is
inconvenient times a few days in solitary
Pigure 23. Chicken Coop with Barreda and Enclosed confinement will usually break up the desire to 1g
Hawkproot and Catproof Run. sit, and the hen will soon after resume laying. —
The common. A-shaped coop is one of the most easily constructed and convenient forms in use. -
The one disadvantage connected with it is the difficulty of removing the feeding and drinking vessels for
5
mide to slide, as shown in Ficus 15. The opening made by idee this slab is suffi-
cient to admit the hand and arm so that any part of the coop
may be reached without leaving an avenue of escape unguarded.
Other forms of coops for the same purpose are illustrated by
Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 23. For early hatched
chicks, which come out when the atmospheric temperature is so
Figure 24. Coop with Glass
covered run, as shown in Figure 24, has been found very useful.
Covered Run. be :
<
ie Two forms of
é Feed Troughe feed troughs
and Drinking are represent-
Fountains. ed in Figure
rey 25. Forsmall - Za
~ the oe ‘must be very Figure 25. Two Forms of Feed Troughs.
Si is may be placed upon a Stier piece of board. Numerous forms of drinking fountains have thea
; sy two of which are represented in eS 26 and 27. A good fountain is easily made by
covering fist a shallow pan or vessel ae any kind, and then oe the’ whole.. The shallow
pimps ees that fresh, pure water should always be accessible to fowls, and the drinking fountains
Sot Poultry may be raised with the greatest economy on the
a Ranging of Fowls. large farms of the country, where there is unlimited range,
a 0 an exhaustless supply of insects and worms, and an
abundance of seeds and ‘grains going to waste which poultry alone can utilize.
‘Under such circumstances fowls take care of themselves so well and are so ener-
getic in seeking their feed that they are either forgotten and allowed. to shift for
themselves when they really need attention and assistance, or they are regarded
as a nuisance because they sometimes do a little damage. When fenced away
"> yas protection « of | goes by the destruction of injurious insects, larvas and worms.
%
aie Garin it is advisable to divide the ‘farm flock into colonies
: : Colonies. and place these at different points upon the farm in order to
Se, secure additional range; to remove the birds temporarily to a
igs distance ea crops, or for other purposes. In this case a cheap, light, and
Ss ei ve handled ee house Aue 29), may be constructed and’ placed where
After being confined in these houses a few nights the
gee eae There are certain special lines of agricultural operations with which poultry
bination With large quantity of skim milk or buttermilk which may be utilized to furnish a
ins ec i hoe ies os considerable part of the poultry ration. There is also much feed to be gathered
exe) to waste.
low as to be injurious to them, a combination of coop and glass
essel will remain filled with water as high as the top of the aperture until the can is exhausted. It is ©
me Foun _ from the gardens and flower beds, fowls do little damage and cause scarcely any _
en eee = annoyance on a farm. On the other "hand, they do an immense amount of good
Poultry in Com- raising may be advantageously connected. In dairying there is usually a
- by fowls about the stables, manure piles, and pastures which would otherwise
Cee POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
Upon the fruit farm fowls are also of advantage.
Advantages on ‘They keep down the insect pests, and they may have
Fruit Farms. a iree range the greater part of the season without
the possibility of doing any damage. Plum growers
have found poultry especially helpful in keeping down the curculio, and
even apples have been considerably benefited. If small fruits are injured,
they may, of course, be protected by confining the fowls for the limited
season when the fruit is ripening. The waste fruits, either in winter or
summer, are a welcome and valuable addition to the poultry ration.
2 f Figure 28. A Drinking
The market garden also furnishes a large.amount Fountain Made of a Can,
Poultry and the of waste products which may be utilized for poultry
Market Garden. feed. There is the waste lettuce, the small heads of cabbage, the unsold ges
carrots and potatoes, the peas and corn which cannot be marketed for My
reason, the waste of the small fruits, etc. If properly cared for the hens will bring a steady and
reliable income during the winter months. Dried clover and other green feed, roots and tubers should
be saved for them during the summer. These should be steamed and fed with Davis Poultry Food ir.
the mash, or cabbages and beets may be fed raw. A catch crop of buckwheat or oats and peas will
furnish much feed at little expense. Bran, Davis Meat Meal, wheat screenings, and oats purchased
for poultry will bring good returns in eggs and will also add materially to the fertilizer supply.
Dairymen who have
Opportunities town or city milk
Afforded by routes, and market
the Dairy. gardeners who retail
exceptional opportunities for marketing
fresh eggs and poultry at the highest prices.
They become well acquainted with many
they are looked upon as a direct channel of
communication between the country and
the city.
They should by all means make the
: eB rhage hee ee most of this advantage, for any class of
ay A par sts) ae a Re agricultural producers who can reach the
their produce, have —
of their customers by their daily visits, and —
eee MORE AOBED, consumer without the intervention of the
middleman is indeed fortunate.
fe the following pages we give a brief description, together with illustrations, of the various
varieties of chickens. Each of them is described fully, thus enabling the starter in the poultry business
to familiarize himself thoroughly with the various breeds.
I. American Class.—Barred, Buff, Pea Comb Barred, and White Plymouth ais Silver, Golden,
White, Buff, and Black Wyandottes; Black, Mottled, and White Javas; American Dominiques; and
Jersey Blues. =
2. Asiatic Class.—Light and Dark Brahmas; Buff, Partridge, White, and Black Cochins; Black
and White Langshans. +
3. Mediterranean Class. Sa soe Rose Comb Brown, White, Rose Comb White, Black, Domi- —~
nique, Buff, and Silver Duckwing Leghorns; Black and White Minorcas; Andalusians; and Black Spanish.
4. Polish Class.—White Crested Black, Golden, Silver, White, Bearded Golden, Bearded ee
Bearded White, and Buff Laced.
5. Hamburg Class.—Golden Spangled, Silver Spangled, Golden Penciled, Silver Penciled, White,
and Black Hamburgs; Redcaps; Silver and Golden Campines. ‘
6. French Class.—Houdans, Crevecoeurs, and La Fleche.
7. English Class.—White, Silver Gray, and Colored ‘Dorkings.
he ae White Indian aes Malays and Black = ee eens
et Bs Bantam Class Other than Game.—Golden and Silver Sebrights; White and Black Rose Comb;
oted White: Buff, ‘Partridge, White, and Black Cochins; Black Tailed; White, and Black Japanese;
id. White Crested White Polish. . -
10. Miscellaneous Class.—Russians, Silkies, Sultans, Frizzles, and Rumpless. :
_ For practical purposes the above ten classes may be grouped into four general classes, as follows:
1. The General Purpose Breeds: The American class.
2. The Meat or Fable Breeds: The Asiatic class.
_, 8. The Egg Breeds: The Mediterranean class.
= os The Ornamental Breeds: The Polish, Exhibition Games, Miscellaneous, and Bantam classes.
ets The Plymouth Rock is the most popular of all varieties of poultry as a general
Pim uth Rocks. purpose fowl. Its medium size, hardy growth and good laying qualities make
- it a practical fowl for the farm. The Barred variety is the most generally known
‘the gi gear ae and its history dates back a little over a quarter of a century. Various bloods
were used in its making, the belief being general that it originally
came from a cross between the American Dominique and the
Black Java. It has also been shown that the Light Brahma,
Dark Brahma, and Pit Game ‘have been used in its making,
The Barred Plymouth Rock (Figure 1) isof a grayish
white color, regularly -crossed with parallel bars of blue black
running in straight, distinct lines throughout the entire
length of the feather, and showing on the down or under
color of the feathers. :
The barring is somewhat smaller on the hackle and
saddle feathers than on other portions of the body. The bird
is of medium size, with >
broad neck, flat at the
shoulders; the breast is full
and the body broad and
compact; ‘medium — sized
wings ‘that fold gracefully, the points being well covered with
breast and saddle feathers; a medium sized head, ornamented
with upright, bright a comb and wattles; a large, bright eye
d yellow beak, legs and toes, places the picture before us in ids
entirety. The difference between the Barred and the Pea Comb
: red. is that the latter have a small, firm and even pea comb
= < Pair of Barred Plymouth Rocks.
oF
a
Fs
" ores dic gees or seas ‘poultryman they are favorites,
rp being of eS. size, well oS geet with a deep, full
; S oan éxcellent eihers.
eos Phe, Barred Plymouth Rock, besides pene a ‘ae fowl,
a also one of the most sought after by fanciers. No class is ecier Figure 2.
‘ filled ¢ at the et show than is this. ' itp el rae eats a
“184
and for pulléts use light male and dark female.
is resorted to by many, yet the writer has seen rare iy
produced from single matings.
The characteristics of the Barred ae Ro
Biymncaith “Rock is pure white in plumage ehrgaeHemel ii
Buff variety is a clear buff, uniform in shape, except the tail, Vv
is deep buff or copperish yellow brown. The buff should exte
the under color as much as possible—the ie ine bets
hie stand ard
weight of cocks is 914
pounds; hens, 714 pounds;
Figures... :
Silver Laced Wyandotte Cockerel and Hen, COCkerels, 8 pounds; and
: pullets 614 pounds.
The Wyandotte (Figure 3) is another
é Wyandottes. rs of the general purpose fowls and is rated
next to the Plymouth Rock. From the.
first it sprang into popular favor and has continued so to the
present time. Its origin is comparatively recent, dating back |
less than twenty-five years.. It came originally from the Dark «
Brahma, Silver Spangled Hamburg, and the Breda, a French
fowl. Not a few authorities say that the Wyandottes have
Cochin blood in them, from the fact that their ancestors pro-
duced single combs and feathered legs.
For general \ pur-\. ay
poses the Wyandottes have
proved a success, being of
medium size, weighing on
an average a pound less
jas Ey oenan Rocks, Feathers of siiver Laced Wiel
hardy of constitution and
prolific layers. They are i, cared for and bear code
well. For table purposes se are of See ote their esh
fn As layers he are among the test erage
twelve to fourteen dozen a year, and as winter layers tl
well under ordinary circumstances. There are five varie
the Wyandotte breed, and it is only a matter of opini
regards a choice of the best. The general characteristics ar
same in all, the difference in color of plumage being the only
tinguishing mark.
Figure 6. ‘
P2ir of White Wyandottes.
The Silver Laced Wyandotte is of a silvery ais plus
with regularly marked white ieee on the breast and a generous Se eee of white and b!
black edged with white; shanks and toes rich See! free fom feathering. The hen of the Sieek Laced
variety is marked similarly to the -male, except the* back and wing, which are whiter in ‘male
POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. 3 185
an in females. “Breast ae the female is of much importance in breeding good birds; the lacing
should be large and distinct, and the white center of each feather free from black or tout penciling.
ion The Golden Wyandotte is marked like the Silver, except that the color is golden bay and black
instead of white and black. The white variety is perhaps the favorite, from the fact that it is not
so difficult to breed to feather, the plumage being pure white throughout. It is for this reason
the more practical fowl for the farmer or those who keep poultry for market. The Buff Wyan-
s dotte is in color a rich, deep, clear buff, uniform in shape throughout, except the tail, which is of a
deeper buff or copperish brown color. Blacks are of a rich, :
glossy black, with greenish sheen, except breast primaries, =
~ secondaries, tail and fluff, which are pure black. Se
The aati weight of cocks is~814 pounds; fac 614
_ pounds; cockerels, 714 pounds; and pullets, 514 pounds.
ater ; This variety is the oldest of the Amer-
Javas. ican class, and at one time was con-
sidered the most profitable of all breeds.
Ee ag present Javas are not raised extensively; the more modern
_ or newer breeds have seemingly supplanted them in popularity.
_ There is no reason why this should be so, as they are practical
_and general purpose fowls. In size they are about like the
Plymouth Rocks, but differ in general symmetry and appear-
ance. They are good layers and do well in winter, and for
table purposes they make nice eating. They mature early, are
Aiicies = ; 3 oaae Figure 7.
*. post sitters and mothers, and are easily kept in confinement. ce, a a
‘There are three varieties of Javas: Black, Mottled, and
The Black (Fi igure 7) is more generally seen than the other, though the Mottled has of late
“ars a tei very numerously represented at the shows.
The plumage of the Blacks is glossy black throughout ; the Mottled (Figure 8) is of broken black
and black; the White Java is, as the name implies, pure white throughout. It has a small single comb,
ee ape on the head in both male and female. The shanks and toes are free from feathers,
$3 - - yellow in color, with the bottom of the feet yellow.
= The standard weight of the cocks is 9144 pounds; hens,
7144 pounds; cockerels, 8 pounds; and pullets, 6144 pounds.
; Similarity in plumage of the American
Dominiques. Dominique and Barred Plymouth Rock
has been the price of the former’s pop-
ularity. The color is grayish white, each feather regularly
crossed with parallel bars of blue black, producing the effect
of a bluish tinged plumage, the color being the same through-
out. The illustration of Barred Plymouth Rock feathers shown
in Figure 2 will do equally as well for the markings of the
feathers of the Dominiques. They have rose colored combs,
in both males and females, and bright yellow legs. Those who
are partial to their color of plumage will find the Dominiques
good birds to keep. They are good layers, hardy, mature
marr early, and dress well for the table.
a Mottled Java Hen. The standard weight of cocks is 814 pounds; hens, 6144
- pounds; cockerels, 71% pounds; and pullets, 544 pounds.
Sa 8 ; _" The least known variety of the American class is the Jersey Blue. It is one of the
oe Jersey Blues. z - largest breeds of poultry, being 4 in size between the Plymouth Rock and the
ae Light Brahma. Their plumage resembles that of the Andalusian, being blue
= breast and fluff are 2 Bent blue, hackles and sickles very dark blue, approaching
is
%
a
.
‘tie. '« =
i
[arene ) Oe Ta ee ee Le
, st Ye te ee Le as oe ee ee
E . Yan .
4
186
They are not as good layers as are ‘the others of their class, but are owen ‘aa Haag cep in con
They are not = erg for table purposes, Sec ae being ae to yellow skin oe rene le
The jeadiag variety of the Asiatic class is the Light ene ee 9), “7
Brahmas. ~—_ has a history that would fill pages were it recorded. These are the f
caused the hen fever of the Fifties, about which so much has been writte
years. Their early history is amatter of controversy, the best authorities differing as to t
They were first known as the Brahma Pootras, Gray Shanghays, Shittagongs, Coc
and what not. The early breeder named them according to his fancy for high sounding and
tional names to sell his stock. Fabulous prices were paid for them when the craze for fine pow! t
at its height in the early days of the last half of the Nineteenth Century. The standard of the p
Brahmas was fixed in 1869, and no deviation from the type then adopted has been made. Th
stood high in popular favor since then without abatement. The vast number of breeders who are. x
them fully attest their worth as practical birds to the industry. The Brahma is a charectoa
it is unlike other varieties, and it should not be confounded in shape with the Cochins,.
The average Light Brahma male is, in height, 26 inches; back from the ground, 16 in
from the ground, 8 inches; length of body, front of ee to rear of fluff, a inches; fee of :
oe from tip of beak, 2 1-6 inches; length of Gan fo
oS aes inches; breast to rear of a drop line from point of b
114 inches. As specimens depart from this proportit
bécome awkward and valueless as exhibition stock, an
also as egg producers. In’shape, oblong, with full, yb
shape is typical of the Beets and is cee i
prolific birds. ‘The curves ofthe neck and back are simi
those of the outlines of an egg.
bred bird. ‘The oe is white with a bike stripe e
down the center of each feather and tapering to a p
the extremity (see Figure 10). The tail feathers are:
Figure 9. sickles are glossy greenish black.
ee The shanks are well feathered, with the feat
ing down the middle toe; the toe feathering may be white or white sprinkled with black
preferred. Asmall pea comb (see Figure 9), broad crown, projects over the eyes; bright red f;
and ear lobes are essential to a good head. Shanks and toes are bright yellow. The Brahma female is
much like the male in head qualities, having broad comb, projecting well over the eyes, and small pea
The head of the female should be masculine in appearance. The head is white; hackle, white Ss
with black, as in male; cape, white and black, but is completely covered by hale when the bird ‘st
erect; tail, black, except the two highest main tail feathers, which may be edged with white; tail cov
one or more rows distinctly covering a part of both sides of the main tail, two rows being prefer
are black edged with white.
The Light Brahmas are valuable birds for the (aren, They Me always been ‘made to pay “fo t
keep and have seldom been set aside by any who have bred them. They are the largest of domestic po
and do as well in confinement in small runs as on free range. As layers they will average from tw
to thirteen dozen eggs a year and lay exceptionally well in winter. Their eggs are large, about s
to a pound, of a rich brown color, and excellent flavor. For table purposes the birds are good :
do not mature as early as do the varieties of the American class, yet they are hardy,
raised with as much ease as any of the earlier maturing varieties. As sitters and mother:
187
: earee Te eee ie eee plumage is ee pretty when bred to Gandara
ments, but if not so bred it becomes most disagree-
and unsatisfactory to the breeder.
The head and neck of the Dark Brahma male are similar
to those of the up the head pene white and the hackle
eee here and tee 2 dhe black should uguiee between 2
‘the shoulders, but it is nearly hidden by the hackle flowing over
t. The saddle feathers are, like the hackle, silvery white, striped
ae black, which should be distinct. As the feathers approach
the tail the stripes become broader till they merge into the tail
coverts, which are rich, glossy green black, with & margin or
= white. The tail is pure black, with green gloss. The
Tih 2
mic dle of the wings, while the ends of the secondaries have a
Be black spot on the end, making the two edges of the wing
s
the lower half aad black on the other. The flights are all
es fe a narrow ee of white on the lower edge. The
Ss tightly eodcted with SOEs if not. The shanks are deep yel-
inclining to orange. The color of females is a white ground,
osely penciled with dark steel gray, producing a beautiful Figure 10.
fie ct, ee or silver gray in appearence: _ There should be no Hacksle Feather of Light Brahma Cock.
Baa some cee down. ‘These light neck birds generally breed to
worse, but the evil may be remedied by choosing birds for breed-
ing whose heads are distinctly marked. The shape and character
of the markings of the Dark Brahma pullets also vary.
They should be medium sized, so that the pencilings can
~ be clearly discerned at a short distance. A great point with
regard to color and marking in Brahma pullets is that they
should be uniform over the body, and the hackle should be
silvery white, heavily striped with rich black, and the shank
feathering penciled same as body.
_. For practical purposes the Dark Brahmas are not to be
commended as highly as the Light. The close breeding for
points in feathers is likely to interfere with their productive-
ness, yet with proper attention and care they can be bred
‘Figure i1. profitably as well as for their beauty. s
: ‘a Pair of Bult Gochins. The standard weight of the Light Brahma cock is 12
ae nds; hens, 9 S a ag cockeres, 2 pounds; and gue 8 oun. The standard weight of Dark
The ae a. of Goueas are gerepopuler with eee They are second
to the Brahmas in meat breeds, weighing but a pound lighter than the Light
Brahma. Old and experienced breeders of Cochins are pronounced in praise
poe fowls. They are hardy, good winter layers of rich, brown, medium sized —
The chicks grow well and develop rapidly under proper care.
188 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
The Buff variety (Figure 11) is the most generally bred; the color tone offers an attraction to
fanciers that is hard to resist Both male and female are of a rich, deep, clear buff, uniform in shape
throughout, except the tail, which should be a deeper buff or copperish bronze, under color same as
surface color, but of lighter shade, and should extend to the skin In breeding select females as near as
possible to the desited shade of buff, as free from dark or white
in wing and tail, and of as even a color ascan be. To such
females mate a cock of deeper shade, with some little black in
wing, and tail of deep buff of a coppery luster. This mating
will produce good results in cockerels and pullets.
The heavy leg and foot feathering so characteristic. of
the breed should have constant care and attention. While the
feathering should be abundant, all semblance to the vulture
hock or stiff feathering should be avoided.
The Partridge Cochin (Figure 13) is a beautiful fowl, yet
difficult to breed, and in plumage is much after the pattern of
the Dark Brahma, the color being red and brown, instead of
the steel gray effect of the latter. The head of male, in color,
is bright red; hackle, bright red or orange red, with a distinct
black stripe down the center of each feather; saddle feathers,
same as hackle; breast and body, rich, deep black; wing bows,
red; primaries, black on the inside web, with a bay edging on
the outside web; secondaries, black on the inside web and rich
= : 3 Me : Figure 12. >
bay on the outside web, terminating with greenish black at the Back View of Buff Cochin Cock, Showing
end of each feather; wing coverts, greenish black, forming a FOU Coen
well defined bar of that color across the wing when folded; tail,
black; sickles, coverts, and lesser coverts, glossy greenish black; the latter may be edged with red;
thighs, black; shanks, yellow, and well covered with black or brownish feathers; the middle toes being
also feathered.
The female is the prettier of the two. The head is small and of a eh dark brown plumage,
with a stout, well curved beak, yellow in color. The eyes are bay and mild in expression. The head
is ornamented with a small, single comb, set perfectly straight —
upon the head and bright red in color. The wattles are small,
z well rounded and fine in texture. The ear lobes are well
developed and are also fine in texture.
‘The neck is neatly curved, with abundant hackle setae
well over the shoulders. The plumage is bright red or orange
red, with a broad black stripe down the middle of each feather.
The black stripe in a good feather should run to a point near
the end of the feather. This stripe should be free from pencil-
ing, but the standard permits a slight penciling of the back.
(See Figure 14.)
back should be broad and flat, the broader the better, and the
cushion should rise with a gentle convex curve and partially
cover the tail. The plumage of the back and cushion is a red-
dish brown in color. Each feather is penciled with a darker
brgwn; the outlines of the penciling conform to the shape of
Figure 13.
Partridge Cochin Hen. the feathers. The breast is one of the most important points
of a good hen, and should be broad and massive. The
plumage is of the same reddish brown color as the back. The penciling on the breast is perhaps
a little more distinct and open than on the back; the outlines of the penciling should be sharp
and conform to the shape of the feather.
A good back and cushion help to make the bird. The
ot 189
= The body i is s broad and deep behind and of the same plumage as the breast. The fluff is very
abundant, “covering the posterior portion of the bird and standing out about~ the sides. The wings
are small and the primaries fold closely under the secondaries;
the bows are covered by the breast feathers and the fluff con-
_ceals the points. The primaries are very dark brown or blackish
brown in color; the inner web of the secondaries is a blackish
brown and the outer web is a blackish brown penciled with a y.
lighter brown. The coverts are similar in color and penciling to
he plumage of the breast._
it The tail is small and short, is carried almost. horizontally,
and is partly concealed by the cushion. In color it is black,
3 except the two main tail feathers, which are penciled. The tail
_ coverts are penciled same as breast and body. Thighs are large
and well covered with soft feathers; the feathers on the lower
eer curve inward around the hock and hide the joint on the out-
ire feathering of the thighs is of the same shade and color
eas ‘that of the body. Shanks are soft and yellow, and heavily cov-
x ered with feathers of same color as thighs. The toes are well
spread and yellow, the outer and middle toes being feathered :
i throughout their entire length. : gOS gegen eat
Black Cochins (Figure 15) are much more easily raised Peers Craw idee toc
than: either of the varieties thus far described. Being of one color, the care bestowed in breeding
- party colored or penciled birds is not necessary, and the time may be spent in furthering their general
utility in egg production. A one colored bird is the more practical bird for the farmer and market
> a ~ poultryman. The Black Cochin is of a rich, glossy black plumage
* throughout. The White Cochin is pure white in plumage. :
The standard weight of Buff, Partridge and White Cochin
cocks is 11_pounds; hens, 814 pounds; cockerels, 9 pounds; and
pullets, 7 pounds. Black Cochins are of the same weight,
except cocks, which should weigh 1014 pounds.
Langshans are the smallest and most
Langshans. activێ of the Asiatic class. They are
= practical in more senses than one, and
their prolific laying and other excellent qualities make them
profitable for the farmer and market poultryman, They con-
stitute one of the oldest breeds of poultry and have always
been held in popular esteem. The shape of the Langshan is
distinet from that of the Brahma or Cochin, and should not be
confused with either of the last named breeds. Figure 16 _
shows the accepted contour of the Langshans, and a compari-
son with the birds in Figures 9 and 11 shows at a glance the
es ae Teetics : characteristics of the Langshans as compared with the other
~ Asiatics. LLangshans have white flesh and dark legs, while the
others are yellow skinned and yellow legged. The quality of the flesh of the Langshan is excellent,
: being fine grained, tender, and nicely flavored. As layers they rank among the best, averaging from
twelve to thirteen dozen a year, and as winter layers they are to be recommended. The chicks are
hardy and mature early. Langshans are good sitters and mothers, being of gentle disposition; they
are easily kept, either in confinement or on free range. Being excellent foragers, they are ideal fowls
for the farm, and will gather during the year a considerable portion of their feed.
athe Langshan i is a stylish, medium sized bird, not overgrown or bulky in appearance, of active ;
and eels deposition Many confound the Black Langshan with the Black Cochin.
190
This need not be, as the following comparison between the two varieties shows: The Black
Cochin is square in shape, with heavy looking neck and legs, plenty of fluff and leg feathering, cushion
rising from middle of back to tail, tail short, small, and almost
concealed by cushion; neck, breast, cushion, and tail all
represented by convex lines. Langshan head small for size
of body, comb medium sized, well up in front, and arched
shaped; Cochin head larger than that of the Langshan and not
so arched over the eye;.comb smaller, low in front, and
almost straight on top of serrations. Langshan back short
and concave; that* of the Cochin medium length, slightly
convex, and large convex cushion, Langshan fluff moderate
and close; that of Cochin extremely full and loose. Langshan
wings somewhat large and inclined downward, quite prominent
at shoulders; the Cochin wings smaller and almost hidden by
the fluffy plumage of cushion and fluff. Langshan breast full,
deep, and carried well forward; Cochin breast not so full and
deep, but broader. Langshan legs medium in length, small
bone, long, tapering toes, color of shank, bluish black, showing
pink between scales, which are nearly black; Cochin legs
shorter, stouter, larger bone, toes shorter and stouter, color of
shanks, black or yellowish black.
There are two varieties of Langshans, the Black and Ballot ie Gece
‘the White. The Black, in the plumage of neck, back, saddle,
-sickles, a glossy metallic black, with greenish sheen; breast, primaries, secondaries, tail, fluff, shank,
and toe feathers, black. The under color is black or dark slate. The White Langshan is pure white
' throughout. ~
The standard weight of cocks for both varieties is 10 pounds; hens, 7 pounds; cockerels, 8 pounds;
and pullets, 6 pounds.
Leghorns are the best known of the egg producing varieties of the Mediter-
Leghorns. ranean class. They are the premiers in laying and the standard by which the
prolificacy of other breeds is judged. As to the origin of the Leghorns, there
are differences of opinion, and there is but little information to be found anywhere concerning their early ~
history. It is generally conceded that a race of fowls bearing a close resemblance in many respects to
the Leghorn has existed in Italy and other parts of Europe for a long period. That this race has
been widely disseminated admits also of little doubt, inasmuch as at the present day it-is known in
Denmark and other countries as the Italian. There seems to be good ground for the statement that
Leghorns were first introduced into America from Italy. The story goes that as early as 1834 a vessel
from Leghorn brought to this country as a part of its cargo a small shipment of fowls, which were at
once named Leghorns. They immediately became popular, their prolific laying and nonsitting qualities
being recognized at this early date.
White and Brown Leghorns were the first varieties known. Modern breeders are responsible
for some of the subvarieties of the breed; antl, in point of color at least, exhibitiom birds of today, even
of the older varieties, vary considerably from those seen at the present time in Italy. .
The Leghorn fowl holds the same place among poultry that the Jersey holds among cattle. The
guestion of profit in poultry has been decided in favor of egg producing breeds. Leghorns are lively,
active, and of a restless disposition, the best of foragers, and will pick up a good part of their living during
the year. They are light eaters and the cost of raising them to maturity is about one-half that of the
Asiatic varieties. They mature early, feather quickly, the pullets often begin to lay when four months old,
and cockerels crow at the same age. They are the best layers, averaging between 150 and 200 eggs per
year. Their eggs are pure white in color, and weigh about tento the pound. Astable fowls they are
fairly good. By many they are considered excellent. The only thing that can be said against them is
that they are small in size. Altogether, they are one of the most profitable breeds of poultry that can
POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. 191
be kept upon the farm, and the cheapness of their keeping will allow the raising of two Leghorns for the
cost of one Asiatic. They must be warmly housed in winter tolay well and to protect their pendulous
Figure 17. Single Comb White Leghorn Cock.
wattles from frost bite.
In shape a Leghorn cock (Figure 17) should be graceful;
body round and plump, broad at the shoulders, and tapering
toward the tail. The tail should be well balanced on a fair
length of shank and thigh, the length of leg giving the bird its
sprightly and proud carriage. Closeness of feathering adds to
the general shape and secures a freedom from angles which
always proclaims the pure bred, typical specimen. The breast
should be full, beautifully curved, rather prominent, and carried
well forward. Neck long, well arched, and carried erect; back —
of medium length, with saddle rising in a sharp concave sweep
to the tail; tail large, full, carried upright; the full, flowing tail
and long, well curved sickles are characteristics of the birds most
thought of. The wing is long, well folded, and tightly carried.
Hackle and saddle feathers long and abundant, and flowing
well over the shoulder and saddle. The legs are bright yellow
and free from feathers; toes also yellow,-but a dark shade is
allowable. The head is the prettiest portion of the bird, being
short and deep; yellow beak, full, bright red eyes, and bright red
face. The comb is single, of medium size, perfectly straight and
upright upon the head, free from side sprigs, deeply serrated with five or six points, and bright red. The
_ comb should extend well back over the head, with no tendency to follow the shape of the neck. Ear
lobes are white or creamy white.
. The Leghorn hen in many respects resembles the cock, except in the carriage of comb and sexual
differences. In Shape and carriage the hen is even more graceful and sprightly than the cock, very
close in feather, and rather small in body, though somewhat long in back. Her breast is full, very round,
_and carried high; legs fairly long, and shanks thin; tail carried closely and well up. The general carriage
should be upright. Her comb is the marvel of her beauty; it is single and falls gracefully to one side
but not in a limp manner, or so as to obscure the sight. Figure
18 shows an ideal comb of Leghorn female. Legs, comb, and face
are the same color as in the male, but the ear lobe is much smaller.
There are six standard
varieties of Leghorns: Black,
Brown, Buff, Dominique, Sil-
ver Duckwing, and. White.
The Black Leghorn is
a popular bird, and a favorite
with those who are partial to
its color of plumage. The
Black Leghorn is mistaken by
many for the Black Minorca,
but it is quite different in ~
‘type. The Minorca is larger
in size, has a longer body,
“larger comb, and dark slate or
nearly black-shanks and toes.
The plumage of the Black
. Leghorn is a rich, glossy black
s
Figure is. Figure 19.
Head of Single Comb Brown Leghorn Hen. © Head of Single Comb Brown Leghorn Cock,
or throughout. Comb, face and wattles bright red; ear lobes white; and shank yellow, or yellowish black,
192 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. po
The Brown Leghorns (Figure 20) are one of the prettiest, as well as the most commonly bred, of
the Leghorn varieties. They are the most difficult of all to breed to feather.
They have merited the confidence of poultry lovers for a long time and their hardy constitutions ~
have thwarted rough usage and promiscuous interbreeding to efface their characteristics. They are a
fixed breed and their merits are noticeable from the newly hatched chick to the oldest specimen; they
xre stamped with the indelible mark of royalty only to be found in a thoroughbred.
In mating Brown Leghorns opposites must be considered.
Should the male be fine in all pots except comb or leg, select
females strong in this point to mate with him. The most suc-
cessful breeders use a double mating, one pen to produce
types of females. The same male often will breed the finest
of both exhibition cockerels and pullets, but it is a rare case to
have a female breed both sexes of a remarkable quality.
When two pens are used, at the head of the pen mated
to produce the cockerels place a fully developed cock with no
serious fault, standard color, especially strong in comb, lobe,
hens of a shade darker than standard, standing combs; a trifle
brick color on wings is no objection, as it will give a brighter
color on wing bows of the cockerels. Shafting on the back will
also help the black strpe in the saddles. The pullets raised
Figure 20. : : P tye : ;
iio (Cat eat Seenord. Gock, from this pen will be too dark for exhibition, but they willbea
great help for breeding cockerels the next season. The male at
the head of the pen mated to produce the pullets should be from a pullet strain, and bred directly from
an exhibition hen. His color should be a trifle light; comb 2
large, but evenly serrated, if thin:near the top, all the better;
hackle well striped (see Figure 21), but none in saddle; under
color of saddle or hackle may be light gray or white; wing bows
should show more purple than red, as too much red shows signs
of being bred from a bricky hen. To him mate exhibition
females having light brown, penciled with darker brown on
back and wings, all one shade, free from shafting on back and
brick color on wings. These hens should have a large comb,
lying over, but firm and strong on the head, so it does not lie
close to the eye and face. The cockerels raised from this mating
are the birds to use for breeding females the next year. By :
breeding Brown Leghorns in this manner we have two distinct 4,
lines of blood, and they should never be crossed. t
The Buff Leghorn (Figure 22) is the most recent acquisi- %
tion to the Mediterranean class. It is a beautiful bird and one i
that will win its way wherever bred. Buff colored birds have
many admirers, and those who have bred them are pronounced ie ee
in their praise of their qualities. Besides having the general Figure 21, Feathers or Brown Leghorns.
characteristics of the Leghorn type, the Buff Leghorn cock has
rich buff colored hackle and saddle, in shade from lemon to cinnamon, but of even, solid color, in®
keeping with the rest of the plumage; the back and the wing bow exactly match the plumage; tail
of the same general tint, but richer, deeper buff is preferable; the standard given for tail is a rich, deep
buff of copperish bronze. The remainder of the plumage is of slightly lighter shade, but even in
color throughout, with no semhlance of a patchy or mottled plumage. White and black feathers in
exhibition birds of each sex. Fine birds, both cockerels and —
pullets, can be bred from the same pen by using slightly different
hackle, and saddle, a dark undercolor preferred. To him mate —
POULTRY RAISING ON THE as 193
: a are pean. solid white or solid Slade beri aes will disqualify the bird. The hen is of
_ the same color as the cock. - >
: Dominique Leghorns are not so generally known. Their color is much like that of the American
- Dominique and Barred Plymouth Rock, and is what is known as Cucko by English breeders. The
body color is grayish white, each feather regularly crossed with parallel bars of blue black, producing the
effect of a bluish tinged plumage. This color is the same throughout. The ground color of each
oe is a clear, light bluish gray. The shanks and toes are bright yellow and éyes bright red.
ud Silver Duckwing Leghorns are not generally bred in this
country, though they are frequently seen in the show rooms. They
are considered as profitable as any of the older Leghorn varieties, and
in point of beauty they are interesting and fascinating. They take
the name Duckwing from the similarity of the steel blue wing bar
to that of the Mallard or wild duck, the name being first given toa
_ variety of games—the Silver Duckwing Game. The hackle and saddle
feathers of a Silver Duckwing Leghorn cock are pure silvery white,
‘ without the slightest straw or creamy tinge, with a narrow black
stripe along the center of the lower hackle feathers. Back, saddle,
wing bow and wing bay, pure white; breast, under parts, wing bar,
and tail, dense, lustrous black. The Silver Duckwing Leghorn hen has
a silvery gray hackle, with a narrow black stripe through the center
of .each feather. The breast is light salmon, shading off to gray
“Figure 22. Leghorn Cockerel. toward the sides. The body color, when viewed at a short distance,
: should appear gray, with a faint bluish tint all over. A tendency
aa #0 Siday gray, ities in ground color or penciling, is objectionable. The tail is black or dark brown,
S except the two upper feathers, which are light gray. The penciling or marking is irregular or wavy.
_. The White Leghorn, like the Brown, is one of the most generally bred of the Leghorn varieties.
: aii is, No doubt, the most advantageous to breed for uprea and the easie ae to raise on the farm. Being
Their Penne i is pure white throughout, and feathers other
hie white will disqualify them. It has been a matter of much
speculation as to which variety of Leghorn is most prolific in egg
* production. This is a difficult question to adjust properly to the
satisfaction of the specialty breeders, but from a conservative
standpoint it is generally considered that the Whites have slightly
the advantage over the others. Phenomenal individual egg records
_ have been made by almost all varieties, but the above opinion is
advanced from the general results obtained from various sources.
_ There are subvarieties both in Brown and White Leghorns
—the Rose Comb Brown and the Rose Comb White. The only
. distinguishing difference between the last named and the other
7 varieties is the comb. The Rose Comb White and Rose Comb —
Brown Leghorns have a small rose comb (see Figure 23), square in
_ front, firm and even upon the head, tapering evenly from front to
rear, without inclining to one side, the top comparatively flat and
_ covered with small points, or corrugations, terminating in a well
ee spike in the tear. There is no standard weight given __ ae
in _ Figure 23. Rose Comb White Leghorn
_in Leghorns. Cockerel.
The Minorcas belong to the Mediterranean
Minorcas. class, and they are placed next to the Leghorn in laying qualities. They are
in appearance very similar to the Leghorns. Their general outline is, in fact,
fies of the latter, but of more length of body and heavier in mold, Indeed, they are the only
variety of.the Mediterranean class that has a given weight which approaches that of the Wyandotte,
7 oe
4
:
Oe
tee Soe el
|
194
Re being only 4 pound lighter. The origin of the Whence Ake that of so
=, profitable poultry, is much in doubt. Same are of the opinion that they originally cam
. one ~ the Balearic — in the Mediterranean Sea, while others contend ao they are as V
.Their chief advantage is peas egg production. They are nonsitters aa year eroune ieee l
layers they are exceptionally good, when kept under fairly favorable circumstances. ¥
Leghorns surpass them in the number of eggs laid, the Minorcas’ eggs are larger and equal th
bulk. Their eggs are white and average eight to the pound. They lay from twelve to fi
a year. Being of an active, restless disposition, they keep in splendid condition and -
foragers. For suburban poultry keeping they are very practical birds, and net good res
keeper. They are hardy, easily raised, and mature quickly.
The Minorca fowl is large in outline, good body; stands well upon its legs, ae a 5
and a long, flat back, with tail carried upright. Many breeders dispute as to the carriage
The standard says upright, while the preference is almost universally expressed by breed
should be carried well back. The upright position gives the tail the Leghorn type (see
while the typical Minorca differs somewhat from it, being more horizontal, as shown in Fig
body of the Minorca male is long, square in front, tapering from front to rear.
the body of the male is at an angle of nearly 45 degrees. Thighs are stout;
length, stout in bone, and in color dark slate or nearly black; comb single, ee perfectly
and upright, evenly serrated, and extending well over back of head.
The comb of the Minorca is larger and more bulky than that of the -
Leghorn. Wattles are thin and pendulous, corresponding with size |
: of comb; ear lobes pure white. The female is in body of ‘the:
af same general appearance as the male—rather long, broad and deep.
Her comb is single, large and drooping to one side; like comb of
male, her comb is perceptibly larger than that of the Leghorn
female. Black Minorcas are in plumage a rich, glossy black
throughout, and gray tips are considered serious defects. The ©
White Minorca is as popular as the Black, and takes the same —
position as does the White Leghorn in itsclass. The standard
qualifications are equal for the two except in color, and that must
be pure white throughout; feathers other than white disqualifying.
The other qualities are equal as to profitableness between the two ~ De Sor
varieties. The comb, face and wattles are bright red, free from Fisure 24, Black Minorca
white in face. Eyes are dark hazel or red. ; :
ae
to the breed is the Rose Comb Black Minorca. The only objection that has ever been raised
the varieties of the Mediterranean class is their susceptibility to frost bite of the comb. Re
bird that possesses the other qualifications and with ow rose comb, There are two standard
of Minorcas—the Black and the White.. The Rose Comb Black Minorca is not recognized as
ard variety as yet, but indications point to its admission as such in the near future. ‘Many good
mens have been bred and exhibited at the recent shows; and success in making ons Mees seems as
so large as in single comb varieties; ear lobes, pure white, large, Grooth and peed err tie
of female is similar to, that of the male, per aes in size; face, red; comb, small an. even on th
ae “POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. ae 108
= ‘The standard ie a the Wee. cock is 8 pounds; hen, 614 ponds, cockerel, 6144 pounds;
1 pullet, 5 a) pounds.
The Andalusian (Figure 25) is one of the prettiest of the feathered race, being
“ gnd it is the only variety of its breed. It is not so popular in this country as
prefer these qualities in a bird, and with them it is very
popular. The hens are nonsitters and splendid layers of large
white eggs, equaling in size those of the Minorcas. Specimens
of their eggs have been in competition and won the award for
merit in size and weight. The chicks are hardy, mature early,
and the pullets begin laying when five or six months old.
For farm purposes they rank with the Leghorn and
the Minorca, the preference being only in the color of their
plumage. For fancy purposes they are an ideal bird on
account of their beauty. Their general characteristics are
those of the Leghorn. The hackle and saddle feathers are
dark blue, approaching black; breast, a lighter shade of blue,
each feather having a well defined lacing of a darker shade;
body and fluff, similar in color to breast, but somewhat darker;
primaries, light blue; secondaries and wing coverts, dark blue;
ae pone ae wing bows, darker blue, approaching black; tail and sickle
‘ feathers,dark blue , approaching black; shanks and toes, slaty blue.
No standard weight is given for Andalusians; their average size is that of the Leghorn.
The Black Spanish fowls (Figure 26) constitute one of the oldest varieties of
“Black Spanish. domestic poultry. Their name has been indentified with the industry for hundreds
of years, and th@ir practical worth on the farm has Hoge been recognized. Their
one bearing, large red comb and wattles, and the white face
1d lobes péculiar to the breed, contrasting with their glossy .
ack plumage, render them striking birds.
White Faced Black Spanish have long been favorably
ioacter for their exceptional laying qualities. The oldest of the
Oa varieties, eo still maintain an bee record.
a hens begin ae ee hah. Biter molting. but ae for
any loss in number by the increased size of the eggs. Hens and
yullets alike are well above the average for winter laying. Their
s are ee and white and of good flavor. The white face is a
. ae the Basle of the head and to the base of the beak, ee
the cheeks and joining the wattles at ear lobes; the greater the Figure 26.
depth of surface the better. It should be pure white in color. The een. ewe
color of plumage throughout is rich, glossy black, and any gray is considered a serious defect. Shanks
_ and toes are blue, or dark leaden blue. Comb is single and bright red in color; wattles, bright red,
xcept the inside of the upper part, which is white; ear lobes, pure white.
No standard weight is given for Black Spanish; they equal in size the Leghorns and Andalusians.
DER One of the oldest Varieties of poultry is the Polish (Figure 27), its ancestors
White Crested being traced as far back as the Sixteenth Century. Among the varieties men-
_ Mention in history is also made of the Frizzled fowl, the Persian fowl, the
stich fowl, and the Crested fowl. The latter is described as being a fowl with a lark’s crest. Another
adetieians: of a beautiful light and dark blue plumage. It is called the Blue Andalusian >
shouldbe, owing to the sentiment against white skin and blueshanks. English and French poultrymen
_ Black Polish. tioned in those early days was the Woolly fowl, similar to the Silky fowl of today.’
Se a ae! wee Bees ee
eee ee ee ee, ate
i ie
ae x
a Ae
fo fe to ardtes a fue: :
PRI Te Gh yee ye Sam Gee ye Se le, 2 ee
%
196 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
variety is known as the Patavinian fowl, which is believed to be the progenitor of the Polish.variety.
The cock is described as exceedingly beautiful, being richly decorated with five colors, black, white,
green, red, and ocher; the body is black, the neck covered with
white feathers, and the wings and back partly black, and partly
green; the tail is the same, but the TOQgs of the feathers are
whitish, and some of the flight feathers are also white. :
small, the bill and feet yellow, and the head is adorned with a
beautiful crest. In the hen there is no white except the white
pellicle at the opening of the ears.” She is altogether of a greenish
black color, with yellow feet and a very small comb, slightly
tinged with red. . .
The. general characteristics of the Polish are those of
medium sized fowls, slightly larger than the~Hamburgs; a full,
Be 2 sae enon ana Ronee: round breast, carried well forward; the neck of the cock carried
back and beautifully arched; a perfectly straight back, broad at the
shoulders and narrowing rapidly to the tail; large and closely folded wings; a large, well expanded, upright —
tail, and in the cock furnished with an abundance of tail coverts and sickle feathers; shanks of a bluish © ;
color, in all varieties but the White Crested Black, in which they are of dark slate or nearly black; and,
above all, a large crest and leaf comb. The crest of the cock is composed of narrow feathers, something
like those which form the hackle of the neck and saddle. They should rise well in front, so as not to
obstruct the sight, and fall over to the back and sides in a flowing, even mass. If they fall forward, as
is sometimes the case, they both obstruct the sight and are liable to get wet when the bird drinks. Such ~
a crest, also, is hollow in the center and loses much of its beauty. The crest of the hen is formed of
feathers growing upward and turning in at the extremities, and should be large and globular in form and
compact in character, with no sign of parting. The larger the crest the better, provided it is of good
shape; but a close, compact, well formed crest is to be preferred to one that is larger, but of loose texture
The eyes are surrounded with red circles, the comb is very
and falling in all directions. The comb is peculiar, and belongs to the class of combs which have a
fancied resemblance to a leaf, and are designated leaf combs. “It is better described, however, as two
fleshy horns diverting like the letter V, the upper extremities retreating into the crest. The smaller the -
comb the better, and if wholly wanting, except when removed by design or accident, it is not regarded
as a disqualification.
Polish chickens are bred extensively in this country and by
some are considered practical for general purposes, but, while some
breeders may secure good results, the Polish is not to be fully recom-
mended as a general purpose fowl. They are considered more as
fancy birds, and are generally bred for pleasure and the show room.
Their large crest is against them, hindering their vision and causing
them to become listless, inactive, and suspicious. Extra care must
be given to be fairly successful in raising them, and their houses and
coops must be kept absolutely dry—the least water in their crest is
likely to prove fatal to them. They are fairly good layers of medium
sized eggs, and are nonsitters. For table purposes they are considered
good, their flesh being fine grained, tender, and sweet.
Of the varieties of Polish, the White Crested Black is the most Figure 28.
popular. Thecolor of their plumage is a rich, glossy black through- Bearded Silver Polish Hen,
out, with the exception of the crest, which is pure white. The shanks
and toes are black, or dark slate; comb and wattles are bright red and ear lobes are white.
The Golden and Silver varieties are beautifully marked in plumage. In the Golden the feathers
are marked with rich golden bay and spangled or laced with black. The feathers of the Silver are
Pewee Sl Ue) ee IG
2Y RAISING ON THE FARM. 7 197
31 - white, instead a ores ane bay, and spangled or laced with black. The illustration
oe shows the pemeral markings of the feathers. The White Polish is pure white throughout
the plumage.
ap There are two distinct subbreeds of Polish, the Plain
and the Bearded. The latter has a thick, full beard, running
back of the eye in a handsome curve, and in color corre-
sponding with the balance of the plumage. The egg varieties
of Polish are: White Crested Black, Golden, Silver, White,
Bearded Golden, Bearded Silver, Bearded es and Buff
Laced.
No standard weight is given for Polish ; they are of
medium size, about that of the Leghorns.
Hamburgs (Figures 29 and 30) are in
Hamburgs. the front ranks of egg producers and
: - are in general appearance much like
Leghorns. There are six varieties of Hamburgs: the Golden
Spangled, Silver Spangled, Golden Penciled, Silver Penciled,
9. Pair of Silver Spangled Hamburgs. Black, and White. They are all very pretty birds and seldom
f fail to prove attractive and profitable to the average breeder
and fancier. Hamburgs are economical fowls to keep; besides
1 sieht eaters Bnd oreat foragers, they are prolific layers and nonsitters. The only thing against
em is the smallness of their eggs. They lay a pretty, white shelled egg, but smaller in: size than
se of the Leghorn. There are some which lay larger eggs than others, and by careful selection from
r to year of the birds which lay the largest eggs this defect may be remedied and the size of the eggs
roved.
The Silver Spanpiedt Hamburg is perhaps the most beautiful as well as the most popular variety
Hamburgs. Its proud carriage, royal decoration and graceful, symmetrical form command atten-
whenever seen. Breeders of Hamburgs usually adopt the following as a standard for the breed:
eee at front, ee need into a long spike, full of points, by no means plain, a and
showing the spangle; the bars of the wing regular and bold;
back and saddle, rune ae ; bow well marked (by no
Spangied: Color, very black el rich ground; heccnek ce
1; the neck and saddle nicely striped; bow of wing ee
_Hens—Silver Spangled: The white, clear oH ae
Figure 30. Black Hamburg Hen.
as s the case may r be. White and Black Hamburgs are ia white or agi black in plumage,
sn hen ell a
-
Oe” ee Cee Te ee we ee en nS ee ee we ey ae
‘ : re ‘ . .
This variety Ceaeiens 31) is the largest of ewe Hanae group ites ze equi
Redcaps. that of the Minorca. Redcaps are an old breed, mention of them being
by some of the old authors. They are not so popular as the
is square and even it makes a miserable sight. —
Redcaps are hardy and mature early, and, li
burgs, are excellent layers. For market purposes
good, the size and quality of flesh being recommendatic
popular favor. They are reputed to be nonsitters, th
occasionally they are known to sit and hatch broods. ‘
be firm and even upon the head, without ee
side, the top covered with small points, or corrugati
minating at the rear in a well developed, straight
bright red in color. Wattles and ear lobes are also
the ook is red and black, nee cone Sanne “ack
shanks are slate colored. —
Figure 31. Head of Redcap Cock. 614 pounds; cockerels, 6 pounds; and pullets, 5 pounds,
Campines belong to the Hamburg group. They are an old variety put lee ms
Campines. only recently been admitted to the standard. The first mention of them was ~
made in 1828, whenthey were referred to as a small variety of fowls im 10 ms
from Holland, called Everyday Hens, or Everlasting Layers. This name is still applied to th
their native soil. Campines are rated as extraordinary layers in Holland, their native counti
laying breeds cannot be satisfactorily estimated. However, those who keep them spea
of their laying qualities.
They much resemble the Hamburgs, so much so that
many think they are the same breed of birds. They differ,
however, from the Hamburgs in the comb, having a single
comb, while the comb of the Hamburg is rose. There are two
varieties of Campines, the Golden and the Silver. The color
of the Golden is a rich golden bay in the neck plumage.and a
darker yellow for the body color. The Silver Campines are
silvery white and black throughout their plumage. The shanks
and toes of both varieties are dark blue in color; wattles,
bright red; and ear lobes, white or bluish white.
No standard weight is given for Campines; they equal
the Hamburgs in size.
rf The three varieties of poultry in the
Houdans. French class are the Houdans, Creve-
coeurs and La Fleches. Of these the
Houdans (Figure 32) are considered to be the most popular and Figure 32. Pair Pe Houdans,
profitable, being bred to a great extent throughout the entire dea:
country. They are hardy and prolific layers of large, white eggs. ‘For table purposes _ they
among the best fowls. They have small bones ey the flesh is tender and delicious. ‘ he 2c
POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. 199 a
| : i.
sprightly and active and feather rapidly. They are nonsitters and light feeders; like the Leghorns,
they may be fed at small cost as compared with some of the larger breeds. They are of medium size
and of a model white plumage, black and white intermixed, the black slightly predominating; wing
a - bars and secondaries, black; primaries, black and white intermixed. Houdans are a crested
_ variety, having a leaf comb shaped somewhat like the letter V, which rests against the crest; crest of
cock is large, well fitted upon the crown of the head, falling backward upon the neck, and com-
: posed of feathers similar in shape and texture to those of the hackle.- The crest of the female is
large, compact and regular, inclining backward in an unbroken mass., A peculiarity of the breed is
their having five toes, like the Dorkings; shanks and toes are of a pinkish white color.
The standard weight of cocks is 7 pounds; hens, 6 pounds; cockerels, 6 pounds; and pullets, 5 pounds.
Bye oe eta See ee
2
<
4
: This variety is not so generally known in this country as the Houdans, but in
; Crevecoeurs. France, their native country, they are bred extensively for market purposes.
They are considered of superior quality for the table, their flesh being white
and delicately flavored. They are of gentle disposition and do well in confinement. They have weak
onstitutions and require extra care and attention. As layers they are only fair, and are nonsitters.
They are a crested variety, having comb and crest similar to the Houdans, and in plumage < are a
rich, greenish black throughout. :
_ Thestandard weight of cocks is 8 pounds; hens, 7 pounds; cockerels, 7 pounds; and pullets, 6 pounds.
La Fleche fowls differ in character from the other two breeds of French poultry
La Fleches. mentioned. Houdans and Crevecoeurs are more compactly built than La Fleches,
the latter being tall and rather gaunt looking, and in style and character
ae the preponderance of Spanish blood. Their plumage is a rich, leey black throughout. The
comb is peculiar to itself, being leaf, of moderate size, branching and antler like, somewhat like two
_ horas pointing upward. The birds are of extremely delicate constitution, ‘and difficult to raise. The
flesh is more delicate and juicy than any variety except the Game. It is a moderate layer of very
. large, white eggs, but by no means so good as the Spanish in this respect. As a table fowl it claims
in ar i al wp yh hy ie Pes ed Sie
: The standard weight of cocks is 814 pounds; hens, 714 pounds; cockerels, 714 pounds; and
pullets, 6% pounds.
m4 i | This English fowl may be considered an
Dorkings. . ideal bird for general purposes. It is \
hardy and can stand almost any amount
of cold weather, provided the ground is not damp. This is
proved. by the fact that it does well in the southern part of
scotland and in the extreme north of Ireland, among the Cum-
berland Hills, and the other places equally cold and exposed.
It should be remembered by those who contemplate raising this
kind that the soil must not be damp if success is expected.
The Dorking (Figure 33) is one of the oldest of domestic fowls, if
not the oldest. There are no definite records to show when it
A 4 - first lived in England, or whence it came, but the supposition is
Figure 33. Silver Gray Dorking Cock. that it was carried to England by the Romans, who evidently
possessed chickens of similar characteristics.
%
.
The chief distinctive mark of the breed is the presence of a fifth or supernumerary toe, q
f'
Rimes seep ee
or. See ee a
springing behind a little above the foot and below the spur. It has been sought by various writers to
deprive Dorking of the honor of being the original and principal rearing place of this justly celebrated
variety; and it is asserted that the true Dorking fowls are,raised at Horsham, Cockfield, and other
places in the Weld of Syria, and that the ancient and superior white fowls from Dorking are a
degenerated race compared with the improved Sussex breed. The feature in which this bird —
is most popular is its table qualities.- The flesh is white and very delicate in texture. It is
imed by many to equal if not excel the French varieties. The broad, deep and projecting breast
4 ene
200 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
of the Dorking admirably fits it for table purposes, and in this respect it is conceded by some to
rival the Indian Game. As layers the Dorkings are good, and are careful sitters and attentive
mothers. They are profitable and splendid fowls for the farm.
There are three varieties of Dorkings—the White, Silver Gray, and Colored. The White Dorking
is really the purest blooded of the three, as for years this was the only variety which produced invariably
the fifth toe, although the Colored and Silver Gray varieties seldom fail to breed this peculiarity. In
color the White Dorking is a clear, unblemished, glossy white. The comb and wattles are a bright scarred
red; the legs are either white or of a delicate flesh color. \
Silver Gray Dorkings are beautiful in plumage. The head of the cock is silvery white; hackle,
silvery white, as free from stripes as possible; comb, face, ear lobes and wattles, bright red; beak,
horn color or white; eyes, orange. Breast, thigh and other parts, black; back, shoulder coverts, saddle
and wing bow, pure silvery white; coverts, greenish black; primaries, black, edged with white; second-
aries, part of outer web forming a wing bay, white; remainder of feathers forming wing butt, black;
tail, greenish, glossy black; legs, feet and toe nails, white. The eye, beak, comb, face, wattles, legs,
feet and toe nails of the hen are the same as in the cock; head, silvery white, with slight gray markings;
hackle, silvery white, clearly striped with black; breast, rich robin red or salmon red, shaded off to gray
i
in the lower parts; back, shoulder coverts, saddle, wing bow and wing coverts, bright silver gray, with ~~
minute pencilings of darker gray on each feather; the shafts of the feathers, white; primaries, gray or
black; secondaries, gray; tail, gray, of a darker shade than body; quill feathers, black.
Colored Dorkings differ from the others only in color, the general color of the male being black
and straw color, while the female is marked with black and mixed gray, with breast of dark salmon,
edged with black. The combs of the Dorkings differ in the three varieties; the Whites have rose combs,
Silver Grays have single combs, and Colored Dorkings may have either single or rose combs, but single
are preferred. paige
The standard weights of Dorkings differ. The weights for Whites are: Cocks, 714 pounds; hens,
6 pounds; cockerels, 6144 pounds; and pullets, 5pounds. Silver Grays: Cocks, 8 pounds; hens, 6144 pounds;
cockerels, 7 pounds; and pullets, 54% pounds. - Colored: Cocks, 9 pounds; hens, 7 pounds; cockerels,
i FS
8 pounds; and pullets, 6 pounds. . se
" The Game fowl is one of the most interesting varieties of domestic poultry.
Pit Games. Its origin and history are seemingly linked with all topics concerning poultry
and its origin, and even to this day the Game class is looked upon differently
from all others. There are two divisions, Pit Games and Exhibition Games, and perhaps three, which
are as wholly different in character as though of distinct variety. The Pit Game is not reckoned in the
standard varieties of poultry, yet for practical and profitable poultry keeping it surpasses the more pre-
tentious Exhibition Game. The type of the Pit Game is as distinct, thorough, and characteristic as
any of the standard games, differing in pluming and feather markings. Color is not considered in breed-
ing Pits; it is muscle, bone, and strength that are sought after, bred for, and that distinguish it from
its relative, Exhibition Game. Note the contrast between the two types: The Pit is short, stout, and
stocky, with abundant tail feathering; while the Exhibition Game is long, lanky, close feathered through-
out, and spare in tail feathering.
For the farm and general purposes the Pit Game has always been considered a practical and
profitable fowl. It is hardy, matures early, is a good layer, and fine for table purposes. Its flesh is con-
sidered of exceptional value for eating, being fine grained, tender, and sweet. The hens are splendid
sitters and careful mothers. ;
For a long time Exhibition Games have been favorites in this country. By
Exhibition Games. careful selection in» breeding for many generations they have been brought to
a high state of perfection. The beauty of an Exhibition Game is much praised
in this and other countries and the pens are always filled at the shows. They are sought after and courted
by fanciers, and as ornamental fowls they have few equals in the number of their admirers. The practical
oa Ae
4
quality of the Exhibition Game has never been demonstrated with accuracy, their tall figure standing ~ .
oo POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. 201
in the way of popularity and general usefulness. It should not be understood that they are unprofitable
to keep, but rather not a fowl for farm purposes. They are usually splendid layers and excellent table
fowls, their. meat being fine grained, tender, and juicy. They are splendid sitters and mothers. Their
tall, commanding, and striking figures are decided contrasts to those of other poultry, and afford a
- diversion to admirers of fine poultry. The varieties of Exhibition Games are: Black Breasted Red,
Brown Red, Golden and Silver Duckwing, Red Pyles, White, Black, Birchen, Cornish and White Indian,
; ey, and Black Sumatra.
Ny
The history of the Black Breasted Red Game dates from the most remote
Black Breasted times. They always breed uniformly and invariably alike in color, this
Red Games. uniformity being also observed in the Bantams of the same name. The
color of the Red Game Cock is a bright orange; the head, hackle, and saddle
bets a light red; the breast, body, and stern are black; the shoulders, with the exception of the
- shoulder coverts, are red; wing bow, red; coverts, black; tail feathers, sickles, and tail coverts, lustrous
black; eyes, black; shanks and feet, alllons The hen is brown; head and hackles, light golden, the
hackle feathers being striped with black down the center; the feathers of the body, penciled with black;
- tail, black or dark brown, the upper feathers being penciled with
light brown.
The head of the cock is long, and the neck slim and
‘snaky: breast, broad; great breadth across the shoulders; back,
: straight and sloping to the tail; body, hard and compact; wings,
- short; tail, small and closely folded, with few sickles and fine,
_ narrow hangers; thighs, long and well developed; shanks, long,
stout and smooth; toes, long and straight. The hen is about
_ the same shape as the cock, and the carriage of both is bold and
upright. The Black Breasted Red Game is an excellent table
fowl and a moderate layer of medium sized eggs of rich flavor.
The chicks require much care, as their constitutions are weak-
ened from too close breeding for ordinary purposes.
Bs The Brown Red Game differs from the
Brown Red Black Breasted Red Game in the color
ie Games. of the head. The face is dark purple;
beak, dark brown or black; wattles,
comb, and ear lobes, black or dark purple; head of cock,
orange; hackle, lemon colored, with a black down the center of each feather; back, lemon;
saddle, lemon colored, striped like hackle; breast, black, laced with lemon; shoulders, black; shoulder
coverts, lemon; wing bows, lemon, and coverts glossy black; tail, lustrous black; shanks and feet, dark
oe nearly black.
Figure 34. Silver Duckwing Game Ceckerel.
_ The Golden and Silver Duckwing Games are similar in markings, the only
Golden and Silver difference being that the Silver Duckwing cock (Figure 34) is white where the
‘Duckwing Games. Golden Duckwing is golden or straw colored. In both varieties the face, comb,
wattles, and ear lobes are red;“*the beak, brown; breast, tail, and thighs, black;
shanks and feet, yellow. In the Golden the head of the cock is straw colored; back, golden; wing bow,
golden; the wing coverts forming a distinct black bar across the wing. aes points are white in the
Silver Duckwing.
_ The plumage of the head and the ieee of the Red Pyle Game cock (Figure 35)
Red Pyle Games. varies from bright orange to chestnut; back, crimson; breast, white, laced with
chestnut ; body, white; wings, crimson, transversed with a white bar; tail and
“tail coverts, white; the head of the hen is chee hackle, white, edged with yellow; back, white;
_ yellow or willow. Red Pyles are similar in markings to the Black Breasted Reds, white being substituted
for black (Figure 39).
eee he ; :
breast, salmon; wings, white or chestnut tinged; tail, white; shanks and feet of both cock and hen are |
‘202 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
These two varieties differ only in color from the others of their breed. The
White and plumage of the White Game is a pure, spotless white; beak, shanks, and feet,
Black Games. yellow; comb, wattles, and ear lobes, red. The Black Game is a lustrous black
in plumage; beak, shanks, and feet, black; comb, wattles, and ear lobes, deep red.
Birchen Games are silvery white and
Birchen Games. black; head, hackle, back, and saddle of
cock are silvery white, with a narrow cas a
black stripe in the center of each hackle and saddle feather:
black breast, each feather laced with silvery white; wing
coverts, glossy black; tail and thighs, black; shanks and feet,
dark willow or black; comb, wattles, and ear lobes, dark purple
or black. The hen is black, except the hackle, which is silvery
white, with a dark stripe down the center of each feather.
The Indian Game (Figures 36 and 37)
Cornish and has many fine qualities to recommend it
White In- to the breeder, and for many years
dian Games. past has been one of the most popular
ot fowls. In plumage the male is green
black without penciling; the wings, chestnut, with bay and
metallic black wing bar; the feathers of the neck hackle are
short and hard, green black, with delicate crimson brown shafts..
The plumage of the hen is very difficult to obtain by breeding,
and should be a combination of nut brown and green black
Figure 35. Red Pyle Game Cock.
throughout, green predominating. Along the breast bone of both male and female the feathers —
part and allow the skin to show just at or above the upper point of the keel bone. This is a distinctive
feature of the breed and shows from the time the chicks shed the down. The breast is very wide, round,
and prominent, and should always be oval and full in contour; the thighs are well rounded, nicely tapering, —
and thick and meaty next to the body; shanks, very stout, well scaled, and deep orange in color; back
toe should be almost flat on the ground; tail, close and hard, carried well out, and sickles rather short; —
wings, tightly folded, the ends of the secondaries rounding off abruptly and resting close agamst the
tail or just above it; eye, yellow, approaching gray; beak, yellow, or striped with horn color. The
Indian Game is a beautiful bird, and its every movement bespeaks its high breeding. Ne
! The Malays (Figure 38) are supposed to —
Malay Games. _ be one of the parent stock of the Black —
Javas. They have never been popular
in this country and are bred for exhibition only, not possessing —
qualification for practical purposes. They are of medium size,
and in carriage are particularly upright and powerful looking,
the back standing always at an angle of 45 degrees. Their
plumage is very close, and red or maroon or black. The body
tapers from the broad shoulders to the tail, which droops almost
giving the bird a cruel and fierce expression; the neck is long
and scanty of hackle; the skin of the throat is a bright red-and
= i id I ae
SAK the scantiness of the plumage causes the red to show distinctly.
Figure 36. Pair of White Indian Games.
are slight in development; the shanks and toes are bright yellow.
The Malays are large and hardy, and are used for crossing with other breeds to infuse vigor and size.
In disposition they are reputed to be very savage, and in battle often literally tear their deen = ae
to pieces.
in a straight line with the back. The thighs are long and pow- —
erful. The striking feature of the Malay is the head. It islong
and snaky, the brows over the eyes heavy and projecting,
This is a characteristic of the breed. The wattles and ear lobes —
~
+. POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. | 203
igi ees i: Although a beautiful bird and possessing many fine points worthy the consider-
Black Sumatra ation of the fancier and breeder, the Black Sumatra Game is little known.
Games. zit is gentle of disposition and attentive to its young. There is considerable
‘comment against the Sumatras on account of their long flowing tail and apparent
“Jack of pit qualities ; but as to this those who have witnessed their defense of their mates and young
differ. They may be slow in opening a conflict, but when
occasion demands no bird can show a greater amount of staying
powers than the Sumatra. In plumage they are a rich,
lustrous black throughout. The tail is long and drooping, with
an abundance of long, flowing sickle feathers and coverts. This
is a point which severs all connection with the Pit Game and
places them in the front rank of ornamental breeds.
\ Game Bantams are diminutive repre-
Game Bantams. sentatives of the Exhibition Game.
The- color of plumage, markings, and
shape most correspond with these features in the Game which
bears its name, the diminutive size being the only distinguishing
feature between the two. Thecocks average 22 ounces in weight,
the hens 20 ounces. The Malay Bantams average 2 ounces heavier.
Bantams are purely ornamental poultry
Sebright and are kept for pleasure exclusively,
Bantams. though some contend they are profitable
Figure 37. Cornish Indian Game Hen. for eggs and table. This is hardly
. reasonable to suppose, as their diminutive size and small eggs
peouid hardly pay for their keep other than for fancy purposes. The Golden and Silver Sebright
Bantams were originated in the early part of the present century by crossing a common BES with a
‘Polish fowl. and breeding the cross to a hen feathered Bantam. ~*
‘After many years of successful breeding beautiful birds have r
: been produced which breed true to type.
Tae The plumage of the bird is a rich, golden yellow in the
- Golden variety, and silvery white in the Silver variety. The
_ feathers of each variety are distinctly laced with a narrow edging
ee Se black. The head is small and surmounted with a bright red
a rose comb; the neck is well arched and hen feathered; the back
is short and free from saddle feathers; the breast is round and
full and the body compact; the wings are large and carried so
‘low as almost to cover the hocks; the thighs are short, and the
= _ shanks and toes slate colored. The cock weighs from 24 to 26
_. ounces, the hen about 20 ounces.
Rose Comb Bantams are a miniature
Race Comb of Hamburgs. There are two varieties:
Bantams. the Black and the White. The cocks
. have a small, round head; a short and
slightly curved beak; large, prominent, bright eyes; rose comb,
- square in front, fitting firmly on the head, evenly corrugated
on the upper surface and ending in a spike with a slight upward ;
curve; flat, closely fitting ear lobes; broad, thin, smooth and Figure 38. Malay Game Cock.
_ well rounded wattles; neck, small at the head, increasing in
size as it approaches the shoulders, nicely arched, and carried well back; abundant hackle of good
length, sweeping over the shoulders and _tapering toward the tail; long and plentiful saddle feathers;
full, round breast, carried prominently forward, plump, compact and symmetrical body; wings large, the
“Roints ee low, the secondaries slightly expanded; full, expanded tail, carried rather high and furnished
204 POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM.
with long curving sickles and coverts; short, well rownded thighs, and short, clean, tapering shanks.
The head of the hen should be small and neatly rounded; eyes bright and full; comb of the same
character as the cock’s, but smaller and neater; flat, smooth ear lobes; small *wattles; short, tapering
neck, carried well back; short back; full, prominent breast; compact body; ample wings, but not drooping “7
so much as the cock’s; full, expanded, upright tail; short, round thighs, and short, tapering shanks.
The plumage of the Black Rose Comb Bantam is lustrous
black, and of the White, pure, spotless white. The beak of the ye
Black is black or dark horn color; of the White, yellow. The ear Tre
lobes of the Black are pure white; of the White, red. The shanks
of the Black are dark, leaden blue; of the White, yellow. ee
Booted White Bantams are distin- “ Fe.
Booted guished, as. their name implies, by
White Bantams. heavily feathered, or booted, shanks, —
They have small heads and medium —
sized single combs. The hackles are long and partly cover the
shoulders; the wings are large and slightly drooping; the tail is —
upright, with long sickles, and abundant coverts; thighs,
medium in length, and covered with long, stiff feathers, or
vulture hocks, which nearly reach the ground, toes and shanks, are
yellow. The plumage is pure white
Cochin Bantams, Buff, Parindaes White,
Cochin Bantams. and Black, are in both color and shape
the same as their large ancestors. They oath
Figure 39. Pair of Red Pyle Games. are the largest of the Bantam class. The cock weighs ane $9
28 ounces, the hen 24 ounces. oe!
Japanese The striking beauty and peculiarly shaped tails of the Black Tailed Japanese: ee
Bantams. Bantams (Figure 40) make them great favorites and place them in the front
rank of the Bantam class. They are white, except the tail and wings. The
tail is black; the sickles black, edged with white. The wings are large
and long, with drooping points; the color of the primaries and
secondaries is dark slate, edged with white. When the wing is
folded it shows only white. The tail is expanded and carried in
an upright position, almost touching the back of the head; sickles
are long and gracefully curved. The shanks are free from feathers
and bright golden in color.
The White and Black Japanese Bantams are the same in size
and shape as the Black Tailed Japanese. The beak, shanks and
toes of the White are yellow, and those of the Black are yellow,
or yellow shaded with black. The color of the White is pure white;
of the Black, a lustrous black.
Polish Bantams are of Raaonican origin,
Polish Bantams. and appeared about 1872 2, produced by an
accidental cross of a White Polish cock and
a.common hen. At first the chicks had small crests and the plumage
was often disfigured by foul feathers, but under careful breeding ‘
the color has been established so that foul feathers no longer appear, Figure 40, Black Tailed: Japanese
and the crests have been nearly doubled-in size. They were Ran tain ne eee
zis ake
admitted to the Standard in 1879-80, and since then they have a
been disseminated throughout the country, although they are as yet comparatively rare in perfection,
The Standard recognizes several varieties of poultry which are purely ornamental —
Ornamental in character and purpose. They cannot, however, be considered as either —
Poultry. prolific for eggs or superior for table purposes. . ‘*
«
=
POULTRY RAISING ON THE FARM. ~ 205 ,
aie The Russian fowl is supposed to have been introduced into this country about
~ Russians. fifty years ago, but the breed finds little if any favor here, and as a result it has
Ss : become run down and scattered promiscuously. In size the birds are medium—
the cocks weighing 814 pounds, the hens 614 pounds. The cock has a well formed head, rather large in
size; stout, curved, black or horn colored beak; rose comb, without spikes; full, heavy beard, which
: oe ~ eurves around to the back of the eyes; medium sized ear lobes; long, pendulous wattles; well arched neck;
- broad back, tapering to the tail; full, round breast; compact, broad body; wings of medium size; strong
thighs; legs of medium length, and dark lead in color; the bottom of the foot is yellow; tail erect uid free
from long sickle feathers. The hen is bearded like the cock; comb similar, but smaller; back of less
width; full breast; tail of medium size, and carried moderately erect; legs same as cock.
Silky fowls are not extensively bred in this country, but in England are very
Silky Fowls. popular. Their soft, webless feathers, when in prime condition, are exceedingly
loose and fluffy, standing out from the body in all directions, giving the fowl
the appearance of a large bird, which their weight does not justify. The cock’s weight is from 21% to 4
pounds, while the weight of the hen is from 2 to 244 pounds. The birds are of rather square, compact Cochin :
build; crested; the cock’s crest running back horizontally,
while the hen’s is globular; five-toed; feather legged; rose comb,
lumpy in appearance and dark purple in color; ear lobes blue
or purple, tinged with white; skin violet, approaching black;
plumage white and downy. Silkies lay a small egg of a pale
' buff color, and lay ten to twenty-five before wanting to sit. ©
They make excellent mothers, and are very valuable to hatch
and rear the tender little ones of the more delicate varieties.
Sultans (Figure 41) were exported from
Sultans. Turkey, into England, about 1854, and
did not reach America till some years
later. They might with propriety be classed with the Polish, considering
the characteristics which they possess. A compact crest surmounts the
~head and they are full bearded. Two small spikes constitute the comb.
The neck atid middie hackles are large, long and flowing. The legs are heavily feathered and booted,
and hocks vultured. They possess a fifth toe. The tail is full and erect, and in the cock it is well
sickled. While their beauty is their chief recommendation, they
lay claim to modest usefulness, but only as layers, being too
small for table fowls. They thrive well on a limited range or in
confinement, and owing to their docility make excellent pets. ‘
Frizzled Fowls are the most grotesque
_ Frizzled Fowls. members of the poultry family. Their
name is applied from the peculiar man-
ner in abich their feathers curve upward and backward at the
ends, as if in defiance of nature’s laws. This curving is most
_ conspicuous in the hackle and saddle feathers. As these birds
vary in color, there is no rule for judging their plumage, except
that it must have the peculiar upward curve; any coloris admis- * _
sible. The combs may be either double or single. Frizzled
Fowls are reported to be hardy, and very early and good layers.
. - Yokohama Fowls (Figure 42) are noted for the
"Yokohama Fowls. great length of the tail and hackle feathers.
Another variety, said to be superior in these
points, is Teatled Phoenix Fowls. The Fung, or Phoenix Fowl, is one of the myths of the Japanese
religion, and is often seen in Japanese pictures. It is thought the Yokohama Fowls are like those in
a the ee hence. the name elocom 1 is applied to the breed. The tails of these fowls average about
‘Figure 41.
‘Sultan .
Cock.
Figure 42.
Yokohama Fowls.
Long Tailed Japanese
Game,
or Phoenix Cock.
FEEDING POULTRY.
In feeding for egg production a valuable lesson may be learned from nature. It will be observed
that our domestic fowls that receive the least care and attention, or, in other words, whose habits approach
most nearly to the natural order of things, lay most of their eggs:in the spring time. The weather then is
warm and they have an abundance of green feed, more or less grain, with numerous insects. supplying
animal matter, and plenty of exercise and fresh air. They are enabled to scratch for the various roots
and herbs (nature’s poultry food) that their systems crave. Therefore, if we are to feed for egg pro-
duction, let us not forget nature’s lesson. Make it spring time all the year around by not only providing
a warm place, but by giving them the proper proportion of grain feed, grain, meat, and some good condi-
mental poultry food containing the necessary correctives that nature found it necessary to provide.
The animal instinct is best. They know by a-sort of sixth sense what they require, and, having the
freedom and an unlimited run, are enabled to get it. When they are shut up and unable’to obtain this,
it is the owner's place to provide it. Farmers who keep only a small flog: of hens, chiefly for the purpose ~
of providing eggs for the family, frequently make the mistake of feeding too much corn. It has been
clearly demonstrated that corn should not form a very large proportion of the grain ration for laying hens.
It is too fattening, especially for hens kept in close confinement. Until the past few years corn has been
considered a universal feed for poultry. This no doubt has been largely brought about by its cheapness,
but the American poultryman has awakened to the fact that it is useful mainly as a fattener, and he
is using the smaller grains with the proper mixture of a good poultry food and meat scraps, and is
feeding his hens on a scientific basis. The small farmer will do well to follow in his tracks.
When comfortable quarters are provided for the fowls, the nutritive ratio for a fowl should be
—~
approximately one part of proteintothree and one-half to four parts of carbohydrates. Wheat is pref-_
erable to corn; oats make an excellent feed, and perhaps come nearer the ideal than any other single
grain, particularly so if the hull be removed. Buckwheat, like wheat, is of too wide a nutritive ratio
to be fed alone, and produces a white flesh anda very light colored yolk if fed in large quantities.
In feeding poultry for egg production, as in feeding a cow for a large yield of milk, the ration should
be made up of various grains, combined with meat scraps and a good condimental poultry food,:
this latter serving to supply palatability and to increase the digestibility of the grain. This invariably
gives much better results than is obtained by feeding with one grain alone. It has been demonstrated
by actual experiments that the fowls not only relish their ration more, but that a much larger percent-
age of the whole ration is digested. And it is a well known fact that feed relished by the fowls gives
a finer flavor to the eggs. -This is in itself a sufficient reason for supplying wholesome feed and palatable
rations to the fowls.
It is conceded by the majority of poultrymen that ground or soft feed should form a part of the
daily ration. From an economical standpoint it is desirable, for the reason that it will be digested
and assimilated quicker than the whole grain. This is especially true if Davis Poultry Food is added —
to the ration. A mixture of equal parts of ground corn and oats, added to an equal weight of wheat
and bran middlings, with one-fourth of the ration made up of meat meal, and a due allowance of
Davis Poultry Food, makes an ideal morning feed if mixed with milk or water, thoroughly wet but not
sloppy. If the mixture is inclined to be sticky, the proportion of bran should’ be increased. A little ©
linseed meal will prove profitable, particularly during the molting period. If meat scraps-or animal
meal are to be fed, either Davis Meat Meal or Davis Meat Scraps should be used. About one pound
of meat meal should be fed to twenty-five hens.
The grain ration for chicks should consist largely in a mixture of seeds, such as Davis Chick Feed, 2
with which Davis Poultry Food is mixed in the correct proportion, making an ideal poultry food of the
correct ratio.’ The farmer himself, however, can make a mixture of wheat, oats, and perhaps a little
ground corn. This should be scattered in the litter covering the floor. It is necessary that the floor
—206—
a __ FEEDING POULTRY. 207
GtOE the poultey tease be covered with a litter of some kind to insure cleanliness. Straw, chaff, buckwheat
hulls, cut corn stalks—all of this makes an excellent litter. The object of scattering the grain in this
- litter is to give the fowls exercise. All fowls that are noted for egg production are active, nervous, and
a like to be continually at work. Feeding the grain as described will go a long way toward providing
_ them with exercise and a method of working off their surplus nervous energy.
: If the fowls are fed three times a day, they should be fed very fee at noon. At night, just
_ when they are going to the roost, they should have all they will eat. At no time should mature fowls
‘be fed more than they can’eat. Keep them always active, their appetite always keen; this will insure
- perfect health and a good egg production. Davis Poultry Food, if used according to directions, will
insure these results. It is an ideal appetizer, keeps the system in perfect health, and for the production
of eggs there is nothing better known. It thoroughly tones up that mysterious mechanism of the fowl
that produces eggs. It supplies a great amount of the material necessary in this process and insures
the digestibility of all the nutriments in the feed that are necessary for the production of eggs. Exhaust-
i ‘ive experiments have demonstrated that the egg production can be increased 15 to 20 per cent by the
continual and regular use of it.
_ While perhaps not strictly necessary for their existence, green feeds of
Green Feed. some kind are necessary if the greatest production of eggs is to be obtained.
aa When fowls are kept in pens and yards throughout the year it is always best
to supply a certain quantity of it. The question of how to supply the best feed most cheaply is one
that each individual must solve largely for himself. In a general way, however, it may be stated that
during the winter and early spring months mangel wurzels, if properly kept, may be fed to good advan-
_ tage. The fowls relish them and they are easily prepared. It is not difficult to grow from nineteen
_ to twenty tons of these per acre, and their cost is not excessive. In feeding these beets to flocks of hens,
a very good practice is simply to split the root lengthwise witha knife. The fowls will then be able to
pick out all the crisp, fresh feed from the cut in the surface. These large pieces also have an advan-
tage over smaller pieces in this respect: that the smaller pieces when fed from trough or dishes will
_be thrown into the litter and soiled more or less before being consumed. Large pieces cannot be thrown |
about, and remain clean and fresh until wholly consumed.
5 Clover, during the early spring, is without a doubt one of the best and cheapest of green feeds.
‘It is readily eaten when cut fine in a fodder cutter, and contains a considerable amount of protein. If
clover is frequently mowed, fresh feed of this kind may be obtained nearly all summer, particularly so
if the season be a wet one. Should the’supply of clover be limited, or the season unusually dry, green
feed can be grown in the form of Dwarf Essex Rape. This should be sown in drills and given the same
_ cultivation as corn and potatoes. When the rape is from 8 inches to 1 foot in height it may be cut and
fed. It furnishes a fresh, crisp feed that is readily eaten. If cut a few inches from the ground, a second
- and third crop may be produced from one seeding. Alfalfa is also excellent, and will furnish an abundance
of green feed. It must, however, be cut very frequently, each cutting being made before the stalks
- become hard and woody. A good quality of clover hay, cut fine and steamed, also will make an excellent
addition to the feeding ration of laying hens.
- Cabbage can be grown cheaply in many localities, and makes an excellent green feed as long as
fresh. Sweet apples, and, in fact, almost any crisp, fresh green feed, can be fed with profit. The green
feed, in many instances, may be cut fine and fed. with the soft feed, but as a rule it is better to feed it
EP eatetcly, during the middle of the day, and only in such quantities that it can be eaten up at once.
Most of the foregoing, of course, relates to fowls confined in pens. Where the chicks have a large run
they will gather for themselves during the season all the green feed they require. ‘
It is absolutely necessary that fowls have access to some kind of grit, if grain
Grit. feed is fed in any considerable quantity. For this purpose there is nothing
that can be compared with Davis Mica Spar Cubical Grit. This is made from _
pulverized granite rocks, containing quartz, the hardest of rock substances, sodium aluminum, mag-
nesia, lime, andiron. In the gizzard it flakes off, does not become dull and is a perfect grit. In addition
to this it supplies material for the shell. For young chicks Davis Broiler Teeth is to be recommended.
ns
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208 CONDIMENTS AND ANIMAL MATTER A NECESSITY FOR POULTRY.
It is composed of the smallest size of crystal grit, bone and oyster shell, in about equal proportions, and
should be in every poultry house. Chemical analyses and experiments, together with reports from many
practical poultrymen, show conclusively that the ordinary grain and the green feed supplied to pees 6
hens does not contain enough lime for the formation of egg shells. It requires several times as much ~
lime as is ordinarily fed if good strong shells are to be produced. Davis Broiler Teeth supplies this excess
of lime, so necessary for the egg production, and if it is kept continuously before the fowls you can trust
to them and their instinct to eat the amount necessary to supply lime, rather than in mixing it with
the feed.
When fowls are kept in confinement, it will be found absolutely necessary to
Meat Feed. supply them with a certain amount of meat and cut bones. Davis Meat Seraps
are especially beneficial. Davis Meat Meal is a mixture of cut beef, bone and
blood. Davis Coarse Ground Bone or Raw Bone Meal should also be supplied. All these preparations
are Specially prepared from fresh meat or bone and, in selecting a meat feed for his poultry, the owner
should assure himself that no tainted meat or tainted bones are used. Skim milk, if there is a sufficient
quantity of it, may be substituted in part for the meat feed, without any decrease in the egg production,
provided the proper grain ration is given,
CONDIMENTS AND ANIMAL MATTER A NECESSITY —
FOR POULTRY.
It is well known that poultry, when allowed to range at will, will eat a considerable quantity of —
animal matter in the form of insects, worms, etc. They will also partake of the various seeds, roots and
herbs (nature’s poultry food) that are so necessary to keep their system in proper condition. How very
necessary animal matter especially is to fowls was strikingly brought out by recent experiments at the-
New York Experiment Station. Two lots of chickens and ducks, as nearly alike as possible, were used
in those experiments. One of the lots, in each case, was fed a ration of mixed grain and skim milk or
curd, containing no animal matter; the other was fed a ration of mixed grains with animal meal, fresh
bones, or dried blood. The two rations were about equally combined, although the animal matter con-
tained a little less protein than the vegetable matter ration. The distinctive difference between the two ~~
rations was that in the one case two-fifths to one-half of the protein came from animal sources, while
in the other it came from vegetable sources. In each case more feed was eaten by the lot receiving animal ©
protein, the gain in weight was more rapid and maturity was reached much earlier, less feed being required é
for each pound of gain, and the cost of gain was less. This emphasizes the advisability, in fact, the abso-
lute necessity, of feeding such preparations as Davis Meat Scraps and Davis Meat Meal; and if either of —
these preparations is used in connection with Davis Poultry Food surprisingly large gains and a great :
imcrease in tle number of eggs will be seen almost immediately. Young chickens fed on Davis Meat
Meal, to each 3 pounds of which 1 tablespoonful of Davis Poultry Food has been added, can be raised
at a cost not to exceed 6 cents a pound, and they will bring better prices on the market, owing ~~
to their healthier and better developed body. They will also mature at least two months sooner, and
pullets so raised will start laying from four to six weeks sooner.
The results obtained in the feeding of ducks according to the above method are even more startling
in their contrast than with the chickens.’ It will be noticed that the animals raised with a liberal allowance
of Davis Beef Scraps, or Meat Meal, and Davis Poultry Food will be developed rapidly and evenly, and will
gain as much in four weeks as those fed on a straight corn ration will gain in eight weeks; and exhaustive
experiments have proved that rations in which 40 to 50 per cent of protein is supplied by animal matter
give much more economical results and quicker gains, especially if Davis Poultry Food is added. It
not only makes flesh much more rapidly but at a lower cost.
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Fe ‘The chief feeds for poultry on the farm are represented by the various grains,
Several years ago extensive digestion experiments with poultry were conducted
From the first twelve to ‘hit ty-six hours after hatching, the little chick requires
tice Small little if any feed. For the next few days there is nothing better than stale bread
sy chicks will have free access to it, but it should be protected so that they cannot
Kt, , thus contaminating it with the filth and dirt of the yard. One of the most difficult problems
uur poultrymen is that of devising systems for feeding little chicks so that they will consume
e without soiling it. If placed on the floor of the brooder or the brooder run, the larger part
long the bins of a as -inch board, so that the tin projects about 144 inches on either saat of the board,
dimg-the tin so as to form a shallow trough, and fastening the board to blocks so as to raise it 1 to
: Payiehin a week fie chicks should be fed upon Davis Chick Feed. It is just the article which they
néed t get them started right. It is composed of the best grains, seeds, etc., thoroughly cleaned and
free f dust, and is ptoperly balanced, so as to produce quick growth and oe the system in a healthy
condi To obtain best results 1 teaspoonful of Davis Poultry Food should be added to the feed for fifty
cks. Davis Chick Feed will carry the chicks along in perfect shape. They will make phenom-
enal gains, and after they are six to eight weeks old the ration should be changed, and they should be
m Davis Alfalfa Meal and Davis Mixed Poultry Feed. If it is desirable that they be pushed rapidly,
Cianalitea oats, with the hulls removed, make an Seecieat feed for young ae
ae — nothing better. The chickens should have free access to some kind of grit after the
first day. It was for exactly this purpose that Davis Broiler Teeth was first conceived and is now
put on the market. There is nothing better or more economical. It the poultryman, however, does
care to buy the grit, good, coarse sand, screened, will make an excellent grit for young chickens.
There is nothing better as a supplementary feed for young fowls than skim milk, but it requires
th the first two weeks without bowel disorder. If Davis Prepared Poultry Feeds are used in con-
ion with Davis Poultry Food there will be little difficulty experienced along this line. Care must
ken, however, that the temperature of the brooder does not run too low. Improper and injudi-
‘ ling, even if the right kinds of feed are given, plays an important part in producing those dis-
After the first ten days milk may be given more freely, perhaps, than during the earlier stages
s existence. As the chick becomes a little older, more uncooked feed may be used: A mix-
ne middlings, wheat bran, a little corn meal, and a little linseed meal and Davis Poultry Food,
all mixed with milk, makes a valuable feed. ‘Hard boiled eggs are also very nutritious for the ae
209
especially corn and oats, corn possibly forming the basis to the greatest degree. _
ee the pee States government. In the following pages we give the results ©
ee ens. soaked in milk. This should be crumbled very fine, and placed where the little
Phy ay
210
a crescent shaped piece of tin, forming a lip or small receptacle for water. le the can is filled wit h v
and then placed on its side a small quantity of water will run out of the opening and remain in t
cent shaped lip. As the chicks drink the water a quantity of air will pass into the opetting and
more water will flow out, thus ESepae for the chickens a small quantity of good, clean water at a
Brooders. of some kind. It may be simple and quite inexpensive, or complex, aa
efficient brooder. It is necessary, however, to see that the brooder is capable of doing certain things.
Some of these requisites are summed up in the following: It must be warm. The little chickens requir
a temperature of from 90 to 100 degrees the first few days, and at all times they should find it s
in the brooder that they are not inclined to huddle together to keep warm. If the brooder is a
then the temperature may be kept even throughout the whole floor space. If, on the other | :
brooder is heated from one side or from the top and is not automatic, it will be best to constr
chickens, and some other parts somewhat cool. It es not Pike them long to oe just hee
comfortable position is. They may be trusted entirely to select the proper temperature if th
is of sufficient size so that it never is crowded. A brooder constructed on this plan will requi ee
attention than almost any other. It may undergo a considerable variation in Semiperstiea
overheating or chilling the chickens. © ae
The brooder should be easily cleansed and so constructed that all the floor space can be
seen. Inconvenient corners are objectionable in brooders—in fact, any corner is objectiona
brooders are constructed cheaply it is almost necessary to make more or less corners.
of wood, circular ones are somewhat more expensive than square or rectangular ones.
not only be kept clean, but dry.
Top or side heat is to be preferred to bottom heat, but there must be sufficient bott
keep the floor dry.
As the chickens get a few days old plenty of exercise must be provided. One oblate o
of the brooders in the market is that the chickens are kept too closely confined and not allowed
ficient exercise. It will be a matter of surprise to many to learn how much exercise these little
require. With the young chickens, as with the athlete, strength is acquired with eXercise, a
all other conditions of growth, strength is the one thing necessary in the young chicken.
The modern improvement in incubators has made the rearing of fo
Incubators. for egg production quite out of the question unless these machines |
No experienced poultryman at the present time will Sie toy rear
machinery, naturally some are better than others. Then, too, an incabaien that would give v
factory results with one individual might prove to be quite inferior in the hands of another
What is best for one is not necessarily best for another. It is advisable before investing ex ensivé
in any make of incubator to understand the machine thoroughly. If good results are obta
additional machines of ie pe kind should be purchased. Failures are recorded eh, be
to learn how to operate aie qos ar machine to the best advantage. A scieneeenad a
necessarily pay close attention to petty detail. Mot only is this necessary in caring for little chi ke
and mature fowls, but also in the care and management of incubators and brooders. The whole bus:
is one of details. While incubators may vary considerably in one form ~-or another, yet ne
certain points to which all should conform. Some of these points are summed up as follows:
1. They should be well made of well seasoned lumber. The efforts of the manufacturers ee
211
ae the oe nets eee is in ee view of the operator. The machine should be
eee a with the necessary heat, it should control pene within
a ae not he inferred that a “much wider variation than this will not give excell results
therwise favorable conditions, but, other things being equal, those ee which are most
automatic should be preferred. The Reliable Incubators come as near meeting all these require-
= the tray of eggs and held firmly in ee position while both trays are turned, thus com-
transferring the eggs from one tray to another without jar. The different machines have very
appliances for obtaining this result. Excellent results are obtained by the use of many
n for a number of years have hatched in incubators over 80 per cent of all eggs put in the
Te must not be inferred that this is an easy thing to does a record of this kind is attained
GROWING BROILERS. :
Poultry Spero are all the time becaeaine more and more specialized. Most of the large
wers have some special subbranch to which they devote more attention and from which they get
eater part of their profit. Well known growers now make a specialty of the growing of small
i yal are sold at a weight approximating 34 pound when dressed. Chickens of this size are
_ ee: high class hotels and swell clubs in Coe Epon New York and elsewhere are ao to
x ch as le cents for them in winter and spring. One ee in Massachusetts, who has built
need to : a eeaple . weeks older ‘than the Pi meuths to give the same cei
should not be fed for the, first day after hatching. Their first feed may consist of
SES) oftened i in water. Cooked mush and bird seeds are also good. I, however, it is desired
the chicks started to the best possible advantage, insuring their rapid growth and perfect develop-
nt t, Davis Baby Chick coe will prove the ideal tation for newly hatched broods. It is composed of
By its use they develop ee have a strong frame work,
hstand he diseases to which they would otherwise be in danger of succumbing.
“and they sill not need any other feed during that time. No farmer ao
a
’
GROWING BROILERS. _
poultry raiser can afford to be without it. As soon as they get well started, corn meal and
may be added to the ration of the chicks, making it an even half and half, which is made
morning ‘and allowed to stand until about 9 o'clock and fed warm. The little chicks should be fe
often at the outset, four or five times a day or oftener. After the first five or six weeks. a good” pl
follow is to feed the chicks hard grain in the morning and cracked corn, cracked wheat or cracl
at noon and night. If the best results are desired, Davis Poultry Food should be added to th
in the proportion of 1 tablespoonful to each thirty chicks. Davis Meat Scraps in the proportio
1 quart to each 2,000 chicks, mixed with the mash, may also be fed with excellent results. _
feed give them cabbages to peck at and steamed clover hay, if convenient. Davis Mico Spar
Grit and charcoal and water should be kept constantly before them.
Warm, snug and comfortable quarters should always be provided for the young chee
Massachusetts grower, referred to, keeps them warm by hot water pipes about 6 inches rom
floor of the pen. Sand is filled in under the pipes to varying heights, according to the size of the ick
The ends of the pipes nearest the boiler are warmest and the youngest chickens are kept eoee
is always fed i in sand or litter in order to make the chickens Spek for it. All the chickens are 1
incubators and brooders, and by comparison with hens which are used some years it is foun
per cent more chicks can be raised by the use of incubators and brooders.
In finishing off chickens for the market the orders which are pending become a feature
of chickens are needed i ina sae the required number are put 1 in afattening pen and fed a
insignificant, it cannot be too highly recommended for this purpose. When Davis Poultry Food
the grain ration the chickens also. are able to stand a high pressure feeding process much better {
feed. They must be kept scratching. -At the time when the chickens are ready for the market
method is to carry them in baskets to the place where they are to be killed, and dispatch them |
bing the back of their mouths with a lancet. Do not remove the head. They should not be fe
twenty-four hours before killing and the entrails should not be removed. They should be dry pic!
and packed in pasteboard or other convenient boxes, two and two together. An ice box for coc
the dressed poultry during the warm weather is quite indispensable. Other practical, up to date me
for the killing and dressing of poultry for the market, poe to the customs preva
foregoing. :
Intensive farming in or near a city, where the mar ket is located, may be carried on to t
advantage by the raising of broilers. The most deli cate ge of the business is to Taise them.
has been demonstrated by experiments that Hf is not one conn kind of feed that is recur dee tc
the little artificially hatched orphans: cleanliness, ventilation and a correct, temperature mainta
all times play a greater part than any prescribed method of feeding. The first four or five hou
they are taken from the incubator they,should be put in a clean brooder that has been heated
degrees with top heat. Cover the floor 14 inch deep with good dustless alfalfa meal and sprinkle a
Davis Baby Chick Feed and Davis Mico Spar Cubical Grit over the sand. If this is not at hand, o
chicken grit may be used and the chicks may be fed a very small quantity of rolled oats as the fi
i and te used no other feed will be required during the first five or six weeks. In its absence
sats, fine cracked corn and millet seed, fed in small quantities every two hours or so, may be used.
mbination of Davis Raw Bone Meal, dry wheat bran, Davis Mico Spar Cubical Grit and charcoal,
them in self ee boxes, so that soe can peck at it whenever os feel like it, forms an
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good of fresh meat and bones, served in proper proportions, and Davis Coarse Ground ~
Meat eS will do wonders at this stage in the way of strengthening and developing them.
Oiich the germs are strong and perfectly dey cloped. It is hardly possible to get such eggs from birds that
= ept closely confined, and it will therefore be found of great advantage to give the layers lots of range.
. ) Make Broilers-Ready for the Market.—It is a good plan as soon as the chickens are nearly large
or broilers to put them into a pen containing a shady run. Give them all the fattening feed
various forms is excellent, and should be fed freely to them. Cooked corn, mashed corn
round corn, as well as whole corn, should be fed daily. Warm potatoes and bread crumbs are
| for making fat. Any kind of milk,and a little sugar now and then are also to be recom-
At this time the grower will be amazed to note the effect Davis Poultry Food, added to the
in the proportion of 1 tablespoonful to each twenty chicks, will have on the fowls. -It will
e the fattening period by at least 10 per cent, adding from 20 to 30 per cent to the nutritive value -
This is done by its influence upon the organs of digestion, stimulating them into healthy
end poke the chicken to partake of a much larger quantity of feed than would otherwise
When Davis Sah Food is used, every kernel of grain or bit of feed eaten by the fowl
arrives a eggs are eed for the incubator, au will have them on nae Keep ae the
¢ pullets throughout the summer, feeding them with wheat and mixed grains, adding 1 table-
Davis Poultry Food to each meal for each twertty fowls. Keep the chickens eeeepee
vermin and place them in winter quarters about October 15th.
One lethod of Dressing and Preparing Broilers for the Market is to scald and pick them and convey
in wooden barrels, Remove the feathers, but leave the head and feet on. Ifthe weather i is warm,
cover ‘of carl: may — put over A all and fastened to the barrel. The barrel should be lined with
se brown paper (ordinary packing paper, as you get it from your grocer) if the shipping takes place
? cold s season of the > year, and it is also a good plan to put in a layer of this paper between the different
broilers and ice. The head should not be scalded with the other parts of the body, for if you’
look pale and white, making it appear as if the chicken had been sick when it was killed. If
d eee Role will be red and fresh, and this means a difference of several cents a pound. The
point; then immediately put them into a ee of fresh, clean, old water, ~ They sho a be |]
cold water until thoroughly cooled, which in the warm season will take several hours. A little salt hi
over them while in the water is reeommended, and will give them a delicate white color, he 1
blood out of the skin.
FEEDING FOR EGGS.
In the feeding for-eggs it should always be borne in mind that a more mixed and var:
required by hens than any of our domestic animals. If the best results are to be obtaime
also be remembered that too close care and attention cannot be given them on the pa:
feeder; and it is a well known fact that it is almost impossible for the layman to « determine co
which GE two or more grains constitutes the best feed for hens, as egg producers.
Rye and wheat undoubtedly are good feed for fowls, but should only be part of their daily
Buckwheat is beneficial, but contains a little too much starch, and should therefore not be fed ex:
And even corn, which experiments have demonstrated to be an excellent feed for fattening only
many farmers take an opposite view—ought not to make up the entire ration. Rather givea
the different grains, and experiment to find out what proportion will give the largest numl
then stick to it. The farmer will find that if Davis Poultry Food, in the proportion of 1 ta
it should always be at hand. It will make a great saving in the feed bill and if given a
readily demonstrate its worth to the intelligent growey of poultry. Again, if hens are fe é
feed in such a way that they are obliged to exercise vigorously, their laying powers will be propor
increased. Feeding them nicely prepared feed from preuens and dishes should we be u
that they will have to scratch and search for it. Remember that if large eggs with a cone
be secured plenty of cut bone and grit must at all times be accessible to the hens.
Bone and Davis Mico Spar Cubical Grit are ideal preparations for this purpose, and will pa
selves over and over again. If early eggs are desired the ustial ration must be increas
if Davis Poultry Food is not used. Most farmers have plenty of clover hay at hand, and if the |
fed a few pounds of this finely chopped each week, it will result in a greatly increased egg -
Davis Alfalfa Meal is the best, but for lack of this clover may be used. Follow this method
should be cut into as short lengths as possible (14 to 14 inch or so). At night fill up a pail
capable of holding several gallons, cover the hay with water, place the bucket on the stove, a
it boil throughout the entire evening until the fire goes out. In the morning during the reales :
the hay should be permitted to heat up again, and subsequently the water should be drained off and
hay mixed vu about 3 quarts of wheat ebran, enough to make it crumbly. ae 3 por
will pike two gallons of excellent feed. This ration, however, is for cold wise
suitable principally for hens that have a free run. Late at night you may supply as” much
as the fowls will consume during one day. Thereafter change to oats and wheat, and so on, 7
the ration constantly. Fresh, clean water should always be near the hens, and in order not ‘i -
freeze, it is advisable to warm the water slightly on cold winter mornings. The: poultry
should be warm and snug, of a good, tight construction, and should : eas DP fronted to the sou
overfat. This is wrong. They forget that wheat, too, contains a os otic of. pees
215
_ effect upon the i. as corn; in other a ee it will make them overfat.
fe AS pceieny feeds, to make up the mixed ration so ey for a good production of eggs, “may
“Iti insures perfect assimilation aang rossdeh: digestion in the chickens.
: Davis Meat Seats may be fed RACE) or thrice a week with good festive
rariety of : wheat, oats, barley, ae This will aid in Ana oe the animal heat cme the long, cold
hts. The value of the corn may be further increased by feeding it well warmed on the stove. Lin-
_meal, too, is valuable, but should be fed in small rations. Beans and peas are good for laying hens
twice or thrice a week. If linseed meal is fed too freely it is apt to cause looseness of the bowels,
Ling is also often produced. Plenty of sweet milk is advantageous, and a little buttermilk now
Bowel trouble is likely to ensue if buttermilk is fed too freely. All kinds of meat, fresh or
re See niendet If a supply of Davis Meat Scraps and other poultry feeds be bought in the fall
be depended upon to greatly decrease the feed bill. Loose heads of cabbage, potatoes too small
Eggs laid in badly ven-
OAitstncling: quarters are oe for human consumption, and if used ie, hatching the chicks will
e up to the standard i in health | or eee Hens which as early as February are laying eggs
ht give the chickens all they want of cracked corn, oats, wheat and barley. Breakfast should
r frugal, consisting preferably of corn meal, crushed oats and bran, to which mash has been
quantity of Davis Meat Scraps or Davis Poultry Meal. This will add materially to the egg laying
of the hens. Scatter the feed in the litter so that they have to scratch for it throughout the
poe [ee allows it keep a window open in the pen all day. Grit, charcoal and fresh,
aetence The peidens poultryman will always make sure to have a good supply of this at hand.
to e brought ou to the see standard“as eg ee it must also be remembered that a cer-
unger and “quit ee = the ether feed. This will insure strong, fertile germs in the eggs
for hatching, and the eggs for human consumption will have a fine, delicate flavor. Be
to let the eggs for ee get chilled.
As has been indicated in the foregoing pages, a variety of feeds is of great imporance if the hens
ays morning, sheaf oats; dia Se warm Begs Tuesday morning, vegetables; midday, cut
bone; Bien iis, cracked corn, peated in the litter. Wednesday Orne sheaf wheat; ni
Friday morning, vegetables; midday, green cut bone; evening, cracked corn in fitter i
morning, sheaf wheat; night, warm mash. Davis Poultry Food, to the extent of 1 tables
to each twenty fowls, should be fed in each meal in order to obtain the best results” .
Its condimental value, sharpens uae appetite of the fowls, ae their digestive.e
he can out of his chickens, at the least possible expense. Do not forget to provide them eS |
pure, fresh water. If Davis See Food not used, a little powdered ee Co) should be |
shorts, chop feed, ae a little oil meal and salt. Remember that you must not overfeed the ij
Meat Scraps may be fed with great advantagein the mash. Keep the poultry house warm and
Breed Intelligently— You should always remember that it is unwise to depend too muc.
set rules or regulations. Have your eye’on each member of the flock at all times, watch them cl
and suit the feed to their apparent needs. When the chickens are roosting at night pass your h
over them, feel their flesh, and judge of their condition. Any fowls not up tothe standard, whic
become beefy, lazy and laggard, should either be dieted or sent to the market at once. The sharp
bone will always reveal the hen that is too poor and thin. Older birds are more suse Dae
should be dispensed with, or at least such feeds shipala be reduced in quantity at this season
If the owner has his experienced eye on the birds it is unnecessary to be constantly worryin
rect rations, for he will soon learn the heeds of his fowls and feed them accordingly. -
state of a chicken, the dr oppings are a pretty sure guide. be should ne of SEIORS cons
If the droppings are soft and pasty Pe yellowish or brownish, feed more ee and tess S
Greenish, watery diarrhea should always lead o a careful investigation of the sanitary —
_the feed and water. It should be looked upon as a danger signal, and never be allowed to go
See that Each Member of Your Flock Comes as Nearly as Possible up to the Standard.—
poultry business, as in any other branch of animal industry, ultimate success in a large measure depe
on the quality of the stock, the perfection of each individual bird or animal, as it were. This que
stands over and above that of feeding. A record of the best layers is kept at the Maine Experi
Stati6n with the aid of trap nests. From the best hens will be raised both cockerels and pulle
the aim of building a strain remarkable for heavy laying. Some of the poor hens might hav:
are locked up in yards throughout the molting season donot contain a sufficient Seated
feed material. Meat and green bone as furnished in Davis Meat Scraps and Davis Coarse Ground
was shown to be of the greatest importance, as it provides animal protein to balance the starchy :
The New York Haperess Station made experiments regarding the relative values of whole and g
ing their grain fed only dry and whole. It was found fiat these ate more feed at a ere co
fowl and for their live weight than did two similar lone which had approximately 37 Pe cent 0
grain ground and moistened. Soe
217
ae pens oe ui of similar breed were tested, with the result that the one fed whole grain
aie eggs at a ‘much smaller cost than the one fed on ground grain. This result was attributed
Pea. and moistened rogeced eggs at a greater profit than did an exactly similar pen fed on whole
. With the kinds of whole grain generally available it is not quite possible to feed so narrow a
1 ive ratio as is perhaps necessary for the best results from laying hens—that is, one which con-
tains as large a proportion of the nitrogenous feed constituents as is required. In adopting a ration
isting of such ingredients as cotton seed meal, pea meal, gluten feed, or other of the highly nitro-
_ The digestive apparatus in the chicken is quite wonderfully constructed. In the hen there
exist three divisions or receptacles for feed. First, there is the crop, receiving the feed as soon as swal-
d; then, a little farther back in the breast, is the gullet, which contracts and expands so as to form a
; with thick walls. Next we find the third receptacle, which is very muscular and
ne t to twenty-five hens, and scatter a handful or two of grain in the litter to keep them in constant
xercise ees the day. Davis Meat Scraps contain little if any of the fat producing elements
lee ma at fone aaa they will Sancmute a less expensive feed. Spread a few grains in the litter at night
pe _ and the hens, which have been kept hungry throughout the day, will be induced to hunt for them until a
i late hour. This will soon reduce and take off their fat, and their egg producing qualities will again begin
to. develop. Tf the hens after a week or fourteen days’ diet on above ration commence to lay well, the
exercise until the fat is removed.
es has been given, and to this should be added that the large number of small stones swallowed
he birds are subsequently, upon dissection, found in the gizzard. It is claimed by naturalists
they hasten the operation of digestion by the contracting of the muscular lining, causing the
ones to grind the feed, as it were. The third or last stomach is formed by a thick and very strong
wuscular membrane, the external fibers of which are of a tendinous nature. The internal membrane,
: which lines the gizzard, is very thin, fibrous and head. A coloring matter, having the properties neces-
sary to dissolve. stones and carbonate of lime, is secreted from this membrane. Dissolving of flint is
the longest process. Fluids partaken of as drinks seem to be absorbed by the first and second
ymachs; at any rate ‘they are never found in the gizzard unless in caseof disease. In fowls the
ivary nde are comparatively small. They secrete a minute quantity of a thick, slimy fluid. On
der, which is attached to the liver, is thick and extremely ‘bitter. Two small tubes from the
d the liver. Its functions evidently are to keep in reserve and properly prepare the fluid which
ar to that. in other "animals. The heart has four cavities and the arteries are the usual ones.
ae fhe’ “heart, trachea, sternum, the ‘greater portion of the neck, and the entire head
The Anatomy of Fowls is an interesting study. A short description of the digestive apparatus
other hand, f%e liver is large, and is divided into two lobes of the same size. The bile of the gall
d as one of the secretions necessary for the process of digestion. The circulatory apparatus is
e meal per day plan may be followed up. The one thing to bear in mind is to keep them in constant —
eee pour a fluid into the intestines. The spleen is small, cylindrical in shape, and situated .
s
218 : FEEDING FOR EGGS. ~
excepting the lower jaw, which is turned aside in order to bring the tongue into view, the phar
and the apperture leading into the larynx. The intestinal bulk, left lobe of the liver, sucscen
ventricle, and the gizzard, are pushed aside to the right in order to afford a plain view of the va:
portions of the alimentary canal, the ovary, and oviduct. | s
The Bodily Composition of Fowls also affords an interesting study for progressive farmers
poultry keepers. Like nearly all animal structures it is composed of more than half water.
hundred hens will require not less than 16 quarts of water per day, and care should be taken at all
fowls i Biddy size require from 65 to 70 ae of qraite per
The average hens can on this ration generally be depended upon
from 16 to 30 pounds of eggs. It is possible to produce 1 pow
eggs from about 34 pound of water free feed, 1 pound of dry mat
the eggs corresponding to each 8.8 pounds of the wa ieee
34 pound oe water free feed, is sufficient for the feed of cae
pounds weight of hens of the larger breeds. In regard to the
proportion of nutrients, distributed in the feed, 6 pounds of di
- protein, 14 pounds of digestible nitrogen free extract and 2 pounds of
digestible fat will be found about right. The larger breeds of owl
require, when laying, about 414 ounces of feed daily. ~ Chicks
heavier eaters than the older birds, and must be fed more in
tion to their weight than these. When very young 10.6 pounds to
100 pounds live weight per day is generally needed. This
may be diminished to 7.5 pounds when the chick reaches a wei
2 pounds; 6.4 at 3 pounds weight; 4.9 at 6 pounds ween oe
at 7 pounds weight per day. ;
The above rations are for grain feed, it should be noted. Gs €
feed and extras are an important adjunct to these. Davis |
Food, if added to the daily ration, will insure perfect health
highest possible productiveness among the layers, and will decre
the feed bill from 20 to 30 per cent. It will pay for itself over
over again, . eee
The Farmer and Poultry Keeper will do well in acqu
themselves with the comparative nutritive values of the vari
grains available for poultry keeping and Met Grains like K
Figure 6. Anatomy of 2 Fowl.
Tongue. of hee te some ee if ys, latter is scarce. Hulled broom co:
Pharynx..
First portion of esophagus. seed ranks side by side with wheat as a ration for fowls.
Becoad portion of esophagus. the grains mentioned above are small and constitute a good scrat
Succentric ventricle.
Gizzard. | feed for birds and also may be used as chick feeds.
rigin of duodenum. . . . . ae 1
Duodenal flexure. ' standard grains in the market corn is fattening and hensiaee
uodena exure. . . .
Origin of small intestine, should be balanced with meat, bone, bran, linseed, gluten, and
mall intestine. . . ss
Free extremities of caeca feeds. Corn on the cob is valuable as a chicken feed for the
nsertion of organs into intestina’ tube. . . . af Fi
Rectum. ; and provides some exercise for the fowls, while cracked corn, 1
0404. ° . a ieee te
Anus. fed dry, always should be sifted in order to prevent waste. Soure
Mesentery
Left lobe of liver. overheated corn or meal should never be fed to the fowls, especia
shy ie? oe of liver. ae ‘
Gall der. not to the young,
wth ees of biliary and pancreatic
cts.
: Wheat is generally looked upon as the best and safest grain f f
Lungs. — for poultry, the only drawback in its use being that it generally cot m
Oviduct. higher in price than most of the others. If merely small, scorch
Nh Lelia Rae ade
EBEDING FOR EGGS.
Shae is bought and a iecied with care it often will be found to contain almost equal feed
No. 1 grain. Sour or burned wheat, however, is always to be religiously avoided, and in
he birds. Middlings, shorts and bran, fed with corn meal, constitute a good feed, but if fed alone
[ y are not relished by the birds and practically wasted. If the poultryman is located near bakeries,
_ one ee secure oa feed his fowls and chicks with the waste from the bread, which,
ritive ration barley shorts are exceptionally valuable.
Unless its price is low. it is not ‘advan
barley to any extent. ;
Davis Fouts feet —in the summing up of this little treatise on broiler growing and the general
che progressive aa Sn eeieal poultry keeper’s eeiion to the merits eed by Davis
eeds. In them are contained in nicely balanced ratio all the elements that go to make up
smposition of the egg, and they will supply materials absolutely necessary to the laying hen if she
sroduce a satisfactory number of eggs of standard quality and flavor, or if she is meant to be fattened
market. Davis Poultry Food is of a condimental nature, containing roots, herbs, seeds
if Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Foenk Per Cent
E1259 & 3.2 3.9 DM OC. k
It goes without saying that there is a
large variation in the composition of cows’
milk, taken from different animals, or from
Holstein Friesian Cow.
ADVENTURESS 3d’s BEAUTY, No. 42283, H. F.
411.9 lbs. Milk {in 7 Days as
_ 14.11 lbs. Butter {a 3-Year-Old.
ue ‘owned by W. B. SMITH & SONS, Columbus, Ohio.
ses Holstein Friesian Cow. /
Holstein Friesian Cow.
VELOX, No. 56733, H. F. |
409 lbs. Milk we 7 Days ae
18.90 lbs. Butter {4 Years Old.
Owned by W. B. SMITH & SONS, Columbus, Ohio.
different herds, or under different conditions. *
The constituents which go to
make up milk, as they appear
in milk, will not appear in
that form in the raw material or feeds. These feeds,
however, do contain certain nutrients which, sub-
jected to the vital processes in the animal’s body,
are transferred into the constituents of milk. The
mammary glands are not simply a sieve or filter
Secretion.
‘whose function it is to strain the blood, as it were,
but constitute a special tissue in which wondrous’
and extensive chemical changes take place. Here in
the animal body, for instance, we first find casein
and the mixture of compounds known as butter
fats; we also find the sugar, unlike any that is found ~
in plants or any other part of the animal organism.
The actual secretion of milk and the manner in which it is brought about is something that we
‘are more or less in the dark about, and it after all makes comparatively little difference so long as
: we obtain results. On the other hand the source of the constituents in the various feeds is some-
hing of immense importance, and fortunately we have more or less definite information on it.
Paige —71— ;
72
From the. information we have on the: various tocde iS at
Source. composition, compared with that of milk, it is Shear’ that fe proteic of t
can have but one source, namely, { Pea
the proteids of the feed, and it seems quite certain
that the proteids of the milk are the only components
of the milk which have their origin exclusively in the
feed proteids. And we have every reason for believing
that milk, sugar and butter fats are constructed, in a
part at least, from the carbohydrates of the feed. The
New York Agricultural Experiment Station conducted -
an investigation with two cows to ascertain, if possible,
the source of butter fats. Under the experiments, which
lasted considerably over two months, both the cows
gained in weight and produced respectively 19 pounds
and 14 pounds more of butter fats than can be accounted
for. from the available fat and proteids of the feed.
The conclusion was drawn, therefore, that these con- sobees Friesian Cow, No. 31894, H. F.
‘ : : 4 ember of Grand Sweepstakes Herd Winning |
stituents were derived from the carbohydrates. It can- Cup at Ohio State Fair, 1902,
2 ees Owned by
: 3 W. B. SMITH & SONS, —
Columbus, Ohio.
not, however, be asserted positively
ingested fats did not pass directly into th
We do not look with any great w
per year. Stop a minute, iowa
upon what this means. Nothing -mor
than that the animal’s production of =
is approximately 800 ees of milk s |
daly of a cow weighing 900 Be ee, Whe
stop and consider that the mixture of th
_ Holstein Friesian Cow. : Ee ire.
PAYNES LADY DEVRIES, of Rochester 2d, No. 32883, H. F. month sae Sere but throughout the nt fj
31.37 Ibs: Butter {18 7 Days.
Ss. BU
Winner of Two Silver Cups at Ohio State Fair, 1902. extensive are the demands of the body upon th
Owned by supply. Certainly no better illustration can -
. B. SMITH & SONS, rest : rine
ee : | of what a marvelous machine the animal
,
Columbus, Ohio.
NECESSARY FOR A DAIRY ‘COW.
_ The feed ofa dairy cow must perform various functions. First of all it must supply the necessary
_ fuel, as it were, to maintain the system. Then in addition to this it must provide the raw materials
for the milk formation and the material for the growth of the feeders. The nature and uses of these
various duties are distinctly understood. Take, for instance, milk in a daily production of 30 pounds
€ average milk production which we should reasonably expect from the average dairy cow), it requires
8 pounds of milk solids; the maintenance will require approximately 7. 38. In addition to this the dairy
w will consume a large expenditure of feed or energy to sustain nerve force, bodily activity and the
- production of fuel, as it were, for the warming of her water and feed, all of which may properly be charged.
_ to the work of milk formation and which will, in the average cow, approximate 5 pounds per day. It
will therefore be necessary to feed such a cow approximately 16 pounds of digestible nutrients daily,
if we would expect her to give 30 pounds of milk. In the case of the dairy cow a ration of one part
a to six parts ee a has Ses fairly ee Therefore, a cow such a& the fore-
Ration No. |. Ten pounds of clover hay, 30 pounds of corn silage, 214 pounds of hominy chops,
5 pounds of wheat ae 214 pounds of linseed meal (old process) and 3 tablespoonfuls of Davis
~ Stock Food.
Ag Ration No. 2. oiateeen pounds of clover or alfalfa hay, 25 pounds of corn silage, 4 pounds of ground
re ‘oats, 5 pounds of ground peas, and 3 heaping tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food.
Ration No. 3. Ten pounds of corn fodder, 5 pounds of alfalfa hay, 25 pounds of sugar beets,
, 314 pounds of corn and cob meal, 3 pounds of buckwheat middlings, 114 pounds of cotton seed meal,
3 zebiespeonttls of Davis Stock Food.
Ration No. 4. Ten pounds of mixed hay, 40 pounds of corn silage, 4 pounds of buckwheat mid-
_ dlings, 1 pound of gluten meal, 214 pounds of linseed meal, and 3 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food.
= _ The grain of the above rations should be mixed thoroughly and fed morning and evening, the
e roughage being fed during the day. The rations are also figured on a basis of a cow weighing 1,000 pounds
or less, and giving approximately | 30 pounds of milk a day. Should the cow weigh more, or should her
milk production be greater, increase the ration accordingly. Under present conditions, comparatively
_ few dairymen raise enough protein containing feeds for their consumption on the farm, and they are there-
’ fore obliged to buy quite a lot of commercial feedstuffs in order to obtain this much needed protein. There
is no question whatever but that with a little care the average farmer or dairyman could raise on his
own farm all the proteins consumed. The time will come when such will be the case, but under the
_ present circumstances, when so large a quantity is being purchased, it is necessary for the farmer or
dairyman to feed with as great economy as possible. And it goes without saying that he should exert
every effort to obtain the maximum digestibility, not only from a grain economy standpoint but for
the general health of his herd. As the cow is called upon to do an enormous amount of work, her diges-
tive ability is taxed to the utmost. Every organ in her body should therefore be working properly;
the gastric juice should be secreted in abundance; the liver should perform its functions, and the peri-
_ Stalsis: should ever keep the bowels moving while feedstuffs are contained therein. And it requires no
great argument on our part to demonstrate to the live and up to date dairyman that it is not a question
with him whether or not he can afford to use Davis Stock Food, but whether he can afford to be without
it. His knowledge of feeds and the digestive organs, coupled with his knowledge of the ingredients of
Davis Stock Food, answer that question emphatically.
ate is sual rae
THE HOG INDUSTRY. |
-
The hog has always occupied an important place in the animal husbandry of
Selection, the United States. Unlike the supply of breeds of other kinds of live stock,
Feeding and _ the main dependence of American farmers for hogs has been placed upon breeds
Management. developed right here at home and, unlike other collections of live stock,
America is entitled to all the
credit for the modern and
highly developed pork ma-
chines that we have today.
Five distinct breeds have
originated within that section
of the country where corn is
notably a feature in farming,
viz..the Chester Whitem ~ 9) —
Pennsylvania; the Duroc Jer- -
sey in New: Jersey and New
York; the Poland China in
Ohio and Illinois; the Victoria
in New York and Indiana and — aie 2
the Cheshire in New York. —
From these localities the
breeds have been gradually
-disseminated over the entire
SPRINGBROOK NELLIE, No. 2102. country and a great number
A Prize Winning Tamworth Sow. Weight, 800 Pounds, have been exported to foreign
Owned by W. WARREN MORTON, Russellville, Ky. ;
ree
rig!
. countries.
Coincident with the development of native breeds, the leading English breeds,” par-
ticularly the Berkshire, have come into more or less
popularity, while the Essex, the Yorkshire and the Tam-
worth are bred and raised more or less.
It is a foregone conclusion that
Conditions climate, soil and the environment in
Suitable which the same kind of stock was Ss
for Hog placed by the Creator, and ran in a
Raising. wild state, are the conditions which ;
will be found most suitable for the
industry in that particular stock, although American ingenu-
ity and perseverance in breeding have developed distinct
types that not only thrive but prove distinctly profitable in
climates and under conditions entirely new and strange to
the primitive wild hog. If extremes, either of heat or cold,
are common, the environment provides shelter in the dense
thickets in winter and shade and an abundance of water in CALSTON EOUIERE st Ne. 4722.
summer. The hog is naturally a promiscuous feeder and in Yorkshire Boar.
his domestic state thrives best where pastures are most luxu- OWned by W. E. ROCKHILL, Warsaw, Ind.
riant and grain crops, nuts and roots are in abundance. The hog is not a ranger, nor does he thrive
on grass alone, although it is a deplorable fact that a large number of American farmers deprive him
of what range and grass he should actually have.
ial, J
iA a RN ate a es ace ea
ecvwten me
THE HOG INDUSTRY. 75
The corn growing sections of the United States will easily take first place in pork pro-
duction. It is, however, an absurd fallacy to argue that hog feeding will not give profitable
returns outside of the corn belt, True, the corn belt has wonderful advantages for economical
pork production, but it also has its disadvantages, and not the least of them is the effect on
- fecundity of feeding too much corn to breeding stock, a common fault among fafmers. Any
locality that will grow clover of any species, that is favorable to the production of alfalfa, peas,
beans and other legumes, and where grain can be readily grown, not only corn, but barley, wheat,
oats, or rye—in such localities the wonderful American hog will demonstrate his worth. Variety of
feeds alone is an item that too much importance cannot be attached to. An animal tires of a
constant ration of one kind and is easily thrown off his feed, when if he were supplied with a
change or variety to keep his appetite keen, it not only enables the farmer to raise better pork,
with a finer flavor, but enables him to raise it in less time, get a gain of more pounds per day
and thus market his hogs at a greater profit. It must be remembered that the hog of today is
far removed from his distant ancestor, the razorback, or wild hog, who was privileged to roam fhe
forests and hills, gathering for
himself such roots, herbs, etc.,
that his instinct told him
would assist digestion, keep
his bowels in good condition
and give the system a general
tonic. Thus before man ever
thought of domesticating the
hog and placing him in an
unnatural environment,
nature found it necessary to
place the hog within reach of
these condiments and correct-
ors. In other words, nature
supplied the stock food. If
the hog needed tonic, digest-
ives, cathartics, cholagogues,
alteratives and blood purifiers
in his natural state, he cer-
eo ! ENGLEWOOD’S FIREMAN, No. 1864. tainly needs them much more
eee eres vemvorsh does world'e. vair, st. noun get Oe co
Sweepstake Winner Canadian National, Toronto. The modern hog is_ living
W. WARREN oe Ge ea Home Stock Farm, under abnormal conditions;
Russellville, = he is given no choice in his
feed, but must eat that placed -
before him. Naturally endowed with the. ee of a glutton, he overfeeds, oftentimes eating things which
his system and digestive apparatus is not able to grapple, and under such conditions it will be found
immensely profitable to the stockman to supply him with that which nature in her wisdom found neces-
sary and of which domestic conditions have robbed him. Nux vomica, one of the ingredients of Davis Stock
Food, is asmall seed that acts as a bitter tonic, stimulates respiration, secretion of digestive fluids, increases
the appetite and digestion and assists peristalsis. Gentian, another one of the ingredients used in Davis
Stock Food, is also a bitter tonic, which improves the appetite and general tone and materially aids
~ digestion. Another ingredient in Davis Stock Food, ferri sulphas, is a salt of iron and is among the first ~
mineral substances to be used in medicine, which was about 3,000 years ago; its chief function in ani-
mal economy as well as in nature being that of an oxygen carrier. Iron is a normal constituent of the
blood, there being one part in two hundred and thirty parts of red corpuscles and tissues, where it exists
as an oxide in combination with the hematin of the blood. It also is present in the bile, lymph, chyle
and in the gastric juices. Sulphur, another constituent of Davis Stock Food, when taken internally
undergoes no change in the stomach end j possesses no Be action on that gar
into the intestines and is in part converted into sulphides by the action of the bile, where. it 1
glandular structures and increases peristalsis. Upon being absorbed in the smaller intestines
blood and acts as an alterative and has a very beneficial effect 60 the an and coat of ana
or wood fecaey
checking fermentative changes of feed passing iheongn the suctenee can and by v
of this action will Beret the occurrence of flatulence. It thus” keeps the bowel re and
the foul ees
-
of the foregoing roots, herbs, etc., will not prove of immense benefit in the proper feedi
live stock. They are gathered together i in ae the correct proportions in Davis Stock a
them ourselves, thus insuring their ney Sea freed a sAdieeeee
a
The public at large does not half saprcate the importance of the: pork p
industry to the United States. It is indeed doubtful if the animal industry of America
have attained the eee peciaer, in the world of commerce had it not been for the Ame
past has been. The American anaes is a8 esate nies the fine ao i
instead of throwing his feed into the swine haphazard, thus wasting a large quantity of it, he
by the scale, knows the analysis of his grain, and there is little reason to suspect that over
of pork will ever become a menace to the American farmer. _
or
If for no other feature alone, the hog appeals to the American farmer
Fecundity. of the fecundity of the sows. No other meat producing domestic
side of poultry, is capable of producing so lange a number of young ina
thus enabling a farmer to turn his money over several times in pork while he is getting it Te
cattle. This fecundity is something that the American farmer should pay close attention to.
be developed and maintained to a high degree by the judicious use of proper feeds and e
it can be almost ruined by the feeding of too much corn or other foods high in carbohy
access to pastures, with plenty of exercise and green stuffs, is highly important if you wo
SOWS raise dete a goodly es of healthy, strong pigs.
Returns from have saveisceil the Gilowing stated ating! oe ‘ibestiye i
Feed Eaten. good feed consume on an average of some 12 to 13 pounds-of dry feed
pounds live pha: per week, aad vias show 1 oe increase in wei
feeds composed chiefly of corn, consume 26 to 30 pounds per 100 Site! live ies per eee
show 1 pound gain in weight to every 4 or 5 pounds of dry feed eaten. Also in their dressed
hogs show less variation than cattle, hogs dressing from 72 to 84 per cent of the liv
while cattle will dress as low as 55 per cent, and 70 per cent is considered, ae :
dress from 48 to 60 per cent. . ET thas
It is a well known fact that hae are especially sensitive to extremes of heat
xt Hog Houses, Pas- andcold. The character of their shelter should therefore depend largely upon
¥. tures and Fences. the locality in which they are. If in the North, where there are severe winters,
good, warm quarters are a necessity for profitable hog raising. In building
well drained location with a house built directly on a north and south line, facing east, thus giving both
ides of the building an opportunity to receive direct sunlight at some part of the day, is advised.
It will be found economy and desirable to provide windows of fair size, and if in cold climates,
they should be so arranged that when opened there will be no direct draft wpon the hogs. The size
of the house, etc., will of course depend upon the number of hogs it must accommodate, but as a general
safe proposition no more than fifty breeding animals should be confined in any one building, for sanitary
cee If the expense can be incurred, and after all it is a comparatively small matter, cement floors
ue to a common drain or sewer from each pen are pees while on top of this cement floor each
For individual lots, the portable house is coming largely into favor. It has a
Portable great many advantages, inasmuch as it can be moved from time to time and from
Houses. pasture to pasture. It also’ can be turned upside down, allowing sunlight
a to get inside of it during the day. These houses should, however, be made com-
ae genuyely small and no more than two or three hogs should be accommodated in each one: In mild
‘greater part of the year, and the house can be casned from lot to io and from pot to spot as the animals
consume the surrounding forage. The one thing that must ever be borne in mind is that the house,
no matter how or where it is built, should provide good, clean, dry sleeping quarters and above every-
thing else, be sanitary. . ;
. _ There is a wide difference of opinion and practice regarding hog lots and pas-.
Pastures. lot or a convenient mud hole, and more often than not deprived of the proper
“4 ches : run and green feed so abundant around him and-so necessary for profitable
Seeeproduction:. ‘It has been found good practice to construct a number of half-acre lots, placing a portable
house in every other one and. give a sow and her pigs an individual house. By the time they will have
eaten or stamped down all the green stuff on this half acre, the house can easily be lifted over the fence
to the next lot and the hogs moved where they will have plenty of fresh, green pasture. The lot they
have been taken off of can then be plowed up and sowed in rye or forage crops that grow comparatively
P fast, so that by the time they have exhausted the second lot they can be returned to the original one.
_ Thus the two lots will support the sow and pigs until the pigs are old enough to wean, and-will, if properly
; ~ cared for, support the sow the yearround. It will also be found good practice, if possible, to have a larger
lot, of from five to ten acres, toturn all the pigs into after weaning time, and here they can be left until
four or five months old, feeding them in the meantime, but allowing them plenty of ground and
exercise so that they may develop bone and muscle and be in a good, healthy condition to go into the
ed lot. Where boars are kept they should have a pen distant and out of sight of the sows and other pigs.
In determining what breed or class of hogs you are going to raise, several things
. s election of must be taken into consideration; first, the climate and environments; second,
Breeding Stock. the facilities you have at your disposal, and third, but not least, the market to
which you must cater. Any or all of the standard breeds of today are good and
"the advocates of each and every breed can give you innumerable reasons why their special favorite has
m ny, points of excellence over all others. We will, therefore, not attempt, and could not think of
patie iu ie es We will, however, Ene a. correct and concise ater of each and oor
We...
eir quarters, light, ventilation, warmth and cleanliness are the four main points to be considered. ;
THE HOG INDUSTRY. : 77
Pens and tures. It is a deplorable fact that the hog on the average farm is given a barn .
We
78
for certain purposes; beyond this you will have to make a stldakinn: putea SEE alters
done, the man who is breeding and raising hogs for market must breed the type rather t
He is interested in filling the pork barrel, and not in producing a pedigree, or in zal
Right here is the greatest trouble and the one great fault, if there is such a thing, that
’ swine breeders have fallen into. In the mad rush to take gold medals and blue ribbons
fancy prizes for high bred stock, we regret to say that es of them nae entirely los st eight ot
if a prize boar will produce a pig ME SES even to the Geimibest + deta: with the require i
score cards of the various live stock record a onoaG if this same pig cannot produc
ically? While a there is a necessarily wide ipa it of cseule goes sci the various bre
and this Gasharl is one that has been cee by expenience. They a cane ae
width of form, constitutions of flesh producing capacity, and general good health, regardless of me)
fine points. It was not many years ago that the distinct large ty pe of a hog was. the favor
market. He was the favorite because the public demanded such a class of meat, Se -
This es not necessarily mean that new. eee sil aS scaitomaeeibold but that he acittieg: re
by elimination, by mating and special feeding, be made to conform to the demand. On the 1
pages we present a score card of five different breeds of hogs of the larger type. This score car is co
~piled from the score cards of the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine, and is — by
the Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 47, issued by the United States Government.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION. -
HEAD.
Potent China.—Head broad, ever and smooth between and above the eyes; slight
tapering evenly and gradually to-near the end of the nose; inclined to shortness, but not enou
the appearance of stubby nose; in male a masculine expression and appearance; broad lower j
Berkshire.—Head short, broad, coming well forward at poll; face short and fine and w
broad between the eyes, tapering from eyes to point of nose; surface even and regular.
Duroc Jersey.— Head small in proportion to size of body, wide between the eyes; face
(about half way between a Poland China and a Berkshire), and tapering well down to te nose;
smooth and even. acer
and tapering Fain eyes to nose.
= OBJECTIONS. :
Poland China.—Head long and narrow between the eyes; nose uneven and coarse;
the muzzle or head too short; not full or high ge the eyes or too much wrinkled arou
eyes.
Berkshire.—Head long, narrow and coarse; Seaeecd low and narrow; jaws narrow
lower jaw extending beyond i aos face long and straight petmery eyes ; nose coat lick
or ridgy. .
Duroc Jersey.—Head large and coarse; narrow between the eV ees face straight; nose
- too much dished. eee peers
Chester White.—Head long, narrow and coarse; forehead low and narrow; jaws ec nits
weak; face long, narrow and straight; nose coarse, clumsy, ¢ or dished like a ects aea FSi
F coal ; ; i ; 3
THE HOG INDUSTRY. ge 79
mae ae Sac eee and hts
Chester White.—Large, bright, clear and free from wrinkles Of surrounding fat.
Victoria—Medium size, prominent, (oe clear and lively in young, and of eit expression oe a
‘aged animals.
. ” OBJECTIONS,
Poland China.- _Dull of expression, deep set, or obscure: sight aaa Ee nee fat or other
Berkshire.—Small, dull, bloodshot, _ deep set, or obscure; sight nee by wrinkles, fat or other
aces Jersey.- Dull, weak and obscure.
Chester White. —Small, deep, or obscure; sight eer in any way.
c EARS. = 4
- Poland China.—Ears attached to the head by a firm short knuckle, giving free and easy action; oc
ng up slightly from the base to within two-thirds of the tip, where a gentle break or drop should
in size neither too large nor too small, but even, fine, thin, leaf shape; slightly inclined outward.
_ Berkshire.—Generally almost erect, but sometimes inclined forward with advancing age; medium
‘thin and soft. _
gee Jersey. —Mediuim, moderately thin, pointing forward, downward and slightly outward,
i
Pe ge ee re ee, ee oe ey Ne OCT oe
OBJECTIONS.
4 Poland China.—Large, floppy, straight, upright, or coarse; knuckle long, letting the ear drop
too close to the head and face, hindering the animal in their free use. o
. Berkshire.—Large, coarse, thick, round, or drooping; long or large knuckle; difference in form
or position from Pak other; animal unable to control their position.
we Duroc Jersey. Very large, nearly round, very thick, swinging or flabby; not of same size; dif-
G Griestar White. —Large, upright, coarse, ne round, too small, dropping too close to the ae
_ unable to control them. o
4
NECK.
Poland China. —Short, wide, even, smooth, well arched; rounding and full from poll to shoulder,
egard to the characteristics of the sex.
e.—Full, deep, short, and slightly arched, broad on top, well connected mie shoulders.
Duroc Jersey. .—Short, thick and very deep and slightly arching.
Chester White.—Wide, deep, short and nicely arched.
_ Victoria.—Medium wide, deep, short, well arched, and full at top.
es
Bi
a
“e
i
~
-
q
Pet ee ~ OBJECTIONS. _ | | 1
"Poland China.—Long, narrow, thin and drooping from the shoulder to the poll, with unevenness Z
‘caused by wrinkles or creases. ae
_Berkshire.—Long, flat, lacking in fullness and depth. ees es
Duroc Jersey. me 2 ‘shallow and thin.
shoulders and below line of lower Gaur, so that lower ine will be as “low t as. ‘breast bon wh
carried up level. ei ols
Berkshire.—Full, firm and neat, carrying fullness back to shoulder and ‘pHa
Duroc Jersey.—Broad, full and neat, carrying fullness woos to eae! of shoulder, t
with breast bone. = (dss
~
when the eit is carried is level. ‘
Victoria.—Medium full, nicely rounded, neat and es from loose, ae fat.
OBJECTIONS.
Poland China.—Light, flabby, thin and wedged shaped; déep wrinkled, not aroog ng
the line of lower jaw, and not carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket. ee
Berkshire.—Light, flabby, thin, tucked up or wrinkled. ae A
Duroc Jersey.—Too large, loose and flabby; small, thin and ‘eles hoe
Chester White.—Light, too large and flabby, rough and deep a ‘not | carry
back to shoulder and _ brisket. .
SHOULDERS. 3 ae
Poland China.—Broad, and aaa at the top, showing evenness with the bane an
good width from the top to the bottom, and even, smoothness extending well forward.
’ j Berkshire.—Broad, deep and full; not extending above line of back,’ ‘and as. wide
- back, carrying side down to line of belly, and having lateral width. :
; Duroc Jersey.—Moderately broad, very deep and full, carrying TRICE SS well down.
above line of back. =
down to line of belly.
Victoria.—Broad, deep and full; not pipe than the line of back, and as eae on top
i)
é eee s a OBJECTIONS. - re
pigs under eight months of age, or showing too mioph Gia: at‘any age.
Berkshire.—Lacking in depth or width; thick beyond the line of sides and hams ¢ or ext
line of back; heavy shields on hogs under eighteen months of age. ;
Duroc Jersey.—Small, thin, shallow, extending above line of back; boars tee
heavily shielded. | S
; line of back shields on boars too coarse and prominent.
CHEST.
ing back on ‘goat; not ached aa broad between fore Maree ae aie
Duroc Jersey.—Large, very sig filled gh behind “shoulders breast ‘bone ext
ward so as to be readily seen.
a.—Large, wide, a and roomy, with a large Pee back of shoulders,
OBJECTIONS. Poa :
Poland China.—Pinched pees sare at the top or bottom, or urehed in back of the fore =
"prominent. az
_Berkshire.—Flat, narrow at top or “Bottom, small eee, eee depth of fullness ; “breast bone |
eearn ; BACK AND LOIN.
oles China.—Broad, ares (or slightly arched, oF same width from shoulder to ham;
ees White.—Back broad on tow straight or slightly arched, uniform width, smooth, free
imps or rolls, shorter than lower belly line, same height and width at shoulders as.at ham; loin
full at loin; sometimes higher at hip than at shoulder.
. OBJECTIONS. ae
"Poland China. —Narrow, creased back of sone: Pee or hollow, ror below a te
ilde ‘ribs ing oy “ey oe at ion Sead bottom.
* ee Josey Gat medium in length, level between shoulders and hams- aid pe
82 __THE HOG INDUSTRY 3
OBJECTIONS. © mv ;
Poland China.—Flat, thin, flabby, pinched, not as full at bottom as at ‘top; ‘drawn
so as to produce a crease, or pinched and tucked up and in, as it approaches the ham; unev
ribs flat or = short. ‘
or bottom.
‘ Duroc Jeeey: —Flabby, creased, shallow and not carrying eee width from TOR, ab
’ surface; ribs flat and too eet
BELLY AND FLANK.
Poland China. —Belly broad, straight and full, indicating capacity and room, sees
same or on a level at the flank with the under line of the chest. Under line straight, or near
free from flabby appearance. . Biate z meas
Berkshire.—Wide, full and straight on bottom line.
Duroc Jersey. —Straight and full and carrying wellout to line of sides; flank well dow.
line of sides.
Chester White.—Same width as back, full, making a Aan line aad ‘dropping as iow
:
P
; as at bottom of chest; line of lower edge running parallel with sides; flank full and even with bo
4 = Victoria.— Wide, straight and full; as low or slightly lower at flank than 28 ones flank
; nearly even with the sides. 2 : “gy
R OBJECTIONS.
F Poland China.—Belly uneven and flabby, or See looseness in the make up. Pin
the flank or flanked too high.
‘ _Berkshire.—Belly narrow and saggy; flank thin and tucked up. |
3 Duroc Jersey.— Narrow, tucked up or drawn in, sagging or flabby.
r
;
]
F
the loin to the root of the tail; broad and well ae. all along from loin and coed roun
the buttock; lower front part of ham should be full, and stifle well covered with flesh; even width o
and rump with the back, loin and body; even a greater width as to females not objectionable. — ve
Berkshire.—Hams broad, full and long; ge lower front part of ham seeds be full and stifle
tail, same width as ae and filling out!on oooh side and above the tail.
4
: 4
Duroc Jersey.—Broad, full and well let down to the hock; buttock full and coming ee 4 \
) and filling full between hocks; rump should have a round slope a loin to root of tail, ‘same evel
back and well filled out around tail.
‘
7
Chester White. —Ham broad, Hae wide, long bid deep, ee of no swells buttock cul
line with sides.
Victoria.— Hams ide: full, wide, “nicely rounded, trim and free from fat; ioeae larg:
reaching well down toward hocks; rump slightly sloped from end of i to font of pene
83
meat; not so wide as the Sie ck or fete ae tapering or small; rump narrow or
» or well filled, or too Sheep from ee to > tail:
> rump narrow, fet. or od at cout Bae tail, or too eee: aes - & es
_ Chester White.—Ham narrow, short, not filled out to stifle, too much cut up in crotch or twist, _
ing down t to y hock; oe flabby; rump flat, narrow, too Bar too ‘ae sharp or peaked ates: ;
ee LEGS AND FEET.
‘ ess White. —Legs short, straight, e well apart nae squarely under body; bone of good
, well: muscled, wide above knee and below knee and hock round and tapering, enabling the i -
an
fe) carry its weight with ease; pastern short and nearly upright: feet short, firm, tough ee free
ee: 4 ~
‘
tae too Tes long, slim, crooked, too coarse, too close together; weak muscles
eee large and coarse, without taper; pastern long, ee slim like a deer’s;
OBJECTIONS.
Poland ChiheConre and long without a curl; or short crooked or r stubby; or too s
not tapering. :
Berkshire.—Coarse and straight, too low. a)
Duroc Jersey.— Extremely heavy, too long, ropy.
Chester White.—Coarse, long, clumsy, set too high or too low, hanging like a rope.
COAT. tae igh
Poland China.—Fine, straight, smooth, lying close to and covering the oS) well; I;
evenly distributed over the ee
distributed over the ae
Duroc Jersey. ee eh) thick and fine, straight, smooth, and covering Pane ba
clipped coat no_ objection.
Victoria.—Fine and silky, evenly covering the boty.
a,
OBJECTION S.
Poland China.—Bristles and hair coarse, harsh, thin, gary or esti swirls, ee
cut 1.5 points.
_, Berkshire.—Hair coarse, harsh, wavy or curly, not evenly distributed over Katee SW.
Duroc Jersey.—Too many bristles, hair coarse, harsh and rough, wavy or curly;
evenly laid over the body. = :
Chester White.—Bristles and hair coarse, thin, standing up, not evenly distribute
body except the belly. i.
on the jaw, legs or flank, or a few eis of white on the body not objectionable.
Berkshire.—Black, with white on feet, face, tip of tail, and an occasional a on ar
Duroc Jersey.—Cherry red, without other admixtures. ;
Chester White.—White (blue spots or black specks in skin shall not indicate impurity »
Victoria.—White, with occasional dark spots on sist.
¢
OBJECTIONS. — | an
Poland China.—Solid black, white mixed or sandy spo:s; speckled with white Bas ove
mottled face of white and black; hair mixed, making a grizzly appearance.
Berkshire.—Solid black or black points, or white spots on body.
Duroc Jersey.—Very dark red, or shading brown, very pale or gs red, black Spe Se
black flecks on belly and legs not desired, but admissable.. ‘ He
Chester White.—Color any other than white,
SIZE. a
Poland China.—Large for age; condition, vigor and vitality to_ tGpdeettered, ‘There |
be a difference between BS animals and those nai or niet for eos oad an at ia 25
Aw
in size. an 600
i)
r old. and over, 400 eee sow, 350 pounds; boar
: oat and sows six months old, not less than 160
The keeping and chance that a
Fine
boar eighteen eae old, 350 pounds ; SOW same @ age, 325 pounds; boar pele months a
ds; sow same oes 209 pene boar and sow six months Ly 150 pounds.
50 noenes each, and other ages in Soca a
oria.—Boar two years old and over, when in good condition, should ie: not less than 500 ai
. sow, same age and conditions, 450 pounds; boar twelve months old, not less than 300 pounds; %
od flesh, 300 pounds, Pigs five to six months old, 140 to 160 poate: |e
ve _OBJECTIONS S.
oan
Poland China. —Overgrown, coarse, flabby, loose appearance; gangling, hard to fatten; too fine;
ed ; short stubby, inclined to chubby fatness; not a hardy, robust animal.
ey erkshire.—Underweight, coarse, not in good form to.fatten.
hester Pe ca coarse, uncouth, hard to fatten.
ACTION AND STYLE. ae
J eee vigorous; style graceful and APs
Duroc Jersey.—_Action vigorous and animated; style free and easy.
Chester wae Paes and ee style attractive; high carriage; in les testicles should
va
-
Sa ee ee a a ee ae ee ae oy a. ere ee
Ld
Sy eet tee eS ee
eae ea
entire body and free from any lumps.
_ feet broken down so that the animal walks on pastern joints.
86
Duroc Jersey.—Healthy, skin free from any scurf, scales, sores or var
total.
S gaan —Unhealthy, skin scaly, scabby_ or hath: fabbiness or lumpy flesh, t00
- Duroc Jersey. ane, scurfy, scaly, sores, Tastee, too 2 for roe dine purposes;
and standing up; poor feeders.
Chester White.—Unhealthy, skin scaly, scabby or harsh} foe lumpy or cn
dry and standing up from body; poor feeders; total deafness. ¥
( DISPOSITION. ,
Poland China. —Lively, easily handled, and seeming kind and responsive to good tre
Berkshire.—Quiet, gentle and easy to handle.
Duroc Jersey.—Very quiet and gentle; easily handted .or iatgen
Chester White.—Quiet, Sol ‘and easily handled, with ambition enough to look ou
selves if neglected.
Victoria.—Quiet and gentle. ‘ \
OBJECTIONS.
‘Poland China.—Cross, sluggish, restless; wild, or of vieious turn.
_ Berkshire. —Cross, restless, vicious and wild.
Duroc Jersey.— Wild, vicious or stubborn. -
Chester White.—Cross, restless, vicious or wild: no ISTE
DISQUALIFICATIONS—FORM. |
Berkshire. cages large and heavy or drooping ears; small, or chest, crease back (
\
\
~
Duroc Jersey.—Ears standing erect; small, cramped chest; crease back of shoulders and. ae -
so as to cause a depression in the back easily noticed; seriously deformed legs; badly broken down.
Chester White.—Upright ears, small, cramped chest; creased around back of shoulders and |
the back, causing depression easily noticed; feet broken down, causing the animal to wae o i
deformed or badly crooked legs. eter
Victoria.—Crooked jaws or deformed face; prooieed or deformed legs: large, coarse, eee
SIZE. ; : aa
Berkshire.—Overgrown, gangling, narrow, contracted, or not two thirds large enough fo
Duroc Jersey.—Very small or not two-thirds large enough, as given by the standard.
Chester White.—Chuffy, or not pa ae large enough for age.
CONDITION. : Yt eee
Berkshire.—Barrenness, deformed, seriously diseased, total blindness from any cause.
Chester White.—Squabby fat, deformed, seriously diseased, barrenness, total peels,
Victoria.—Excessive fatness, barrenness, Se ga in any air of the ow,
= \
‘PEDIGREE.
Pee Not. eligible to record.
Duroc Jersey.—Not eligible to record. - ed : °
Chester White.—Not eligible to record, _ Sins
_Victoria.—N ot gree to record.
. COLOR. | ae :
ester White.—Blacke or sandy spots in hair.
ther than white or poe white, with occasional dark spots in skin. ek
af
A aes “Aler the locality and breed have been decided upon, and the various details
Pes Bret, that are incident to a beginning are settled, it may be well for the beginner to
examine into his own ciaerae To make stock ae of any kind a suc-
He must are the labor of caring for them, and must be Seite
n his barnyard. should be likewise, A knowledge of some of the laws of sanitation and veterinary
e will be a great — and an acquaintance with the principles of selection and breeding of stock
do not pamper their stock, but they never neglect it. The personality of the breeder, pecidaie
ts panies eas etc., has more to do with success or failure than any other factor,
ie first selection of breeding stock is of prime importance. The effects e mis-
mating are always difficult to breed out of a herd, and the effects on a beginner
is such that a mistake may completely discourage him. It is good economy
to make haste slowly at this time. The start should be made with a few
nal ats sows will make a large enough herd for the first year. They should be good individuals,
it will even be much | better to buy one high class sow than five poor ones. This will be real
and the development of the herd will prove its value. It will be well ifa Depinner e: can obtain —
france of an old and successful breeder in making his Start. tes
_is uniform prepotency in both sexes; the influence of the two parents on the
off sp ing i is theoretically equal. ‘Therefore, if the boar is half the herd; the sows
, and their selection is a highly important matter, They may be pur-
efore the boar, and quite an item of expense willthus besaved, Then,
bor without grudging cal often without stint. He should be cleanly and neat in habits,
_The- expression, “The male is half the herd,” is fee quoted. So far as
our knowledge of heredity has developed, other conditions being equal, there
ea
i
rs
_ the cause of these unfortunate results. It must be borne in mind that it is comparatively easy to
88 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BREEDS AS UNITS.
by thé time the sows have been watched and studied for a season and have each raised a litter of j
the owner will be much better prepared to select a suitable male, and he can then get one to us
dams and offsprings. The sows selected should be nearly the same age, which should be abor
months, and all should be safe in pig, preferably to the same boar, Their individual charac
should, perhaps, be first looked to. While hogs do not show the strong difference-of sex that we |
in a cow or mare, these always constitute a marked feature of a good-brood sow. The ee.
head and oan finer neck are points of decision from the signs of masculinity in a boar.
of body should be selected for breeding Bes. length of body being regarded as an on 101
fecundity. It will certainly do no harm to select sows that are on ae but care should be
a sow’s fecundity is by no means positively known. Many short Todiad sows have one to ee
derfully prolific breeders. The surest means by which to select hee sows is to keep an accurate record |
least twelve well developed teats, thus providing for. the proper Aga tae of large tiers aoe :
The ee qualifications of the market hog should be looked for; viz. ee covered ee
pastern bone instead of on the toes. “This is particularly the case with the hind pee a
often noticed in boars than in sows. It is a weakness that seriously impairs the usefulness of th ania
Brood sows should, of course, show quality, but this should not become overrefined —
last but very important point, these first sows should be uniform in type. Uniformity of typ go fa:
beneath the surface. It includes every part of the internal organization. The reproductive system,
the digestive system, the circulatory system, and even the nervous system influence uniformity _ The
breeder may often be disappointed in his results from sows that he thought were of a uniform type.
His pigs are a heterogeneous lot, unpleasing to the eye, unsatisfactory in the feed lots, and profi
the pocket. In such a case a lack of uniformity in the powers of heredity may, no doubt, be assi
sows that are uniform in quality, constitution and conformation. This may be done by any skillful ju
of hogs. But our only basis for the selection of animals uniform in reproductive powers and here
of type is the breeding records of their sires and dams and the standard of the herd from which
come. For this reason it is readily apparent why it is an advantage for the beginner to select
sows from one well established herd. Whether the sows will be uniform i in breeding powers can only
determined definitely by testing them in the herd, but to select them from the same herd or from her
of similar breeding will be a reasonable guararitee of good results. When a.sow has shown herself to
a prolific breeder she shouid be retained as long as her reproductive powers are maintained. Uniformit
in a herd is the surest :ndex to the worth of the stock and the skill of the breeder, and its advantages ;
obvious. A uniform ict of pigs will feed better, look better when fattened, and command a higher p
on the market than a mixed lot. With a bunch of sows closely conforming to the same standard, wi
reproductive powers are similar, uniform pigs may be expected. The importance of the male in the |
should not be asserted at the expense of the females, yet the importance of the male of marked excell
N BREEDS AS UNITS. “a 39
ae
[ their conformation and fecundity, conform strictly
oS e, they are merely convenie n i
> for the bisth and ees young, not what
amping oe a weakly organized female oe by a a prepotent male factor, or vice vere are
and important, but belong to the special — of heredity. rt
If there is a ieideaey at times to exhaust anole the influence of the boar,
“Selecting -and neglect that of the sow, the beginner should not permit himself to reverse
_ the Mee F Ss and entirely neglect the boar. It was, indeed, the feeling that any male
Pe could be used so long as he had sufficient strength for service that brought about
vor of the value of the boar. A breeder cannot afford to neglect the animals of either
has, ae the are influence on the herd, for the simple reason that every pig in
a ae dc Ts ie must not be fee atien: and it indicates the chief difference
Ethie influence of the two sexes in the herd: A superior boar may be used on a herd of inferior sows
s es Paced at the same time as the sows and allewed to come to maturity pee using.
1ould have : a ee masculine head, and a well crested neck. His shoulders should be developed
all, ne finitely placed testicles. Avoid particularly a boar with only one testicle visible. The boar oy
shoul stand up on his toes. There should not be the slightest indication of weakness in the pasterns i
ng ones ; in a governance boar (two or three ots of age) that has seen has service, SCM DEK Aa: ae
Pies down with a little age and service. Look anette to the set of the hind
a be as set, ee and closely oe to the hind quarters. A crooked or
‘ 5 e
The ‘Ackaits of selection, feed and management of live atoale are intricately
_ interwoven and interdependent. A man may be an excellent judge of stock,
a able to select those animals from his herd whose use will give the best results —
cae breeding, but if his system of feeding and management is not such that the
ive ad yield a es increase, good a is ae ineffective. On the other hand,
Hogs require attention, ae hath: of ponidnontee age: or sex, ‘but the 2
The Sows. of the brood sows is the surest test of the breeder’s skill.
overfed after farrowing, losses may occur among the pigs from scours and thumps. At no ti
development of the pigs so easily influenced as while they are dependent on the sow’s milk,
month of life. Excepting the ravages of epidemic, perhaps the greatest death losses in the he
ot siga this time, including farrowing. The accidents during farrowing, an attack of scours due
Ee during pregnancy a8 as marked as the enor anate consequences og ee n
It is assumed that bred sows are pureneees as the foundation stock
‘ing Pregn ancy. they are all known to be free from seas and contagious ee
be washed or dipped and quarantined from each other at least se ‘
old ration should be aes replaced by the more convenient one, the Gime of transition ot
ten days to two weeks. For the first few days newcomers should be fed lightly. ‘
During pregnancy two facts must be borne in n mind. The first is that the sow is doing dow
improving her appetite; the nux vomica, one of the ingredients, being one of the best tonics ‘aay
keep the system toned up, and consequently keep her in good spirits. The iron and sulphur, ee
Peron! is, as every hog breeder knows, one of the bee things on earth to feed hogs. It is an in
antiseptic and keeps the bowels sweet and clean. Use of the greatest eae to avoid is cons ip:
of this, and the SE ea will, with the other ingredients, keep the pone free from wor:
think that the swine breeder will agree with us that no more ideal combination could be found. 4
sow’s condition should be good, neither too fat nor too lean. An error which would allow th
become fat would perhaps bé least productive of serious consequences. It is hardly too much ue
transformed into masses of fat that the least appearance of fat on the animal’s back and ribs wou
the first step in bringing about such unfortunate circumstances. The use of the reproductive
in either sex creates demands of an unusual nature on the animal’s organism, and these demands must
be met in the same manner as those of a different character, such as growth, work, etc., and that is by
providing liberal supplies of the proper kinds of feed. It is beyond reason that a sow can Be birt
a One litter of pigs after having gone through a four months’ fast.
recently by Mumford, in Missouri. He found that during the first six to nine weeks of life those ‘ns
having the heaviest girth weight made the greatest gains, the records of the gains of the lambs after we
ing were not tabulated. As the development of the fetus is intimately associated with the nutritior
of the dam, it is urged that ‘‘we can profitably pay more attention to the development of the unborn
lamb.’”’ Whether a similar fact may be true in the case of hogs is yet to be shown. Itymay not be unwi
91
ly may be brought about by overfeeding, especially
ise; a counteracting influence will be found in ample
be provided. bya large pasture, or even by driving slowly a mile or two each day.
of exercise must not under any circumstances be overlooked., It must be remembered,
cond place, that the main demands upon the sow are those for the building of new tissue. Hence
d of feed is important. What are known as the nitrogenous or protein bearing feeds are needed
stime. These are bran, oil meal, peas, beans, oats and barley, and, to a moderate extent, wheat.
orage plants that are especially suitable to pregnant brood sows are the clovers and their relatives,
alfa, peas, beans, vetches, etc. The ordinary pasture grasses are also of much value. Feed should
iven in such form that the system of the sow will be at its best. All breeders lay special emphasis
ondition of the bowels during pregnancy, and particularly at farrowing, the special danger to
be g constipation. To this end, the greater part, if not all, of the grain ration is given
oward the close of the period of gestation, oil meal or a small amount of flaxseed meal
ed into the ration. Corn should not be fed in large amounts to breeding stock. If possible,
‘not be fed at all to any but fattening animals. In the corn belt many farmers are often so
ee se have no other grain: feed at hand.
Not only does the hog’s system crave green feed, but more or less bulk is demanded.
p ially needed when a considerable amount of confinement is necessary. To offset the lack
eo See — roots. These may be sliced or pulped aod mixed with the grain, or may
fed in excessive ac may bring about profuse action af the oe Some Eastern a
nd the use of silage. If neither is available, clover or alfalfa hay, sheaf oats, or corn fodder
y the as requirements of the ration with good results. Charcoal, ashes and salt should be
These act as a vermifuge and preventive of disease, ‘and meet the ee s craving
ve sho
i g pen should be provided with Poet around at least three sides, about 6 or 8 inches ~
¢ or r8 inches from the wall. These should be strong enough to support the weight of the
Oo aie: ee oe. than when the sow is given all the space she cares to ae
raising the walls of the pen 6 or 8 inches from the floor. Such a pen may be ar-
he sow at one end of her pen and nailing boards across so that she cannot turn, leaving
under the barrier. A number of patented farrowing pens are on the market,
If corn must make up the greater ve of the ration
Sows vary little in the period of pestainald Domi penetie is ab
Farrowing Time. from the date of breeding. This date should be known to avoid :
may result in loss of pigs. As the time for farrowing approaches 2
should be watched carefully in order that assistance may be given if necessary.
farrowed a litter, and has been properly fed and cared for re pregnancy, little difficulty n
of risk * this time, hot es to the pigs but to the sow herself. The bedding of the sow rat farro
time should be sufficient only for cleanliness and dryness. It furnished i in large amounts the
burrow into it and get lost or be crushed. The best bedding is rye straw and wheat stra
straw is cut it makes an almost ideal bed; chaff i is excellent if it can be obtained ; oat straw is
valuable. Fey
The management of sows during farrowing will depend largely on the animal and on
conditions. Assistance should be at hand if needed, but the sow should not be helped if she
along nicely alone. Many pigs are lost annually by lack of attention during farrowing; but, on
hand, there is no doubt that in many cases over anxiety and too much attention may do more ha:
good, and often result seriously. The assistance that is imperative at this time is to help in
difficult labor, and to protect pigs from chilling in cold weather. The temperament —
nervous actions; peners may be positively ill natured and resent initeciceenee Such sows are
alone during farrowing, and should be bred to farrow when the warm weather may be oe
the chances are as much in favor of the pigs as possible.
The pigs are less likely to become ‘chilled at this season and will esas find their way a t
unaided. Proper nes feeding of the sow and good quarters will make the chance o troub
ering them sikh, straw and put a cloth over the top to prevent too rapid radiation, and, ines:
objects too seriously, the pigs are placed in this receptacle as fast as they arrive. They will
if they do not suck for a few minutes and they will be dry and warm when placed to the te Sn
farrowing. When farrowing is over the pigs should all be placed to the teats, care being t
each one gets his share. When the afterbirth is passed, it should be removed at once and
buried. The hind quarters of the sow should then be washed thoroughly with a good antiseptic s
For this there is nothing better than Phenalin, manufactured by the Davis Stock Food Co. It
nomical and effective, and should always be kept on hand for emergencies. There is good re
believe that the eating of the afterbirth is often the beginging of the habit of eating the pigs ee
troublesome with some sows. 2
In very cold weather it may be necessary for a few days to remove the pigs to a warm place
they have sucked, to prevent chilling. As new born pigs suckle as often as every two hours d
the day this entails considerable inconvenience, but is time well spent and may mean the re
between profit and loss to the breeder. The pigs are soon able to fight their battle with th (
unaided by any but their own warmth and that of the dam.
For the first twenty-four hours the sow should, as a rule, have no food and will need non
however, she shows signs of hunger, a thin slop of bran and shorts or a thin oat meal gruel may be iv
. Tepid water should be given to drink as the sow wants it. Never give cold water. ;
The feeding, for the first three or four days should be light and ee given, -and the time
tioned in the preceding alesis working scaaieslly ® to full feed: pes Bisee oad edi ne
with religious regularity from now on, as one: system is, you must remember, working under full pressut
No time should be teat ate Secon in getting the sow into the open air.
Of course, if the pigs were farrowed during the winter months, care will be needed,
and it may be necessary to let the pigs reach the age of two weeks before turn- :
x : ing them out. They can, however, get considerable exercise in the piggery ig
€ Pict with the sow, and there is often a lot adjoining the barn that is sunny and sheltered from
ld winds where the new family may be turned for exercise. Avoid particularly allowing the pigs to
out during a cold rain. eee are especially ee during the first eae
oh three. ae of age. This time will vary, of course; some pigs being more precocious than —
will il be noticed nibbling at grass, rooting a little, and even investigating the sow’s feed.
t the aoe to allow the pigs to run ender In this enclosure put a low, Station: trough, and ig
y1 é in ita little skim milk or a thin gruel similar to that recommended for the sow the first day after .
2 rowing. This gruel may be made with any concentrate that is free from woody matter. If ground
rley or oats is fed, the meal should be first sifted to remove the hulls. There is a great variety of
tuffs that can be used. The main point to be observed is that the pig’s stomach is very easily
at this age and feeds must be given that wilt digest readily. Davis Stock Food in the propos
( oie the scouring that kills so a pigs, and assist the tender digestive apparatus to take
of the feed, thus insuring the rapid growth and health of the young animal. The trough in which
fed shouldbe, kept — No stale feed should ‘be allowed to remain in it from one feed to
) large quantities at fn aoa 6 to 12 pounds of ie to each pound of grain. During this period
om ar tively little corn should be fed, as a rule. More growth can be obtained with a narrow ration
d hould be withheld until the fattening period comes. The pigs should be kept growing con-
she best results will come with feeding a little under their capacity rather than all they-
To counteract the tendency to become too fat they should have plenty of exercise.
ee and thumps often cause Bae, serious losses among young pigs. The former is caused ey
Sr ye A A ee ee Caio Laie Sei ae Foe aaa : Fe Lary
oe
1 in alr ae
or
If the ee have been properly managed for the daenee after they first eee
to eat, and are taking feed in amounts sufficient to make them more or less
independent of the sow’s milk, weaning will not be a difficult process and will
about: so that it will be scarcely perceptible, so far as the effects on the pigs are concerned.
vean 1 will fepend on the way the pigs are eating and the convenience of the ee If
than six we < The 398 breeders of pure bred ae situated in all parts of the somnecy, who
d efinitely the ages at which they wean their pigs, teres their: practice as follows:
pane carly acum merken ate Sis oi... uf ede Ce he yon 13
Wieubclore simmer Ofase . ca... «2... es a ee ee eee eee eas
Not t efore seven weeks of Se shee. av ee Makes. Saas 2p Seca
Nae 3 EE ae ae ene ee ees hie a
Cristie) wilw stein Ee a awe Tel oaks fete wpe eles wre
Sew ee ew he ee ee
plentiful and they usually raise two litters each year, cule the denis of thet pigs 01
brief and light as possible. Breeders in the corn belt wean at the more mature ages, rarely
young as six weeks, and often allowing the pigs to reach the age of sixteen weeks before the so
away. A considerable number of breeders make no attempt to wean, as the word is gener.
that is, there is no enforced separation of the sow from the pigs; the pigs run with the sow until I
instinct tells her that they are old enough to shift for themselves. fy
The method of weaning will depend somewhat on circumstances. If the pigs are so tk tle d
abrupt, and the sow being taken away out of hearing. If she is still milking considerably
returned to the pigs once a day for two or three days, or the pigs may be taken away in de
beginning with two or three of the largest and Seer then the next strongest, leaving the w
of the litter to complete the drying off. s
Whether the weaning is brought about directly or gradually, it should in all cases be con
and decisive. The pigs should be placed apart from the sows in quarters secure enough ‘t
communication, and by no means should pigs be allowed to follow the sow until she is almost
The pigs are no better and the sow infinitely worse than if weaning had been brought about
Attention will now be given to the pigs that have been weaned. Up
Feeding time all are on the same feed and under the same management. Fr
the Pigs. on, however, those that are to be retained as breeding animals shoul
aes on a growing ce ene is, one cee is somewhat narrow
The Breed- range, affording an abundance of exercise and a rather narrow ration. . ae ‘lay
ing Stock. should be continuous and feed plentiful. The pigs should not be giver
so large and so little feed that they will develop nothing but bone; n
should they have so much to eat that they will become indolent and refuse to take the exercise t
to develop necessary bone and muscle. Exercise will strengthen the sinews and develop strong
as well as firm joints and strong legs, while a well filled stomach will nourish these, and from
agement we may expect a sow that will be strong, thrifty and a good breeder, and a boar that wi.
work in the herd without breaking down in any respect before he should.
Gilts should not be served before the age of eight months, bringing the first litter at twelve mo
, This gives ea time for the development of the reproductive organs. shea
‘reducing the quantity of milk until the pigs are finished on grain alone. A pig gives best retu:
As soon as it is determined what pigs are to be fed for Bes their fattening ¢
Fattening. _ should be started without delay. Experiments have repeatedly prove at
- young animals always fatten more economically than old ones, and therefore
any delay in finishing is accompanied with a loss. In rare instances it may pay to keep a pig over
as a ‘‘store’”’ hog; but generally he loses the flesh he accumulated while suckling his dam, and this
be replaced except at increased expense. Corn will now come into the ration, and should be su:
mented by all the variety of feed at the ieeder Ss command, to which Davis Stock Food has Pee
of mill feeds, dairy by products~and succulent feeds and, according to some authored: aati
skim milk, whey and buttermilk are at command, they can be combined to very good advantage
the ration, commencing with a proportion of about 2 pounds of milk to 1 of grain at weaning time, an
dairy by products while young. The fattening pig should gain from 1 to 1 % pounds daily, and ‘he
weigh between 250 and 300 pounds at nine or ten months of age. Gains made after this weight are n
twice as expensive as those made when weighing from 50 to 100 pounds, and a well bred pig finish
a weight of about 250 pounds will very nearly fill the market requirements and bring a satisfactory
95
ge. i Fie said an aa had all the Be new M heart iad rib at that age that he would ever
d his sesuties in a the show ae bear out the accuracy of his es However, all are not endowed
ea. The sow selected should be Bem et litters 8 from dams that are
of a quiet, motherly oon eon rf :
The boar should be Rctetcd during cool weather, as soon as the testicles
descend into the scrotum. An early date is always preferable to a late one,
for the development of sex characteristics is of no value to an animal that is
intended for meat. -
‘practice of, spaying sows is not very general. It is much more difficult than castration. —
2s that sows whieh have been. impregnated before spaying bear good litters of pigs after :
es or over two rock Ghape rsa. i,: Se ee oka cee Ree Se Re oe eae
At or over three weeks of Bren Wa hh gg eRe A Rice era ret cic Came age | Gee ee 1
At or over four weeks ofage........ Pere Pica a ho eee Sone Se ee 57
“Ator over six weeks of Age eee eee Si NTE Sie ree age ie oe aa 66
Me the pigs are weaned the dry sows should be placed in a pasture by deme
selves and given very little grain. Those that show themselves to be prolific
-and good mothers should be retained as breeders; those having a deficient breed-
nes ing record or being unsatisfactory in any way should be fattened and sold as
Poss uae Tt does not pay to keep over a year a sow that cannot raise a large litter, bates she
pred and a very exceptional individual. —-
nd litter is wanted during a year the sow should be put to the boar demas: the first heat
y breeders do not like to pass many periods of heat for fear that the-sow may
re is little reason why the sow should not have two litters a year. In any case, é
comparatively light feed until time to breed again, gaining a little in
after breeding should be as already detailed.
oe .
= he ‘management a the boar has been left ‘until this place in the discussion,
= not because it is an unimportant subject, but because the sows occupy by far
ie greatest: amount of the breeder’s attention, and also because it was assumed —
at the outset of this. discussion that the work of a beginner, with only a group
_of vermin. As an adiinnal precaution, a ee pen should. be ante for fie
emic are In short, Les should ‘be treated i in much the same manner as has
Lm
96 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BREEDS AS UNITS. ¥
been described for the sow. His feed before change of owners should be known, and eith :
to or changed gradually to suit the new conditions. If hé has come a long journey, it will be w
feed lightly until he is well acclimated. gS . ‘ae
His permanent quarters should be a clean, dry, warm, well lighted and well ventilated pen,
or 12 feet square, with a yard adjoining where sows may be brought for service. This yard should
large enough to give him some exercise during the breeding season, when it may be inconvenient to
him the run of a pasture. Adjoining the yard should be the boar’s pasture, from one-half acre
acre in extent, consisting of clover, alfalfa or good pasture grasses that thrive in the locality. _
Breeders generally advocate the practice of keeping a boar to himself during the e1
out of sight and hearing of the sows. However, a boar is often allowed to run with the sow:
are safe in pig, but during the breeding season it is by far the best policy to keep him by
admitting a sow to his yard for mating, and allowing but one service, This will be productive «
results in many ways. The energies of the male are not overtaxed. _ He may thus serve a
number of sows, and the litters will generally be larger.and the pigs stronger. In the case of a sow
is a somewhat shy breeder and a valuable animal, she may be allowed to remain with the boar di
the greater part of her heat; but such instances are exceptional. Another advantage of the,
system is that a man always has an accurate knowledge of his breeding operations and kn
to expect farrowing time. ae we
The feed of the boar when not in service may be of a succulent nature, mainly pasture
green forage during the summer months, and roots in winter. A boar can hardly be sustained
alone, and some grain should be allowed to keep him in condition. This should be nitrogenous ir
acter, consisting of mill feeds, such as shorts, middlings and bran, some oil meal, and th ,
grains, with a little corn. As the breeding season approaches, the feed should be increased, s
boar will be in good condition. It goes without saying that unless the general health of the boz he
best, that he will not obtain healthy litters nor as large litters. It is therefore important that he receive
good, substantial feed of the proper character, and if Davis Stock Food is used with religious re
it will insure large, healthy litters. While not in service, ample exercise should always be insisted
even if it must be urged by the whip. Exercise is productive of well developed muscles an general
thrift; with these two conditions activity and soundness of reproductive organs will usually ‘ollo
During the breeding season it will not be possible for the boar to get the same amount of exe:
will do much to counteract this ‘disadvantage. It must always be remembered that the drains-on a bo
during service are severe, especially if fifty or sixty sows are served, and a good tonic and imular
Such as nux vomica, gentian, and iron, three of the ingredients of Davis Stock Food, will
invaluable. This will require ample feed with as much exercise as possible, and with care in his treatm
will bring about good results. A fully matured boar should not serve more than two sows < ily, ;
erably one in the morning and one in the afternoon, and he can serve fifty or sixty in a season witho i
difficulty. Coburn advises that where farmers own but twelve or fifteen sows each, three or f
breeders might purchase a boar and use him in common, thus saving materially in expe:
Cownie states that he has found it well to have at least two boars in the herd, even though the herd
small in number. Be gs ar oes ‘
The greatest drawback to the hog industry which breeders in this country
Sanitation in to contend against is the presence of the highly contagious diseases known ;
the Hog Lot. cholera and swine plague, or, popularly known as “cholera;’ “and, were i
the fecundity of these animals, their profitable production would be ©
the question. These two diseases are $0 closely identical that post mortem examinations are 1
required to distinguish between them. Indéed, only. recently (on October 1, 1903) DeSchwei:
Dorset, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, announced the discovery of a fatal disease of hogs -
caused neither by the hog cholera nor swine plague bacilli, and which apparently is a very freq
cause of swine fatalities. ee ea . Si a
For the present the breeder can regard these diseases as identical, so far as his pra
management of the herd is concerned. ”
disseminated re bacteria, and the Bei icin Camere oe ee from one animal to ne: or Aone
‘They may be carried i ina multitude of ways—
ie case; second, diseases by bacteria may be prevented in large part by a thorough disinfection
the regular use of Phenalin; third, bacteria are generally preserved in filth, and therefore scrupu-
lous cleanliness will go far toward preventing outbreaks of disease in herds of hogs.
Cleanliness.—Preventive measures must be mostly relied upon. Hogs must be
given dry and well ventilated quarters, which must be kept clean. Contrary
_ to common belief, hogs have some habits which raise them above other domestic
: animals from the standpoint of cleanliness. For example, unless compelled to ;
a os will not sleep in its own filth. If part of the floor of the pen is raised and kept well bedded
straw while the rest is not, all excrement will be left on the unbedded portion of the floor, and the
elf will always” be clean. Feeding and drinking Bee should be clean and the water supply
ing the course, “hogs should got be allowed access to oheee Wallows should be kept filled up as
1 as possible. At least once a month the quarters should be disinfected with air slaked lime or a
er cent solution of crude carbolic acid. Ifa hog dies from any cause the carcass should be burned or
d and pens thoroughly disinfected at once. If Davis Stock Food is fed regularly there can be little
of disease, because of the functions exercised by the several ingredients, which are antiseptic.
nd alterative. Hog raisers as a class know that a great percentage of diseases in hogs can be
Ly traced to constipation and uncleanliness. The regular use of Davis Stock Food will keep the
‘in past the right carn aon:
3 es cholera es those eee constitutions ane not been impaired by the soerek The straight corn
which many hogs receive from one year’s end to the other also lessens vitality, and the fesedncDes
the Wisconsin Experiment Station have shown that this is probably brought about by actually retard-
ng the oe of the vital organs. A minimum of aes and a varied diet, including aes
few Ree rather than one large piggery for the entire herd, os been referred 1 in the foregoing pages.
districts where cholera is prevalent these are undoubtedly the best shelters. They make it more dif-
to carry contagion to all animals in the herd, and the destruction of one of them in case of an out-
| does ae entail a See ee An added advantage is that they may be moved from place to
If they have been exposed, the disease will manifest itself within that time, and the sick
1 ss can ae treated or killed and disposed of at once. - ;
if cBolera breaks out in the oes, the farmer should maintain a strict quarantine ore
all ae foe lots should be re with a solution of Phenalin and ihe houses thoroughly washed
it Tt would also be pee to whitewash. ‘the fences and pens, adding to each gallon of
98 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BREEDS AS UNITS.
As soon as sickness appears in the herd the unaffected hogs should be at once — ;
Treatment removed to clean, disinfected quarters, preferably -without much range; for
of Diseases. by running over pastures they may come in contact with contagion. Their —
feed should be carefully regulated and, if they have previously been on pasture, —
should include some green feed, roots, or an abundance of skim milk. ras * a
The quarters in which the sickness first appeared should be thoroughly cleaned, all biodelieies and a
rubbish burned, and loose boards and old partitions torn out and burned. If the pen is old, knock it to _|
pieces and burn it. Disinfect pens and sleeping places with Phenalin, using air slaked lime on the floors,
and the Phenalin solution on the walls and ceilings. Whitewash everything. If a hog dies, burn the
carcass or bury it deeply, out of the reach of crows, buzzards or dogs. If possible, do not move the ji
carcass irom the place where it falls, but, if this cannot be done, the ground over which it is dragged
should be disinfected. Hog cholera bacilli can live in the ground for at least three months. Care mus
be taken to maintain an absolute quarantine between the sick and well hogs. The same attendant t shoulc
not care for both lots unless he disinfects himself thoroughly after each visit to the infected NCE Dees.
should be confined until the disease is stamped out.’ :
Treatment of hogs suffering from cholera or swine plague is not always satisfactory. Sa
ease runs its course so rapidly that curative measures are more or less ineffectual, and prevention of
outbreak should be relied upon rather than the cure of sick animals. .
Dr. Salmon states that the following formula has been successful i oe less virulent outbreaks when ec
properly administered as soon as sigtis of sickness: are shown: a
AV ood charcoals, eka. chee Ree ae te ae Ca Sead Cate eee ee fee Sel:
Anal Tas Sah, ais an a wah ph ata ant io eRe RE oe oS ie oho gas burrs ae sean dN NC ee Lo? eee
Sodium chloride ......... eas NR cd hy cine Mare Berean * Z Me
Bodin bicarbonate ty eave ee ee eee ah Maen pe vi
podium hy-posul piite: es tran apiece ic icagh ie ta ne pr SR amc a 2 See
Sodium: silphatewoe..7 hp a a oes GS ares tak ke i eae 1 Been
Antimony sulphide (black antimony) 4.0 ee es 1 a
These ingredients should be completely pulverized and thoroughly mixed. In case oa i
profuse diarrhea the sulphate of sodium may be omitted.
The medicine zai Davis Stock Food should be thoroughly mixed Sgt the feed, which should be soft ;
made of bran and middlings, corn meal and middlings, corn meal and ground and sifted oats, or crushed — oe
wheat, mixed with hot water. If the hogs are too sick to come to the feed they should be drenched by —
pulling the cheek away from the teeth and pouring the medicine in slowly. Care should be exercised, —
as hogs are easily suffocated by drenching. Do not turn a hog on its back to drench it. ce ae a
Hogs often suffer very much from vermin. Lice are introduced from neigh
Prevention and boring -herds, and the losses in feeding are often severe, especially among
Destruction young pigs, when death is sometimes a secondary if not an immediate result.
of Vermin. When very numerous, lice arc a very serious drain on vitality, fattening is pre-
vented, and, in case of exposure to disease, the lousy hogs are much more liable
to contract and to succumb to it. a
Vermin are most common around the ears, inside the as and in the folds of the skin on the
jowl, sides and flanks. In light and isolated cases they may be destroyed by washing the hogs im”
2 per cent solution of Phenalin. In severe cases, however, especially where the whole herd is”
affected, thorough spraying or dipping should be resorted to. In this case a dipping tank will be a
great convenience. = i
One of the most effective and cheapest preparations to use as a dip is a 2 per cent solution ae
Phenalin. If the hogs are washed, apply the solution with abroom; if they are sprayed, use an ordinary
speak pump; for dipping, use a dipping tank. When being washed or ne the hogs should Stans on
a tight board floor. eae
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BREEDS AS UNITS. _ 99
Newly purchased hogs should be carefully examined for vermin, and they should not be turned
herd until they are known to be free from these pests.
Bhes: the herd is found to be badly infested with lice, all peding should be burned and loose
Ss and Ba eons torn out. Old boards and rubbish should be burned. The quarters should then
e€ thoroughly whitewashed. nt Sg
In these eee ie on sanitation no feormpt has been made to go into the details of the diene
cting hogs or their treatment. They are simply intended to call attention to the simple measures
1 x
Food is s generally divided into two classes; namely, concentrated foods, and
bulky foods. The latter are commonly called coarse fodder, roughage or forage,
~ while under the former classification we have seeds of plants, grain, etc., whole =
or ground. Vegetables such as s; pumpkins and the waste fruit of orchanee are
d to hogs and would come under bulky foods. All of these supply, however, a relatively small
amount a nutriment. Milk is, properly speaking, a ay food when fed to mature animals. For
‘Pi inciples of
eS acae The amount of bulky food required is different in the Various animals, and depends
on of Bulky upon the complexity of the food, as well as upon the kind and variety. For
example, in aystate of nature carnivorous animals, such as the dog and cat tribes,
; have very short and simple alimentary canals, and live upon flesh, which is a
niy Canal very simple diet. Herbivorous animals, such as the horse, ox, sheep and goat,
“Sie have the most complicated digestive apparatus, and need a great variety of
“Between these two classes we have those animals which live on both flesh and vegetable diet.
ley are known as omnivora. Their alimentary canal is more complicated than the carnivora, but less |
than the herbivora. Domestication has to a certain degree changed the habits of all animals consider-
The function of bulky food is more than the mere furnishing of nutriment, for,
in a mechanical way, it aids digestion. In the ruminants especially there is an
_ 4 ehormous stomach cdntent, which must be comfortably filled if digestion is to
fo} d eo. : 8 . . “ 3 ‘
be carried on properly. Hence, with this class of animals a larger amount of
hay is required. They give much better returns from a bulky food and subsist
h more satisfactorily on it ligne than any other animals. While pigs require less bulky food than
e is very eroneatle, as it assists the digestion of the more concentrated foods, which have a
to oe the digestive Sy eieae, eae:
From a chemical standpoint the constituents of food that may concern the
feeder are the nitrogenous substances, usually termed protein compounds. The
starches, sugars, etc., are classed in this book as carbohydrates, and fat found
in ‘the oo. is ed to as ether extract. In addition to this, ash is an
Pe ie Sao ae
r. 100 s DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
a - Water Content.
a at or near the boiling point until pedeobed reat S
Eg’ - While water yields neither tissue nor energy, it enters into the composition one body,
— know, indispensable. When animals are compelled to take water into the system b :
ont amount, undesirable results will surely follow. Milk, roots, etc., contain from 80 to
va On the other hand, hay does not ordinarily contain more than 15 to 20 De cent, while d
‘¢ 3 contain from 10 to 12 per cent. .
¥
Energy. thereon ic tuciacheuadt of =e, that it will hei. "hen ot =
: the consumption of fuel in a furnace. That heat is converted into ener. which is ne S
. work is performed. It is evident, then, that a horse at hard work will need a ration supplyin:
y ~: than one at moderate or light work, The term work, however, has a wider significanc
"ey actual muscular effort in the performance of the task—the operations of masticatio: , d
the construction of the walls of the stomach and intestines—and involves muscular action
3 and involuntary. In the movement of the heart and lungs and the circulation of the
muscular action of some kind is constantly going on. In fact, the performance of néa
me of the body is actually some form of work involving the expenditure of energy, and acc
a evolution of heat_and maintained by the energy yielding material in the food. The ar
cay performed by an animal in the ordinary process of hustling for a living—that is, fini in
eating it and digesting it—is enormous. In experiments with suckling pigs it was fou
animals required nearly as much EneEy per square meter of SES: as shad een found b
i Pets =| eeepitinia the value. of a food fe a heat producing Sahat the one cal
medns the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water one
Fat yields a greater amount of energy than either carbohydrate or protein, there: bein
little energy given uD by protein and pee
carbohydrates and fats. These, together with the ash, are © pr
wt Relation of
“Eg the feeder considers i in making up his tations.
Food to the
Animal Body. food and those’ 2 of ‘ee that i is, to o just what. part of the body He
7 ; foods get.
a Disposition of Food in the Body. i
" Food ; 3 as Produces in t
‘a= Weaker .- 62g oe ee OR i ee a BE 2 oie» cago a ee
Proteidss 5. 9 3054. a ee ee iia Sete) Se tere ta ee POUeTSEN
» Carbohydrates 40.2). Pati ote one) CN eT REIN as Set ie aes
Carbohydrates -
in Proteids. . | -.w- Se eetgee cs Damen ae ie aac) ee ae
’ become the proteids of the node ‘the fat of the body is formed by the ‘eacholpee eee and
a and under certain conditions from the proteids. The ash of the ae such as the mine
protein, yield energy in the aide ane’. ¢
_DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BREEDS AS UNITS. 101
As animals have different demands made upon them, we must therefore naturally ‘expect them
different constituents in their tood. To be more explicit, a young and growing animal is build-
: tissue rapidly, and this should be largely muscular and bony if the best health is to be maintained.
fuscular tissue is made up largely of protein. We therefore must see that the food contains a large
10 phates, so that the be structure may be properly built: up. Nature took care of this in milk,
ation, such as carbohydrates or free extract of ether extract. oe is for this reason that farmers
corn such a valuable food in fattening. The large amount of energy yielded by fattening rations has
interesting bearing on the shelter requirements. Steers or hogs that are on full feed can enjoy them-
the coldest weather if provided with a simple shed, although it is apparent that it will be economy
them with comfortable, warm quarters, the best temperature for the quarters being approx-
degrees Fahrenheit, for while they are able to stay in cold quarters they will consume a large
of food 1 in heating the body instead of storing it away in fat, and the gains will be that much less.
Digestibility ~ “all important factor. It is obvious that when skim milk or roots are fed alone
of Foods. immense quantities must be eaten in order to supply a sufficient amount of
selves with coarse, bulky food in order to get sufficient nutriment to supply the body. Such animals
present a half starved appearance, because they are not able from such food to obtain an adequate
ount of nourishment. We are comparatively safe in stating that not 10 per cent of domestic animals
Sare capable of extracting all of the digestible nutriment from American feedstuffs; in fact, the
f them do not obtain over 75 per cent of the available material. It is therefore necessary to
them from 20 to 25 per cent more food than would be necessary were they able to extract all of the
nut ment. To be able to extract all the nutriment everything must, of course, be favorable. The food
e right to begin with, and the conditions and surroundings under which it is fed must be right.
ng all this, then, the shares system must be working in perfect harmony, it must be blessed with
etite and enjoy its food, which must be palatable, thus inducing. the flow of saliva, the first digestive
- to come in contact with the food, and which has for its function the changing of the starches and
The food then passes into the stomach, carrying with it the saliva, which further exerts its action
In the stomach the digestive juices Dee their function. In order to do so properly all the
It isin insuring the efficiency of the oe system Chet Davis Stock Food proves its worth.
es vomica and iron, all being tonics, provide the animal with a healthy appetite. In addi-
well for the feeder to become familiar with its meaning. It simply means the
ratio between the total amount of digestible protein in a ration (that is, one
_day’s feed) to the total amount of digestible carbohydrates, plus 2.25 times the
digestible fat or - ether extract. . The fat is of greater value for the purpose of yielding energy than the car-
drates, and chemists have determined that this ratio is about 2.25; hence the reason for this factor
computation of.a ration. As the functions of the fat and the carbohydrates are very similar, the
is ee for the Gove of the former. There are ae es available that discuss
int of protein. For the young there should | also be a plentiful supply of mineral matter, such as
The amount of nutritive material which an animal can get from his food is the
digestive nutriment. A similar condition is met in foods having a low digestibil-
5 for instance animals wintered at straw stacks acquire large stomachs by reason of having to gorge
In Reicane feeding, the term ‘‘nutritive ratio” is frequently met, and it is.
oa
Preparation of
Feed and Meth-
ods of Feeding. importance and their study very interesting. The subject 3
; three general sections: (1) Seg (2) cree: and ie a
Cooking. attention in the days previous to investigations oe oe
subject demands only brief consideration here. Cooking fe
regarded as an economical practice for fattening animals. However, for eee yes a
Grinding. thus a is one that differs radically from that of cooking, yl i
importance to feeders. S ; ot
The Philoso- __ it is more readily or quickly available for digestion. ‘It is uaa
phy of Grind- — a feed given as meal contains more digestible matter than the same f
ing Grain. _ it has been reduced to the condition of meal; for that is a thing that i
impossible. But it is not, perhaps, incorrect to say that the
may be more effective in their action on feed that has been crushed, ce ome that le
matter is voided by the animal than when whole grain is given.
practically equals the total digestible matter in the feed before eaten. All Seas fea :
nize the great possibility of loss by way of excrement when feeding steers on shelled o:
to obviate this, they use ee to consume the waste. Some ieee a inevitable. é
of such an article as Davis Stock Food. It is Pee = to remark that grain ire is swa
out being masticated is much more likely to, pass undigested than if thoroughly mastica’
lowing. The kind of grain that is more readily masticated when fed whole would theref
Stock Food properly used is to the animals’ feed what salt and pepper is to aie
'
E See W ag: The Central Experiment Farm, at Ottawa, Canada, cond
asian th to study this subject with pigs. Whole grain was fed and the excrement
3 nae € collected for one day, the whole grain in it washed and weighed, he:
a ae ee Un ~ per bushel estimated, and the ime =e determined.
diges Tail. table shows the results:
Loss in Feeding Whole Grain.
RATION
Barley, apples ad as above.. Tate Dla) os ein. yee bee a eats ae 7 oa
Peas, supplemented as above ......... ep citehvis, S kshaie ie en gee ae a eae Stan
Indian corn, cad at BS AUORE ee uel is. Sas AB 2 oar Se aerate
»
= se aa : otal yess ; : a oo : ba @ 2
‘TS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN. 103
Mae
eas ¢ ‘corn. It is interesting to compare these results with the tables in the following
ow the results of the experiment station work with grinding grain. It is also inter-
e the amount that can be saved by the use of Davis'Stock Food when it is used regularly.
ie
9ERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND
oe _ GRAIN. ae |
Ground Gosmpeced with Whole Corn.—Numerous stations have reported experiments with ground
ompared with whole shelled corn. : There is a considerable amount of variation between them, the
1 some cases showing as great a loss from grinding as is gained in others. The following table shows
t have been obtained at experiment stations in various parts of the country. Where corn was
e cob, the amount is reduced to equivalent weights of shelled corn or not included in the averages:
Results of Experiments with Ground and Unground Corn.
BeGe195=. |. 261 re eG ara aan pO nace eee CS erie AT ect ae
ae 2208 | 141 Dee I Ge et Bidets secre a! STO geese see
95 56 CS ecore eae POE ST sent raty ace tet, oes) Vil) AARNE an Natalia kere
- 081
555 65 RoRieiet eis far SESH SRR MT eR Oh ce
alee. | 2 125 563
WSO Ge Ec Ro alan saute ise eee SO eee
ee Gehan ak eser ad PI SFBI | Payoh 420. oe See
ee Oe IS Be | Bb) se. BB PSN as a S DES eee
1
POSH Bae PE ase BAO. le cuca ee
RG As, 638 04 Hesse ot |e ch ome es
Py eet 150% 504 Oe Val SeieeGe |S OPSGA Meal ASO Alisa hae St yates
OOM pals Ona ince naan tit © oceatr: Tee Seed Nlitete are
DOB NARNIA ete ics ee BOOP cess ee
PRO RQ A a oe lee pee ARON eal
ee
LeeeO: ao aieie 2,004 |) 1,002 2)... SSO aoe
DIGG Slate G08 1 432 aan ae 216
Su bse ie BG A68" 2 Tle ROM ce.
fee FO ee ae PSTE) 3 ean se cae
eget: HS Ue Gal 35.236: ha ee eee AST 2 gies
feta EGGS eo es. tock Wea RD ORs ts eget tee py 3,
Altes. ih VAS EMibenene ae BLOG| eee eal ee ca ADE en ee ee
1530" | 4,926. [at he aa BOT cab aes tee oe
ik, Rae. D660): Ae eee eae AGO Ne one,
Pee | 2A en ee EE es ap aC eae)
te: | ea AGO Se ler Re es ATS Mas ee
1
1
1
i ‘
aveare Total ee ae Average Total Feed Baten Feed per 100 Pounds Gain
eee in, - oe 3 2 eae
Besinning,| posta, | Favs | cain, | OS® | Meal, | wi, | BE | Meat | aumm,
Pounds — ; Pounds | ~- Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pounds
5 le 250" ohne PAR Iwo 2 AGT GR see ee (east Nees :
Dei lesan BOO Wi eects eyo ca AAS Rete ;
BS
F
- > ? a i
104 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
Results of Experiments with Ground and Unground Corn.—Continued.
“VBe] Reeerae tas ace oni ae eee Total Feed Baten "Feed per 100 Puasa
marion [Ee lowtatiee| eae | a | ee, | ET el, | oe
125| Pounds | Pounds | pounds | Pounds | Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Poun
Whole corn ..../19} 186 | 2,136 84 | =
Corn meal ..... 14 | 175- | 1,938 98
Wholecorn ... (14 174 1,571 98
Cornmeal ...../12| 148 /| 1,038 84
Whole corn ....}12 | 145 893 84
Corn meal ..... | 3 72 218 84
Wholecorn ....| 3 | 70 234 84
Corn meal..... | B80 166 84
Wholecorn..../ 3} 80 169 84
Corn meal ..... Ca) 18a “ere 91
Wholecorn....| 3| 136 | 255 91
Alabama.
Corn meal..... | 2 78 55 21
Wholecorn ....} 2 S001 28 21
Corn meal ..... rd yet Cre GE yg 21
Wholecorn....| 2} 104 36 21
Maine. = ait
Corn meal ..... Pat 86 385 | 196 A ee Roce le i oa
Wholecorn....|3| 86 | 387.| .196 66 [eee lelins seb coded + 32.5 yl nn
Cornmeal.....| 3| 165 | 252 84 L001. SR ec ee ore er Patek
Wholecorn..... 3} 165 271 84 POR Gh eo ne So Re See Rae
New York. a
Cornmeal..... 4} 110 253 ~ 63 SOO ae aan seater anata one ene sae zine os stale
Corn oncob....| 4 112 174 63 (09) ee ees Bla ea ee SO ee a i
Ohio. : St
Corn meal, Re
cooked...... 3). 191 404 112 OO Nar wale 2 SRG ase ae a eae ee | Soe eae
Corn on cob, : See
cooked.....| 3] 202 10727) 112 BOA LODE A. 3c eg ee 12605: pee Bie,
Corn meal ..... 34s 205. 4° 383 112 Nake eal 9 21 UG ees he eee | 55 2= ie ee ome
Wholecorn ....| 3 199 404 112. P20 si) Oo Omen een. riot ieee er 9005 *| i eae se
Average of trials (where total feed is reported) with 297 pigs............ 524 479 ae
Re
¥
The rations in the first experiment included raw potatoes and skim milk. Those pigs in the second - fe
were fed corn meal and water, and corn and water. A supplementary ration to give variety was fed both: i
lots, The feed per 100 pounds gain is dry matter. 3
The weights of the feed eaten by the lots fed whole corn in these experiments represented equiva- 4
lent amounts in shelled corn, the weight of the ear corn being thus reduced to show the actual amount
eaten. It will be noticed that it took more pounds of whole grain for 100 pounds gain than it did of the e
corn meal, due undoubtedly to improper mastication, which could have been overcome by the proper v use ;
of Davis Stock Food, used as directed with whole grain. v4 ‘
In all but the first test, meal, such as shorts or middlings, was fed to give variety to the ration and
give a good appetite and steady gains. It was in the same proportion to both lots in each test. ae
The results detailed above show a preponderating amount’ of evidence in favor of corn meal,
judging purely from the basis of feed required for 100 pounds of gain and disregarding the expense i 3 B
grinding. The average for nineteen trials, with 297 pigs, where the amount of feed eaten is reported, —
is 524 pounds of grain required for 100 pounds of gain when corn is fed whole in the form of shelled corn, ~
and 479 pounds when fed ground, a difference of nearly 8.59 per cent in favor of grinding. This is con-
siderably higher than the value usually given for corn meal, and may be explained to some extent by the oe
i
the Ohio Station, which must have been due to extraordinary conditions and shows the
essity of a good reliable stock food. Careful researches show that an exact estimate cannot be
je of the comparative value of shelled: corn and corn meal. It is oe of particular attention,
ds was equal to or in favor of whole grain, -and in one of the latter, the first Missouri test; although
ns are considerably in favor of the pigs on corn meal, they were more economically made by the
n whole corn. The instances that favor whole grain are the main experiments, the first in Ohio,
cond in West Virginia, the first in Kentucky, the first in Missouri, and the fifth, eighth, and eleventh
in Wisconsin.
rtaken on this subject. All experiments, however, served to illustrate the wide difference in the
pa B aceaed of known standard roots, herbs, seeds, etc., possessing digestive, tonic and corrective
rties is an absolute necessity in economical stock feeding and raising. In the Nineteenth Annual
de eternune the relative merits of ground and unground corn for fattening hogs. There were 210 hogs
Utility of Ground Grains.
ee A a ee Saved or Lost
a 1 9 S50 Thin 8 per cent saved by grinding.
ek he nace by 10 224 Fat - | 17.6 per cent saved by grinding.
. aie8 Besa Rather fat il percent saved by grinding,
Gee soe 7 190 Rather fat 9 per cent lost by grinding,
8 Sane 185 Rather fat | 5.4 per cent saved by grinding,
Pr aa 8 184 Rather fat 8.4 per cent saved by grinding,
2 A ae ees er 19 186 | Rather fat 2 per cent lost by grinding,
. . per cent saved by grinding,
5
146 Rather fat | 6 percent saved by grinding,
71 , Pais 1 per cent lost by grinding.
80 ‘Fair 3 per cent saved by grinding.
8
Chee poe te Te Rather fat | 1
| 133 Rather fat | per cent saved by grinding
Py Tn these experiments no allowance was made for cost of grinding. In nine cases grinding showed
ing of feed, the highest being 17.6 per cent and the lowest 3 per cent. In the three cases ee
was a loss, it was 9 per cent, 2 per cent, and 1 per cent, Sh ae
i: ounes skim milk per 100 pounds of ie The meal fed lot averaged 0.87 pound oie
at a cost of 319 pounds of grain and 855 pounds of skim milk per 100 pounds gain, a difference of
The researches of Henry, in Wisconsin, have been the most exhaustive that have been
at ep rt of the Wisconsin Station he publishes the following summary of seven years’ winter feeding to _
3 ‘ cent in favor of a as The Colorado Station made six tests with pigs averaging 62 and 63 eo
106 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND Cheeks
The importance of doing everything in our power-to assist in the proper digestion of the food i is, <
however, brought out with telling force in these experiments, and Davis Stock Food is more than worthy x
of consideration. In the experiments tabulated greater and more even gains would have been made had
it been used and the inc eeeehe eauns meee have patel for its use many times over.
oe Ne
results of w hich beiiesees
Ground Compared with Whole Feeds.
| wamper | Gueness | WoekEE, | averaze | Number | Asie? | Seee Reem mame
RATION of Pigs Resiynine, Close, Gain, of Days Gain, :
Pounds |. Pounds Pounds Fed Pounds Grain Milk
Ground, soaked fifty-four hours... 4 62 224 162 126 1.28 276 468 ni
Whole, soaked fifty-four hours..... 4 100 207 107 84 ar 333 | 2S hase
This experiment does not show any difference in the feeding value of ground’ peas as compared »
with whole peas, so far as daily gains are concerned, but the pigs on ground peas required me per cent ee *
grain than those on whole peas. The results with both feeds were satisfactory. tao & |
Grinding Small Grain.—The amount of material available on the subject of grinding small grains ee:
is not so voluminous as that pertaining to corn. In the United States a great amount of the oats, wheat oa "
barley, or rye fed, is in the form of mill products and is, of course, ground. These feeds are, moreover, ~ =
pone tally used as supplements to corn, and the greater attention has been directed to methods of corn —
feeding on this account. In common practice, perhaps, these grains are ground more generally than corn,
as they are usually much harder. Their greater liability to pass through the animal me So
the correctness of this practice. .
Fone
The following table shows results at five experiment stations, comprising ten tests in all, with a :
total of sixty-nine pigs: : :
Effect of Feeding Ground Small Grain.
i n n Ke) = +
E 2: E - E Wea Baier Feed Gee Pounds
eg A oe RE ae ate eee |e ee Sista ee
ners Beet ey See ae) 3B ge] ee ee
e | g2|2 | E )tR 1 ee | & | GE | ee | BR |e
2 08) 2 )08 | el 8 eee
Al 6215 | Be ae ee
Wisconsin, ms
Ground oats, 44;cornmeal24| 3 457 | 420+) 127 se) AS 89 eke 2s AOSU eo eae
Groundoats,24;corn meal,44| 3 STW AV 20 OB oie LOB oii see an eeceete ee Ol eee
«Whole oats, 14; corn meal, 24| 3 296; 1205" 282 aac orate 492
Whole oats, 24;cornmeal, %| 3 246 | 120°) 68) bSS8h. 0: che 264:
Oregon.
Chopped oats and wheat,) 2 | 151) 331] 119] 1.39)... .-| 1603)... ..|.. ..|, 484}.
~ Whole oats and wheat..... | 2 | 158] 308} 119] 1.29) 1830)... ..).. ..| 594
Utah,
Chopped wheat, dry....... 21 4264330 ABR eh NAD Eee ns oa) ues
Whole wheat, dry......:.. 2 | 148 | 332.) 1385} 1.23) 1474|.. ..|.. ..| 444
Ontario Agri. College.
Ground peas and barley (1.1)} 3 | 107} 390} 91/)1.43).. ..|. 1589)....J-. ..| 407)... ..[.. 8.
Whole peas and barley (1.1)} 3 | 109 | 333| 91 | 1.22) 1589).. ral Ee
In this experiment the pigs were ted on oats alone for two months, and es experiment was
concluded with wheat alone.
107
- Effect of Feeding Grctind Be ie Coatinded.
a ; g ae z . Z 2 [en Baten | Fed ezsan Pounds | ow e109 ieee nace Feed per me Pounds Gost er 200
a aco | See ss eas ;
RATION eter | oe | 8 En A aoa a a ee BE ld.| 3
eye 5 = og | of 5. Sel eg a fester |e a
; | aa = a = Pa Zale ies A =) = &
; See | ee | Fe | 2g | fe | Fa ode) es be
‘Al ea | 2 | 4 exiepe |e By see iy adc F-
| eo ¥
2 69| 104] 119} .87).. ..| 455 .| 436 ‘
4 | 76| 134} 119 | 1.12). 464| 645). 346 | 481 qi
ee ee A695 7A PES STS) SRG). S|, yak | see ly 4
Bee and rye, whole, : 4
5 | 69| 135] 119] 1.13] 330].. . ./1,869) 246 -/1,392), ‘
2 7 z
-4°| 69| 126} 119] 1.06). ABO Oe 3h Ga eee ee
and barley, whole : pale ;
ie a he ee AS iameret08 | A191. 90) 440 cab 22h 408 | we. al. |S e 3
as and barley, aga: ; | @
hirty hours...... eee Cy fuck rit COA AGF 2 le BG gk ie. cl meee ee
and and barley, whole, ; ; F
mee aoa s) 427/66, 105i 219). 488) °409), 12.) 888t.... [2 clade F.
s and pes .
76 | 1.17 BOT tee he et 348 F
76 a Sime Se. oc 860. / bel ee ees
Be er aac: SU 473 415 :
boa
: ie The ee Station studied the value of grinding both bald, or beardless barley, and common
7 one too were made with bald and three with common barley. The pigs on ground bald bar-
le un average one gain of 0.44 pound, and consumed 520. pounds of grain oa 2. quarts of ca Be
lk per 100 pounds of oon bie:
These results show a somewhat wider variation between the fee dines values of whole and ‘nota
all ; grain than those from the experiments with corn. It should be also noted that the results are |
h more uniformly Regie to raves The approximate averages are e413 ee of whole grain
108 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN,
The general custom of soaking grain has received considerable attention fr D
Dry Compared the experiment stations. In some localities a sentiment in favor of feeding: Mm
with Soaked Feed. dry is gaining ground, and some experiments have shown an advantage for 1 Cis
method of feeding. Pigs have been fed to compare wet and dry meal as follows?
The Indiana Station fed two lots of pigs on a mixture of equal parts of corn meal and shorts, whic hy
toward the end of the experiment, was changed to hominy meal and shorts. Lot 1 r ceived dry me
and lot 2 received meal mixed with an equal weight of w ater. Both lots received all the water they
desired in addition to that in the feed.
Two tests were made at the Wisconsin Station. In the first a ration of equal parts of corn ‘meal
and shorts was fed with water as wanted. In the second trial the grain was two parts of. corn meal —
and one of shorts. Salt and hardwood ashes were supplied to all lots. In, both ce lot 1 a
dry feed and lot 2 wet feed. . 5,
In Minnesota twelve pigs were fed a ration of two parts of corn meal, two parts of shorts and o ne
part of old process linseed meal. Two lots had’ their meals mixed in a thick slop with cold water, a nd
others were fed dry. At the Missouri Station two lots were fed wheat chop and two others‘ mixture —
four parts whole wheat and one of bran. The wet grain was fed after being soaked thirty- six: a
The pigs, which were high bred Berkshires, were fed in pens open to the south, and they had ACCESS ”
troughs in which was a mixture of hardwood ashes, coal and salt., othe
In Utah three tests are reported. In the first, two lots were fed a ration of equal parts = whee
and bran in yards; in the second, two lots of pigs were fed a balanced ration of corn meal and bran, ~
which was changed in proportion as age and weight increased; the meal to the wet fed lot was thoroughly —
mixed with water, but not soaked; in the third experiment, three lots of pigs received a ration of equal
parts by weight of bran and chopped wheat. Lot 1 received meal that had ee soaked twelve hot s
lot 2, meal wet just before feeding; and lot 3, dry meal. ‘
The Oregon Station fed four well bred: Berkshire pigs two and one- half ¢ months old, at the begin
ning of the experimeats. They received a ration of shorts from July Ist to September 5th, and after t
latter date a ration of equal parts by weight of:chopped wheat, oats, bran and shorts. The meal to the
lot on wet feed was thoroughly wet with cold water and allowed to stand from one feeding time to ie
next. Charcoal and ashes were given two and three times each week. ie .
A brief experiment of this character that was conducted by a third year student as thesis wicca |
the Ontario Agricultural College is noted in the reports of that institution for 1900. The hoes in both i
lots were of similar breeding and were fed a meal mixture of wheat and barley. /
The Canada Central Experiment Farm fed four lots of pigs on a mixture of equal parts mes peas,
barley and rye, as follows: Lot 1 received whole grain soaked thirty hours; lot 2 received whole grain 7
dry ; lot 3 received ground grain soaked thirty hours, and lot 4 ground grain dry. ae SS ae
The results of these experiments are shown in the following table: =~ a Nees
s
set ae
a
Results of Experiments with Dry and Wet Feed.
os A, u .
; B > oe
| eg | | es :
s BH,| & 4A ae Total Feed Eaten | Feed per a Pout
~ 3 |EE| S2 | sq | 73 =
Nag = | S8s| 33 | BB] &2) 3 | 22 | 88 | oe | eed =
a z & rS) link Az > = os Bz = a es
Siac e120 ek | elm | oe
Indiana. : =
Corn meal or hominy meal and shorts, xt
equal parts,” Dry paki ee 4 60 | 634 | 146 |'1.08)/2,282). as B59 |... sje eee
WM ON ed oe 0 oe Ce ere 4 59 |-645 | 146 | 1.10))...:12;451); c}. -) 880 | ee
Wisconsin. , ; .
Corn meal and shorts, equal parts. Dry.) 3 | 115 | 255 | 68 | 1.25)1,228).....1.....| 482.
WOE yo sha Nik shih, cn 2 Oe 3 | 115 | 337 | 68 | 1.6
Corn, two-thirds; shorts, one-third. Dry. 2 | 169 | 161 | 68 | 1.
Wet Dao | ee eins Poles vote 2 | 169 | 220 | 68
109
ri 1 ae TF HT Total Feed een Feed pert 00 Pounds =
i) ae Se 83 of 5 = s te
3 |ees| as | ue | es | |g] 3] || gs
See 2 E ro Bi | wey & a | “ees
eS eee ee eee
B | 29 1246 | 412-1) .73it,085).. |...) 441 S Z
a. | 38/249 | 119) 74te4i| 4 2.|... ..458 ae
3 | 34/342 | 112 | 1.02 1,501). (438 oe
3 | 30 | 269 | 112} .80)..... 2dr ees ABOMI aus aaa
3 =| Pi |,62 | 26% a-g9l2.a40l/(. +): ate 4
3 11121605 | 99 | 2.04)... .|2,420|.....].....} 400 :
B18 44: 99-17.3012, 1051”, |. >) 508 lr Sse eee :
3. 4119-1373 | 99 | 1-261... 12,0541. 2s. |2.:..| 550
vate Be. sxip20n 102 | 12821120910... P1436 |g
see Dl 6Oel 34 198 (1. O5)2 7 11462). [e | Ses ee
ie 3° | 99:1 202 | 75°| 90) 9981... .|.... (494 |...) oe
ee els | 96 Viet 71727 868|.....|.....| 508
Re oe fe eoi 11g tor) < esl esor 8 Secbeds ee Ch
Ooi oc ES are ee eee Be SOS OR | T10. | S8DlP. 6 111,408 la) 5 ee
Re a Be Re Ose A110 \s.7e ....|:. 751 360le ee eee
es a eee Oe Garang) 192( t.2410, 146. 2 -al. bez es
rT ee ee ET Oe, 2- | 61 | 527 | 182 | 1.45). 2,320)... .| 440
ss rh
hie a pe tin 4 49 | 1.041. . ce ae oe a
aot eae ee eee 4. 49-| .96 ye | 489
Dry ...... 467) 432 1119 | 9011-764)... |. 40s eee
key eter ee, or # -|- 66+ 400 |119 | -.88l>... 11.636): _. «| 388
1€ barley, ground Drysso Ae 605! 004. (Sb19 11 O61 S00) <.. beau sees
Pee ee “| 4 4 66 | 496 | 119 | 1.04. ....|1,868]. Ji... .| 376
ck food been given, “hae increasing the flow of diseseere juices. The results at Ottawa and 3 in Mis-
orthy of particular notice. Grisdale calls attention to the fact that in the Ottawa experiments:
by soaking ground grain but the whole grain returned the better gains when fed soaked,
the; results from soaking meal may not be so marked as from soaking whole grain. The
to present contradictory evidence in the second test, where four-fifths of the ration —
: The 1 Utah results of soaking the meal twelve hours should be noted. They are not ©
Tage; + if this 9 were done the balance would be more favorable ee dry feeding.
110 ) EXPERIMENTS WITH GREUNR EN AND UNGROUND GRAIN.’
corn gave Father indefinite results. Four pigs fed in pens were used i in each case, two being fed on soa!
shelled corn and two on dry shelled corn. They had no other food. The first lasted from April.
to May 27, 1889; the second from June 2 to July 22, 1889. In the second trial the pigs were well fat ‘a
tened when the experiment commenced. Sixty pounds of corh were put in water at one time,
at the rate of 1 bushel of shelled corn to about 8 gallons of water, and taken out as needed for feeding, a
The daily gains favored the pigs on soaked corn in both tests; but in the first test there was an advantage —
of about 414 per cent in favor of soaking, while in the second there was an advantage of about 6144 pete Pe
cent in favor of the pigs on dry corn.
In Indiana, Plumb and Van Norman fed sixteen pure bred pigs, in order to study — %
The Effect of the effect of water content of slop. The breeds were Chester White and Berkshire.
Water Con- They were divided into four lots of four pigs each, with two of each breed i in each .
tent of Slop. lot. They were of ‘September and October farrow, and the feed was equal parts far
of corn meal and shorts for the greater part of the experiment. For a time
hominy meal was substituted for the corn meal. They were fed as follows: Lot 1, dry feed; lot 2, feed ™
mixed with twice its weight of water; lot 3, feed mixed with three times its weight of water. Hach lot
was given all the water that was desired in addition to that contained in the feed; records were kept |
of all water drank. Salt and ashes were accessible. Health was good during the entire experiment. ©
The following table shows the results: f
2
Effect of Water Content of Slop Fed to Pigs.
Average Total
RATION Number | Weight Gain,
: of Pigs |Beginning,| pounds
Pounds
60. | 634 | 1,08 |) gagieeee
59 | 645 | 1.10" |) Sages
60 | 651° | 1410}eemee
60 | 614 41.05 | sales
WOE eS Sa BS ee he gag. antics eens Wien ia ate
Wal MMT ATCE be hes i Siang 2 jk anno PRS ePO ores ee RO ce eo eae ee
WS Tea RACE Dee oes ah tek, ey eee eee ate a ee Nee ee
Meal towwatera<.c5 / on eee Steg Alyse coy 1g Ee tea Nts
me Be
Aside from the apparent advantage in favor of dry feeding, at least in this experiment, the water.
content seems to have very little influence on the gains when both rate of gain and feed per 100 pounds
of grain are considered, 45
Burkett, in New Hampshire, fed two lots (three in each lot) of Berkshire-(heaiaam
Fermented and White pigs for ninety-nine days, in order to compare the effect of fermented bran ©
Unfermented ina pig’s ration. Lot 1 received fermented bran and skim milk; lot 2 received E
Bran. unfermented bran and skim milk. The bran was steamed in a barrel and left 2
for ten days before it was used. ‘The results follow: :
Feeding Fermented and Unfermented Bran to Pigs. 3
| Feed per 100
Average Average - ry ;
RATION | Number Weight oe Daily 7 Spud See
of Pigs |Beginning,| pounds Gain, Grain, ~
Pounds Pounds Pounds
Viermegted- brates picwa wee oie fe ee ee 3 47 181 | .61 291
Deencntcd bean. ee Se Ee aan = ime 48 | 208 | .70 | $22 | 923
Davis Stock Food added to these rations would have increased the gains to at least 1 pound a day
on the same amount of feed. It is said to be the practice of some New Hampshire farmers to allow bran -
to ferment before it is fed to pigs, and this experiment was conducted in order to test the value of this —
a
practice. The pigs on fermented bran seem to have an advantage in the — of gain, but their —
gains were smaller.
Some ed bil
The Wisconsin Station ae Paine four experiments, the object of which
was to compare the feeding value of wide and narrow rations. The first compared
a ration of equal parts of corn meal and skim milk with one of equal parts of
ground peas and wheat middlings plus an equal weight of skim milk. The pigs were
Chinas and large Yorkshires, both breeds being represented in each lot. Each lot hada pen 12 feet
aving a clay eee and opening into a ee rd of the same size. Salt and wood ashes were pain given.
ea ee was batowed each lot. There were ten ae two Poles two Pound Chit
nires, and four cross bred Razorback Poland Chinas. These crosses were by an Indian Ter-
ory na ive boar (the typical Razorback of the South), out of a fine boned, short bodied Poland China
The two lots were as equal as possible as regards size, age, condition and breed.
ee the third experiment pea meal and corn meal were compared. The pigs used were Yorkshires,
sy
The fourth eee also compared ground peas and corn meal. The pigs were Berkshires,
oland Chinas, Razorbacks and crosses of these large type breeds with Razorbacks. The grain was made
_ slop just before feeding time, and the pigs were confined in a similar manner to. those in the pre: °
g a Each pig had good ashes and salt and a plentiful supply of water. The following
eeding Pigs on Wide and Narrow Rations.
“; Wee Average Daily Digestible Pro-
RATION , Total Gain Daily Amount Grain Feed per 100 tein in 100
: per Head, Gain, Baten, Pounds Gain, Pounds Feed,
Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
EG. 3. 632 a
80.8 Gr 5.3 552 8.9
fir. 7 63 SO Aw sy 491 Weg
re Be 606 7.0
3 681 .8
48.4 .62 4.68 762 13.7
143.1 75 3.26 452 16.8
8
495
Digestible |_ Digestible Digestible : 3
Carbon Craigs aoe ata Eroten for Carbonydxates eee. Matcitice
a meade S\pounds Feed, Bes see Teo eas Pounds Gain, Ratio
» Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
\
‘meal and skim milk .......| 35.85 — 33,34. (e083 41 |. 14.33 eau
es
Fora ond rye meals what. | 67, 1 Def 49.13 870.39 14.90 IS
Womrmedl Fe. sa Vee ee, | 66.7 4.3 38.789 | 327.497 Qe Ads 1:9.75
: 4.3 404.202 | 26. 1:9.75
8 eh 66.7
. e 196.59 8. 1:3.6
fe oes ain 50, ‘ch Dee Stal. 8 385.57 | 20.57 Lae
ce oe pol. LC rane 234.136 LBc18 i"
P| DS ie Meera a Sack 56.41 Pes 18
Ww
—
eee:
iw
112 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
During the last two years of pig feeding experiments, where the comparison of breeds was studied, y
the Iowa Station fed two lots of similarly bred Duroc Jersey pigs to compare wide and narrow rations,
The following table shows the results of this station:
Feeding Pigs on Wide and Narrow Rations.
~ Average Number - Average
RATION Nope Beginning, eat of Days salty
Wide. ;
First experiment ©: . 2.6.0 .00 2. ee. 5 38 1056 153 1.38"
Setond experiment . 0... .0u0a el: 5 22 805 163 98
Narrow. seme
PUBGRRMETURENL . 22. cua cnt 5 39 967 153 de 25 ae
Second experiment ...... Merc eae ees 22 746 163 92ce
Digestibie ae
RATION per 100 Pounds ioe 100 Pounds | Selling Price per Weight, ‘ watiigive sie
Gain, Gain 100 Pounds Per Cent Ratio =a
Pounds ae ee
Wide. soe
Miss, expemment. 0 acs | 319 $1.84. $3.70 79.3 1:7.8
Second experiment ............. | 448 Qrasve: 3.55 “eae , Soins
Narrow. | ; ; Be
Parse GAKPELIMENL- 3, eke A, eye 328 1.93 3.70 libel | 1:40
Second experiment ...... aia aes 487 2.68 Sy TA eee 1:49.)
The most striking feature of these results is the advantageous showing of the pigs on the eee
rations. In the Wisconsin tests those pigs on corn meal and skim milk made larger, more rapid, and
more economical gains than those on peas, middlings, and skim milk, and the same was true of those on
corn meal and rye compared with peas and shorts. The rations were not excessively unbalanced in <
either case, the wide ones being 1:7.7 and1:8.2 and the narrow ones 1:4.1 and 1:3.6. In both Iowa
experiments there is a decided advantage in favor of the pigs receiving the wide rations. They made ~
the largest and most rapid gains, fed more economically, both in feed eaten and money cost of feed, but q
sold at the same price on the market. The third and fourth Wisconsin experiments gave better returns —
for peas alone (a narrow ration) than for corn alone (a decidedly wide ration). These tests show, pound “
for pound, a greater value for peas than for corn, but it is suggested that, considering market prices aly
feed, corn is the cheaper. The better appetite of the pea fed pigs was remarked upon in both tests, but .
especially in the last one, and again suggests the advisability of feeding a reliable stock food to increase ~
the appetite and thus be able to turn the stock off quicker. Some investigators have not found peas to” r
be successful when fed alone. Day states that at Guelph, pea feeding resulted in poor gains and unthrifty
animals, but feeding a mixture of three parts pea meal and one part middlings gave good gains” and — a
produced excellent bacon. - :
ZA
The effect of the narrow rations on the external appearance of the pigs was noted in the Wisconsin ~
experiments. Toward the end of the experiment, when pea meal and shorts were compared with corn &
meal and rye meal, the luxuriant hair and smoother flesh of the pea fed pigs was remarked upon. The —
corn fed pigs were less smooth, had deeper wrinkles, and the flesh showed a tendency to be soft and roll 3
over the shoulders and flanks. ‘ es
Limited Compared The utility of feeding hogs on a ration which contains a quantity somieataneel
With Unlimited iess than they might consume if the Bch oa were afforded, has been studied —
Rations. from two standpoints.
AND UNGROUND GRAIN. pee eiel
The sirlece of oe ae a ane pig of 175 to 190 Hee weight, with
- athickness of fat on the-back not to exceed 1% to 2inches. It has been demon-
fe strated that such a pig can be produced at a large saving of grain if Davis Stock .
_ Food is used in connection. We give an example of what may be accomplished...
es Give one lot all the grain they will eat up clean, and the others somewhat less
s amount. The ration of one lot should be 5 pounds of mixed grait and about 34 Donne
cds in {he ond of 1 ‘sie eet to 10 pounds of grain and the same oe of skim milk
The following | table i is submitted as a. tentative study of the subject and shows the results
di in one ee
=
2 "-Bffect of a Slight Reduction in the Ration of Pigs.
Average | Average
Bree Oa NS cP RS i Average Average Average : Amount
- RATION : Naber Weight at | Weight at ee ue - Daily erroun Feed per
5 : of Pigs Ba eet Close, Pounds Fed Gain, Baten, |100Pounds -
i ‘ounds Pounds Pounds Pounds ae
oun.
ele cia biimiay taht aster starlet al) sinWs ilies oe actye tT Rely oe) eackanib Db leyi@ 6i\\u, (a chyie tie vie) wilh ph ar wr®: |e ie (ifr e ae perme. et|' ee ee. 0 aie
The influence of
In Utah, Foster and Merrill wade exhaustive studies of the utility of a sate
ration as compared with an unlimited one and also the value of a period of par-
aoe tial starvation followed by one of unlimited feeding. This is obviously a_
decidedly different problem from that of the Canadian Station. It is held by .
— some feeders that pigs do better on scanty food than on a liberal supply and it~
held that when a ee of insufficient nourishment is followed by one of full feeding, the great
The Utah results show the effect of partial grain rations as compared fe full
grain rations during five years while pigs were on pasture; also two years ’ work
showing the effect of full feeding following partial feeding, the pigs having
pasture during both tests, and also the effect of full feeding following pasture
alone, The usual plan was to feed one lot of pigs all the grain they would eat
this i is known as a full grain ration. The three-fourths ration, one-half ration, and
mputed from the full ration as a standard. These large reductions put the
rent basis from those of the Canada Station. The following table shows the
ork with pigs receiving full and partial grain rations on pasture: :
ng alc on Full Rations and Greatly Reduced Rations.
{ Average Grain
mage Daily Eaten
Ons cack Pos : Pounds
1,21) 4056 |) ue
P2018 643 A
186 CO
.55 |
, i,
114 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND AND UNGROUND GRAIN.
Foster and Merrill studied the after effects of partial grain rations by placing
Following a Lim- pigs on full and partial grain rations for a time, and following this period with ©
ited Ration With one in which all the lots had a full ration. ;
Full Feeding. There were six pigs in each lot; they were pure bred and high grade
Berkshires, with a few pure bred Poland Chinas; were fourteen weeks old when
the experiment began and had run on pasture with their dams. During the experiment they had the run
of a good alfalfa pasture. The grain fed was chopped wheat arid bran, equal parts by weight. Lot 1
received all the grain they would eat. Lot 2 received three-fourths as much grain as lot 1) Lot 3
received one-half as much grain as lot 1.~> Lot 4 received one-fourth as much grain as lot 1. The second
period began immediately at -the close of the first and continued six weeks. During this period the
pigs still had the run of the pasture, but all the lots received as much grain as they would eat; that
is a full ration.
The following table gives a comparative statement of results of the entire experiment:
Following a Limited Ration With Full Feeding.
|. wl Total Average Grain =
2c! Weight | Average | Amount Total Eaten Cost per
age gat Bean: Gain, | -Maten | Haten, | Peumds || Pounds (¢ conned
%3| Pounds | Pounds Daily, Pounds Gain, Gain
ya Pounds Pounds
Tot lo ;
First period, full grain ration.....|6| 259 ; 1.18 3.92 1697 .| 333 | $2.08 | $9.77 |s12 81
Second period, full grain ration...|6| 786 L207 6.21 1697 .| 496 3.10 | 3.04 =
Lot 2. | | |
Pirst period, three-fourths grain ;
MCN ees ne Si nse Ss 6| 259 9.14} 2.94 | 1273.) 322 2.01 7.86 | 11.79
Second period, full grain ration...|6| 654 1.23 5.58 1507 | 452 2.82 | 3.93
Lot 3.°
First period, one-half grain ration.| 6 | 260 . 685 1.96 849 286 1379 6.54 10.38
Second period, full grain ration...|6| 556 1.19. 2b. 31 1436 | 448 2.80 | 3.84 :
Lot 4. es .
Firstperiod,one-fourthgrainration| 6| 250 . 386 OD 424 254 1.59 | 4.08 i g.49- 4
Second period, full grain ration. ».|6| 417 142 .474 | 1281 421 2.63 | 4.16 | A i
It will be seen that during the entire experiment the average daily gain varied with the amount
2
~ J
of grain received during the first period. The lots receiving the smallest ration during the first period a
made the cheapest gains but the advantage in the total profits is with lot 1.
The effect of a period of full feeding following one of scanty nourishment is
Full Rations © strikingly shown in the Utah results with pigs that went through tests on pasture”
After Pasture. alone. In 1898 one lot of pigs was on a mixed pasture on which were also some
cattle and sheep. -A second lot was on alfalfa pasture. No grain was given in |
either case. The lot on mixed pasture made slight gains. Those on alfalfa changed greatly in appear-
ance during the experiment and lost in weight. ‘At the close of the pasture test the pigs were placed in
a pen and fed a full ration of grain and dairy by products. This second period lasted eight weeks.
i
In 1899 a similar experiment was conducted, the pigs being on alfalfa pasture. Both lots lost | .
in weight. At the close of the pasture test they were placed in pens and fed all the grain they would
eat up clean, having the run of the pasture during feeding times. This period lasted forty-four days.
One pig in lot 2 failed to thrive and died after the experiment closed. Post mortem examination showed
dry and undigested food in the intestines, also the intestines much inflamed. None of these animals had
the advantage of a good digestive agent in the form of a reliable stock food and the post mortem
emphasizes the necessity of its use.
The following table shows the results of these tests:
115.
{ Ae ee te Vita es opm mac 1899
Gale Bia h RE
DATA : SSS Se
eee Lotsland2 | Lot 1 | Lot 2.
GOL ea yo 299
a i at lee pounds . 1,310 358 486
709 "25486 : 187
56 44 : 44
ait 1.41 1.42
ee ee A FOr |
- oe Ge ee Oy os ee -a-862
ee ee 2,387 J
ig aa . 12200 |
eo ie oe egies 8.19 pa 51) eee oe
eee PSAP MP Ee ote ng CCN inca perk ss :
ee a BIS" a : :
see et fate 388 a-363 ~ a-461
Rr et eae ok Sate
a a en $0.87
ee aie SS ei aaa acta my $2.26 $2.89
ees te en ara
cs SORNSLHE Cs epee tee a—Grain only.
o se ee seem to ae to two One In the Canadian results a carefully con-
Phat of grain as se Sh out 6 one-half pound less than those that were eating all ther ould
cake in eee Six ee a total of only 19 pounds i grain. Yet in one case the a
: 360. ‘nen grain and 309 pounds milk, sespec neta were Be auied for 100 —
ts on the limited ration. This would seem to be a subject gee of further
4
‘he Utah rest ts a are. decidediy against the system of ee animals at any period of titel coe
ely aes grain rations is more aa made up by the large gains made ae ne
grain it ae eat, and that a Bee spent on ee with little or no grain Se :
" PO et SN Pea Ree OE Nas Gee” Ry ue Og
116 EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUND A 1D ‘8 IN
and more economical gains. ar al
In the experiment to study the effect of feeding ane grain caticee sree diy full feeding h
a full grain ration during both periods made the greatest gains through the entire experime
» feed per 100 EA gain and the money cost per 100 pounds gain varied directly with, t
on the feeding ¥ were greatest with those pigs that were not stinted in their feed, oxtegial
period, when the pigs that had been on partial rations showed the largest profits. The ec
ing during the early months of a pig’s life is thus exemplified. With the pigs that were on
_ the same is true; a summer of stagnation was counterbalanced by a short period of
enormous eating, and very large gains that nevertheless were not sufficient to make the
process economical. 5;
To the farmer of the corn belt those experiments with grains 1
Corn and Corn the place of corn for feeding purposes in times of scarcity are al
Substitutes. In seasons such as that of 1901, when a summer of extreme heat i tt
.
counterbalanced by a bountiful supply of small grains. Many eee at such times re
barley, oats and rye to carry their stock to marketable condition. Outside the corn grow
and form the basis of all rations.
: Wheat Compared with Corn.—At the Indiana Sean: Plumb and Anderson fed four 1
air White pigs, to study the relative value of feeding corn and wheat, both alone and in co
es in January. They were out a8 two sows that were litter sisters. Lot 1 received wack e
received dry whole wheat; lot 3 received a ration consisting of equal parts of corn and
teceived soaked whole wheat. pu
Up to March 6th they received 10 pounds of separator milk as a noon fect and after
es of the same daily. os were fed 105 days. The results were as follows:
“4 Wheat Compared with Corn for Pigs. ©
ae Nysieny Weight Number
= umber a at
Lot RATION of Pigs |Beginning,| Close, | peg’
: Pounds Pounds
$85: S67 ale Coma eae
175 | + 607 105. Hons
174 646 1057. \ee
189 633 | inp me
1 CTE T Aa an ers ean peor en hi ie Ce A
a “oe PSS" VIR esa y iets lait Sh recat came MO aia ewig cat erg nt
4 3 |.-Cotn and wheat, equal parts. 2... i55.0.55 es?
; 4 W heat,-sonkedd te Sun... foie ois PANE OM
hob Ro
hy corn meal. Two lots of er pigs each were fed, in covered pens, all the oieuae grain they
The results follow:
Ground Wheat Compared with Corn Meal for Pigs.
; | Weight | Weight | number | Average
Zz 4 Number Fig at Daily
RATION | of Pigs |Beginning,| Close, qe fa - Gain,
° Pounds Pounds Pounds
Palen se SS OE i 1 ampli) ri Soa 290 | 519 out a 3
_Ground wheat ........ LOREEN, igh ie. i eee uae! 3- 291 |. 615 . Oiiise,! fais
| Weight | Weight | Number | Average [ Herd oe
Bs
100
> at : at Daily
ee ee of Pigs |Beginning,| Close, | 28%S | Gain, | Feunds
2 eit } Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
ion
F
di oa thick slop after being suomi: “the soaked wheat was weighed foloe being soaked. The
firs’ ee the pigs was See 50 per 100 pou and ao were sold on the farm at $5.5214 per 100 ira
Wheat Compared with Other Grain for Pigs.
Average | Average Average | Total | Feed per
Weight at| Weight Total | Number | “Daily | Feed 100 | Profit per
Beginning,| at Close, Gain, of Days Gain, Eaten, Pounds Lot. 3
' Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Fed Pounds | Pounds Rains
=e]
>
iz!
_
[s)
Z
Piet Number
Se Pe Pigs
| at and oe sequal
See he 174 388 ot 71 2,375 612 | 5.65
174.5 | 387 91 Az, 606 609 | 3.60
168 367 91 67 | 2,290 624 | 4.55
: the ground wheat gave the greatest returns for the least amount of grain,
id not reé ‘large a profit: as whole soaked wheat, owing to the expense of grinding. Theunde-
sility of feeding whole wheat dry seems to be indicated by these results. Ground wheat and corn
co! eee ‘than = wheat and aye or ground wheat and shorts. Ground corn —
i n corn, but Hone pea et was added to the corn meal eon alight sue
tage. The Nebraska results are enedally oo to whee ete
118
; Nine experiments with wheat that: had been more or less
q . Feeding Frost- conducted at the Central Experiment Farm in Canada. “The |
‘ ed Wheat. _ ground, unground and in combination with other grains and ski
. The following shows the results and conclusions from the expel
4 Frosted Wheat for Pigs. ;
: E 5 | 82.) 95/2 .| sz | Ze
£/_ + Ration HOW PREPARED | $8. ar Ee gee} 22 | om
| e BM) dee] £8 | SoS) Es | ea
MERU TIGRDS) ck Sl iS ss Ground, soaked twelve Be
hours 0 Ses 4/185 | 275 | 90 |- 77 |1.17) ©
Bee Rien. ee Whole, soaked forty-two] - Me te | Sie aes
Riou cS eee oh 944) 186 2782) 286s 97 ae
. 3! Wheat, barley and |Whole, soaked forty-two Fle hd
BRAS as te | Pounds | Pounds
SS ee eS | EE
Shortsandcornmeal....| 8 129 | 354 70 | 1°69 718: iS
Corn meal ....... Jota 3 AZO BOT ATO te soa el leds
ration of corn meal only. In the Colorado experiment ine pigs: fed ¢ on a ration of shorts side ars er
more rapid gains than those on corn meal, but they required more feed per 100 pounds gain.
Corn Meal Compared with Rice Meal.—The South Carolina Station compared rice meal anc
meal. The rice meal is a by product of the rice mills and consists largely of rice flour, rice p
rice bran. As yet the mills have no uniform way of penne it on the market, and in order that the
by product in cleaning the rice grain for fhe: market. ue chemical compe ten shows ‘that it tha
“ the same amount of protein, carbohydrates and fat as corn meal.
The pigs used were Berkshires, about five months old, weighing about 90 pounds each. The
given a ration consisting of one part meal and four parts skim milk, the milk being mixed with re
were confined in pens 20 by 40 feet, with plenty of shade. ss
The experiment was divided into two periods. During the first and of thirty-nine
1 was fed the corn meal ration, and lot 2 the rice meal ration. During the second period of tw nt ty
days the feed was reversed, lot 1 having rice meal and lot 2 corn meal. . The results during 1 the first per
were not decisive, but during the second, they were somewhat favorable to the rice meal.
for each kind of grain for the entire experiment were as follows: |
Rice Meal Compared with Corn Meal for Pigs.
Feed per 100 Pounds
.
“ : Total Feed Baten eae
RATION | Number |'TotalGain, |Number of Daily Gen, cu
; of Pigs | Pounds | Days Fed | pounds Meal, Milk, Meal, Milk,
Sy ¢ Pounds Pounds Pounds
pounce
Rice meal one part, skim t ¢ SES ay
milk four parts........ 3 314.5 CAE Beth ay PN defo 3,116 | 248 — — 991
Corn meal one part, skim ; ie oh Peers
milk four parts......... ban 303 | ~ 61 660)" unis ra) 116 | 257s
3 ee at $11. 75 per ton, corn meal at $14.00 per ton, end skim milk at 15 cents
The following were the principal results: 3
Gluten Meal. Compared aHhe Corn Meal for Pigs.
z ~ - Ba fe oO = = 3
Beas | 38 en on, Sse { ga g28 es
Lom 85 Ee a2 eis ae EO EP
5 <= om ORY oa DS Bas a3 AD pert ag
a 4 & 45 Aas : og = 4 :
pS eS F251 214 50. 1-07 |) 319 192 40 oe ee
eo 400 5 99%.5 | 50, | 1.49) 264 | 2.50 | 80220 | 5.8
fee ee Ar S| AST 5 550 S70") 952 | 2400 ee eee
es 4 | 48.5 | 219 a erie 4 ie | 1.90 | oe
Meal Caravan with Corn Meal.—In Massachusetts the Hatch Station isa hominy
id cor: meal. The latter is described as consisting of the hulls, germs, and some of the starch
ten of he ae This separation is said to be brought ee by the aid of
ee Compared with Corn Meal for Pigs.
we
z : Ba Total Feed Eaten —|Feed Per 100 Ibs. Gain]...
i ss : = F . ks
ee re eet er eed er a
& wl kg | sa Ae a SMS ee
Sit: Sees PSUS = erp LEIS EM oe ee
ah orno ale = fae aot Grain, Milk, Grain, Milk, a)
ae 766 | 5.779| PBT | kato ade ae
suit Ceredline Feed.—Two tests were made at the Hatch Station fo compare _
- Like homin3 y meal, cerealine feed consists also of the hull and a portion of
ontains as less of as starch than ee meal. It is the by product —
It is — coarse ae
ag and d weight
“The ‘nutritive ration was 1:3 at the beginning. of 1
™ 4 ee A te he nr Re Tee
“er 3 ete eke
126 EXPERIMENTS WITH>GROUND AND UNG
In the second test six pigs, a cross between the Poland China and the Chester White 7
weeks old, were fed skim milk in egnmection with the cerealine feed, which was eaten eth seeming
at all times. The following table shows the results:
Cerealine Feed Compared with Corn Meal for Pigs.
a 4 = ey pa Total Feed Eaten
= os to = o3 Ss
be | sees [Se | Be | Gs
RATION Bey | Pees | ge | ee ews Ne Gramm Milk, | Grain,
3 Onions cannot be recommended as a feed for poeivey, as they will quickly affect the flavor of
eggs. Turnips also will communicate their peculiar pungent and disagreeable taste and smell: to the
flesh and eggs of poultry, as they do to milk and beef. They will taint the meat, and when it is cooked
it will emit a pronounced smell of turnips. Muskrats will likewise affect the quality and flavor of eggs
or meat, making it musky and repulsive, and the meat of these animals should not be fed to chickens.
Nuts.—If an abundance of nuts are produced on the farm, more especially butternuts and black
walnuts, they can be turned into profit when fed to the poultry. They should be cracked rather fine,
when the hens will pick the shells clean in a short time.
. Odds and Ends.—The lJeavings from the table are excellent chicken feed, as they generally include
vegetables, meat, etc. The bones which the farmer’s table yields in the course of the year, when ground.
or chopped fine, yield a feed of almost equal value to Davis Meat Scraps and Davis Raw Bone Meal,
and may be fed to the fowls in equal proportion with good results.
Mixed Feedstuffs——A good egg feed may be found in old and damaged cheese, doles for other
| - ~purposes. A cheap and valuable feed, equal in value, pound for pound, with raw corn, is contained in
popped corn from the factories. If the-corn is sugared, so much the better for fattening. Bakery
refuse, such as bread, cake and crackers, makes good feed for chicks and will take the place of many pounds
of grain. Very often scorched grain can be obtained for about two-thirds of the standard price, and
-__may be advantageously used if it is not so badly burned that part of it will be left on the ground. Grain
screenings are of questionable value for birds, but chicks will eat most of the seeds they contain.
Gluten Meal.—This is manufactured from the chit or nitrogenous elements of the corn grain,
constituting the refuse from ordinary corn starch. Nearly 30 per cent of nitrogenous matter is contained
therein, while the pure corn meal holds only about 9 per cent. Very rich, and valuable in the mixed
ration, are cotton seed and linseed meal, although they are of course quite different articles from gluten.
Cotton seed meal contains about 40 per cent of nitrogenous matter, and linseed meal 30 per cent. There
are two kinds of linseed meal, namely, the old and the new process. Of these the new process linseed meal,
if carefully and judiciously fed, may be used without bad effect for the purpose of increasing the egg
_ attention to the poultry industry, Special efforts have been made to learn
226 DRESSING AND PACKING POULTRY FOR SHIPMI ;
~
production, while the old process, which contains 10 per cent of a or oil, is too fatthine. for: layin
hens. This constitutes the principal objection to cotton seed meal, which contains 12 to 13 pe cent,
fat, while gluten meal holds no more than 5 per cent 01 ois. It the proper care and judgment is
either of these concentrated meals may be advantageously used as poultry feed, provided Davis
Food is fed regularly. It is advisable to start in feeding either of them in very moderate q
and by degrees increase the ration, as judgment and experience permit it. They should,” he
never be fed alone, being too concentrated and rich, but other- feedstuffs
should always enter largely into the ration. .
Cider Pomace may be made to serve the same purpose as green feeds,
roots, herbs, clover, etc., during the winter months. The fowls will partake
of it freely, and the cost will be smaller than if green feeds were provided.
Hogsheads or tight barrels are suitable for storing the pomace in. Fill up
the barrels and press down the contents firmly with jackscrews or barrel
headers, making a solid, compact mass.
Sour Feed is not recommended, as it induces bowel trouble. Remove
any such feed from the presence of the fowls. Feeds that have a tendency
to sour quickly should not be left about. Feed only as much of them as
may be consumed within twenty minutes or half an hour.
Garbage.—If well cooked and fed with ground feed, garbage from
village and city swill may be given once a day to the fowls without injury.
There is no objection to feeding it as long as the hens thrive and remain in
good health, but too large a quantity should not be given at any one time.
DRESSING AND PACKING ‘POULTRY
a FOR SHIPMENT.
In the poultry industry, as in every other, attractive marketing is an -
important feature, and one too often overlooked. Many of the products
marketed by the farmer do not realize high prices owing to a lack of proper
packing, or because some special requirement of the consumer is not com-
plied with. The Canadian Experiment Stations have devoted considerable
the requirements of the English market. In a recent report of the
Canadian- Commissioners of Agriculture and Dairying, the methods of
dressing, packing, and shipping poultry for British markets are discussed.
Some of the directions for shipping turkeys seem of general application.
Among the principal points are the following: =
Plucked turkeys are regarded as more salable than unplucked.. Fast »
the birds for twenty-four hours, to empty the crop and intestines. The
fermentation of feed in the crops and intestines will wholly spoil the birds.
Give a small quantity of water just before killing. Kill by wringing the neck, Bas 5
and not by knifing or sticking. One dealer says the easiest and best mode of killing is by the di: ocation
of the neck. This manner of killing is generally adopted by the English and continental poultere
It is done as follows: Grasp the legs of the bird in the left hand and the head of the bird in th
hand, the back of the bird being upward and the crown of the head in the hollow of the pats ss
the legs of the bird against the left hip and the head against the right thigh or knee. Os
strongly stretch the head, at the same time bending it suddenly backward, so as to meee ota
near its junction with the head. The bird is killed instantly, and plucking the feathers must be
DRESSING AND PACKING POULTRY FOR SHIPMENT. 207
ith at ‘once. The method of. killing turkeys in Norfolk is also recommended. It is as follows: The
on » the fee of the head wih a stout piece of wood, which renders ts insensible. The knife is then
inserted into the roof of the mouth, so as to pierce the brain, cut-
ting it along the entire length. The bird is left hanging by the legs
= for a few minutes to allow the blood to drain out. Pluck at once
while still warm. Feathers should be left on the neck for about 3
inches from the head; also a few feathers on the tail and tips of
wings. Do not tear the skin in plucking, and do not under any
- circumstances dip the bird into water. Remove the intestines from
fs the rear. Care must be taken not to break the gall bag. All the
rest may be left inside. Twist the wings on the back of the bird
(Figure 33). A string, which, however, should not encircle the
body, may be used to keep them in place. As soon as the feathers
are off hang the bird up by the feet to cool. Do not lay it down or
hang it by the head.
The blood should drain toward the head, and become coag-
ulated there. One dealer says to lay the birds on their breasts on
a. setting board, pressing the rumps square, letting the heads hang
down until the body is set, when the birds will always retain their
plump shape. Cleanliness is neces-
sary. The feet and legs of the birds
should be clean also. The legs of
the dressed birds are often tied up
as shown in Figure 34. If the birds
are to be displayed in a shop the
head should be pushed up under the
wing. The birds should be _ thor-
oughly cooled (not frozen), and they
should be cold through and through
before being packed in cases. Pack
in any one case only birds of nearly
the same weight, graded to within
two pounds. In no case should any
bird be lighter than the lightest
| Figure 34, : __-weight or heavier than the heaviest
? weight marked on the package.
Pack the cocks and hens in separate cases. Mark the cases at both ends
plainly. ‘Wrap every bird neatly in paper. The head of each bird
should be ‘wrapped with a quantity of thick paper, to absorb any
lood. Spread a small quantity of wood pulp or dry, clean straw in
the bottom of the case. Put paper on the bottom and top of the
“birds to keep them clean. A small quantity of wood pulp, or dry,
clean straw may be put on top, directly under the cover. Pack the
birds with backs down, with heads at one side. Put from twelve to .
_ twenty-four birds in a case. Every case should be packed quite full and ;
5 close, to prevent damage during transit. Do not export any old, tough Figure 35.
Every bird should show a good, plump, white, broad breast.
_ Opinions differ in the United States regarding the practice of drawing poultry before market-
ae it IS: desirable to suit the demands of the market to ee shipment is made, the ofl
poe <
228 DRESSING AND PACKING POULTRY FOR SHIPMENT.
Under precisely the same conditions of temperature and humidity, drawn fowls will keep
from twenty to thirty days longer than those not drawn. The presence of undigested feed and
excrementitious substances in animals which have been killed most certainly favors tainting of the flesh
and general decomposition. The viscera are the first parts to show putrescence, and allowing these to
remain within the body cannot do otherwise than favor infection of the flesh with bacteria and
ptomaines, even if osmosis does not actually carry putrid juices to contiguous tissues. Hunters know
the value of drawing birds as soon as possible after they have been shot, in order to keep-them sweet
and fresh and to prevent their having a strong intestinal flavor.
That the opening of the body of an animal and exposing the internal surfaces to the air may have
some influence of itself in hastening putrefaction is admitted, but when the process of drawing is properly
conducted this secondary objection to its immediate performance may be-entirely set aside. Absolute
cleanliness should be maintained throughout the operation, and if the entrails are torn and their contents —
allowed to come in contact with the flesh of the animal its interior should be at once washed out with clean,
cold water and afterward with a solution of common salt and the carcass hung up until thoroughly dry.
Gee
Bee
7°
DISEASES OF POULTRY.
~
eitor ee
: For the proper treatment of disease it is essential that the poultryman should
Common have some idea of the most common causes. Should the digestive organs be
Causes. affected, the feed, its character and quantity, should be first looked into. See
‘ that the birds are given opportunity to exercise properly, assure yourself that
a they have had the necessary grit, or whether the alimentary canal is obstructed at any point. Find
- out whether or not they have been exposed to cold or drafts of air, and, last but not least, assure your-
self whether or not they have been subjected to the attacks of the numerous parasites, both animal
and vegetable, that are known to cause disturbance of the digestive tract. Diseases of the respiratory
a organs may be caused by chills, by exposure to drafts or a damp atmosphere, and they may also be
caused by minute organisms or parasites. If the skin or feathers are affected, look for parasites; in
cases of lameness, it is possibly due to injury by rheumatism. If the fowl is pale around the head and
there is a general loss of weight, it is probably caused by indigestion, by improper feed, or by the attacks
of internal and external parasites. Diseases of the brain may result from exposure to too great
heat, from sunstroke, from overexertion, high feed or insufficient exercise. Diseases of the ovaries
may be the result of the bird being too fat, or from the ration being improperly digested for the
needs of the body, “
; The hygienic and sanitary surroundings are particularly important in fowls,
Hygienic much more important perhaps, than in quadrupeds. When we stop and con-
Requirements. sider the matter we find that the reason is that birds digest more feed in pro-
¥ portion to their weight than any other animal. Not only that, but they breathe
more rapidly, their blood circulates faster, their temperature is higher, and they make a greater proportion-
| ate increase in body weight in a much shorter time than other animals. On the top of all this the bird of
| today may be rightly compared with a very complicated and delicate machine, run under extremely
_ high pressure, which, if neglected, soon goes to pieces. In this connection we will refer the 7
_ man’s attention to our chapter on houses, etc., and strongly advise that they be followed.
The word disinfection means to destroy or remove infection in the way of
Disinfection. ' vegetable or anintal parasites, microbes and foul odors. As we have repeatedly
stated, prevention is better than a cure, and too much attention, therefore,
cannot be given toward keeping the fowls in clean surroundings. The longer chickens are kept on the
__ same premises the more the parasites will increase and therefore the greater will be the danger.
ie Systematic and thorough measures should be adopted, and they should be attended to with religious
tegularity. The methods of disinfection are many. Some are dangerous and some are inefficient, and
it is therefore important for the poultryman to thoroughly understand those which are most efficient
and least dangerous. For the inside of the house, including the roosts and nests, hot whitewash should
be used at least twice a year, and we strongly advise adding to this whitewash Phenalin, manufactured -
_by the Davis Steck Food Company. The Phenalin should be used in proportion of 1 quart of Phenalin
to 30 gallons of whitewash, the Phenalin being mixed with the water before it is put on the lime.
_ There are a great many good preparations on the market, but Phenalin is better than the majority.
is much stronger and absolutely. safe. Should the poultryman not have it on hand, carbolic
acid will do- very nicely, but it is not so strong as Phenalin, aoe more siege ous Where houses .
: 229 ae
os 230
the crests of the house with a 2 per cent solution of Phenalin. For eae Be
better than Dr. Brown’s Lice Killer, applied to the roosts, or the fowls may be dusted w
’ Death to Lice. The runs used by the fowls should be plowed and replanted often, in 2
the accumulated excrements and parasites and bring fresh soil to the surface. a
a
t
In spite of all these precautions intestinal worms will at times develop, and it i
as this'that Davis Poultry Food proves its efficiency and value. If used regularly ther
less danger from internal parasites, and the cost is s practically nothing, being less than
for each fowl.
Te ees Mag
gir
Bod
7 “
a
‘ge #4.
Pike |
4
This is one of the most common diseases of fowls The ae
Simple and affect but a few birds of the flock, in which case it is c
= eae Again, severe attacks that will affect. nearly all the ts in a
cases it is Ronaint. to make a there and exhaustive examination wher he disease” is
so as to determine whether or not it is simple catarrh or infectious catarrh, in ee the x
may be gauged accordingly.
Symptoms.—Birds more or less dull; disinclination to move; eee fo
“
severe and euicbhaned cases of catarrh the feats: often. and erect; co
obstructed and breathing carried on entirely eons the mouth, coe oe a Ww.
and aie |
Breese paners are undue exposure, dampness, drafts of cold air. : S
Treatment.—Remove the cause and give good, stimulating feed. Each fowl
one-half teaspoonful of Davis Poultry Food a day. It is better , perhaps, to give mit
teaspoonful at a time three times a day Le phNES Poultry Food i = not at hand, use ee
Gentian 100k 23 32 ues EG ee eee oe eee ey renee ie Canre, * Ad:
GIRGEG. 4 eae yin Po ey eee Cp eee ee pogen.
> Sulphateromdiran’; oe ts eee ae Site Caine: aoe ike eae ace Sete Te ea tgs .2 drams
; Hy posal phite of sodium i" 7 og ea ae See eaer neers ore bys) a:
Salicylate of sodium. | VERN ge a aes ieee Gace ee ek i
each fowl. p i
. This disease is probably caused by a germ. ‘Syme eo carly
Roup or of this disease cannot be distinguished from those -of simple catarr
4 Contagious disease advances the inflammation extends from the mucous’ mer
Catarrh. |
Ae > secretion instead of remaining fluid aa Mas thick, sellowee
a It forms around the eyes and oftentimes forces the eyeballs out of the sockets. It <
blockades the nasal passages, presses down the palate and obstructs breathing ~entirely..
may also prevent swallowing. he ee
Treatment.—Thorough disinfection of the Caaoi aia Exclude contagion by every mean:
can be devised. Isolate all affected birds. The wounds and ulcers: and eyes mas be:
a solution of boric acid, 15 grains to the ounce of water.
use of kerosene mixed in equal parts with olive oil. Dr. Pilnionses Roip Cure will ¢ cure a
cases if taken in time. Davis Poultry Food as a tonic and stimulator should be |
tion of one teaspoonful to each fowl once a day. It is Se to eek of t
dead birds promptly sa burning them.
DISEASES OF POULTRY.- . oa OPN
ip This is an inflammation of ac mucous membrane of the eee and bronchial
Bronchitis. tubes, due to exposure and dampness, cold drafts of air, etc:
f : Symptoms.—Dullness; loss of appetite; quick breathing; cough. Wactios
os sounds may be heard from the throat because of the air being drawn over the dry and thickened
. ‘membrane. The birds frequently open their beaks in order to get fresh air.
Treatment.—Give soft: and cooling feed, such as stale bread moistened with milk. Let them
ale steam or vapor from boiling water in which one tablespoonful of Phenalin has been mixed with
each quart of water. If Phenalin is not at hand, carbolic acid may be used, although not so good.
- Give each fowl one-half tedspoonful of Davis Poultry Food once a day. If this is not at hand get black
§ ‘antimony and give each fowl 2 grains a day. Flaxseed steeped in hot water often gives great relief.
_ Should the attack be severe it can often be controlled in the early stages by giving 10 drops of
turpentine in a teaspoonful of castor oil, and the dose may be repeated in five or six hours, although
not oftener. Care should be taken in administering medicines in all diseases of the bronchial tubes or
‘passages. They should always be soft and free from roughness so as not to excite the inflammation.
ye This is a parasitic disease caused by the presence in the air passages of a worm
~The Gapes. called the syngamus trachealis. The prominent symptom is that of frequent
ake gaping, from which the disease has been named gapes.
Description of the Worm.—It is a small, round worm, red in color, that attaches itself by its mouth
the mucous membrane of the bird’s trachea or windpipe. The female worm is usually 44 inch in
mgth; the male less than 4% inch. They suck the blood from the bird, and’in doing this set up
co siderable irritation and inflammation. They rapidly exhaust the strength and obstruct the wind-
pipe, thus causing death by exhaustion or asphyxiation. Young birds become affected with this parasite
either by eating the adult worms, containing eggs, which are coughed up by affected birds, or by taking
e embryo into their system with feed or drink. It will therefore be seen that it is very important ~
Bolste all affected birds.
Symptoms.—This disease is seen most frequently in young birds. The bird will be observed to
se its appetite and be less lively than usual. The head will be frequently extended with open beak—
in other words, gapes. If watched they will be seen to gape every minute or so. They will soon begin
4s td’ cough and emit a whistling sound. A whitish liquid may flow from the mouth and nostrils at times.
_If badly affected the bird will become weak. The feathers roughen, the wings droop, and the neck is
shortened or drawn up, except when extended for gaping. The bird will shake its head convulsively,
as if trying to get rid of the foreign bodies in its throat.
Treatment. —Separate the sick birds from the well at once, and clean up the coops and yards
and drinking troughs thoroughly with a 2 per cent solution of Phenalin or 5 per cent solution of carbolic
acid. Burn the bodies of the birds that have died. To remove the worms from the chick’s throat either
eather, or hair from the tail of a horse may be used. _ If a feather is used, strip it to the web, except
A near the tip, and moisten the tip with kerosene or turpentine. If a horse hair is used, fold it, and twist
_ the two ends so as to leave a small loop at the extremity. “Force the chicken’s mouth open with the
ngers of the left hand, and when the glottis opens for breathing thrust the hair or feather into the wind-
pipe, then turn and twist it several times and withdraw. One or more worms may then be adhering to
it. Care should be taken in removing these worms, as the windpipe is very tender and sensitive, and
may be liable to injury from a broken or rough feather. For internal treatment the following has been
advised: Make a mixture of hard boiled eggs, crumbs of stale bread and boiled beef’s heart; chop these
gredients finely and then pound them into a thorough paste. To this paste add garlic in proportion
of one bulb to each ten chickens, and feed the birds. Asafetida, 8 grains to each fowl a day, given in
powder combined with an equal quantity of yellow gentian, mixed into a paste and given to the fowl,
is good treatment. Davis Poultry Food, mixed into a paste and rolled into pills, each pill about the size
Bea and given every hour or two, has proved satisfactory.
Causes.—The usual causes are exposure to cold, which leads t to contrac-
Co fi gestion tion of the external blood vessels, and this forces a large amount of blood into the
of the Lungs. internal organs. It is most often seen in fowls that are molting, which have been
tee exposed to cold drafts or rain when the skin is partly denuded. It is also very —
_ the air passages. As the bird begins to improve a grain of quinine with 10 drops of cod liver oil ige
_aday will hasten recovery. The feed, during the sickness, should consist of a soft mash to which
232 DISEASES OF POULTRY...
ee,
CKS
allowed to get chilly ah also frequent victims. jie
Symptoms.—The bird breathes rapidly and with difficulty. It is secce to move, sle
and does not notice things around it. means of combating this disease.
Rast Many instances are report-.
Obstruction ed of partial or complete
of Cloaca obstruction of the cloaca
by Urinary by drying or hardening of
4 eS ailaes urinary accumulations.
Improper rations are usu-
‘moved. On small aneniey of olive oil injected
* ‘daily for six days will guard against further accu-
- mulations and give any local irritation that may
have arisen time to pass away. No other treat-
ment than this and Davis Poultry Food is required.
The female organs of re-
The Making ‘production in fowls, which
of an Eee. are responsible for the
making of the egg, consist
= single pyaty and a single oviduct. During
: Figure 33.
ovaries are of the same size, but soon develop- .
Py Reproductive o organs of the hen: 1, ovary; 2, oviduct; 3, infundib-
mental forces apparently concentrate in the left ular portion of oviduct; 4, depression corresponding to Tight oviduct;
‘ovary. The right remains undeveloped and finally, 0Pemn of Jelt oviduct) 6, oviduct laid open to show ege surrounded
Seappeats. «lneremuimne ovary develops toa re-. {ermine upon ite, cloara; 9, rectum; 10,’ upper’ portion! of anus,
narkable degree. ‘The external appearance is that
granular or nodular body attached to the spinal column by a fold of peritoneum. The nodules are
‘irregular in size, some small and whitish, others large and of a yellowish color. The ovum is enlarged,
due to an accumulation of food yolk, called the yellow, this causing distension of the ovarian capsule
£ encloses the ovum. This capsule is also called the calyx. As the ovum grows bigger its capsule
omes more and more separated from the remainder of the ovary, until it is seen to be attached only
a Marrow base or pedicle. The calyx consists of two membranes united by connective tissue and
slood meses, converging toward a white transverse line or band, crossing the most prominent part of
ue band is called the Seas and begins to appeaf when the ova are well eee
,. ao)
4
a li,
ae
f
|
:
_ The shell is largely made of carbonate of lime to which is added a . little carbonate oe magnesia <
The line becomes broader and the membranes thinner as the ovum increases in ‘size. .
right time arrives the walls of the calyx give way along this line and the egg slips out of
passing into the infundibular opening of the oviduct. The egg when it enters the oviduct
vitellus yolk enclosed in a very thin vitelline membrane. It is in the upper portion of the «
impregnation or fertilization takes place.’ After entering the oviduct the ovum is propelled with
motion, a the S ristaltic contractions of that tube, toward the cloaca. Contact with the ovum s
As the egg rotates in the oviduct the chalazae become twisted in opposite directions, and the on
ek small end of the egg finally adheres more or less to the membrane lining the shell ay that fj
the egg, each thinner and more watery than the preceding one. Reaching the narrowest t part «
tube two still denser layers of albumen are excreted, making the membrana putaminis. |
and having acquired its ovate form with the small end toward the cloaca, the egg enters sie uw
or shell forming dilatation. The inner surface of the oviduct here secretes and deposits | upon the
membrana putaminis a thick white fluid which condenses, becomes calcareous and finally forms th
It is said that approximately five hours is required in the common fowl for the egg to pass fro1
infundibulum to the uterus. Sometimes it may be arrested there for from twelve to twenty hours.
color of the shell depends upon the pigmental matter secreted by the villous membrane of ree uti
phosphate of lime and oe ‘
slightly larger eats the large intestine, containing many branching blood ee upon its. surfe
starts close to the ovary by an enlarged portion named the infundibulum, bends upon itself sever:
forming three principal convolutions, and finally reaches the cloaca, into which it opens. The
and oviduct are reduced in size in the nonbreeding season, when the parts are inactive, a
disappearing from view. a ae
This occurs most frequently during ‘he nonbreeding season, when is
Atrophy of it is a physiological atrophy and not a disease, The-same phenomen
the Ovary. be observed in old hens, sometimes accompanied by remarkable chat
other parts of the body. The spurs are enlarged, the feathers grow ;
and more brilliant, rivaling those of the cock: The habit and voice of the male is also largely assume
by such birds. Complete atrophy of the ovaries is sometimes congenital; in other words, these organs
fail to develop at all. Cases are also recorded in which rudimentary organs of both male and female |
are present in the same individual. Where this condition exists the bird also in voice, plumage, spur
habits, etc., resembles the capon. They are Bie for nothing but the table atid should be fat
and killed.
A common disease with all kinds of poultry. A ue mortem examina
Gangrene of the ovary will show the ova in different stages of development. —
the Ovary. instead of being yellowish pink in color, with well defined blood vessels, t
black or brown, easily crushed and the contents broken down int
liquid. As it may occur in birds which are not fat, and as it evidently is accompanied by ba
it probably is an infectious disease. Death is caused Peary, by peritonitis and partly by the ese
of the products of decomposition. :
This organ, being a highly Pence tube, with great functional. activieg
Inflammation ing the laying season and consequently subject to ee of various k
of the Oviduct. often affected with inflammation. ea
Causes.—Irritation due to too frequent prime too aa eggs
stimulating feed; breaking of an egg within the tube; obstruction of the cloaca.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF URINATION AND REPRODUCTION. 241
: Symptoms. —Bird shows desire to lay without being able to produce eggs; may lay eggs contain-
‘ing more or less blood, without shell; also small, misshapen eggs, containing albumen but no yolk; or
. the yolk may be dropped without any albumen or shell. As inflammation increases there is high
_temperature, straining, an effort to rub the abdomen upon the ground. Bird becomes dull, indisposed
to move, comb is pale, plumage rough, and temperature falls to normal or below in the last stages.
Treatment.—_If treatment is to be successful early attention is imperative. Give green, cool-
ing feed; avoid meat or irritating ingredients. Give Davis Poultry Food with each day’s rations. Keep
‘bird quiet and administer Epsom salts 20 grains, bicarbonate of soda 2 grains. Follow this with 4
drop of tincture of aeonite root three times a day.
This is a common disease, most often observed in old hens that have been
Prolapsus of great layers. Overfeeding, too stimulating feed, constipation, and straining to
the Oviduct. expel large eggs are direct causes. This disease may also occur as a result of
: inflammation of the tube or from any cause preventing the passage of the eggs.
_. Symptoms.—Efforts to expel eggs may cause prolapsus; it is observed as hen leaves the nest;
usually only partial at first, gradually increasing. In the latter case a tumor may be noticed within the
mouth of the cloaca.- In the course of a short time the eversion continues and a large dark red or violet
colored mass protrudes from the vent.
_ Treatment.—Catch bird at once and ascertain if an egg is arrested in the passage. If swelling
‘is soft, with no signs of an egg, apply carbolized oil or lard, returning the part by gentle pressure. Then
treat bird as for inflammation of ~ the oviduct, giving additional treatment of 3 to 5 drops fluid extract
of ergot, to cause contraction of the oviduct and keep it in position. If an egg is found within the swell-
ing, tréat as recommended for obstruction of the oviduct.
Causes.—Irritation of the lower part of the oviduct, arresting the secretion
Difficult Laying, of mucus and causing the mucous membrane to be dry and lacking in its normal
; Egg Bound : lubrication. Another cause is too large eggs or birds being too fat; it may be
_ Obstruction of aggravated by constipation.
the O vidu ct. Symptoms. —In advanced cases bird may be unable to expel the egg; the
egg is arrested in the passage, where it sets up inflammation, leading to straining
‘and sometimes prolapsus of the oviduct. There is a frequent inclination to go to the nest, making
efforts to lay, but hen is unable to perform the function. Restlessness, evidence of distress; in the
latter stages, dullness, roughened plumage, indisposition to move. On examining bird by pressure
of the finger, egg may be distinguished as a hard body in the gS part of the abdominal cavity.
When prolapsus exists the everted oviduct protrudes.
— Treatment.—In early stages before case has become too aggravated it is sufficient to inject small
quantity of olive oil and gently manipulate the parts. Thereupon give cooling feed; if hens are too fat
reduce the feed ration and
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is composed, with spasms of the muscles, paralysis and at times hematuria. A iolinee ae as Satie
above, 1 is a horse simulating disability or disease, lying down and refusing to rise, even under the
ia? al ve
one of the general ee Cramp is so called tonic spasms oie Picci: accompanied
~ an intramuscular nature.
ote
Reps oe ee ee ee” ee
a special germ isto blame. There is a loss of power of the hind parts, the legs and thighs, an:
impossible to back the animal or turn it, the legs do not work well together; the patient stagge rs
heit. The treatment is_to place the patient in pe and if you do not know how to do ihe
call a veterinarian and let him show you. Also give a purge, and then a moderate dose of bell
repeating every three or four hours, until the purge is acting nicely. Strychnine shou
one-fiftieth of a grain at a time to start, increasing little by little until its action becomes visib:
urine should be drawn off every day, and enemas given to assist the purge; also apply good linim
such as Davis Veterinary Liniment, to the diseased parts. Massage, manipulate and gently ex
the horse in order to gradually bring life and circulation into the stiffened muscles. f
veterinarian show you in regard to the medical treatment advised, so that you shall make no-
This well known affection is caused by overheating, especially b
Sunstroke. longed exposure to the hot rays of the sun in summer, or exposure to &
é heat of any kind, reacting upon the nervous system, causing the pecul:
nomena we designate sunstroke, _ This affection is also called thermic fever, and is divide
cult; the patient looks uneasy, biageae and ate to the ground, remaining prone ule sielgiea
is weak, Cosine quickly runs up to 104 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit ; there may be ag or p
ea Sue i eae > pt eee EP he ates wee Se eS
2 ;
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 317
insensibility or loss of consciousness; bowels become constipated, urine scant, the brain is affected, and
ee like those attending on apoplexy may show. Pupils of the eyes are staring and dead,
insensible to light; blood vessels of head and neck are full and throbbing; breathing becomes snorting,
stertorous, and more and more labored, and there may be spasmodic contractions of the muscles,
and at times convulsions. In heat exhaustion, on the other hand, we find that the principal symptoms
are weakness, with a feeble pulse, rapid breathing, high temperature, and general debility. As arule the
patients recover, but secondary diseases, congestion of the lungs, stomach disorders, lameness of
certain parts, etc., may result.
‘a
4 _ Treatment.—Remove the animal from the exposed condition; take it to a place that is cool,
ze shady and comfortable, keep it quiet and ease the pain and fever by cold water applications to the head
_ and body, injecting a quantity also through the rectum, doing it all as gently and soothingly as you
know how. Stimulants, a little whisky or alcohol in the drinking water, may be used afterward, or
_ brandy hypodermically injected. If the case is a very serious one ether or chloroform may be necessary,
_ but then you should call in a veterinarian and let him administer it. Belladonna, nux vomica, quinine,
_ etc., to counteract the effects of the heat and tone up the nerves, are also recommended. And in some
eases purging and bleeding may be resorted to. In all severe cases, which you feel that you are unable
' to handle yourself, call in a veterinarian, as already advised. Keep the digestion and circulation of the
a _ sick animal in order by the use of Davis Stock Food in the feed ration.
Azoturia, - hypernitrogenized condition of the blood and an abnormal dropping of the hind
parts, the legs and thighs, there being more or less knuckling at the fetlock.
The disorder is also denominated rheumatic paraplegia. The cause of the trouble is not well determined,
some saying that the liver is at fault, others the kidneys, skin or nervés. It is also possible that too highly
-nitrogenized feed, supplemented with insufficient exercise, is to blame. We find it most often during
_ the cold spells of weather, in heavy draft horses, and especially after the horses have been put up during
thereupon you take them out of the stable, kicking and prancing so that you can hardly control them,
3 and go on in this way for a mile or so up the road, when of a sudden the one affected with the disease
_ will slow up and fall behind his companion, stagger and fall over, unable to rise himself again. Or again,
_ he may get lame, perspire profusely, look nervous and restless, watch his belly interestedly again and
- again, until you think that he is subject to a bad attack of colic, but in your attempt to make him
_ move you will find that he has lost control of the muscles of one of his legs, also becoming aware of the
eccckling at the fetlock. You may then think that he has picked up a nail on the road and examine
_ him for this, but without result. If you have any doubt as to what the disease really is the dark color
- of the urine should tell you; it is of a brownish coffee color, in some instances pitch black. Pulse
F. _ becomes full and leaping, temperature runs up to 102 or ate degrees Fahrenheit, and the breathing
7 “may become rapid and labored. :
- Bleeding, if it were possible, might be good, and is recommended, but it is not an easy operation to per-
form with the horse thrashing madly about on the ground, difficult to get near. The operation relieves
the congested blood vessels, thus quieting the animal, reducing the fever, and then medicines and other
a ‘ministration may be administered. Chloral hydrate may be ‘given the agonized, thrashing animal to
- quiet him in the first instance. You should, if you have a veterinarian conveniently near at hand,
send for him, meanwhile doing what you can yourself to relieve the sufferer. Strychnine or other merve
stimulants are recommended after the first attack has subsided, and may be administered with good
esults. Slings may be resorted to, but it is best not to use them, except in milder cases where the patient
2 Fic, although the milder cases have a chance for life. Paralysis of the muscles of one leg, or spreading
. one leg to another is likely to result in those that recover.
or Spinal Typhus, is indicated by the dark color of the urine, resulting from a |
3 holidays, fed in the same way as when they did heavy work. They may be high spirited and gay when |
Treatment.—As yet no remedy has been discovered that will successfully cope with this affecien
is able to rise himself and stand. Otherwise they are likely to sag out of the sling, thrash wildly about,
perspire, kick, bite and carry on in such a way that you will have to liberate them. Most of the patients —
318 . " DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Call in a veterinarian, as suggested, and abide by his advice. Always examine the trine, and this
should be drawn off with a veterinarian’s catheter at least once in twenty-four hours. If there be spasms
of the muscles of the penis, making it difficult or impossible to insert the instrument, put your hand
and arm into the rectum and press on the bladder; this as a rule will enable you to draw down the penis
and introduce the instrument, or there may be a urination without the use of the catheter. In serious
cases the bladder should be washed out with warm water and boric acid, quinine, Phenalin, bichloride
of mercury, etc. Hot blankets applied to the loins and hind parts are good. Donot blister. Keep the
patient quiet and comfortable after the first attack has subsided; a gdod soft straw bed, give soft feed,
and Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoo.fuls to each feed; also ail the water he will drink. If he is down
and unable to rise, turn him over from one side to another every twelve hours or so to keep him free
from uncleanliness. :
In the preceding pages the intelligent, up to date horse owner will find such practical advice and
easily applied methods of treatment, as will enable him not alone to take care of his sick horse in emergency,
but to diagnose and cure all milder cases that may occur among his animals, no matter what the nature
of the trouble may be. The remedies and methods given for treatment are those employed by the
best and most skilled veterinarians in the world, being laboriously compiled from the standard works
and text books on equine veterinary science.
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‘DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.
% Medicines may be given in different ways, and it is therefore well to consider in detail the most
- common methods of administering them to bovine animals.
; - You may give them by the mouth in the form of drafts or drenches, powders,
By the Mouth. electuaries, and balls or piss.
3 i Drafts or Drenches is the form in which medicine is usually given to
- cattle. Dissolve the medicine in water or any other suitable liquid. Soluble medicines should be well
_ shaken up with the liquid in which they are given, so as to insure their complete solution. For
_ example, if you give an ounce of sweet spirits of nitre, the medicine should be shaken up with at least
4 half a pint of water before giving it. If you give the medicine without diluting it, a sore and inflamed
condition of the mouth is produced. The materials which enter into the composition of same drenches
_ are not-soluble, that is, no amount of shaking will dissolve them in the liquid in which they are given.
_ As examples of such medicines we mention powdered ginger, powdered gentian, and carbonate of iron,
_ but by shaking they may temporarily be suspended in the liquid in which they are given, so that by
a agitating such medicines while in the act of giving them they are temporarily mixed with the liquid and
> may consequently be given as a draft, though not quite as easily as medicines that are soluble._
ein giving drénches you must always ascertain to what degree the medicine or medicines composing the
drench should be diluted. If you are careless in this matter, dangerous and even fatal consequences
may ensue, and it is well to make it a rule not to give medicines: unless they are prescribed by some
one who is competent to give directions in such matters. This rule, of course, will not apply to those
who possess sufficient knowledge of medicine to prevent mistakes being made. In giving a drench to
an ox the hand should be passed in front of the horns and the fingers take hold of the partition between
- the nostrils; the nose should be raised in-a slightly upward direction, and the neck of the bottle should
then be introduced at the side of the mouth so as to allow the medicine to flow gradually out of the bottle.
In doing this do not twist the neck of the animal to the side on which the person administering the
_ medicine stands, and do not raise the nose higher than is necessary to allow the draft to flow easily
_ down the throat. The neck and head should form a straight line of which the nose is the highest point.
_ lf the animal resists, let an attendant hold it by the horns, so as to steady the head. If the animal tries
to cough, release the head for two or three minutes.
Powders should be pulverized or finely divided, and alee should be well mixed together if there
are several ingredients in the powder. Do not make up powders of materials which will cause irritation
, of the mouth, or which have a disagreeable taste.
‘ Electuaries are often used in treating sore throat, or for cough. They are usually composed of
a powder, such as chlorate of potash or alum, which is rubbed into a thick paste with syrup or molasses
and is then smeared on the animal’s tongue with a flat, wooden spoon. But any powder may be given
an electuary so long as it is not possessed of caustic or irritating properties. Balls or pills are not
adapted for the treatment of diseases in cattle. ;
Sr ae
>
320 __ DISEASES OF THE Mov’
How Medicines are togacted: The enBuies may be ‘swollen o ot
By the Bowels. making it impracticable to administer the medicine that. way.
case the agent to be used, after proper dilution, may be given
in which case, however, as a rule, a double dose.is required. Before giving medicine 1
the rectum by a warm water injection. Enemas, or injections, are also used in cases
Put the hand in the water before injecting, and if pleasantly warm it is of the rig
About 2 quarts should be used for an injection. A little soap may be added to. stim
and are Benoseds in the rectum. Before the suppository is fe the rectum dopa
F Inflammation may occur in the vagina from various, sources. In
Vaginal Injections. dissolve the antiseptic or healing agent in tepid water and apply onc
a day with a syringe. When the cleaning (placenta) has been re
womb, instead of coming away shortly after calving, a discharge will set in, commonly
whites (leucorrhea). In such cases wash out the womb daily with a 1 per cent solution
connecting a long, flexible tube with a syringe, which is passed by the hand into ‘the
womb so as to wash out and cleanse, setting up a healing action. Ware
- Vapors. and volatile agents, capable of being diffused in the air, re
By the Nose. administered in that way; for instance, when the bronchial tube of 701
are infected with worms. Chloroform and_ sulphuric ethe 0
agents administered that way. If a cloth is saturated with chloroform or sulphuric
to one of the animal’s nostrils while the other nostril breathes air, the vapor will pass thror
into the lungs: The wet cloth applied to the nostrils should be covered with a dry one, folded s
times over itself, to hold the vapor. The methods of injecting. medicines by the _ windaae
only be applied by veterinarians. ~
; The appliance of medicine to the ae is used_ chiefly in parasit:
Treating by aim being to destroy the parasite. Ointments, enabling the ope
the Skin. to work the medical agent thoroughly into the skin, are preferab
poisonous agents are used, the animal may lick itself after the a aoe
become poisoned. Thérefore avoid poisons such as mercury and arsenic. These po
work destruction by coming in contact with raw patches of skin and being absorbed in
Beware of them. Always wash the skin well with soap and water before applying th
‘to remove scabs. In neuralgic or irritating forms of skin diseases, local applications are «
in allaying irritation and pain. At times medicines are injected beneath the skin sO as to :
and pass into the blood. This method is being more and more used, and often proves.o gre
But it ge Tare a veterinarian to apply it. 4.
oxen, by the eee. are frequently encountered. Again, grazing sanile. especially when P
woods, may be bitten by serpents, etc.
Symptoms.—Lips become thick and swollen, and, if neglected, the swelling ueepenes uae
rated, rendering it difficult for the animal to eat, the lips losing their flexibility. In such
will protrude his tongue, endeavoring to get feed into the mouth by that organ. The swelling
of snake bites is soft and comparatively painless.
Treatment.—Bruises, easily distinguished from snake bites by nie? different train of
produced, should be bathed steadily for three or four hours in the following solution: Davis
Liniment, 6 tablespoonfuls; water, 1 pint; or muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce, water, 2 ee he
_» DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. 321
fat: swelling. subsides. ‘In snake bites a straight incision,. penetrating into the flesh or muscle,
- should be-made across. tthe center of the wound, and then a sim lar incision, but passing crosswise of the
first, should be made. Then press a small wad of cotton batting against the wound until the bleeding
almost stops. Now apply Davis Wire Cut Remedy, or, if not at hand, the following lotion several times
-aday:- Permanganate of potash, 14 dram; distilled water, 1 pint. Doses of whisky are recommended
when the bite is followed with stupor or depression. Half a pint of whisky ‘with a pint of water may
be given. Repeat the dose in half an hour if the animal is sinking into a stupefied, unconscious condi-
_ tion. Repeat until this condition is overcome. Remember-the object is to ward off stupor, resulting
from snake bite; stimulation, and not intoxicating effect, is what.is aimed at.
Re tps eae is a symptom of some general or local disorder, in some cases being the symptom
Salivation of such general diseases as for instance rabies, and in others purely local,
nee as when copious secretions of the glands are produced from eating irritating
plants. When saliva is observed dribbling from the mouth, examine it carefully by introducing an instru-
ment like a balling iron into the mouth, or, if such an instrument is not at hand, grasp the tongue and
partially withdraw it from the mouth, exposing all parts of the mouth to good light, so that any foreign
substance present may be detected. Whatever this may be it should be carefully extracted. Another
cause of salivation is cattle, which have been rubbed with mercurial ointment, licking themselves. Do
not use such oimtments.
reatment.—If salivation is caused by irritation or inflammation due to acid plants or forage,
a lotion composed of 1 ounce of powdered alum dissolved in 1 quart of water should be syringed into the
mouth twice a day, using 14 pint of the lotion each time. If caused by the presence of thorns, splinters,
“wood, etc., imbedded in the cheek or tongue, remove object and wash the mouth occasionally with a
weak solution of Phenalin and tepid water. When produced by poisoning or by the foot and mouth
disease, special treatment, appropriate to those general conditions of the system, as well-as the local
treatment, must be applied. Davis Phenalin, when used in accordance with the directions, is the best
‘remedy in the world for this trouble.
: This condition may be occasioned by ie unequal wearing of some of the teeth
Irregular Teeth. or by some of the incisors being broken. The molar teeth also may show irregular
eae wear. Their edges may become sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth
has been accidentally fractured. It also may occur that a supernumerary tooth has developed in an-
unusual position, interfering with the natural and regular mastication.
. Treatment.—You may examine the mouth by grasping the animal’s tongue with one hanes
partially withdrawing it from the mouth, so as to expose the incisor and molar teeth to inspection. When
it is désired to examine the molar teeth with the fingers, an instrument like the balling iron used for the
_ horse should be introduced into the mouth, so as to separate the jaws and keep them apart while the exam-
__ inatiomis being made. All sharp edges of the molars must be removed by the tooth rasp. Supernumerary
a teeth, interfering with mastication, should be extracted; also any tooth which is fractured or loose.
. In performing such operations it is best to throw or cast the ox, holding its head securely, so as to enable
the operator to perform his work.
noe -may be suspected if the mouth exhales a bad odor, and if the animal occs sionally
Caries of _ stops during mastication, as if in pain. The existence of-caries in a moler tooth
the Teeth = may be ascertained by examining the mouth in the manner alread; described.
i. ' If one of the molars is found to be carious it should be extracted, if the caries
is so extensive as to render other means of treatment impracticable. Ifthe crown of the tooth is destroyed
__and only the stump or root left, extraction will be impracticable. In such cases the best way is to sell
the animal to the butcher.
; _ popularly called Big Jaw or Lump Jaw, first shows itself by a sane or enlarge-
Actinomycosis of ment of the jawbone. The affection may be distinguished from that produced
the Jey Sec by a contusion or blow by the fact that cold water does not exercise the least
influence in checking its progress. It may_ affect either the upper or lower
= or both) producing considerable general swelling of the parts. ‘Asa result of this the molar teeth
the upper and lower jaws may be pushed out of their natural position, so that they are no longer able
s
_ present are unknown. ; é
322 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. —
to serve their purpose of masticating the feed. It also happens that from degeneration of th
sockets the teeth drop out, this being indicated when the animal becomes unable to mastic;
Again, ulcerations frequently cause an opening to form on the external part of the tumor,
similar destructive process forms an opening into the mouth itself. In some cases, after gr
short time, these swellings seem to become stationary, ceasing to grow. Such cases do not
treatment, as the arrest of the growth of the swelling generally is caused by thé death of the ps
which ceases to reproduce itself and becomes harmless. The living parasite, by rapidly reproducing
extends through the bony tissue, and by setting up inflammation causes a rapid increase of the swel
The aim of treatment is to destroy the parasite, thereby arresting the growth of the swelling. E
treatment is of the utmost importance, in order to prevent the parasite from multiplying itself
destroying the tissues in which it is lodged..
Treatment.—When an external opening exists on the surface of the swelling it sHowte iss inje
with Davis Lump Jaw Cure. If no opening exists several incisions should’ be made through the
covering the swelling, and portions of the outer jaw bone should be removed with a trephine, and D
Lump Jaw Cure injected into the orifices thus made. Apply this treatment daily, and continue it until
it is apparent that the growth of the swelling has been checked. The remedy checks the growth of the
swelling by destroying the parasite, and is the best remedy known. We do not give other treatt
because we know of nothing to SO me Davis Lump Jaw GES: ee we AM, it does Gunes oo
Inflammation for instance, oe inflammation of the membrane of the noe ee
of Mucous Mem- little vesicles may form in the mouths of calves when they are Bie: i
brane of Mouth, indigestion, constituting what is termed aphta.
the surface of the tongue and other pans ce the mouth will appear red and inflamed.
affected with aphta, small red elevations will be observed on the tongue and other parts Of ee mc )
having little white points in the center. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated a w
are exposed ee the shedding of the white patches. eee ety
it will suffice to syringe it out several times a day with 4 ounces of the following solution: Agee
water, 2 pints; or, better still, Phenalin, 1 tablespoonful; water, 2 pints. If the edges of the tongue | a
other parts of the mouth are studded with ulcers these should be painted over oncé a day with the fol:
solution until the affected surface is healed: JIodoform, 60 grains; ether, 1 ounce. When indiges
is associated with an ulcerated condition of the mouth that disorder must be treated separately.
or gangrene of the mouth of young calves, usually appears. in calves when he
Gangrenous are cutting their molar teeth. :
Stomatitis Causes.—Insufficient nourishment, the debility resulting from dasciee
from inflammation of the navel, together with the already mentioned disord
of the digestive system, resulting from the cutting of the molar teeth, are the most usual causes o
this affection. Older cows, however, are not exempt; it may arise in mature animals Be causes which
Symptoms.—In the early stages there is a redness of the mouth, from which the saliva dei
but in two or three days a whitish point appears on some part of the membrane of the mouth. —
ually extends in size and depth, and a red, inflamed zone surrounds the affected part, which gr
assumes a yellowish, cheesy appearance. As it begins to break up it decomposes, exhaling a disagr
odor. Sometimes the entire thickness of a portion of the tissues composing the cheek becomes gangren
If the decayed part is not removed with a knife it is gradually separated from the surrounding livi a
tissues by the process of ulceration. In this way an aperture is sometimes formed in the animal ’s cheek
deh which the saliva is ejected when it is masticating eee The trouble may be go ee
op ee ae Biles ae
ee several times a day. Mix the stimulants with two or three parts of water, and repeat
ee or fourtimesaday. Inthe cases of cows quinine should be given in dram doses. When the animal’s
yppetite is poor or when it is weak, whisky or brandy should be given in half pint doses two or three
times a day, mixed with two ‘parts of water. To cleanse the mouth and remove the fetor it should be
syringed out several times a day with the following solution: Phenalin, 1 ounce; water, 2 pints. When
the gangrenous parts have sloughed, a lotion composed of sulphate of copper, 2 drams; water, 2 pints,
or Davis Wire Cut Remedy should be applied every day to the raw surfaces to promote healing. The
_ diet should be nutritious, and Davis Stock Food should be added to the ration, in the proportion of 14
tablespoonful to each feed for calves, and 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed for mature cows. This will
materially assist the digestion, cause the salivary juices to flow freely and healthily and insure a free
_ circulation. The gangrenous tissue assumes a yellowish, cheesy appearance, and the animal’s recovery
will be hastened by removing dead tissue with a knife and not waiting until the process of ulceration
separates it from the living parts. During the convalescent stage it is advisable to give carbonate of iron
in eombination with quinine. It may be given to calves in 10-grain doses, and to cows in 2-dram doses.
=
“ih eee ae ae or Induration of the Tongue, commences with small patches of a yellow color,
ie - Actinomycosis which may appear on the upper or under surface, on the tip or on the sides of
5 Of. the Tongue, the tongue. The membrane covering these patches is thickened, and it soon
breaks up into a number of pimple like excrescences which run together, and
< es ialeerenes and is cast off, leaving a red and excavated surface. These patches cover a number of
nodular bodies, most of which are as large as a hemp seed, a few being as large as a cherry or walnut.
When cut into they are seen to be composed of a yellowish, cheesy looking substance, which, when
removed, leaves a sharply defined cavity or ulcer. Similar nodules may form on the inner surface of
_ the cheeks, of the lips, on the surface of the palate, and even in some instances on the mucous
* membrane lining the nose.
ae Treatment.— When the nodules are ee or may be dissected out or scraped out, so as to
leave nothing but healthy tissue, and afterward dressed with Davis Lump Jaw Cure. When this is.not
possible an inicision should be made into the nodule, which should then be injected with Davis Lump Jaw
Cure, This treatment will destroy the fungus from which the nodules grow. To treat this disease suc-
( essfully it should be attended to at the earliest possible time. After the muscular portion of the tongue
as become enlarged and indurated it will not be possible to restore it to its healthy condition. Recently
disease has been treated with great success in Europe by the administration of iodide of potassium,
given in doses of 114 drams dissolved in 1 pint of water, twice daily. It acts as a specific and is
ure must be used locally, however. For antiseptic purposes, as a wash, Phenalin may be used to
ood. advantage i in the treatment of this disease. It is important to keep the digestion and circulation
1 Cee order, and to this end Davis Stock Food should be given the animal with its feed in the
“Wee the calf shows signs of debility, or diarrhea is present, whisky or brandy should be
ollowed by rapid improvement and the permanent cure of the affected animal. Davis Lump Jaw
OR eee O's
DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND GULLET.
or Sore Throat, is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the phase :
Pharyngitis, It is frequently associated with laryngitis and bronchitis, and sometimes -
with pleurisy.
Symptoms.—The muzzle is dry and the saliva dribbles from the corner of the mouth; the animal —
either does not swallow or swallows with difficulty; occasionally the liquids which it attempts to take
come back in part through the nostrils, and the animal holds its neck stiff, in a straight position, moving |
it as little as possible. The eyelids are half closed, the white of the eye is bloodshot and the animal |
occasionally grinds its teeth. When it attempts to eat hay or grass, after masticating the feed the
animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swallowing, and also evinces pain when edi 5
is applied to the pharynx externally, trying to prevent such pressure being applied. a
Causes.—A sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as when cattle are exposed to oe wind f|
or cold rain. '*
( Treatment.—The throat should be syringed three times a day with- an ounce of a 1 per cent »
solution of Phenalin. Bland and soothing drinks, such as linseed tea, oatmeal and water phonies z
occasionally be administered. Diet should consist of soft feed, such as bran mashes, to which a little ~
linseed meal has been added, and containing 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food to each feed for the a
adult cow, and 1% tablespoonful for calves. The upper part of the throat and thé space between the
jaws should be well rubbed once a day with Davis Veterinary Liniment, or if this is not at hand,
make up a liniment of the following: Liquor ammonia fortior, 4 ounces; oil of turpentine, 4 ounces;
olive oil, 4 ounces; mix. Under the above treatment the inflammation of the throat will gradually —
>=
vy oe ©
4
subside and the animal will be able to swallow usually in five or six days. Keep the animal ina
, comfortable stable during its sickness. ‘ sity ei
- 2
< Inflammation of the parotid gland may arise from tee inflammation extending —
2 Parotitis. to it when an ox is affected with pharyngitis or laryngitis; or the inflammation y
“ may commence in the salivary ducts and may depend on some influence the re
nature of which is unknown. Parotitis sometimes arises from a blow or contusion which is severe —
enough to set up inflammation in the structure of the gland. nt »
Symptoms.—There is an elongated, painful swelling, commencing at the base of the ear and
passing downward along the posterior margin of the lower jaw. It is generally limited to one side,
and when extending to both sides is generally larger on one side than on the other. The secretion 7
saliva is increased, the appetite is poor, the neck is stiff so that it is painful to raise the head, and feed —
is swallowed with difficulty. Sometimes the swelling of those glands, when subjected to proper treatment, —
disappears in a comparatively short time, while in other cases the gland remains enlarged, even ees -
the animal recovers its appetite. ° =o a
Treatment.—Apply a warm bran poultice to the swollen gland, and whenever the poultiee has
cooled it should be replaced with a warm one. This treatment should be continued until an abscess forms, — 2
which may be ascertained by examining the surface of the gland with the fingers, and when on pressing —
any part of the surface it is found to fluctuate or give, we may conclude that an abscess has formed.
Do not open the abscess before the fluctuation is well marked. Continue the poulticing for two or three P
days after the abscess has been opened. If an antiseptic is needed use Phenalin diluted in water; or,
if this is not at hand, first sponge the wound with tepid water once a day, and then apply a little of the
following lotion: Carbolic acid, 1 dram; water, 8 ounces. In some cases, after poulticing for four or —
five days, there will be no indication of softening at any point, the treatment may be discontinued;
and then the swollen gland should be gently rubbed once a day with camphorated oil. If this fails —
to promote absorption or bring about a gradual dispersion of the swelling, to obtain this result,
—324—
Na a is ys eda fat, Tava ll es a ei Nees ieee ie
DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND GULLET. 395
A , the gland may be painted with tincture of iodine twice a day or rubbed once a day with a compound
- jodine ointment. When the swollen gland is not being poulticed it should be covered with a piece of
flannel. The diet of the animal should consist of soft feed, and while under this treatment always add
_ 2 tablespoonfuls.of Davis Stock Food to each feed. In a the proportion should be 1 tablesueont
to age feed. ae
Tumors frequently form in the pharynx, and when they- increase in size may
Pharyngeal Polypi. give rise to a train of symptoms varying according to the situation which they
occupy in that part. In’almost any part of the pharynx, but especially near
the entrance of the gullet, they will interfere with the act of swallowing; and this fact is so generally
recognized in some parts of Se that whenever an animal begins to lose condition it is said to have
a growth of the throat.
Treatment.—The method of treatment in such cases is to separate the animal’s jaws with an
instrument termed a gag, and then after drawing the tongue partially forward to pass the hand into the
pharynx, and to wrench or twist the tumor from its attachment. One veterinarian who has had con-
siderable experience in the treating of this form of disease scrapes through the attachment of the tumor
gradually with histhumb nail. In cases where the attachment is too strong to be severed in this way an
instrument like a thimble, but possessing a sharp edge at the end, might be used to effect the same
purpose. - Give the animal 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food to each feed while treating, in order to
insure perfect eo ae and circulation. As an antiseptic use Phenalin. :
is an accident usually happening from attempting to swallow too ‘ae an.
ae “Choking: - object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, apple or pear, though in rare cases it
aan Tk? ace may occur from bran, chaff and the like.
Symptoms will vary somewhat according to the part of the gullet or throat in which the obstruc-
tion is located. Generally there is a discharge of saliva from the throat or mouth; the animal coughs
‘ frequently, and, when it drinks, ue water is soon ejected. These symptoms, OAS are not present
Py in or instance. .
s ‘Treatment. —Always put a gag in the animal’s mouth, and, while the head is holed in a horizontal
poition by two assistants, pass the hand into the pharynx and withdraw any foreign body lodged
there gradually and steadily. If lodged in the upper part of the gullet pressure should be made by the
assistant in an upward direction while the operator passes his hand into the pharynx; and if the operator
cannot by pressure dislodge the substance from the gullet he may, by passing the middle finger above and
partly behind the substance, gradually slide the object into the pharynx and then withdraw it through
; the mouth.- The presence of an obstructing substance in the cervical portion of the gullet may be ascer-
tained by passing the hand along the left side of the neck, where a hard and painless swelling will be found
a to indicate the presence of the foreign body. In such cases you must endeavor, by gentle and persevering -
_ pressure with the thumb and the two next fingers, to slide the obstruction gradually upward to the
pharynx. To help this process along give the animal a wineglassful of olive oil before commencing the —
manipulation. After the substance has been brought forward to the pharynx the mouth gag should
be used and: the method: already described employed. -When bran or chaff causes the trouble it is well
to give a small quantity of oil to lubricate the walls of the gullet and then, by gentle, persevering
pressure, endeavor to separate and divide the mass, working it down toward the stomach. To assist
this, pour small quantities of oil and water down the animal’s throat between whiles. Do-not use the
probang to push down any soft substance as it tends to condense and make the obstruction firmer, so
that in the end it forms a solid; resisting mass which cannot be moved.
. In some cases the substance cannot be dislodged from the neck by pressing and danipaeete
that part externally. In this case we must resort to the probang; or, if the foreign body is lodged in that
. part of the gullet, which- passes through the thorax or chest, there is no way of removing it except by
_ the probang. It is best to have a veterinarian show you the use of this instrument before you attempt
to employ it yourself. In case the substance is lodged in the part of the gullet commonly called the neck,
and if it be-soft and easily broken a blow on it:from the outside may alterits shape or crush it, admitting
of its passing down;. but if it be a hard substance Hee method -is donperuss and must not be. Paar ey. to.
_ Tf-the above methods. Ge call in a veterinarian. ee - oe
Sat
r
z
TLE OP RI Te =,
RESIOTT MT LET
aay t
i
ee
-
or when it is cold or Wet, the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the feed contain
above the level of the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a dru
Often from the too rash and forcible use 5 of de Aedes the :
Wounds and are more or less lacerated, and pain and difficulty attend the |
Injuries of such cases dry feed must be withheld for five or six days, ‘so as to allow the
the Gullet. part to heal, and the diet must be limited to linseed tea, hay tea,
gruel, etc., ates adding 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food -
as a tonic and to strengthen the system. Ifan operation by a veterinarian was necessary, cuttin
gullet to remove the foreign body, the same diet should be employed. In a few instances the gul
be lacerated and ruptured so much that treatment of any kind is hopeless, If this be the cas
slaughter the animal without delay.. In emerecney the handle ofa ae or any similar flexible s bstan ni
may be used in place of a probang. P
__-*DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. om 2
is a disease characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is caus sed by
Tympanites, fermentation of gas in the rurien or paunch. e
Hoven, or Causes.—Feed which produces indigestion. When couee are |
Bloating into young clover they eat so greedily of it that tympanites freq
Turnips, potatoes and cabbage may also cause it; middlings and
frequently give rise to it. An excessive quantity of these feeds may produce it, or it may be a
to excess but to eating too hastily.. The quality of the feed may be at fault. Grass or clover,
wet by dew or rain, frequently disorders digestion and brings on tympanites. Frozen roots or pa
covered with hoar frost should also be regarded as dangerous. When feed has been eaten to
paunch ferments, during which process large quantities of gas is formed. This may also be the«
a cow is choked, as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing _ of Bn
stomach, so that the gas continues to accumulate and tympanites results.
Symptoms.—Swelling of the left flank. In well marked cases the flank at its upp
The animal has an anxious expression, moves uneasily, and is evidently distressed. If
obtained in time it breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing, and in a short time fal
and dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomach may become so great as to
animal from breathing, and in some instances the case may be complicated by rupture of »
Treatment.—In urgent cases use the trocar at once. The trocar is a sharp pointed in
encased in a sheath, which leaves the sharp point of the trocar free. In selecting the poin
the trocar, a spot equally distant from the last rib, the hip bone and the transverse processes of
vertebra must be chosen. Make an incision of about 34 of an inch through the skin, then direct -
sharp point of the trocar downward, inward, and slightly forward, Havens it into the ae
or forming has escaped. To be certain on this sony pier the palm of your Sond about two incl
the mouth of the canula, when, if gas is issuing, the sensation produced by the current of gas co
contact with the skin will enable you to form an accurate opinion. Occasionally it is necessary
the canula in the stomach forseveral hours, In such cases a piece of stout cord should be passed a:
the neck of the canula immediately below the projecting rim, and then passed around the animal
and tied in a secure knot. The rim surrounding the mouth of the canula should be ift contact
skin. - When the canula is secured as described it may be left in position over night. It has even
found necessary to leave it for two days, However, whenever you are satisfied that gas has cease
issue from the canula, remove it. Only use the canula in extreme or urgent cases, and we only ad
its use by a veterinarian. If the animal is not distressed, and the swelling of AES flank not grea
internal medicines. Give a double dose of Davis Colic Cure and repeat. in three hours; or, if this
at hand, give 2 ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia every half hour in auart pt cold water; 7
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 397
oride of lime may be dissolved in 1 pint of tepid water, and the dose repeated every half hour until
the bloating has subsided. It is generally necessary to give a dose of purgative medicine after bloating
has subsided, as animals frequently show signs of constipation after attacks of indigestion. Davis Stock
ood, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed, will prove of the utmost value, as it perfects the digestion and circu-
on. After treatment, and after the recovery of the animal, you may continue to use it, reducing
4 | tablespoonful to each feed, thereby keeping your cow in good health and vitality, and practically
suring it against disease. When the bloating is not too great, gentle walking exercise will facilitate
he oe of gas. :
2
Cattle, especially such as have been kept in stable all winter, are liable to suffer
C i ronic from chronic tympanites, causing the animal to bloat up after feeding, although
_ Tympanites. the swelling rarely is so great as to cause any alarm. The chronic form of the
disease may also follow an acute attack like that previously described.
Treatment should be preceded by a moderate dose of purgative medicine, also using Davis
Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed, to aid the digestion and assimilation. If this does not cure
the disease, as it will in milder cases, try the following: One pound of sulphate of magnesia, 14 ounce of
powdered Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce of powdered ginger, 1 pint of molasses. Stir the powder for a few
" minutes with 2 quarts of luke warm water, then add the molasses, stir the whole together for ten minutes,
- then administer. After the operation of the purgative give some good tonic and antacid preparation
- such as Davis Stock Food. Let the animal go out once a day, as want of exercise favors this form of
> indigestion. Cases sometimes occur ‘that resist treatment, and may be due to some organic malformation,
ig such as an calpeaed lymphatic gland pressing on the gullet, ete:
se
eae ds a form of indigestion caused by the animal gorging itself with feed. There
Di istention of is comparatively little formation of gas, and the gas which is formed is diffused
~Rumen or Paunch through the stomach instead of accumulating in a layer in its upper part. On
a w 1 t h Food pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short
3 ' time in the flank, as if the rumen were filled with a soft doughy mass. This
Sern of indigestion should be treated with stimulants, such as have been prescribed in speaking of the
two preceding diseases. If Davis Stock Food is used, 1 tablespoonful to each feed in health, and 2 table-
' spoonfuls to each feed in disease, the trouble as a rule can be prevented. If, however, the disease
“has been contracted, and the treatment recommended fails to bring relief; the impacted or overloaded.
condition of the rumen continuing, a veterinarian should be called and an incision should be made with
lees sharp, long bladed knife in the left flank, commencing at the point where it is usual to puncture an ox,
= and prolonging the incision in a downward direction until it is long enough to admit a hand. When the
- point of the knife is thrust into the flank and the blade of the knife cuts downward, the wall of the stomach,
_ the muscle and the skin should all be cut through at the same time. Two assistants should hold the edge
of the wound together, so as to prevent any feed from slipping between the flank and the wall of the
stomach, and then the operator should remove two thirds of the contents of the rumen. This having
been done the edges of the wound should be sponged with a little warm water and Phenalin, and, the
lips of the wound in the rumen being turned inward, they should be brought together with catgut stitches.
The wound penetrating the muscle and the skin may then be brought together with silk stitches, which
should pass through the entire thickness of the muscle and should be about an inch apart. The wound
should afterward be dressed once a day witha lotion and the animal covered with a tight linen sheet to
rotect the wound from insects and dirt. The lotion used may be made up either of Phenalin, in a 2 per
cent solution, or, if this is not at hand, sulphate of zinc, 1 dram; carbolic acid, 2 drams; glycerine, 2
nces ; water, Ue ounces; mix.
. _means that the animal does not ruminate or chew its cud. It is a symptom of
Loss of Cud suspended rumination, and shows that the animal’s digestive functions are
not performed as regularly as usual. It is a symptom of a great many diseases,
d, re i existence is detected, it should lead the observer to try to discover other symptoms, so that
Bes Re wos to gain a correct opinion as to the nature of the disease from which the animal suffers.
_ should not be confounded with rumination, though it has been asserted that it is »
: Vomiting _ merely a disordered and irregular rumination. It is not very common in cattle.
Sy .
health, other remedial agents or correctives are unnecessary; but should the affection already exist,
_ increase in size as fresh quantities of hair are introduced into the-stomach, becoming adherent to ) the
"DISEASES. ore THE STOMACH.
Symptoms.—. Santana which vomit are eon cauthal in poor condition, After eating
for some time the animal suddenly becomes uneasy, arches the back, ‘stretches the nec
and then suddenly ejects nineteen or twenty pounds of the contents of the rumen. Then bo. ss
subsides, and in a short time it resumes eating as if nothing had happened. ,
Causes.—The causes of a disordered condition of the digestive system in cattle is aha obscure.
The vomited matter proceeds from the rumen, showing temporary nervous disorder of the part.
Cancerous disease of the fourth stomach has been found to be the cause in some cases. om
Treatment.—Easily digested feed, to which is added Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each
feed, and plenty of water should be given. Fear and excitement, chasing or hurrying of the animals
after eating is apt to bring on this result. Hydrate of chloral, 14 ounce; whisky, 8 ounces; water, 1
pint, may be used to remove the conditions which produce vomiting. Repeat the dose when
condition of the animal seems to require it. 7
or Pica, is indicated in cattle by capricious and variable appetite - -as regards
Depraved their ordinary feed, while they evince a strong desire to lick and eat substances ~
Appetite, for which healthy cattle show no inclination. Cows in calf and young cattle
are especially liable to develop these symptoms. Animals affected in this wa
lose condition, their coat becomes staring, gait slow, and small vesicles containing yellow liquid form
under the tongue. The milk given by the cows is thin and watery. The animals become restless and ©
uneasy and bellow frequently. The disease may last for months, the animal ultimately dying—worn
out with fever. Depraved appetite frequently precedes the condition in which the bones of cattle &
become brittle and fracture easily, and which is known by the name of osteomalacia.
Causes.—Bad feed, especially feed which has undergone changes which lessen its depaating 2 ¥
and impair its nutritive value. Cattle pastured on low, swampy lands seem predisposed thereto. Dae 6
assimilation is imperfect. There is a lack of the constituents required to supply the wear pad growth. :
of the body. HY
Treatment.—In a case like this Davis Stock Food, 2: Saas arte to each feed, will be a the )
greatest possible benefit, and if used as directed will positively effect a cure. It increases the action — 4
of the salivary glands, insuring perfect work of the digestive organs, this again reacting upon ‘the cir-_ :
culation throughout the entire system and making the animal assimilate every morsel of the feed that
passes through its belly. If Davis Stock Food is used regularly, 2 tablespoonfuls in disease and 1 in —
s
4h
“—
and the stock food is not on hand, the following treatment should be given: Carbonate of iron, 6 ounces; —
powdered gentian, 6 ounces; common salt, 4 ounces; powdered fenugreek, 10 ounces; mix. In addition —
to this 3 tablespoonfuls of Siete (if Davis Stock Food is not given) should be mixed with the animal’ Se
feed at least three times a day, and a piece of rock salt should be placed where the animal can lick :
or hair balls, are produced by animals licking themselves, or licking other
Hair Concretions, animals. The hairs swallowed are carried around by the contractions of the.
' stomach and gradually assume the form of small pellets or balls. These
surface of the hair ball. t at
There are no certain symptoms by which we can determine the presence of hair allee in the stom- 7
ach, and therefore no treatment can be recommended. Keep the digestion and circulation of we ei
cattle in perfect working order, by the regular use of Davis Stock Food, and the danger from pe ourc
will be a remote one.
EiAidcation ‘popularly known as grass staggers, dry murrain, wood evil, is a dineake concerning a
f hc The d the exact nature of which authorities disagree. There is, however, a general _
Z 4 agreement that the seat of the disease is in the third stomach. _ Perhaps: q
it is more correct to regard it as a general disorder of the digestive. organs. —
Causes.—Want of exercise; coarse, indigestible feed; feed containing astringent properties ms
tending to check secretions; an excessive quantity of feed. It often appears toward the end of a
prolonged season of drought; a deficiency in water may therefore be one wat the causes. The. causes,
however, are not sharply defined. MeO! Te ieee: ae
-
Stomach,
-
=
7
4
-DISBASES OP THE STOMACH, 2 | 329
\
7
a
apparently not: well digested and smelling badly, are. some of the more prominent symptoms.
3 Treatment. Keep the digestion and assimilation of your animals up to the standard by using
Davis Stock Food in the proportion heretofore indicated (1 tablespoonful to each feed in health
and 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed in disease for adult cows; calves, 44 tablespoonful in health and dis-
- Symptoms.— Diminished: appetite, rumination irregular, tongue coated, mouth shmy, dung passed -.
ease), and you will have but little trouble from this source. The diet should be rather laxative and of a
i, digestible character after an attack. If the disease has had time to develop, aromatic and demulcent
drafts. should be given to produce a soothing effect on. the-mucous lining of the stomach. Boil 2~
ounces of. camomile flowers for twenty minutes in a quart of water, and, on cooling, give the infusion to
be the affected animal. Repeat three times a day. If constipation is present administer the following
3 purgative: Sulphate of magnesia, 1 pound; Barbadoes aloes, 14 ounce; powdered ginger, 1 ounce;
then administer the dose. After this purgative has acted, if there is a lack of appetite and the animal
does not ruminate regularly, the powder mentioned im remarks on the treatment of chronic tympanites
should be given according to directions. As stated, Davis Stock Food used as a preventive is
powdered nux vomica, 1 dram; fluid extract of belladonna, 14 ounce. Stit up the different Leet
contained in this prescription in 2 quarts of luke warm water, add the fluid extract of belladonna and ~
preferable at all times, and when the Sere is present its faithful use ve maké most of woe other
~
measures ee aaa
In digestion arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach, probably of the
from Drinking — other stomachs and also of the bowels. It is frequently observed in modo
Cold Dee oxen during hot weather. — Daas ;
_ Causes.—During hot weather when the ox has been working, and conse-
quently is very thirsty, he is apt, contrary to his usual habits, to drink a large quantity of cold water,
and is often immediately after taken with a severe case of colic. | Milch cows also may be affected in the -
same way in winter, when they are let out of a warm stable to be watered. Cows which are fed largely
on dry hay drink copiously, like the working ox, and become affected in precisely the same manner. -
p The secretion of milk in a cow is usually much diminished after such attacks.
cS
is Symptoms. —Distention of the abdomen, but no accumulation.of gas. This distention and one
occur: immediately after the animal has drunk the water, and there can therefore be no doubt as to :
the cause of the disease.
- Treatment. OR ench farmers are said to walk or even trot thes ox up ane ose and asa ue of
this treatment the water passes from the fourth stormach into the bowels, from which it is soon passed
off. Diarrhea then appears to be a favorable termination of the disease. This treatment should be
adopted in a modified form. It is plainly dangerous to trot the animal whose bowels are largely dis-
tended with water, but it appears rational to walk the animal about ten minutes before administering.
‘medicine, as this allows time for a portion of the contents of the stomach to pass into the bowels, and.
renders it safer to give the medicine. In many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring about
Rye es
‘1 ounce of tincture of opium shaken up with 1 pint of warm water, repeating the dose in half an hour if
vo Tae waa a Bon
Ca
same way as the remedies already mentioned. These cases very rarely terminate fatally.
spire
Indigestion — - to suckling calves.
disease, though it may be occasioned by their sucking at too long an interval
substitute for mails, also. frequently. contract ‘it.
or colic, is a disorder produced by drinking sone ake of cold water, which
acure, If not, give 1 bottle of Davis Colic Cure; or, if this is not on hand, 1 ounce of sulphuric ether and —
-also called gastric catarrh, eoyesee or white scour, is a form of diarrhea common
in a - Causes.—Calves ee their dams- are not infrequently- cubinees to shige
=>
- the animal ~ is not ‘relieved. One cupful of Davis Stock Food will usually erfect a cure. In an
_ emergency, when medicine i is not to be had, 14 pint. of whisky may be substituted, and should be given
"mixed with t pint. of warm water; or 1 tablespoonful of powdered ginger may be administered in the -
a tina overloading the stomach and bringing on ss ae Calves fed on artificial. feed, used as.a~
The passages have a thin, yellowish Srhite appearance and become very ecuaa The calf Aeaen
) whisks its tail as if in pain whenever there is a passage from the bowels, loses its appetite, becoy
e and unless the disease is checked in time it dies in a few days from exhaustion. —_ ae
x ; Treatment.—Give the cae from 1 to 2 ounces of castor oil and 1 fablespoonitl of laude
= tions given. For scour ieee allied diseases in calves there is no better, swifter or safer reme
world than this. To allay irritation we recommend the following, divided into twelve powders:
rhubarb, 11% ounces; carbonate of magnesia, 3 ounces. Shake up with ih wineglassful of n
which 2 tablespoontuls of whisky should be added.
Maths
to some disease or ‘mismanagement affecting the leer Give the mother 1 tablespoontul
Stock Food to each feed to keep her in heafthy normal condition.
- consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the fourt L
Gastro Enteritis and bowel. It is seldom limited to the mucous membrane of t
stomach, but almost always involves the mucous. membrane of th
to a greater or lesser extent. iy
Causes.—Long intervals between times of festiee! sudden checking of Bees 5
working oxen to severe work immediately after feeding, so that they do not have time to
sudden changes of diet. (Rest your oxen after feeding, SO that ruminating is not inter! red witk
Do not feed stale grass.)
pero —Dullness; drooping of ears; Cee of muzzle; dry skin; staring coat
1? gas. The pulse is nie the gait is feeble aud Savoury each step the animal | tal
panied by a grunt, and this symptom is especially marked if the animal is walking in a
direction; there is loss of appetite and the rumination is suspended. - ~ On the second day of
passages are few in number, hard, and are sometimes coated’ with mucus. At the last sta
disease the. Passages exhale a putrid odor which may even occasion sickness in other animals. |
if possible, keep the sick animals apart from the healthy ones. When the sick animal assumes. ¢ a
bent position there is a continual grunt or moan which appears to accompany each expiratior L
case is allowed to go on the animal usually dies in convulsions, and in some cases at aS) time 4
bloody liquid issues from Une mouth and anus. 3 %
“ and safest Fee eaicate known to science for this He and the prudent Seber will do swells in al
having a supply of it at hand foremergency. Owing to the fact that this malady is frequently cause
imperfectly digested feed, setting up inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels, it is also c
to encourage the animal to ruminate, which it will not do if kept atively on soft and liquid poy: I
_ not give too much, however. Purgative remedies should only be administered when absolutely Beet
; results either from -increased action of the muscular coat of the intestin
Diarrhea - an unusually liquid state of their bey or, Ee prelly, em both of ‘the
conditions combined. | pee Pvsheege, 9 3 A> obs
Causes.—Irritation of the intestines, tog taking ead in excess or of improper calien esp
soft, watery, green feed; excessive secretions, especially bile;.impure water and water drunk i
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 331
“mechanical congestion of the intestinal vessels; acute or chronic inflammation of the bowels. It also:
-may- be a symptom attendant upon some other disease. Exposure to ee of temperature, either
excessive heat or cold, may produce it. : :
~ Symptoms. —The animal is dull, places its feet well under the body, arches its back, and shows
i. Passages from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting in thin dung, but later becoming
atery and offensive smelling, and may even be streaked with blood. Often it is accompanied with
Be fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss of flesh, ‘and it may terminate in death.
_Treatment.— Davis Scour Cure is a specific for diarrhea and kindred diseases, composed of the
best counteracting and correcting remedial agents known to science, and if given according to directions
it will eure all ordinary cases. Two tablespoonfuls at a dose should be given to full grown cattle. “When
the disease is caused by irritating properties of the feed, it is advisable to give a mild purgative, such as
“1 pint of castor oil or linseed oil. If Davis Scour Cure is not at hand, give, in cases where the secretions
of the bowels are irritating, 1 ounce of carbonate of magnesia and 1% ounce of tincture of opium,
shaken up in 1 quart of linseed tea. Give three times a day until the passages present a natural appear-
ance. When there is debility, want of appetite, no fever but a continuance of the watery discharges
from the bowels,.an astringent may be used. Try powdered galls, 6 ounces; powdered gentian, 2 ounces.
Mix and divide into twelve powders. Give one powder three times a day until the passages present a.
Be natural appearance. Mix each powder with 14 pint of whisky and 1 pint of water. If Davis Scour
Bb Cure is used the other remedies may, as a rule, be dispensed with. Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls _
ee to each feed, should be pas throughout the treatment to correct the digestive and assimilative functions. ©
a : ioe ~ begins with an inflammation of the membrane of the colon, though the disease
Dysentery may extend to the caecum and rectum. It is popularly known in the country —
: as bloody flux and red murrain, 7
pees Causes.—Feeding cattle on hay which has been made during a wet season, musty oats, or any
forage which is largely infested with parasitic growths. Hay or coarse oats containing a large proportion
of woody fiber, pastures which have been inundated, and the vegetation growing in low, marshy localities,
etc., may set up irritation of the membrane, terminating in dysentery. Water containing a large per-
centage of organic matter may also be the cause. The passages of animals suffering from this malady
should be regarded as infective, and should be disinfected, buried or burned.
Symptoms.—Animal eats slowly, ruminates less frequently than when in health, ona walks slowly.
Colicky pains are sometimes indicated. In advanced stages the animal ceases to ruminate and eat,
the muzzle is dry, the eyes sunken, the coat rough, the skin dry, adherent an@ hidebound. Bowels
act irregularly, and the passages are thin, black colored, grayish; passage then becomes fetid, more
frequent, and streaked with blood. The disease does not run a rapid course, and when it proves fatal
_ the membrane of the bowels will be found to be thickened and reddened at some parts, showing ulceration
at other. points, and covered with layers of mucus on some portions of its surface. —
Treatment.—Here, as in all diseases of this nature, Davis Scour Cure will be Scie! the rosea
par excellence, and in all ordinary cases it will bring about a cure in the shortest possible time. Always
have it on hand, and at the first indication of the disease start to give mature cattle 2 tablespoonfuls
at a dose, and young stock in accordance with the directions, and it will be the means of saving you many
and many acow. If you do not have it on hand, try the following: When the first symptoms of dysen-
_ tery are observed mix 1 pound of sulphate of magnesia with 4 quarts of tepid water, then add 2 drams
of dilute sulphuric acid gradually. Give this in one dose, and administer as early in the disease as
- possible. Let the feed be soft and easily digested, consisting of grass, boiled or pulped roots. . Always |
add 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food to each feed: (The regular proportion is, as has heretofore
been stated, 2 tablespoonfuls to the grown cow or ox in disease, and 1 tablespoonful in health, as a
preventive and strengthener; calves should be given half the amount.) If Davis Stock: Food is not
: at hand give nutritive drinks, such as linseed tea, hay tea, etc. When the purgative heretofore —
_ mentioned has unloaded the stomach to some extent, give the following powder three times a day,
mi iced -w i a arene - linseed tea: Pa ipecacuanha, 114 ounces; powdered opium, 1g ounce,
If this is not effective, try oil of turpentine, given in
i
.
i ae
332 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. (
1g ounce doses three times a day in 1 quart of sweet milky If Davis Scour Cure is given according
to directions, and Davis Stock Food included with the feed ration, these remedies may be
dispensed with. :
is an inflammation involving the mucous, muscular, and serous coats of the bowels.
Simple Enteritis Causes.—It occurs at all seasons of the year, but most frequently where —
there are great variations of temperature. In oxen hard work may be the
cause. Eating such feed as musty hay and oats, forage containing acid plants, leaves of trees
infested with caterpillars, grass which has commenced to ferment after cutting, dusty hay, and grass
covered with hoar frost may give rise to enteritis. Copious drinking of cold water may produce it.
Exposure to cold, damp wind, or any influence which suddenly chills the surface of the body, may Wy.
operate as a cause.
Symptoms.—Dryness of the muzzle, diminished appetite, partial or total cessation of ee
symptoms of colic which are indicated by restlessness. The animal lies down and gets up frequently,
looks around at its flank, raises its tail, paws with the front feet, and strikes with its feet at the abdomen. -
Aiter a time the signs of acute pain subside, and the animal lies down, but does not appear to be free
from pain, turns its nose toward the flank and does not eat or ruminate. When injections are given _
they are soon ejected from the bowels; the passages. are dry, glistening, and coated with mucus. Gas
is frequently passed; frequent attempts at urination are made but only a small quantity passed ata
time. The disease comes on suddenly and runs a rapid course, death in fatal cases taking. place in
four or five hours. If taken in time recovery may take place in a short time. ah using Davis Stock
Food regularly the disease, as a rule, can be prevented.
Treatment.—Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific; have it at hand and use it as early as possible, soon
as the first symptoms of the disease show. If the disease has gained headway bleed the animal to the -
extent of from 2 to 4 quarts, taking into consideration the age and condition of the animal, Then give
14-ounce doses of laudanum several times a day, mixed with linseed tea. During the disease in¢rease
the quantity of Davis Stock Food to 2 tablespoonfuls.
is a rare disease but comes on suddenly, and is characterized by a henentiegee
Hemorrhagic or exudation of blood between the mucous and muscular coats of the bowels. —
Enteritis Malady usually occurs among working oxen during very hot weather. It
is more dangerous than the form already described. After the acute symptoms
subside the animal may show great weakness, owing to the hemorrhage. Do not bleed. Tone and
strengthen by the use,of Davis Stock Food. Give Davis Scour Cure according to directions.
is an inflammation of the bowels, which may be produced by cattle licking off
Mercurial the mercurial ointment rubbed on them in skin diseases.
Enteritis Symptoms are similar to those oceurring in the forms of enteritis aineoia é
described. Special symptoms are grinding of the teeth and dribbling of saliva
from the corners of the mouth. Two or three days after the attack gas is frequently passed from the bowels;
the belly is tucked up and the flanks become hollow; the passages are very thin and coated with mucus. —
On the fifth or sixth day there is a swelling of the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth, quivering
of the muscles of the limbs, staggering gait, great emaciation. The animal dies about the twelfth day.
Treatment.—Do not use mercurial ointment in the treatment of skin diseases. If it has been done,
and you have Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific at hand use it according to directions as soon as the first
symptoms appear. In the last stages there is no hope of recovery. Give drafts composed of the whites
of eggs and sweet milk (purgatives) followed by the’ administration of chlorate of potash. The eggs and
sweet milk should be given immediately after it is known that the animal has swallowed the mercurial
ointment, each quart of milk mixed with the whites of two eggs. Give a quart of the mixture three
or four times a day at short intervals, say half an hour, then give a pint of castor oil. After the —
castor oil has taken effect, give 4% ounce of chlorate of potash, dissolved in 1 quart of warm water, |
three times a day. For debility and want of appetite, resulting from such illness, give Davis Stock
Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed, as usual. If this is not at hand, 44 dram of nux vomica conor)
with 2 drams of powdered gentian should be given three times a Cae
m
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7
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a 9
Bale ‘or no avail.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. . : 333
Resulting from invagination or intussusception, twisting and knotting of the
Enteritis. - bowels. A knot forming on some part of the small intestines may cause inflam-
pa mation; inflammation may also arise from a portion of the bowel becoming
twisted on itself, or from one part of the bowel slipping into another, which is termed invagination.
This form of enteritis occurs occasionally in animals of the bovine species. i
~ _——« Causes.—The small intestine, which in the ox rests on the right sac or division of the: rumen,
is from the position which it occupies predestined to this accident. It has been ascertained that animals
which have shown symptoms of this malady have trotted, galloped, or otherwise made violent exer-
tions in coming from drinking; or that they have been chased by dogs or by animals of their own species
while at pasture. "The danger of jumping or running seems to be very slight to the ox if he is fasting,
as the rumen in that case not being distended with feed allows the small intestine to fall to the lower
part of the abdomen; but when the rumen is distended the bowel does not slip so easily to this position. -
Symptoms.—Severe colicky pains; the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his front and hind
feet alternately; lies down and gets up again; keeps his tail constantly raised, and turns his nose fre-
quently to his right flank; is frequently bloated and tympanitic on that side; refuses feed; does not rumi-
nate, and for some hours suffers severe pain. At first thin dung is passed, with frequent urinating,
in small quantities. On the second day the pains have become less acute; the animal remains lying
down; moans occasionally; his pulse is small and quick; jhe refuses feed and does not ruminate. At
this stage he does not pass any dung, though sometimes a rel quantity of bloody mucus may be passed.
Cattle so affected may live for fifteen or even twenty days.
Treatment.—Save your cattle from becoming victims of this disease by always having Davis
Stock Food at hand and keeping the digestive and assimilative powers in healthy condition. This in
nine out of ten cases will prevent the attack. Once the animal is affected, treatment of any kind is of —
is rather to be regarded as a symptom of disease than as a disease itself. In
~ Constipation order to remove it the treatment must be applied to remove the causes which
give rise to it. Calves may suffer from constipation immediately after birth,
and the meconium feces that accumulate in the bowels before birth is not passed, as is usually the case
in calves.. The cause seems to be that the dams of such calves have been fed too exclusively on dry
feed before the calf’s birth. To prevent this, vary the diet of the mother before birth and add 1 table-
spoonful of Davis Stock Food to each feed. _ If the calf is constipated give 1 ounce of castor oil shaken
tly es 1 ae of new milk. The mother’s milk is the best to prevent recurrence of the constipation.
Cattle are less infested with intestinal parasites than any other species of our
“Intestinal Worms. domestic animals. An examination of the passages is the only certain method
_ of determining the existence of worms.
Treatment.—Goodard’s Worm Powders is the best known remedy for all kinds of worms and
parasites in the bowels of cattle. They are included among the Davis remedies, and if used according
to directions they rarely fail to bring about a cure. If they are not at hand, try the following: To
remove tapeworms give 1 ounce of male fern three times a day in 1 pint of milk for three days in succes-
sion, and then on the fourth day give 1 pint of castor oil. For round worms give 2 drams of sulphate of
iron three times a day, mixed in a little oats and-middlings, and after continuing treatment for three
days give 1 pint of castor oil, as before described. In treating calves, which are more apt to be infested
with worms than grown cattle, reduce the doses to one-fourth or one-third. Davis Stock Food regu-
darly fed with the ration will as a rule prevent worms occurring in cattle, keeping the digestion and the
ey ena in: Boe ee condition.
4
a ees
< 2G
2
RUPTURES.
Hernia of the bowels, which are situated on the upper or right sid
Hernia of abdomen, are usually formed by the small intestines. In an intes
the Bowels. the swelling is usually not painful, of a doughy consistency or elastic, :
as the intestine does or does not contain alimentary matter. This
can generally be made to disappear by pressure, and when it has been reduced one can easily re
the direction and extent of the hernial opening. In hernia of the small intestine adhesion of
truding parts of the walls of the opening, or strangulation, are complications which some
place. If adhesion has taken place the swelling cannot be reduced by pressure, and when stra
has occurred the animal shows signs of pain. In such a case the edges of the opening through 1
‘bowel has passed press on the bowel so as first to excite pain, then inflammation, which, if un
usually terminates in gangrene, The animal is restless, turns its nose to the painful part an
those symptoms which are usually collectively indicated under the term colic. When the s
hernia contains a portion of peritoneum it is, soft and doughy and does not produce the sensatic
handling it that it does when containing gas ‘or alimentary matter. ae ;
usually occurs in calves; often caused by a blow from a cow’s ioe on the
Hernia of the flank of the calf; and this may happen when the calf is trying to suck a
FourthStomach cow. After such an accident a swelling forms on the right flank near the
rib. It may be either hot or painful, even at first, but is soft to t
It can be made to disappear by careful pressure when the sides of the aperture through which it
passed can be felt. Try this application of pressure to remove the hernia ee after
occurrence, when the edema which accompanies the swelling has disappeared. ; ‘i
Treatment.—Itf a hernia is reducible, that is, can be pushed back into the abdomen, 7 is
to maintain it in its natural position, and to allow the walls of the laceration to adhere or gro
Here are some directions given by an eminent French veterinarian for the treatment of this form of
é First prepare a bandage (must be of strong material) about 10 yards long and between =
inches broad, and a flexible and solid piece of pasteboard, adapted in size to the surface of the
Then replace the ies. ns organ in the abdomen and maintain it in that position pues ae
preparation. Lastly the bandage, adhering to the piece : pasteboard and to the skin, is ee ;
applied so as to form an immovable, rigid and solid bandage, which will retain the hernia long enou
for the wound in the abdominal walls to heal Donets White ete this condition i
To this end feed Davis Stock Food regularly with the ration.
or hernia of the navel, is very common in vee young ante.
the fis and, naturally, the sides of this aperture ought to adhere or uni
birth. In new born calves and other very young animals this aperture in the abdominal muscles’ re
abdominal muscles. This defective and abnormal condition of the nn is s frequently ‘cane R
—334— 5 ae e;
RUPTURES. 335
ing away the umbilical cord may occasion it; also kicks or blows on the belly; severe straining, by
ch the sides of the navel are stretched apart. It is best in new born calves to tie the umbilical cord
; tightly about 2 inches from the navel and then leave it alone, when it will drop off in a few days in most
cases, leaving the navel in a closed condition.
Cn aoe Treatment —Small hernia of this nature will, as a male heal of themselves. However, in cases
where there are no indications that a spontaneous cure will take place, the calf should be laid on its back,
nd immediately on this being done the hernia will often disappear into the abdomen. If it does not its
_ reduction may be brought about by gentle handling, endeavoring, if need be, to empty the organs forming
_ the hernia before returning them into the abdomer. After returning the hernia, clip the hair from
__ the skin covering it, and apply a compress composed of ten or twelve folds of linen or cotton, first smearing
3 > the skin with pitch, and then a bandage about 3 inches wide should be passed around the body so as to
__ retain the compress in position. The lower part of the compress should be smeared with pitch, and also
those parts of the bandage which pass over it, so as to keep it solid and prevent it from shifting. In some _
cases it will be found that the contents of the sac cannot be returned into the abdomen and this generally
arises from the fact that some parts of the contents of the sac have grown to or become adherent to the
edges of the umbilical opening. In such cases a veterinarian should be called, and the skin must be
carefully laid open in the long direction, the adhesions of the protruding organs carefully separated from
the umbilicus, and after the protruding parts have been returned into the abdomen, the sides of the umbil-
icus must be freshened if necessary by paring, and then the edges of the opening brought together by
catgut stitches; the wound in the skin must then also be carefully dressed every day and a bandage
er passed around the body so as to cover and protect the part operated on.
S _In small hernia nitric acid has been used successfully in the same manner as has been Bre a
Bae Te speaking of the treatment of ventral hernia: Sulphuric acid has also been used for similar purposes,
diluting it to the extent of one part of acid to three or four of water. In thin skinned animals the wéaker
preparation ought to be preferred, and caution must be exercised in using such preparations so as not
to destroy the tissues on which they are applied. Another method of treatment is, after the contents of
the sac have been returned into the abdomen, to tie a piece of strong waxed cord around the pendulous
portion which formed the outer covering of the hernia. The string is apt to slacken after two or three
_ days, when a new piece of cord should be applied above the first one. The constriction of the skin sets up
inflammation which generally extends to the umbilicus and causes the edges to adhere together, and
by the time the portion of the skin beneath the ligament has lost its vitality and-dropped off, the umbil-
icus is closed and there is no danger of the abdominal organs protruding through. - This is what takes
place when this method has a favorable result, though if the umbilicus does not become adherent the
skin sloughs, the bowels will protrude through the opening. None of these measures should be attempted
2 eas wae but a | competent veterinarian.
tea When only penetrating the skin such wounds are not dangerous, and we shall
Wotnds of _ therefore here consider merely those wounds which penetrate the entire thickness
_the Abdomen. 01 the abdominal walls and expose to a greater or lesser extent the organs
in contained in this cavity.
-Causes.—Such wounds may be occasioned by animals falling on broken glass fragments or other
sharp objects; blows from the horns of other animals, or incautious use of caustics in the treatment for
_ hernia may produce them. The parts generally escaping ‘through such wounds are the yell intestine
oo and floating colon. |
-_—s« Symptoms.—When wound is small the bowel exposed presents the appearance of a small, round
_ tumor, but a few moments afterward a loop of intestine may escape from the opening. The animal
then shows symptoms of severe pain by pawing with his feet, which has the effect of accelerating the
passage of new loops of intestine through the wound, so that the mass which they form may even touch
the ground. The pain becomes so great the ox now not only paws the ground but lies down and rolls,
thus tearing and crushing his bowels. In such cases it is best to slaughter the animal at once; but in
the case of a valuable animal, in which the tearing and crushing has not taken place, the bowels should
3 eturned and he aes in 1 the siuiscie and skin oe together in a manner somewhat Se to
RUPTURES.
Jaundice is indicated by a yellowish appearance of the aes of the eyes, and the
Jaundice, the Yel- membrane of the mouth. A swollen condition of the membrane of that part
lows, Congestion of the bowel called the duodenum may produce jaundice. In constipation —
of the Liver. there is an inactive or torpid condition of the bowel, and the bile which : passes” :
into the intestine may be absorbed and cause the yellow staining of jaundice.
Jaundice is one of the symptoms of Texas fever and depends on the congested condition of the liver
existing in that disease. It may also arise from injury to the nervous system, or from parasites and gall —
stones present in the bile ducts, obstructing the onward flow of bile. The conditions under which cattle
most frequently need treatment for bile is whensthey have been highly fed and kept in a state of inactivity. ar
At such times there is an excess of nutritive elements carried into the blood, which is associated with
increased fulness of thé portal vein and hepatic artery.
Symptoms.—The disease is most common among stall fed cattle. Appetite is poor; pressure %
along the margin of the short ribs on the right side produces pain; the animal drinks little or nothing. _ a
The membranes of the eye and mouth are yellow, the urine is yellow or brownish in appearance;the animal __ ;
prefers lying down, and moves with reluctance, moans occasionally and has a tottering gait. Ears — a
and horns are alternately hot and cold. In cows the secretion of milk is much diminished, and what is
secreted is bitter to the taste. Sometimes the animal has a dry, painful cough, and presents a dull,
stupefied appearance. : c
Treatment.—Prevention is better than a cure, here as elsewhere, and Davis Stock Fond, if cea on
regularly with the ration, will usually prevent jaundice. If, however, the disease has been allowed to — ¥
come on, it is advisable in the treatment first to produce a free action of the bowels, so as to remove |
the usually congested condition of the portal vein and liver. For this use the following dose: Sulphate
of soda, 16 ounces; fluid extract of taraxacum, 14 ounce. Dissolve the sulphate of soda by stirring it b
up in 2 quarts of tepid water. The extract of taraxacum is mixed with it, and the mixture should be
administered asone dose. Whena purgative action has been produced, 1dram of sulphate of cinchona, __
¥% ounce of fluid extract of taraxacum and 1 ounce of spirits of nitrous ether may be shaken up in 1 pint .
of water, and given night and morning for several days in succession. This treatment may be assisted .
by giving occasional injections.of soap and warm water. Let the diet be laxative, and moderate in quan-
tity—coarse bran mash, pulped roots, grass in season and hay in moderate quantities; with each feed give -
2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food, and after the digestive and assimilative functions have been by
regulated, 1 tablespoonful to each feed. ° a ae
or inflammation of the liver, is a more advanced stage of the disease just aésontead!
Hepatitis, It is frequently restricted to a certain part of the liver, the rest of the ite?
being healthy. #3
Symptoms.—Yellowishness of the eye and of the membrane lining the mouth; poor appetite;
body presents an emaciated appearance, but there is frequently a fulness of the lower part of the abdomen.
The gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual, and while doing so frequently has its head:
turned around resting on the side of its chest. ;
Treatment.—One-half pound of sulphate of soda and ¥% ounce of fluid extract of taraxacum
should be mixed with 2 quarts of tepid water, and this should be given night and morning until a rs
relaxed condition of the bowels is produced, as the object is not to produce a strong purgation but a laxa-
tive effect which should be continued for some days. The diet should be similar to that recommended — i
in speaking of congestion of the liver, with 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food added to each feed.
After the treatment with laxatives has been continued for several days, 1 dram of sulphate of cinchona
and 1 dram of dilute nitromuriatic acid should be shaken up in 1 quart of cold water and this dose should a
be given three times a day until the animal has regained its strength. Oil of turpentine, or, better still,
Davis Veterinary Liniment, should be rubbed in well once a day over the region of the liver. The +
skin on which it should be applied extends from the false ribs on the right side to 6 imches
in front of the last one, and from the backbone to 12 inches on the right side of it. Extreme he
heat and pasturing animals on low lying ground are conditions favorable for the. production attain this the following may be used: Sulphate of soda, 8 ounces; powdered ginger, 14 ounce;
ix in 2 quarts of tepid water, and then give at one dose. If Davis Stock Food is used regularly the
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
Poison is a word the exact defining of which, according to the best authorities,
Poisons. is not quite possible. So much so is this the case that even in law it has never
es been possible to clearly define it, and whenever we attempt to explain its simple
a meaning we always are prone to include either too much or too little in our statement. Here is about
as lucid and graphic definition as has yet been given by science: ‘‘A poison is a substance having an
inherent deleterious property, rendering it capable of destroying life by whatever avenue it finds access
to the system; or, it is a substance which, when introduced into the system or applied externally, injures
health or destroys life, irrespective of mechanical means or thermal changes.’’ And the popular con-
_ ception of a poison is any substance which will destroy life, in small quantity, excepting such as act by
_ purely mechanical means, as, for instance, powdered glass. We know that poison, especially, is
os which we must always be on our guard against and careful in handling.
may be either local, exerted directly on the tissues with which they c come in
The Action contact, or remote, acting through the circulation or nervous system; or both.
of Poisons local and remote action may be exerted by the same drug. Poisons acting
locally generally either destroy by corrosion the tissues with which they come in
contact, or by inhalation set up acute inflammation. If a corrosive agent is taken into the stomach
in poisonous quantities a group of symptoms is developed which is common to all. It destroys the
tissues with which it comes in contact, sloughing and acute inflammation of the surrounding structures
takes place; this is followed by intense pain in the abdomen, ending in death. In the same way, but
ith less rapidity, a similar result is reached if the agent used be not of a sufficiently corrosive nature
- to destroy the tissues, but sufficiently irritating to set up acute inflammation of the mucous membrane
" of the digestive tract. Of the poisons exerting a remote influence, the -action is quite different, little
or no local effect being produced upon the digestive organs. The poisons when absorbed and trans-
itted through the agency of circulation, exert their baneful influence, and though some of them act —
ith extreme rapidity, no effect can be produced until the agent has been absorbed. The poisonous
effect of any substance is naodified by the quantity used; by its chemical combinations; by the part
the animal structure with which it comes in contact; and also by the physical condition of the
bject. For instance, opium may be given with safety in much larger doses to an animal suffering
om acute pain than to one free from pain, and to an adult animal with greater safety than to a young
e. The rapidity with which the poison is absorbed, owing to the part of the body with which it comes
eontact, is also of importance. So marked is this, that some poisons having the power of destroying
e with absolute certainty when introduced beneath the skin, may safely be taken into the
omach, causing no inconvenience at all, as, for example, curara, the arrow poison, or the venomous
etions of the fang of the snake. Other agents in chemical combination may tend to intensify, lessen,
wholly neutralize the poisonous effect. Thus, arsenic in itself has well marked poisonous prop-
, but when brought in contact with dialyzed iron it forms an insoluble compound and becomes
less. Idiosynerasies are not so noticeable in cattle practice as among human beings, but the-
:
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a
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Te eae — 2 aa
.
uncertainty with which some drugs exert their influence would lead ‘us to believe that well marked —
340 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
differences in susceptibility exist. Even in some cases a tolerance for poison is engendered, so that in a
herd of animals equally exposed injurious or fatal effects do not appear with uniformity. Thus, among
cattle that are compelled to drink water holding in solution a salt of lead, the effect of the poisoning
will be found varying all the way from fatality to imperceptibility. To reduce these symptoms and —
conditions to anything like an exact science has, however, so far, not been quite possible, and no set
standards or rules are laid down to determine accurately the cause and effect that govern this phenomenon.
These vary so greatly in the different poisonous agents that it is nearly impos-
The General sible to give even a general rule of symptoms which adapts itself to all cases.
S ymptoms As arule, poisoning is not suspected until after death. Itis necessary to determine
of Poisoning. the presence or absence of poison in the system, especially in order to arrest its
effect on other animals which may have been exposed in the same way as the
ited before death are likely to give reason to’ suspect either intestinal irritation, with manifestations
similar to those of colic, or disordered brain function with the characteristic indications of vertigo,
coma, paralysis, dilatation, or contraction of the pupil, etc. Theanimal secretions or excretions may be
em
victim, or, among men, to promote the ends of justice in criminal jurisprudence. The symptoms exhib-
perverted, augmented or suppressed. It usually takes a chemist to determine with absolute certainty
the presence of many of the poisons. But at the same time diagnosis may be reached with reasonable a
certainty where the previous history of the case is known, as well as the surroundings and the poisonous
agents to which the animal would be most likely to have access. To ascertain this and treat accordingly
will to all intents and purposes serve the end of the farmer, whose main care is that of saving his animal
and guard the remainder of the herd against being poisoned in a like manner. . es
Treatment.—The following is but an attempt to broadly outline a treatment, or a series of treat-_
ments, that in a general way will conform to the requirements of the most common forms of poisoning
applying to a majority of cases, and which may be tried, as a rule, with good results. Have a stomach
pump at hand. This will pay all raisers of stock, and when indications of poisoning appear in an animal |
you should lose no time in emptying the stomach of its contents and carefully washing the organ by
‘either injecting pure water or a solution of the proper antidote. If the stomach cannot be emptied the —
antidote should be administered which will counteract or neutralize the particular poison from which —
the animal is suffering, such as powdered chalk to neutralize acid poisoning. If the poison has been
taken in solid form and there is a probability that part of it is still undissolved, its further destructive
action may be stopped by the administration of mucilaginous drinks, as for instance, infusions of flaxseed,
white of eggs, acacia (gum arabic), etc. Where the poison is known to be one that will not
exert its influence on the stomach directly, but remotely, every effort should be made to neutralize any
part of it that may remain unabsorbed, and to, so far as possible, fortify the system against its action,
as by the use of atropia in opium poisoning, or the placing of the patient under the influence of chloro-
form or ether when poisoned by strychnine. A poison may be so gradually introduced into the system,
as to slowly develop the power of resistance against its action. In other cases, where the poison is intro-_ _
duced slowly, the poisonous action becomes ¢umulative, and, although there is no increase in the quantity a»
taken, violent symptoms are suddenly developed, as if the whole amount, the consumption of which
may have extended over a considerable period, had been given in one dose. “And there are other poisons, __
not necessarily fatal, but which tend to deteriorate and impair the functional activity of some of the
important organs of the body, thus producing ill health. These are called chronic poisons. It is also” Bee
is
well for the farmer’to know that poisons, in themselves dangerous: when administered in large doses, __
are used medicinally for curative purposes, and’ that a very large-percentage of the pharmaceutical - 4
preparations used in-the practice of medicines if given in excessive quantities might produce serious
tesults. In the administration of medicines, therefore, care should be taken, not only that the animal —
is not poisoned by the administration of an excessive dose, but, that injury is not done by continued treat- — te
ment with medicine, the use of which is not called for. In all comrnon cases the prompt use-of the —
stomach pump, washing out of the stomach according to the direction given above, will do the work;
and when this occasionally fails use the antidote. In all serious cases, where the Se nitiies Mepis fails ieee an
work, or when you have not been instructed in its use, call in a veterinarian.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. | 341:
In the case of lead poisoning the treatment should first be directed toward removing the cause.
you.have no stomach pump give a large dose of purgative medicine: Bromide of potassium in 14-ounce
loses every four or five hours, and applications of cold water to the head. Dilute sulphuric acid in
~Y-ounce doses mixed with 14 pint of water should be given with the purgative medicine. Epsom salts
is the best purgative in this case, and may be given in doses of from 1 to 2 pounds, dissolved in warm —
water. After the. acute symptoms have abated, iodide of potassium may be given in doses of 2 drams
fis each, dissolved in water, three times a day for a week.
hS In acid poisoning any of the alkalies may be used as an antidote; chalk, whiting, baking soda, etc., -
are usually most convenient. Empty the stomach as quickly as possible. This holds good both for
mineral and vegetable acids.
es As an antidote against mercurial poisoning, one of the most terrible of corrosive poisons, which
is fatal even in very small doses, the white of eggs has the power of completely neutralizing its poisonous
effect, providing it is administered before the poison has had time to exert its deadly influence. In using
_ the remedy separate the white from the yolk of eggs, mix it with water, and give in large Se
g after its administration the stomach should be emptied by means of a stomach pump.
: For alkaline poisons, which rank side by side with mineral acid poisons in destructiveness to their
gq victims, the treatment should be the unloading of the stomach as promptly as possible by means of the
_ stomach pump. If this cannot be done the poisonous effect of the alkali may be neutralized by the
administration of dilute acids. The administration of such an antidote and its action must be carefully
watched during administration. In the chemical change which takes place when the acid and alkali
"are combined, carbonic acid gas is liberated, sometimes to an extent causing considerable distention of
. the abdomen, even amounting to asphyxia from pressure forward on the diaphragm. Should this danger
_ present itself it may be averted by opening the left flank, permitting the gas to escape.
:
* Coal oil given in too large doses as a treatment for intestinal parasites produces poisonous effects,
often followed by death. Against this condition use mild stimulants, such as aromatic spirits of ammonia
or strong coffee in large quantities. Encourage the animal to eat soft, mucilaginous feed, to which Davis
Stock Food has been added. The best remedy is to prevent the poisoning by abstaining from the use of
coal oil for the purpose mentioned. .
Carbolic acid, although one of the most valuable nneeniic remedies known, when taken internally,
_ or used over a large surface externally, is likely to produce a poisonous effect. ‘As an antidote internally
- under such circumstances, lime water sweetened with sugar should be given in large quantities,
or a solution of sulphate of soda. When the poisoning oceurs through too extensive application to
wounds or the skin, as in treatment of mange, cold water should be freely applied so as to wash off any
of the acid that may still remain unabsorbed. As a surgical dressing a3 per cent solution is strong enough
for ordinary purposes. Remember that eee is a much more effective dressing and no danger
: accompanies its use. :
In the case of opium poisoning the stomach should be emptied by means of a stomach pump,
‘if possible, and the patient kept moving, even though what would otherwise be cruelty is necessarily
inflicted. When other means fail to excite, sharp blows close to the ear will sometimes serve to arouse.
Give stimulants internally, such as whisky, aromatic spirits of ammonia, brandy, and strong infusions
of coffee. :
For strychnine poisoning empty the stomach if it can be dude before the poison is absorbed,
ut after the spasms occur it may excite the animal and hasten a fatal termination. In such a case
he best method is to put the patient under the influence of ether or chloroform, and keep it there
ontinuously until the effect of the poison has worn off.
Aconite poisoning, likely to occur on any farm, as for some years past aconite has become a more
pular stable remedy, should be treated with the stomach pump, and the animal thereupon treated .
th finely powdered animal charcoal in the hope of absorbing the poison. The only chemical ~
tidote of value ‘is tannic acid, which forms an insoluble compound with the aconite. The depressing
ect on the heart should be counteracted by the use of ammonia, digitalis, and other diffusible
Sa: ee have a physiological effect ae to aconite. :
ecaeete seiabatteh ee
ae
¥ ei
i
a
ie)
et -
pee
=
rene ae or ee
342
plant grows on high, gravelly or sandy soil. It has hauine an attractive appearance and tT
pale green color all winters A mass of leaves, 4 to 19 inches high, grow from the very sho
leaves are ek similar to those of the locust tree, with ten pairs of leaflets and an ae
early spring when the herbage is scarce its ENS appearance may attract he andl oe
is thus acquired. Its effect is not noticeable until a considerable quantity has been eaten, w
as a poison on the nervous system. If the case is permitted to go on the animal beco
more addicted to feed on the plant, until it will eat cae else. It becomes. excitable, con
delirious, faolent and vicious in spells until death occurs. Recenent in time, by remov:
will cure the effect. No medical treatment is of any use. Quiet stabling, with a liberal supply of
to which is added Davis Stock Food, in the proportion of 2 Elen to ae
counteract the poison and bring the cow about. 5
Ergot also has a poisonous effect on cattle in _ the winter and spring of ‘the year. Th
of the slowness of the heart’s action. .
in any part of the body the structures soon die. The disorder praiece itself in lameness i
or more; swelling about the ankle, etc., causing what is known as dry gangrene.
been asserted by some that the feeding of corn with ergotized feed will neutralize the :
may occur from the bites or stings of insects or: from contact » it
Local Poisons plants on exposed parts of the body, such as poison ivy (Rhus to Ben!
caustic acid or alkaline solutions. In the case of ihe caustic, its effect ‘Shem be neutra. zed b
application of the proper antidote and the resulting wound treated with Phenalin, as a burn or {
bite. The stings of bees or wasps and the bites of other poisonous insects. should be treated t
application of Phenalin or turpentine gently applied. esis
act often as powerful poisons on their victim, resulting in serious
adie Bites __ tion, and in the case of the most,venomous and poisonous snakes e
causing of death. This the poison may do in two ways. First, when
strong, by exerting a narcotic influence similar to that of other powerful poisons, destroying n
function, with the symptoms of extreme depression, feeble flickering of intermittent pulse, cold
ties, dilated pupils, insensibility, collapse and death. Second, when less powerful, by diffuse
tion of the arcolar tissue, numerous abscesses, gangrene, and extensive sloughing. Local”
occurs immediately after the bite, there is severe irritation, the extent of the yea
quantities, death ensues so rapidly that tite swelling process is not ee There ait
many snakes whose bite is harmless. If an examination is made after death of an animal su
to snake bite, a dark alkaline condition of the blood, intense congestion ‘of the lungs and sp
other conditions indicative of death of the blood will be found. The viscera emit a peculiar, s
odor. The muscles are contracted from the death convulsions attending upon the poisonous
Treatment should be local and general. Locally use every effort to prevent» the abs
of the poison. If discovered at once, the bitten part had better be excised or cut away. re
impracticable and a ligature can be applied, as in the case of a bite to one of the limbs, n
be lost in applying it above the injury. It should be made so tight that it will, poe as possib.
4
~~
ES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. 3a
- - are recommended. In animal practice alcoholic stimulants, as recommended above,
In the emergency which arises when such an accident occurs the means at
First, the application of a tight ligature can nearly A
oa to swash “out at ee part of oe poison, if done cae Cupping cannot be. practiced
ttle with the same facility as among human beings, owing to the covering of hair. This obstacle
a of the burning cloth consumes the oeen of the air and creates a partial vacuum into whieh
Peed from the wound should flow freely. The rection hypodermically of a 20 per cent solu-
on ase Buca and tepid water. Keen the digestive organs and the circulation of the patient
er by using Davis Stock Food with the feed ration. We commend the farmer and stockman to
sfully read and remember this chapter on poisons, ‘so that when the emergency comes he may be
epared to apply the various ‘methods of treatment given, thereby ee ay. valuable animals that
uld eerie Be lost to him.
D SEASES. OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.
. or inflammation of the pericardium (heart sac), is often associated with pneu-
Poser, monia and pleurisy, rheumatism and other constitutional diseases. But it
mds still, is dull, the head hangs down, its expression is anxious. Pulse may be large, perhaps hard;
ere is also a venous pulse. If you put the hand against the chest you will feel the beating of the heart,
h is, often eaceula, sometimes alent, and i in other. instances weak. The legs are cold ; breathing
must Tue Gon to yAbecitie between the aa There may be spasms of ite Bee: in the region of.
> breast, neck or hind legs... After a time, which varies in length, the legs may become swollen, and the.
relling | is also likely to occur under the chest and brisket. In those animals in which the heart
s may be heard. somewhat distinctly, the ear applied against the chest will detect’ a to and fro.
ction sound corresponding to the beats of the heart; this sound is produced by the rubbing of the
‘nal surface of the heart sac against the external surface of the heart. During the first stages-of the
mation these surfaces are dry, and the rubbing of one against the other during the contraction and.
ation of the heart produces the to and fro friction sound, The dry stage is followed by the exudation
id into the heart sac, and the friction is not heard until the fluid is absorbed sufficiently to allow the
ae os not return, adhesion of the surfaces may be arereste The friction sound of peri-
ons of arsenic, , bromine, bichloride of mercury, aod. iodide of poneauns in feaneitig j
overcome by. smearing the hair full of tar or balsam on the surface to. which the cupping me
also occurs as an independent trouble Le oe about by causes similar to those ©
Sybille —It oe come with a chill, followed = ee of more or less eee The: animal :
face es tO come in contact again. A churning noise may take the place of the friction sound. If the.
ie tek ede ea ae _. WOUNDS OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. |
Treatment.—Ii pericarditis:is complicated with rheumatism or other diseases, they must be treated.
as indicated in the description given of them. The animal should be.kept ina quiet, comfortable place,
where it will be free from annoyance or excitement. Apply warm clothing to the.body, and rub the legs - é
vigorously with the hand until the circulation. in them is reestablished; then bandage them snugly. —
Let the feed be of nutritive quality and moderate in quantity, adding Davis’ Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls _
to each feed. This will insure perfect digestion, ‘assimilation and attendant: circulation, and will speed
the animal on the road to recovery. In the way of medical treatment (which, if the disease i is taken i in 4
time, and Davis Stock Food fed regularly, may in all but severe cases be dispensed with), at the beginning |
give as a purgative, Epsom salts,.1 pound dissolved in about 1 quart of warm water and administered — *
as a drench. When there is much pain, 2 ounces of laudanum, diluted with 1 pint of. water, may be
given every three hours, until relief is brought. about. Do not give the laudanum unless demanded by qi
the severity of the pain. After attack abates use mustard mixed with water; rub well over left side of
chest. Try to prevent the occurrence of the disease in your cows by proper care and feeding. Davis
Stock Food, 1 tablespoonful to each feed in health, will go far to insure the animals against disease. ‘i
M diti An inflammation of the muscular structure of the heart: ro always
yorar a connected with pericarditis and endocarditis. ee
‘An inflammation of the membrane lining the cavities of the heart. Usually a
Endocarditis. 2 complication of rheumatism. Symptoms much the same as those of peri-
carditis. Same treatment as for pericarditis may be followed. Nowrichis 7
feed, with Davis Stock Food added, rest, quiet, fresh air, etc,
An enlargement of the heart. Sounds of the heart are high and pronounced,
and may be heard on both sides of the chest distinctly. There is Wigs z
to a greater or lesser extent. A rare disease in cattle.
Hypertrophy
of the Heart.
Pa:
eee
WOUNDS OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. “a4
When a blood pene is opened you can tell at a glance whether it is an artery or a vein aie remem- a
bering that bright red blood comes from arteries and dark red from veins. In severing a small artery :
the blood flows from it in a continuous, even stream, but if you cut one of the lar ge arteries it comes in ©
jets and spurts. The general treatment for wounds will be found on another page. We shall ‘hang but "
tefer briefly to some of the most-practical methods used in arresting hemorrhages. : :
_ The seriousness of a hemorrhage depends upon the size of the vessel from which |
Hemorrhage. the blood escapes. It is most serious in severed arteries. Slight hemorrhages : z
may be checked by continuous application of cold water to the wound, ice, 7
snow, ¢étc. You may throw the water on the wound from a hose, or dash it on with the hand, or from a.
acup. Folds of cotton cloths may be held to wound and kept wet. Hemorrhages of vagina and womb — »
may be arrested by injecting hot water, 115 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit i in temperature. Tow, raw cotton, i
lint, or sponges may be forced into a wound and held or bound there with a bandage.- If blood persists _ @ a
saturate bandages with tincture of iron. Do not use this except when absolutely necessary as it retards”
the healing. In all serious cases, after adrhinistering the first aid, call in an expert veterinarian. Mild ee:
hemorrhages and wounds you can treat yourself. The best means is compression. To most wounds a
bandages may be easily applied. Make the bandage of linen, muslin, etc., sufficiently wide and long to
cover the wound. Bed sheets torn in strips are good for this ‘purpose. Cotton batting, tow, or a —
piece of sponge may be placed-on the wound and held in place by the bandage. When necessary (as in a g
the case of snake bites) ligate the ‘vessel. In’ this case tie the ligature around the end of the artery.
When this is difficult, include some of the surrounding tissue. Do not ligate any but large’ eee
(and even then only when other means are not available), as'it causes danger of inflammation. To apply
a ligature you should have a pair of artery forceps (tweezers or’small pincers may do) by which to draw
Lee hee ere ee
>
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. ~ 345°
she artery in order to. tie the string around it. Sponge the blood from the wound to find and grasp
ae artery. If the end of the vessel has retracted a sharp pointed hock, called a tenaculum, is used to
raw it out far enough to tie. In all serious cases let your veterinarian attend,to this. Im cases of
rounds to small vessels another method of checking called torsion may be applied. Catch end of the
bleeding vein, draw it out a little, then, twist it around a few times with the forceps. This lacerates the
_ internal coats, effecting a check of the blood. In small vessel it is very effectual and to be preferred to
_ ligatures, as it leaves no foreign substance in the wound. A needle or pin may be stuck through the
edge of the wound, and a string” passed around between the free ends and the skin drawing it together.
ae is a circumscribed dilation of an artery, due. to disease and rupture of one or two
Ancien ; of the arterial coats. True aneurism communicates with the interior of the
FR artery, and contains coagulated blood. No treatment is possible for this disease.
~ are due generally to coagulated blood in the veins, producing sacculated or
j Varicose Veins knotty protuberances on the blood vessels affected. The formation of these
a coagula is an effect of inflammation in the coats of the vein; this inflammation
_ may be slight or may-run on to suppuration, giving rise to small abscesses. Underfed cattle, or animals
1 kept in wet, cold places, are especially liable. Cause seems to be debility of circulation, want of tone in
’ the coats of the vessels, etc. :
ire Treatment.—Better feed, Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed, to restore proper cir-
2 culation and digestion; tonics and pressure by bandages. In case of suppuration open the abscesses,
: apply Davis Veterinary Blister, or any other reliable blister. Do not use pressure.
- Owing to the suction action in the chest, when a large vein is opened in the
Air in the Veins. vicinity of the chest air may be sucked in, which, if in great quantity, will cause |
death.
or cold in the head, is an inflammation of the membranes of the nostrils and
Catarrh, upper air passages. Simple catarrh is not serious. If neglected, however, it
is liable to complicate with laryngitis, bronchitis, pnewmonia, pleurisy, etc.,
5 _ becoming serious, sometimes fatal. Catarrh is a common cattle disease.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
4 Symptoms.—Redness of membranes of nose; red and watery eyes; mucous membrane first becomes
dry, then watery discharge appears. Discharge Gecontes mucopurulent in severe cases. Little or no
' fever in mild cases; in severe cases fever may run high. Animal becomes dull, languid, disinclined to
_ move about; appetite poor; temperature variable. In milch cows secretions become diminished, mucus
_ from the eyes and nose becomes thicker and yellower. ;
Treatment.—House the animal in a well ventilated place, with good hygienic surroundiiogt Keep
_ warm with blanketing in cold, damp weather. Give hot, medicated inhalations of Phenalin in severe
cases. Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific or Davis Distemper Cure are a positive cure for the fever. If this
is not at hand give nitrate of potassium, from 1 to 2 ounces, in drinking water, three times daily until
_ fever i is reduced. Good nursing, with Davis Stock Food added to the feed ration, is indispensable.
or bleeding from the nostrils, is rare in cattle. It is usually caused by injury |
Epistaxis, © to the mucous membranes, violent exertions, in coughing and sneezing, etc.
: Seldom serious. : ee se
‘Treatment.—Generally it will Sion of itself. Keep the anima quiet and bathe head. and nostrils
ith cold water. Find cause of bleeding and treat accordingly. In unusually severe cases tie animal’s |
ad to a high rack or beam and apply cold water, ice, etc. Ifthe hemorrhage still persists give a drench
mposed of 114 drams of acetate of lead dissolved in 1 pint-of water
ay
vet
Se ee ee
346 DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF OF RESPIRA’ 10 N
or Sore Throat, is an inflammation of the membrane 1iniee ticles
Laryngitis, be either primary or secondary, complicated or uncomplicated.
* to sudden exposure, change from warm to cold, wet ‘weather,
also result from inhaling irritating gases, or external violence. In acute cases there is an elev
temperature, pain when pressing on larynx, coughing, noisy and difficult respiration.
dilated, nose extended; animal looks frightened; swallowing is difficult. ee
Treatment.—Fomentations and hot applications over the throat. Stimulating 1
as Davis Veterinary Liniment, mustard, or other counter irritants should be used in severe
tuary (soft or solid) medicines alone should be given. Large drafts of medicine produce vi
ing and should not be given. Davis Distemper Cure, a heaping tablespoonful placed well ce
tongue, will usually cure the most obstinate case. If this is not at hand, try the following:
powdered opium and gum camphor in equal parts; mix. Rub an ounce on the molar teet ev
hours. Or ee internal treatment: Chlorate of ee ee. 8 ounces; ae é
gruel Hee linseed tea are good. In the most severe cases, when suffocation i is threatened,
by a veterinarian must be resorted to. When disease has assumed a chronic: form Se
Veterinary Blister to the throat. Repeat application if necessary. are
-
.
is an inflammation of the membrane of the bronchial tubes.
Bronchitis disease it comes from what is known as catching cold. 1
secondary or complicated with other diseases of the ones ry
Breathing irritating gases, and introduction of foreign substances into-the boo tt 3
be the cause. It may be acute or chronic. nae
Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; elevation of cpa generally to 104 or 105 ‘degrees F
heit. Inspiration is incomplete, short and painful. A characteristic, painful cough is pres
Treatment.—Place the animal in a light, well ventilated stall. Keep bowels in soft co ;
enemas. Avoid violent purgatives. Keep body warm by blanketing. Let the feed be ligh
tious, adding Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed. At beginning of disease giv
Brazilian Specific as directed; or, if this is not at hand, try giving three times daily a draft gee 1
as follows: Extract of belladonna, 2 drams; solution of acetate of ammonium, 4 fluid ou I
¥% pint. In the latter stages substitute with the following, given twice daily : Carbonate of
3 drams; solution of hydrochlorate of strychnine, 2 fluid drams; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 fluid o
water, 4% pint. Treat early before the disease Peepraes chronic. baie reer ; ‘ ced
f is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining 1 the chest cavity and
Pleurisy oping the lungs.
to cle or wet.
inspirations; emitted in long expirations; Spee ‘suppressed, ee Ce: pressure es ie
is painful, the animal flinching and giving a grunt; muzzle is dry and Bots mouth sean and sali
Symptoms increase in severity with advance of disease. ; pe
Treatment.—Same general care as recommended for bronceeim and pneumonia.
give Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific or some other good febrifuge to reduce the fever. For relief of co
give electuary formula given in treatment for laryngitis. Keep bowels relaxed and kidneys s
freely. In the stage of effusion give the following three times a day: Digitalis tincture, 1
iodide of potassium, 30 to 60 grains; mix. In case of collapse of the lung, or “when it is ;
surgical operation is sometimes necessary; this, however, must be performed by a
good, wholesome feed, and Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to each’ feed. — is
_ DISEASES OF 'THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. — 347
Be ae ea start inflammation of the lung substance, divided into three different forms,
eee _ viz.: First, croupous; second, catarrhal; and, third, interstitial. Here, however,
in. as ais stages. The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as ‘those of other
atory diseases of the respiratory tract. i
_ Symptoms.—It is ushered in with a chill. This is followed with an elevation of temperature,
. Respirations are ee and shallow; nosis
Bie: appearance. In the third stage, if disease is to E eaanate favorably, cough becomes hoes ani-
ung substance is broken down, is heavy, and will not sinkin water. In fatal cases breath has a peculiar,
@ fetid, cadaverous odor, is taken in short gasps, and horns, ears and extremities become cold and clammy.
ext Treatment.—Good hygienic surroundings, good nursing with wholesome, plain feed, adding Davis
ock Food to the ration, are essential in connection with the medical treatment. In early stages, when
there is high fever, give Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific or some other good febrifuge. Discontinue as
‘soon as the fever abates. Ina plethoric animal, with strong, bounding pulse, bleeding may be resorted
advised, viz.: Spirits of nitrous ether, 244 ounces: spirits of aromatic ammonia, 1 ounce; mix and
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. —
or Staggers, means inflammation of the brain and its membranes. Owing to
ial improves; appetite returns and the symptoms-described rapidly subside. If not progressing, the
we shall treat the subject under the general bogie of pneumonia, which |
o. If bowels are constipated, give calomel, 1 to 3 drams. In second stage diffusible stimulants are ©
give in gruel three times a day. Davis Veterinary Liniment, or some other good liniment, a mustard
_ Encephalitis, _ various symptoms, depending on the part affected, the disease is known by ©
different names, such as staggers, stomach staggers, mad staggers, sleepy
aggers, coma, frenzy, etc.
Causes.—Severe blows on the head with a hard object, or the head coming in violent contact -
! with the ground or other hard substance in a fall; irritation caused by tumors in the brain; feed con-
taining deleterious matters, for example, ergot and other fungi. When the disease is not caused by
rect violence the quality of feed should be suspected.
Symptoms vary. Sometimes there may be frenzy at the start; generally, however, the animal
is dull and sleepy; there is little inclination to move about; head may be pressed against wall or fence,
legs kept moving, as though the animal were trying to walk through the obstruction. Body may be
aned against stall for support. Bowels are constipated; urine, when passed, small in quantity,
arker in color than usual; trembling and spasms of muscles in different parts. In the dull stage
imal may breathe less frequently than natural, each breath may be accompanied with snoring like
d. Pulse may be large and less frequent than normal. In all animals that have died from | ehisi
ase the lungs after death were found to be very much congested. _
toe SV hen: delirium ensues the animal is commonly said to be mad. She may bellow, stamp i (ect,
about wildly, grate the teeth, froth at the mouth. If confined in a stable, she rears and plunges;
y may be covered with perspiration; she may fall; muscles twitch and jerk; often head is raised and
ashe against: the Enound until blood issues from nose and mouth; eyes may become bloodshot.
4
348 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, |
-and sightless; limbs stiff and outstretched,.or they may be kicked about restlessly ; hea ne ae ‘
. drawn back and tail drawn up; urine may be squirted out in spurts; often the washer is. forced | over —
-the eye. When convulsions cease they may be followed by a period of quiet unconsciousness—coma.
Then the animal may get on its feet and partake of feed, or it may arise with much difficulty and stagger
blindly about the stall or field. | These symptoms, of course, are not always seen together in the
same case. The various symptoms, however, increase in frequency and intensity until ending in death.
Treatment.—Call a veterinarian at once. Treatment will be useless if not exceedingly prompt.
In early stages pulse is large and- usually will admit of bleeding. Have veterinarian take 8 or 9 ae
of blood from the jugular vein. Follow with a purgative, for a cow of average size, as follows:
Epsom salts, 24 ounces; pulverized gamboge, 14 ounce; warm water, 3 quarts; mix all. together . and |
give at once as a drench. Inject about 2 quarts of warm’ water or warm soap suds into the rectum
with a syringe every three or four hours. Keep animal quiet. Give her all the cold water -she will
drink; withhold feed, except bran slops occasionally, adding Davis Stock Food, 2 tablespoonfuls to. ay
each feed; give feed in small quantities, or grass, if in season. Prevent animal from injuring herself
during die convtlsions; hold her head down to the ground, with straw under it; pour water
continuously on the head; or bags filled with small pieces of ice may be applied to head. After the —
convulsions, or between them, a blistering compound, composed of mustard, 1 ounce; pulverized aes
cantharides, 4 ounce; hot water, 4 ounces; well mixed together, may be rubbed in over the loins, spine, *
back of the head and on each side of the neck. If the purgatives act and animal shows signs of
improvement in the course of two or three days, 2 drams of iodide of potassium may be given every |
night and morning, dissolved in half a bucket of drinking water, if animal will drink, or may be dissolved _
in 4 pint of water and given asa drench. Be extremely careful about the feed; let it be nutritious, Be
but not coarse; feed at first in small quantities, gradually increasing as animal improves. Use Davis 4
Stock Food throughout the treatment with the feed. After some progress to recovery has been re é
made, 1144 drams of pulverized nux vomica may be given twice a day, added to the iodide of pole ae
drench, administered as long as the staggering gait continues. Recovery, at best, is doubtful. In the ©
rare cases that pull through, recovery, as a rule, is but partial, as generally a sequel, such as paralysis,
% ears
ss
rity
remains. If this be the case, better fatten the animal for the butcher. ies? a
The form of congestion of the brain known as parturient ipap lee is s.desenieat a
Apoplexy. elsewhere. in this book. Cerebral apoplexy, not connected with parturition, =
is rare in cattle. If it occurs it is generally due to degeneration and conse- a
quent rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. The attack is sudden, the animal falling as if hitwithan
ax. Conyulsions, as in staggers, may ensue, or there may be unconsciousness without movement;
eyes are open and blindly staring; mouth frothy; body cold; breathing may be loud and snoring; + pulse
frequent and small. Death soon ensues. Plethoric cattle are most liable to attacks of what is known ~
_as congestive apoplexy, the congestion or superabundant quantity of blood in the vessels of the brain
being followed with rupture of the vessels. It occurs usually in hot weather. Here bleeding should be™ 4
resorted to immediately, and purgatives administered if possible. Cold applications to the head and 34
_the general treatment given for staggers, with Davis Stock Food added to a plain, wholesome diet, is” b
required if the animal is to recover. i Pens
is caused: by severe leer on. the Apia iseaieeas the head against some heed
Concussion object while running, falling on the head, etc. Bones may be trachea pe
of the Brain the injury, causing compression of the brain. ae
Symptoms.—Depend .on the severity of the injury. Matic may saet ai
ecunvaties Beecly unconscious, but some slight convulsive movements remaining. Death may - follow vb
quickly, or if the injury is not serious, recovery takes place in a short time. Or there may be partial
recovery, followed in a few days by encephalitis. If fracture of the. bones of the cranium has Satake
trepanning may be necessary, and a veterinarian should be called. In emergency you may relieve com- |
pression of the brain by elevating the depressed bone with a thin but strong piece of steel. If the ani-
mal is not a very valfiable one, better butcher it.. In concussion of the brain, during the first stage, when — .
surface of body is cold, cover body and legs: with warm blankets. .Apply: cold water and crushed ice to — “a
head. Assist animal to its feed. When consciousness returns the purgative drench advised for enter 4
Mw
wie
oe
i is i"
-
ae we a, Sra ees! er ae ee eee fe ee Te
“DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 349
bats be administered. Keep animal in quiet place; feed small quantities of feed only in- the
_ given for this disease. im
ae ee a An affection characterized by the onset of sudden convulsions. Animal may
Epilepsy. appear in good health, but suddenly have an attack, stagger, fall, and violent
convulsions ensue. Urine and dung may be voided involuntarily during the.
a fit, Be ring be stertorous, etc. Disease may be due to teething, worms or chronic indigestion. -
_ Treatment.—If there are symptoms of worms or indigestion, give treatment as advised for these
¢
s diseases. If due to irritation from teething inflamed gums must be lanced. Examination of the mouth
: may develop the fact that one of the temporary teeth causes irritation by remaining unshed; if so, this
~ tooth must be extracted, so as to leave room for the growth of the permanent tooth. If the cause cannot
be discovered there is not much hope of treating epilepsy successfully. Careful diet, using Davis Stock
; Food regularly, 1 tablespoonful to each feed in health, and 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed i in disease, will,
_ however, do much to prevent these fits.
: ‘ or Prostration from Heat, is a condition os about by extreme heat of
Sunstroke, the summer months.
_ Symptoms.—Early signs are those of exhaustion, dullness, panting,
frothing, tongue hanging out, irregular gait, uneasiness, palpitation. If condition is not mitigated in
- a little while, animal will stagger, fall, struggle for a while, then gradually become quiet, or struggles
- may continue with fruitless atterfipts to regain standing BES a Serious attacks may be very sudden,
unconsciousness occurring at once.
; Treatment.—At first, when not serious, remove to quiet, sheltered place, reduce diet for a few
7 ‘days, giye Davis Stock Food with the ration, and recovery will take place. When animal has fallen
a apply cold water to the head; rub body and limbs with wisps of straw, continuing for a considerable
time, If power of swallowing is not lost (which may be ascertained by pouring a little cold water into the
5 mouth) give 3 drams of liquor of ammonia fort., diluted with a quart of water. Be careful in drenching
the animal when lying: down. Repeat drench in half an hour. If patient is unconscious and drench
: cannot be given, same quantity of ammonia and water may be injected with a syringe into the rectum.
_ When ammonia cannot be obtained quickly, 20 drops of oil of turpentine, shaken with 1 pint of milk,
may be injected into rectum. Take animal to shelter as soon as it is able to rise; assist it to its feet;
5
q
let the diet be light for several days, with Davis Stock Food always added. Give the patient all the cold
water it will drink. When signs of returning strength appear, 12 ounces of Epsom salts, dissolved in 1
quart of warm water, may be given in those cases which have been down and unconscious.
The spinal cord is lable to concussion from blows and falls, and paralysis,
Spinal Cord. of the neck, it will cause death. As a matter of course, when the back is broken,
- there is no remedy; bleed the animal to death, and convert_it into meat at once.
- evidenced by sticking a pin into the paralyzed parts, should decide the question.
or loss of motion in a part, may be due to a lesion of the brain, of the spinal cord,
Paralysis, or of the nerve. It may also be caused by reflex irritation. As has already
~ = been pointed out, it may likewise be caused by concussion of the spine;
q ane of a bone of the spinal column; concussion of the brain; compression of the brain. Paralysis
_ affecting both sides of the body is technically called paraplegia; when only one side of the body is
affected the term hemiplegia is used to indicate this condition.
Causes.—Paraplegia may be traced to moldy feed. Cews heavy with calf are sometimes
_ affected with a form of paraplegia, usually attacking them from about a month to a few days before
calving. As a rule, the animal recovers after calving, and requires only general care, good bedding,
_ regular diet, with a tonic and digestive as Davis Stock Food added. Cows after calving are occasion-
--...
ally attacked with a form of paralysis not associated with parturient paralysis. Inflammation of the
aan?
%
Bem’ may be the cause, or injuries to the nerves while calving. Sets ioe
PEEP ee ne, Oe ee ee aa, eT
Bedlntion, oa as a ae Do not bleed. “If case runs into encephalitis, treat according to directions —
papeies to the more or less, may be the result. If the fracture produced is above the middle
‘The animal not being able to risé after the accident, together with the fact that sensation is lost, as -
treatment, suet as enemas of warm soap suds, 2 quarts injected into the rectum in ‘case |
should be administered; if this is not sufficient to keep bowels moving, 14 pound of Epsor
in 1 quart of warm water should be given asa drench. If paralysis continues after calf is bor
cow a purgative—1 pound of Epsom salts dissolved in 1 quart of warm A water; also 1 cupful fe)
The blistering compound techinfiandea in the Greananent of encephalitis may be wikia
loins. If you are treating for the form of paralysis associated with indigestion or age
give 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food to each feed, and you will find that the dige
ilative powers will soon recuperate and the paralysis gradually disappear. If a COW |
lying down while suffering from this disease, and not even her inveterate enemy, the do
_ in arousing her, there at times is no other remedy but to butcher her.- But these insta
Tetanus,
its cause and cure. Among horses and mules it is quite common. The cause of tetanu
times clearly demonstrated and defined, all authorities, however, agreeing upon one ely
that it is most frequently met with in connection with a wound of some sort and at such times is caus
by a germ—Bacillus tetani. It is not only large, prominent wounds,=nor a very painful wot G
that are apt to be followed by tetanus; but, in fact, it is often associated with a wound of the mos:
character. And a wound in any part of the body may be followed by tetanus. It may en, é
after the infliction of the wound, but the rule is one and two weeks after and when the wo
has healed. Operations, as well as accidental wounds, may be followed by tetanus. C
often produces it. Uncleanliness of the instruments or hands of the operator undoubtedl
in such instances. With a good antiseptic wash, such as Phenalin, at hand, and scrupul
observed on all points, the danger is greatly minimized. Although the wound has much -
cause of tetanus, no expert holds that it in itself can produce it. Something of a specifi
germ—must gain access to the wound to develop the disease, it is asserted. The he
the disease in both man and animal is the same.
suffering from this terrible and deadly affection. OM
Symptoms.—Contraction or spasms of the muscles.
is ever on the alert, startled by ee slightest noise; ree symptoms noticed ie is s¢
the inner corner; animal moves stiffly about; legs are Seis reals ie walking eo are
sticks; when turning the body is kept straight, moving around like a log; tail i is elevated and 2
like a pump handle; animal will eat as long as it is possible to open the j jaws wide enough to take anyt
into the mouth. Pulse usually hard, but does not vary very much from the normal in other res
As disease progresses symptoms become more marked. Animal usually remains on its feet as I
possible; should it go down after the disease is well developed it is rarely able to rise alon
trying to do so, struggles conulsively, the struggles generally ending in death.
'Treatment.—Tetanus, although always extremely serious, is not always, a fatal genes een
treatment as early as possible is of supreme importance if a cure is to be effected. At appear sie
first symptoms when animal can still swallow, give the following drench: Epsom salts, 10 + e
common salt, 10 ounces; calomel, 2 drams; pulverized gentian, 1 ounce; warm water, 2 quarts.
administration of this, do not drench any more. Examine for wounds; look between the claw
over the body and legs, even examine the mouth. Place animal in darkened, quiet stall, and thorov }
wash out all Mie od large or small, with a solution ee warm water and Phenalin, or x bet spa eg hs ra Th
‘ _DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 351
cee ee as
As ae is very coment, feed slops made with bre corn meal, small quantities of linseed
a with Davis Stock Food added. Dissolve 1 ounce of bromide of potassium in every 2 gallons of
sr the ‘animal can be induced to drink. It is not advisable to put cattle in sling, but it may be
cessary to have the animal in a stall where it may be supported in canvas. When it lies down it is
very difficult to raise it. Do not suspend it in the sling---just support. . If disease is not recognized
re power of swallowing is gone, there is little to be accomplished by treatment.
or, in simpler language, excessive secretion of urine, is a disease occurring —
ieacesis, Polyuria, frequently in cattle fed on distillery swill, caused by the great consumption of
iabetes Insipidus, liquid feed. The condition, in spite of the fattening influence of the feed,
_ is unwholesome. Diuresis also may occur from increase of blood pressure in
REA: fone: diseases of the heart and lungs, the eating of digitalis, English broom, contraction of
the blood vessels on the surface of the body in cold weather, etc. Also from acrid or diuretic plants,
from excess of sugar in the feed, frozen feed, molds in the feed, alkaline waters, etc. The condition
some of these cases may be beneficial instead of vice versa. But in other cases the health and con-
ion suffer and inflammation of the kidneys may occur. Treatment consists in a change of diet to
re solid aliment. Boiled flaxseed added to wholesome dry feed, each feed containing 1 tablespoonful
£ Davis Stock Food, is recommended. In serious cases give a dose of 2 drams each of sulphate of iron
and iodide of potassium twice a day. In obstinate cases, 2 drams of ergot of rye may be added.
is a common disease among cattle, especially on low,.damp, undrained lands,
doay Urine, Red The bloody urine is the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys.
Water, Wood Ill, or urinary passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, kidney worms,
& sprains of the loins, etc.) Among the causes producing it may be mentioned
water from. soils rich in decomposing ee Fae matter, and containing alkaline salts, and the presence
n the water of bacteria growth; hence the prevalence of red water in marshy districts and on
layey soils.
_Treatment.—In eis milder forms of red water a smart purgative (1 pound tol \% pounds of Glauber
salts) will clear away the irritants from the bowels and allay the fever. If, then, wholesome feed, boiled
axseed, bran, etc., to which Davis Stock Food is added, are fed, the trouble will generally take care
of itself. If much blood is lost, double doses of Davis Stock Food should be continued for some time.
or cases in which an excess of diuretic plants has been taken, it may be well to replace the salts by 1
to 2 pints of olive oil, adding 1 ounce of laudanum and 2 drams of gum camphor. Also to apply fomen-
tations or a fresh sheepskin over the loins. In all cases use Davis Stock Food and a tonic, stimulating —
iet, the different grains (oats, barley, wheat, bran, rye) and seeds (rape, linseed, cotton seed) being
ecially called for. In case of fever use Bradbury’s Brazilian Specific.
“eae or Albuminuria, is always present in bloody urine. Among the causes are
_ Albumen in (1) excess of albumen in the blood; (2) blood pressure; sudden suppression
- the Urine, of milk; (3) after cutting (or disease) of the motor nerves going to the kidneys,
causing congestion of these organs; (4) violent exertion in any form; (5) in
10st fevers and inflammations of important organs; (6) in burns and congested states of the skin;
(7) under the action of poisons, etc. It can also be produced experimentally by puncturing the back
Dp ae of the Base of the brain. In abscesses, tumor, or inflammation of the bladder, ureter or urethra, —
% Treatment. —Direct, as a rule, to the disease on which it is dependent. It no other recognizable
isease exists use mucilaginous drinks of boiled flaxseed, slippery elm or gum; tannic acid, 14 dram twice
rily and fomentations, or even mustard poultices over the loins. In chronic cases without fever: —
i . > .
\
~
i.
i:
™
oft. "Sis Sia ae
-
. ss)
1 ah
insert oiled hand in rectum and press moderately on anterior part of the bladder. All other measures
352 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Tonics (Davis Stock Food with the feed ration), hydrochloric acid, 6 drops i in 1 pint of wate ;
of iron, 2 drams, or sulphate of quinia, 2 drams, twice daily. Keep patient carefully from col
and allow a good, nutritious ration, adding Davis Stock Food in the proportion prescribed.
or Nephritis, is attributed to the same causes as those producing bloody urine,
Inflammation of such as irritant and diuretic plants, Spanish flies applied as a blister o
the Kidne ys, wise, exposure to cold and wet, the presence of stone and gravel in the |
injuries to the back or loins, as by riding each other, drinking of alkaline 1
or putrid, stagnant water; containing bacteria, consumption of musty fodder, etc. Bite «rie
Symptoms.—In severe cases there are colicky pains in a violent form; animal frequently s
from one foot to another; stamps, kicks at its belly, looks anxiously at its flank at frequent inter
moans plaintively, lies down and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, whisks its tail, keeps the |
habitually arched and rigid, etc. Bowels may be costive, feces glistening with a coat of mucus
may be loose and irritable, paunch and even bowels may be distended with gas (bloating). In some ani
mals, male and female, the rigid arched condition of the back will he way to such undulating bites
as are sometimes seen in the act of coition. ; et
-Treatment.—Remove acrid or diuretic plants from the feed; purge and clean out stomach
bowels by a moderate dose of castor or olive oil; treat sprains of back and loins with soothing foment
or poultices, or by fresh sheepskin with the fleshy ae applied; keep paves in narrow ae in |
Specific or by 15 drops of nce of aconite, given every tout hours. If pain is acute, , ree by
1 ounce of laudanum or 2 drams of solid extract of belladonna. When the severity of the
has passed, use tonics (quinia, 2 drams, or sae powder, 2 drams, ee ee too, ma
ful, repeated twice a day). This will relieve aropey sha give tone to ie kidneys ee ee sy!
Pure water is essential but should not be given when chilled ; warm drinks are Dee In the
correcting the digestive and eeorauetine functions and stimulating he appetite and circulation, ity
save many a valuable animal if given regularly. The above medication may be dispensed with if Davis
Stock Food is at hand, for it in itself will usually effect a cure. ‘ '
Of the larger parasites attacking the kidneys may especially tS
Parasites of the cystic form of the echinococcus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form fo)
the Kidneys. unarmed or beef tapeworm of man, the dividing bladder worm. _ These
rise to general symptoms of kidney disease. _
y
Inability to pass urine may come from three conditions: (1) spasm of teen nec.
Retention of the bladder; (2) paralysis of the body of the bladder; (3) obstruction of the
of Urine. channel of outlet by a stone (calculus). © ®
enforced retention of urine while at i or during painful or difficult parturition extensive -applicat
of Spanish flies to the skin; indigestion; spasms of the bowels, etc.
Treatment should be made to conform to the cause. In indigestion, get rid of Me
contents of the bowels by laxatives, injections of warm water, etc. Wash Spanish fly blisters from
surface; relieve spasms by injecting 44 ounce of solid extract of belladonna in water into rectu
by solution of tobacco. Fomentations of warm water may be made over the loins and between thighs
failing, the liquid must be drawn off through a tube (catheter). This, however, can only be done by ang
veterinarian. After relief has been obtained the administration of belladonna, 2-dram doses daily —
for several days, is recommended. Let the diet be nutritious and wholesome, and keep the circulation _
and digestive organs in good order by the use of Davis Stock Food; then you will rarely find ame of wen <
cattle suffering in this way. pees ae.
F THE URINARY ORGANS. _ : | oer
ne or gravel in the urine ae kidneys, consists of hard bodies, mainly made —
“up of the ‘solid: earthy constituents of the urine which have crystalized and’
remained in the urinary passage or kidneys. Calculus” in‘ cattle is essentially —
a disease of winter, and of such cattle as are denied succulent feed, confined to
pees: as their exclusive ration. _ In this connection it should be motee that a Brest drain of water
t in see Le without producing oe disorder. In ee farreneds on dry feed in winter, or on
ta Jimestone, ‘it is ee to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the ‘size.
ok Treatment, both in the case of ureteral eed: renal calculi, is not very Taierecetade as
rhe smallest calculi. can L pass through the ureter and enter the bladder, and even if they should ieee
rcauaent eee should, ie be preventive, feeding properly and alae Koning
ee and circulation in good working order by the use of Davis Stock Food with the regular
1. If this is done the disease will rarely develop. If, however, the disease be present and treat- ;
emanded,-it should be primarily soothing and anti-spasmodic. Fomentations with warm water —
be loins pout be pereted in without intermission until relief has been secured. Large doses
acs spasm ad: ee the ead passage of the Piadas Whccitase animal to drink large qa
cold water, to favor the free secretion of very watery urine; this will both serve to obviate itritation
Ae Baye "Stodk Food to the ie (2 here to each ied in ease and 1 (ald peouial
cath) oe plenty of cold, fresh water, will do much to prevent and relieve milder forms of
DISEASES OF THE URIN ARY ORGAN S.
‘Too frequent sexual mberceurse in the male may be the cause; also injury fae
| congestion of the base of the brain; congestion or ares of the testicles :
or mucous membrane covering the penis. Symptoms are frequent or constant
oe the stone forward to the bladder. In certain cases it will tend to disintegrate it. A succulent Po.
Male, Bape: erections, attempts at sexual connection, and sometimes discharge of semen _ :
ania” in Female. without connection. Loss of -flesh, emaciation and physical weakness may
be the result. In the female the morbid desire is still more noticeable and
1S. ‘Bigtay nitrogenous feed, stimulating the blood in cows, especially when they have no free
cise in the fields, and are subject to constant association with a vigorous young bull, may excite
TS of the womb, rigid closure of the neck of the womb, SO. that conception cannot occur, and the
so are factors. The treatment in each case Should vary with the cause. ‘ec
nitrogenous feeds, allow the stock to exercise in the open fields, have diseased
rs of the womb may also often be detached and extracted, although a veterinarian
until it becomes a disease. ‘Disease of the ovaries, however, is preeminently the cause. Tumors and
‘Diminution or Loss diseases, emaciation, weakness, prolonged semistarvation in winter, |
of Davis Stock Food with the regular ration, vigorous in health. In bull and cow'which are beco
Should a soft point appear, indicating the formation of matter, it may be opened with a sharp |
x
a
354 P DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
of course, will be required for these operations, Let the ration be plas and vy
and keep the digestion and assimilation riormal and healthy by the regular use a ‘Davi
with the feeds.
will occur in either sex from ioe condition ah ill Hari Ch
of Venereal Desire cause it. Degeneration of the secretive organs (testicles, Ovaries) OL
amd female respectively, are predominant factors. The old, fat, lazy
becomes sluggish and unreliable in serving, not due to his weight and clumsiness alone, but lar;
fatty degeneration of the testicles and. their excretory ducts. Similarly the overfed, inactive cow,
above all the show cow, fails to come in heat at the usual intervals, shows little disposition to tak the
bull, and fails to conceive when served. Her trouble is the same in kind, namely, fatty degen
of the ovaries. The true preventive of such conditions is to be found in sound hygiene. Let the
animal be of adult age, neither over nor underfed, digestion’ and circulation healthy and normal by t
unduly fat and showing indications of sexual indifference the treatment must be active. — il
out on short pasture where it must work hard for a living will often suffice, If the bull -cangot
turned out, he may sometimes be used in the yoke or tread power, or kept part of his time in a fie :
paddock chained by a ring in his nose to a strong wire extending from side to side of the lot, atta
securely to two trees or posts. The wire should be higher than the back of the bull, which wil
from end to end at frequent intervals. In case of rigid closure of the mouth of the womb in the fe
dilatation, performed by a skilled veterinarian, is the only remedy ace - ¢
A number of other causes will produce sterility in cattle. Among these are:
at too early an age, causing small, stunted growth; the immature bull put to too many cows
fed, aaa females occasionally seem to escape conception by Bae very intensity of the |
contribute to barrenness. Hermaphrodites, so called, ee organs are not pe
or female, of course are barren. Bulls with both testicles retained within the abdomen may go th
the form of serving a cow, but the service is unfruitful. A bull or cow that has been too closely ‘inl
in the same line for generations, may be unable to generate together, but RE prolific when
animals of other strains of Dore r
eacestion and
Inflammation
of the Testicles,
on some ae feed, adding Davis Stock oad to the canieas Pain ane Bs e
allayed by a smearing with a solution of opium or extract of belladonna.
and the wound treated daily with a solution of 1 teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a pint of water.
severe cases the gland is ruined for procreative purposes and must be cut out.
may occur in bulls from infection during copulation, and from mee ae
Inflammation Is most common in the ox in connection with comparative inactivity of the p
_of the Sheath The treatment will depend on the stage of the disease. If recent and in no ins
danger of rupture of the bladder, the sheath should be cut open in the
line below, and the sac emptied out with the finger or a spoon, after which it should be thoroughly wasl
with tepid water. Then a catheter or small rubber tube should be inserted. This, however, requi
service of a veterinarian who will give further directions. If the blad e- is ruptured the case is ho
or Gonorrhea, may infect the bull like other males. If recognized
Inflammation the discharge sets in, a dose of 114 pounds of Epsom salts, and local warm fo!
* of the Urethra, tations would be appropriate. After the onset of the whitish discharge a
injection into the penis of a solution of 20 grains of permanganate of pot:
in 1 pint of water will be beneficial.
_DISEASES OF OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 355
ROL fife Gull may result from gravel or sebaceous masses in the sheath, or from
having served a cow with leucorrhea. ‘Treat by frequent injections into the
sheath of a lotion made with 1 dram sugar of lead, 60 drops carbolic acid and
“1 quart water.
ot is a tumor growing from the mucous nen beae and often connected to it by
pus of the a narrow neck. Growing in the vagina it may project as a reddish, rounded
ina or Wes tumor from the vulva, especially during the act. of passing water. It
~ can be distinguished from descent of the womb’ by the absence of the orifice
that cavity, Stich may be felt by the oiled hand beyond the tumor in the depth of the vagina. In
womb a polypus is less easily recognized. At the time of calving it may be felt through the open
uth of the womb, and recognized by the experienced touch (it must be carefully distinguished from
mushroom formed cotyledons, to which in ruminants the fetal membranes are attached). Often
he polypus can only be detected by examining the womb with the oiled hand introduced through the
¢um. Polypi may cause a mucopurulent discharge, or they may only be suspected when they prove
n obstacle to parturition. The best way to remove them is to put the chain of an ecraseur around the
or pedicel of the tumor and tear it through; or the narrow neck may be torn through by the emas-
for; Or, in an emergency, it may be twisted through by rotating the tumor on its own axis. The
aoval of the tumor will allow calving to proceed, after which the sore may be treated by a daily
tion of 4 dram sulphate of zinc, 1 dram of Phenalin, and 1 quart of milk warm water.
If cow remains for three or four weeks after service without showing signs
gns of Pregnancy. of heat (bulling) she is probably pregnant. A few exceptions may exist, but
a that is the rule. The bull, no matter how ardent his sexual instinct, cannot
e made to pay any attention to a cow not in heat. When she has conceived, the cow usually becomes
10re quiet and docile, lays on flesh and fat more rapidly, especially during the first four months of ges-
ation. The enlargement of the abdomen, and its dropping so that it bulges below and to each side,
ile it falls in at the flank between the outer angle of the hip bone and last rib, are significant features
ich usually mark pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy the udder develops slowly; toward the
nd more rapidly. After the fifth month the movements of the calf may often be observed in the right
ank when the cow is drinking cold water. Another method of examination is through the flank, by
ouch. The palm of the hand is pressed strongly inward about 8 inches in front of the stifle and a
le below several times in succession, and is then brought to rest with the pressure maintained. Pres-
ently there are felt distinct characteristic movements of the fetus, which has been disturbed and roused —
0 action. Of all the modes of examination by touch, that done through the rectum gives the earliest
isfactory indications. The hand and arm well oiled are inserted, and the excrement having been
emoved, if necessary, the palm of the hand is turned downward and the floor of the pelvis carefully exam-
d. There Will be felt in the median line the pear shaped outline of the bladder, more or less full,
nded or tense, according to the quantity of urine it contains. Between this and the hand will be felt
soft, somewhat rounded tubular body—the womb, inside which the head, limbs and body of the fetus
ay be distinctly made out. Still another sign is the beating of the fetal heart, which may be heard
the latter half of pregnancy when the ear is pressed on the flank in front of the right stifle, or from
dat downward ag we udder. The average duration of pregnancy in the cow is 285 days.
*
‘The pregnant cow should have exercise, and as regards both her exercise and
Bysiene of the feed, nothing is better than a run on-a enon pasture. Keep her quiet, do not
peeneae Cow. - scare her, nor permit anybody else to do so; do not let her ride nor be ridden by
es - other cows; driven rapidly through narrow gateways, caused to jump ditches
neces, ete. ‘Det fle diet be send not a kind to fatten, but with a liberal supply of nitrogenous con-
- Aliments rich in lime and phosphates, like wheat, ‘bran, middlings, etc., can be used to
fitace: especially when 1 tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food is added to each feed. In the period
regnaticy it is especially important to keep the digestion and circulation unimpaired, and no better
in the world exists to further this end than Davis Stock Food. In the case of plethoric and heavy
x cows of mature age, the hitherto liberal diet must be changed at the last week for the scantiest
fare, and the bowels must be kept open by. laxatives, if need be, if the owner would avoid milk
?
;
s
:
r
,
oe
after calving. In the latter months of pregnancy the hind legs may swell beneath the hocks
356 DISEASES OF THE ea eS \
OO OO Raye Cee : z
fever. Keep the cow as much as possible confined to the breed or Herd 4 he sal she
not allow her to mingle freely with strange cattle. Remember that you must avoid : str
and diuretics, unless in the very last days of gestation in very plethoric cows. When Day
is used regularly throughout the period of gestation such remedies even then need rarely
is common during pregnancy, and may sometimes be remedied by
Protrusion of hind part of the stall higher than the front part. Or a truss may
the Vagina as for eversion of the womb, and worn until the period of. calving ap
Hernia (breach) of the uterus also often occurs in advanced pregne
womb in some cases escaping through a great laceration of the abdominal muscles to on Si
udder, the hernial mass extending down to one side of that organ. However unsightly, thi
allows the cow to complete its pregnancy naturally, and a broad, supporting bandage placed
the abdomen is all that can be recommended. After calving, you had better fatten the a
Cramps of the hind legs may be caused, the compression by the womb and fetus of
passing through the pelvis being the cause. It disappears under friction and motion and i is
swelling, which pits on pressure with the finger, appears from the vulva down between the this
udder and infront. It is mainly due to the ieee ts of the enlgied womb on 28s blood ee i
dangerous, and disappears after calving. ate
The prégnant womb is liable to become ovyerdistended by ‘an excess
Dropsy of the the inner water bag in which the fetus floats. It draws on the cow's
Membranes of the taxes her strength and deranges her digestion, so that the result ma
Fetus—Dropsy to both mother and offspring. On the other hand, even the worst
of the Womb. right themselves without help. The best remedy is to draw a pt
fluid through a hollow needle passed through the neck of the wo
its tense wall adjacent. Repeat this several times if necessary.
3 may occur in ill fed, unthrifty and weak cows during the ae
Paralysis of nancy. Something may be done for these cases by a warm, dry.
the Hind Parts dant diet fed warm, with Davis Stock Food added to each feed
fuls), frictions with straw wisps or with Davis Veterinary Liniment
at hand use equal parts of oil of turpentine and sweet oil on the loins, croup and limbs). Th
increasingly hopeful after calving, though some days may still pass before the animal c n
herself upon her limbs. eo
~ Such cases are rare and usually divided into three types: (1) t
Extra-Uterine the fetus is formed in or on ovary (ovarian gestation); (2) that in w
Gestation, Fetus lodged in the fallopian tube or canal between the ovary and womb
Developing Out- tation); and (3) that in which it is lodged in the abdominal cavity and atta
side the Womb. to one or more of its contents from which it draws its nourishment (abdon
gestation). The symptoms are those, of pregnancy, which may be sudd
complicated by inflammation (peritonitis), owing to rupture of the sac containing the fetus; :
term signs of calving appear, but no progress is made, and examination with the oiled hand in
or rectum finds the womb empty and the mouth closed. Further examination will disclose
sac attached in some part of the abdominal cavity. Little can be done in such cases one
pain and excitement by anodynes (opium, chloral, etc.) and leave the rest to nature.
. Even when fully developed within the womb, the fetus may fail to be di ive!
Prolonged Reten- at the proper time; labor pains having quickly subsided, and the cow 1
tion of the Fetus. her usual health. In such cases the calf dies and its soft parts are gr
liquified and absorbed, while the bones remain for years in the womb
in the remains of the fetal membranes, Or they may be expelled at a. time., lf fom
prevent conception, : ag
If the true condition is recognized at the time of labor pains, | or pasther the sit e
the mouth of the womb may be dilated by the fingers, by the insertion of Bepoee tents,
_
art of ees
Abortion Rope means too early birth, or expulsion before the ofispring is
able to live out ‘of the womb. If expelled after it is capable of independent
existence it is premature parturition. In the cow this may be after seven and ©
one-half months of pregnancy. Dairymen use the term abortion for the cecans
ame manner. Bigot’ 4 im cows is either contagious or non- contagious.
oe - Abortion most often occurs at those- three weeks’ intervals at which ithe cow |
n- Co kicions- would have been in heat if non- pregnant. Poor condition, weakness, too watery
eo a state of the blood are often predisposing causes, ‘and this again may be caused
. by poor or insufficient feed, excessive drain upon the udder while bearing the a $
use. ot deficient, unsuitable feeds, chronic wasting diseases, round. or tapeworms in the Gat,
i flat worms in the liver, other worms in the liver~ and lungs, dark, damp, ill ventilated —
: The nourishment may be so poor that the fetus dies in the womb and is expelled
Davis Stock Food should always be added to a wholesome, nutritious ration during —
riod of gestation in order to guard against this. _ Other causes of abortion are excessive loss of eae :
diseases of the abdominal organs, fatty degeneration of the heart, especially in old cows; indi- fs
ee a kinds, eee stagnant water; the smut of maize, wheat, barley and oats; rust; the riding _
se in stables ones slope too much behind; deep gutters behind the Stall ae
poisons; Pa Bee may also result ee the death ne the ferns: the Sieopine of a young ae ie
a oo in se eee aoe so as to tie a knot which will tighten later and interrupt te flow o
atural ae Goliowed by abortion.
Although the symptoms may appear the same, this is really ae only channel - ee
Contagious : through which abortion can be carried from herd to herd. It has even been ge ie a
Aborti on. found that the virus of aborting cows may cause abortions in the sow, ewe, goat,
ce ‘rabbit, and guinea pig, and that it has been intensified by passing through either iy
te two: last. named animals; it will affect also the mare, bitch, cat. Too much care to isolate animals
ected in this way cannot therefore be exercised. The precise germ or germs ee abortion have
yet been demonstrated beyond ‘question. ere
: Symptoms of Abortion.—In the first two or three months of pregnancy no symptoms may be
and — the Se product is seen the fact of abortion BIE Scans notice. Some ee
Ei ge
nay be found in the gutter or elsewhere as a mere Sees of blood. In Bavaneed preg- ~
rtion is oe ee Bes of parturition, so that ee 5 1s Sue ee The
ie will ; insure against loss by abortion. heen infested askin ee
ay
:
oe
te
ge
ae Ne Ge ee
358 GENERAL MAXIMS FOR THE ASSISTANT IN DIFFICULT PA ITION.
¢ ay
streams, shallow wells, etc., in order to guard against worms. Take the utmost care, sanitary
in carrying your cow through the gestation period. Disinfect the stable and stall wit
Phenalin and water. . 3 ae ; 4
Treatment of Contagious Abortion.—If treated promptly abortion may be prevented even the
the first symptoms have appeared. Place cow in a quiet stall alone, and administer agents to chec
labor pains. Laudanum in doses of 1 ounce for a small cow and 2*ounces for a large one should be promp
administered, and repeated in three or four hours should ¢he labor pains recur. Keep up
days or weeks if necessary. Free use of germicides and disinfectants are especially valuable it
treatment of contagious abortion. Keep the stable scrupulously clean throughout. Scrape or
back part of stall and gutter and water it with a solution of Phenalin; if this is not at hand, with
tion of 5 ounces sulphate of copper (bluestone) in 1 gallon pure water. Repeat cleansing once a
at least. If possible, treat the whole stable in the same way, as it is impossible to say how man
may have become infected and harbor the germ. Dissolve 1 dram corrosive sublimate, 1_
er aS
be sponged with this liquid, and you had better apply it to the whole herd. When a case of abo 01
occurred the fetal membranes must be removed by the hand without delay, and, together witl
Once more, remember that the main things are scrupulous cleanliness, hygiene, sanitation, sin ec on
combined with proper feed in the successful prevention and treatment of this troublesome malady
.
P
General Maxims for the Assistant in Difficult Parturit
passages and render the extraction easier, ay
_ DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION.
2 ms - or Bleeding of the Womb, occurs at times in the cow, though not nearly so
_ Flooding, often as in the human female. The treatment should consist in the removal
of the fetal membranes and clots from the womb (which will not contract while
aey are present), the dashing of cold water on the loins, right flank, and vulva, and if these measures
fail, the injection of cold water into the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a funnel. In obsti-
nate cases a good sized sponge soaked in tincture of muriate of iron should be introduced into the
womb and firmly squeezed, so as to bring the iron in contact with the bleeding surface. When nothing
se is at hand an injection of oil of turpentine will sometimes promptly check the bleeding.
or Casting the Withers, is, like flooding, the result of failure of the SOS to con-
_. Eversion of tract after calving. Thus the whole organ may be turned inside out, icine
the Womb, back through the vagina and hanging from the vulva. Treatment will vary
Bee 2 somewhat, according to the degree of the eversion. In partial eversion,
och protruding only slightly, cow standing, let an assistant pinch the back to prevent straining,
while operator pushes his closed fist into the center of the mass and carries it back through the vagina,
assisting in returning the surrounding parts by his other hand. In more complete eversion, cow still
Standing, let assistant check straining by pinching back, let two men hold a sheet so as to sustain the
_ everted womb and raise it to the level of the vagina. Sponge clean with cold water, then with laudanum
or weak solution of Phenalin. Plant closed fist in rounded end of the largest horn, push on it so as to
turn it back within itself, carry it on through vagina, meanwhile using the other hand to assist in the
inversion, etc. If womb has been long everted, is gorged with blood, inflamed and friable, cow unable
to rise, better call in a veterinarian and follow his directions. It may be necessary for him to amputate
the womb. ~
Retention of the returned womb is the next point. This is best accomplished by a rope truss.
Take two ropes, each about 18 feet long, 1 inch thick. Double each rope at middle, lay one above the
_ other-at the bend so as to form an ovoid about 8 inches in its long diameter. Twist each end of the
"one rope twice around the other so that the ovoid will remain when they are drawn tight. Tie a strap.
or rope around the back part of the neck and a surcingle around the body. Place rope truss on the
animal so that the ovoid ring shall surround the vulva, the two ascending ropes on the right and left
_ of the tail and the two descending ones down inside the thighs on the right and left of the udder. Carry
_ these descending ropes forward on the middle of the back, twisting over each other, and tie to surcingle
- andcollar. Upper and lower ropes are drawn tightly so that the rope in the ring is made to press firmly -
all around the vulva without risk of displacement. This should be worn for several as until the womb
’ has closed and all risk of further eversion is at an end.
tiene Treatment of this well known and troublesome disease in cows must vary accord-
Retained ing to the conditions. When cow is in low condition, hot drinks and hot mashes
Afterbirth. of wheat bran or other aliment, to which is added Davis Stock Food in propor-
om: tion of 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed, may be sufficient. If bowels also are some-
what confined, 1 pound of ground ginger, or 1% ounce of black pepper, given with 1 quart of sweet oil,
114 pounds of Glauber salts, the latter in at least 4 quarts of warm water, will often prove effectual.
Also give a bottle or two of flaxseed tea at frequent intervals. Ergot of rye, 1 ounce, or extract of same,
‘dram, may be used to induce contraction of the womb. Mechanical extraction of the afterbirth mem-
‘anes is, however, often necessary, and we shall here give what we consider to be the two best of several
methods in use among practitioners: (1) Hang a weight of 1 or 2 pounds to the hanging portion, and
allow this, by its constant dragging and by its jerking effect when the cow moves to pull the membranes
om their attachments, and to stimulate: the womb to expulsive contractions, This method has the
: 309 —
Lala: Vail ite iat
become everted and to protrude in this condition from the vulva. (2) The skilled hand
certainly the most prompt and successful, is as follows: First let the operator strip and dress
rition cases. ~-Remember, the operation should be undertaken within twenty-four hours aft
later it will be difficult. Smear your arms with carbolized lard or vaseline to protect th ag
infection, particularly if it is a delayed case with putrid, offensive membranes.» Let an assi ;
tail to one side, while you seize the hanging afterbirth with the left hand, introducing th
the right side of the vagina and womb, letting the membranes slide through your palm w
the first cotyledon to which they remain adherent. If no such connection is within rea
tion is made on the:membranes with the left hand until the deeper parts of the womb are b
reach, and the attachments to the cotyledons can be reached. Then the soft projectior
brane, which is attached to the firm, fungus shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the wot
by the little finger, and the other fingers and thumb are closed on it so as to tear it from its.
To explain this it is only necessary to say that the projection from the membrane is covere
conical processes, which are received into cavities of a corresponding size on the summit
mushroom shaped cotyledon growing from the inner surface of the womb. To draw upon
therefore, is to extract its soft villous processes from within the follicles or cavities of the |
at times difficult to start this extraction, and it may be necessary to get the finger nail inserted
the two, and once started the finger may be pushed on, lifting all the villi in turn out of their cavi
This process of separating the cotyledons must be carefully conducted, one after another, t 5
has been detached and the afterbirth comes freely out of the passages. In the great ma
this method, if the job be performed by a careful man, knowing something about ‘the |
cow, will prove successful. Always have an antiseptic wash of Phenalin or carbolic acid
you when performing this operation. You should be able to remove the whole mass toge
operation. Take care in the operation not to cause eversion of the womb. If carefully
so as not to tear the cotyledons of the womb, this operation, as stated, is eminently success
suffers little, and the straining aroused by the manipulation soon subsides. Keeping in a
place, or driving a short distance at a walking pace will serve to quiet these. When the mem
been withdrawn the hand, half closed, may be used to draw out of the womb the offensive
has collected. If the case is a neglected one and the discharge is very offensive sis womb
injected as for leucorrhea, m
or Vaginitis, may occur independently of inflammation of the oat
Inflammation the result of bruises, lacerations, or other injuries sustained dur
of the Vagina, It is shown by a swelling of the lips of the vulva, which, together {
lining membrane, become a dark red or leaden color, the mucus disc
increasing, becoming whitish or purulent, and it may be fetid. In all severe cases of this nature |
alin or other antiseptic solutions must be assiduously used. Use carbolic acid, 14 ounce to 1 q
water, or chlorine water, or peroxide of hydrogen solution may be injected at least three tim :
Hyposulphate of soda, 1 ounce to 1 quart of water, is an excellent application, and the ses a
may be given by the mouth. ey
mucopurulent discharge from the passages, is due to a continued or
Leucorrhea, inflammation of the womb, the vagina or both. It-is so well known t
mention of its cause need be madehere. Treatment with the injections adv
for vaginitis is successful in mild or recent cases. In obstinate ones stronger solutions of. Phenalin o or
carbolic acid must be resorted to, after the womb has been washed out by a stream of tepid water il
it becomes clear. A rubber tube is inserted into the womb, a funnel ae in its raised es an
2 Pel TREATMENT.
¢ may appear two or three days “after calving. The cow shivers; hair stands.
Inflammation erect along the spine; horns, ears and limbs are cold; the pulse is small and
hard, also rapid, registering 70 to 100 degrees; appetite is lost ; rumination ceases;
pressure on the right flank gives manifest pain, causing moaning and grunting.
on ariel: the rectum detects enlargement and tenderness of the womb. When the neck
womb is touched the cow winces with pain. The discharge from the vulva is at first ea
ae cate slight cases of simple inieirdatetion use the vaginitis Eroatmnenik. ae take care
jouions Eo into the womb. After having washed out the womb with al per cent solution.
6 meet it. aoe giving Puig! S Corre oe and direct applications of cold or iced water sae ce
the surface. : oo =. be covered with wet sheets and cold water poured on these at ies sous
*
oe
ry. eee shill in winter it should be rubbed dry ad blanketed: Carefully eared against
ction aes hands and a arms in treating a cow for this disease. Smear arm and hand with lard or solution es,
‘MILK FEVER: Its Simple and Successful Treatment.
Milk fever i is a very common and until recently a frequently fatal disease, sees
eee cows in all the large dairy districts of this and other countries. As it usually
oie ie attacks the best milking members of the herd, and at a time when the milk
flow is the heaviest, the malady is one which has caused very severe losses -
It is therefore of the greatest economic ee that eveny milk ee
ie an is ioe ere the services of a competent veterinarian cannot aa secur af, This sete
eee the Soe does not make the assistance of the veterinarian undesirable, in case it is”
es ~ “The common name for this malady—milk fever—is an erroneous s and meee
one, as in Teality fever is usually absent; instead, there is generally an actual
Se reduction ‘in body temperature. A far better and more distinctive term,
and one that describes the actual condition much more precisely, is parturient
so several other names in various parts of the country, such as. calving -
parturient apOples Ye parturient collapse, puerperal fever, vitulary fever, and
1.2
: ;
es
ee ret a Pee ew a a
P r ye ee
active after the fourth, fifth and sixth parturition, and this is the time of life when the vas
of segs obey basing his theory upon the striking resemblance of the a of milk fever to thos
362 MILK FEVER: ITS SIMPLE AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.
Description occurs during the most active period of life (fourth to sixth calf),
of Disease. terized by its sudden onset, and the complete paralysis of the ies
ting in a short time in recovery or death. One attack predisposes the Suen to a recurrence
trouble. While this disease may occur at_any time during the whole year, it is seen principally dt : i
the warm summer season. The affection is almost entirely confined to the cow, peck a few cg ig
have been reported in the sow and goat. Sheep are entirely free from the disease.
There are few diseases among our domesticated animals repentant th
Predisposition cause of which more widely different theories have been advanced than
and Cause. milk fever. The causes may properly be divided into two ki:
posing and direct. Experience shows one of the most prominent pt 10S
causes to be the great activity of the milk secreting structure, namely, the udder. This organ is - 105
of cases occur. The disease is almost unknown in heifers with the first calf and decreases in freqt
steadily after the most active milking period is past. It is rarely, if ever, met with in pure beef b:
such as the Shorthorn, Angus and Hereford, while its main inroads are made in the heavy milking
such as the Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey. Another factor that is probably of equal imp
the activity of the udder in producing the disease is the existence of a plethoric condition of tt
the result of excessive feeding and lack of exercise before calving. In heavy milking cows all the
eaten in excess of that required to make up for the normal waste of the system is turned into milk an
used for the laying on of flesh or fat. Fleshiness is therefore an unnatural condition in these an
and the period during which they are dry is usually very short; indeed, many of these cows con
to secrete milk right up to the time of calving. In those cases where the animals go ae the ee
begin active secretion very promptly, plethora becomes extreme. The blood se ndaen
tions is very rich and dense, containing a large percentage of albumen and glycogen, an
shrinkage in size of the blood cells. This condition is iri seen when the blood of milk fever
is examined under the microscope. ae
-Fatness of the animal has been ascribed an. EOS place among ie causes of milk fever.
however, in itself, is probably not a predisposing cause. The beet breeds ee and Shorth aie ere
and yet milk fever is a rarity in the former. ~At the same time it must be understood ie a fat -
is more predisposed than one poor in flesh. -In the fat Jersey the system is already loaded with |
of nutriment and, at the time of calving, extreme plethora is more readily produced than in the th
animal where the excess of nutritive elements could be more readily used and stored in the deplet
muscular and glandular structures of the body. Fatness is therefore pe of mite” 7
and because of the higher state of plethora of the fat animal. ae
Regarding the direct cause of milk fever numerous theories have been advance by |
investigators, but only to be abandoned as further discoveries in pathology were made. Thus Sch
septic wale of the womb, failed to decrease the great Sats st of the diseate and ae hese
finally entirely superseded in 1897 by that of J, Schmidt, of Kolding, Denmark. This able investigator
first directed attention toward the udder by claiming (as Schmidt, of Muhlheim, had done) that the ‘dis-
ease was an auto-intoxication, but produced by the absorption from the udder of leucomaines, resulting
from the decomposition of the first milk (colostrum). Following up this idea Schmidt considered that
FI VER: ITS SIMPLE AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. 363
tment should ise daeeted toward retarding the secretion of the udder and at the same time neu-
ing the leucomaines, or toxins, already present, by the use of: some antitoxic agent. He there-
ed the injection into the udder of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, which method
d by an immediate decrease of the mortality to a very marked degree. The great success
n was at last thought to be solved. Within the last few years the injection of etherized air,
, and sterile atmospheric air have been used with wonderful success, reducing the death rate
lower than the potassium iodide had done. It therefore seems that a thorough distention of
dder is far more important than the antitoxic action of potassium iodide.
‘In, explanation of the efficiency of this treatment some writers have claimed that after pels
its circulation, which tends to equalize the distribution of the blood in other parts of the body, thus
ets the anemia of the brain and the consequent symptoms of milk, fever. it has also been ee
ies Rae are oe to the fact that milk fever is produced by an anaerobic organism (a germ unable to ives in.
' the presence of air) which invades the udder. If this should prove true it is probable that this organism —
and produces a ‘highly potent toxin, which, when absorbed into the system, has a specific action on the |
of this affection still requires investigation. -
_. Symptoms.—This disease in its typical and most common form is comparatively easy to Gago
and one which almost every dairyman knows immediately before the arrival of the veterinarian. It
z usually comes on within two days after the birth of the calf and is practically never seen after the second
week. In isolated instances it has been observed a few days before calving. At the commencement
of the attack there is usually excitement; the cow is restless, treads with the feet high, switches the
_ tail, stares anxiously around the stall or walks about uneasily. She may bellow occasionally, show slight.
' colicky symptoms, and make ineffectual attempts at relieving the bowels. These symptoms are rarely
recognized Ly the owner, but they are followed within a few hours by beginning paralysis, indicated
y a staggering gait, especially in the hind legs, and by weakening of the knees and fetlocks in front.
he patient now becomes quieter, the gait more staggering and weak, and finally the animal goes down
fectly quiet with the eyes partly closed amd staring and showing a complete absence of winking when
patient assumes a very characteristic position which is of great aid in diagnosis. The head
turned around ‘to the side (usually the left) and rests on the chest, causing a peculiar arching of
the neck. If the head is drawn out straight, it immediately flops around to the side again when the
force is removed. The body usually rests slightly to one side, with the hind legs extended forward,
and the fore legs doubled up in their normal position. This is paralysis of the muscles of the throat,
complete and the movement of the intestines is so suppressed that purgatives are frequently powerless _
suspended entirely. Sugar is voided in the urine, depending in quantity on the severity of the attack. -
e pulse is weak and at times hardly susceptible to the finger, averaging from 50 to 70 beats per minute.
Later in the disease, however, and especially in those cases with unfavorable terminations, it may reach
00. as muna - There i is seldom noticed a rise in es Sometimes at the commencement of -
The ohiaieeunars rapidly rises again as improvement -
. Pee leeende occurs > peapidh aad on th e day following the onset of the disease, and in
pon this line of treatment at once gave the theory general recognition, and this very difficult —
Fi ccaces of the brain). By thoroughly diktendiic the sudden the pressure teren causes a besten
ains localized in the udder, as the bacillus of lockjaw remains localized at the point of injury,
ve centers. These theories, however, have not been proved, and the determination of the cause
and is unable to rise. The paralysis by this time is general, the calf is unnoticed, and the cow lies per-.
he eyeball is touched. She is absolutely unheedful of her surroundings and flies may alight with impunity
m all parts of the body without causing. the slightest movement to dislodge them. While down the —
that swallowing is impossible, and in case drenching is attempted there is great danger of-the fluids -
going into the lungs and setting up traumatic pneumonia. Paralysis of the rectum and bladder is also
reestablish it. Fermentation in the paunch with consequent bloating is sometimes seen, particularly
hen the patient is allowed to be stretched out on her side. The secretion of milk is diminished and may
iY
of
Ft
ment purgatives may be given in the first stage of the disease when. the animal can swallow, wi
364 MILK FEVER: ITS SIMPLE. AND SUCCES = os
the onset of the ae
Appearances After Death.—The post mortem appearances in an animal shan te
to this disease are frequently entirely negative and not in the slightest degree charac!
further upholds the theory that milk fever is an intoxication and not a bacterial infection
ease the lesions would be more marked and distinguishable. The post mortem also fails t ee
the fermentation theory of Schmidt-Muhlheim, as the uterus is usually found contracted an
membrané intact. The third stomach is sometimes found impacted with dry, hard masses of fee
there may be some fermentation in the intestines. See in varying percentage is seilie found j
and even 70 per cent. ‘However, after the introduction and general application Be ssi
injections into the udder, the mortality was reduced in tele and Germany to 17 Pe
of 28 per cent. Since the use of sterile atmospheric air for the injection of the udder, the deat: 3
even much lower than with the potassium iodide treatment, and in Denmark out of 914 p
ot 96.7 per cent recovered. In general, the nearer the attack follows the act of calving the
it proves and the graver the danger. The severity also greatly increases with each subseq
Treatment.—In the administration of medicine by the mouth, and especially drenc
should be taken to prevent the fluids from getting into the larynx and from there into the
they will set up traumatic pneumonia, which is almost invariably fatal. In case the throat is not
the drench may prove of value and should be given slowly and immediately stopped at the
uneasiness or coughing on the part of the animal. While the pe lies on the side she m —
ent lung is greatly favored. Genecsucer it is of importance fies the cow Biould 6 kept pr
the breastbone by means of bags of chaff or straw placed against her side. In the way of me
precautions above mentioned. One pound of Epsom salts and 2 ounces of creolin dissolved in 1
water will prove beneficial. The creolin is added for its antiseptic action to prevent fermen’
the paunch with the consequent danger of the eructation of feeds and their subsequent passag
windpipe. Ammonium carbonate in 2-dram doses dissolved in 2 ounces of water will be fou
equally as well as the creolin in this respect. Ci salts is rather slow : in its action, and an
be found quicker and more efficacious. The eae should be emptied ea fasansiatie of Fs:
of warm water given to stimulate intestinal movements. HOWEvEN: the nenmnal movement af th
should oe drawn with a catheter or by eee on the pies with the hand i in the rectum, as sth
is paralyzed and unable to empty itself. ; . vate
The feeble pulse and subnormal temperature call for the adieu of stimulants. 7
under the skin of 1 dram of the following soluti6n every three hours are sgroostty the most ¢
a8
on. Eda as spins. a wes veratrin, tincture of dona slonesil etc. In case ‘he
table the head should be restrained in such a manner as to prevent injury, and, in case
comes excessive, qT a ounces of. chloral dissolved 1 in 1 quart of water may be injected into
This was the most rational theory So far advanced and the treatment ee to ue os
e eficial, being followed by astonishingly good results. After this treatment was generally resorted
roughout Europe and America, the death rate fell from 40 per cent to 17 per cent. The apparatus eh
red. for the Oe treatment ts exceedingly simple, and consists of a ise of ees fe about: Ce
( the me “The funnel and tubing should likewise be disinfected before the injection. “The:
tube is inserted ae the four teats im succession, each quarter of the udder, after it ie been
make sure nee all She milk are ponetaaed by the liquid. In case improvement does not occur
the injection may be repeated once or twice at intervals of eight hours, always observing the same ant
precautions, as it is possible to produce a gangrenous mammitis (caked bag) and ruin the udder
eless injections which introduce pathogenic bacteria. This danger, however, is oa obviated
the use of ey, oer RUGS as as described above. See Neat 1
Brie hast Pe re ae Of all known methods of treating milk fever, the injection of erence pecs
The New We _ -pheric air into the udder with the Davis Milk Fever Outfit is by far the most
Treatment. ae simple and practicable as well as the most efficacious and harmless one at ~
foot See _ our disposal, and only occasionally requires that medicinal treatment be given. Se i
For a considerable length of time the entire value of Schmidt’s treatment was considered to be the
oxic action of potassium iodide, and soon numerous investigators began injecting various other
tics, such as carbolic acid, creolin, etc., with equally good results. Sterile water and sterile salt
1s EERE tried with no increase in the ee and it was therefore considered that yee disten-
eae To ae Ser or Fee derbors, oe the credit of first having made use of plain atmospheric -
although.
chmidt had previously recommended the admittance of air with the potassium iodide =
a purpose of obtaining greater diffusion of the liquid. Anderson first injected air along — ae
le water and then by itself. The results were astonishingly successful. Thus Schmidt reports — a ae
that out of 914 eases treated i in Denmark, 884, or 96.7 per cent, were restored to health. The record of 140-
of these animals shows that recovery occurred in the average time of 624 hours. Of this number twenty-
quired a second injection, while in three of the latter number it was necessary to giveathird
e they were able to get upon their feet. The treatment is also practically harmless, —
the above mentioned 914 patients show that only one cow was affected with a
ag after this treatment, while in four other cows a milder inflammation of the
Equally good results have likewise been obtained in this SOE
366 MILK FEVER: ITS SIMPLE AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. e
$$$ ee ED SUCCE
The method of injecting filtered air into the udder is easy of manipulation, requires but li
time, and is readily accomplished: by means of the Davis Milk Fever Apparatus, such as is shown in the
illustration. It consists of a metal cylinder with mille
in order to place sterile absorbent cotton within the c
d screw caps on either end. Cap may be removed
hamber. To this cap the rubber bellows are con- fi
nected by 9 inches of rubber tubing.
Cap is to be removed together With |
the attached 18 inches of rubber hose,
at the free end of which is the se
retaining milking tube for the purpose
of disinfection before treating each ©
case. The pulling on or off of the
tubing on the nozzles of the milled —
caps is thus rendered necessary.
Within the metal cylinder is a wire |
net, which prevents the obstruction of
Danis Me Poved outan! the outlet of the chamber by holding a
back the sterile cotton, and alsc
his portion of the apparatus, includin.
€ operator should be thoroughly cleansed _
and the udder should receive the same careful antiseptic treatment as has been recommended in discussing a
the injection of the potassium iodide. Soap and water should be applied to the teats and udder, after —
which they should be carefully disinfected with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid (3 teaspoonfuls of -
the udder to. pre-
g tube, before it is placed
fifteen minutes, with the lower hose and ‘Capss
pped in a clean towel, without touching the |
with the injected air. After one-quarter of the udder is well distended the milking tube is re
care being taken to prevent the outflow of air by h a
teat at the time the milking tube is withdrawn, an
teats until the udder is satisfactorily distended. ‘
is noted within five hours, a repetition of this tre
cautions as at first. The tape should be removed from th:
4
during this period. : ras
Inflammation of the udder (caked bag) is avoided if the milking tube is thoroughly disinfected a q
before each application, and if the cow’s teats and bag and the hands of the operator have been properly i 4
cleansed. If the apparatus is kept in its case free from dust and dirt, the absorbent or medicated cotton 7
in the metal cylinder will efficiently filter enough air to distend the udders of six cows. Afterthisnumber _
has been treated it is advisable to replace the old cotton with a fresh sterile supply, which should be 4: .
placed loosely in the cylinder, Me Ff Af yee
er > ta” > cia ee
‘MILK FEVER:
ITS SIMPLE AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. 367
‘ id “ is fiencesee eG Gable that the services sot such a veterinarian ‘hou always be obtained in Ee
districts where it is. possible. In many cases it will be found that the injection of air into the udder
will be sufficient to combat the disease without any other treatment, but it is always advisable to study
the symptoms of each individual case and administer in a rational manner the indicated medicines.
Prevention.— Until recently most stringent measures were resorted to by every careful dairyman
to prevent the development of the disease in. “his herd. However, sincé the treatment of the present
B: day has so greatly reduced, and even in some cases obliterated the mortality, prevention is no longer
such an important problem and therefore preventive measures which have a severe! and lasting effect
“upon the animals should be abandoned from an economic standpoint. It has long been advocated to
starve all suspected animals for two weeks prior to the: birth of the calf. It is frequently noted that
ae has an injurious effect on “the milk flow of the animal, from which it may require.several weeks for
her to recover and gain her normal output of milk. This measure is no longer considered advisable,
as it is better to have the cows attacked with the disease once in a while (the mortality being less than
5 per cent) than to decrease the flow from every heavy milking cow for one or two weeks after she comes
fresh by starving her before calving.
i A. method which is not quite so sure of Peddeiae the nieiiocc condition of the cow, bat which
a | nevertheless proves very efficient and is without the slightest permanent injurious effect, is the adminis-
' tration of 1 to 114 pounds of Epsom salts two or three days prior to calving. In case this has been
~ neglected and a well nourished, heavy milking cow has passed through an easy, non-exhausting calf
birth, the administration of the salts after the labor is over should by no means be neglected. Blood
‘letting has also been advocated, but there is always the danger of exciting the blood making organs
to excessive activity, thus largely neutralizing the effect. It should therefore be resorted to only when
the cow is extremely fat, is a heavy milker, and has had one or more previous attacks. The blood should
be drawn from the jugular vein until the pulse softens perceptibly, 1 7a ats for every 100 pounds of
the animal’ s body weight being about the right amount.
Another very good preventive measure and one easily carried out, ‘though frequently overlooked,
is to give the cow plenty of exercise up to the time of calving. Many animals are allowed to run contin-
_ uously on pastures from the time they go dry until a week or two before calving, when they are trans-.
ferred to the stable without any subsequent exercise. This is very conducive to the enriching of the blood
and the development of the disease.
E The most recent preventive treatment suggested is in line with the favorable ete obtained
by the injection of air into the udder. It consists in allowing the susceptible cow to retain in the udder
Be. for twenty-four hours after calving all the milk except the small quantity required by the calf, which
should be taken if possible from each quarter. The distention of the udder-naturally follows as in the
air treatment and acts as a preventive against milk fever. In the Island of Jersey and at the Biltmore
_ Farms, N. C., where this practice is common, the number of milk fever cases has been greatly lessened.
_ General sanitary conditions should also be looked after, such as the supply of pure air and clean stabling,
with plenty of clear, cool water and laxative feeds, such as grasses and roots. Some observers who
_ believe in the microbic origin of the disease have recommended the cleaning of the manure and dirt —
_ from the animal and spraying the hind quarters-and genitals with a 4 to 5 per cent solution of Phenalin,
_ carbolic acid, lysol, or .creolin just prior to calving. From our present knowledge of the disease,
ee this is probably unnecessary.
‘ consists of a more or less complete loss of control of the hind limbs occurring”
ley After ae after calving, and due either to low condition, weakness, and exposure to cold, _
ing—Dropping or to injurious compression of the nerves of the hind limbs by a large calf
ach aa passing through the.pelvis. Its symptoms do not differ from those of palsy
laine of the hind limbs, occurring at. other times, and it. may be treated in the same
.. ae 32
Palcareene matter of the milk has been precipitated in lic form of
eat Blocked by a smooth, rounded stone, or a fine, sand like debris, it may cause obstruction
ulus (Stone). and irritation, The milk usually. will contain gritty particles. Extraction
may be attempted by pape milking in the case of the finely divided gritty
Should this fail the teat may be laid
_ DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES.
eves fo may occur in two conditions: when the cord is cut off too close to the navel
"ee Bleeding From and left untied, and when it tears off at the navel. It may also bleed when torn
oe 2 e Navel across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam or another calf. Wheré-any cord is
; left it is always safe to tie it, and it is only when it is swollen and may possibly
Ne atii a loop of the bowel that there is danger in doing so. By pressing upward any bulky contents
such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too close to be tied, the bleeding may be checked by applying
alum, copperas, or for a fraction of a second the end of an iron rod at a dull red heat. If much blood
_ has been lost it may be requisite to transfuse several ounces of blood, or a weak common salt solution ~
i to the open umbilical vein. :
eae 5 Before birth the urine passes ee the fade: by a special tube through the
Urine Discharged navel and navel string into the outer water bag. This closes at birth, and in
gs the Navel. the calf the tube is drawn in toward the bladder. It is only in the bull calf
that it is likely to remain open, doubtless because of the long, narrow channel _
thi ough which fe urine must otherwise escape. The urethra, too, is sometimes abnormally narrow,
ven closed in the male. If part of the cord remains, tie it and allow the whole to wither up naturally.
he cord has been removed and the tube (urachus) protrudes, discharging the urine, that alone must
be tied. If there is nothing pendant the urachus must be seized, covered by the skin, and a curved
needle being passed through the skin and above the duct it may be tied along with this skin. A
lister of Spanish flies, or better, Davis Veterinary Blister, causing swelling of the skin, will —
close oe orifice,
‘sometimes occurs as the result of irritation from calving or by the withered cond
pscess of the Navel ‘ete. Inflammation may attack the loose connective tissue of the navel to the
: exclusion of the urachus and veins, and go on to the formation of- Se In
id aechae The openien. however, is usually caiall and may close prematurely, so that abscess after
bscess is formed. oe is oe from hernia from the fact that it cannot be Le into the
ae
<4
Pe
~
fy
Pyemic and Septi- swelling a pate or more soins) which are very neue and Saaieee
cemic Inflamma- and lame, lies down constantly and cares not to suck. 1 aaa :
tion of Joints in fever and accelerated breathing and pulse, and there is swelling |
Calves—Joint Ill— discharge (often fetid) from the navel. There may be added sym
disease of the liver, lungs, heart, or bowels. -The important point,
is to determine the condition of the navel in all such cases of diseased and_swollen joints b
the first month of life. Cases of this kind, if they do not speedily die, tend to become emaciated
perish later in a state of weakness and exhaustion. Treatment in the ene is antiseptic. Slighter
may be rubbed om the affected joints daily until they are blistered. In case of swellings c
matter this may be drawn off through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and the follows
injected: Compound tincture of iodine, 1 dram; distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces.
calf may take 5 grains quinia twice daily and 15 grains pape Sep of soda, or 20 grains soe ‘Sali
of soda three times a day.
>
Ds ag may exist at birth from imperfect closure of the muscles around the
Umbilical The symptoms are a soft swelling at the navel, with contents that
Hernia—Breach gurgle on handling, and can be returned entirely into the abdcrea
at the Navel— Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia, like an egg, in
and has the paunch fully developed as an internal pad. In other cases apply a leather {
square around the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners, and an elastic
from its front border to a collar encircling the neck, and two other elastic bands pare
and =a cool inject under the skin (not into the sac) on each side of the hernia a doe of Hed uid.
A bandage may then be put around the body. In ten hours an enormous swelling will have take: pl Ce,
pressing back the bowel into the abdomen. When this subsides the wound will have closed.
This appearing in the calf at birth is due to the orifice between eS ne
The Blue Dis-
ease—Cyanosis.
treatment. It is ees by the blueness of whe eyes, nose, mouth ay t
mucous membranes, the coldness of the surface, and the extreme sensitiveness to cold, ia 4
never be withheld from the calf. If, for lack of this, from the dry feeding of the cow, or from any
cause, the calf is costive, straining violently without passage, lying down and rising as in colic
failing in appetite, no time should be lost in giving relief by an ounce dose of castor.oil, assisting it
by injections of soap suds or oil. Whatever meconium within reach should be caret remo d.
is also important to give the cow a sloppy, laxative diet. ;
may occur from different causes, such as costiveness; too liberal a supply of
Indigestion too rich milk; the furnishing the milk of a cow long after calving to a
meals so that impelled by hunger it quickly overloads and clogs its stomach; feeding from the pail of 1
that has been held over in unwashed (unscalded) buckets, so that it is fermented and boiled; kee
the calves in dark, damp, filthy, ill smelling pens, etc. Symptoms are dullness, indisposition to m
uneasiness, gas, sour breath, loss of appetite, lying dowat and rising as if in tag ag ei of the abd
The costiveness at first gives place to diarrhea. + se
Fe
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 371
Ppaaiatae —Pesveation is the best treatment, but if the trouble has been allowed to come on,
or 2 ounces of castor oil with 20 drops of laudanum may be given. For sourness, 1 tablespoonful
of lime water or 14 ounce of calcined magnesia; repeat three timesaday. If disorder.continues, 1 large
tablespoonful of rennet, or 20 grains of pepsin may be given at each meal along with 1 tablespoonful of
tincture of gentian. Davis Stock Food, 4 tablespoonful to each feed, will be of great assistance. “Any
return of constipation may be treated by injections of warm water and soap. In case of the formation
cam sf loose hair balls inclosing milk undergoing putrid fermentation, temporary benefit may be obtained
Ne by giving 1 tablespoonful of vegetable charcoal three or four times a day, but the only real remedy for
_ this is to cut open the paunch and extract them. This requires the service of a veterinarian. Remember
that if you would avoid the various diseases in calves, the mother of the calf should be fed on succulent,
_ nourishing feed, always adding 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food to each feed; as soon as the
ie ae commences to eat solid feed it should be given 44 tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food to each feed.
_ This will insure healthy circulation and perfect digestion in the young animal, and it will grow and thrive
much more quickly than would otherwise be the case.
: Scouring is a common result of indigestion. At the start it may be nothing more -
Diarrhea '(Scour- “than an attempt of nature to relieve the stomach and bowels of irritating con-
ing) in Calves, tents. As the indigestion persists, however, the fermentations going on in the
Simple and undigested masses become steadily more complex and active, and what was at
Contagious. first the mere result of irritation of suspended digestion comes to be a genuine,
gi contagious disease. The prevention of these cases is the prevention of con-
stipation and indigestion with all their varied causes, the selection of a strong, vigorous stock, and, above
all, tte combating of contagion (diarrhea in its developed stage is caused by a contagious germ), especially
in the separation of the sick from the healthy, and in the thorough purification and disinfection of the
buildings (with Phenalin, carbol, whitewash, etc.), cleansing and sweetening of all drains, removal of
dung heaps, and the washing and scraping of floors and walls. Feed the cows on succulent, nourishing
z feed, with Davis Stock Food always added to the ration, 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed while the calf is
_ sucking, 1 tablespoonful when she serves simply as a milch cow. Calves fed/by hand should be fed three
_. times a day, the milk being of a temperature (slightly warmed) that agrees with them. The utmost
_ cleanliness of feeding dishes should be preserved.
Treatment for diarrhea or scouring should vary according to the nature and stage of the disease.
_ Davis Scour Cure will prove a sure and efficient cure after the irritant matter has been removed from
the stomach and bowels. For this 1 or 2 ounces of castor oil may be given, according to the size of
the calf. If the stools smell particularly sour, it may be replaced by 1 ounce of calcined magnesia, and
in any case 1 or 2 tablespoonfuls of lime water should be given with each meal. If the outbreak is more
general and evidently the result of contagion, the first consideration is to remove all sources of contami-
3 nation. Test the milk of the cow with blue litmus paper, and if it reddens, reject the milk of that cow
until by sound feeding, including Davis Stock Food with each feed, and perhaps a course of hyposul-
phite of soda and gentian root, her milk shall have been made alkaline. The castor oil or magnesia
_ wili still be demanded to clear away the infectious irritants, but they should be combined with anti-
__ septics, and while the lime water and carminative mixture may still be used, a valuable addition is:
calomel, 10 grains; prepared chalk, 1 ounce; creosote, 1 teaspoonful ; mix; divide into ten parts and give
_ one four times 4 day. Injections of solutions of gum arabic are often useful, and if the anus is red and
3 -excoriated 14 dram of copperas may be added to each pint of the gummy solution. Allthe milk given
;
pe.
“<
must be boiled, and if that does not agree, eggs made into an emulsion with barley water, may be sub-
‘stituted. Small doses (tablespoonful) of port wine are often useful from the first, and as the feces lose
their watery character and become more consistent, tincture of gentian in doses of 2 teaspoonfuls may
be given three or four times a day. Counter irritants, such as Davis Veterinary Liniment, mustard,
ammonia, or oil of turpentine may be rubbed on the abdomen when that becomes tender to the touch.
_ Cattle exposed to severe cold or damp weather are likely to suffer from this
Rheumatism. . disease, or it may appear as a sequel to some disease of the lungs or skin. Some
aye animals seem to be naturally predisposed to it. In its nature it is inflammatory
4 and is more likely to involve the organs of locomotion than any other, though the heart and other
372 ee SIMPLE SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
internal organs are occasionally involved as a secondary result. It generally appears as a sudden lameness,
with noticeable swellings.around some of the joints of the affected limb, though it is quite likely ~
that the swelling will not bear any proportionate relation to the amount of pain evinced. Disease may —
be confined to a limb, or more than one may be affected. May also appear simultaneously in various —
parts of the body. May suddenly disappear from one part and reappear in another. The local symp-
toms are always accompanied with constitutional disturbance of a feverish nature. Temperature likely —
to run up from 104 to 108 degrees Fahrenheit. In acute attacks mouth will be found hot and dry; pulse ©
hard; secretion of urine lessened; urine acid in character, charged with impurities. Bowels are less
active; there is a tendency to lie down continuously. Disease may become chronic. ;
Treatment.—At the outset give a purgative dose of Epsom salts, from 1 to 114 pounds for an ordi-
nary sized cow. Ifthe pain is very acute it may be relieved by occasional doses of laudanum or opium, not
more than 1 ounce of the former or 1 dram of the latter, three times daily. When opium is used care
must be taken to keep the bowels acting regularly. For this purpose it may be necessary to give ocea-
sional small doses of Epsom salts. In conjunction with the above or alone, if opium is deemed
umnecessary, give 44-ounce doses of nitrate or bicarbonate of potash three times'a day. Keep patient
comfortable, and the digestive and circulatory functions in proper working order by feeding’Davis Stock
Food regularly with the feed ration. This in itself may in all milder cases be all that is necessary to over-
come the disease. It liberates the salivary and stomach juices, and through the enhancement of the
digestive and assimilative powers, makes pure, healthy blood, freeing the system of the uric acid on the
existence of which the symptoms of rheumatism are largely based,
SIMPLE SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
ought always to be done before the calf has attained sufficient strength to —
Ringing make his resistence a matter of serious difficulty. An ordinary halter is usually
the Bull all that is required, the strap being secured to a tree or post. A jointed steel
or copper ring is ordinarily used. Copper is preferable. The method of punching
a round piece out of the nasal septum for introduction of ring is objectionable, as it causes portions
of the fine nervous filaments to be destroyed. Insertion of the ring by.a trocar or canula is preferable:
An eminent veterinarian states that for some years he has made use of a little instrument devised by
himself, which can be made by any worker in metal, consisting of a steel point riveted into a shorter
canula made to fit one end of the ring while open. When attached to the ring it easily and quickly passes
through the septum, the half of the ring following, as a matter of course. It can then be removed and
the ends of the ring brought together and fastened by means of the screw for that purpose. By this
means any animal can readily be ringed by anyone in less time than it takes to describe the process;
whereas, by any other method which necessitates first puncturing and piercing the septum and
subsequently introducing the ring, the operation is (even when the struggles of the animal do not
complicate matters) necessarily rendered tedious and uncertain by the fact that the Goes through
the skin and cartilage are not in apposition. :
Rightly done this need not be'a cruel operation at all. The operation of
Dehorning. dehorning causes pain certainly, as all surgical operations necessarily do, but :
it is not by any means more painful than many other operations (notably cas-
tration) to which we regularly subject animals without a second-thought. Cruelty to animals is defined
as the infliction of unnecessary pain. The pain in this instance is, according to well known veterinarians,
transient as well as slight, and is insignificant before the severe and lasting injury daily inflicted by
horned animals upon each other. Horns were necessary to cattle in their wild state, but domesticated
and in confinement they become a menace to their companions and an encumbrance to themselves.
Moreover, a method has been devised providing against the growing of horns at all. The owner
of the two or three days old calf if he decides on making it a mooly can dehorn it, or, to speak correctly,
379
cheapest. of ; ae. et Phcuieat aelbeer which are con advertised, is March’s Chemical
handled by: Sears, Roebuck & Co. The operation which is uniformly successful if performed
lf is three days old, is performed as follows: Catch the little animal and gently lay it over
Let oe of your assistants hold it there while you clip the hair off the trifling prominence
eay. Take your. March’s Chemical Dehorner and carefully apply it as directed over the part.
ust clipped for say ten seconds. The calf is now turned over, the corresponding spot on the other
ide of the head is clipped and thoroughly treated in the same way as the first. This is by far the best
thod to dehorn animals intended for steers or dairy cows, and the only exceptionfavoring the old method
uld be in the case of the bull, which, in order to protect ourselves against his viciousness, should
be dehorned after he has learned to rely upon his horns as a weapon. Should we dehorn him as a little
alf by the chemical process, he will naturally adopt as a weapon the catapult like tactics of the mooly,
qually dangerous to man, or, humorously speaking, the question leaves us the choice of being butted
death or hooked to death. However, the bull deprived of his horns later on rarely develops these
cs, and becomes comparatively harmless. ;
sy The operation of dehorning mature animals iS in itself Supls and you can pecion it pase
ly be careful to guard against the struggles of the animal hurting itself or you or your attendants.
ow the animal and tie him securely. Fasten a strong halter and long rope around its girth before
it is cast. Pass the free end of the rope through the ring on the halter and pull head back against the »
ibs. A hitch underneath the tail should bring the rope forward to the’ halter, where it may be
fastened so as to be easily loosed when the first horn has been remov ed. To remove the other horn,
loose the head, turn the animal over and refasten the head as before. The only instrument needed is an
rdinary jointing saw, which should be used as quietly and quickly as possible. The bull may be
ehorned at any time except in fly time or when the mercury is liable to drop tothe zero point. It is
ell to deprive him of feed for twelve hours before dehorning.
4
ipa: is sometimes necessary in disease, although it fortunately has become a rare
te iestine or operation. In the ox it is usually performed on the left jugular vein, which - |
: Blood Letting is large and easily rendered so prominent as to prevent the possibility of mistake,
[pe eae by tying a cord around the neck below the place where the incision is to be
made. Rope BFicuid be tied in a slip knot, so as to admit of its being éasily undone. The best
- instrument to use is a large bladed fleam. After the animal is secured, stand by its shoulder, the fleam
in your left hand, blade just short of touching the skin and parallel to the direction of the vein, holding
the stick or mallet with which to strike it in your right; one quick, sharp blow should be sufficient. If
the hair i is long, it is a wise precaution to moisten and smooth it down. When sufficient blood has been
drawn the rope is removed and the orifice closed by means of a pin inserted through the lips of the |
- incision in the skin only, and a piece of fine string or tow wound either over or under it, or in a circle
between the skin and the pin.. To prevent the animal from rubbing the part and tearing or dislodging
the pin, it is advisable to tie the head up for a couple of days, providing the animal’s health will admit
of it, after which the pin may be removed and the wound left to heal in the usual manner. Remember
in blood letting that the effectiveness of the operation depends more on the quickness with which the
blood is drawn than on the quantity extracted, for the reason of which it is of importance that a liberal
opening should be made into the blood vessel and the pies on to flow until a percent
impression hhas been made upon the pulse. .
5 Steak The castration of the male may We either whet is called the uncovered or con ered
=€ astration In the former.an incision is made down to the testicle proper, and in the latter
ra of ne Male. you cut through the scrotum of the outside covering and through the dartos
08 the next coat, aes careful to cut no deeper tissues or coats. . The 2a at
}
4 =
om
%
=
7
i< 4
q | DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
i always add 1 tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food to keep the digestion and circulation in order. —
374 ‘DISEASES’ OF THE SKIN: 20 5)
the uncovered operation a good, free incision should be made, exposing the testicle cot
it may be removed by simply cutting it off. The only danger of doing this isthe hemo
likely to follow. To obviate this, before the division of the spermatic cord, it should be ty
times in the following manner: Take hold of the spermatic cord with the left hand, havi
between the thumb and the index finger. Now twist the free portion several times with the
all the time being careful to push with the left hand toward the body of the animal. In t
danger of injury to the cord during the animal’s struggles will be overcome. The hemor
none or very little, if it has been done properly. This is the simplest manner of torsion,
forceps and other instruments made to perform the operation in this manner. Instead of pract
torsion in any of its ways to prevent hemorrhage, we may apply a ligature either directly to
matic artery from which the hemorrhage comes, or to the entire cord. Use either a silk or ca’
ture. The next method with the clamps, although extensively used upon the horse, is not p
to any great extent upon the bovine at the present time. A modern method for the castration
bull which is very successful is by the ecraseur. The chain of the instrument is placed aro
spermatic cord and tightened so as to crush the tissues and thus prevent hemorrhage. Th
and ligature are the methods principally employed in the covered operation, and in order to th
understand this procedure it will be necessary for you to have at least a crude anatomical kno
of the parts. The former, or the uncovered, is the usual mode of operating, except in certain
cases. If the animal is in any way abnormal, better call in a veterinarian to perform the oper.
also called ovariotomy or spaying, should be performed when the cow is in
‘ Castration prime and giving the greatest flow of milk, care being taken that she is in
oftheFemale, health and moderate condition, not too plethoric, or, on the other hand,
Also that she be not in heat nor pregnant. The operation may be
two ways, by the flank or vagina, each operation having its special advantages. { In the fla
the animal may be operated upon either while standing or while in a recumbent position. sf
she should be placed against a wall or a partition and her head held by a strong assistant. Babs) #
also must be secured to prevent the animal from kicking. A vertical incision should be made in :
flank about the middle of the upper portion, care being taken not to make the opening too far dow
z) Ree
af net
in order to avoid the division of the circumflex artery which traverses that region. The op
now make an opening through the peritoneum, which is best done with the fingers. Next introd:
hand and arm into the abdominal cavity and direct the hand backward toward the pelvis, sear
the horns of the uterus. Follow them up and the ovaries will easily be found. They shouk
drawn outward and may be removed either by ecraseur or torsion. The closing and suturing the v
will complete the operation. An adhesive plaster bandage can be beneficially applied. The op
_ by the vagina is more complicated, and as it requires technical knowledge and special and
A _ instruments, we recommend you to employ a veterinarian if you decide to follow this method; in fact,
. if you do not possess some anatomical knowledge of the parts and their functions respectively, it is alw
better to eall ina skilled practitioner when Such operations are to be performed. en
commonly known as Nettle Rash or Surfeit, is a mild inflammatory affecti
F _- Urticaria, the skin, characterized by sudden development of patches of various sizes, from
- that of a nickel to aslargeasahand. © ~*~ Ord iia eG
Causes.—Derangements of the digestive organs are the most common causes, such as overloading
the stomach when the animal is turned out to graze in the spring, certain constituents of feed and high —
feeding among fattening stock. Spinal irritation and other nervous affections may produce it,
Treatment.—Administer a full“dose of Epsom salts) Give soft, easily digested’ feed, to whi
mm e!
a
DISEASES oS THE SKIN. a TiS
the fice. parts with a solution of bicarbonate of soda (common ee soda), 8 ounces to the
lion of water, twice a day. If it assumes a persistent tendency, and you don’t happen to have Davis
Stock Food, give 1 tabiespoonful of the following powder in the feed three times a day: Cream of tartar,
ulphur, oe % nitrate of potash, equal parts by weight ; mix.
or Wens, are formed by an involution of the skin, with a growth of hair on the
able and painless. They are genérally found within the ear or at its base,
though they may form on any part of the body. Usually they form a small opening, from which thick,
eesy matter can be squeezed out. The rational treatment is to dissect them out, using Davis Wire Cut
emedy and Phenatin as antiseptics after the operation.
or the Itch, is a disease of a local nature, due to a mite, which induces ionic
in America.
Treatment.—It is of the utmost importance to cleanse the skin, removing the crusts, ete., before
| Be.
a the parasites can be effectually eradicated. For this purpose use soft soap and warm water, Ane give
i _ the animal a thorough scrubbing, especially in regions where the skin has been-rubbed. Then use Phen- —
f : alin « or Davis Mange Cure, following the directions for its use given on the package. If you do not succeed —
in removing all the crusts by the first washing (with soap and water) apply sweet oil to soften them before
_ you use the remedy. You may then wash them off the following day and apply Phenalin. If you
= do not have this remedy at hand you may substitute with the following: Creolin, 1 ounce; oil of tar,
1 ounce; soft soap, 14 pint; sulphur, 4% pound; alcohol, 1 pint. Wash it off in two days with soap
and water. Three or four days later a second application should be made to destroy all remairiing para-
a If : have a herd that becomes affected they should be dipped in vats.
g ... ..or Lousiness, is a skin disease common to cattle as well as other animals. The
Pibvhiciasis, ~ lice of cattle are of two kinds, the suctorial lice, which are found only upon
“mammals, and the biting lice, which attack mammals and fowls. Those belonging
_ called.. The short nosed ox louse isthe larger and harder to exterminate. It infests almost exclusively
_ the neck and shoulders and those parts are frequently worn bare by the animal in its efforts to rid itself
- of these tormentors. There is but one species-of biting lice known to occur on cattle. The ‘Tricbodectes
_ scalaris. This is very common to cattle. It is very distinct from the suctorial species in appearance,
and this is readily recognized by all observers, for it is generally called the little red louse in contrast
_ with the blue louse. They are also less injurious than the former.
7 Symptoms.—Lousiness generally becomes manifest in winter and toward spring, when the animal
is found to rub the infested portions of the body, occasionally to such an extent as to produce excoriations
& and Prompt attention is advisable. -
Treatment.—Davis Fly Chaser is the standard remedy for all afflictions of this nature. It should
E and set it on the stove to simmer for an hour. Apply this thoroughly by rubbing it well into the hair
_ long enough to kill all the young lice as they are hatched from the nits. |
. Bemapilous and inner wallof thesac. They may become imbedded deeply in the tissues subcu- —
Sebaceous Cysts, taneously, or may just penetrate the thickness of the skin, where they are mov-
Scabies, © “on the surface of the body generally. It is always contagious, requiring for-
: Acariasis, its development the transplantation of the parasites or their eggs from the
Man ge, diseased to the healthy animal. The disease is very common among cattle
sites. Cleanse and whitewash the stable and stalls where affected cattle have been put up. In cleansing,
use Phenalin as an antiseptic and disinfectant. This treatment is intended for individual cases only.
‘ i nee free named variety are the short nosed ox louse, and the long nosed ox louse, as they are popularly.
4 of the skin. It becomes thin in flesh and debilitated. A close examination will reveal the true state, —
. be used with a spray, applying a light coat and afterward covering the animal with a blanket to insure
_ the death of all parasites. If this is not at hand the following is a good remedy: Make a decoction of ~
Cocculus indicus—fish berries. Take 4 pound for each animal, pound fine, then add 2 quarts of vinegar,
ver the infested region. This will not injure the skin nor sicken the animal, and it remains effective
- communicable to man. - The disease becomes manifest by the formation of circular
and sandy soil. i “i
additional treatment. Give, however, a full dose of Epsom salts, 1 to 1)
ni
376 ee DISEASES OF
Ul
rh
re
Fd
Tt
or grub in the skin, are Shaoueecaets iy ‘tumors 4
Astriasis— and loins of cattle, which contain a grub: deposited |
Wa rbles ) or gadfly. When the cattle are attacked by this fly it ds
terror and agitation of the whole herd. ° The unfortunate.
runs bellowing from among the herd to some distant part of the field or the nearest
from the severity of the pain, is held with a tremulous motion i we from the bo
and neck are stretched to the utmost. ; = ‘
antiseptic is good. ai
; may become dangerous to cattle in sections ‘where a hre
Flies and as they may be carriers of poison from the diseased or dead anima tothe!
Mosquitoes one. The tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans), of Africa, is very dest:
its sting causing death in many cases. Magg ots hatched fro
ited by flies upon wounds frequently are very annoying to the animal, and retard the
The maggots from the screw worm (Lucillia macellaaria) burrow in wounds of the skin, an
should te lost to get rid of them. The applicaHen of Davis Fly Chaser shoe be used ee es
Ringworm —Tinea surans is due to the presence of a minute or microscopic funn = A
Tonsurans and phyton tonsurans. It affects the hair and the epidermic laye
Tinea Favosa. and is highly contagious, being readily transmitted from one animal t
It is a common disease among young cattle in the winter ar
skin, which soon becomes denuded of hair.
- Treatment.—Remove all crusts by washing with soap and water, then apply acet
ointment, or nitrate of mercury- ointment once a day. Use Davis Wire Cut Remedy a
antiseptics; cleanse the stable, using Davis Stable Disinfectant as a disinfector, and white as
in order to destroy the spores scattered by the crusts. eee ce
DISEASES OF THE FOOT.
denotes: an active inflammation of_ es sensitive : structures:
Laminitis wall of the hoof, which may in severe cases result in suppungtie 1, a
* loss of one or more claws. eas:
Causes.—It may be caused by overfeeding, overheating, or By driving long distanc
4
ie eatment. —Cold packs to the feet, or if the saat can ibe made to stand in < runnin; :
of water, having a soft bottom, this will often relieve the inflammation ‘without Bee ’
eh,
feeds of Davis Stock Food two or fires times daily. - ae
Soreness—
Foot Soreness
_DISE ES OF THE FOOT. 377
: is* caused at. tines hy cattle becoming fastened between planks or oitisteiee
_ pulling off the wall’of one or both claws in the effort to extricate themselves.
- Again, the claws of one or more feet may be shed as the result of acute laminitis.
eatment. —The best way 4 is to apply a thick coating of Kentucky Faot — or lee tar over
, then es closely and firmly. This may remain without distusueme until the new wall
es ssa strong to ‘Sustain the pressure and oe of the animal. But if pus should form
This eee have to be repeated every few dee tating as long as there is any pus formation. If
‘oss of hoof is due to laminitis, the parts denuded of its horny covering must be thoroughly cleansed and
_ disinfected with the zinc solution. Then apply a moderately thick layer of absorbent cotton, and apply
the tar and bandage over this. After this the zinc solution may be poured in at the top of the dressing
daily, soaking and saturating the dressing and inflamed tissue. It may be necessary to remove the
ia whole dressing once a week to give the parts a fresh cleansing, and then to reapply it. In all cases where
it can be avoided, the first dressing should never be removed entirely, but holes made through it for the
escape of pus. 2 oe
oe ean _ occurs generally as an inflammation of the foot between the claws or toes,
Foul in Foot sometimes extending entirely around the bulb of the heels. It is never
2 Foot Rot contagious among cattle like foot rot among sheep.
he She horn, a thorough cleansing and an application of Phenalin, clean stabling, laxative feed, adding
- Davis Stock Food to the ration always, in order that the digestive and circulatory functions may act
healthily, will soon remedy the evil. If deep sloughing has taken place Phenalin should be used, and a
4 wad of oakum or cotton smeared with pine tar should be secured firmly in the cleft. This can be done
_ by taking a strip of cloth, 2 inches wide, passing the middle between the claws, then tying the ends after
ee winding them in opposite directions above the hoof. Sometimes warm poulticing with oil cake meal, .
ae boiled carrots, or boiled mashed potatoes, becomes’ necessary to relieve excessive fever and pain. If
pus burrows under the horn its channel must be followed by paring away the horn until the bottom is
a ~ reached. After treatment to be the same as already recommended. If joint becomes affected an ampu-
tation of that toe will be the quickest and surest method to relieve suffering of the animal, and offers
if the best chance for an. early recovery.
or Split Hoof, is rarely seen among cattle. It may occur in weak walls, in heavy.
Se eiure of - bodied cattle, by stepping on an uneven surface, especially when the point of
the Wall, 8 the toe is grown out long. ;
es Treatment.—The divided sections may be brought into approximation
= and held in place by drilling a small hole from ‘one side into and through the other, commencing
? a3 -inch back of the fissure on each side; then drive a light horseshoe nail through the hole and clinch it.
_ Pare oe injured claw as short as it will bear and apply Kentucky Foot Form.
E ae . from prick, fork or nail, etc. If the wound be penetrating, enlarge the orifice
E: Pricks and _to permit free discharge of pus; then apply flaxseed poultice, changing it three
ee, times a day until fever has abated. Keep animal on a clean floor until all
> lameness has disappeared. If an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire,
_ piece fa nee or any other substance, after proper cleansing, dress the wound with Davis Wire Cut
Remedy. If any uneven edges of horn or skin or lacerated flesh project, trim them off, and in all
cases where it can be done a tarred bandage should be applied. If the wound has extended into a
3 joint, surgical treatment by a veterinarian may be necessary. Occasionally an animal becomes fas-.
ened ae foot : in some ‘crevice and sustains severe bruising, wrenching, or fracture of some ae of
> >
Treatment.—In the first stages of the disease, before pus Cues beneath aoe
Catarrhal Conjunc- It is ee attributed to some cawene material auger in he cua
tivities—Specific
_— : emanating from the soil. It is most prevalent on low grounds, and
a | Ophthalmia, occurs during the winter months. It affects young and old we a
membrane, Reape by swelling of the sy éilas ina an early opacity of siete cornea.
is mixed with pus, sometimes streaked with blood, gathering in large masses on the aoe : “E
kept continually closed. The implication of the cornea in the disease frequently blinds th
for atime. The attack from the outset is marked by high fever, loss of appetite, pastel loss
suspended rumination, and separation from the herd.
Treatment.—Among all the remedies experimented with, eee ioally conmpmned ‘sit our
by expert chemists and put to the practical test among stock raisers throughout the countr
dients contained in the Davis Ophthalmia Specific we found to be the most effective, spee
less. Hence we can honestly recommend this as a remedy par excellence for thi
destructive disease among cattle, which often renders otherwise valuable and high priced al
tically worthless, except for the butcher. Under treatment the animal should be housed in a
stable, supplied with plenty of fresh water to drink and given soft, succulent feed, to which
1 or 2 tablespoonfuls of Davis Stock Food (1 tablespoonful in health and 2 in disease to each
_ regular proportion). Before using Davis Ophthalmia Specific administer 1 pound of Eps
large animal, 114 pounds) dissolved in 2 or 3 pints of water. If, for any ee ees
a Gifcrent character of soil and feed. The water should also be ae: eee if they hay
, obtaining their drinking water from a running stream or stagnant pond. oil
is an inflammation of the cornea proper, more or less complicated. It
into diffuse and suppurative. 4
Causes.—The cornea constitutes the most prominent part of t
hence it is subject to a variety of injuries—scratches, pricks, come
lacerations, etc. :
Symptoms.—Diffuse keratitis is characterized by an exudation into an opacity of ta
Swelling of the anterior part of the eyeball may be of an irregular form, in points resembling sm
ders. If the whole cornea is affected it has a uniformly gray or grayish appearance. Both eye
become affected, unless it is due to an external injury. Suppurative keratitis may be a sequel
keratitis, but more commonly becomes manifest by a raised swelling on or near the center of the
that very soon assumes a yellow, turbid color, Suppurative keratitis is seldom noticed for the first « ay
or two; not until distinct pus formation has occurred. When the déeper membranes covering the an
rior chamber of the eye become involved the contents of this Sheruel, may be evacuated and the
permanently lost.
Treatment. —Place animal ina darkened stable, give green or sloppy feed, with Davis Stock : (
Keratitis—
Corneitis,
DISEASES OF THE EAR.
Defic 2. sometimes form about the base of the ear, either outside or inside, caused by —
Abscesses contusions. A serous cyst is found occasionally between the cartilage and the ee
8 - skin on the base of the ear, which may be due to a similar cause. Pcie tS
_Treatment.—Make a free incision with a knife into the most prominent part of the cee Or » Ho
se wash out the sac with Phenalin or carbolized water, using a syringe for that purpose. If Bt
eC abscess recurs, open it again, wash it out and inject Davis Wire Cut Remedy. :
Bugs may gain entrance into the ear of the animal. Pieces of ood acorns, :
: Paces Bodies etc., have also been known to gain ingress. The presenceof aforeignbodyinthe “a
; in Es e Ear. ear may be known by uneasiness, continued or frequent shaking of the head, __
_with occasional manifestations of great pain. Animal may rub its head or ear
nst frees or other objects i in an endeavor to dislodge the offending body.
- Treatment.—Careful examination will reveal the offending cause, which may be removed with
a pair of forceps, or scraped out with a hairpin, or a piece of wire bent at one end. If much inflammation
; exists the ear may be swollen so that the foreign substance will be hidden from sight, then a probe may
be inserted to feel the object, but this, however, had better be done by a skilled veterinarian and we
vise he. me secure the services of such in serious cases of this nature. ~ _
pr: Bootly nourished young cattle, exposed to rough weather, storms and extreme
east Bite— _ cold, frequently suffer frost bite of the ear, which may amount to an actual
i Gelatio. freezing of the part. oa
t Symptoms.—The trouble presents every degree of severity from the mere
; ehaling of the tip of the ear to positive freezing to death of a portion. Ina day or two after freezing has
ecurred the ear will become swollen and very painful; the dead part will remain cold and shrivel; a line
of separation then forms between the inflamed and dead or dying portion, and finally the piece destroyed
jrops off, leaving a raw healing surface. When ear is only slightly affected an excoriation or ea
off of superficial skin takes place, accompanied by some pain and itching. oe
_ ‘Treatment.—Davis Wire Cut Remedy is excellent for this trouble and will quickly heal ‘the Ye -
: _ inflamed surface. Ifthisis not at hand, a substitute may be prepared in a mixture of turpentine, _ ia
a ammonia and chloroform, of each 1 part, added to 6 parts of sweet oil. Rub this on the ear several xs
imes 2. oe. It will relieve pain and stimulate circulation. The patient should be fed on a nourishing
Pa _ Aggressive dogs are the most frequent cause of laeerated ear, generally leaneiey
- Lacerations a torn, ragged edge and bruised cartilage. .
2 pee the Ear... Treatment.—If the wound is extensive a trimming of the ragged edges Bie
3 5 _, becomes necessary; then fasten the edges together with silver wire, catgut,
strong, thick linen Ges taking a deep hold. Apply Davis Wire Cut Remedy, or pine tar. per
eh eet
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.
A general knowledge of the nature of infectious diseases among domestic animals is of the greatest
importance to the farmer and stock raiser. Fresh animals are being continually introduced among his
herd which may be carriers of disease from other herds, and when this is once introduced into a large —
herd the losses become severe, because it is difficult if not impossible to check a disease after it has once
obtained foothold.
An infectious disease may be defined as any malady caused by the introduction into the body
of minute organisms of a vegetable or animal nature which have the power of infinite multiplication -
and of setting free certain peculiar poisons which are chiefly responsible for the morbid changes. This
definition includes diseases due to certain animal parasites; such as trichina, which multiply in the —
digestive tract, but whose progeny is limited to a single generation. Bacteria may be defined as very
minute, unicellular organisms of a plant like character... The rapidity with which these multiply depends”
upon the nature of the bacterium. The bacillus of tuberculosis multiplies very slowly, while that of
anthrax multiplies with great rapidity, both being in the most favorable condition. Nearly all the —
diseases of cattle, for which a definite cause has been traced, are due to bacteria. Among them rank
prominently tuberculosis, anthrax, black quarter, and tetanus (or lockjaw). Only one, Texas fever,
is traceable to protozoa, and one, actinomycosis, to a fungus. Those diseases of which the cause is
unknown or imperfectly worked out are pleuropneumonia, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, rabies,
cow pox, malignant catarrh, and dysentery. Sule
Infectious diseases have, as a general rule, a period of incubation which comprises the time elapsing
_ between the infection and the actual appearance of the.malady. This period varies with the disease. —
The most common symptom of this class is fever. The severity of the fever is measured by the tempera-
ture of the animal and this is readily and accurately ascertainable by the clinical thermometer. Other
symptoms are variable and depend upon the particular organ or organs most implicated. Loss of
appetite, cessation of rumination and milk secretion, and general dullness are symptoms quite invar- ~
iably present in most infectious diseases. Secondary diseases or complications may arise during the
course of infectious diseases which are largely due to bacteria other than those produced by the original
malady. They may be so severe as to become fatal. In general it may be stated that they are due to
filthy surroundings, and hence cleanliness may become important as an aid to recovery. Infectious dis-
eases, as a rule, are not amenable to treatment. When the symptoms have once appeared the disease
is apt to run its course in spite of treatment, and if it is one from which animals usually recover, all
that can be done is to put them into the most favorable surroundings. Many infectious diseases lead
sooner or later to death, and treatment is useless so far as the sick are concerned. ~ But it may be
worse than useless for those not yet inf-cted. All animals suffering from infectious diseases area ~
menace to all others more or less directiy, They may infect others directly or they may scatter the
virus about so that the surroundings become a future source of infection for healthy animals. “This
leads to the oft repeated maxim that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure—in fact, is the
only remedy here. . os
Keep disease away from your herd and farm. Avoid all sick and suspicious animals. A grave”
form of disease may be introduced by apparently mild or trivial cases brought in from without.
Continued change and movement of animals are the most potent means by which infectious diseases _
are spread. ’ era
With some cattle diseases, such as anthrax, black quarter, and pleuropneumonia, preventive
inoculation is resorted to in some countries. This may be desirable when certain diseases have become
stationary in any locality, so that eradication is impossible. It should-not be practiced in territories
— 380 — ;
381
ms he sae one is to kill diseased animals, especially when the disease is likely to run a chronic
such as tuberculosis. Next in importance is to separate the sick from the well, by placing the
m fresh ground. This is rarely possible, hence the destruction and removal of the sick, with
igh disinfection of the infected locality is the next thing to be done. Disinfection consists in the
f certain substances in solution which destroy bacteria or their spores, or both. Those which are
cheapest and most available for animal diseases are ordinary freshly slaked lime or unslaked in DOW ees
2 enalin, chlorate of lime, and mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate.
it is capable of destroying all bacteria in their vegetative state, it is unable to destroy spores such as
hose of anthrax and black quarter. It is probable, however, that in incrusting spores it may destroy
them sooner or later. It is regarded as safe practice to use only spore destroying substances for the
virus of those diseases of which we have no absolute knowledge. Nevertheless, in the absence of other
disinfectants, lime is very useful. It may be employed as a whitewash on wood or stone and sprinkled
as a dilute wash or in powder over ‘yards, manure heaps, and over carcasses before they are buried and
over the ground on which they have lain. Chloride of lime is more efficient than simple slaked or unslaked
me, since it destroys spores. A 5 per cent solution is sufficiently strong for all spore bearing bacteria
bolie acid disinfectants and is absolutely safe. It should be applied freely on woodwork and on
cient (1 ounce to 15 gallons of water). It is corrosive and hence metal pails and dishes are to be
3 _ In addition to these artificial substances there are several natural sanitary agents of great importance
as destroyers of virus. These are cleanliness, ventilation, drying and sunshine. All virus excepting
_ d
“8 ; overestimated. That all sanitary measures which contribute to the healthfulness of animal surroundings
are directly or indirectly inimical to disease germ is self evident, and all carelessness in the keeping of
ie may be regarded as an ally of these destructive organisms. =
_ As this disease has been eradicated from the United States, and it is improbable
Giniseions: _ that it ever will appear here again, a brief mention of it will suffice. Itisa
: Pleuropneumonia. contagious disease, and, on the American continent at least, it only arises by
5c sg contagion from a previously affected animal. Hence it is never seen here
- except as. the result of importing affected animals from the old world. When thoroughly stamped out
_ it does not reappear, and if imported animals continue to be properly inspected and quarantined we have
_ every reason to believe that pleuropneumonia will never again be seen affecting cattle of this country.
_ The specific cause of the disease is not known.
= Symptoms are similar to those that go with ordinary inflammation re the lungs and the pleura.
fe _ If the attack is an acute one, as is frequently seen in hot weather, the symptoms appear suddenly, the
Be ia becomes rapid and difficult, the animal grunts or moans with each expiration, the shoulders
107 degrees Fahrenheit, the milk secretion is suspended, there is no appetite, rumination is stopped,
the animal may bloat and later become affected with severe diarrhea. Such cases are generally fatal
_ in from seven to twenty days. Frequently, however, the attack comes on more slowly and the symp-
toms are cee clear. In the milder cases there is a cough for a week or two, but no appreciable loss
The lungs are but slightly affected, and recovery soon fol-
imal may disseminate the disease for a long time without being suspected, and for that
Slaked lime is perhaps the most easily procured, but its disinfecting power is limited. While
such as may live in the soil are killed sooner or later by drying and sunshine, hence the importance of.
_ these factors in the life and well being of your animals, as well as yourself and your family, cannot be
stand out from the chest, the head is-extended on the neck, the back is arched, the temperature is 104 to”
; eunces in 2 quarts of water). Davis Stable Disinfectant takes the place of the more costly car-
infected floors. ~ In most cases where its application becomes desirable—and this rule should apply to all
disinfectants—the disinfected stables, stalls, etc., should remain vacant as‘long as possible before —
_ cattle are again put in. Mercuric chloride or aoace sublimate is a powerful disinfectant, but it
_is likewise very poisonous, hence its uses are limited. A solution of one-tenth per cent is usually suffi-
avoided. ‘All solutions should be labeled poison, and to avoid accident none should be kept on hand. —
a!
‘
*
.
a
2
<
ie
wr
”
“1
a
Pape OPENER,
~—s eR)
ee)
. reach our shores, may not prove in vain. It must not be forgotten, on the other hand, that a’ super :
may act as carriers of the virus. It is claimed that animals after passing through one attack are able to”
382 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.
reason are the most dangerous of all. And there is a more severe type of the plague in which
toms described are enhanced. Seriously affected animals remain standing, if they have suffici
but those which lie ot met lie on the affected side, The proportion of animals Bis
may be affected. In general it may be said that about 40 oa ooh of the exposed animals wil Cor
the disease and about one-half of these cases will prove fatal. : i
you will, if the disease is enon canoe in examining the Wats of the chest and han = ind t
following symptoms: ts
severity of the disease. The diseased ioe are emery largé and exceedingly firm to tite Rie *
weight of a single large lobe may reach 40 pounds. Usually only one side is affected, often but a si
lobe, and this most cna the large or ee lobe. ‘Phe pleura may be covered with one or
_ herd should be eee the Sane should be thoroughly oibawe: and disinfected, and no the:
should be allowed on the premises until a period of ninety days has elapsed. Medical treatment of aff cted
cattle is unavailing. Therefore destroy the animal if affected, no matter how valuable it was b fore
its infection. This is the best policy as well for the individual as for the’ community. As the di 4S
happily is now extinct in America, previously mentioned, we do not consider it necessary to
enlarge upon the subject. Remember, the (only possible way for the disease to occur in yom f
coming from abroad.
also known as cattle plague, is an acute, infectious disease of cattle. in ie
Rinderpest, the digestive organs are mainly involved. It is unknown in this cou
but nevertheless a few definite facts concerning this disease, should i
ficial knowledge of diseases, such as the layman may gain through reading, not infrequently lead:
confounding comparatively harmless, non-infectious diseases with such as are truly dangerous, causing
temporary panic among stock owners. It is well to bear this in mind, and not. be unduly al m1
_ Rinderpest has its home in the territories around the Black Sea and the Volga River, in S
(some say in Central Asia). From there it at various times has been conveyed to the coun
Western Europe. The virus is conveyed from one country to another chiefly by means of i ‘ted
cattle. In the past Rinderpest has been supposed identical with various human diseases, among: the ‘
small pox and typhoid fever. This supposition is unfounded.
‘Causes.—Micro- -organisms—most likely bacteria. The exact cause has not been determined. Vz
may be transmitted from sick to healthy animals, both direct and indirect, in the usual ways—throt
manure, saliva, urine, etc. It retains its vitality outside the body in a moist state for months, even
year or more. Persons’ may carry the virus on their clothing, shoes, and implements. Rats, cats, nan =e
resist successfully future attacks. Inoculation with virus is said to produce immunity, but the i
of inoculation itself is followed with death in many cases. 2 >
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 383
the earliest outward symptoms varies from three to nine days. Then the first sign is high fever
temperature, which may reach 107 degrees” Fahrenheit. Heat of the skin varies in different parts of
body, and may be felt at the base of the ears and horns. There are repeated chills. Pulse reaches
60 beats per minute, and aay arise to a or 100 in very severe attacks. Animal is greatly. debili-
e digestive and respiratory organs become prominent. The membranes of the mouth, nose, rectum
and vagina become reddened either in patches or diffusely and assume a scarlet hue. The discharges,
t first firm, become softer and soon diarrhea sets in. Rectum may become everted and paralyzed,
d the bowels move spontaneously. Coughing is a common symptom. It is associated with dis-
arges from the nose and vagina, and dribbling of saliva from the mouth. The discharges from the bowels
| may be streaked with blood. Eyes also become affected; an increased formation of a viscid secretion
flows down the face. After death, if the animal be opened and the organs carefully examined, the chief
ith mucus, is reddened in spots, and shows superficial yellowish gray, cheesy patches which represent
ead tissue and when removed expose ulcerated depressions. The same condition is found in the fourth
tomach, the small intestines, the nasal cavity, the uterus, vagina and rectum. Neither treatment
‘nor inoculation is permitted in European countries.
a is an acute, highly contagious fever of a specific nature, characterized by the
Foot and Mouth eruption of blisters or vesicles in the mouth, around the coronets of the feet,
sheep and goats are less susceptible. Horses, dogs, cats and fowls are rarely
and difficulty in swallowing, followed by an eruption of blisters in the mouth and very rarely by
similar ones on the fingers. Disease is seldom fatal, in the human chiefly restricted to children, and
_ adults who handle sick animals or drink large quantities of unboiled milk. In European countries
gs
source of the malady has not been accurately determined. The infection is contained in the eruptions,
“and hence shed from the mouth and feet. A wide distribution of the virus and a rapid infection of
the herd is the result. Animals may be infected directly by coming in contact with the diseased,
-or they may be exposed to the virus in stables, in the field and along the roads, etc. Human beings
je
‘is occasionally the-seat of the eruption. Milk in a raw state may also transmit the disease te
other animals.
scvais iaiimale a
longer than two, the disease begins witha fever. Temperature as a rule does not rise above 104 degrees
Fahrenheit. Lining membrane of the mouth becomes reddened; appetite diminished ; rumination
_ ceases; mouth is usually kept closed and the quantity of saliva increases; a smacking sound is not infre-
quently made by the animal. After two or three days the eruption appears, consisting of small,
yellowish white vesicles or blisters, about as large as a hemp seed or a pea, on the gums and inner surface
of the lips, the inside of the cheeks, the border and under the surface of the tongue. They may
_ The vesicles are broken as they appear by the hands of the milker, and the teats become covered
with reddened spots deprived of the superficial layer of skin, and are very tender. As the result of the
general affection young calves may succumb to a secondary inflammation of the stomach and bowels,
nd older animals may abort or suffer from inflammation of the udder.
Treatment. —Endeavor to put animal in* best condition possible by allowing it a nourishing
, frequently changed to prevent injury to the feet. Do not let animal stand upon a hard or rough
To relieve the irritation in the mouth, use borax, 1 ounce in 3 pints of water; water containing
‘Symptoms are not very pronounced. The time elapsing between the exposure to infection
hanges will be found in the digestive organs. The lining membrane of the mouth and pharynx is covered ~
‘Disease and between the toes. Cattle and swine are attacked with equal facility, while - :
F ‘attacked. Human beings may become infected by drinking the Pacoed milk from animals suffering
from the disease. In such cases the symptoms resemble those observed in animals. There is fever
it occasions great losses tothe live stock industry. It may attack the same animal repeatedly. The —
may catry the virus on their clothing and transmit it on their hands when milking, since the udder —
Symptoms.— After a period of ee geation lasting not more than five days, and sometimes no
_ become ¥% inch in diameter. The disease may attack the udder in cows, more particularly the teats.
pan, to which add Davis Stock Food, 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls to each feed. Let the bedding be light and
tea
Z .
?
- Vesicular Eruption Continent. It may be defined as a highly contagious eruption si
under four heads, according to their importance: (1) By inhalation into the lungs; (2
devise an betes by ccaoe a faire toa abben scl: : sé. mekiiens ae
Lg pint being injected each time. The blisters should not be opened. For the feet,
but clean bedding and antiseptic washing with Phenalin and tepid water once daily is
the affection of the teats simple glycerine or glycerine containing 14 dram of boracic a
may be applied several times a day; or zinc ointment containing preferably 30 drops of
opium to the ounce. Care should be taken to draw the milk at proper intervals.
A contagious disease, not known in America but more or less p
of the Genital genital organs of both sexes, and accompanied with little or no ,
Organs. anee of health. -The contagion is” oor a tages cannes
dened and very tender. The secretion is very abundant and conse at first largely of serum an
Small vesicles then appear which rapidly burst and are converted into excoriations or deeper ul
The secretion becomes more purulent, and is apt to dry in crusts about the tail. The tse t
two to four weeks, and always terminates in recovery. Treatment need not be resorted to.
eases. An antiseptic wash of Phenalin may, however, be used with advantage. Car
not to carry the disease from the sick animals to the well ones by sponges, etc.,
come in contact with the affected organs. _These should be ae Isolate =
until recovery takes place. ‘3
Tuberculosis body of minute nodules or tubercles which contain the bacillus vb re’
the way for 4 The ways in ees: the tubercle bacilli find their way into the pe may
tract in the milk of tuberculous cows; (3) during coition, when the sexual organs are tub
from the tuberculous mother to the fetus in the uterus. Inhalation is by far the oe on
dried and paired before currents of air can carry them. The bacilli will withstand fee
before they lose their power of producing disease. They leave the bodies of diseased animals
ways. There may be a little discharge oecasionally coughed up from the diseased lungs,
be spilt, or there may be a discharge from the vagina when the genital organs are tuberculo
bacilli from these sources may be dried and pulverized and carried in the a air of the Sieee and nt
lungs of still healthy cattle, where the disease then develops.
The disease of the stomach, intestines, etc., is very probably the result of feed {infec
bacilli may become scattered upon the feed by diseased animals. But the most common caus fx
infection is the milk of tuberculous cows. Calves may become infected in this way. The disea
remain latent until the animal becomes older. The not infrequent occurrence of tuberculos
uterus and ovaries makes it probable that the disease may be transmitted by a disease
carried by a healthy bull from a diseased cow to a number of healthy cows. The source of th in
is always some previous case, for the disease can never arise spontaneously. Hence, in those
in which there is a frequent change of cattle, the introduction of tuberculosis by cattle con mi it
other infected igs is i most frequent source of infection. Since the bacilli when dried can
ease. nee Wises injure the lungs are pcos to. the deseo tent: of the 4
them are inhalation of dust and smoke, all conditions which may indue
bronchial tubes, etc. Other causes are overproduction of milk; too
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. : 885
Rating nature. Animals Pe in Tine faerie are more subject to this disease than the more
robust races living in elevated mountain regions. Animals on open pasture are less susceptible than
stabled animals. The disease is far more common in cows than in oxen, owing to the strain to which
| bringing forth young and milking subject the females. Animals subjected to special feeding, such as
cows in distilleries, breweries and other manufactories having waste available as feed, are the most
susceptible to the disease. ;
; Symptoms.—The beginning of the disease usually passes unnoticed, inasmuch as it is very slow
and insidious and rarely accompanied by fever. When the lungs are involved a dull, short cough is
_ noticed, which may later on become prolonged, convulsive and very troublesome to the animal. Cough
igs more frequent in the morning after drinking. The breathing varies. Only when much of the lung
tissue is involved, is it labored and accompanied by active movements of the chest and nostrils. ~Dis-
charge from the nostrils is rare or absent. At times, however, when the tubercles have broken down
and cavities containing cheesy matter form in the lungs, or when the air tubes have become filled with
cheesy and mucous masses, coughing will dislodge these and cause their discharge. In advanced stages
the breath may. have a disagreeable odor. Pressure on the chest wall may give rise to pain. The gen-
eral effect on the body is at first slight. But as the disease progresses, loss of flesh and appetite and pale-
a -Dess: of the mucous membranes become manifest. Gradually the milk secretion diminishes; coat is
staring and tough; skin dry and harsh (hide bound); digestive disturbances are indicated by tympa-
nitis or distention of the rumert by gas, colic or diarrhea, alternating with constipation. The animal
generally dies from the disease after a period of sickness which may last months or years. Tuber-
culosis in the abdominal organs is often signalized by abortion and by abnormal sexual manifestations.
When the brain is involved the disease may cause convulsions, uneonsciousness, paralysis, as well as
peculiar movements in a circle, oblique position of the head, etc. Here is a pretty accurate condensed
description of the symptoms most peculiar to the disease, as formulated by a Swiss authority:
‘A dry, short, interrupted, hoarse cough, especially in the morning at feeding time, or after violent
exertion. Animals at first may be full blooded and lay on considerable fat when well fed. As disease
progresses they grow thin, showing symptoms peculiar to malnutrition, such as staring, lusterless,
disheveled coat; dirty, tense skin, which appears very pale in those regions free from hair. ‘The
temperature of the skin is below normal. The loss of fat causes sinking of the eyes in their sockets.
_ They appear swimming in water, and their expression is weak. Cough is more frequent, but rarely
A accompanied with discharge. Body continues to emaciate even with plenty of feed and a good
appetite, so that the quantity of milk is small. Often the animals express considerable tenderness
- when pressure is applied to the sides or front of the chest, by coughing, moaning, etc.
Treatment.—Treatment of the disease is not seriously considered by any authorities at the present
time. Preventive measures, and measures for preventing the spread of the disease in the herd once
it has made its appearance, are all that can be recommended. How the spread of the bacilli takes place
has already been enlarged upon, and all those conditions should be carefully guarded against. The
difficulty of determining when cattle first become tuberculous makes it impossible to prevent the possi-
‘bility of infection. Great care should be bestowed upon the breeding, the surroundings, and the feed
of the animal, so that the latter may be put into condition to resist infection even when exposed to it.
In connection with a nourishing, succulent ration the digestive powers, assimilation and circulation
‘should be kept up to a high degree of perfection, and this can be done by including Davis Stock Food,
_ 2 tablespoonfuls to each feed with the ration. This, in fact, is a practical safeguard against almost
_ all the diseases, infectious and otherwise, of the bovine race, and the small cost will be made up manifold
to the prudent and foreseeing breeder by the insurance against disease in his herd it affords and the
fine condition he is able to keep his animals in. A rigid exclusion of tuberculous animals, if this were
= possible, would of course, be of great assistance, but, on account of the uncertain symptoms in the first
_ stages of the disease, it is not quite possible to carry this into effect at the present time.
coe ee eee Se
Tuberculosis in cattle may also be considered as bearing upon tuberculosis of other domesticated
_ animals, particularly the swine. In Europe the disease is not uncommon among swine, while in America
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the flesh of tuberculous cattle contains a small number of tubercle bacilli. In Germany the fles:
_is not rejected. When, however, the disease has affected the muscles, or bones, or lympl
Bum Wes Ashes
a
when the udder is apparently free from disease, and we have no rapid method of determining w
386
it is practically unknown. The reason for its existence in Ted may be looked for in CH
pigs with whey in dairies, with the offals of the abbatoirs and the household refuse general.
The carcasses of animals which have died from tuberculosis should be deeply buried,
cannot be eaten by other animals. This is likewise true of all organs and tissues of slaughtered
containing tubercles. These should never be fed to other animals, such as swine, dogs and
should either be destroyed by fire or deeply buried.
~ Bovine Tuberculosis; Its Dangers to Man.—The identity of human and animal uteeeia
bined with the extraordinary mortality of human beings from the disease, often amounting to
to 14 per cent, has raised the question in all civilized countries as to how far animal, and especially |
tuberculosis was to blame for this high mortality. If the disease is transmitted to man, how does -
transmission take place? The question may be resolved into two divisions: (1) How frequen
does the disease invade those parts of the body that are used for food? (2) When the disease p Oc
is manifestly restricted to the internal organs do tubercle bacilli circulate in the blood and tymp Ny
lying near can they be detected in the muscular tissue?
(1).—Disease of the bones is not unknown, although very rare. It appears chiefly in the s]
bones of the head and backbone and in thé long bones of the limbs. Occasionally the ends of the 1
where they are covered with the synovial membrane of the joints,-are dotted with: tubercles
muscular system itself is very rarely the seat of tuberculous: to: gate the he gi
and among the muscles may be not infrequently diseased. - » = a;
(2).—Whether tubercle bacilli are found in muscle juice eee of any eubieedom dep
is a question which must be approached experimentally. Experiments have shown that in ra
mals in which the disease is just beginning, or in which it is restricted to one or more related
situated on or between them, the flesh is condemned as unfit and dangerous. Animals are also
in which it is evident from the general distribution of tubercles throughout the various organs, th:
bacilli have been distributed by the blood and may have been carried into the “muscul: .
(generalized tuberculosis.) ae
Infectious Nature of Milk.—In regard to the infectious nature of milk secreted by ‘nibé
cows, it is demonstrated that when the udder is in the slightest degree involved the milk possesses
tious properties, and is therefore dangerous. Tubercle bacilli have been found in large numbers it
milk and udder under such circumstances. Unlike other affections of the udder, tuberculosis D!
Se
arousing the suspicion of the owner. There is therefore great anes in this disease, wat te?
of careful inspection of dairy cows seems more urgent than before. Authorities are, however, not agre
as to whether the milk from tuberculous cows in which the udder is apparently not invaded shoul
considered dangerous or not. Some are inclined to believe that the milk from healthy udders is
infectious, even when the lungs and other organs are involved; that, in other words, the tubercle b
are rarely if ever separated from the lesions which they produce, and that the udder itself must
eased before tubercle bacilli can appear in the milk. Experiments made with milk of tuberculous
in which there were no indications of udder disease do not bear out this theory, since tubercle
have been found in the milk of such cows. In spite of this, some authorities uphold the former
However this may be, we know that the milk of tuberculous cows may or may not contain tubercl
in any given case the milk contains tubercle bacilli or not. Moreover, the bacilli may be absent
time and present at another in milk from the same cow. When we then take into conside
the extent of tuberculosis and the hidden character of the scourge, we must admit that a certain a
of suspicion rests upon all milk. Fortunately, the tubercle bacilli are readily destroyed by the tem
ature of boiling water, and hence both milk and meat are made cageiegs: safe, the former ee Vv.
bibe INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 387
hand it is incumbent upon all communities to have dairy cows examined or inspected at least to the
extent of finding out whether the udder shows any signs of disease. If this is detected the animal should
_ be at once killed, or else all opportunity for sale of such milk removed by appropriate measures. The
eater from infected milk might by these means be materially lessened.
is an infectious disease, caused by a specific bacteria, known as anthrax bacilli,
Ling Anthrax and which is more or less restricted by conditions of soil and moisture to
A definite localities. It is chiefly limited to cattle and sheep. It is a world wide
| disease and in America is chiefly confined to the lower Mississippi Valley. On tracts subject to inunda-
tions in spring, followed by a very hot and dry summer, severe outbreaks are apt to occur. The particular
kinds of soil upon which the disease is observed are black, loose, warm, humus, also such as contain lime,
marl and clay, finally peaty, swampy soils resting upon strata which hold the water. Hence fields
containing stagnant pools may be the source of infection. The infection may be limited to certain farms,
or even restricted areas on such farms. Another source of the virus, and one regarded as perhaps the
most important, are the bodies of animals which have died from anthrax. In such bodies the anthrax
. bacilli are present in enormous numbers, and animals grazing or frequenting the spots where they lie easily
_ become infected. They should be deeply buried at once upon death. The spores of the anthrax bacilli
‘may be taken into the body with the feed, producing disease which commences in the intestinal tract;
or they may come in contact with scratches, bites and other wounds of the skin, the mouth and the tongue,
producing swellings or carbuncles. From such swellings the bacilli penetrate into the blood and produce
~general disease. Insects may also transmit the disease, it has been claimed.
Symptoms vary considerably in cattle, according as the disease begins in the skin, in the lungs
or in the intestines. There are three forms of the disease: Anthrax peractus or apoplectiform, when
the animal dies very suddenly as if from apoplexy, usually occurring in the first stage of the disease;
anthrax acutus, without any external swellings, which is the one most commonly observed in cattle,
and anthrax subacutus, including those cases which are most prolonged. The disease begins with high
fever. The temperature may reach 106 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit. -The pulse beats from 80 to 100
per minute. Feeding and rumination are suspended. Other symptoms are chills and muscular tremors;
ears and base of horns may be cold; coat staring; animals are dull and stupid and manifest great weak-
ness; dullness may give way to uneasiness, champing of the jaws, spasms of the limbs, kicking and pawing
the ground; dilating nostrils, open mouth, head raised and all the muscles of the chest strained during
breathing; visible mucous membranes (nose, mouth, rectum and vagina), become bluish. If disease
has started in the bowels there is much pain, as shown by the moaning of the animal; discharge at first
becomes softer and covered with serum, mucus and blood. As the disease approaches the fatal termina-
tion the weakness of the animal increases. It leans against supports or lies down. There may be rupture
of blood vessels, with bloody discharges from the nose, mouth, rectum and vagina. Urine not unfre-
quently contains blood (red water). Death ensues within one or two days. The bodies of cattle which |
have died from anthrax soon lose their rigidity and become bloated, because decomposition sets in
very rapidly.
Treatment as a rule is ineffectual and useless, excepting perhaps in cases which originate from
_ external wounds. The swellings should be freely opened by long incisions with a sharp knife and washed
daily several times with Phenalin. When suppuration has set in, the treatment contained in the chapter
on wounds should be resorted to. In order to prevent the disease the state or nation ought to do its
share in preventing frequent inundation by appropriate engineering on low, marshy soils. Fence off
pools of stagnant water; have low, swampy lands properly drained; dispose of carcasses of animals which
have died of anthrax immediately, burying them deeply where they cannot be exposed by dogs or wild
animals. Remove them if possible to unfrequented places. The ground and all objects with which they
have come in contact should be disinfected with Davis Stable Disinfectant or chloride of lime. For
washing utensils, etc., a 5 per cent solution may be prepared by adding 3 ounces to 2 quarts of water.
_ Prepare fresh from the powder and have a small tin measure of known capacity to dip out the powder
__ tobe added'to the water whenever necessary. The carcass and ground should be sprinkled with powdered
_ chloride, or slaked or unslaked lime if the first is not at hand. When stables have become infected they
:
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should be thoroughly cleaned out, and chloride of lime freely applied to the floors and woo
feed should be carefully protected from contamination with the manure or other discharge
Protective inoculation, according to the Pasteur method, is used against the disease in Fr.
European countries with a moderate amount of success. It is fraught with danger of dis U
bacilli through the vaccine or culture liquid. wee.
388 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATELR.
In handling the carcasses and hides of animals which have succumbed to
Anthrax in Man. disease, it may be transmitted to man. Infection usually takes place th
some abrasion or slight wound of the skin into which the bacilli find thei
The point of inoculation first appears as a dark point or patch, compared by some writers to
of a flea. After afew hours this is changed into a reddened Pp ] ‘4
around a hair, a yellowish blister or vesicle which later on becomes red or bluish in color. The
Sensation in this stage is very great. Later pimple enlarges, its center becomes dry, ¢
surrounded by an elevated discolored swelling. Center becomes drier, more leathe
as the whole increases in size. Skin around the swelling or carbunele is stained yel
‘gangrenous, |
r like, sin
body, thus becoming fatal, and surgical assistance’ should at once be called if there is ‘2 well gro
Suspicion that inoculation has taken place through anthrax virus.
cattle to man is by no means uncommon. ae fe
. Symptoms.—The symptoms of. blackleg are so characteristic
Blackleg. disease is easily recognized. The first symptoms may be either of a
or of a local nature, though more frequently of the latter. ~
Symptoms are high fever, loss of appetite
Respiration becomes accelerated; the animal moves around with difficulty, fre
when water is near at hand, drinks at short intervals and but a little at a time. The visible
membranes are at first dark red and congested
dirty, leaden or purplish color. .
The most important diagnostic feature is the development of a tumor or
The swelling may appear on any part of the body and limbs, except below the knee or hock
the tail. It is frequently seen on the thigh or shoulder, and
swollen parts, as observed after the animal has been skinned
blackleg, or black quarter. Tumors may also appear on the neck, the chest,
first they are small and very painful. They increase rapidly in size and ma
large portion of the body. One or more of these tumors ma
clese proximity to one another may become confluent.
considerably swollen.
body. According to M. Hess, who has made observations along this line in 1,547 cases, the tumc
appeared in 209 cases on the right hind quarter and in only 143 cases on the left
right front leg and in 98 on the left; in 59 cases on the right side of the neck and i
side. No explanation is offered for this peculiar preference for the right side
have been made in this country,
not venture to express an opinion.
If slight pressure is made on the tumor a crackling sound is heard and percussion gives
Tesonant tone, due to the collection of gas in the affected tissue. The tumor is cool to the touch
painless in the center; the skin over it is dry and parchment like. When the tumor is lanced a froth
dark red fluid is discharged. If the incision is made while the animal
there is no offensive odor to the discharge
’
‘
, but as soon as the knife reaches the-warm, —
inflamed part the animal will bellow loudly and flinch. The swellings usually appear before the general
Symptoms, and they may even reach such an extent as to cause complete paralysis of the affected
while the animal still looks bright and has a good appetite, This condition is, however, of short dur:
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. e, 389
A As the swelling increases in size the general symptoms become more intense. The temperature may
‘reach 107 degrees Fahrenheit, while the respirations may reach 140 per minute. The animal is unable
to rise; the extremities become cold, and some time before death the temperature falls and may become
‘subnormal. There is trembling of the muscles, which, as death approaches, may develop into violent
convulsions. With very few exceptions the disease terminates fatally, death generally occurring from
twelve to thirty-six hours after the first appearance of the symptoms. A few cases linger from three
to four days, and, as will be discussed later, the disease may sometimes terminate in recovery.
Appearance After Death.—The carcass of an animal which has died from blackleg soon becomes
very distended with gas, partially through fermentation in the intestines and partially through the for-
mation of gas in the subcutaneous tissue, due to the presence of the blackleg bacillus. This distention,
which is especially pronounced in the region of the blackleg tumors, extends for a considerable distance
from the tumors and in the directions where it meets the least resistance, that_is, where there is plenty
of loose areolar tissue. This is especially the case on the back and sides of the chest, on the shoulder
and between the shoulder and chest, and on the external surface of the hind quarter. This tympanitic
condition frequently causes the two legs on the upper side of the carcass to stand out straight without
touching the ground.
A dark, blood colored, frothy discharge flows from the nostrils and the anus. Decomposition
takes place soon after death, except in the affected muscles, which retain their sweetish sour odor without
developing any putrid odor, even when the rest of the carcass has decomposed.
On the surface of the body may be seen one or more of the characteristic emphysematous blackleg
tumors. The skin covering these swellings is affected with dry gangrene. The connective tissue beneath
the skin is infiltrated with blood and bloody serum and is distended with gas. The distended muscles
are dark brown or black, are easily torn, and the space surrounding them is filled with bloody liquid
and gas. The muscle tissue is distended with numerous smaller or larger gas filled cavities, often to
such an extent as to produce a resemblance to lung tissue. Upon incision it does not collapse percep-
tibly, as the gas cavities are not connected with each other. The discoloration is deepest at the center,
shading off toward the edges, and becomes brighter by contact with air. On compression thick blood
escapes, which is charged with gas and has a disagreeable, sour odor. The blood in the remaining parts
of the carcass is normal and coagulates easily after death, forming a solid clot. The gas of the tumor
is combustible and burns with a blue flame, being, according to Bollinger, carbureted hydrogen. The
abdominal cavity sometimes contains a considerable quantity of bloody effusion. The mucous membrane
of the intestine may be congested or inflamed, and the contents of the bowels may be covered with blood.
The liver is congested, but the spleen is always normal.
It is often desirable to determine whether an animal is affected with blackleg or with anthrax
tuinor or with a swelling caused by the bacillus or malignant edema. The anthrax tumor may be dis-
tinguished by its hardness and solidity and by the fact that it contains no gas. The spleen is enlarged
in anthrax and is unaffected in blackleg. The blood in anthrax is very dark and of a tar like consistency,
while it is normal in blackleg. It is difficult to distinguish between the swellings of blackleg and malig-
nant edema, since they resemble each other very closely and both are distended with gas. Malignant
edema, however, generally starts from a wound of considerable size; it often follows surgical operations,
and does not usually result from the small abrasions and pricks to which animals are subjected in pastures.
Manner of Infection.—As already mentioned, the blackleg bacillus gains entrance to the body
through abrasions of the skin, and perhaps in rare cases through the mucous membrane. In order to
meet the requirements for the development of the spores, that is, an absolute absence of hydrogen, it is
necessary that the abrasion be minute in size and sufficiently deep to penetrate through the skin into
the subcutaneous tissue; consequently incised or open wounds are not favorable to the development
of blackleg, even if the infection is present in abundance. Punctured wounds, such as those received
from barbed wire fences or from stubbles and briers in the pasture, seem to be the most likely method.
of infection and correspond most closely to the only manner in which the disease may be produced
artificially, that is, through hypodermic injection of the virus. It is doubtful whether the infection ever
takes place through ingestion. In any case, it has proved exceedingly difficult. to produce the disease,
' even oy feeding enormous doses of highly virulent material to susceptible animals.
probable that a “leiee percentage of the cases referred to cae fs blackleg, and many “ol
_ stockman cannot well mistake it, that is, when a crackling tumor has appeared and the animal
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The fact that in 99 per cent of all cases the tumors ‘develop oukhe calla ort
to indicate that the infection takes place through the skin, and the few cases recorded whe
seated muscles have been affected, for instance, the muscles of the diaphragm, or those popt
as the tenderloin, without the presence of tumors on the surface, gc Pe due to ae germs g
of the body.
‘ Termination and Treatment.—As already stated, it is — rare that an animal a
with blackleg recovers. In Europe very few of the veterinarians and scientists who have”
investigations along this line have ever been fortunate enough to observe a case of erpawal ae
the observations made and : reported iy the oak owners. Otesias 6 on the i mane pianie:
the Bureau of Animal Industry reads: “Have you ever seen an animal recover from a recogniz
of blackleg? If so, please describe it as fully as possible.” In reply thereto 120 stock owner:
that they have seen animals recover from blackleg. There i is, hove the same objection he as
owners describe the cases which came under their observation in such a manner as to leave very lit
In reporting these cases of recovery, a number of the cattlemen, described the various th
and surgical efforts to which they attribute the recoveries. An examination of the reports shows
exercise in connection with deep incisions into the affected parts. In many cases an attempt is
to destroy the virus at the point of infection by pouring turpentine, various acids, concentr
petroleum, vinegar, etc., into the incisions. The bleeding is done by opening the jugular vein, ¢
off the tail, or “nerving’’ between the hoofs, which generally means to make an incision betwee
severing the artery which is located there. The violent exercise consists in tying the affe
to the saddle horn and dragging it for one or more miles. :
The condition in which this treatment leaves the unfortunate sufferer i is, however, in
deplorable. When the disease has developed to a point where it is safe to conclude that an €
the only way to recovery is either through resolution of the serosanguinolent exudation, be
affected muscles have been destroyed and the covering skin become gangrenous, or else th
tissues must slough away and be replaced by cicatricial tissue. In all cases where the recovery is 1
to have taken place in the course of a few days or a week, the first way is the only possible one in
it could occur. But here we must accept the owners’ diagnoses with reservation, as no auth
are recorded in this country. If the animal survives the first five to seven days, it seems that the disease _
has exhausted itself, and if the depleted system has strength enough left it enters upon a long convales-
cence, constantly retarded by the local tissue destruction, which must heal through granulation ‘under
a constant drain upon the system from suppuration, and which in most cases leaves the animal a crip
and a runt for life. And when it is remembered that the majority of stock owners who have re¢
either to leave the aibected animal alone or dicate it as quickly as possible; for there can be no- d
that chasing an animal affected with blackleg over miles of ground, with virulent blood oozing at
step from a number of incisions in the swollen parts, is sure to scatter the infection in a manner
could never occur under natural circumstances, and is bound to bring to grief many a succeeding ger
tion of calves. For this reason it is strongly advocated never to use the knife on an animal ae
Acie 2 Blaee!
INFECTIOUS DISEASES. OF CATTLE. 391
is of: little avail, and consequently our.principal resource against the disease is prevention. The. various
measures: ‘employed for this purpose maybe classified intwo.groups: (1) Those which aim at destroying
or preventing the spread of infection in all places where cattle are kept, and which may be termed ‘hygienic
measures; and (2) those which operate to fortify the systems of susceptible animals against an effective
invasion of the blackleg germ, and which may be called prophylactic measures. os
_ Hygienic Measures. How Infection is Spread.—When it is known that blackleg occurs with more
or less regularity in a pasture, feed lot or stable, it is due to the presence of the blackleg germ, either
animal ‘becomes affected, the germs multiply by the million in its system, and their liberation through
natural or artificial means, tends to preserve, increase or spread the infection. In the large pastures
-of the West and Southwest an affected animal is rarely noticed until after death, when the swarms of
, buzzards or other birds of prey indicate that there is something dead, and an investigation is made.
a
| pee itis then frequently too late to prevent the spread of the infection, for wolves usually attack the
a carcass in short order, without even waiting for the animal to die, and only the bones and pieces of
the hide are found scattered over an acre or more of ground: ;
.- In more densely populated districts, where a sick animal is rarely discovered, oe! is, as mentioned
earlier in this article, often an inclination to doctor an animal, usually by means of a jack knife, and.
the result is the same as in the other case, the infection is scattered broadcast from incisions made in
the affected parts.
In some districts the cattle that’ die from blackleg are skinned in order at least to save the hide,
and the remaining parts of the carcass are left to take care of themselves. This process naturally -
assists in scattering the infection.
It is therefore of the utmost importance that cattle owners in the infected districts be made ‘to
_frealize that an animal infected with blackleg may be the cause of large subsequent losses from the same
disease, maybe not immediately, but within a period of years to follow, and it cannot be too urgently
recommended that they make every effort to reduce the danger by taking adequate measures to destroy
as eT) as possible this source of renewed infection.
. Destruction of Infection—For this purpose the French scientists recommend various methods,
some of which, however, are impracticable under the conditions which obtain in the infected districts
of this country. They propose, for instance, to place the dead animals in a tank of sulphuric acid until
completely dissolved. Where wood is plentiful the best method is to cremate the carcass. In order
to insure its complete destruction the dead animal should be placed on a couple of logs and plenty of
dry wood heaped around it. A couple of quarts of kerosene oil should then be poured on and fire set
4 to it. It is necessary that the carcass be a destroyed; if any part of it remains, another fire should
be built over it.
baer Sint, pasture where wood is scarce the carcass may be buried. This method is always more or
less unsatisfactory, as the infection is not destroyed but merely removed to a few feet below the sur-
face, whence it may return through various means of egress, for instance, as demonstrated by Pasteur,
ah
through the agency of earth worms. It is therefore of importance that the hole in the ground be made ©
at least 6 feet deep and the carcass well covered with lime before the earth is filled in. The lime has no
special germicidal effect on the blackleg bacillus, but may prevent the infection from being carried to
the surface. The place where the animal was lying before being buried, as well as the top of the grave,
should be freely sprinkled with a 2 per cent solution of creolin, or any of the carbolic sheep dips or disin-
fectants which are guaranteed to contain thymol or eucalyptol. The two latter substances are especially |
g recommended by: the French scientists because of their destructive action on the blackleg germs. Owing
to the difficulty in destroying the infection, it may be well to repeat here that all attempts at treating
_ doned as dangerous and unprofitable. It is far better to destroy the animal as soon as all doubt as to
the diagnosis has been dispelled, and to burn the carcass immediately, without removing it from the place
quick action a better result is always. assured. If the animal dies from blackleg in a stable it becomes
tA ed nae Owed
t Picvehiive Measures:—From the preceding discussion it will be seen that remedial treatment
in the ground of these places or in materials (coarse feed, etc.) brought there regularly. Whenever an
an animal affected with blackleg through scarifications or incisions into the affected part should be aban- —
where found. As stated before, the fresh virus is much more easily destroyed than the dried, and by
:
-,
">
ue
‘
4
ox lee
‘the infection from renewing itself by keeping cattle away from-the pasture until it had died out
392 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CA TLE.
necessary to remove the carcass to a proper place for its cremation or burial.
scatter straw or hay wherever there is a possibility. of infecting the stable floor or the grou
the stable and burned, together with that used in removing the carcass. The a Ria a ‘floo
stable should be thoroughly and repeatedly soaked with one of the previously mentioned disin
or with corrosive sublimate (1-2,000). i ay is
Freeing Pastures of Infection.—The question of how completely to eradicate the diseas i
pasture has been much discussed, but no sure means have been found. The usual method of pr
be = iehhiee in this case, as outbreaks have been recorded. in this country in pastures where no
length of time. It has been claimed that complete drainage and ilitivation of the soil for
years will prevent further outbreaks, but where the question concerns large pastures which
for anything but cattle raising this measure is, , of course, out of consideration. :
this statement, which in some cases is based upon actual ee is no doubt correct. ‘ee
this condition is due to overstocking or to an actual decrease in the annual rainfall need not be discussed _
here, but the fact remains that in many of the southwestern cattle raising districts the winter grass, —
as a tule, is barely sufficient to keep the stock alive until spring, and not a straw remains to be burned
off at the end of winter. As stated before, no agent has a more’destructive effect on the blackleg germs
than heat, and no doubt it might be profitable for owners of badly infected pastures to allow the gra
in them to grow rank and burn it off during the winter. It is held by the French scientists that when t
infection on the surface becomes attenuated through exposure to varying climatic conditions it
have its virulence reinforced through lactic acid formed during the natural fermentation in the
Such an acidity of the soil would, however, immediately be neutralized by burning off the pastures,
thereby depositing on the surface a layer of alkalies in the form of ashes, and the attenuation of the ge:
which escaped destruction through the heat might continue without interruption.
Removal of Cattle to New Pastures.—When blackleg appears in a herd, a common :
immediately to move the animals to another pasture. From a number of reports received, |
in certain regions to be consideréd the only sure means of stopping the disease, but in most cases
effect is but temporary. If the new pasture to which the animals are taken is free from infection, i ~
is natural that no more cases should occur, if none of the animals were infected previous to leavin:
old pasture. Such cases would develop in the course of a few days, and, if no precautions are
infect the new pastures to a greater or less extent. But, as a rule, conditions are very much alike i in all
pastures on the same ranch or farm, and after a while, when the animals have become familiar with their bgt
new surroundings and begun to thrive again, the disease reappears. The results, however, seem better
when the pasture to which the afflicted cattle are taken is of decidedly poorer quality than the
where the disease first broke out. This, in connection with the fact that the change which genera
gives the cattle. more or less exercise in rounding up and driving, produces a temporary lull in the out $5
break, seems to indicate that the animals under certain conditions are less susceptible to the «
and that the temporary increase in power of resistance must be due to certain chemical or
bolic processes in the animal economy which are dependent upon the relative proportion betw
amount of exercise and the amount of nutrition of which the so partakes. All cattle ov
measures along this line should be avoided or resorted to’ only as a temporary relief, while less soil
and more certain remedies are provided in the meantime.
ducing a large running sore in the dewlap or on the shbulders and which, through profuse suppu
drains the vitality of the animal, should only be resorted to as a re measure. When pr:
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. ; — 393
regularly it simply prevents growth and stunts young animals, besides affording an opportunity for the
introduction of other disease germs. In England, where public opinion is against vaccination, this
_ method has been employed extensively, and much has been written for and against it. The two prin-
__ cipal authors on this question, Stewart Stockman and J. McFadyean, are both of the opinion that roweling
is of no value as a preventive measure, the former even holding that it has the opposite effect. In support
of this statement, he quotes.the following case:
“At the request of a client whose losses from black BORIS are annually very high, a friend of
mine setoned fifteen yearlings. For some reason a sixteenth animal was not setoned. The sixteen
animals were all pastured on the same meadows. - All the setoned animals died of black quarter and
were survived by the one that had not been setoned.’”’ Such evidence speaks for itself. The fatal result
| _—« in this case is no doubt due to a too prolonged action of the seton. The same author has proved experi-
5 mentally that animals which have been setoned for one month succumb more readily to an inoculation
of blackleg virus than animals which have not been setoned at all, and a number of stockmen in this
country who have been in the habit of roweling their cattle declare that the protective effect of the seton
soon wears off, although it seems effective for awhile. In the writer's opinion, the seton, if used at all,
should not be left in the sore for more than a week or ten days, or sufficiently long to allow the owner
to obtain blackleg vaccine and use it on his cattle. :
To Arloing, Corvenin, and Thomas belong the honor of first discovering that
Preventive Vacci- animals may be protected against blackleg by inoculation with more or less
nation with Davis virulent material obtained from animals which have died from blackleg. They
‘Blackleg Outfit. found that the hypodermic injection of minimal doses of fluid from a blackleg
tumor did not necessarily result in death, but frequently produced a mild attack
of the disease, unaccompanied by any swelling, and that animals treated in that way were afterward
possessed of a very high degree of resistance to the disease. There are, however, few diseases where
_ the individual susceptibility varies to a greater extent than is the case in blackleg, and, as it was
q impossible to ascertain beforehand the degree of susceptibility or power of resistance possessed by
each animal, the exact dose to employ in each case could not be determined, and the method was
abandoned as being toodangerous. Even when the inoculation was made at the extremity of the tail, it
frequently resulted in the development of a swelling which spread to the rump and killed the animal,
or else the tail became gangrenous and dropped off.
When the virus, either fresh from a tumor or dried, is introduced into the blood stream or into
the trachea, the animal shows great resistance to its effect and subsequently becomes immunized. It
is, however, rather difficult to inject the virus either into the jugular vein or into the trachea without
_ infecting the surrounding connective tissue, and the technique of the operation is too complicated to
be of practical value when large numbers of cattle are to be vaccinated. Nevertheless the French
scientists practiced it on 500 animals with only one death resulting from the operation.
Attenuated Virus.—Prolonged exposure to a high temperature serves to attenuate the virulence
of either fresh or dried virus. This fact was employed by the above mentioned authors for the prepara-
tion of a vaccine which may be used in every day practice with little danger of injuring the cattle. The
material used for the vaccine is obtained from a fresh blackleg tumor, by pounding the muscle tissue in a
mortar with the addition of a little water and squeezing the pulp through a piece of linen cloth. The
juice is spread in layers on plates and dried quickly at a temperature of about 35 degrees Centigrade.
This temperature does not in the least affect the germs, and the dried virus obtained in this way retains
a high degree of virulence for a couple of years or more.
When vaccine is to be prepared the dry material is pulverized and mixed in a mortar with two
- parts of water until it forms a semifluid homogeneous mass. This is spread in a thin layer on a saucer
or glass dish, and placed in an oven, the temperature of which can be regulated with exactness. The
’ reason for mixing the virus with water is to insure a quicker and more uniform attenuation. The tem-
perature of the oven is usually brought up to 100 degrees to 104 degrees Centigrade, and the virus is allowed
to remain in it for seven hours. When removed, it appears as a brownish scale, which is easily detached
_ from the dish. The scale is pulverized and mixed with water, and when inoculated under the skin of
calves in doses of 1 centigram per head it produces partial immunity. Subsequent inoculation with
ti
yw
=]
pa
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE
virus which has been heated for the same length of time, but at a temperature of 90 degrees 1
Centigrade, serves to reinforce the immunity. The inoculation is followed by insignificant
In a few cases there is a slight rise in temperature, and by close observation a minute swelling m
times be noted at the point of inoculation. Eight to ten days are allowed to pass between the {
the second inoculation. For reasons already-explained, the vaccine is injected at a place wh
subcutaneous connective tissue is dense and unelastic, generally at the extremity of the tail or the e
surface of the ear, as far from the base of either organ as possible. The immunity conferred in thi
lasts for at least eighteen months, but animals which are vaccinated before they are one year old
be revaccinated the following year. The Davis Blackleg Outfit should be used in administering th
or Infectious Catarrhal Fever, may be defined as an acute, infectious dis
Malignant of cattle in which the respiratory and digestive organs are involved in— the
Catarrh, affection. It is believed to be due to micro-organisms, perhaps belonging |
the bacteria, but the cause is not yet determined. Strictly speaking, it
hardly be called a contagious disease, and appears chiefly in isolated or consecutive - cases.
predisposing causes are but little known, some claiming it to be due to lack of sanitation and By
in stables and barns. The disease may recur year after year-on the same farm or in the same loc lity. =
It is not known whether the conditions of the soil have any bearing on the disease. It is not a pe =
which spreads to a great extent, or which causes severe losses. Ye
batory period is ead to be three to four weeks, varying from case to case. It usually nae ae ao
chill, followed by a high fever, 104 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit. The head droops, the skin is hot and
dry, the coat staring. Other symptoms are quivering of the muscles, marked dullness, passing by degrees
into an almost stupefied condition. Secretion of milk stops in the beginning of the disease. f
of the eye are characteristic of the malady. There is an abundant formation of tears, which run <
over the face; lids- are swollen and inflamed, the animal shuns the light by keeping them closed.
clouding. Inflammation of the iris is occasionally seen. Inflammation from the membranes fo)
mouth, nose, and the sinuses of the head leads to discharges from the mouth and nose. e (
the nose is reddened, and may be covered later with inflammatory deposits. Bowels are a
stipated; later diarrhea sets in and the discharges become soft, offensive and streaked with bloo
uneasiness, amounting in some cases to madness and furious delirium, in others to spasms and convul
or paralysis, are features of the general symptoms. Like other infectious diseases, malignant catarrh
pursues a longer or shorter course in accordance with the severity of the attack. In acute cases de
is said to take place from three to seven days after the appearance of the symptoms. 4
ensues it may take three or four weeks. From 50 to 90 per cent of the affected animals die. — am
Treatment.—No specific treatment exists for this affection. Preventive treatment, which insists
on the removal of the infected animals and a thorough cleaning and disinfection of the infected stables,
may prevent the subsequent appearance of the disease. If the floors are low and damp, they shov
be raised and made dry. Keep the digestion ane general health of yous herd up to the standard eae
pital and strength, with attendant immunity from disease, will be the reward. sat
or Texas Fever, so called, is a specific fever, communicated by cade
Southern Cattle have recently been moved northward from the infected district, or wh
Fever, — contracted by cattle taken into the infected districts from other parts”
world. tt is characterized by the ee ee animal diseases a
from it do not as a rule infect others.
Causes.—Texas fever is caused by an organism which lives within op red blood corpuse
breaks them up. It is therefore simply a blood disease. It belongs to the protozoa family, as d
guished from bacteria; in other words, it is not a microscopic plant, but belongs to the lowest :
the animal kingdom. It multiplies rapidly i in, the we of the infected Sarge and 4 in acute cases ca
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. aD as
ed corpuscles, but all the various processes which go on in Texas fever and which we may observe’ by
examining the organs after death, result from the destruction of these minute bodies. The destruction may
be rapid or slow; when rapid we have an acute, usually fatal type of Texas fever which is always wit-
nessed in the height of the Texas fever season, that is, during the latter weeks of August and the early
September days. When the destruction of corpuscles is slower, a mild, usually non-fatal type of the
disease is called forth, which is only witnessed late in autumn or more rarely in July and the early part
of August. Cases of the mild type usually become acute later on and terminate fatally.
Various names are given to the disease in different localities. It is called Spanish fever, accli-
“mation fever, red water, black water, murrain, dry murrain, yellow murrain, and bloody murrain.
In regard to the means by which the disease is communicated, experience shows that this does not occur.
by animals coming near or in contact with each other. It is an indirect infection. The cattle from
_ the infected districts first infect the pastures, roads, pens, cars, etc., and the susceptible cattle obtain
the virus second hand from these. Usually animals do not contract the disease when separated from
“infected pastures by a fence. If, however, there is any drainage or washing by rains across the line of
fence, this rule does not hold good.
The cattle tick, Ixodes bovis, is mainly responsible for the carrying of Texas fever from the South
to the North. It is essentially a parasite attaching itself to the skin and drawing the blood of its host.
It is unable to come to maturity and reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle,
whence it may obtain its food. Its life is spent largely on cattle. Southern cattle sent north during
the spring and summer months carry on their bodies large numbers of the cattle tick. These when
matured drop off and lay their eggs on northern pastures. These hatch and the young tick soon gets
upon any northern cattle which happen to be on the pastures. As soon as they have attached them-
selves to the skin they inoculate the cattle and Texas fever breaks out a week or more thereafter. The
larva after emerging from the egg is very minute, six-legged, and just visible to the naked eye. On
pastures these little creatures soon find their way upon the cattle. They attach themselves by prefer-
~
ence to the tender skin on the escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on the base of the udder. The _
fever in cattle attacked appears before the ticks have matured.
Symptoms of Texas Fever.—After exposure to infected soil, the disease first shows itself in dullness,
_ loss of appetite and a tendency to leave the herd and lie down: A few days before the symptoms appear
the presence of high fever may be detected. The temperature arises from a normal of 101 to 103 degrees
Fahrenheit to 106 or 107 degrees Fahrenheit. There seems. to be little or no change in temperature until
recovery or death ensues. Bowels are mostly constipated during the fever; toward the end, feces may
become softer and rather deeply tinged with bile. Urine is normal until near the fatal termination,
when it at times is deeply stained with the coloring matter of the blood. The pulse and respiration
are ‘usually much more rapid than during health. As the end approaches emaciation becomes very —
marked, the blood is thin and watery, and the closing of any wound of the skin by clots is retarded.
There is increasing stupor, tendency to lie down most of the time, sometimes signs of delirium. Death
occurs as a rule in the night. In the mild type of the disease, which occurs in October and November,
symptoms of disease are well nigh absent.
Treatment.—As soon as the disease has made its appearance, all animals, sick and healthy,
should at once be removed to a non-infected pasture. This, although not putting an end to the
disease, may save the lives of some members of the herd by removing them from the possibility of being
attacked by any more ticks. Removal from infected pastures likewise prevents a second attack
in October or early in November, which is caused by another generation of ticks. It is true that sick
natives infect with a new generation of ticks the pasture to which they are removed, but these usually
appear sd late that they have but little opportunity to do damage. No systematic experiments have
as yet been made in the medicinal treatment of the sick. Sulphate of quinia, in doses of 15 to 30 grains,
according to the size of the animal, has given good results in the hands of some practitioners, and
tincture of aconite root and Epsom salts have been comtpinied ee it according to indications of the
individual disease.
- There is at present no known method of ridding pastures of ticks without destroying the vege-
_ tation. Every pasture once infected is dangerous throughout the season. Fortunately winter destroys
‘ a ay pont = ay
ee eg ar cee ee” eT | ON AT bay ae ee eee Na ae Se, eye A ty
gh ee 9 “ Sos ie ee - apy Se
7 5 .
396 INFECTIOUS DISEASES | oF c
the tick and a fresh importation from the South is nboeceeey to reproduce tie deca
near the Texas fever line, they may, however, live through very mild winters and produc
following summer. The previous remarks have reference oy to ges es
Secretary of Agriculture. They define the boamieey of the infected Bistrict, oe ones ie 10
shall go out of it except for immediate slaughter between the dates of February 15th and Decem
Cattle from the district going to slaughter cannot be driven, but must be shipped by rail or bo
bills and cars are marked “Southern Cattle’? when they cross the boundary line, and when :
for feeding, watering or sale they are placed in pens set apart for such animals and into w
stock is not allowed to go. The cars and boats which have transported such oe
disinfected and cleansed thoroughly before native stock can be carried.
cattle of this broad land, conducive alike to the RISA of their ceoteciive owners and +0 the
nation. It is our hope that this book, largely compiled as it is from the wealth of stat
scientifically demonstrated results of experiments with which the government has provided
contribute in no small degree to this end. One thing we would like to impress upon the
conclusion of this chapter, as we have done in all the previous chapters, namely, that Davis §
and other preparations have been selected and compounded with this view alone in mind.
. scientific combinations of twentieth century remedies and methods, for the prevention and cur
diseases to which our domestic animals are subject, and for improving their various breed:
careful feeding to the highest possible degree of efficiency and value. In this spirit we recom
preparations to the cattle breeders of the United States. a
DISEASES OF SHEEP.
THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.
~
_-It is true that the human being is endowed with the finest and most sensitive nervous system
“in all the animal kingdom, but this does not by any means imply that animals, and more especially our
domesticated animals, are incapable of feelings and emotions. akin to those experienced by the human.
The fact is that the nervous system in all species throughout the animal world is built in accordance
with the same universal law, and that the differentiations from the lowest to the highest forms is merely
a matter of degree and intensity as regards the phenomenon which we call feeling or sensation. Thus
we know that the finer bred the animal is, the more high strung and sensitive does the nervous
system become.
The sheep ranks among the most highly organized, frbby nerved specimens of our domesticated
"animals, and for this reason it is well that we, as an introduction to the following pages, the contents
of which concerns the sheep and its diseases, should devote a few paragraphs to. a description of the nervous
system, its functions and vagaries in health and disease.
You may be interested in knowing that each of the divisions of this wonderfully constructed,
intricate system of nerves, whose subtle ramifications extend to every part of the body, have phenomena
-peculiar to themselves, enabling the studious man who has paid enough attention to this branch of animal
anatomy, to ascertain which are involved in any one specific disease. We divide the different classes
of disease in accordance with the parts involved, calling diseases of the brain, cerebral; of the spinal
‘cord, the spinal, and of the nerves, the peripheral. If the brain is diseased aloss of perception, volition
_and special sensation is the result. Should one side or part of the body become paralyzed, either motor
or sensory, the brain is affected and suffers, but in case of transverse paralysis, which affects the hind
limbs or a posterior portion of the body, this indicates disease of the spinal cord. The same holds true
of incontinence of urine or retention, which again indicates that the cord is affected. If only a local
part, as for instance a portion of the leg, a muscle or set of muscles are paralyzed, it indicates a diseased
condition of the nerves which supply that part, and is called peripheral. If you should fracture or other-
Wise injure the outer portion of any part of the brain, it will immediately affect the voluntary motions
of the animal sustaining the injury, but if the inner, deeper lying portions of the brain are injured it will
affect the involuntary or automatic motion, the actions of the heart, the respiration, digestion, etc.,
classified under the name of the vital functions. Any severe injury to the vital parts of the brain,
from which ramify the nerves that sustain these functions, will cause instant death by their suspension.
_ In the same way do all injuries covering the entire system cause a higher or lesser degree of excitation,
increased nervous excitability or paralysis. An unexplainable peculiarity of this, the electric battery of
__ the body, is that great derangement in its regular, normal functions may take place without it being
_ possible to discover any structural alteration or impairment in its substance.
—397—
Cotst ha .- eee
nN
Pi are ee, ee ee
M398 “pISBASES OF SHEEP,
also known“as Frenzy, ‘and in scientific. language called Erice
Cerebritis, defined as inflammation’ of the brain: substance, and is ‘often’ imet Wit
operation for gid; or it may follow an injury to the cranium of’ the
an attack of apoplexy. Exposure and exhaustion, which cause the blood to become impoveris.
poisoned, may also develop it. Other causes are feed of too stimulating properties or an excess ©
innutritious feedstuffs. Overripe rye grass tops may be to blame, and among other pred
influences a plethorie condition of the body and exposure to the burning rays of the sun during
season. Grown sheep are rarely affected with this disease, except by direct injury, while lami
mere frequently attacked by incorrect feed and consequent disturbances of the bodily fun
reacting upon the growing and delicate nervous structure.
Symptoms. —Early in n the case a stupor ee possession of the victim. Dullness ee an
of the eyes eomieack: bowels are constipated and tts Sy A es These violent s
most ev ident in lambs, who of a sudden, after pees atiected, with ae paSeaee Commenee a
children, were in the habit of burning the little devils at the stake as ne td their vena om woman —
witches, under the belief that they were possessed by the evilone. In being struck with the disease grown —
sheep may of a sudden jump high in the air and fall down dead. If the attack is prolonged there i se
periods of nervous excitation interposed with exhaustion. .While the acute period lasts sheep runs a
with the tail carried upward, breathing hard. In its madness it butts at men and other sheep or
animals, running up against anything it encounters. ra
Treatment must be prompt if it is to be effective. Bleeding from the jugular vein is
- taking about 8 ounces of blood.from a grown animal. Follow with a cathartic. Then give
salts, 4 ounces in 44 pint of water, to which add 1 dram of Jamaica ginger. If a valuable sheer
the patient in a place where it cannot do injury to itself under the spasms; 1 dram doses of b
potassium being given every two or three hours to quiet the nervousness. Follow this with Davis ¢
Food as directed for sheep and the recovery will be complete. :
: popularly called Tremblings, Thorter Ill, Mad Staggers, is a disor or
Louping Il, apparently caused by a derangement of the nerves of the hind parts, due
: inflammation of the spinal cord in the region of the loins. This infla
followed by a serious effusion, which in less severe cases coagulates, changing into a sort of fibrous tissue.
Permanent pressure on the cord is produced, not enough to produce complete paralysis, but sufficient to
cause derangement of sensibility. This is a remarkable disease, peculiar to the sheep family, and lar.
losses have been caused by it. Governmental and other investigations as to its nature and origin hav
however, so far shed little light on the subject. Its por G4 shows that it has existed in ie
lime was exhausted; Biles contend that the disease is due to inflammation se the brain and spir
others again that smut on grasses is responsible. Coarse, withered grass feed, ticks, oversto
poverty, dry easterly winds in April and May, etc., have also been claimed as the cause, and betw
-all we remain to a large extent in obscurity, without any direct scientific basis baeesiine, or le 1S
of these popular observations. ; ?
Symptoms.—Head and neck are attacked with periodical spasms, contracting or arian ther
backward with a violent jerk, which tends to constrict the esophagus, threatening strangulation |
the swallowing of liquids is attempted. A frothy saliva is emitted from the mouth, especially during
the convulsive fits, which may occur every five minutes, accompanied with a very laborious and quick
respiration, subsiding on termination of the attack. Other symptoms are trembling of the hind» parts;
twitching of the muscles; gigi don pulse; dry and hard skin; Cee ee fate grind:
[Rg
"I
(i
a
’
_;SDISEASES-OF SHEEP. "399
teeth, “pines ‘slowly ‘away, and at length ‘déath ensues. It has been claimed by some authorities
that it is only since. the . introduction. | of Merinos -and other high bred, fine wooled sheep that: the
“disease has developed. In the early. stages ‘of the disease the sheep are in poor condition and
_ gradually falling off, the fleece is dry and dead to the touch, the nervous symptoms soon following,
generally evidenced by a loss of power in one or more of the limbs, the whole side at times being involved.
A sheep Bay exist for days in this condition, and should it not recuperate and rally, death will sooner or
later ensue. Even in recovery the use of a hind leg will to many of those patients be lost for a long time,
it being drawn behind them in moving and dead and cold to the touch. oes filled with a may
appear around the joint or on the fore leg or brisket.
Treatment.—There is no cure for the disease proper and the treatment must be eee: pre-
ventive. Remove the flock to new and fresher pastures; feed oil cake and other good commercial feeds;
give lambs a sufficient dose of Epsom salts to act as a purge, the adult sheep about 4ounces. A stimula-
ting, nutritious diet, with Davis Stock Food always added to the ration in the proportion of 1 teaspoonful
to each feed for the grown sheep and 14 teaspoonful to each feed for a lamb, is the best safeguard
for this destructive disease. It should be remembered that Davis Stock Food, acting as it does at the
same time as a tonic and digestive, stimulating the salivary glands of the mouth, liberating the juices
of the stomach, and by thus directly influencing the digestion, causing all feed taken into the body to
be assimilated, produces such a healthy, unobstructed circulation that the risk of your flock of sheep —
being attacked with disease is lessened 75 per cent; that is, if you are careful to always have
it on hand and feed it regularly. Good hygienic surroundings are also here as elsewhere of the
greatest importance, and the folds and houses in which the sheep are kept should at all times be
clean and sweet in every particular.
in the popular language of the ee known as Palsy, may be déscribed as a
Simple Paralysis, loss of power, sensory or motor, or both. Lambs are most frequently attacked
_ by this disease, the cause being the exposure of the ewe at weaning time, rough
weather, and lack of sufficient or proper nutriment. Ewes also at times are affected. with the disease,
as the result of abortion, prolonged and difficult labor, etc. When the new born-lambs are affected they
often die in one night. Other causes are chronic or habitual constipation, indigestion caused by
partaking freely of roots, or poisons entering the system with grasses. Se
Symptoms.—In milder cases the lamb is discovered standing still, apparently unable to move,
and upon examination it is found that its hind parts are powerless. The patient rarely recovers if the —
motor functions are generally affected, and the period before death is usually marked by a persistent
and violent diarrhea.
Treatment.—Tonics and digestives, such as Davis Stock Food, combined with purgatives and
stimulating liniments, are the remedies recommended for combating the disease. Give adult sheep
the usual dose of 1 teaspoonful of Davis Stock Food to each feed. If the loins are badly affected on
a valuable lamb or sheep which the owner desires to go to some trouble in saving, clip off the fleece for a
space of 3 inches each way and paint the back with a solution of lunar caustic, 1 dram to 1 ounce of
distilled water. Apply some of this with a brush to the affected parts, continuing with its use daily
for two or three days: Then stop, but repeat treatment again in the course of eight days, if considered
necessary. It is perhaps the best plan in all cases where the sheep or lambs are in good condition, and
able to command a price on the market that will compensate the owner for their loss, to sell them to
the butcher, if they do not happen to be of such value that the owner is willing to go to some trouble
in order to save them. In the case of newly born lambs, rub the little animal well all over the body,
gradually warming it; then give 1 teaspoonful of sweet spirits of niter in a little warm water, returning
the lamb to the ewe. Carefully house both the mother and her offspring with clean bedding; feed the
mother on wholesome, nourishing feed, protect them from drafts and cold aes and make it as
comfortable for ae as though they were of the Einar family. i E
Es PAL” hae eee er CO. ae iss ao
THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
or Snuffles, often affects sheep which have been exposed to inclemency
Nasal Catarrh, weather. It is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the nose
be either acute, subacute or chronic. It is very much like an atta
in the human. Sheep which have been shipped a long way often are severely affected with snuffle q
arriving at their destination. The early winter season is the time where the largest number of s
occur in a herd. ; e) .
Symptoms.—Acute: Feverishness; rapid breathing; high color of the ici mucous n
of the nose and mouth, due to accumulation of mucus from the inflamed surfaces. At the beginni
the patient sneezes, shakes its head, evinces pain, and in a little while a mucous discharge from th
setsin. Inthe course of a couple of days pus forms and is emitted with the discharge; discharge be
thick, but without smell. Without treatment disease often lasts for several weeks in this state, 4
in the end either affecting a cure or the inflammation of the lung tissue gaining the upper hand, res
in pneumonia or bronchitis, which is often of fatal consequence.
feed forthelamb). This with proper care in the way of protection nes cold air me drafts
produce a cure. The disease, popular belief notwithstanding, is not contagious, and if a lar.
of cases occur at the same time in your flock you may safely attribute it to the same caus
hygiene or feeding. Catarrh produces a weakening and exhaustion of the affected sheep, hat
come, .and which makes them unprofitable feeders. You should therefore oe cia
builds up the entire system of the animal, making it to a ee extent sane Oe en
regularly 1 teaspoonful to each feed, and it will save you much loss and worry as time passes ©
or Laryngitis, is an inflammation of the membrane of the larynx.
Sore Throat, cases the swelling is spongy, the blood vessels of the throat are eng
blood, and gangrenous patches form at times on the mucous membrane,
extending over the entire throat, producing diphtheritic sore throat, a common affliction.
_ Symptoms.—Fever; rapid price the head is projected in a straight line, the mouth
winch are apt to return Fcoted the nose; ae protrude more or fess: saliva forms in the mouth, drib ti
from the animal in its efforts to swallow. The whole system is more or less upset.
Treatment.—Twice or thrice daily apply Davis Veterinary Liniment to the throat and.
thoroughly with the hand. If the herdsman doesn’t happen to have this, try the following: O
the following: Tincture of iron, 6 drams; chlorate of potash, 4 drams; water, 8 ounces.
times daily, 1 tablespoonful each time. Lambs should only be given one-quarter of the aoges
care and treatment this disease usually yields in the sheep. Pee it on 2 a nourishing ration
draft ; ye its cakontee clean and comfortable. Comteicnce treatment. as soon as the first eye Y
show themselves. Davis Stock Food may with advantage be given | ee: os ee
. —400— | :
THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. ek 49%
gee “ is a catarrhal disease, affecting the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes, often ~
j ‘Bronchitis _* found as a complication with laryngitis and catarrh of the nose. Exposure to
ees ic wind and weather, the breathing of vitiated air, etc., are fertile causes for its
se Seas are similar to those of catarrh of the nose, with a few exceptions; moist cough;
& a wheezing sound from the air pipes; fever; throat and belly are tender to the touch; respirations quick,
. ‘increasing in rapidity as disease progresses; loss of appetite; thirst, which is most pronounced toward
the last stage of the disease. Peculiar murmurs, called rales, may be heard by placing the ear to the
chest, caused by a liquid mucus being present in the bronchial tubes, through which the air must pass
‘during the act of respiration. In the progression of the affection the patient is weakened, urine becomes
highly colored and scanty, droppings are coated with slime, dry and hard on the inside, fever continues
to manifest itself at intervals. an
Z Treatment.— Put Seco in a large shed where the air is fresh and pure, but Roteer it from
‘drafts. Tone and stimulate the patient by adding Davis Stock Food to the ration. In severe cases
‘in addition to this give fluid extract of belladonna leaves, 1 dram; fluid extract of licorice root, 2 ounces;
muriate of ammonia, 14 ounce; alcohol, 2 ounces; water, 4 ounces. Mix this thoroughly and give the
patient 1 tablespoonful twice daily for an adult sheep, lambs in proportion to their age. With this treat-
‘ment administer 2 drams of sweet spirits of niter twice a day in 14 pint of oatmeal gruel. Do not tse
p= a for this affection. ae
ee - . or Pneumonia, is caused by sudden changes in temperature, especially occurring
Gai ammation where the climate is damp and wet. Inhalation of vitiating gases also induce
of the ‘Lungs, an attack, or it may be secondary to milder diseases of the air passages, such
as catarrh or laryngitis.
Symptoms.—A* persistent, more or less violent cough, is one of the first indications at an
attack of pneumonia; then there may be a shivering fit, labored breathing, increased motion of
_ the ribs; flanks heave rapidly; pulse grows quick and strong (at the beginning; toward the end of the
‘disease it weakens); there is loss of appetite; sheep ceases to chew the cud; thirst is considerable; there
_ is discharge from the nose, animal grinds its teeth as though in pain. Weakness and exhaustion increases;
the eye has a glazed, staring appearance; there are fits or spasms, and delirium, and finally death ensues.
: Treatment.—First of all regulate the animal’s digestive and circulatory functions, making the
ration light and giving Davis Stock Food in the usual proportion to each feed. Then counter irritation,
such as the application of Davis Veterinary Liniment to the sides and chest. Try the following in the
' _—-way of internal treatment: Sulphate of quinine, 40 grains; whisky, 714 ounces; tincture of iron, 14 ounce.
q _ Mix well, and give 2 tablespoonfuls every four hours in 44 pint of oatmeal gruel. This is the dose
- or a mature sheep, and lambs should be treated proportionately. If the animal suffers from chronic
_ pneumonia, it is rarely worth while attempting to treat it, as it is practically useless for eros purposes,
_ and unfit for fattening.
a disease frequently met with after dipping in the late fall or sheep washing in the
Pleurisy, spring, is an inflammation of the serous coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.
tas Sudden changes in the temperature, chills and inclement weather are the usual
causes. It also may be a complication attendant on other diseases of the parts involved.
ys ae 13
Symptoms are similar to those manifesting in inflammation of the lungs. Spasmodic pains
also may be observed, causing the sheep to grunt, grind its teeth and appear uneasy and anxious. At
the beginning of the trouble the pulse is hard and strong, ears and legs become cold, flanks heave, the
ribs appear fixed. If recovery from this condition should not occur in two or three days, indicated by
cessation of the inflammation and return of the affected parts to a healthy condition, it is apt to termi-
nate faa een death may be delayed for a week or two. Before this second and fatal stage com-
leural series es place, as a result of the inflammation, the cheep may commence to feed, the extremi-
ies get warm and an apparent change for the better becomes evident. But this is only a forerunner
the third stage, preceding the fatal termination. As this approaches the effusion increases until the .
402 ‘THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. — a
chest cavity becomes filled with a watery, serous liquid, the respirations once more,hecome labored,
the eyes glassy, the sheep soon dying, more from suffocation than anything else. «In cases, that recover —
the lungs are frequently found to adhere to the chest walls, due to the adhesive action of: ‘inflammation.
When sheep are in this condition they become practically valueless, being unsatisfactory. Aen as a q
rule losing flesh instead of fattening, and unfit for breeding purposes.
Treatment.—Good hygienic treatment, a light ration, to which add Deas Stock Food i in ce One a
proportion. Bleeding, when the disease is discovered in the first stages, is beneficial. The extraction
of blood should be not less than 8 ounces from an.adult sheep. Do not bleed more than once. When
shivering and chills are observed at the commencement of the affection a dose of good whisky, 1 ounce
in four ounces of gruel, may be administered with good effect. Inthe second or more painful and com-
plicated stage of the affection, try the following internal treatment: Fluid extract of belladonna, 2 drams; *
sweet spirits of niter, 2 ounces; muriate of ammonia, 14 ounce; water, 6 ounces. Mix this preparation
well and administer it in doses of 1 tablespoonful every two hours in 14 pint of gruel. Davis Veterinary
Liniment may be used in this case also, as an adjunct to the other treatment. The elbows and lower
part of the chest should be thoroughly rubbed in with this once a day until recovery.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
as a rule, occurs among lambs in the first part of the spring, especially in such
Sore Mouth, as are still sucking the ewes. Adult sheep, however, are by no means exempt,
although when the animal gets to be two years old the danger of its being attacked
is remote. In the lamb and younger animal it is a very troublesome and occasionally “fatal affection.
It seems that feeding of turnips sometimes produces this condition, while a faulty diet, improper sani-
tation and hygiene, the spores of certain fungi, physical exhaustion, and in older sheep carious teeth
and low vitality are mentioned among the prominent causes which are liable to produce the disease.
One veterinarian who has made a careful study of Sore Mouth asserts that it is caused by a minute ; ,
organism, contained not only in the milk but also in the watery fluids of the stomach and abdominal
organs on a postmortem examination. It seems that the lambs are first affected and the ewes are thus
inoculated by their offspring, while the original cause through which the yee animal contracts the
disease is obscure and uncertain.
Symptoms.—There seems to be a progressive physical exhaustion coming on the lamb. It drags —
ehind, seems unable to keep up with its mother; mouth when lamb tries to grasp or suck the teat is
filled with saliva and foam, which coats the udder of the ewe; there is apparently an inability or reluctance
in grasping and sucking the teat, probably caused by physical weakness; lamb exhibits a desire to lay
down, opposite to its usual tendency to frisk and roam about; the weakness becomes more pronounced,
ears hang down, head droops forward; small pimples burst out about the mouth. Subsequently these —
enlarge, ulcerate, become confluent and form sores which cover with scab; these pimples break out
inside the mouth, too, affecting the tongue, lips and gums; in aggravated cases the gums ulcerate, teeth
‘ loosen and sometimes fall out, the lower jaw bone becoming inflamed. Should the udder of the ewe
be attacked the eruption is similar to that occurring in the mouth of the lamb; teats are full of sores,
which dry and become crusted over with heavy black scabs, and when the lamb is unable to extract the e!
milk, both on account of the condition of the udder and that of its own mouth, the gland soon becomes
inflamed by retaining the milk, frequently terminating in a gangrenous condition, during which the whole
or a large portion of the udder sloughs off. In the worst cases there seems to be a gradual poisoning
of the blood, occasioning inflammation of the lungs, abscesses on the lymphatic glands, which in their turn
cause prostration, rapid breathing, coughing and inability to move. Death frequently occurs, due to
the affected animal being unable to get feed into its stomach.
Treatment.—First separate the flock; take the healthy animals to an entirely new locality, leaving
the sick ones where they are until cured. Put the ewes on a light but still nourishing and substantial
a
“his in itself will do much to ward
off Hie Heese both i in the mother and young one. As long as the iader is not affected the lamb should
be permitted to remain with the ewe, and the purer and healthier condition of the milk resulting from
the change i in diet will naturally react for the better upon the suckler. Ifthe udder is attacked thelamb
must be fed and raised by hand. The following ointment should be used for the affected udder: Tannic
macid, 1 dram; acetic acid, 1 ounce; water, 1 pint. In administering this the gland should be handled
with the greatest care. Do not milk it out more than twice daily, and be very careful that you do
not bruise it. Considerable trouble is attendant upon this treatment, but if it is desired to save the
ewe it must be applied. A dose of Epsom salts as internal medication is beneficial in the beginning, —
before the disease has gained foothold. Four ounces in 14 pint of warm gruel is about the quantity
“required for the adult, the lamb in proportion thereto. Mix in the trough with the feed and administer
bathe following preparation: Powdered licorice root, 4 ounces; wood charcoal, 2 ounces; linseed, ground,
5 ounces; sulphate of iron, 5 drams. Mix this well, and give it with the feed twice daily. A small
_ quantity of common table salt. may be added to the preparation. The use of the above preparation is
unnecessary, however, if Davis Stock Food is used. Wash out the mouth of the lamb several times
daily with a solution of chlorate of potash, apply over the sores externally and internally. Or you
_ may make up the wash of the following constituents: Borax, 14 ounce; aqua, 1 pint; swab out the -
- mouth with one of these mixtures (the chlorate of potash mixture shew be about 14 ounce to 1 pint —
of i water) | and in administering it be careful that very little of it is swallowed by the patient; at the —
; same time you may apply the ointment externally to all affected parts. If the inflammation of the mouth
has become gangrenous, try the following: Potassium permanganate, 10 grains; water, 1 pint. Mixed
and applied as directed with the other. Should the teeth become loose or carious, remove them, and
' __ if the flesh of the mouth or gums shows tendency to inflame and decay in spots, touch.the affected ae
: ap ee potash, or, better, nitrate of silver.
_ popularly known as Choking, is a disease peculiar to the larynx, esophagus
Obstruction of or gullet. Mislodgment of feed is the ordinary cause. It is more often met
the Gullet, with in the ox than the sheep, but is occasionally encountered in the latter
eration! animal when roots are part of the ration. bas
: ‘Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; the feeding ceases; breathing is heavy and difficult; animal com-
- mences to bloat; swelling appears larger in the region of the left flank than in the right. _ Derangement
of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves from the irritation helps along the cessation of the vital
pfs functions: suffocation from pressure of the distended stomachs on the diaphragm or midriff diminishes
the capacity of the chest ae preventing free expansion of the lungs, and death often follows
ae these symptoms. .
___‘ Treatment.—There is no treatment other than the operative, and for quick relief of the suffocating
and dying animal a probang is required. This consists of a thin, flexible tube, containing a small knob
4 or protuberance on the end, and this is thrust into the mouth. In order to work it the sheep must be
__ set on its haunches or rump, with the shoulders resting between the knees of the operator’s assistant,
' _also letting him take hold of the fore feet to aid in keeping the patient quiet. Insert a gag, or keep the
__ sheep’s mouth open with the hand, smear the probang with lard or vaseline, then gently pass it over
the back of the tongue, down into the gullet, upon reaching the obstruction you must only make use of ~
the very gentlest of pressure, as violent efforts may cause lacerations of the parts, which are liable to —
fatally injure the animal. After the obstruction has been moved by the probang and passes. into the ~
rumen there will be immediate and complete relief. If considerable bloating is present, it is well to
_ puncture the rumen prior to passing the probang, and this should be done with an instrument called a
ee trOcar.« select. the part to be operated on and insert the trocar, withdrawing the stillet and leaving the
tube i in position, so that the gases may have sufficient time to escape through it. In bloat from choking
in both oxen and sheep operate on the left flank, being careful to select the right place, taking the soft
: d most bulging points for a guide, so as to avoid striking the last ribs, or the transverse processes of
the lumbar vertebra. If the operation is unsuccessful, the operator being aE to remove the
obstruction with ‘the probang, better slaughter the an imal.
oy
s Beat AAT taeda pn i ne ‘
404 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. a: oo
known also as Blasting, is a condition arising from malassimilation of feed 9
Bloat or Hoven, rather than a disease. The cause is a collection and formation of gases in the
rumen and first stomach, due to fermentation. Frosted roots, or top roots, ts
and a diet containing a surplus of moisture, eating of grasses still wet with dew, are among the causes. _
It is also known to arise as a complication to choking, etc. ; ;'
Symptoms.—Dullness; hard breathing; abdominal pain; body back of the ribs commences
to enlarge, especially in the region of the left flank where the rumen is situated. On this side the swelling
is more prominent and conspicuous than on the other.
Treatment should be guided by the cause and symptoms. Before resorting to the trocar, take
incture of colchicum seeds and place twenty to thirty of them on the sheep’s tongue, repeating it every
twenty minutes, if required. If the colchicum is not at hand at the moment, bicarbonate of soda may
be substituted ; this, which is identical with our common baking soda, is found in all households and there-
fore often the remedy most easily accessible. Dissolve 1 tablespoonful in 14 pint of water (warm) and
administer as a drench. Should the bloating be severe you must resort to the operation with the trocar
at once. Plunge it into the most prominent and bulging part of the left flank, so that the gas may escape,
then give the colchicum or soda treatment to prevent fermentation of the viscera. Should the disease
be due to partaking of wet grasses or too succulent a diet, correct this, substituting with a more dry
ration, to which is added Davis Stock Food in the usual proportions. The early morning dew on the
grass should be allowed to evaporate before the sheep are turned out.
is caused by functional derangement of some part of the system. If any serious
Loss of the Cud disease is present the animal’s craving for feed naturally more or less decreases,
or ceases entirely, while as soon as recovery takes place the cud chewing will
again commence as a natural consequence with the restored appetite and partaking of feed. No other
treatment than a cathartic, as for instance, 4 ounces of Epsom salts, and 1 ounce of hyposulphite of soda,
dissolved in 1 pint of warm water, is required. Such cases as are due to indigestion, which is shown by
the sheep pulling and eating its wool, should be relieved by a mixture of prepared chalk and common
salt sprinkled over the fodder. If Davis Stock Food is given with the feed this, as a rule, is all that
is required in the way of treatment for cessation of cud chewing, known as Loss of the Cud.
isa distention of the rumen with feed; in other words, the organ becomes
Impaction of filled to its utmost capacity with solid feedstuffs, especially grain; or it may
the Rumen be encountered where sheep are grazed on new grass in stubble fields; sudden ~
changing from poor to rich pastures; or in some instances new wheat has been
productive of fatal effects. There is paralyzation of the walls of the rumen, their natural motion ceases,
the feed remains in the viscus as an SS Ne inert mass, and death ensues if the proper treatment
is not applied.
Symptoms.—Sheep is dull and stupid; the cud chewing ceases; there are fecceiont. grunts attendant
upon the pain; there is an anxious look in the face, and pressure on the left flank reveals a doughy,
pitting feeling.
Treatment.—Give a cathartic, together with stimulants, as follows: Fluid extract nux vomica,
5 minims; Barbadoes aloes, 4% ounce; aromatic spirits ammonia, 2 drams; warm water, 1 pint. Mix ©
this thoroughly and give in one dose. If for any reason this treatment should fail in producing the —
desired effect, and the sheep is a valuable one, the owner desiring to save the animal for breeding pur-
poses, call a veterinarian and have him perform the following operation: First clip the fleece in
the region of the flank, next take a sharp knife, make an incision downward and _inward
through the skin from a point about 2 inches from the protuberance of the hip bone, making it
about 3 inches in length to permit the hand to enter; break through the tissues underlying the
skin with the fingers, laying bare the outside coats of the first stomach; now make an incision
through this, reach in with the hand (first securing a napkin or clean cloth and placing it so that
it covers the dependent part of the wound in the skin and stomach, in order to prevent the: contents
from falling down between the walls of the stomach and the abdominal cavity, which would in most
cases be followed with peritonitis), and remove at least one-third of its contents. Thereafter a purgative
should be poured into the stomach, a simple compound made up of 2 ounces of common salt, 44 ounce
Pa ee
THE. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Ca 405
solu on of ammonium acetate, and sl pint ai water. This bene done the walls a ee rumen (stomach)
about % inch oat , silk eine used anon to sew up the skin. In the last part a the process
be careful that the stitches do not include the tissues interspacing between the skin and the rumen.
Pine tar should be used in dressing the external surface. Properly done, this is usually a very successful
operation, and is not liable to result in serious consequences of any kind. Of course, if you do not know
the animal ra well, you had better call in a veterinarian to perform it.
Little circular bodies of wool found in the first stomach of the sheep after death,
_ Wool Balls. and caused by the felting of wool and feed materials. Only when occurring
. . in young lambs, immediately after the ewe has been shorn, are these apt to be
4 of serious lapieed uence, and ordinarily they cause but little inconvenience to the sheep. After the mother
2 has been shorn, however, the ticks which formerly resided on her body remove to the lambs, causing
ie - them to bite and tear out the wool, considerable quantities of which are swallowed, followed by condi-
_ tions which at times terminate fatally. The same holds good of mineral or other small bodies which
; yes lodged in the bowels, such as, for instance, a nail head or a piece of gravel; although they may
: ‘5 form pouches or depressions, little injury to the organs is done except when, in some way or other,
they become dislodged and a from their pouches, when colicky symptoms of fatal consequence
: may ensue.
‘A very common and but slightly dangerous or inconveniencing disease of
Umbilical Hernia. the sheep.
: Treatment.—In rare instances where the animal is found with rupture
Sarcatching its life through strangulation, it is better to dispose of it to the butcher. Operations for
- Umbilical Hernia are useless, and as the disease, although it does not improve the appearance of the sheep,
pe oreely serious, it is better to leave it alone altogether.
_ Changes in the tissues of the bowel attendant upon acute inflammation of
- Stricture. its walls occur at times in the sheep. As it is always fatal, no treatment being
devised to stay it, and as it is of comparatively rare occurrence, it deserves but
_ passing notice in a work like this.
is a common and generally fatal disease, caused by milk curdling. It is usually
Oe tsction of the brought about in the owner’s attempt to force the lamb for the early spring
i Fourth. Stomach market, cow’s milk being fed it together with that of its mother. The symp-
= if of Bama hs toms of the disease manifest if the lamb appearing dull, stupid and unwillipg
and the eoaeis are more or less constipated.
Treatment. —A thin gruel to which is added bicarbonate of soda should be administered; 10
grains of the soda in every dose of gruel being given, and the gruel administered every two hours
in portions of about 3 ounces. You may follow this treatment with linseed oil in the following way:
_ Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 14 teaspoonful; linseed oil, 4 ounces. The dose should be well shaken
before administered.
aa Colic present, evidenced by grinding of the teeth, striking the belly with the hind
feet at intervals, etc., it indicates that colic is the cause, the condition being
ae bottle, using cow’s milk, or surfeit milk of any kind, even though it comes from its own dam, being
a wenceally the fault. As treatment, antispasmodic and carminative agents should be resorted to, pep-
- permint, ginger and sulphuric ether being very beneficial. Then resort to counter irritation, applying
a stimulating liniment to the belly. There is nothing better than Davis Veterinary Liniment. “Also
give a good cathartic and give Davis Colic Cure, two tablespoonfuls dissolved in water at a dose being
the proportion suitable for a lamb about three months old; other animals should be given the treatment
in proportion to their. age. Generally this will bring instant relief, and if in severe cases a rectal
i njection of soap, and-warm water is added all colicky pains will disappear. s
ete to move. The breathing is quick and heavy, the belly is tender and Sealer
is not a very common disease among sheep. If, however, colicky pains are —
~
-more frequently encountered in lambs than in sheep; a faulty diet, as, for instance, overfeeding from ~
0600 TE DIGESTIVE STOTT
or Enteritis, is rarely met with in sheep, and it is doubtful if it really exists
Inflammation of as a special disease or is merely the consequence of other systemic troubles,
the Bowels » some authorities even affirming that it is an open question if the disease in its”
true nature ever occurs in the sheep. The indications denoting the presence
of enteritis, in the form in which it may show, are ‘essentially the same as those encountered in colic,
with the addition that here the patient is inclined to lie down most of the time, the pain is continuous,
while in colic it only appears at intervals and the temperature remains elevated until the end of
the attack. Around the mouth a frothy saliva may collect, and the belly is tender to the touch, at
times painful.
Ҥ
Treatment should consist of stimulating applications to the belly, such as Davis Veterinary
Liniment. A mustard plaster applied after the fleece has been removed is also good. In more severe
eases quinine and opium combined, or camphor and belladonna will prove beneficial and relieve the
pain. Never administer purgatives for this ailment. Instead of water, mucilaginous fluids should be
given to drink, and during the convalescence Davis Stock Food, 1 heaping teaspoonful to each feed, should —
be given as a tonic and strengthener. The following is a preparation which in the majority of cases of
this nature willdothe work: Laudanum, 114 ounces; spirits of camphor, 6 drams; fluid extract belladonna
leaves, 2 drams; alcohol, 614 ounces; thoroughly mixed and given in doses of 1 tablespoonful in 14 pint
of warm gruel every three hours. Also give the usual counter nritation in the way of an external
application to the belly; mustard and the like is good.
also called Superpurgation, is a well known disease, a fluid condition of the
Diarrhea, contents of the stomach and bowels, indicating either faulty diet, water, or some
kind of functional disturbance of the system. There is an increase in the peri-
staltic action of the organs, due to some kind of irritation. Great thirst is evinced, and if this isnot con-
trolled it will further enhance the trouble. An abrupt change from one kind of feed to another, wet,
unripe grasses, marshy meadow grasses, forming a watery diet, as well as all kinds of exposure to storms
and rains favor the condition. It may also be present as a secondary symptom of some other disease,
such as tuberculosis, diseases of the liver, local tissue changes, etc. One of the most common
complications is dysentery, and it often results in an attack of this trouble.
Symptoms.—A fluid condition of the feces; frequent evacuations. As disease progresses the
bowels become injected, causing colicky pains; Guice pulse, which generally weakens; the temperature
lowers rapidly; there is great thirst; emaciation; anxious expression; furred tongue; cold extremities |
as the end approaches; the mucous membrane turns pale instead of its healthy pink. These are symp-
toms of the worst form of the disease; they indicate neglect on the part of the owner, and often
_ terminate fatally. To counteract this condition the animal should be put on a dry, yet nourishing
ration, and Davis Stock Food given in the usual proportion.
In lambs the disease is also called the White Skit, the name coming from the
Diarrhea in Lambs. profuse, white colored feces. The trouble is caused by increased peristaltic
action, the milk being either too rich in quality or partaken of too freely,
causing it to coagulate too quickly on ‘account of the increased powers of the gastric juices. The
period when the lamb commences to take other nourishment together with the mother’s milk is ©
especially favorable for the development of this disease. : ae .
Symptoms.—Dullness; heaving of the flanks; tense enlarged condition of the abdomen; sometimes
costiveness; a peculiar white color of the feces. Besides this diarrhetic disease in lambs they are subject a i
to another form of the affection called the Green Skit, in which the fluid evacuations of the bowels are
of a-greenish color. This is a very SEE age condition and may terminate fatally in the course ofa
day or two. ;
Treatment of Adult Sheep.—The first thing to do is to keep ‘be animal away from the water; is ee
not allow anything but bland fluids, such as linseed or rice tea, flour, gruel, etc. Warm, comfortable quar-
ters should be provided; look after the cause of the trouble and remedy it. In case of excessive thirst,
“e? e
’ Pa ‘ oe) me
1 A ts ” si all a Oe ate bales ee oe
Doe Siepsilive svevum =, oz
following: Baking soda, 1 ounce; water, 1 gallon; permit the sheep to quench its thirst with
_In order'to:correct any sourness or acidity that may be present in the stomach administer the fol-
ving compound: Give Davis Stock Food as directed or in its absence try this: Tincture of ginger,
1 ounce; laudanum, 4 ounces; peppermint water, 8 ounces; prepared chalk, 1 ounce; mix this thoroughly
and give the patient 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls night and morning. Lambs recently weaned should be given
bc about half the dose. A very important part of the treatmex; for diarrhea is correction of the diet;
_ remove the animal to drier pastures if possible, feed it on dry feedstuffs, such as bran and hay. A
_ teaspoonful of Davis Stock Food in each feed willdono harm. It is well to try to stop the diarrhetic
condition at the outset, with a treatment consisting of linseed oil and Davis Scour Cure, the latter
ine temedy being a panacea for this condition. sere
Treatment for White Skit.—The thing is to bieeavor to dissolve the solids in the fourth stomach,
he for which alkalies are recommended. Prepare the following: Baking-—soda, % ounce; tincture of
ae ginger, 1 dram; warm, thin gruel, 4 ounces; sulphate of magnesia, 1 ounce; mix this thoroughly and
- administer in one dose. You may then give a cordial mixture, the following having been tried with good
- results: Tincture of catechu, 2 ounces; magnesia, 1 ounce; tincture of rhubarb, 1 ounce; bicarbonate of
soda, 2 ounces; glycerine, 2 drams; water, 12 ounces; mix this thoroughly and give the patient from \%
to 2 tablespoonfuls three times daily, in conformity to its age. When the lamb is still sucking the
ewe it is well to look after the diet of the mother in connection with the treatment of the offspring. Keep
_ her milk in a healthy (not too rich) condition by feeding on dry rations, and at the same time you may
administer the preceding mixture to her twice a day, giving her 3 to 4 tablespoonfuls. When this
_ is done, however, the direct treatment of the lamb should be reduced materially. In the treatment of
_ Green Skit, present in lambs who have just left off sucking, the cordial preparation which- we have
given above should be administered, 1 tablespoonful every three hours being the correct dose. Small
-. doses of whisky as a stimulant in emery is of great assistance.
also called Bicacae Flux, is gerierally caused by the feeding of coarse, unwhole-
‘Dysentery, Cling, some feed, or from grazing on low and marshy lands, especially such as have
been submerged in water, when the sand grit and decaying compositions of
pears set up inflammation and irritation of the bowels. Dysentery is an inflammatéry disease, affecting
the membranes of the large intestines. It often terminates fatally. Some form of typhoid fever like
symptoms, with fluid evacuations from the bowels, mixed with large quantities of mucus and blood,
characterizes the disease.
Symptoms. —Physical exhaustion; profuse diarrhea; feverishness; low temperature; feces are
thin but adhesive, painful and laden with mucus, and often accompanied with blood; belly is swollen
and tender to the touch; watery feces adhere to the wool and tail, also to thighs; flies pester the sore spots
and maggots develop in their trail; there is excessive thirst; appetite is often ravenous in spite of the
_ emaciation and weakness. Attack may last for weeks, or death may result ina few days. Sometimes the
wool becomes matted over the rump so that evacuation of the feces becomes difficult or impossible.
: If this condition, called binding, is not remedied it will gradually cause death.as the fecal matters cannot
; be expelled. Remove the wool on the rump and thigh, wash with warm water and soap, and keep the
_ parts clean, in order to avoid this condition. To prevent the attack of flies, spray the animal with Davis
eae Bly Chaser two or three times daily, or in its absence prepare the following powder: Calomel, 1 dram;
len subnitrate of bismuth, 2 ounces; iodoform, 14 dram; mix it thoroughly and dust on the affected parts.
_ You may substitute it with a solemn of oil of tar and turpentine, being less expensive and just as good.
_ Prepare it as follows: Oil of tar, 1 ounce; spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce; spirits of camphor, 2 ounces;
. _ neatsfoot oil, 4 ounces. Dry feeds, such as a ration of bran and oats, mixed in with a little linseed meal,
are good. At the onset of the affection it is well to give the patient 4 ounces of linseed oil. Follow this
up with small doses of the same oil during the treatment. It is very important that the animal should
be well housed and kept in comfort and quiet during the progress of the disease. Rhubarb, ipecacuazha
and laudanum should. be given with the linseed oil as follows: Tincture of rhubarb, 1 ounce; linseed
“oil, 9 ounces; wine of i ipecac, 1 ounce; laudanum, 2 ounces; mix this thoroughly and give 2 tablespoon-
fils: twice daily. ‘Pure heechwood creosote in drop doses ‘is recommended where the discharges are
’
;
}
408 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. _
offensive. When the animal has been brought around to the convalescing ety the feeding: shoul
very careful, and the digestive and assimilative functions should be kept in proper working order by the
use of Davis Stock Food, 1 teaspoonful to each feed, this acting also as a tonic and stimulant. If
this is not at hand, use the following tonic: Powdered gentian root, 4 ounces; powdered saltpeter, 1
ounce; linseed meal, 8 ounces; powdered sulphate of iron, 3 ounces; powdered nux vomica, 3drams; _
mix this thoroughly and give the sheep 1 tablespoonful to each feed twice a day. In the spring of the in
year you will do well in tagging the sheep, which means to remove the tags of wool hanging around the 4
breech, in order that they may be safe from the pestiferous flies if scouring should set in. = ==~3~3= x
In the grown sheep this is a condition due to too much dry feed taken into” a
Constipation. the stomach. In lambs, gastric troubles may be the cause. Impaired peri- |
staltic action may also produce it, this again being a reaction from defective
or weakened nerve force, causing the mucus in the bowels to dry up, this again making it impossible for a
the feces to glide through the passages. elas sam
Treatment.—In the case of the grown sheep, first give an injection of warm water and soap,
or warm linseed oil, glycerine also being excellent for this purpose. As internal treatment, prepare
the following: Tincture of ginger, 1 dram; Barbadoes aloes, 44 ounce; linseed oil, 6 ounces; mix this
thoroughly and give it in one dose. Animal fat, such as pure, warm hog’s lard, is the best remedy —
to administer to the lamb. If this works too slow a rectal injection of warm milk may be administered,
adding a quantity of molasses, enough to give the compound the color of chocolate. In order to effectually a
administer it you may suspend the lamb by the hind legs, insert the syringe, the animal held in this posi-
tion for a little while (not too long), and then given its liberty. The result as a rule will be immediate. 4
In cases where a new born lamb is affected, it is best to treat it through the medium of its dam, giving —
the ewe the cathartic drench above mentioned. Remove all fecal matter from the rectum of the 4
patient, both in the case of the adult sheep and the lamb. Use a small injection of oil for this purpose, :
then oil the fingers also and remove all obstructions found in the passage. “
s
DISEASES OF THE LIVER.
Such diseases are especially indicated by the characteristic yellow appearance they impart to the
membranes, more prominently shown on the lining of the eyelids (conjunctiva). It may be of interest
for you to know that the liver of the sheep constitutes no less than one twenty-fifth part of the entire _
weight of the animal, being much heavier than the organ of the human being.
also called Hepatitis, is most often met with in sheep grazing on low lying lands, — a
Acute Inflamma- where the ground is marshy and wet, the grasses high and rank, and the soil ie
tion of the Liver, sandy or clayish. Overnutrition is said to be the cause of the affection. The hy
disease generally originates as an attendant upon inflammation of some of
the surrounding organs. ait
Symptoms.—Signs of fever are present; the visible membranes are of a yellowish, sickly appear-
ance, which is caused by the amount of bile present in the blood vessels.
Treatment.—Bleeding is recommended. Open the jugular vein and extract a few ounces. Reduce aa
the diet of the patient, and prepare a cathartic as follows: Bicarbonate of soda, 1 dram; Glauber
salts, 4 ounces; common salt, 1 ounce. Mix this up with a sufficient quantity of warm gruel and | give a
it slowly as a drench. After the action of this purgative you may prepare and use the following com- do ;
pound with good effects: Alcohol, 2 ounces; sulphuric acid, 44 dram; fluid extract of gentian, 44 ounce; — a
water, 8 ounces. Mix thoroughly and give 1 tablespoonful twice daily half an hour before the feeding 3 :
of grain. This mixture is unnecessary, however, if Davis Stock Food is used. Grain should be fed a
sparingly to sheep suffering from this affection, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of oats ‘a
and bran, 144 pound of each, to which is added Davis Stock Food, 1 teaspoonful to each feed. | :
it . a)
Ve Se
URINARY DISEASES.
Sty consists in stony or gravelly deposits in the urinary organs, the kidneys and
ae Renal Calculi pelvis. Analyzing them we find that they, as a rule, are composed of phosphate
of lime. If these calculi are confined to the kidneys they seldom cause any
saci harm or disturbance of organic function, but if they find their way mto and become lodged
inthe ureters, a retention of urine in the bladder is often produced, and serious results follow. However,
B..cases of: this nature are rare in sheep. Located in the bladder proper they. seem harmless, and it is ©
fe oniy when they descend into the urethra and obstruct the passage that retention of urine with attendant
; inflammation results, and a fatal termination may be looked for.
e
er, ‘af ‘As indicated, urethral calculi are stony deposits which lodge in and obstruct
re Urethral Caleuli. the passage of the urine, causing it to accumulate in the bladder, which is
eee ‘generally followed by distention and subsequent rupture of the organ, with a_
filtering through its walls into the surrounding tissues, resulting in inflammation and death.
Symptoms.—Inability to void the urine; hurried respirations; sheep grunts frequently ; rest-—
lessness; uneasiness; patient prefers to remain in a recumbent position; if forced to rise, back is suddenly
~ curved and a few drops of urine are passed; when the water accumulates in the bladder patient becomes
_ stupid, there is.abdominal pain; temperature is elevated;. membranes become red and congested;
_ uremic poisoning results, which is quickly followed by death if a passage of the urine through the —
_ penis has not been forced in some manner.
= Treatment.—An operation is necessary. Set the patient on its rump, then carefully examine
_ the skin over the end of thepenis, called the prepuce, which, if the disease is urethral calculi, will be found
enlarged and inflamed,while the tissues of the belly also will be found protruding, hot, and inflamed, in cases
which have been allowed to go on for some time. You should, if you find this condition present, push
back the prepuce and draw out the penis, and upon examining its worm like extremity you will generally
_ find indications of a sediment which obstructs the passage. It may be in the form of fine sand Or gravel,
"9 and should be removed at once; where it is of a gravelly nature, it is, as a rule, necessary to remove the
ees appendage, while, if the ae posit is of a finer character, careful manipulation, as a rule,will remove
Before anything else is done you should apply warm water, in order to soften and relax the tissues.
a the obstruction consists of a sabulous material, deposited on the lining membrane of the urethra and
_ extending some distance from the appendage, it is sometimes necessary to cut down and remove this
A _ deposit, which is done by making a longitudinal cut in the penis through the urethra, opening it from
- above downward to the vermiform process. On wethers this operation is very successful, but it often
unfits rams for breeding purposes, at least this is claimed by some authorities, while others hold that
_ it causes no serious injury to the animal in any way. If the operation on the penis is unavailing it indi-
cates that the obstruction is located not only in the urethra, but in the kidneys, bladder and ureters
as well, and if this be so, no treatment will be of any use, and you had better kill the animal, the meat
in this case being unfit for human consumption, as the urine which has impregnated the belly and sur-
_ rounding tissues taints the whole body. You should carefully inspect the diet of your sheep if you find
- that a number of animals show symptoms of calculi. Change the ration and administer carbonate of
potash, keeping the digestive and circulatory functions working smoothly by the use of Davis Stock
Food in the prescribed quantity in each feed. Mangolds and beets, fed in excessive quantities, often
cause urethral calculi in sheep, and if you find this to be the cause in your flock, by all means change the
tation immediately. As.an internal treatment, where the disease has been contracted, prepare and
administer the following compound: Potassium carbonate, 3 ounces; fluid extract of belladonna,
1 ounce; water, 1 pint. Mix this thoroughly and give the patient 1 ‘tablespoonful three times daily,
this Neige the quantity for the grown sheep, younger animals being given. a proportionate dose. Small
ses of Sanmetto, : posal three times a day, is also a good remedy for all urinary diseases in
410 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.
sheep. After you have performed the operation on the penis, removing the gravel, use the‘following _
as a dressing for the wound: Distilled extract of witch hazel, 1 ounce; fluid hydrastis, 2 drams; ‘water, q
3 ounces. This will prove very ce ee beneficial and may also, if gi als be injected into the a
passage (urethra), + Sie a ae a
& pes ts at
al ST a, SARS Thy
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. —
: A larval tapeworm in the brain substance is responsible for this isan the
Sturdy, Gid, parasite being imbedded in the organ and denominated coenurus | cerebralis
Turnsick. in technical language. Ingestion by the animal of the eggs of a certain species
of the tapeworm family called taenia coenurusa—a parasite which has been dis- _
tributed on the ground, or in the water of which the patient drinks, by other animals, on the plains the |
fox, wolf or coyote, and on the farm the dog—produces the germ from which the disease arises. The use a
of sheep dogs is especially responsible for the trouble. After the minute eggs of the tapeworm have been —
swallowed they hatch within the stomach of the sheep,-and then pierce its walls, gaining access to the
circulation of the system. In turn they are carried on to the various parts of the body, and those which
on the trip reach the brain and spinal cord, imbed themselves there, growing into cystic bodies, continuing i
to thrive and develop, feeding upon the vital tissues of these organs. Others of these germs may reach _
the lungs, heart and diaphragm, where they locate temporarily, disappearing, however, after a little
while without causing any noticeable disturbance. The parasites locating in the brain substance often |
in the course of from two to four months’ time grow to the size of a hazel nut, seriously obstructing the
functions of the organs, which again reacts upon the general health of the animal. If a dog partakes
of the head of a sheep infested with these parasites, the organism lodged in the brain tissue develops
into adult tapeworms, and the dog in turn deposits the eggs on grasses, etc., which are eaten by the
sheep, these once more developing hyatids, thus keeping up what may be conned an ak chain of
the disease.
Symptoms.—The earliest symptoms are dullness; stupidity; erratic movements; staggering gait; ‘
giddiness; patient often tumbles over; rumination is imperfect; animal may be grazing quietly and
suddenly jumps into the air as if in fright; congestion and inflammation of the brain which houses the
' young parasites is undoubtedly responsible for these symptoms. The first stage may be followed'with
a few weeks of seeming health, the cyst or cysts, however, continuing to grow and expand in the brain
tissues, interfering with the circulation of the blood in those parts, and at this stage the cyst on its surface
is covered with protruding heads, causing irritation. The advent of the next stage is preceded by the
animal growing weak and emaciated; this condition aggravates; the appetite vanishes; sheep stops — 7
feeding; there is an anxious, haggard look in the face, due to blindness; blindness may occur in one or ~
both eyes, depending upon where the parasites are imbedded; rumination is suspended; sheep continually — “
moves in a circle; if the spinal cord is infested, sheep staggers and walks without control of posterior
limbs; intense itchiness may be present along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the poytenee et
part of the body, including the rectum and bladder, often results. fei:
The disease should not be confounded with grubs, an affection in some ways ‘resemble it, .
being caused by the gadfly’s larva and located in the nasal and frontal cavities. You may distinguish ee
between the two by the catarrh and sneezing produced by grubs, and the absence of the more violent a
symptoms present in sturdy. f t g
Treatment must be in the form of prevention mainly. Give vermicides to your dogs, especially
those frequenting the same places as the sheep; keep the sheep as much as possible away from places
frequented by dogs, and where they are likely to pick up the eggs. Also be careful to protect your flock
from coming in contact with the voidings of strange dogs. Never feed the heads of diseased sheep 7
to dogs, but burn or bury them deeply at once. It is also shown pe wit an improved general health
of ‘this dicease J are eof less Boies. occurrence, the: reason eis | that the purer P plaaa: and: faces a Healey”
circulation, with corresponding increase in vitality and strength enables the system to expel parasites
and withstand their attacks much better. It is therefore well for you always to have Davis Stock Food
at. hand, feeding it in health and disease. In hundreds of connections it will be worth its price over and
over to you, insuring against disease, keeping the stock healthy and robust, and saving the lives of valu-
5 _ able animals among the sheep as elsewhere. Animals which have been exposed to inclement weather
|. are especially liable to be attacked with the disease, the nervous system being weakened by the exposure.
- Ifa number of sheep become affected at the same time, it is reasonable for you to suppose that the pasture —
in*which they graze is infested, and the flock should henceforth be carefully watched in order to get rid
of the trouble. Any animal which is fat and shows the least indication of being affected should be disposed
_ of for meat. Treatment by trephining the skull and puncturing the sack has been successfully
e performed i in a number of instances, but should be done by a skilled veterinarian.
Caused by a fly known as the gadfly, which invades the nasal cavities, dese
Parasitic Catarch its larvae inside the nostrils. The gadfly-looks very much like a large house
ae ‘the: ose: . fly,and in flight it-is so quick as to be almost invisible. Its color is dull lead.
* ‘In depositing its larvae in the ‘cavities of. the nose, the:embryos soon after pro- |
eee ‘to’ haw up eh eae infesting the frontal and maxillary sinuses. The female gadfly is
3 _ supposed to deposit not her eggs, but live larvae within the nose of the sheep. This minute larva as
oe aie matures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (something like three-quarters of an
inch), the body being dark and striped with black bands, the spines also turning black. At this point
- the grub loosens from the nostrils of the sheep and falls to the ground, immediately digging down into
it. Here it remains for one or two months’ time, depending upon the weather, after which, when
S _ the fly is matured within its shell, it pushes open the upper end_of the case and emerges from the
ground by the same hole the larva made in digging into it. Then as soon asthe fly arouses from
its comatose condition and gets used to the light it is off immediately in search of a convenient flock
of sheep.
z Symptoms.—One sheep may be seen of a sudden darting into the middle of the flock; its nose is
pk. close to the ground; it shakes its head violently; it tries in vain to evade its pursuer; the whole
= flock becomes nervous although only a single fly be about. Every member places its nose close to the
ground, huddling together as much as possible to prevent the fly from gaining ingress. After the
__._ larvae are deposited great irritation becomes evident, due. to their inserting their hooks and spines in
_ drawing themselves up and along the nasal room. Minute hemorrhages, looking like small black pin-
head -peints, are left all along their wake. As they grow in size in the sheep's head, it becomes affected
with catarrhal discharge, first clear, then thick and muddy with mucus. . Other symptoms are sneezing,
| with expelling of quantities-of mucus and sometimes matured larvae. Sheep is inclined to lie down,
hose pointed into the air, turning its head around and backward; eyes. become red and watery; patient
3 _ moves about with nose close to the ground, lifting the hind legs high, raising head to the wind and bending
_. it sharply backward; giddiness may seize it with attendant staggers, and there is a loss of rest and feed.
_- The attack may last all the way from one to ten months, depending on the quickness with which the larvae
_ mature in the nostrils. A single sheep may be infected over and over again, the result being a whole
little colony of larvae of different ages and size existing in its nose. The months of June and Jute are
the most favorable for infection, the gadfly being a warm weather insect.
me
in its absence, a compound
Sc es = equal parts, using a brush for its application. It is well to apply this treatment to the
__ whole flock throughout the warm weather season, and the application should be renewed once a week.
It is at best not easy to protect a large flock of sheep from the little pests. A good plan is to herd them
throughout the hot part of the day on ground where dust is easily raised, as the flies do not relish this
and are likely to keep away if dust fills the air about the sheep... In case of a valuable animal which
rou desire to preserve for breeding purposes, and its life being in danger from the number of larvae in ~
the nose, a surgical operation is advised, by which it:is possible to remove the teen but as. this a
the attendance:of ee arian, we shall not go into a description .of it here... REE eke
=_—=— F
al
412 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. i a
is produced by irritation of the mucous membranes of the alimentary canal, —
Parasitic Diarrhea due to the presence of tapeworm, technically called taenia expansa. It is one wa
of the worst affections in the sheep family, often fatal, and to be found in the
sheep flock anywhere. Serious loss is sustained by the owner as a consequence. Very often in cases —
of diarrhea in sheep and lambs segment of tapeworms may be found in the fecal discharges on examina- 5 q
tion, and in one severe outbreak of the disease in New York it is recorded that the intestines of the lambs a
succumbing were found full of tapeworms, reaching as long as fifteen feet. ‘If you have cause
to suspect that your flock is infested in this way you may confirm your suspicion by examining the
soil on which they are folded after a heavy rain, when you will come across segments of the worms, :
washed free from the fecal matter by the rainfall. The disease occurs in a large part of the United |
States. The parasite is from 5. to 6 yards long and from 1-25 inch in breadth at the head to 14 inch at
the tail, this being its largest known measure. Head as a rule is small and pointed, neck short, almost
merging into the body, first. segments are very short, then going backward to the tail they broaden and __
lengthen by degrees. Four suckers project-from the head, which at the end is very small, body of the
parasite is composed of segments of varying length and very wide and flat. Color of the wormis dull |
white, which becomes transparent if submerged in water for a while. The segments are each provided |
with their own set of genital organs, containing eggs or young embryos, making it possible for them 10,"
reproduce independently of each other. As the embryo develops within the segment it matures, and .
finally separates from the mother worm to be expelled on the ground with the excrement. The segments — .
located nearest the tail mature first and are the first to be shed, the others following in turn until om
nothing but the head remains, making it possible for the lamb to recover from the trouble after all
the segments are expelled. xs :
Symptoms.—Feces are yellowish in color and slimy, often containing segments of the tapewanan
which may be found if looked for; digestive functions become deranged; rumination is imperfect; breath
becomes fetid; colicky symptoms manifest at intervals; constipation may be present between whiles;
fleece is dry and brittle; belly becomes distended owing to gas or accumulation of fecal matters; skin
is pale, and visible membranes, such as lining of eyelids, appear bloodless; the animal becomes emaciated;
convulsions set in, followed by malignant diarrhea, refusing to yield to treatment; the animal in’
fatal cases finally dropping down upon the ground, unable to regain its feet, dying from weakness
and debility. ;
Treatment should be preventive rather than curative. Dose the whole flock if you suspect
that tapeworm is present, since the well sheep are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite expelled by
the ones affected, thus contracting the disease. Treat your sheep in the following way: Do not admin-
ister the vermifuge until you have kept the entire flock without feed and water for twelve to twenty
hours. Then dose all of them with Dr. Goodard’s Worm Powders as directed, and keep them locked
up for the next twenty-four hours, so that the segments and eggs voided may not be distributed
over the pastures where they are wont to graze. After you feel sure that the treatment has had
the desired effect, liberate the sheep, and cover the inclosure in which they were confined with quicklime
in order to destroy all living matter in the feces voided. One of the simplest and surest of remedies
for this kind of. tapeworm is Dr. Goodard’s Worm Powders, obtained in either 1 or 3-pound boxes. © -
The dose for the adult sheep is 3 drams, which, before it is administered, should be thoroughly mixed
in ten times the amount of feed. Lambs should be treated to a dose according to their age, from 1 to 2
drams being the average. Give the dose with the feed both to the grown sheep and the lamb. Inthe
absence of Dr. Goodard’s Worm Powders try castor oil, 4 ounces; ethereal extract, male shield fern, 1a
dram. Mix it thoroughly and give it as one dose to each adult sheep; lambs you may with safety give
from one to three-fourths of the above, according to their age and size. After this treatment be sure
to include Davis Stock Food with the feed ration, 1 teaspoonful to the adult sheep, and 14 teaspoonful to
the lamb, as a tonic and digestive is very much needed to restore the health of the sheep and overcome the
weakness and debility attendant upon the disease. The stock food treatment should be kept up -for
some time; in fact, you may with advantage use it right along; it will make your entire flock of sheep
healthier and stronger, better to look at, of greater value, and almost impervious to any form of disease.
If, for any reason, you should not have Davis Stock Food at hand you may substitute by preparing and
aa
a» S
_ DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. : Cae
nistéring the e ioliowing tonic: — of iron, % see powdered gentian, 7 pound; Epsom
tion. In trying to prevent the disease, the first thing is to remember not to wee the pastures where
the sheep are grazing. Lambs should always, when possible, be confined to fields which have not been
used as grazing lands for several months past. You should also be careful about the water supply,
as this often is a fruitful source of infection. As this is largely a summer disease, you should be especially
ees to take preventive measures during this season. Also bear in mind that the majority of fatalities
; _ resulting from this disease occur in lambs under six months of age. Remember that after the lamb
has been treated for the trouble and gotten rid of the worms it is weak and debilitated and should receive
especial: care and attention, 4 teaspoonful of Davis Stock Food being given it in each feed to stimulate
as appetite and build up the general system. The same, as already mentioned, is the case with the
“grown sheep.
Yoga. is due to round worms, strongylus contortus, in the fourth stomach. It is
a Parasitic Cae. an affection common in the sheep family of all countries, and is often fatal,
_ Catarrh especially in the lamb. It may be complicated with verminous bronchitis,
SE and is most often met with during the spring and summer months. It is a
‘common aie all over the United States.
; ~The male worm is from 14 to linchlong, the female from 1 to 114 inches, the body terminating in
oh pointed tail. The vulva is situated a short distance from the tail in a depression covered by a powerful
_ tongue like appendage; the eggs are ovoid and very small in size, invisible to the naked eye. Body
x membrane of the stomach, or empty. Sheep probably are infected with this parasite through the water
they drink. Muddy water is a favorite developing place for the parasite, and from there it enters the
stomach of the animal, being taken in with the water it drinks, and quickly matures in its stomach.
' You should therefore be very careful not to allow your sheep’s ene water to be contaminated with
the voidings ‘of animals suffering from these parasites.
_ attacks of colic at intervals. Death usually follows a black diarrhea which attends the worst form of
membrane of the organ, which is very pale, bloodless and. thick, indicating the ravages of the pests.
Beeston or. Goodard’s Worm Powders are pracnealiy: a panacea, for this disease, both in the
adult sheep and the lamb, as experiments conducted both by ourselves and others have demonstrated this a
-remedy to be one of the safest and surest means of relieving the patient from the parasite, if used
in careful accordance with directions. They are easy to administer, economical, and a positive cure.
__ A very simple remedy in cases where large numbers of sheep are to be treated, and none of the vermifuges
_ mentioned are at hand, is pumpkin seed. They can be given in unlimited quantities, and often produce
very satisfactory results. You may mix them with the dry feed, as, for instance, shorts, the drawback
| in using this simple remedy being that it is very hard to get the sheep to eat a sufficient quantity of the
sie If it fails, resort to one of the other preparations, Dr. Goodard’s Worm Powders preferably.
After the treatment put the sheep upon fresh grazing grounds, and do not use the pastures where they
used to graze for at least two seasons, a salt or lime dressing being administered to the infected fields
if practicable. A new and apparently very successful treatment for this disease is the use of gasoline,
administered as follows: Give lambs, weighing from 60 to 75 pounds, 1 tablespoonful of gasoline in 4%
pound of linseed tea or oatmeal gruel, repeating daily for two or three days. The dose for adult sheep
from 2 to 3 tablespoonfuls, administered in the same way. It may be tried without danger of injury.
ated Meee s baad oe eS have been ole on new Hee, allow all skinny and emaciated members
a
of the worm is red or white, depending upon whether its intestine is filled with blood, sucked from the ~
Symptoms.—Dullness; depraved appetite; great thirst: emaciation; enlarged and tense belly;
the disease. Upon examination after death, the fourth stomach of the patient will ‘be found to contain -
- hundreds or thousands of twisted round worms, packed solidly together, heads embedded in the
ae Bike saree DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES,
This is possibly the most dreaded disease of the sheep family. It i is ice Viens
The Rot. the experienced breeder, and ismore common and fatal in its tendenciesthanall
others combined, scabies probably excepted. Undoubtedly wet, swampy and ‘
marshy soil is to a large extent responsible for the appearance of the disease, and it has been recorded
since hundreds of years as following the annual inundations of the Nile in old Egypt. The 4
parasite causing the affection is called the distoma hepaticum or liver fluke, and assumes its mdst
serious character after heavy rains and extensive floods. It may affect animals of various ages and
during all seasons. a. make
Symptoms.—The early symptoms are uncertain; animal seems to gain in weight and appetiterather
than fall off, the assimilative powers being sharpened, due to the increased flow of bile liberated by the ~
operations of the young liver flukes in the liver and bile ducts. It is claimed that this phenomenon has
been taken advantage of by noted sheep breeders, and that in order to fatten their sheep for the early fe
market they have voluntarily exposed their animals to the disease. Dullness and a pale appearance of |
the membranes of the eyelids, mouth and nose, are among the early symptoms indicating the affection.
Then, as it progresses, sheep becomes flabby about the loins and commences to shrink, color of the skin :
changes from the healthy pink of the normal sheep to a pale red; wool parts easily from the skin; the ;
face is pale; in passing the hand over the hips a crackling sound is produced; the skin, as the disease
further progresses, is covered with yellow and black spots; dullness is more pronounced; emaciation sets 35
in; paleness of the membranes is more and more conspicuod&, they at length becoming almost white,
:
7
NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB. _. 421
Taking everything into consideration, where it is a choice between sacrificing the weight of sheep,
and to some extent the color of the wool, by using tobacco and sulphur, and sacrificing the staple of the
| wool, by using lime and sulphur, the farmer should not hesitate an instant in selecting tobacco in
preference to lime.
Preparation of the Lime and Sulphur Dip.—The following is the method of preparation adopted
by the Bureau of Animal Industry:
‘A. Take 8 to 11 pounds of unslaked fae place it in a mortar box or a kettle or pail, and add
- enough water to slaken the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty.
B. Sift into this lime paste three times as many pounds of flowers of sulphur as used of lime,
and stir the mixture well. Be sure to weigh both the sulphur and lime. Do not trust to measuring
them in a bucket or to guessing at. their weight.
C. Place the sulphur lime paste in a kettle or boiler with about 25 to 30 gallons of boiling water,
and boil the mixture for at least two hours, stirring the liquid and sediment. The boiling should be~
_ continued until the sulphur disappears, or almost disappears, from the surface; the solution is then of a
chocolate or liver color. The longer the solution boils the more the sulphur is dissolved, and the less
caustic the ooze becomes. If possible, continue boiling-two or three hours, never less than forty minutes.
D. Pour the mixture and sediment into a tub or barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided
with a bung hole about 4 inches from the bottom and allow ample time (two to three hours, or more, if
necessary) to settle. The use of some sort of settling tank provided with a bung hole is an absolute neces-
_ sity, unless the boiler is so arranged that it may be used for both boiling and settling. An ordinary
_ kerosene oil barrel will do very well for a small settling tank. To insert a spigot about 4 inches from
the bottom is aneasy matter. Draining out the liquid in preference to dipping it out has the great
advantage that less commotion occurs in the liquid, which therefore remains freer from sediment.
E. When fully settled, draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat and add enough warm water
to make 100 gallons. The sediment in the barrel may then be mixed with water and used as a disin-
fectant, but under no circumstances should it be used for dipping purposes. A still better precaution
against allowing the sediment to enter the vat is to strain the liquid through ordinary bagging as it is
drawn from the barrel.
Tobacco Dip.—For every 100 gallons of dip desired take 21 pounds of good prepared tobacco
r leaves: soak the leaves in cold or lukewarm water for twenty-four hours in a covered pot or kettle; then
bring the water to near the boiling point for a moment, and, if in the morning, allow the infusion to draw
- for an-hour; if in the evening, allow it to draw over night; the liquid is next strained (pressure being used
to extract as much nicotine as possible from the wet leaves) and diluted to 100 gallons per 21 pounds
of tobaeco. ‘This dip should be used as fresh as possible, as it contains a large amount of organic material
which will soon decompose. The proportions here given, 21 pounds of prepared tobacco leaves to 100
gallons of water, have given very satisfactory results, especially in Cape Colony. The advantages
of the tobaceo dip are that it is comparatively cheap, since the farmer can grow his own tobacco; that
it is effectual and at the same time not injurious to the wool. Its disadvantages are that it sometimes
sickens the sheep; that it also occasionally sickens the persons who use it, especially if they are not
addicted to the use of the weed; also, it spoils very rapidly; it causes a greater setback than lime and
sulphur, but less of a setback than carbolic dips. ;
‘ Potassium sulphide dips, and arsenical dips, are also advertised in the market; tee are mostly
proprietary preparations, and are not of sufficient importance to be included here, except in so far as
that we warn our readers about being extremely careful in their use, as a large percentage of them are
dangerous, although they should not All be condemned, arsenic properly compounded having excellent
scab curing qualities in many instances. In winding up our treatise on the various compounds and their
respective merits and demerits, we have here but room to mention one more, namely:
The Carbolic Dip——This may either be made at home or purchased as a proprietary article, and
kills the mite very quickly. Unfortunately, however, the wash soon leaves the sheep, which is therefore
not protected against reinfection in the pastures. Therefore, if you select a carbolic dip, you will do
well to add flowers of sulphur (1 pound to every 6 gallons) to protect against reinfection. The advantages
of the carbolic dip are that it acts more rapidly than the tobacco or sulphur dips, and if bought in prepared
=. ae
es
ees en
Cl “i ae A ’ F “4 os Se
422 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB,
form it is very easily mixed in the bath. It also seems to be more destructive to the eggs of the
Disadvantages are that in many of the proprietary dips, the farmer is left in the dark regarding t
of material he is using; second, the sheep receive a greater shock than they do with either lim
phur or tobacco. The Bureau of Animal Industry is now conducting tests with this dip, but
on the whole not very enthusiastic in its reports, although it admits that the dip has its merits, al
should not be wholly condemned. But be sure when you buy it to ascertain the exact ingredients
the article, as put up by its proprietors. If they refuse to give this, better leave it alone, and resort to
the other dips. When you do use it, follow the directions which go with it implicitly. Then ese
watch the results.
weight, but usually a loss varying from 4% 6 34% pounds is recorded. A longer time, However is necess
to estimate the ultimate loss or gain. The Bureau of Animal Industry conducted experiments'to asce
tain this a little while ago, and found that at the end of about two months, after three dippings, all.
the sheep showed gain, with the exception of one of the sheep from the carbolic dipping, which lost sli
The lowest gain among the sheep treated with tobacco dip was 314 pounds, the highest, 11 yy
among the sheep treated with sulphur and lime the lowest gain was 7 pounds, the highest, 844° pounds; — ;
among the sheep eas with the carbolic dip the lowest gain was 1% ponds, the highest, 3M ee P
weight were recorded: Ueheep ees, with tobacco, 9 to 15 pounds sae sheep treated with ihe and —
sulphur, 11144 to 14 pounds gain; sheep treated with carbolic dip, 1 to 6144 pounds gain, with one Bilis
losing 1314 pounds.
In repeating the experiment, the lime and sulphur
were used on sheep previously dipped in carbolic or
tobacco dips, and vice versa. After ten days the sheep
treated with lime and sulphur had gained from 2 to 3
pounds; the sheep
treated with
tobacco had re-
mained stationary
or had lost from 1
to 1144 pounds; the
sheep treated with
carbolic dip had
gained as high as
1 pound, or re-
mained stationary, pe
aa Rome Eo, pe ses or lost as much as Figure eo ee with Stove.
2% pounds.
Remembering that sheep may apparently gain or lose about 3 pounds per day when not ai €
it is seen from the experiments by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry that the oft repeater
claim that lime and sulphur dips give a greater setback than other dips is erroneous. Inthe eee ats
rey
treated with teas and sulphur averaged the greatest gain, the sheep treated with fobaced the Seco
highest gain, the carbolic sheep the lowest gain. We may properfy conclude these remarks ° by Si
that a distinct gain instead of a setback may be claimed for the dip in all instances.
Dipping Plants.—Among the numerous dipping plants in use, varying in size and style acc
_ on je Oo eer ee eS Oe ee Tr oe
423
Haine tanks and boilers also must be provided. Fora small vat any portable
caldron (Figures 5 and 6) with a capacity of 30 to 100 gallons will answer, and the proper
temperature may be maintained by pouring fresh, hot ooze into the vat as the supply is
exhausted by the dipping. In the large permanent plants the temperature can best be
regulated by means of a steam pipe or hot water coil close to the
floor of the tub.
Thermometers are an absolute necessity. The floating dairy
thermometer (Figure 7) is the best. Always keep several ther-
mometers at hand to replace broken instruments. Drop the
thermometer into the vat and allow it to float for a short time,
then quickly remove it, and determine temperature. Make plain
_ point marks at the side of the 100 and 110 degree points.
Building Material.— You may build the yards and vats of
wood, concrete, cemented stone, or brick, as is most conven-
ient to you.
= Dimensions.—The dimensions of the various parts, given
Bie tit the following descriptions, may be varied according to the
breed and the number of sheep to be dipped. You may save
dipping liquid by making the tub much narrower at the bottom
than at the top. On top, simple, oblong dipping tanks vary from
1 foot 9 inches to 3 feet in breadth, 2 feet or 2 feet 6 inches forming
: a convenient medium. Floors vary from 6 inches to 3 feet in
i 9 inches forming a good working medium. Depth varies from 3 feet to 5 feet 6 inches, 4 feet
to 5 feet forming a convenient medium. If calves are to be dipped in the same vat it will be best to
make the tub 5 feet or 5 feet 6 inches deep. 2
Figures 8 and 9.
Dipping Crutches or Forks.
In sinking the tub in the ground leave its top 9 inches above the ground line. Also sink one end
(the one where the sheep are thrown in) slightly lower than the other. This makes it easier to empty
and clean the vat.
Crutches or Forks.—In using large vats crutches
or dipping forks are necessary, and even with a
small vat they are useful. Crutches should be 5 or
Figure 11. Trough for Dipping Lambs. _
Peure 10.
oapeine by Hand.
feet long. ‘The handle should be strong ee handles are a little too light). One end is provided
ith an iron ferrule, into which the bent iron is inserted. The iron should be 44 inch round or 7
*
to correctly measure the amount of liquid.
424 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB.
Gauges.—The capacity of tubs should be plainly marked on the side every 3 to 6 inche
Small Portable Vats.—If you have no regular dipping vat, you can utilize a good sizec tub, iS
shown in Figure 10. Dipping in © ae
this manner is slow and tedious,
but may be resorted to in case
of necessity, as, for instance,
when a few sheep are brought
from another flock which is not
known to be absolutely free from
a ; scab. If eare is taken to dip
ear ik thoroughly the dipping may be
Figure 12. Portable Vat for Small Flocks. as effective as it could be done
ina large vat. It is, however, “ies bara’
better to have regular vats for the purpose. Lambs may, in case of necessity, be dipped in troughs, as
shown in Figure 11. : SSR Nand
A small portable vat, suitable for use in dipping small flocks, is shown,in Figure 12. Store it
away when you do not use it. This you may draw from place to place as desired. The dimensions —
we give may be varied, according to your own needs, by making the vat longer, broader or deeper. A
convenient size will be 9 feet long by 24 feet broad at the top, 9 inches broad at the bottom, and 3144
to 5 feet deep; the floor measure, 9 inches broad by 4 feet long; from 1 foot above one end of the floor
a slant with croks cleats rises to the top and end of the vat. Drop the sheep in by hand, one by one, . Am
at the deep end, hold them in the dip for two minutes and then allow them to leave the vat at the slanting b,
end. Hold them a moment on the slant to allow them to drain off, saving the dip. You can place ba 0m
gate at the deeper end of the slant if you wish, thus saving the labor of holding the sheep. This gate © %
should swing to the exit of the vat. You can make such a tank of 1144-inch pine boards, with tongue ,
and groove. It should be well pitched and painted. a ee ae
“T,
at
geceneee Sl CNMI 0.00
You can easily modify this plan of vat, so as to have a small dripping pen attached, as shown ~
in Figures 13 and 14. In this modified plan an inclined platform is added to the vat shown in Figure — x
12 and a removable skeleton box is made to fit over it. While one sheep is being dipped another sheep
is allowed to ascend the incline into the small dripping pen. When the sheep is sufficiently drained
the gate is opened, it leaves the pen, the gate is closed, the sheep in the vat enters the pen, and another
sheep is placed in the vat. A small portable vat, used in some places, is shown in Figures 15 and 16.
Dipping in a vat of this kind may be thorough, but is tedious. Another style of small vat suitable for
holding three sheep at a time is shown in Figure 17.
It is estimated that 1,500 sheep may be dipped in ~
this tub in a single day. The dimensions of the
plant are given in the diagram, and need no further :
explanation. ' “a oa
Figure 14. Detachable Skeleton Box with Gate to Fit , Figure 15. A Patented Portable Vat. 8 oe
Over Drip Platform Shown in Figure 13.
Permanent Plants for Larger Flocks.—Where large numbers of sheep are to be dipped, it is necessary
to build receiving pens close to the dipping vat. The number and size of the pens vary with the number i
7 ee ee oe we ee
NATURE AND Je OF SHEEP SCAB. 425
af: Ee to be handled. The yards nay be either square or oblong, as shown in Figures 17 and 18, or
| they may be circular, as shown in Figure 19.
The square or cblong yards are the more simple in construction and need no further description
than the diagrams furnish. The circular yard, however, needs a few words of explanation.
In using the circular yard (Figure 19) two natural habits of the sheep are turned into practical
account so as to lessen the work of driving, namely, the habit sheep have of ringing when disturbed in
Figure 16. Patented Portable Vat Unfoided and in Use.
ayard, and the tendency they show to escape at the point where they enter an enclosure.
5 The flock is een
at A B and find its way
into yards 1 and 2 through
the openings C D and C E.
When the yards are full
the gates C D and A B are
The sheep then, emele
through yards 3, 4, 5 and
6, coming to the point at
which they entered and
expecting to escape.
When yards 3, 4, 5 and 6 are filled the other gates are closed, so that the sheep cannot turn to
_ yards 1 and 2. If the animals hesitate to enter yards 3, 4,.5 and 6, another natural tendency of the
sheep may here be turned into account.
A man jumps over the fence and runs through the flock in the opposite direction (6, 5, 4, 3) to’
that in which the animals are
wanted to move. This will gener-
ally result in starting the sheep in
the desired direction.
From the exit of yard 6 (B
C) there should be built a narrow
tun extending to the dipping vat.
The run should be about 20 feet
long by 214 feet wide, and should
_be provided with sides high enough,
closed to form” yard 6:_
> ~
Figure 17. Small Dipping F Plant: (A) Collecting Yard, (B) Vat, (C) Place for
Man with Fork, (DB) incline to Draining Pens E and F.
especially near the vat, to prevent the sheep from jumping over and thus escaping. These sides should
be continued a short distance along both sides of the vat. The last 5 feet of this run should slant down-
ward toward the vat at an incline of
25 to 30 degrees, and should be smooth. By pouring upon it some
of the dip it may be made slippery so that the sheep will slide into the vat. If there is no natural incline
Receiving Yard
Figure 18. Another Dipping Plant.
toward the vat, an incliné may easily be made by
raising the floor of the run to a point 5 feet from
the vat. The sheep will then pass up the incline,
X, to the highest point, Y, then down the incline
chute, Z. =e
Much time will be saved in dipping if the
» yards and run are arranged in such a way that the
sheep in the race cannot see the dipping vat.
This can be accomplished by either of two simple
methods: First, the run, instead of being straight,
may be built with a sudden angle at the point, Y (see Figure 19); the vat will then not be visible to
the sheep ascending the incline, X; or, second, if a straight run is built, as shown in Figure 19, a loose
curtain of bagging may be hung at the point where the run joins with the vat. This curtain will fall
back into place as the sheep drops into the vat.
fs
426 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB.
A modification of the circular pen is shown in Figure 20, taken from Gibson's (1893) Histon en
Present State of the Sheep Breeding Industry in the Argentine Republic.
Chutes or Slides.—The simplest kind of chute is made by using an incline at the end of the run,
as shown in Figure 19. A second kind of chute in use is the endless chain or treadmill chute, shown
in Figure 21. Its construction can
be seen from the diagram and
need not be described in detail.
This chute may be improved by
building it on a slant toward the
vat in which case a bolt or other
Draining ¢ arrangement must be attached to
ae stop the chute when desired; the
weight of the sheep on the mov-
able chute will help to carry the
animals toward the vat.
Race i= Ea =
A
Sheep to be Yarded here
Figure 19. An Australian Dipping Plant.
A third chute in use is a
pivoted platform, shown in Figure 22. The sheep walk out on the platform until they overbalance its
free end, and then, when a sliding bolt is removed, fall into the tank. The structure of the chute
may be seen from the figure. Accidents are more likely to result from using this chute than from using
the slant or the chain chute. For dipping pregnant ewes some persons build a movable platform which
can be lowered into the vat and raised at. will.
The dipping vat may be made on several different plans: The single oblong straight vat; the
double or triple, with turns at the ends; the square; or the circular. In case of single oblong vats,
RESTING YARD
25m.-x 45m.
Chute D
Dipping Vat
12-0"
7
[ears oa Ta
8:0” L
fh
ee te
Figure 21. Dipping Plant Provided with an Endless Chain or, Treadmill Chute.
time will be saved in dipping if a long vat is used, so that the animals
may swim directly through without stopping, and then leave the tank.
; Very naturally the longer the vat the more building material and ooze
Figure 20. Argentine Semicir-
cular Receiving and Forcing Will be required. Vats in use vary from 10 to 120 feet long.
Yards, with a straight vat, drain- ¢
Sn ees dimensions sa Single oblong dipping vats are shown in Figures 18, 19, 20, 21 and
(meter) equals 39.36 inches. 23. These tanks should be made about 214 feet broad at the top, 9
inches broad at the bottom, and 4 to 5 feet deep; the length may be 20
to 120 feet, if desired. One end (the entrance) should be straight, as shown in Figures 24 and 26, or
with a steep slant, as shown in Figures 21, 23 and 25, while the last 5 to 14 feet at the other end ee
should have a gradual slant with cross cleats.
es
-- NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB. aa.
_ A square vat is shown in Figure 22. This vat should be 5 feet deep and large enough to hold
10 or 12 sheep at a time. The square vat does not present any particular advantages over narrow
oblong vats, except that it gives the sheep an opportunity to swim around. ‘This kind of a vat is not
pumeach oy . in very general use among large herders.
i —=—— ’ In the triple vat (Figure 28) the sheep come
nS = a through the run, or drive, and slide into the first vat
YW J J FF at A; swimming in the direction of the arrows they
round the turns, B and C, ¢éwosecriow
ascend the incline, D, and enter ea
Figure 22. f aa
Dipping Plant Illustrating; A, collecting and forcing yards; the draining Dens: The theory
Bee ct ith pivoted hoon, Ey secured by a bolt: by wins UPON Which this triple vat is |
ee ee lee eee are Pigar rece’ into, the siuere.wa based is that upon rounding
ee eae ce oumememe the point, B, the ‘sheep bend
___ of the upper figure. :
O14
toward the left, thus crumbling
the scabs on the left side and
opening the wool on the right;
upon rounding the point, C, they
bend toward the right, crumbling
the scabs on that side and
opening the wool on the left.
Phat, is.” .cvidently wa. more
theoretical than practical
o
RRS ems POE
Ce es paid sateen Toms gst (etn oo cn eu
“
43-6"
© ne nw nw on oe ne ene rn nn rent nn
‘SECTION f
4
Figure 23.
; A, Collecting Yard for the Sheep which are to be Dipped; : :
ora ue small pens leading to 6, an nee es wit an mebined Sa consideration.
or in which a man may stand to pass the sheep one at a time into
the vat; D, D, the vat, which should measure from’20 to 120 feet Each run should be
- long, 21 to 30 inches broad at the top, 6 to 9 inches wide at cay a
the bottom; M, board two feet high on each side of the entrance about 15 to 30 feet long and Fe “5-9
of the vat to catch the splash and to prevent the sheep from . TOP SECTION SIDE SECT/ON
escaping. E, E, ‘draining, Ge dripping pens; z swinging gate: Gc, 2% feet broad; the tank should Figure 24. on
cross section 0: e vat; J, crutch for keeping the backs 0: e sheep A Strai a own
under the surface, and for catching or holding sheep in the dip. be 4% to 5 feet deep and 4 to 4."the hestralean Sheep
2 os 714 feet wide at the bottom. Dipping Tank.
At the point, A, where the sheep fall into the vat, it is best to have the floor of the first run 214 feet
wide for a distance of 6 feet in order to prevent accidents, but beyond that distance the floor may
_ be narrowed to save the dipping fluid. If the partitions, E and F, are not made solid the ooze will
circulate more easily and thus remain at a more even temperature; the boards should be close enough
pis together, however, to prevent the sheep from catching their feet in the cracks. A gate should be
arranged at Dj so that the animals may be delayed in the ooze if desired. :
| —.. Some parties prefer a circular vat (Figure 29).
a Bets The advantages set forth in favor of this are, first,
a a fewer number of men are required to attend to the
animals in the vat; second, where it is desired to give
any particular sheep an extra long swim, this may
‘be done by quickly closing the gate, D, at the exit,
thus compelling the animal to swim around again,
ae without delaying the other sheep; third, by building Bee oe
a circular vat with a circumference of 30 feet the — 4 somewhat Similar Plant: A, collecting pens; B, B, smaller
‘ Ppa ee E 4 ens; C, small pen at the side of the vat; K, decoy pen in which
Ze animals may be made to swim around two, three or eee sheep Ste placed to induce the sheep in pen B to enter pen
oe = : os ue C; D, D, a vat 50 to 60 feet long, 5 feet deep, 21 inches broad
_ four times, thus gaining the advantage of a tank 60, whtil’s feet from the top, then cares to 6 or 8 inches at the
= . bottom, as shown in the cross section, G; M, a board 2 feet high
90, or 120 feet long > yet with a much smaller amount to catch the splash; the last 18 feet of the vat slants gradually,
: j +H ‘ with cross cleats, to the draining pens, as seeninH; B, E, drain-
_ of dipping material. ing pens, worked alternately with the swinging gate, F; each
The vat should be 214 feet broad at the top, PR peaue 24.05 19 tert and should sant foward the wats
9 inches broad at the bottom and 5 feet deep. To a
determine the circumference multiply the diameter by 3.1416. Despite the advantages of the circular
tank in saving material and obtaining the advantages of a long swim, there are two rather serious objec-
tions
ne eee
GROUND PLAN
,
.
4
i i a as te ti ran ee ee :
4
428 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB.
of construction than the cthaialst vat.
If a circular vat is
still preserving all the advantages.
Sida vieur of back
Floor where man with fork works.
Sar Wis AI eae os an
CATCHING KRAAL
DRAINING KRAAL
Figure 26. A Dipping Plant.
-and 4% feet deep (measured frou the top of the tub), leaving an open space of 214 feet at each
end and 6 inches at the bottom; this partition is supported by panes uprights running to the floor of ‘the:
(entrance) and the incline (exit), aaa should extend Rowe the tub in order to prevent the ie sont :
jumping over the middle partition into the second swim; it should extend down to within about 6 or 12
inches of the floor of the tub. When this gate is
closed against the middle partition the sheep will
leave the vat by the incline to the draining pens;
when it is closed against the ineline, the sheep can be
forced to swim around the tub two or three times, as
_desired. Or in place of a swinging gate, two sliding
gates may be arranged to run up and down in
grooves, balancing each other or each balanced
separately by weights. One of these gates is placed
between the end of the vat and the end of the
middle portion, the other is placed at the entrance of
the incline to the draining pens.
By constructing the double vat and sending
the sheep around three times there would result,
first, a saving in the original cost of the tank when
compared with a 90-foot straight swim; second, a
saving in space; third, less than half as much dip
would have to be kept warm at a time; fourth, less
than half as much dip would have to be made up at a time;
be reduced and thus the loss decreased.
It would, however, take a longer time to dip a large pas
of sheep in such a vat than in a steeieet vat, 90 feet long. uses
‘ NS
*. es
=
These oboe however, may be overcome in cena way
preferred and a chute is desired, the ra a
be obtained by building a short,
straight vat on a tangent to the ey
circle, as shown.in Figure 30. In this
case two swinging or sliding aptes, *
A and B, will be required. ee
All of the advantages of the at
circular vat may be combined with —
the easy construction of the straight a
vat by building a straight tub witha
double channel, as shown in ue
31 and 32, the second swim being oe
prolonged in an incline to the drain-
ing pens. Such a vat may be con-—
structed as follows: -
Build an oblong tub 15 feet —
long, 5 feet deep, 5 feet wide at the
top, and 3 to 5 feet wide at the bot- —
tom. Running lengthwise through |
the center build an upright, par-
‘tially open, partition 10 ‘feet long» rigid
Figure 27.
A Dipping Plantin Use in Millard oounte Utah. Tank, ae a:
, K, two pieces, 2 by 6 inches and 12 feet long, bolted length- x
wise of the tank, leaving a 12-inch space in the middle of the dip
through which the sheep. must put their heads, preventing those
in rear from ridin There in front, at the same time keeping their
backs under the dip
fifth, the residue after dipping would ‘ie.
yy
i%
ia ee a ioc
Incline to Dripping Pens.—At
the end of the vat an incline with
cross cleats is built so that the sheep
may leave the dip of their own accord
and enter the dripping pens. A board
fence 2 feet high above the top of
the vat should run a few feet each
side of this incline to prevent the
sheep from escaping. These inclines
are shown in Figures 21, 23, 25 and
26; the rise for fat, heavy wool sheep
must:not be too steep, otherwise the
exertion will be too great. In Figure
24 the incline is 5 feet 9 inches in a
\
surface distance of 14 feet 3 inches.
At the Chicago Stock Yards the
imcline is 9 feet.
Much labor will be saved if a
hinged, or, still better, a sliding gate
is placed at the deepest portion of
the incline. The sheep may thus be
held in the dip as long as desired;
when the time is up the gate is
opened and the sheep enter the drain-
ing pens.
The Dripping Pens.—There
should be two dripping pens side by
side (Figures 17, 18, 21, 23 and 33)
with a swinging gate at the entrance;
one is filled, the gate is then closed,
opening the other pen; when the
second pen is filled the first pen is
emptied; ‘or the pens may be in
direct line with the vat (Figures
17 and 22).
_ These pens should have a
slight incline toward the tub so that
the dripping ooze will run back to
the tub. A good plan is to
build the incline from the
sides toward the center fence; under
the fence build a partially covered
gutter inclining to the tub; the cover
of the guttershould be removable to
allow cleaning; at the end of the
gutter nearest the tub place a gra-
ting to catch the wool and droppings,
thus preventing these materials from.
being washed into the dip.
DRIPPING
PENS
NATURE AND TREATMENT OF SHEEP SCAB. 429
15 Ft.to 30 =A $$ $_@_$_$________ >
B
DRIPPING Pr
A Triple Vat.
|
INCLINE D.
2yhe | aeire | ZaFe.
,
lL
il
Ear
4y, Ft.to © Fe
4
No,
4
G
2
Figure 28.
The various diagrams give surface view, cross section, vertical section
of entrance to the vat, and vertical section of the incline and dripping pens.
SECTION OF TANK
Figure 29. A Circular Dipping Tank.
: You should provide shelter for the vat, boilers and dripping pens, and it will be well to extend
_the cover over the drive and the forcing pens.
a
;
3
Lat
are observed:
Central Mound
[=>
=
re,
= "NS,
Ne,
Ss
ESS
SS SS
.
’ Figure 30. A Circular Dipping Tank and Drive and Slide.
may be used for\heating water. Clear water is run
into the vat and the steam turned on full force
until the proper temperature is obtained. If a
carbolic or prepared tobacco dip is used, the
material may then be mixed in the vat if desired.
Even in this case, however, it is best to provide a
separate boiling tank for heating and preparing
fresh ooze to replace the dip as it is used up.
' These boiling tubs may be made of wood or iron,
as is most convenient for you. If steam is to be
had, the square or round boiling tub may be used,
an open steam pipe being run into it to heat the -
water. If steam cannot be used, either in the
vat or in the boiling tanks, iron tanks should be
provided. Have the iron tanks set in brick or —
stone frames, with a fireplace below. It is best
to have two tanks, each with a capacity of about
400 gallons. If a'home made tobacco dip is
prepared from the leaves there should also be
provided two iron infusing caldrons, each with a
cover and with a capacity of 80 to 120 gallons. The infusion is prepare
the bulk of the water is heated in the yee ee 2 tanks or in the swim itself.
It will be well to hae one end of the vat Sibiu owen
“iA ypjno3\)
o
be |
o
Kr
©
: aig
=a
ie}
s
B
=
fe
=
an ‘hie ie ‘Ss
will run toward that point whi
is being emptied. If the enti
the collecting pens is ate A
cement or boards,
toward one or two anit: the
be more easily cleansed by mea
hose and stream of ‘water. If
vatea trap or manhole should be m de
catch the droppings and the ta;
otherwise the sewer pipe will t
obstructed. : ts C,
tanks — ends upon two
particular: First, upon the
used; second, upon the arr
adopted for keeping the bath
temperature. In case a ste
placed near the floor of the d
in order.to keep the ooze at
temperature while dipping, the
IMPORTANT. oe
may be free from sediment.
1 2/p ft.>|
- 2h it.
es 32.
A'Double Oblong Vat: A
¥n.
You may do this in two ways.
settling tubs provided with bung
holes or pipes 3 or 4 inches from
the bottom. After the mixture
is thoroughly boiled it is pumped
into the settling tubs and allowed
to remain there until it is entirely
-free from sediment; the clear liquid
the proper strength. Or the boiling
tanks may also be used as settling
vats. A pipe with elbow joint is
inches above the bottom; the
opening of the pipes should point
is removed and the liquid allowed
to stand until the ooze is clear;
only the clear ooze is drawn off,
floor of the boiling tank.
Measures.—The capacity of
ferent depths.
every 100, 200, 300, or 500 gallons
~ (according to the amount of coe to be done), and you will have no need of separate measuring tanks.
If your tanks are not. marked in this way, it will be necessary for you to provide a separate measuring
Ns tank. It will facilitate matters for you to
_ provide yourself with a portable pump to be
used for filling and emptying the tanks.
sia
te
eho
IMPORTANT.
Be Sure to Read This.—There are
__‘ numerous proprietary dips for the treatment
of scab. Some of them are good, some bad,
_ some indifferent, but none of them have ever
arrived at anywhere near a state of perfection.
Realizing the importance of an abso-
lutely safe and effective dip, we have been
_ working for years in an attempt to produce
such an article. Practically all of the stand-
ard reagents having the necessary qualities
have been taken one by one and thoroughly
- ONINIYYO
ae Eee times we have congratulated ourselves upon ae at last reached the goal, only to
WOOL SHED
Figure 33. Ground Plan of Yards and Vat.
The better way is to have separate
is then run into the dipping vat.
and diluted with warm water to
run into the boiling tank 3 or 4°
sidewise, not up. After boilmg ae
the proper length of time the fire
the sediment remaining on the
your vat should be marked at dif-
The capacity of —
ground plan; B, side view of the middle partition; e the boilers should also be marked
longitudinal section of the cae swim; D, longitudinal section of the second swim, with
- incline; E, crass section of the entire vat, with partition in the center. in the same way. Mark them for _
:
h
.
\
;
}
=
432 SPECIAL DISEASES.
But we were firmly decided to offer nothing to the sheep raiser until we were able to produce an
article that we could offer him and in all honesty recommend it absolutely, an article that we could
honestly say to ourselves and to the sheepmen: ‘‘This is perfection.” We have, we think, produced
in our laboratories dips that are even better than
anything wpon the market. We could have manu-
factured them and sold them and still have given
the sheepmen something better than anything ,
upon the market, and by so doing we could have
increased our business materially. But in our
entire line we have tried to attain perfection before
offering, and we prefer to do the same in the a
Figure 34. Ground Plan of Yards and Vat. dip line, 3 =
At the present time we feel that we have a.
preparation that is as near perfection as it is possible for man to make anything. We feel positive in aa
our own minds that it is ready to offer tothe sheepmen. But it will be a matter of four or five months — .
before we can complete our tests and satisfy ourselves on every point. After having conducted these 4
tests, should the dip meet them all satisfactorily, we will then be in a position to offer the American i
sheepmen a sheep dip that is so far ahead of anything that even the government has ever — a
recommended, that we feel we will have contributed little short of a blessing to the sheep industry. —
Before you purchase a dip from anybody it will be to your advantage to write us and find out .
what progress we have made, for, even after we have perfected our dip and our investigations are con-
cluded, it will then take some time to get our packages and properly place the dip upon the market; butt 2
when it is placed upon the market you may rest assured that it will be as near ideal as it is possible LOT 37m |
man to make it. es
SPECIAL DISEASES. ae
; or Braxy, is a disease common to almost all animals, dangerous and contagious oe
Anthrax Fever, in its nature. Rivers and streams may become contaminated with its poison a
from dead carcasses, and it is asserted that it is equally infectious and destructive
to the aquatic life with which it comes in contact in the water. It is due to a specific germ,and although
known under different te oy bisgk 2 a
names in different locali- ; seas SEE EEE aos ee
ties, it is, when analyzed,
the same affection, pro-
duced in the same way. In
the human we often call it
malignant postule or wool
sorter’s disease; in cattle it
is anthrax fever, splenic
apoplexy; in France, char-
bon; in Germany, milz-
brand; in India, loodian.
In the sheep it is called
braxy in America, while
in England they call it
great head, and in Aus-
tralia, Cumberland disease.
It may best be commonly ‘
defined under the name anthrax. A rod shaped, spore bearing bacillus, termed the bacillus
anthracis, is in all instances responsible for its appearance. The disease is an ancient one, mentioned
in the oldest literature of the world. :
Figure 35. View of the Dipping Plant at the Stock Yards, South Omaha, Neb -— i
SPECIAL DISEASES. 433
Causes.—It is said that pastures bordering on streams and rivers, especially such lands as are
inundated annually, are prolific breeders of anthrax, the germ of the disease presumably being carried
there from other localities, where animals have been infected and died of the disease. Hay from infected
fields also may produce the malady, the straw and blades of the grass containing spores, which are trans-
ferred in turn to the animals. Insects and flies also may spread the infection. Dietetic errors seem
to predispose the system to attacks from anthrax, more especially so when changing from poor to highly
a Rts Figure 36. View of the Dipping Plant at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Il.
(This dipping plant, including vat, boiler, ete., cost about $2,500.)
nutritious feedstufis, Bee nin a ae percentage of nitrogen. Other predisposing causes are a plethoric
q condition, the fattest sheep in a flock generally being the first to be attacked, moving of sheep
_ from poor to rich pasturage, forced feeding, grazing on fields where animals recently have
"succumbed to the disease, etc. :
Symptoms.—Feverishness; loss of appetite: head hanging down; ears cold to the touch; sheep
stupid, dull, at times delirious; frequent attempts at urinating; urine scant and brownish colored; animal
_ lies down and refuses to get up; there is more or less constipation and apoplectic symptoms; a mucus
2 \
434 SPECIAL DISEASES. :
discharge streaked with blood may run from one or both nostrils, the fecal matters also containing a
quantity of blood colored fluid; carcass may swell, more especially head and legs.. It is well for the
sheep owner, if he finds some of the above symptoms present in his flock, still is not satisfied with
himself that the disease really is anthrax, to call in a skilled veterinarian, in order to have the affection
properly diagnosed in time. In almost all cases an outbreak of anthrax can be prevented or checked
by inoculating the healthy members with Pasteur’s Vaccine, and removing the entire flock to new fields.
Treatment.—Prevention is the only treatment for this disease. Once attacked the subject often
dies before even showing any appreciable signs of sickness, the progress of the disease being marvelously
swift. First find out whether anthrax really exists in your flock. Then immediately remove the sheep
to fresh fields and use Pasteur’s method of inoculation -with the Davis Outfit, vaccinating all the healthy
members of the flock. This treatment is the injection under the skin of the hind leg of an attenuated
virus of the disease prepared at the Pasteur laboratory in France, and obtainable in all large cities. Once
inoculated with this virus sheep become immune to attacks of the disease and never contract it under
any circumstances. In Europe inoculation of sheep for this disease is widely practiced, with the result
that it has been greatly diminished and the percentage of losses resulting from it is constantly growing
less. Be very careful in handling animals which have succumbed to this disease, as man may be infected,
with the result that bloody postule is produced by the anthrax blood; the smallest abrasion or scratch
being able to cause the infection. Wool sorter’s disease also may be caused by inhalation of the dust or
fine powder arising from a sheep suffering from anthrax.
in popular language also known as Quarter Ill, while the technical name is
Blackleg, emphysema infectuosum, is an anthracoid disease, due to a germ producing a
disease which manifests many of the symptoms common to anthrax fever.
The best feeders in a flock usually succumb the quickest, as is the case also in anthrax. Methods of
infection also are similar. Marshy meadows, low lying pastures and lands bordering on rivers and
streams are fertile localities for harboring and spreading the germ. The pastures in which sheep have
succumbed to this disease reek with its germs, readily infecting the grazing animals. This is more
especially the case where carcasses of sheep that have died from the disease have been permitted to
lie above ground and rot, the grass subsequently growing up about them being almost sure to infect
any sheep partaking of it. Therefore, be sure to bury or burn sheep that have died from blackleg
as quickly as possible.
Symptoms.—Dullness; sheep may be off feed; slow in movement and very lame either behind
or in front, as the disease may be located; animal may. be down and unable to rise, in which case there
generally is a swelling of a fore or hind quarter, consisting of air under the skin, a crackling sound being
produced when you pass your hand over it. Skin is of a bluish color; symptoms in general very similar
to those of anthrax fever. -
Treatment.—No medical treatment is of any avail; prevention is the only cure; the Pasteur method
of inoculation with the Davis Outfit is now used with great success both in America and abroad. Burn
or bury all animals which have succumbed to blackleg, using quicklime in the burying process. Quar-
antine infected pastures, and thoroughly dress them with lime. This done, and the healthy members
of your flock vaccinated, you will soon get rid of this destructive disease among your sheep.
Scientifically known as Eczema Epizootica, and in popular language also known
Foot and as Infectious Aphtha, is a fever attacking sheep, cattle, pigs, poultry, dogs
Mouth Disease. and sometimes man. It is known all over the world, is highly contagious, and
manifests through eruptions or postules in the mouth, around the coronets
just above the hoofs, and in-the clefts of the digits, the eruptions speedily’ breaking and forming ugly
sores, which spread and unite with equal rapidity. It is due to a.germ, and the infection is contained
in the saliva and excretions.. An attendant may carry it from animal to animal; the excretions from
vering fits: pulse haat rapid, temperature ee patient is dull; nose dry; in eiblné ewes
rik secretions cease; head feels hot; urine is scanty, sometimes there is salivating from the mouth.
‘second stage commences in the course of two or three days after the disease has been contracted, ~~
is indicated by vesicular eruptions on various parts of the body; feet: swell, animal is more or less
resicles show plainly around the vulva of the female, the coronets, between the toes (digits),
on the teats of the female, more rarely in the mouth. In the third stage the vesicles break and dis- _
arge; there is ulceration, and the ulcers generally spread rapidly and combine. There is great sloughing
the skin above the hoofs, sheep kneels to eat, maybe moving about on its knees. In the worst cases
, +t . ore may extend into the joints, causing joint opening, a dangerous condition. After this
al Mix ae ieee her cae and in a in the woe of the ouehe ie Tet the. peices
. in it two orthree times daily, and see, too, that the lame sheep is not permitted to —
1 it on three feet, but properly immerses all four legs. Stir well each time before —
ae . is an affection of the skin caused by a germ called the streptococcus erysip-
Brysipelas elatis. In its nature it is extremely contagious and malignant, and when aie
‘ea ne ech aegis gaining entrance into an abrasion. or wound of the cuticle, serious inflammation
oa may result, which may penetrate into the underlying structures. The sheep is more liable to contract .
this disease after shearing than at any other time, the reason being injury to the cuticle sustained in
Eine; shearing process. All wounds of the skin may produce it. Ewes suffering from the effects of the
ing process are also prone to become affected.
_ Symptoms.—Feverishness; swelling of the skin, which is hard and tense to the touch; small
as = fre, as the popular saying has it. Es
Po iginent ~—Apply Phenalin to the affected surface, or, if this is not at hand, some other
ag od antiseptic a Give a good dose of Epsom salts, quantity depending on the condition
This is often met with in suckling lambs, also in lambs already weaned or fed noe
~ by hand. Mature sheep also may contract it. Its course is rapid, usually fs
x fatal, and patient often succumbs in six hours’ time. oe
yay
—Wetery s hoar frosted cs which do not contain flesh and fat ee substances
ras
suddenly, without symptoms of any kind; there may be giddiness, ihe Dincic scales down
rolling over, becoming delirious, with death ensuing shortly afterward. When the lamb i 3
it usually lags behind the flock, falls down and dies seer without ees of any kin ve
the best ae The claim is raised a some st if the abi is ralloneal to run until ahs or ae mo
old, before the castration takes place, the sheep will grow larger and stronger. What we here are m
concerned with is the way in which to peer the pees cone 3
make sure that rupture of any kind is not eae now, this done, with Pte thumb a finge:
left hand take hold of the end of the scrotum and pull it down, then with the knife in your
cut the end of the sac clean off. Now grasp the upper end of the scrotum, squeezing the tes
and protruding through the opening, then with the scalpel or knife cut a longitudinal
each testicle, severing the tunics, but not necessarily cutting the testicles; now take hold of th
one at a time, and draw them down gradually, twisting tie cord and scraping it as you dri
almost all operations are sure to terminate mae: If the (eee or any of his instrums
knife, scalpel, etc., are not scrupulously clean, tetanus may follow. Do not use any of the m
methods in vogue in some localities, for instance, searing the cord with red hot iron, etc. 7
to be followed with serious and at times fatal results, Just so with the tying of ie. scrotum be
two pieces of wood until it sloughs off, is an antiquated, slow and cruel process, the’simple oper:
have just advocated being sufficient, a
should be performed at an early age, the fie. of a belt ea
Docking
especially as it is liable to collect mud, oe aa other filth. Simp
the tail with a knife without any after treatment, or if convenient, you may ‘sear the cut for a m
with a red hot iron, which will check all bleeding at once. iia somes vag Co —
choose to do with your idee lambs. r p'? premises
Spaying,
by placing the sheep on its back on an mebnea he:
ants hold her securely in this position, then make an incision back of
toward the mammae about 2 inches in length, cutting through the skin
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 437
Boca the abdominal cavity ; this should be pierced by inserting the knife at cae angles to the code of
the subject, the opening being widened sufficiently to permit the insertion of two fingers (the two first
fingers of the hand); with these reach backward and slightly to.one side, and you will find the horn of
the uterus; trace this forward until the ovary manifests itself, situated on the extremity of the cornua;
bring this ovary to the surface and while you hold it with one hand use the fingers of the other to trace
and secure the other ovary, the keeping hold of the first helping you largely to find the other. Twist
the two organs (ovaries) off to prevent bleeding; do not use a knife for this operation.. Now return the
horns of the uterus to their place in the abdominal cavity and bring the lips of the incision together with
ia
nm
a
*
sutures. Take deep stitches, first penetrating the skin, abdominal walls and peritoneum, then follow
up with two surface ones through the skin, bringing the edges of the cuticle together in the original
position. Do not bring the edges of the wound very tightly together, as the resulting inflammation
(some inflammation will always follow the operation) will tear out the stitches, and may produce fatal
consequences. Pine tar, or agents of this nature, to keep the wound in an aseptic condition and to keep
flies and other insects away, should be the after treatment. If you have not studied up animal anatomy
to some extent, not being conversant with the position of the various organs in the abdominal cavity, you
_-would better call in a skilled veterinarian than try to perform this rather delicate operation yourself.
_ When a bone is broken without harm to the soft tissue covering it, we call it
Abrasions, asimple fracture, while where there is an open wound connecting with the broken
Fractures, Etc. bone, it is known as a compound fracture. If the bone is shattered into frag-
_ ments, or fine splinters, and serious injury to the adjacent tissues exist, it is
called a complicated fracture. The treatment should consist in bringing the ends of the fractured bones
in apposition, holding them together by a plaster of paris cast; if the wound is properly attended to
in this way the sheep may be depended upon to do its share in nursing the broken leg or bone, and there
is hope of recovery. However, in cases where legs have been broken, if the sheep is not of especial value
as a breeder, etc., you would better give up treatment, and sell it for meat.
— DISEASES OF THE EYE.
is an inflammation of the membranes of the eyelids. Foreign matter gaining
Simple entrance to the eye, or bites from mosquitoes or other insects may produce it; com-
Ophthalmia plications from other diseases, or exposure to inclement weather, may produce it.
Symptoms.—Swelled eyelids; eye is half closed, drawn into its orbit;
_ tears secrete copiously and run down the cheeks. Conjunctiva of the eye on examination will be
found to be red and congested, dark red streaks covering it.
. Treatment.—Foreign substances, having entered the eye, should be carefully removed. If these |
_ are embedded in the eyeball it is better to call in a veterinarian. After treatment bathe the eye with
cold water, and apply Davis Ophthalmia Specific. In case the membrane of the eye has been cauterized
by lime or other similar agents (as for instance after the lime and sulphur dip) make use of a soothing,
lubricating medication, as, for instance, a few drops of linseed tea, or a kernel of flaxseed inserted under
the lids. This will ease the pain and help to remedy the affection. Feed double feeds of Davis Stock Food.
° ~ popularly known as the Blinds, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the
Ophthalmia eye, its symptoms being very much the same as in the trouble just described,
Py oper, with the difference that while the former is caused by introduction of foreign
: substances into the eye, or complications from nasal catarrh or other diseases,
_ this is usually produced by an epizootic, and appears in successive stages, each succeeding attack being
'more severe than the former, resulting as a rule in total blindness. Its cause is obscure, but it is not
believed. to be contagious; symptoms similar to those in simple ophthalmia, but constitutional disorder
4 and a tendency of the affection to result in blindness distinguishes it from the milder os
tte Actes Fe. gle lhl
;
ie
ei te Re a
Treatment.—Essentially the same as for Single! oouthetetie ut start in wit n
instance, 4 ounces of Epsom salts; apply cool, soothing ointments f - fe and |
Specific as described. ie
is often met eacin in the sheep family, especi,
Eczema subjected to forced feeding for exhibition or
‘forms in which eczema appears it is found that the eee is a
in sheep. It may appear very suddenly, as a rule attacking the lips and face first; the skin >
sparsely covered with fleece is abe liable to be attacked, favorite spots oe beneath Sect a
Food in each feed to the adult sheep and 14 Lespoontal i the lan thus keeping i di
ee functions in proper condition and insuring against the disease. A saline cathart:
Ses rubbing ane squeezing against convenient aac to alleviate The jee the
wool from the skin until the sheep presents a haggard and ragged appearance: Acetate of
water, 1 pint. This should be applied to the affected Ske twice or once daily. Pu
acid is also good for this PuTpORE: -
Foot Rot.
remain in a constantly moist and wet state.
with visible blanching of the tender membranes of the feet. en if the Preathicn canes
drying up, a reaction will set in. There will be an increased circulation to the feet which had befo
been constantly moist and saturated. The hoof will swell or be pushed from the parts ben
is inflammation of the tissues between the-claws; coronet is enlarged; heels bulge; abscesses m
purulent matter exudes between the horn and substance beneath. In the most severe ¢ ases”
drops off entirely. This renders the ee Bugis Tey valueless enc ge as S butcher s geal, e
are thereby exposed, oa aati ourpard. fungous ie are formed moot large seal
when touched they bleed easily ; fluid from the diseased parts iS offensive in smell, being perce’
along distance. Later the horny,sole of the feet is affected and peels off, exposing the sens ie
of the pedal bone. There. is great lameness and pain in walking ; if the ore ee are. EoD es:
may ensue from raslninaoes owing to its Tote to feed properly. ries c sae ¥
in the summer, sores are filled with maggots, and the ae is in such a ae
It is Ae distinguished from the latter
(As fcimateds some doubt exists upon this point, the
ae eens: Nee Gas
- Treatment.—First of all be proniey, Construct a foot bath, according to the following method,
and drive the flock through it several times each week: Provide yourself with a shallow trough, about
18 inches deep and 2 feet wide, as appears to you best; place this into the ground. Erect a low fence
ing preparation of arsenic: Carbonate of potash, 2 pounds; arsenious acid, 3 pounds; water, 14 gallons.
before driving them into this bath, removing all foreign growths. If you have made the trough
of time, just let them pass right through. You must not allow the sheep to graze after passing through the
taken of would cause poisoning of themselves and other animals. It is therefore well to erect the
one you may substitute the arsenical bath with sulphate of copper (blue ston), using this in the propor-
tion of 1 pound to each gallon of water. After the bath you will do well inz pplying quicklime to the feet
of the sheep, which may be done by sprinkling the floor of an outhouse with the quicklime, and driving
the flockintoit. Now, you should bear in mind that the original cause of the disease without a doubt has
must change this before any good can result from the treatment. If, as is sometimes the case, a sandy
er gravelly soil is to blame, this, too, must be exchanged for one better suited to the health of the animals.
Tf you have no facilities for changing them around like this the best you can do isto house them over
= night i in pens covered with sawdust or in barns where the floor is dry and comfortable. If only a few
_ sheep of a flock are affected they should be caught and trimmed; that is, the diséased members (feet)
erated places in order that the secretions of the healthy horn may have-an opportunity to act.
; ‘Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, creosote, etc., may be used for this cauterization; butyr of antimony is recom-
the affected part in this way, dress with carbolized tar or Stockholm tar, which will help to produce
the; growth of healthy horn from the diseased surface. Incase of profuse granulations, cauterization
_ to any other treatment than the walk through the copper or arsenical solution described above. If
Bako" remember that foot rot, as a rule, occurs on damp, swampy land in rainy weather, or, reversing the
the See manifesting itself-adopt proper measures to prevent its becoming general among the sheep.
cin _ The act of the sheep giving birth to the lamb after completion of the period of
_. nearer still to the general average, from 145 to 150 days. There is a marked
oe the last stage of gestation, the womb in its effort to expel the now full grown
‘contractions. The act of birth itself is very much the same as seen in all mammalia,
Sit : 5 — \
: running the full length on each side, forcing the sheep to stand in it; previous to this make up the follow-.
Boil the potash and arsenic in the 14 gallons of water for half an hour or more, so that they may —
dissolve thoroughly.. Then pour a sufficient quantity of the solution into the trough, at least 3 inches
eep, or enough to cover the hoofs and coronets of the sheep thoroughly. Pare all the sheep affected
sufficiently long (20 to 30 feet) it is unnecessary to keep the animal standing in the bath for any length
h before the solution has dried from their feet, as the dripping of the arsenical liquid on the verdure © |
ti ough in some barren place, removed from the farm buildings, and build a pen at each end of the trough |
to facilitate the operation. Then you simply first drive the sheep into the pen at one end of the trough,
: thence passing them in turn through the trough, and using the pen at the outlet as a drying place, holding
le animals there until their feet are thoroughly dry. Provide a watertight lid for the trough and keep it —
ed up except when in use, to secure against danger to your other live stock. If the attack be a mild a
_ been due to damp, swampy, pasturage, where the feet of the sheep were kept wet all the time, and you —
must be pared down; you should carefully remove all shreds of horn ar fungus; cauterize the torn and
. mended as that which gives good results without undesirable complications of any kind. After treating
: with ¢ ared hot iron is advisable. Ifewes are in lamb, they should not, except in severe cases, be subjected : f
case, on dry land in torrid weather, where the ground is hard and hot under the feet, under such circum- —
stances you will do well in always keeping a careful watch on your flock, and on the first symptoms of
Parturition. "gestation, which in this animal extends over a period of five months, or, to come
* ee a Iwi J pet Psat ¥
440 PARTURITION.
consisting in successive contractions and efforts as the labors progress. A Daene the act ‘ies pa
in intensity, until through the expansion of the genital organs attending upon the continue
the vagina and womb become one large distended cavity, and the delivery takes pines
between the fist and second birth. Keep the ewe quiet and caniion atte divine the Usd tis zg
in order to guard against premature delivery. Improper hygienic surroundings, dietetic changes,
by dogs or children, etc., may be followed by abortion and result fatally to the sheep. In order tc
ewes fit for breeding ahd producing healthy offspring, the owner should bear two things in mind: ;
first is that he must see to it that the ewe is well nourished, feeding her on special feed if necessary
adding Davis Stock Food to the ration. An emaciated, debilitated mother is unfit to bear and may d
during delivery, the act and pains being doubled and trebled in length and severity. Another thir
bear in mind is that the period of gestation should be so arranged that the delivery of necessity must ni
take place in very cold weather. This is soften fatal to the ewe as well as the ots ene If te
In cases of rigidity of the tissues leading into the ares cavity, from a cause, it may nee ever
by applications of warm water douches, or smearing the entrance with extract of belladonna. Sot
an operation may be necessary to produce delivery and this should be performed as follows: Ba
arm to the shoulder and disinfect it in the same way as directed in the chapter on parturition in the. cow, |
ns te
then pass the hand into the opening in the vagina. This, being much oe than the open in aoe St
to lacerate “He membranes, it may be dae now pass a probe pointed bistoury ey thes vagina
make three slight incisions, one in the upper floor, and two extending to both sides, beginning where
upper one left off and running sidewise and downward. These incisions are made in the so callec
about midway in the vaginal cavity, and rightly done the operation will enable the animal to n
delivery. However, it must be done by a skilled hand, and you should not attempt to do it yo
until you have seen it done by a veterinarian a number of times. Such an operation must not be resort dint
to except as a last resort, as it unfits the ewe for subsequent breeding. If malposition of the fetus ‘
making it impossible for the mother to deliver it, and if you are not used to handling such cases, you
better call in a skilled veterinarian, watch him working, and then you may learn by degrees h
perform the operation. In all less complicated cases of this kind, however, you can readily 1
the operation yourself. Thus, if the head and one foreleg only is presented, as gently as possible: re
the fetus back into the cavity, get hold of the missing leg, bring it in position with the other, an
let the mother take care of the rest. Always vaseline hands and arms well when you make these
tions. In thesame way, if the head alone is presented, both fore legs missing, press back the head
of the missing legs, bring them in natural position with the head, and let the mother proceed y
delivery. If the two fore legs protrude, but the head is missing, bring your vaselined hand gently into
the opening, find the héad, put a finger into the mouth of the fetus or get your hand around its snout
catching hold gently but firmly enough to bring the head out and in natural position with the two |
If the side of the fetus only presents in the opening, the entire body must be so turned as to bring i
into the natural position (fore legs and head protruding). This requires some skill, patience and j
ment, and if you are not used to doing it, better have a veterinarian show you how; the same holds go
where the back only is presented. If the fetus should be turned backward in the womb, the b
presenting with the hind legs missing, you can bring about delivery by pushing back the fetus, stan
it on its head until you can get hold of one of the hind legs, bring this into position in the opening
repeat the process, bringing out the other, and assist the mother by gently pulling the lamb out back ard
If the fetus is too large, it is necessary to cut it up and extract it piece by piece. This you. cann
until you have watched a skilled veterinarian do it a number of times. Too much care cannot ©
exercised in assisting delivery to keep hands and arms well oiled and scrupulously clean, also bei a
careful that no foreign substances are allowed to enter in the process. If this is not done, septic poisoning og
with death of the animal is liable to set in afterward. Carbolized sweet oil may be substituted for —
vaseline to oil the arm and lubricate the passage. Be very careful not to lacerate any of the a
-
“ of no ae consequenee in the practical work of controlling and eradicating them with
ae fectious diseases. If you only are reasonably certain that your swine suffer from either of the
la dies in ase gree may safely make use of the treatment recommended here, for the reason
duced into this is or have never approached in their ee character the two diseases
entioned. ‘The erysipelas of the European continent appears to be the most destructive of the swine
seases in the! countries where it is known. But it is unknown in America. It was a few years ago
sed by enthusiastic though reckless investigators to introduce the virus of the erysipelas as a
. for the prevention of hog cholera; but subsequently the Bureau of Animal Industry dem-
ated that the diseases were not similar; that hog cholera could not be prevented by the vaccine of
elas, and that the only effect of the proposed measure would be the introduction of a new plague,
Pp obably as destructive as the dreaded hog cholera itself. There is a disease known as anthrax, which
may attack all species of the warm blooded animals and sometimes affects the hogs in limited areas
of this country. The disease does not spread from farm to farm with the rapidity that is common
rith hog cholera, nor does it extend nearly so far in distance. When it does exist, cattle and sheep,
ven horses also, are likewise affected; and the hogs usually contract it from eating the carcasses of
ant nals that have died with it. It is a disease confined to certain regions of the country, reappearing
a ere year after year. It is not a common disease among hogs. -
. These are about the only diseases liable to be mistaken for hog cholera and swine plague, and
as one of them has never been seen in this country, and as the other is infrequent and more often affects
her species of animals, it is plain that any contagious disease confined to swine which breaks out in
this country is in all probability either hog cholera or swine plague.
a Characteristics. —Hog cholera and swine plague are both very fatal and destructive. They
ect oe in all parts of the ated States, and cause heavy losses, which have been estimated to reach
| sing young pigs om cholera is Ce saly fats, and they are often attacked while the aiMer
latter have greater popes of resistance to the virus, and this power, also known
ie The - virus of the: Box elinlees is the more ea atone and resisting of the two, and is also more
ty Bice and communicated to healthy animals. Swine contract hog cholera by taking the virus —
v d and drink, by inhaling it with the air,.and less pees its gaining SoS “
e Tangs with the inhaled ite. Pies tinge elapsing between the infection. on
organs consist principally of these red spots caused by hemorrhages of greater or less extent
eo ee
448 THE HOG.
appearance of the first symptoms of illness is known as the incubatian parice) and varies”
to twenty days. In the course of this period the germs multiply slowly and gradually overcon
vital powers of the animal by means of poisonous substances which they produce as the result
growth. As soon as the first symptoms of the disease show you should at once take ses
animal in hand and place it under proper treatment, as hereinafter described.
Symptoms.—In the worst cases the animals die very suddenly, either before sickness bs
observed or after they have been ill but a few hours. Such cases are met with most often whi
disease first appears in a herd. As a rule, however, the progress is slower, and there is therefore
better opportunity to observe the symptoms. Most prominent among these in the two diseases
have under consideration are feverishness; shivering; unwillingness to move; more or less loss of ap
tite; elevation of temperature, which may reach 106 or 107 degrees Fahrenheit; the animal is stuj
dull, and has a tendency to hide in the litter or bedding and remain covered by it. At the start |
may be constipated or normal, but later there is usually a liquid and fetid diarrhea, abundant, exha
and persistent to the end. Eyes at first are congested and watery, but soon the secretion t
becomes yellowish, accumulates in the angles and gums the lids together. Breathing is rapid; n
become oppressed and labored in the latter stages. Cough may be present, single or paroxysmal.
is often congested and red over the abdomen, inner surface of the limbs, under surface of the -
and on the ears. The color varies from a pinkish red to dark red or purple. An eruption is some
seen, which leaves crusts and scabs of various size over the skin. There is a rapid loss of flesh, th ae
animal grows weak, stands with arched back and the abdomen drawn up, and walks with a ori 2 :
uncertain gait. There is less and less inclination to move, and the weakness and exhaustion ine
until death results. 0
The symptoms of swine plague in most instances are not materially different from ‘thos of |
cholera. There is, however, often extensive inflammation of the lungs in swine plague, and in ~ ha
condition the breathing is more oppressed and labored, and the cough more frequent oh ainfu
The course of these diseases varies from one or two days to two or three weeks. e
Appearance After Death. —The germs of hog cholera have a habit of collecting or growing in
orrhages from this cause are not seen. In the worst cases of hog choices the changes seen in ite va ous
spleen is generally enlarged from two to four times its normal size, is soft, and engorged with bloo uae
the chronic form of the disease, however, the spleen is rarely enlarged; the lymphatic glands | of th »
affected intestine are enlarged and tough. Lung lesion may be found in the worst cases.
subacute and chronic forms of hog cholera are the most common, and the same is the case in swine plague. Be
In this form of hog cholera the principal changes are found in the large intestines and consist of ulcers,
which appear as circular, slightly projecting masses, varying in color from yellowish to black, O
sionally these ulcers are slightly depressed and uneven in outline. When cut across they are foun
consist of a firm, solid growth extending nearly through the intestinal wall. In swine plague the 1 gS
are often found to be inflamed, and to contain large numbers of small points, which may be made
by loss of color, where the life of the tissue has been destroyed. There may also be found in the 1
large cheese like masses from 14% to 2 inches in diameter. Inflammation of the serous memb
very common in swine plague; there also may be congestion of the mucous membrane of the large in
tines, particularly of the large intestine. In hog cholera the first effect of the disease is believed t
upon the intestines, the lungs being invaded afterward. In swine plague it is just opposite. Sum1
up the matter we find that the most characteristic lesions in hog cholera consist in (1) ulcerations o:
large intestines and (2) collapse of the lung tissue, and less frequently, broncho-pneumonia. The
characteristic lesions of swine plague are (1) inflammation ®f lungs; numerous small necrotic poi
in these organs, or a few larger cheesy masses; (2) inflammation of serous membranes with fibrinou
deposits, and (3) congestion of 1 mucous reins g intestine, or ees dee of sia same
fibrinous deposits. 4 . a ea
as
of.
3
THE HOG. gto
In spite of this very distinct differentiation in typical cases, there are many outbreaks where it
is difficult to make a diagnosis even after the post mortem examination, because both diseases may be
affecting the same animal at the same time, or the changes may resemble both diseases without being
very characteristic of either. In such cases only an expert, by microscopical examination and
cultivation of the germs, is in position to make a reliable diagnosis.
Causes.—Both hog cholera and swine plague are caused by bacteria, whe have now been so care-
fully studied that they may be easily indentified by persons accustomed to bacteriological research.
_ For the layman, however, this is immaterial, and we shall here only mention such causes as are evident
to the eye, or which may be guarded against by the farmer once he becomes acquainted with them.
Hog cholera may be produced experimentally (1) by exposing well hogs to diseased ones in the
same pen; (2) by feeding the internal organs of diseased carcasses or cultures of the germs; (3) by
hypodermic injections of cultures of the germs in doses of 44 to 1 cc. or greater. Swine plague may be
/ produced axperimentally (¥) by cohabitation; (2) by injecting cultures of the germs into the lung tissues.
Both diseases are produced by injecting cultures of their respective germs directly into the blood vessels.
‘From experiments it has been demonstrated that germs of the hog cholera find their way into
the bodies of swine principally with the feed and drink and with the inspired air; while those of swine
plague are taken in almost entirely with the air, or, at least, they almost iy aay gain entrance
through the lungs.
_Diagnosis.—Naturally when your swine have been attacked by disease of any kind the first ques-
tion that will occur to your mind is, What is the nature of the disease with which they are affected?
It is important to consider briefly the evidence upon which this question may be answered. If several
-- animals are affected with the symptoms already enumerated, and if the same disease has been affecting
the hogs on neighboring farms, we may decide that one or both of the diseases in question are present
since no other epizootic disease has been recognized in this country. In anthrax districts there may
be occasional small outbreaks of that disease, in which there is great inflammation and swelling of the
tongue, or of the throat, or simply a fever with no local swellings. If this disease is anthrax, other species
of animals, horses, cattle and sheep, will also be affected. If, on examining the carcass after death,
projecting, button like ulcers are found in the large intestines, we know that hog cholera is present.
It must. be remembered, however, that the ulcers are not found in the most acute cases, but only in the
subacute or chronic form of the disease where life is prolonged a sufficient time for them to form. If
there is inflammation of the lungs, and particularly if cheese like masses are found in the substances of
thése organs, the disease is probably swine plague. Small blood spots in the tissues or scattered over the
internal organs indicate hog cholera, while inflammation of the serous membranes indicates swine plague.
Prognosis.—The losses which result from the outbreak of hog cholera and swine plague depend
partly upon the condition of the hogs—that is, upon their susceptibility to the disease, and partly upon
the virulence of the contagion in the particular outbreak. If the animals are very susceptible and the
contagion very virulent, the loss even in large herds may reach 90 to 95 per cent, or even 100 per
cent, in those cases where the disease is allowed to run its course. In milder outbreaks or with
animals more capable of resisting the contagion the losses vary from 20 to 60 per cent. Toward the end
_ of an outbreak a larger proportion of animals will recover than at the beginning. A portion of those
recovering will fatten, but other animals remain lean, stunted in their growth, or never really become
healthy animals.
Difference.—It will be in order here to nanae out a few of the more prominent symptoms, char-
acteristic of hog cholera, swine plague and swine erysipelas (also called rouget) respectively, in order that
-you may be able in the great majority of cases to distinguish between them.
You will find that if the case is hog cholera that there are purple spots on the snout, eyes, mouth,
skin, etc.; also that the affected hog has a tendency to vomit, its temperature being high, usually running
up to 104 to 108 degrees Fahrenheit. The patient prefers lying on the side; his belly is tender; move-
ments feeble; he grunts and shows signs of uneasiness and distress; breathing hurried and difficult;
cough often present; if the disease runs on for a couple of weeks, button like ulcers appear on the large
and small intestines; bowels at the outset are constipated, later bloody; at this stage offensive diarrhea
is one of the. ae
In swine plague you will find congestion of the mucous merabrane (a symptom :
cholera), On snout, eyes and mouth are purple spots (same as in chol eS but. ulcers:
V BOONE: as a rule, is absent, but the temperature, as in the other disease, i
There is a hard frequent cough, with: a wheezy ila, The diarrhea i is s either entirely a abs
less pronounced. :
Lastly, in swine epee a disease unknown in this country, the mucous qenien
congested, being dark red or even violet in color. The purple spots on the skin are especially |
and extensive. Ulcers are generally absent, vomiting rare, temperature very high, runni
to 109 degrees Fahrenheit. As the disease progresses diarrhea ensues, the animal prefers
side, is stiff and appears to be in an exhausted condition. In the latter stages the inns 2 m
affected with frequent coughing. ae
a 7
Treatment.—Can the two diseases in question be cured? This i is P rctclly the first q st
are prone to ask, and the one interesting you above all others if your swine have either of ther
this connection you should never lose sight of the fact that here as in Se other sphere
the spread of infectious diseases of all kinds.
to prevent the introduction of these plagues into his herd.
of eradication, it is, cine ce he legitimate to ask and to answer ie question as to pr pe
treatment. Before formulating this treatment it should be explained that a remedy that will rc
case is not to be expected. There has never been discovered a remedy for a single one of th
diseases of man or animal that will cure every individual attacked. Some forms of these di
so violent that the animals are dead almost before they are observed to be sick. Under such cc
there is no time for the most active remedy to produce a beneficial effect. In many ayaa
compounded a number bE formulas which he be used with good results.
these is given herewith: ~ ;
Wisod eharcoal ym Si. 0 a Be scan
Sulphyr se ANN ORS Age a ee Se ee ey ca tice a
Sodium chloride ........ RS en is eg Sra Matec a
Sodium bicarbonate ....... De tetra OS eh aie. ce ea Ge 2 pounds.
Sodium hy posuipliite 2 ies. sie a aes AS ei eds 2 sate p Non dao .2 pounds,
Sodium:-sulphate (047 05,5. fa er Ear na Nay RLS, apa ree pi pound,
Antimony sulphide (black ddan PI ek Pils hit a: Cie tite ee ae vl pound.
Pulverize these ingredients completely and mix them thoroughly, In case . there i is protease
the sulphate of sodium may be omitted. The dose of this mixture is 1 large tablespoonful : f
pounds weight of ae to be treated, and it should be given only once cm ee bee are
take the Sblicise if the ration is made ee as above described. BE ei very, ss pte an
will not come to the feed should be drenched with the medicine shaken up with yates
should be exercised in drenching hogs or they will be suffocated. Do not t
THE HOG. 451
3 : drench it, but pull back the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch, into which the medicine may
be slowly poured. It will flow from the cheek into the mouth, and when the hog finds out what it is it
' will stop, squealing and swallow. Hogs which. were so- sick that they would eat nothing are often
so much improved a short time after getting a dose of the remedy that they will commence to eat and
keep on gaining until they appear perfectly well, The medicine for which the formula has been given
__ may also be used as a preventive of these diseases and for this reason may with advantage be put in the
feed of the whole-herd. Care should, of course, be observed to see that each animal receives its proper
share. In cases where it has been given a fair trial, it has apparently cured most animals that were
~ sick and has stopped the progress of the disease in the herds. It also appears to be an excellent appetizer
and stimulant of the processes of digestion and assimilation, and when it and Davis Stock Food both
are used in the, feed regularly you may rest assured that these important organs are properly taken care
of and stimulated into healthy activity. The appetite in formerly slovenly and unthrifty hogs is vastly ~
improved, they taking on flesh rapidly and assuming a healthy appearance. In giving out these facts
to the public, Mr. D. E. Salmon, D. V.M., Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, indicates that, while
from a scientific point of view he should prefer to conduct these experiments for another year before
_ recommending this formula as a remedy for the diseases in question, he nevertheless, by the many urgent
‘requests which have been made upon him for making public the formula, has let himself be persuaded to
| * nake it public without any further delay (1905). In trying it all farmers are asked to kindly cooperate
| with the Bureau of Animal Industry, trying the mixture when occasion calls for it and report the results
to the Bureau, in order that the hog raising industry of the entire country may benefit by théir experience.
ie Success or failure with this remedy depends largely upon the manner in which it is used. If it
_ is improperiy administered, or the hogs left out in cold storms and compelled to remain day and night
in mud six inches or a foot deep, under the necessity of searching through this mud to find an ear of corn
in order to get anything to eat, the farmer might as well save his money and let his hogs die, as nothing
which so far has been discovered will save them. under these conditions. If, however, the sick animals
caa be made reasonably comfortable and dry, and given soft, easily digestible feed to eat, with Davis
Stock Food added to the ration, the medicine of which we have just given the formula may be used
with confidence that it will give good returns for its cost and the trouble of its administration. Appar-
ently, it is not so beneficial in swine plague asin hog cholera. In treating hogs for these diseases it must
a not be forgotten that in nearly all cases there is more or less inflammation of the internal organs, and
_ particularly of the stomach and intestines. To treat such diseases successfully the animals should be kept
dry and comfortable, and where drafts of air will not blow upon them. The feed must be such as can be
digested by the irritated and inflamed organs, and Davis Stock Food should always be given, in order
_ to stimulate the digestive and assimilative functions into healthy activity. With these general principles
in mind the farmer may undertake to treat his sick hogs with a fair prospect of success. He may not
save them all, but he should be able to save a good proportion of them.
The next question that confronts us is, what disposition should be made of the hogs during treat-
a ment, and what sanitary measures should be adopted in addition to the medical treatment? When —
the hogs are first found to be affected with hog cholera or swine plague the lot or pens where they are
confined should be disinfected by dusting plentifully with dry, air slacked lime, or by sprinkling with
a 5 per cent solution of crude carbolic acid. The animals should then all be removed to new quarters.
If possible the sick and apparently well should be separated before they are removed and put into
different lots. This is not essential, but is an aid to the treatment. The hogs should be kept in dry
lots or pens where there is no mud, and above all, no stagnant water. It is well to keep these lots
| disinfected by the free use of air slaked lime or carbolic acid.
By this supplementary treatment it is not expected that the hogs will be entirely removed from
the influence and attacks of germs. This is not necessary. The number of germs which gain access to
their bodies may be so reduced by following this plan, however, that the vital force of the system, aided
_ by Davis Stock Food and the medicine prescribed, is sufficient to overcome them. a
= ‘In the course of this treatment the hogs will gain a marked degree of immunity. No doubt this
— is the result of attacks of the disease from which they recover. This recovery is in spite of continued:
' disease, to keep the animals i in a small enclosure, which should be as Ey? as poe and disinf
_way as to largely or entirely prevent disease; the answer at present is that, although enough e:
‘THE HOG.
infection of the premises, and even though the hogs which have gone throt u
well and thriving, new hogs added to the herd are liable to be attacked. eason |
should be allowed to pass before any new hogs are purchased and bro. on the pret ‘ses, 0
any are sold to be put among other lots of hogs. Young pigs, born as joreuabic conditio
sayek: are able to resist the infection, while in other cases they may siligr sexe and die,
they aS i or rs ground over which they have been dragged should be iseictiod 1
acid or lime, according to the method already mentioned. Td
Sanitary Measures.—Use every effort to prevent the ingroductiag of the, opens on}
If you purchase hogs from a distance or send your own animals out for exhibition at the
it that they are transported in clean cars, which were properly disinfected if used for sw t
before. When you bring new hogs to the farm or when your own are returned from the exhibitiot
should be rigidly quarantined and not allowed to come in contact with other hogs on the r
least six weeks. If you live in the neighborhood of the railroad you should not allow your ogs
at large near the roadbed, especially if you know that swine are being ‘transported over it,
infected hogs are shipped to market, and there are sufficient droppings from the cars in whic
carried to scatter the contagion along the railroad for the whole distance they travel. If t!
should occur on a farm in the neighborhood of yours you should take measures to prevent the s
the contagion. Let no one from your household go upon the fields or into the pens whe
animals have’ appeared and subsequently handle your own: herd. - Remember. that
manure or dirt the size of a mustard seed from any infected farm is Saticicnt to start
that will destroy a herd of swine. A particle of that size may be carried upon the shoes
intercourse at all at such time is, fhevcion, the best eae Fxperlence shows it. hog
in a pen or small lot are less subject to infection when cholera is in the neighborhood than
are allowed to run at large in the fields. It is consequently advisable, when there is reason fo)
least. These facts lead to the inquiry as to Pei: it is posible to breed and feed hog:
have not as yet been made to absolutely demonstrate this, yet it is clear that much can be ac
in this way, and as the carrying out of the plan at the same time would increase the hardi
thriftiness of the herd it is certainly well worthy of adoption. ie ;
a ae
The first principle of this method of Se ae is to breed ee from mature bree 1
always taking care to keep the aigucties and assimilative organs in a Higis state of metectee
such an agent as Davis Stock Food with the feed. This should be done r gularly, a
slipshod way, feeding the stock food today and leaving it out tomorrow. S
takes care of your hogs gives them the stock food as meetaty as the ordin
he
herd in a Short space of time. The application of the above feimexpien ee made SF
breeder in accordance with his circumstances and surrounding conditions, The breeding
animals which are not closely related can be easily adopted by anyone,
J
oe
~
S
‘ 7
THE HOG. 453
_ has shown that it possesses a power of resisting the disease is much more difficult, and in many cases it
a will be impossible for the ordinary farmer, though there are many of the larger breeders who could
profitably experiment in this direction.
The diet of corn alone, upon which the hogs of so large a part of the country are nod has done
more than anything elsé to weaken the vital powers of the animals. With wheat selling in the markets.
of the country as low as corn, there is no longer any excuse for limiting the feed of hogs to a single grain.
Wheat is much better than corn for growing animals, but should be crushed or rolled to give the best
results. Ground oats, middlings, bran, and peas may also be used to give variety. _ It ishardly necessary
to add that during the warm months of the year hogs should have plenty of young grass and clover.
By intelligently applying these principles in the production of the breeding stock a strain of ani-
mals may be developed which will be hardy, vigorous, prolific,and much more capable of resisting disease
than the ordinary inbred and corn fed stock which is now so generally used by farmers of this country.
This treatise is prepared for your use, if you are a hog raiser anxious to learn something of the
-nature of the diseases to which your stock is liable, their cause, prevention and cure. In compiling
the chapter on hogs we have followed the method pursued throughout the entire volume, to compile
oy _ our statistics from the very best authorities in the United States and Europe, making all information
given herein absolutely sound, reliable and up to date in every particular. If you will but take time
to study up the subjects in which you are specially interested, be it in regard to the horse, the cow, the
sheep, the hog, or any of the species of the feathered kingdom; if you will do this, and carefully and intel-
_ ligently follow the teachings laid down, the losses from disease of any kind will be greatly reduced on
_ yourfarm. Use Davis Stock Food regularly and follow the general treatment set forth herein, and ver 2G
will be oe and pleased with the results.
d When a hog is badly affected with ee hundreds of eggs will be found on the
Hog Louse. hair back of the ears, along the front of the shoulders, and on the flanks. The
freshly deposited egg is bluish white in color, elongated, oval in shape, 1.5 mm.
long, and is enlarged at the end bearing the circular operculum, or lid, which is forced open when the
young louse is ready to hatch out. The egg is attached at its smaller end to the base of the hair by
a gluey substance that usually completely encircles the hair. The surface of the egg is covered with
small hexegonal punctuations, which give it a honeycomb appearance. The shell of the egg is perforated
by numerous stomata. The egg will hatch out in about five days after being deposited, according to
a somewhat antedated work on swine industry, but the Bureau of Animal Industry has modified this,
and by experiments shown that the time of incubation will vary with changes in the temperature. Exper-
iments have demonstrated that eggs freshly deposited and kept in a room of ordinary humidity at a
temperature of 85 degrees Fahrenheit during the months of September hatched out in from fifteen to
sixteen days, while the eggs placed in a closed dish, containing a receptacle filled with water hatched
out in the course of twelve days. If you lower the temperature it retards the development of the eggs.
Injury Done by the Hog Louse.—As a rule but little attention is given by the farmers to this para-
site, and it therefore seems necessary to give some little attention to the subject here. Every farmer
and stock raiser is familiar with the frequency and wide distribution of the hog louse, but they do not
always attribute to it any pathologic or economic importance. When a drove of hogs is not thriving
properly the more common custom is to pronounce them out of condition, or simply off feed. In such
cases, if a careful examination be made of the animals, the cause of the unthrifty condition of the herd
is often directly traceable to the presence on the skin in large numbers of lice or other external parasites.
- When the lice increase to large numbers, as they are likely to do if not destroyed, the skin of the
animals becomes covered with scales and sores, and in extreme cases swelling and inflammation develop
as a result of the parasites piercing the skin with their mouths hundreds of times a day in their effort
to secure blood for food. ‘The irritation thus produced is a source of constant annoyance and worry
to the hogs, evidenced by their restlessness and incessant rubbing against any convenient object. The
_ ultimate effect of such affliction is to seriously interfere with the growth and fattening of hogs, especially
young pigs.
; Lice not only produce a Fie injury to hogs by impairment of the skin, but also, by reason of
the debilitated condition of the animals which ensues, indirectly create a greater susceptibility-to various
a sa! SS
~
454
from lice, An authority upon he. hog and its diseases has Hetero recommended asthe
for hog cholera the destruction of the lice on the animals and disinfection of the pens, The
hog lice may carry the infection of hog cholera from sick to healthy animals is not wit
among some writers on the diseases of hogs. No positive evidence or ex] eriments has been
however, and the possibility of hog lice conveying the disease is an open question, T
of the parasite is a comparatively easy matter, and practical tests have demonstrated
importance of freeing hogs from pests that deter growth, meat the poe physical ¢ co
render the animals easy prey to contagious maladies. "'¢
al
Treatment.—In the treatment for hog oe preventive measures as well as Brie: v
hair that the hogs shed and rub off will hatch out young lice. These p arasites in the 7 "building
ately reinfest animals from which the lice have been removed by treatment. The selling and slaugh
of the majority of hogs at a comparatively early age, and the consequent destruction
them in the scalding vat, is naturally a great check to the increase in the number of the par
when the lice at once begin to multiply rapidly on their new hosts A Dionne aaaea
includes the destruction of lice in buildings and pens in addition to the treatment of the
selves. If the pens where lousy animals have been kept are left vacant for a period. of ‘wo we
lice will have “siege and me new animals introduced will be in no ieee of infection.
In experiments made with kerosene emulsion ae Pens ea it 7 was demonstrated th
_ sene emulsion—the lice being plunged into it—killed them ee while the a fe
twice, two weeks intervening between the two treatments. Kerosene in a 10 per cent so
successful. Phenalin in a 3 per cent solution also destroyed the lice. The Texas oil, in oI
emulsion was found to be absolutely useless. Later experiments with Texas oil in its crude state har
demonstrated its value as a dip for hogs affected with lice and the itch mite. Fifty-two gallons of oil —
were placed in a tank with 60 gallons of water and the pigs dipped once. A few days after dipg ; x4
lice were found to have disappeared, and the scab mites with which the animals were severe
were also destroyed. : "
The foregoing account of results of experiments with different “remedies used agait
louse shows that ve toflowing are successful, cheap, easily prepared, a readily sop:
he ea (not much used). The lime and aia dip recommended as a cae for cco in
hogs was tried as a remedy for lice on hogs but has not as yet been sufficiently, tested for a
results at this time. se ae te Nay
Formulas of Oil Emulsions.—(1). Kerosene ee is prepared according ee r
in the following formulas: nee Bee F-
(a). Hard soap, 4% pound (one-half bar common eyes ‘ei .
Kerosene, 2 gallons. . sat
Water, 1 gallon.
Boil the water and soap until the latter j is dissolved, remove from tt h
churn or agitate vigorously till an emulsion is formed, This emulsion if
a gelatinous mass on cooling: it keeps indefinitely and may be used at any a
water to 20 gallons, If used after cooling, the mixture should be heat
ee cae THE HOG. : : 455
= fea in heating the ite. time because of the inflammable kerosene present, and for safety the
4 mixture should be heated out of doors) and then inerousily mixed a second time.
(b). Soft soap, 1 quart.
- _ Hard soap, 4 pound.
Water, 2 quarts.
Mix as in preceding formula and dilute with 1 gallon of warm water. Reheat as in formula (a).
(c). Sour milk, 4 gallons. :
Kerosene, 2 gallons.
Mix the milk and kerosene and dilute with warm water to 20 gallons. -
This formula has the advantage over other methods of making kerosene emulsions, as it uae
- “the necessity of making a soap mixture, the milk acting as an emulsifier.
(d). Hard soap, 44 pound.
Pyrethrum, 314 pounds.
Kerosene, 2 gallons.
Water, 1 gallon.
Boil the water and soap until the latter is dissolved. Extract the pyrethrum with the kerosene
by stirring the pyrethrum and kerosene together and allowing the mixture to stand for twenty-four
hours, then pour off the liquid. The kerosene extract -is\then mixed with the soap solution, as in ~
formula (a). For use dilute with warm water to 20 gallons. Reheat as in formula (a).
. : The pyrethrum is said to add to the effectiveness of the emulsion. The kerosene emulsion when
prepared should not have oil drops rising to the surface. If drops of oil are seen it is proof that the emul-
sion has not been sufficiently churned or agitated to emulsify the mixture. Golf, an authority upon the
subject, recommends a spraying pump for mixing kerosene and water, which mixttre is said to be more
penetrative than an emulsion. This pump is fitted with a foot valve admitting oil and water through
‘separate orifices, and a graduated screw regulating the proportionate amount of each fluid admitted.
The packings and pistons should be made of leather and the valve seats of brass, on account of the
destructiveness of the action of the liquid on fittings cual of other materials.
(2). Benzine emulsion: .
Soft soap, 4 parts.
Water, 10 to 15 parts.
Benzine, 1 part. : .
+ Boil the water and soap until the latter is dissolved, remove from the oe then add the benzine
and agitate till an emulsion is formed.
Mange in hogs, which is a disease of the skin caused by parasitic mites, is of
M ange, or twokinds. The socalled demodecic form is produced by a mite named Demodex
Scabies of Hogs. folliculorum var. suis. The sarcoptic form, which is better known and con-
sidered to be more common than demodecic mange, is caused by a mite known
as Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. These two parasites of mange in hogs are designated as variety suis in
order to distinguish them from varieties of the same species which cause mange in the dog, the cat and
nae and some other animals.
The parasite belonging to this form of mange is the largest of its species and
Sarcoptic Mange. can readily be seen with the aid of a pocket lens. It is small, white, globular
. in shape, with the body transversely striated. In front is a prominent mobile
rostrum. On the dorsal surface of the body are numerous three-cornered scales, also six thoracic and
5 fourteen abdominal spines. The first and second pair of legs in the female bear a pedicellate sucker. —
_ he third and fourth pair end in a long spine. The first, second and fourth pair of legs in the male.
_ bear a pedicellate sucker, while the third pair end in a long spine. The female is nearly 44 millimeter
long and about 14 millimeter broad. The male is a little smaller than the female. f
‘ Symptoms. —The skin at the start is inflamed and irritated about the eyes and ears; the prac
Ga spreads over the withers, flanks and inner surface of the body. The skin Hecomee wrinkled,
is eee pes crusts that take on a bluish gray luster, and the bristles either fall out or become matted
ee ae a A aN om
456. | ‘THE.HOG, _
——
with the crusts that are continually forming and dropping off, Beneath
cracked, the excoriation finally becoming so severe that bleeding occur ts
Conclusive diagnosis of sarcoptic or demodecic.mange is obtained by foe the
necessary to pull off the crusts and scrape the skin to the quick, and then examine Be
a hand lens. ha
means of the buildings and pens where diseased hogs hove be hse ‘It oresialle i ]
a herd. An infested Sow will transfer the disease in a severe form ‘to her young befo
to the horse.
many hogs.
infested, Say mange is avery serious disease, that increases in 3 and not Sale pr 1
fattening and growth of the hogs, but will finally cause the death 2 young pigs. Je = too
common disease than is generally believed. sue
solution before the remedy is applied. Such care and detail are < pom where sae a few h
be treated, but where herds numbering from 50 to 500 are to be treated such time consuming |
sive operations are out of the question. Dipping the animals is the only practical - meth
remedies to large herds. Mange is at its best a hard disease to combat, especially in hogs, | eC
their unclean habits and usually filthy quarters. When mange is discovered, the hogs” s '
away from mud wallows a day or so gators treatment, in order that the dirt and crusts :
off the skin,
be kept in the dip as long as desirable, while the liquid i is being eibed into the skin with’ a
Care must be taken to wet the inside of the ears thoroughly Py mp them with, the ]
dipping, and more young mites will each from ete Pigs eggs. an second disper
should follow six days after the first treatment. The incubation period of the eggs under far
cumstances is said to be from three to five days. Perseverence is the only way to effect a p al
cure. The improved condition of scabby hogs, even on the day following a ‘successful treatment, will
be evident from their usual quietness and better humor.
There are numerous mixtures and compounds that kill the scab sitees but the item.
and the facility of preparation and application restrict a choice of remedies. Liquid remedie
only practical ones to be used on a large scale; if ointments are used it is ae to scrub the
thoroughly before me are applied. :
Rata :
part; lard, 8 tes ; :
(2.) Creosote, 1 part; lard, 25 parts. - ie tes rage
(8.) Sulphur, 10 parts; lard, 30 parts.
(4.) Turpentine, 8 parts; flowers of sulphur, 1 aie
Liquids.—Beaumont, or Texas, oil. Place 52 gallons of Le in a tank containing 6
water, and dip the pigs once.
One part of creosote mixed with thirty parts of linseed oil is a remedy
THE HOG, 457
A hog raiser in Nebraska recently observed that a number of swine in his herd were in poor
condition, covered with grayish scales. Examination revealed sarcoptic infection in a severe form.
The animals without any previous washing or preparation were dipped in the Beaumont oil. They
were driven into the dip and scrubbed with an old broom. Special care was taken to rub the inside of
the ears with the hands, since the skin on those parts was raw and cracked and harbored scores of the
parasites. The day following this treatment the animals were more quiet and ate their feed better.
This improvement was particularly noticeable in the young pigs. One month after the treatment the
owner wrote to a friend: “As to the condition of the hogs, they are much better since the treatment,
— some seem to be entirely cured of that scaly look. I would recommend the Texas oil as a good thing
Re for scabby hogs.” Failure to dip a second time according to instructions, accounts for the lack of
See complete success in this experiment. y
; On account of its resemblance to a laurel leaf the Demodex in pigs has been
Demodecic scientifically named Demodex phylloides. Government inspectors have fre-
Mange. quently withheld hogs from the market because of a peculiar appearance of
: the skin which was shown to have been caused by Demodex. Leather
manufacturers state that a large percentage of beef hides received are partially ruined by the pitted
condition of the skin, a condition which is produced by this parasite found on the cattle. It is generally
Ne it held that Demodex does not produce any detrimental effects in the way of retarding the growth or
te fattening of the pig. In cattle the only complaint seems to come from the leather manufacturer.
In applying liquid insecticides to hogs, spraying and dipping are the two methods -
Application — generally used. Where there are only a few animals, the remedy can easily
of Remedies. be applied with a brush or broom, but in a large herd a more rapid method of
eS application is necessary. |
Dipping is obviously the most thorough method, but more expensive on account of the labor
‘and material necessary to construct a dipping vat, unless a large number are to be treated. A dipping
vat may be constructed in accordance with the following method, the price of which will be about $25.00:
. 12 feet 4x6-inch white pine or tank lumber. —
. 64 feet 4x4-inch.
% 16, feet 2x6-inch.
16 feet 2x4-inch. :
24 feet 3x4-inch.
“a For the approaches on the dripping platform:
: 10 feet 2x12-inch tank lumber.
100 feet 4x4-inch yellow pine.
; 60 feet 2x6-inch.
Bees. 114 feet 2x4-inch.
oe 162 feet fencing.
bes 17 pounds 20-penny nails.
“ 7 pounds 10-penny nails.
_ 10 square feet of zinc.
4 T hinges, 8-inch.
’ The zinc is used to cover the incline leading to the vat, in order that the smooth surface afforded
will prevent the animals from halting after once starting for the plunge. The zinc covering is, of course,
: not a necessity, but it is very convenient. The vat is placed in an excavation in the ground, and should
i project about 6 inches above the surface of the ground, in order to prevent dirt and trash from falling
en into the dip. Most farmers and stock raisers usually have a quantity of unused lumber lying about
_-—s that ~may be utilized in the construction of a dipping plant, thus diminishing the actual cost of
Ss construction. A canvas curtain hung at the entrance to the slide will facilitate driving the hogs.
_ The dripping platform, constructed of tongued and grooved lumber, slants toward the vat, and is
ee
bordered with narrow strips along the sides in order to direct the ia back ‘see ies
vat should be placed in close proximity to the pens, and where a stationa y chute i is no’
panels of fence will make the transferring of the hogs an easy matter. | Pare
In 1892 the Oklahoma Experiment Station constructed a eeivenieatison 22- _gauge vat
14-inch gas pipe was used as a framework. The entire cost of such a vat, with Hapleiee en
exit, is between $25.00 and $30. 00. : aS
results. Galvanized and cast iron tanks of various sizes cost eae $10. 00+ to $20. 00.
A simply constructed portable dippmg vat is used by the Bureau of Animal fade y» for
experiments in treating lousy and scabby hogs, with very satisfactory results, tit 19 well s ted fo
dipping moderate sized herds of hogs and is also inexpensive, No drippings a was us
Where there are more than 40 or 50 hone to be dipped it is necessary to fiprovide a dripping latfo
or else replenish the liquid. The following mnigbesiahs: were used for constructing this vat: ~~
Two 1x12-inch 14-foot hard pine. re a=
One 2x12-inch 24-foot hard pine. ; ile
Three 2x4-inch 12-foot hard pine.
One 1x6-inch 15-foot hard pine.
One 2x6-inch 12-foot hard pine.
Two pounds 20-penny nails.
Two pounds 10-penny nails. - ee
re
pins adjusted), ei the proper braces (2 feet 754 inches long) ined on each end \ inch Flt
with the braces projecting below the lower edge of the side. The middle brace 3
nailed on in the position relative to the notch in the bottom made to receive it. —
-boards are similarly joined and held together by temporary braces tacked on the outer side.
boards for the bottom are joined, and the braces, cut just long enough to extend between the
margins of the notches made to receive the side braces, are nailed in ee _ Se are Agee
in the bottom, nailed from the under side with 20-penny mele. and then nailed | to the ics La side
The braces ACTOSS the: top are then Bees on.
of the tank. The upper end rests on the brace across the top and is ‘held from slipping: éene ia a
of a cleat nailed on the under side. The inside measurements of the vat when completed are 6 fee
inches long, 1 foot 8 inches wide, 2 feet 5 inches Boge and holds 634 gallons of a to an inch ce
vat. The vat should be sunk into the ground a depth of | 2 feet, thus saving ‘the trouble of hav i
force the pigs up an inclined plane. It is most conveniertt to place the vat in fror
house, sink it into the ground till the top is level with or a little below’ the flo rae
build a barricade from the door along the sides of the vat. bee
Spraying.— When the necessary. apparatus is provided, dae thee
and rapid method of applying insecticides. Rag Scriabin however, have pr
THE HOG. 459
~~
length to permit freedom of motion to the operator. A spray nozzle is attached to the end of the hose,
or, as has been done in the absence of a suitable nozzle, the end of the hose is simply compressed between
the thumb and forefinger, making a fan like spray that can be readily directed in any quarter. Any
outfit for spraying trees is likely to contain nozzles that can be adapted to spraying liquids over animals.
For those who do not possess a spraying apparatus, and do not care to purchase the more expensive outfits,
one of the cheaper pumps put out by firms handling such goods will serve the purpose very well.
There should be considerable force to the jet of fluid, and the spray must not be too finely
' divided, otherwise the liquid will not penetrate between the hair and thoroughly wet the skin, as it
- must do to be effective.
The following method of applying kerosene to hogs is as simple as it is affcctnre A 6x6-inch
oak post is set firmly into the ground. A 2-inch hole is bored 12 inches into the top of the post. A
144-inch hole is bored from each side of the post to open into the bottom of the larger hole. Soft
pine plugs are driven into the small holes and burlap or old cloth is wrapped around the post, covering
Mi the pine plugs, and bound down with wire. The hole in the top of the post is then filled with
kerosene. In a short time the rags become saturated with kerosene percolating through the pine
_ plugs. Two quarts of oil daily are required the first three or four days and afterward one quart a
week. A hog raiser who had erected such a device, jokingly remarked, in response to an inquiry
as to its utility, that every hog wanted to be first at the post, and that the lice in the herd soon
disappeared. A platform should be built around the post in order that the hogs will not dig a mud
_ wallow about its base. Another hog grower devised a wholesale method of ridding hogs of lice by
digging a basin or wallow in the yard, pouring in water and throwing in a small quantity of kerosene.
He states that the pigs frequented this place and the lice soon disappeared.
_ This affection is often met with in hogs, and its general cause is improper feed-
Acute Gastric ing; making up the ration of such feedstuffs as swill, sour potatoes, half decayed
- Indigestion. or otherwise spoiled turnips, apples, frozen feed, too large a quantity of succu-
lent vegetables, and the mixing of alkaline powders, such as have been used for
dish washing, etc., with the swill (do not feed the dish water to the hogs). Other causes are the swal-
lowing of indigestible matters, such as hoof, horn, hair, bristles, bark. If such are partaken of and
the system is not relieved of them by vomiting, gastritis and indigestion may ensue. Again, medicinal
agents of a poisonous nature, as, for instance, paint and lead, may produce the affection.
Symptoms.—Dullness; arching of the back; erection of the bristles; hog may be seen standing with
the feet brought together; hiding under the bedding; uneasiness; grunting; restlessness; the belly is
tense and enlarged. Diarrhea with subsequent recovery may follow these symptoms, or the
vomiting up of the matters which have produced the disease may bring relief.
Treatment.—Give a full emetic, such as f ounce of Glauber salts. As antidote for alkaline poisoning
give vinegar, followed by a laxative. In order to insure good health and vigor in your hogs keep
their digestive and assimilative functions in good working order by always adding 1 tablespoonful of
Davis Stock Food to each feed. If the hog until you started doing this had been backward, unthrifty -
and slow to grow and lay on flesh you will find a surprising change take place shortly after you commence
using the stock food, and you will admit that it is worth its price over and over.
en
g ae consists in an inflammation of the gastric mucosa, or the gland from which the
LY Catarrhal gastric juice is secreted. It is accompanied with a mucopurulent discharge.
Gastritis % Causes.—All kinds of feed that are in a state of decomposition; fer-
menting swills;an excessive quantity of brine; washings from tables, dishes, etc. ;
dish water; irritants of all kinds: oe parasites of the gastric organs.
Gi ptome. “tee ctlescheess colicky pains; costiveness or diarrhea; vomiting ; eee feverishness;
grunting; arched back; tail is usually limp and lifeless, the belly tender and tense, and the hog
moves about uneasily as if in pain. The condition may be relieved by a sudden attack of vomiting,
followed by recovery. 4
ve Treatment.—Y ou ‘should at once change the diet of the hog or hogs affected. Give them, for
instance, for a change, freshly cooked roots, buttermilk, boiled milk, Rese meal, etc., always adding .
x
.this being more especially so when young pigs are the victims.
of any kind. The age of eight or ten months or over generally favors their recovery. |
- of ulcers, single or grouped together, covering some part of the intestinal tract. These ulcers ar
Davis Stock Food, 1 teaspoonful to each feed, to om aioh. Bie
Remember that the stock food may be given both in health and discon with aig: hit
raiser should be without it. As an emetic, in cases of catarrhal gastritis, 30 grains of ip
is recommended. If the animal is constipated you may relieve it by- a dose of calomel or
there is a violent diarrhea give small doses of gray powder, and to relieve the attendant irrita
gastric mucous membrane you may administer a small quantity of bismuth subnitrate. AE
cleanse and disinfect the pens with Phenalin, change the litter frequently and allow a gener
of fresh straw for bedding. Do not let manure accumulate in the pen. - :
*
and the subacute or slowly progressive. They are of marked diffe
and it is quite easy to tell the one from the other, if the respective
: are known. } | 3
Fever.
in the acute or fatal form of swine fever. There is a loss-of appetite; exhaustion; prostration
and listlessness; animal is inclined to lie down or hide under the litter; ‘sensitiveness to cold; ,
and feverish; eyes partially closed; patient is in evident pain and distress. Three or four hours.
first signs of the disease become Paeatieey the hog becomes worse; on the parts of the body where
odor, this following upon the costiverress present at the onset of the disease, The patient often s
three or four days after the onset of the affection. This disease is a common one among sw:
very infectious. An entire herd may be attacked once it is introduced and it is hard to check its cours
to absolutely satisfy himself that it really is a case of the test in question, ae
dening of the skin; the animal is slow, unthrifty, grows but little, may suffer a almost cc —
diarrhea, and this should enable the experienced hog raiser not alone to differentiate between the
and subacute forms of the malady, but also to satisfy himself with reasonable certainty that thea
suffers from the disease in question. The rule is that swine fever tends to assume this subacute
slowly progressive form after the animal has reached a certain age making it better ab! e to resist
Causes.—Swine fever is caused by a bacillus, presumably taken into the oe org
the feed and there allowed to develop. =
Symptoms.—Ty phoid fever in the human and swine fever have chuich§ in common. The latter
as the former is a disease of the digestive organs, and its foremost symptom consists in chan:
defined, occurring on the surface of the mucous membrane in the alimentary canal. There is a for
yellowish gray, or dark gray shading into black color, generally round, size and shape varying. You
may discover these ulcers on the tongue, stomach, small intestines or the epiglottis; still more ro}
the colon and large intestines. The lesions may cover the whole thickness of the mucous me:
but they are rarely found to take in the other layers or coats of the organs. The peritoneal cov:
the intestine is seldom penetrated by these ulcers, even in cases of long standing. In the fat:
the disease the small intestines become more generally affected. In the other form an ex
after death often reveals the lesions in the large intestines so abundant and thick that it
wondered at that the opening in the organs allowing of the passage of the feed and feces has
since become closed and the patient died of acute constipation or congestion. On the other
a fact that in the case of very young pigs, in which death had followed shortly upon infection, t
often an entire absence of the ulcers mentioned, inflammation of the stomach and bore being
symptoms present. Even in adult pigs, dying in the first shee of the malady, i
no visible ulcers or lesions have developed.
% ee, $ an
_ . po an eee? eee
Sa A
2 THE HOG. 461
Associated with swine fever is sometimes found a disease of the heart called Verrucous Endocar-
ae ditis, It is, however, not produced by swine fever, and various experiments made for the purpose ofs
determining as to whether this affection is communicable from one hog to another led to the conclusion
that it is noninfectious, at least none of the attempts to inoculate healthy pigs with the blood taken from
the heart of those affected with verrucous endocarditis, or with cultures of the bacilli, developed from
the blood taken from the heart of the dis€ased animals, have ever been attended with the least success. At
times also pneumonia with or without pleurisy, occurring simultaneously with swine fever has caused the
theory to be advanced that lung complications were part of the symptoms attributable to this fever;
but experiments made to demonstrate if this was in reality the case answered the question in the negative.
It is, however, a fact that animals suffering from swine fever are extremely liable to contract pneumonia
- and pleurisy, and this is ascribed to the lowered vitality and diminished resistance of the nose; attendant
upon the fever. :
‘No treatment except the preventive methods advocated in all instances of acute or chronic
diseases, such as proper feeding, hygiene and sanitation, cultivating a high degree of health and strength
_ in your herd by always keeping the digestive and assimilative functions up to the standard, can be recom-
mended for swine fever. Always have Davis Stock Food at hand, and feed it regularly in each feed (1
tablespoonful to each feed), and you will find your herd growing strong and hardy, each individual
member acquiring a constitution that will increase his resistance against disease 50 per cent or more.
This rather common disease of the swine is eae ei caused by irritation in
~ General Catarrhal the intestines and stomach, produced by, for instance, feed that is too hot;
not Omatitis. also feed that is hard and fibrous, or feed containing irritating substances, ,
such as spikes and awns of a size permitting them to enter sores or gland duct,
or adhering to mucous membranes; also, all kinds of putrid, decaying, fermenting feed or medical agents
- ofan irritating character may induce the disease. Forcing the jaws of the hog apart with a piece of wood,
or catching and holding the animal by making a running noose on a piece of rope and fastening it around
_ the upper jaw, are also often responsible. Again, inflammation of the mucous membranes, erosion, erup-
tion, etc., may be responsible. Bad, decaying teeth’ may react upon the secretive glands and produce it.
Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; refusal to eat, or dainty eating, in place of the usual voracious
appetite of the hog; preference to soft, liquid feeds; champing of the jaws; hankering after cold water;_
a disposition to swallow hard materials half chewed; frothing around the lips; mouth dry, hot and red,
- emitting an offensive odor, are symptoms.
Treatment.—Soothing and cooling lotions; astringents in the form of antiseptic lotions, vinegar
and honey, a dose of tincture of myrrh once a day or oftener if the mucus is spongy and eroded. The
feeding of soft feeds, such as pulped roots, gruels, etc., adding 1 tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food to
each feed; plenty of cool, clean drinking water, which should at all times be within reach. Also, in case
of indigestion or constipation, administer a laxative, followed by soft succulent feed containing 1
tablespoonful of Davis Stock Food.
Various causes, such as insufficient feed of an irritant character; confining of
Ulcerative the hogs to close, damp, badly ventilated pens, an exhausted physical condition
- Stomatitis. attendant upon wasting, debilitating diseases, have been mentioned as respon-
sible for this affection in the swine. Ulcerative inflammation may result as
an outcome of the spots of congestion and petechiae developing on the buccal mucous membrane. It
seems, however, that these conditions are complicated with bacteria introduced into the ‘mouth and —
digestive organs by the feed and water partaken of.
Symptoms.—Fomentation of froth around the lips; gnashing and grinding of the teeth; loss
of appetite; offensive breath; champing of the jaws; tongue and gums are deep red in color; the mouth
= is full of vesicles or white patches, which in falling off leave red angry sores in their place; deep, putrid,
e offensive ulcers with nasty odor to ‘the salivation and breathing, may result from these. There is a
_ tendency to increased dullness and exhaustion as the disease progresses, and the loss of flesh, debility
and emaciation become more and more marked. If the case be a severe one it ey later on be Guage as
°
with infective pharyngitis or enteritis, indicated by EN matters from. the vk: tend ess,
and swelling of the throat; also colicky pains, offensive dark colored diarrhea, often followed b
_ Treatment.—First of all you should without delay separate the diseased members of the her
the healthy ones. Next thoroughly disinfect the pens, including all troughs, and other articles with wh
the affected animal or animals have come in contact. Phenalin and ordinary slaked lime are
disinfectants for this purpose. Then employ local antiseptics. In the milder cases a local
Phenalin once or twice daily may be all that is requited. Sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid, d
fifty times their volume of water, may be pci in more severe Bae tineture of i iron, chlorate
of the highest value in the markets, it pays foritself over and over again. “This Bain be too bi epe
This is a disease often met with in this country, and consists in a worm,
Kidney Worms. in the fat environment of the ‘kidneys of hogs. It is often supposed 7
breeders to cause certain forms of paralysis of the hind limbs. In :
language this worm is known as Sclerostoma pinguicola, and it should not be confused in the
with the other kidney worm, Dioctophyme viscerale, common to dogsand man. It istrue, ho
both worms belong properly to the same zoological family (Strongylida) , but the ‘genera and s
differentiate materially. Thus, while the kidney worm of the hog only attains a length of 2
the highest, the kidney worm in the dog may grow to a length of from 1 to 3 feet. The body.
worm is plump, mottled in color, white, yellow or black, according to the organs visible _beneat
Length of the female averages 37 mm., the male, 32 mm. Worms usually are found in pairs :
or canals in the organ, the connective tissue layers between the fat being the usual seat of infec
the cysts of parasites may there be found in great numbers and closely packed together. N
standing the fact that as a rulea.cyst is found to contain only two ‘worms, a male and a fe
occasionally three may be found lodged together, two females and one male or just as often ¢
-and two males. In the cyst is contained pus in which the parasites swim or are bathed, anc
pus thousands of eggs in the segmentation stage are enveloped. Occasionally such cysts |
kidneys are found empty, as if their occupants had left them. It is not demonstrated with any
the urine. Thereafter the pebeee are supposed to develop for a eed time in water around
peris and yards, shedding several skins in the process, ultimately to again gain access to 1G t
the hog, being contained either in the drinking water or feed. ;
Treatment. —On account of the filthy and unclean ets of the swine, encouraged in many ios
decrease the liability to the affection, but will not have entirely naar it = = pens. © An ex
old German authority upon the breeding and feeding of hogs, gave it as his” advice to his country1
that swine should be kept in a less swine like manner, and this maxim may well be adopte by ¢
hog raiser here as elsewhere. ; 4
“Keep your swine in a less swine like manner,” is a maxim which you will
first principle to be applied in the hog raising industry. It will pay you we all. Cleanl
and sanitation, observed both in the manner of ee the feed ot sie, sa the Bee
ae
_ per cent in the course of a year or two.
THE HOG. | 463
#
é the herd is confined are all essentials if the largest possible success is to be achieved in this important branch
of activity in the world of stock breeding. Remember that in the care of the hog, cleanliness, as in all
other departments of life, must be internal as well as external. A physical body to be clean and sweet
and healthy, should not alone be kept free from dirt and filth on the surface, but, most important of all,
the organic functions, the uninterrupted and healthy activity of each and every organ, should be carefully
regulated. The secretive glands, the functions of digestion and assimilation, the action of the liver
and kidneys, and so on throughout the whole intricate and wonderful mechanism, should all be made
to act harmoniously and healthily together; and if this be attained, the cleanliness of the surface of the
body will to a large extent take care of itself, the healthy active pores which in millions of numbers cover
_ the skin, will go on excreting all the impurities of the system, and all we have to do is to apply water and
‘soap and wash it off from the skin. But if, on the other hand, the system is clogged up from disease,
the organs acting sluggishly and spasmodically without unison and harmcny, you may rest assured that
a chronic state of uncleanliness will go hand in hand with it on the surface. It is almost impossible
to wash a diseased, congested body clean, and the reason for this is that the pores in the skin are inactive,
clogged up and congested with the rest of the organs. And here is where the great and lasting good
accomplished by Davis Stock Food becomes most apparent. Liberating the juices of the mouth and
stomach, acting thus directly upon the digestive system, correcting and curing all tendencies to consti-
pation or other diseases of the alimentary organs, perfecting the assimilative powers, and this again
reacting upon the circulation of the blood, causing it to flow freely and unobstructedly through the veins
to every part of the system, enriching it in quality and substance, it will in the course of a short time make
a clean thrifty animal of one that before was unthrifty, untidy and backward. There is no secret about
how it is done either. The process is simple and natural and admits of universal application, both as
regards the swine and all other domestic animals. It will give you a clean animal inside and out, and
if you place that regenerated animal in clean, sanitary surroundings, feeding it properly, continuing
to allow Davis Stock Food with the regular ration, you can increase the value of your entire stock 50
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS. _
(From U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.)
Introductory. ~ house which is to be at once the owner’s residence, his afte! ea in ev ry s ni:
of the word his home. But notwithstanding this fact there is no un
which, sometimes as a result: of entirely unavoidable circumstances, se often from oth
Too often the eee finds himself compelled to bane a residileton himself oaks i
short notice and on a short bank account. The result is an ese poorly construct
in his mind ibe Bact an peo are romdea out or lost sight of in oe press for time.
_the nearest village carpenter has to be- entrusted with many . pee details ge the pe is
from satisfactory. i
It is with the hope of being of service to all who have to build a farm home that thi
statements are Pe some very simple facts stated—facts that eye cote knows, but which
apt to forget at the very time when their remembrance would prove useful. _
Designing a House Capable of Enlargement.—By carefully designing a house so as 5 to facilits
subsequent enlargement, money may be saved and its convenience increased. Additions costing 340 60
might have been so provided for in tlie original scheme as to have permitted their erection for |
and so on. Poorly lighted and inconvenient rooms and passages, inaccessible chimneys, ster]
stairways, etc., are all likely to prove obstacles in building additions to houses p= the orig 1
did not take into consideration the probability of such additions. ae
aimee yr
Comfort, Convenience, and Economy.—Practically speaking, three eee ntiale shania ie cor
in every farm home; they are comfort, convenience, and economy. it as hardly necessary to
upon comfort as an essential in every home, and particularly in the farm home. The farm
duties are always exacting, and which usually expose him to all the discomforts of all kinds of -
needs and deserves a home where, during the hours of rest and recreation, he can enjoy comfort tc
fullest extent. In the matter of convenience his wife is, perhaps, more to be thought of. H ut:
are always numerous and her work never done. Anything that can save her steps or lighten her bur
is well worth the effort. Unfortunately there are few farmers who are not obliged to give the cl
study to the matter of economy, and there is certainly no greater saving to be accomplished t
which results from oy. oes plans and the use of Bros and durable materials.
and a otey. to defend his title to his and his ehiason s home,
— 464 —=
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS. 465
: Aten dollars pi to: a reliable lawyer in the bean would have saved all this, He would
Ra ee ucat as a a tule, to less than a small percentage of the amount ae to defend the title
once = was attacked.
: The title having been settled, ‘the question of focus next deserves ‘attention.
Location of The first, and by all odds the most important, consideration is that.of health-
_ the Buildings. fulness. Build on low, ill drained ground, and ill health will follow as inevitably
: as night follows day. A dry, well drained soil is absolutely essential, but the
Bon of air drainage should not be lost sight of. A hollow, however porous and well drained the
soil, will prove a cold and frosty spot in winter, a hot and sultry one in summer. A site too closely
Benne: in by timber will lose what it may gain in shade by the absence of free circulation of air, by the
cutting off of every breeze during the sultry days of summer, and in winter the absence of seated is
again a a draw back.
- "Advantages of Hillside Slope.—All things considered, a gentle hillside slope offers the greatest
vantages, and, if a hillside where the highest land is to the north and west, little more could be desired.
Proximity to Strip of Timber.—In many portions of the country a strip of timber of greater or
less extent to the north and west is an essential, not only to the comfort of the house, but to the comfort
_ of those who are obliged to do chores about it in the severe Vena as well as to the stock which must
__ be quartered. near it.
_ Shade Trees.—Again, a few fine shade trees are a great addition to both the comfort and beauty
of the farm home, and while trees may be planted and will grow in time, other things being equal, the
aes of building near a few fine trees should not be lost sight of.
- The Well.—After the consideration of healthfulness there i is, perhaps, none more important than
_ that of water. A good well cannot be secured everywhere, and there is no greater inconvenience than to
<< have the well located far from the house. In fact, the nearer it is the better.
_ The Barn and Kitchen Garden.—Before definitely deciding on a site, some other points should be
oted into. The saving of time, labor and exposure to be gained by having the barn, and especially the
3 os _ stabling, reasonably near the house should not be lost sight of, and therefore suitable sites for these neces-
Le ary ‘buildings should not be decided upon before definitely locating the house site. Good soil about
he house is also desirable. With good soil an attractive dooryard is easily possible and while the pro-
pective builder may reflect that a few loads of manure will bring up the soil, he should also remember
that both the manure and the time to haul it may prove none too abundant, especially during the first
two years of his occupancy. The possibility of locating the kitchen garden ei eaisis pe and also
+ the chicken house and yards, is worthy of consideration.
- -_-_ Distance From the Road.—If your location is too far from the road the almost inevitable loneliness
= -_ and isolation of farm life i is intensified. On the other hand, if too near the road, all privacy is lost, the
‘ . dust becomes an annoyance and a source of injury, and there is an undesirable appearance of being
os - crowded for room. A sward 100 feet wide with a driveway along one edge which approaches the house -
= with a gentle curve, presents the nicest possible appearance and gives the house an air of repose
_ that nothing else will do. Ifthe sward be lined on its outer edges With fine shade trees, an attractive
oe is assured. ae
i»
3 Too en care and thought cannot be devoted to the plan of the house itself.
Plan of the House, Generally speaking, no one is so competent to plan a comfortable, convenient
_ house, adapted to all his needs, as the farmer himself, unless it be his wife, but
a requires plenty of time and thought. To successfully plan a house one should be able to picture to
himself every room 1 and £ every pe : i
466 PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS.
Preliminary Drawing.—Having conceived the general idea of the house to be built, the n
is to lay it out on paper, and a far better idea of the size and proportion of the rooms will be g.
if the drawing is made to a scale. This is not a difficult feat. Let 14 inch on the 2-foot rule equa
foot, Allow for whatever thickness of studding may be decided on, and add 1 inch for lath and plaster
on each side of partitions, 1 inch each for lath and plaster, for sheathing and for siding on outside wal
and a plan sufficiently accurate for practical purposes will be obtained. Get the advice and counsel —
of. the wife, year to her:whatever on the plans she may not understand._ By consulting oo bie!
of her life. paiaceibar that corners cost money and let in cold. The 1 nearer a hbaee sppreaenes
square or rectangle the cheaper will be its construction and the more solid and substantial will it
when completed. Bay windows are an expensive luxury and are no longer in style. Keep in mind
planning the house the construction of the roof. A simple roof is ag and less liable to Ie
Valleys are apt to cause ou :
submit it to an architect or an Be yeaensedls builder. Get him to point out any possible 2
and adopt them if you can see that they are improvements. Especially invite him to pot.
defects. Let him make your working drawings and prepare your bill of materials. Unless you have aad
wide experience, he will save you all and more than his fee will amount to. 2 ae
The Contract.—Sometimes it will pay to let the contract for the whole or a part of the nous
but in case that is done, insist upon being your own superintendent, with power to reject any mat rial :
or workmanship that does not come up to your idea of the quality contracted for, and have
conditions specified in the contract. ‘ae
The Farmer as His Own Contractor.—As a tule the farmer with his team, more or less of ie own ves 3
time, and often that of one or more hands, will find it cheaper to be his own contractor, hiring such skilled S
and other labor as may be necessary, doing his own excavating, hauling, etc., contracting directly with is
a mill for his lumber. rae
Prices of Mill Work.—The prices of one mill should seldom be ied without obtaining tho :
of a competitor. Sometimes a mill at a considerable distance will be willing to pay freight and make |
lower prices than the local mill. At all events competition should be invited. ae
Cash Purchases.—Generally speaking, it will pay, where ready cash is not at hand and when it
is at all practicable, to borrow the money and pay cash for the material, thereby obtaining the lowes
prices. Sometimes it is possible to obtain a loan similat to those made by the building and loan assoc
tions, viz., the lender will advance the money for the building, taking as security a mortgage on mg,
house eid. some land, the money to be paid directly to the person furnishing the material, on order
of the owner, for labor on presentation of receipted pay rolls, thus insuring that the money advanced — z
is invested in that which constitutes the collateral for the loan.
In the event of a contract being let to a contractor or builder the owner should assure hina s Pe)
that the workmen are being paid promptly, as, in most states, the owner has few rights as against a
mechanic’s lien, and he also should satisfy himself that the materials are or will be paid for without
recourse to him.
Owing to a variety of circumstances it not infrequently happens that the fone
Cheap Farm finds himself in a position where the building of a residence is an imperative
Residence. necessity while sufficient ready money for such an undertaking is not: available.
A cheap, but incommodious and inconvenient structure, or a heavy mortgage,
with its never failing interest, too frequently an addition to a mortgage already given on the land, fe
the only alternatives, and it is especially to mitigate such conditions that the simple plans submitte
herein have been prepared.
It often occurs, too, that when tHe occasion arises for adding to the home no practicable “aid
presents itself and an entire and expensive remodeling, if not a complete new building, becomes necessary.
This situation might frequently have been avoided had the original Sage been built along Se Ae
of a preconceived plan which provided for eventual enlargement.
5 2
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS. _ te: 46%
_ The following plans provide in each case for an inexpensive main building,
capable of considerable enlargement and development without the undoing
or alteration of practically any of the original work and the gradual erection
of a convenient and commodious home.
The first alee igure 1, 2 and 3), provide a main building with a living room
15x15 feet, a back room 9 feet 6 inches
‘by 10 feet 6 inches, with a commo-
dious closet, with a staircase from
the first floor, while upstairs are two
chambers, respectively 15x15 feet and
9 feet 6 inches by 10 feet 6 inches.
A $500.00 Addition.—The plan
. provides for a further addition when
necessity for enlargement of the house
arises and the financial condition of
the owner permits. This addition
will be 16 by 28 feet, providing on
the first floor aliving room and kitchen
and on the second floor a bed cham-
ber. The kitchen will be 11 feet by
Figure 1. é ‘ wi :
A $600. 00 Farm House with $500.00 Addition. If feet.6 inches, with a Pantry. and
ay Eo. cellar. _ The walls of the main
over. thee ivi ving room: proving no serious
detriment in so large aroom. The house as
pices should also neve a porch 8x15/4
“Kitchen
tx 6156"
Living Room
FOES ESS
j ae oes extension similar to the
kitchen, across the back of the main build-
ip from the: first ; Figure 2.
: beset Floor of $600.00 Farm House with $500.¢ 00 Addition.:
468 PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS.
“
could be added to the large chimn
living room, the extra flue to pr
this house could be begun for an e:
moderate sum by building only the
described as the main building. |
case the back room on the first fl
have to serve as a kitchen in winter
Bed Room
9'6"x'10"6" floor rood a used as inched an
ee Ae : of the porch, which would greatly add to thi
Second Floor of $600.00 Farm House with $500.00 Addition. appearance of the house, and with this com-
pleted a very comfortable and conver
house wold have been secured, little by little, and on the economical and convenient pay as you g
Cost of Materials.—We give two bills of materials for this house. he first provides onl
main building and for a style of building suitable only to the extreme southern portion of this c
A competent architect, figuring on the bill of materials as given, and including in his estimate t
cost of labor, places the cost of the main building’ ‘complete at $658.68, lumber being figured at
per 1,000 feet, and carpenters’ wages at $2.50 per day.
It will be noticed that the bill of materials calls for foundation posts 1 fou (ones These, h
should, of course, extend below the frost line, and their length will therefore vary with the latitude i
the house is built. The price quoted, 25 cents per post, will cover the cost of posts of any ordinary
Of course, the farmer could, in many cases, obtain posts simply for the cost of cutting. No sh
or building paper is provided for, and only a single floor for the first story is estimated on in giv.
‘cost, but the amount of sheathing lumber and building paper required are given separ aie
the extra flooring and paper required to double floor the first story. a -
ra
Anywhere but in the far South these extras will be most advisable, if not essential. On 1
states the farmer can, by performing a portion of the labor himself, erect the main building
that will render it extremely comfortable for but little more than ana 00, the cost of ei,
469
oe to build the addition rae ncldding veranda, kitchen, etc., and the
ee basis as the main ec is $658. ae -This expense could, ae course,
3 a ss BILL OF MATERIALS FOR COTTAGE. ~
2 Se Main Part of House, Design No. I.
pieaone ‘16x27 feet, Walls, 16 feet. Ceilings, first story, 9 feet; “second story, Steet,
3s, 6x 8 inches, 16 feet long, 320 feet B.M. for sills. 2
2 pie s, 6x 8 inches, 12 feet long, 96feet B.M. for sills. oT eae ae
37 oe es, 2x 8 inches, 16 feet long, 790 feet B.M. for joists, floor and porch.
ieces, 2x 8 inches, ‘12 feet long, 96 feet B.M. for joists.
eces, 4x 4inches, 16 feet long, 86 feet B.M. for corner studding.
s, 2x 4 inches, 16 feet long, 1,600 feet B.M. for studding, plates, ceiling joists, collar beams, ¢ ete,
; 2x 4 inches, 1% feet long, 392 feet B.M. for rafters. : “ae
s, lx 6 inches, £6 feet long, 32 feet B.M. for joist bearers. s i me
80 feet B.M. for stair horses. ~ ree eee
600 feet B.M. for roof sheathing, etc. mae <
4,092 feet, at $24.00 perM cee ee 200
Sree 16 feet long, for planscia te PRRs i fat peer a. alae ts ears wher ++ 2,80 4
Le 8 inches, 16 feet jones for frieze . st oc he ek en a Perce n Stss See Liew ah Pere 2.06
ng 3 Gal aaaivors Gat Wises Sete vie! sho v liar Ae Meh ear ne OMe anes cncty Aeron Scars hares center e haame 4.50
4 lights, glass 14x30 inches, and 3 cased frames for same, with sash weights and cords 14.50
hts glass 14x28 inches, and 2 cased frames for same, with sash weights and cords 9.00
ss 10x14 inches, and 2 cere’ frames — see with sash Sige e and cords 7.00
; ,
ee? WARD jek Wh ofvelie wife wile: wrol’siiel leis winch ehps sh 0h wile elias visemes 1.08 xf e-
; z
oa ee : Inside Finish.
oc st] oles by 6 feet 10 inches by 13% inches
nside | oor 2 feet 8 inches by 6 feet 8 inches oy LS¢: inches sinc is ie ee ee er on Eee
: or f1 mes for above, Bee ee Dea eta Sr eR Ae sete Ny caper NN Renae Ss amet, SUWRC ee e age:
Ross ee €
al feet p ‘base board, 7x8 inches, dressed two sides ..........
is
a ‘
Cee er ae
Cn
eateries” pl gy wl Bh Usn, ole elie eo a\'e)- ee, ele) 6.4: er a) ipa 6) eh ere ores e\ 0), ©
pte was) sate ele tho edie Olea be, vi le; let\om@el! aielten 0} eho akel ead ej).0%\e/7eie) amu ete vans a8
ee
470
Bill of Materials for Cottage, Design No. |.-
3 pieces, 1}gx12 inches, 16 feet, stepping plank, dressed two sides............, : aS
3 pieces, 7gx8 inches, 16 feet, risers, dressed two sides ........ Serve iane ate my seis :
3 pieces, 7gx12 inches, 16 feet, dressed two sides, for staircase Anke ¢ y RISES Ry ae
1,400 brick and laying, for chimney, including 114 barrels lime, 1 yard ead? BPE) ee
Plastering, 350 yards, including 714 barrels lime, 5 yards sand, 4 bushels hair, 5 20 1
iiss including 4 2h cA nails, 1 ss 10-penny nails, 4% 4 gtienea are
8-penny casing nails, % ae 4-penny shingle nails, 2 ae Bae Sees,
Bape; 4 gross coat a hat Hany eaten fhe eek ea ae S| Re 0 0 a
Tin work, including 52 lineal feet gutter, 60 lineal feet conductor Paste A ae a
Reamenter WOOL ie as AES ert ee Ree aera sd Ceol oek itare eae Oho SARS an i Pee sh at Py,
Dota ee oh cen, een eek By. RRL Bae te ee ila 2! eG a s.
Extra for Sheathing per aa rics
1,500 square feet 7-inch sheathing ...... Pik ee as ooh pee eit Wee: aaa
aR00 square feet, building: paper... 04.00 bee ees Fics Tuaccte Ne eimeManers «= (c= te ery aaee Bee
Carpenter work An a i :
1 RGF 2 Beige kd Seca Rr eRe AR a
fap cavare tect stb floor: 082 7 sae ead get ed iy CEN ae Saat ae peace ae
s00Aineal feet strips, 1x2 "inchessnc. 7) 5.0. pha toy AG ee wn Cres Pde. oe eS
500 square feet building paper........ tate lage EMORY EY lige VR NAIR ie J is gn et Pe > ee
ReArPEtter mone: ies tere BRE tes a Peg eee cute Wisin is ah eee ems Be. Ree
Boba She ea ee Moon hea ok ae ae ee Sin Me ee.) 47
§ BILL OF MATERIALS FOR ADDITION TO COTTAGE. a
Design No. |.
Dimensions, 16x18 feet. Walls, 12 feet. Ceiling, first story, 9 feet: second story, 8 fe
3 pieces, 6x8 inches, 16 feet long, 192 feet B. M. for sills.
2 pieces, 6x8 inches, 14 feet long, 112 feet B. M. for sills.
1 piece, 4x6 inches, 24 feet long, 48 feet B. M. for porch sill.
53 pieces, 2x8 inches, 16 feet long, 1,132 feet B. M. for joists.
88 pieces, 2x4 inches, 12 feet long, 704 feet B. M. for studding.
46 pieces, 2x4 inches, 14 feet long, 430 feet B. M. for rafters.
2 pieces, 2x6 inches, 16 feet long, 32 feet B.-M. for hip rafters. »
25 pieces, 2x4 inches, 16 feet long, 266 feet B. M. for studding and plates. 9
M
’ 12 pieces, 2x6 inches, 12 feet long, 144 feet B. M. for ceiling joists. os
200 pieces, 1x3 inches, 16 feet long; 800 feet B. M. for roof sheathing. | Lia Beal
Dotal Fos Ges Cee .3,860 feet B. M., at $24.00 per M......-.0.-...+-02--+
14 posts, 6x6 inches, 1 foot ‘ee for foundations, at ee Gents “35 NEY pe aoe ee
5,200 cypress shingles, 5x20 inches, at $6.50 per’ M.. 2.2... .05. 1... ee eee aeee
“0 lineal feet boards, 1x6 inches, for joist bearers: . 0.00.4 /.0.%...... na ise
160 square feet beaded ceiling, for porch............ Re ae m1 Bee it :
1,000 square feet 74-inch matched flooring ................ og et A ae ee BO,
1,000 square feet 14-inch pine siding, dressed two ry clon nit eta tee Ge A
128 lineal feet 314-inch crown mold, for cornice ....
Ss, ee 14x28 inches, ond 1 cased frame for same, with sash ee. and cords..
hts, glass 8x10 inches, and 1 cased frame for samé, with sash weights and cords. . . 3.50
oors, 2 feet 10 inches by 6 feet 10 inches by 134 inches, and 2 cased frames for same... 10.50
x6 inches, 16 feet long, pine, dressed two sides, for outside base ee El ge Ae aera neg 2a)
ee inches, 16 feet pone: heart pine, ies water ae areas ace rr Fase a Pescattol
Interior Finish.
ay Aas 10 failen by 6 feet 10 inches by 13% inches, and 3 cased frames for same....$ 9.00
hes by 6 feet 8 inches by 1% inches, and 2 cased frames for same............ 5.00
ane base beards, /4x8 mehes, dressed: two sides. - 2... ee oe weet ee
base mold, 1x1 ly inte hee eer ere ai. oie hep orga eee a cr 2: { 2a
base shoe, Uxl1inch . es he Bo i ee co AE Ree ee 3 95")
1 eet 5-inch casing mold ..... . ees aN pee ee TS AT ae Relea Soe a eee a 3.80
— turned center, 5x5x1l¢ inches....... Bees fe eee Ee eee ie Wet
Bore ean! Vena ike ee oo ee GR eae es 3 1.30
inches pine Bane diecced two sides, for porch and shelves.............. 375
tneluding 54% barrels lime, 4 yards sand, 24 bushels ee 3, 750 laths, 30
Pee ASO oe oe fis wpm who 1 Pe hg ep a Ret ke ae ites) sc eee
luding 1,400 brick, 1% Barrels limie 4h yard: Sanday. oc eoneen ay oh ge egy fee rr!)
ouere 33 ‘lineal feet gutter, 30 lineal feet of condi Aggie Mt cs eae aea, sr ~ 8.00
ieee coe Se ae aes a ome ee 8 "90.00
ee ee be Geeta NR ee ee ee epee $553.38
eee: Extra for Sheathing. | . ar nt
tN vite sheathing. . Bit ys ek Rea ee oe et Coe Pepe 00 ea Sis
; “eet bulding paper gy: 28 or ee ape ee PRN oe SN eee woe ee OU tare
| Re es aes es Cee aes Pay eran et Ge PS ck ud as Vide Oe Ome z
i ogi tert MEAe Apa are: BS a a pee ee
a Re a aaa ee 5.00 |
S
= ike F
ee ee abe, ce A: me ee tee
: : : 1.00 -
eee, ee ee ee
ern eee eee eee ee cece B00.
ide wall in Seated to the interior makes it easier to heat, and the ee
ill lighten the labor and. poorer the > of the ESE, te es
pe Note
a
472 PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS. —
PT aS DR WEAN GRINDERS Fo aa a gS q ce OL
The design contemplates the practical completion of the exterior in the beginning, t
story, with the exception of the hall, being left for subsequent completion.
A large living room, a conveniently large kitchen, and two good sized bedrooms, to
a large covered porch, take up the space on the first floor. The second floor, when complet
3 vide a hall, a garret, two
and bathroom, all room:
lighted. A single chim1
flues is so placed as to make
rit
3
:
rooms, while a large heat:
the upstairs hall would gi
heaton ‘that floor, ) aaa
The design ‘has the vi
Originality, beauty, and a
appearance of comfort, ;
moreover, capable of con ‘é
enlargement. The pantry under t¢
stairs may be lighted by the windo
which serves to light the
if a few of the stairs risers are omit
Figure 4. A $1,200.00 Boke i thus allowing the li ht to
through the steps. The double «
4 between kitchen and living room serve to keep odors of cooking out of the latter. ae
Cost of Materials.—The remarks made in regard to the bill of materials for Design
equally to the bill given for this house. The first bill provides for completing the entire
first floor interior, and the second story
hall, which can easily be used for a bed- -
Toom at first, as it is well lighted and
easily heated. The cost, estimated on
the same basis as the previous design, |
is placed at $1,041.60, the cost of com-
pleting the second story at $100.00,
making the total cost $1,141.60,
in eee
.
Living Room &
1 ly. ?
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR COTTAGE.
Design No. 2.
Dimensions, 34x2714 feet. Walls,
14 feet. Ceilings, first floor, 9 feet ; second
floor, 8 feet. This bill provides for com-
pleting first floor, and hall on second floor. |
3 pieces, 6x8 inches, 16 feet long, 192
feet B. M. for sills,
4 pieces, 6x8 inches, 14 feet long, 224 ae Seo.
feet B. M. for sills, . MP Yh re = ‘?*
6 pieces, 6x8 inches, 12 feet long, 288 ~ Figure 5, First Floor of $1,200.00 House. ie
feet B. M. for sills, ji ; i
1 piece, 2x8 inches, 14 feet long, 19 feet B. M. for porch sill.: > ae “0
1 piece, 2x8 inches, 9 feet long, 12 feet B. M. for porch sill. “if r ae
36 pieces, 2x8 inches, 15 feet long, 520 feet B. M. for first floor joists. ,
18 pieces, 2x8 inches, 12 feet long, 288 feet B. M. for first floor. joists, “ieee “oom
6 pieces, 2x8 inches, 13 feet long, 104 feet B. M. for porch joists,
aa Me i ae AS ad
ee TA
"7? ae oe TE PF PRE rey a
. ny
fe pieces, 2x8 inches, 15 feet long, 540
M. for second floor joists,
2x8 inches, 13 feet long, 468
feet B. M. for second floor joists.
es, 2x6 inches, 16 feet long, 488
feet B. M. for ceiling fasts, Ls
pieces, 4x6 inches, 14 feet long, 140.
eet B. M, for main studs -
aces, 2x4 inches, 14 feet long, 933
et B. M. for studding. | pag
ieces, 2x4 inches, 10 feet long, 233
feet B. M. for studding. .
ieces, 2x4 inches, 18 feet long, 300
feet B. M. for studding,
75 pieces, 2x4 inches, 9 feet long, 450
feet B. M. for studding, _ Se:
10 pieces, 2x4 inches, 8 feet long, 267
feet B. M, for studding, __ Se
) pieces, 2x4 inches, 14 feet long, 467
_ feet B. M. for plates, etc.
28 posts, 6x6 inches, for foundation :
BET ae pocsey et eee gee eae Ug, ud 0 hs ee Se 7.00
,000 square feet pine siding, 146x514 inches, at $27.00 Bet VE er er ts ee eee a 54,00
115 square feet beaded ceiling, 54x31 inches, for DORI in oo) anion ER ey ao » 38.45
00 square feet Mate Oetimy, -4a4 inches, ee A a 27.60
me juare feet matched heart flooring, 174x314 weles foe pOreh. hye. ke Be
al feet outside base, Pers inches, dressed two sides... 3, ..555.5-/5...1 0... ca Mc aene
al feet water table, TARAS INCNCS: rete aoe es eg a a ts See 3 .50
)0 lineal feet corner boards, W4x4/4 inches, dressed two-sides-., 1002... es Wine ROO
) lineal feet angle strips, 11{x1 PATIOS, oe eye tie eet Sener Became ge) Rees eg es .10
ee te Ss
plier OG c#own mold, forcornice. 5.06
2.07
4.14
6.2164
80
Be)
3.00 —
e to Rank Go
‘inches by 134 inches, complete with frame andtrim...... 7.00 —
hes by 6 feet-£0 inches by 134 inches, complete with frame and trim... ... < ~~ 600
, 2 feet 10 inches, by $ feet 10 inches by 13 inches, complete with frame
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS.
Loe ; Bill of Materials for Cottage, Design No. 2.—Continued.
1eal feet, 1x6 inches....... .- 75 feet B. M. for joist bearers, etc.
lineal feet, 1x3 inches ....../..100 feet B. M. for bridging, etc.
square feet, 1x5 inches ........875 feet B. M. sheathing for roof, etc.
Mata 2): Savers... © 7653 fect BM at $24.00 Peta Mae yer ll kr a, $183.66
Ee Ce ae rn iP hee
OMS SiN ree a gy ase eh are Asa erie OM iia oe 4.12
feet 8 inches by 6 feet 8 inches by 1% inches, complete with frame andtrim. 16.48
‘) * u & ey : f 4 t
474 PRACTICAL FARM BUI
Bill of Materials for Cottage, Design No. 2.—Continue
1 second floor closet door, 2 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches by 13¢ j
1 second floor closet door, 2 feet 6 inches by 5 feet by
9 windows, 4 lights, 14x30 inches, 13-inch check rail, co
9 windows, 9 lights, 10x12 inches, 13-inch pivoted, com €
1 dormer window complete with glass, frame, finish, etc .
185 lineal feet inside base, 7228 inches @nolded 10") 4 Bihan ede ad Raa ate
10 lineal feet closet base, 7x8 inches..............__ Pe ev ate teins oy eae cag CU ary
1,500 cypress sap shingles, 5x20 inches, at $4.25 per M. for gables ys... Sw
Cistern.—A good cistern is an adjunct never to be despised. The best form is of ee
brick partition through the center, a2 which the water must filter oor it can reach. the pt
stationary bathtub aut a good kitchen sink. Both can iss dispensed with at first, but so nae do ae 2
add to the comfort and convenience that they should be supplied at the earliest opportunity. Ey
amount of tiresome work,
BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS.
The location of the barn and
other farm buildings is, as heretofore
stated, one that should receive due
thought, even before the dwelling is
erected. While it should not be suffi-
ciently near the house to cause un-
pleasant odors or to endanger the one
should the other take fire, it should
be as close as possible and yet avoid
these drawbacks. Anyone who has
done farm chores in rough weather
will appreciate the saving of discom-
fort by not having too long a distance
to go from house to barn or, in fact,
tO) any .OL phe outbuildings) jing:
questions of drainage, exposure, a
suitable barnyard, and convenience
to the water source should all be
considered in locating the barn.
g
\ 6 LIGHTS
10X42"
DouBLE
STALL
DOUBLE
STALL
UGUTTER
6LIGHTS. 10112
See On eee
The idea heretofore advanced
of building, to begin with, a small
structure intended in time to become
a portion of a larger, or capable of
DOUBLE DOORS-
: : Figure 15.
Floor Plan of $450.00 Barn. The location of the four bents are
es Re indicated by the large square posts. f
_ being added to, is as applicable to barns
as to dwellings.
Tf possible a scale drawing
should be made, showing the ultimate
development of the barn and the loca-
tion of barnyard, pig pens, corn crib,
poultry houses, etc. By working to -
Peeeesuch 2 plan mistakes will be avoided
and much unnecessary work saved.
: In considering the cost it should
_ be remembered that in barn buildings,
_ while the interior fixtures constitute a
very important item of expense, they
can be dispensed with to a very large
extent for the time being.
DOUBLE DOORS
5X12 EACH
ASO Figure 16. ee
Showing Construction of End Bents of $450.00 Barn.
— 483 — }
Sa BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS. og
A substantial and solid frame, well covered, providing for a commodious structure, capable of
housing an abundance of forage and a fair amount of stock, should be the first consideration.
Designs for two barns are given, both small barns, and intended for the farmer
Two Plans who is making a start, or, at least, has but a small capital to expend, Both
for Barns. are suscepti-
ble to more
or less enlargement, and both can be
built for a very small outlay.
A $600.00 Barn.—Barn No. 1
(Figures 15 to 21, inclusive) is 37 by
34 feet. The height is 12 feet at the
eaves and 2914 feetto the peak. The
loft is supported by sixteen 8 by §
posts, if of sawed lumber, but round
posts “would serve as well, while the
roof is again supported by eight 6 by
6 purline posts.
BeleBE bo:
é
a
a o-_
The first floor provides, as
shown (Figure 15), for four horse
stalls and three double cow stalls,
while a shed with side open and
intended to open into a small yard
affords additional room for stock.
A clear space, 12 by 37 feet, is left
down. the center, which would Figure 17,
accommodate several vehicles and Showing Construction of Center Bents of $450.00, Barn. a el
implements and leave room .for a > chee a
considerable amount of forage at the rear end. The loft would, as shown, accommodate, if well ~~
mowed away, from 20 to 25 —
tons of hay. .-The- granary =
shown is 74% by 8% feet. In
many instances this could be
profitably cut down. The
whole interior arrangement
of the barn is intended to be
merely suggestive. The frame
will be found to be an excel-
lent one, and one that can be
built for very little money.
The estimate, figured on a
cost of lumber of $24.00 per
1,000 feet, and including
‘labor, with interior arrange-
ments shown, flooring of loft,
flooring of granary and double
stalls, etc., places the cost at
only $608.37. The labor the
farmer would perform himself —
would materially reduce this |
ae amount. Far simpler im-
ae SUES
ith I) Figure 18, os C13 terior arrangements would ~
Side Elevation of $450.00 Barn, Showing Left Side 6f Barn. The opposite side would
differ only in that nailing girts would take the place of post in center of shed. answer. Rough ahr om ,
BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS. ; | 485
ed instead of sawed timbers, etc. The cost given is for rough lumber throughout, except doors and door
es and window casings. Should it be desired to paint the barn, the additional cost of lumber dressed on
one side can easily be ascertained and added. Cost of painting, two coats, would be about $20.00.
ot For a time almost no interior fixtures would be essential. Stalls could be
el AV" radually built as increase in stock demanded and time and’ material
—EAZZ a y
eS SCpermitted, etc.
ez
2 —————
Figure 19.
above the ground, and the side
ty spaces over stalls, shed, etc., at a
1 eight of 8 feet. In the center a space 10 by 12 feet should
eft for pitching hay, etc., into the loft. The arrangement
of collar beams makes the, Pe callavien of a hay fork very
easy. More light could be secured in the loft by the %
addition of shuttered windows in the gable. The timbers
_ should be mortised and pinned with hardwood pins, as
shown. Figure 15 gives the floor plan, Figure 16 the end
_bents, and Figure 18 the side elevation. Figure 16 illus- Pee Su.
Z trates the splice to be used in ici the large timbers as indicated in “the elevation, (1) being a pin,
which should be driven into space (a). Figure 20 shows
the perspective view and Figure 21 the front elevation.
The two windows, will give ample light to the
cow stalls and a small window in the granary lights it.
The narrow doors are built in two sections, so that the
upper section can be thrown open and light and air let
in. The arrangement given affords an opportunity for
saving in labor, in that all the stock can be fed from the
central floor.
Where the intention is to feed cattle or sheep the
“ shed idea can be carried further and the entire left side of
the barn can be left unsided, affording a shed 37 by 11
Fite feet with feed racks along the inner side, which may be
s _ conveniently filled from the center space or loft as desired.
In a word, this barn affords abundant room at small cost and is —— of an innumerable variety
— interior arrangements.
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR BARN. Design No. |.
_ Dimensions, 34x37 feet. Height at eaves, 12 feet; at center, 2914 feet.
16 pieces, 8x8 inches, 12 feet long, 1,024 feet B. M. for posts.
4 Pieces, 6x8 inches, 20 feet long, 320 feet B. M. for plates. |
_ 8 pieces, 6x8 inches, 18 feet long, 576 feet B. for main girders.
4 pieces, 6x6 inches, 20 feet long, 240 feet B. M. for purline plates.
8 pieces, 6x6 inches, 18 feet long, 432 feet B. for purline posts and braces.
9 pieces, 4x6 inches, 12 feet long, 216 feet B. for purline post braces and plates.
1 piece, 6x8 inches, 8 feet long, 32 feet B. for post and shed.
4 pieces, 4x4 inches, 16 feet long, 85 feet B. for floor posts.
1 piece, 4x4 inches, 18 feet long, 24 feet B. for window posts.
9 pieces, 4x6 inches, 12 feet long, 216 feet B. for bottom girts.
1 piece, 4x6 inches, 16 feet long, 32 feet B- M. for bottom girder, front bent.
20 pieces, 3x4 inches, 16 feet long, 320 feet B. for braces and girders.
6 pieces, 8x8 inches, 12 feet long, 384 feet B. for bearers for inner ends of joists over stalls, etc. —
6 pieces, 6x6 inches, 12 feet long, 216 feet B. for bearers for outer ends of joists over stalls, etc.
~ 40 uke 2x6 inches, 25 feet ae 1,000 feet B: M. for rafters.
BSSSSSSSSEESSS}
The design contemplates flooring the eee at a height of 12 feet
ee he, Oe ae eee
Se as Ca eee! A ee ee
486 | BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS
Bill of Materials for Barn, Design No. | lee
80 pieces, 2x8 inches, 12 feet long, 1,280 feet B. M.
for joists over stalls.
30 pieces, 2x8 inches, 13 feet long, 520 feet B. M.
for joists over driveway.
6 pieces, 4x4 inches, 20 feet long, 160 feet B. M.
for stall posts.
10 pieces, 2x4 inches, 18 feet ieee 120 feet B. ue
for inside studding. _
1,600 sq. ft., 1x3 inches, 16 feet long, 1,600 feet B. M.
for strips for roof sheathing.
191 sq. ft., 1x2 inches, 12 feet long, 191 feet B. M.
for strips for battens.
1,500 sq. ft., 1x12 inches, 12 feet long, 1,500 feet B. M.
for siding.
1 200 sq. ft., 1x12 inches, 16 feet long, 1,200 feet B. M.
for siding gables.
- 1,000 sq. ft., 1x12 inches, 12 feet long, 1,000 feet B. M.
for second floor. ;
350 sq. ft., 1x12inches, 12feet long, 350 feet B. M.
for granary, etc. ;
150 sq. ft., 1x12 inches, 12feetlong, 150 feet B. M.
for double stall floors.
650 sq. ft., 1x12 inches, 12 feet long,
AiG) et gh Na RE Be ES fe , 13,838 fect, at t $24 00 per ML.
inches, ag doors. . ees foe
16ne 1 bce: ‘6x5 ‘td. j 8a
long; 7 pieces, 7%x4 in., 16 1
long; 2 pieces, 7x4 in.
long; 1 piece, 7x4 in.,
long; 2 pieces, ;
"long; 2 pieces,
oe
o~
~
xD
x
~
No
10,000 cypress |
. 3 inches, at
Area including space 2 sash, 6 light
under roof- 5820 cu ft. fl 1 sash, 4 lights
@| Hardware, in
epenny y nal
Figure 23. Loft Plan of $425.00 Barn
BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS. _ 487
A: $425.00 Barn. Seen No. 2 (Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28) provides for a barn 24 by 24
¢ feet and 16 feet high at the eaves. It is divided into stable and wagon and carriage room. The stable
: affords room for three head of cattle and two
horses. The cost of this barn, figured on the
same basis as design No. 1, and including
interior arrangements and flooring of second
floor and under stalls, is estimated at $423.53.
The interior fixtures are, of course, capable
of any arrangement that will suit the needs
of the individual owner. The loft will hold,
approximately, 10 tons of hay.
The design admits of the erection of
sheds on each side of the main building, which
would increase the capacity of the barn to
fifteen héad of stock, or more; and were an
outside silo provided, the lack of loft room
eg ; Figure 24. would not be serious.
fe Construction of Ends of $425.00 Barn.. :
ae If the farmer does not fear the effect
fea throwing down hay or fodder at the heads of his stock, it might be well to move the staircase in
this design to the extreme front, close the opening, as shown in the second floor, and provide openings
immediately over the mangers. Such -an
arrangement would be somewhat more eco-
eS ‘x a So ee Boe
nomical of space and save the second handling
of long feed.
Cost of Materials.—Bills of materials
are given for
both of these
designs, in-
cluding the
materials nec-
essary for the
interior fix-
| tures shown.
po a
ltt as | el pl il rt
x6
Figure 26. —Of course,
= Construction of Two Inside Benis should it be
ae of $425.00 Barn. Figure 25. Construction of Sides of $425.00 Barn.
desired to
"change these arrangements the bills of materials should be altered accordingly.
No cupolas are provided for in either of these designs. Ample ventilation can be secured by
leaving the rafters unboxed, and cupolas serve mainly to increase the expense.
-
°
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR BARN.
. Design No. 2.
Dimensions, 24x24 feet. Walls, 16 feet.
4 pieces, 6 x 8 inches, 24 feet long, 384 feet B. M.-for main sills.
1 piece, 6 x 6 inches, 24 feet long, 72 feet B. M. for inside sills.
8 pieces, 6 x°6 inches, 16 feet long, 384 feet B. M. for posts... 5
8 pieces, 6 x 6 inches, 16 feet long, 144 feet B. M. for joist bearers, A.
2 pieces, 4 x 8 inches, 24 feet long, 128 feet B. M. for girders, B. fe
2 pieces, 6 x 8 inches, 24 feet long, 192 feet B. M. for center girders, C.
ass
488 BARNS AND OUTBUILDINGS,
Bill of Materials for Barn, Design No. 2.—Continued.
4 pieces, 4 x 6 inches, 24 feet long, 192 feet B. M. for plates. 4
l piece, 4 x 8 inches, 24 feet long, . 65 feet B. M. for center joist bearer, D,
7 pieces, 4 x 4 inches, 16 feet long, 150 feet B. M. for outside girders, posts, etc.
2 pieces, 4 x 4 inches, 12 feet long, | 32 feet B. M. for posts, outside girders, etc. ;
3 pieces, 4 x 4 inches, 18 feet long, 72 feet B. M. for outside girders, posts, etc, = ;
9 pieces, 3 x 4 inches, 16 feet long, 144 feet B. M. for braces, ete. ~ é -— =
2 pieces, 3 x 4 inches, 18 feet long, 36 feet B. M, for braces, etc. ae
1 piece, 3 x 4 inches, 12 feet long, 12 feet B. M. for braces, etc.
l piece, 4 x 8 inches, 16 feet long, 43 feet B. M. for header for Bee =
2 pieces, 4 x6 inches, 12 feet long, — 48 feet B. M. for long braces,-EE.
4 pieces, 2 x 8 inches, 24 feetlong, 128 feet B. M. for hip rafters. ~~
26 pieces, 2. x 6 inches, 18 feet long,’ 468 feet B. M. for hip rafters’
2 pieces, 2 x S-inches, 12 feet long, © 32 feet B. M. for valley rafters,
10 pieces, 2. x 8 inches, 24 feet long, 320 feet B. M. for second floor joists.
5 pieces, 2. x 8 inches, 18 feet long, 120 feet B. M. for second floor. joists.
200 pieces, 1 x 3 inches, 16 feet-long, 800 feet B. M. for roof sheathing.
2 pieces, 6 x 6 inches, 18 feet long, 108 feet B. M. for center posts. ~
10 pieces, 2. x 4 inches, 18 feet long, 120 feet B. M. for center studding.
2 pieces, 2. x10 inches, 16 feet long, 53 feet B. M. for stair horses.
100 pieces, 1 x12 inches, 16 feet long, 1,600 feet B. M. for siding and partitions.
100 pieces, 1 x 2 inches, 16 feet long, 267 feet B. M. for battens.
7 pieces, 1 x 4 inches, 16 feet long, 38 feet B. M, for fascia.
3 pieces, 114x12 inches, 16 feet long, 60 feet B. M. for stair steps.
Mt crs See ae ee, 6,211 feet, at $24.00 per M2) ate
270 square feet flooring, 74x314 inches, for doors TAREE TR tree api ata. A a ce NS Sides strate ny
325 square feet flooring, 144x314 inches, for grain bins..,.....-.... Shae a 1 eee ae
2 pieces, 2x8 inches, 16 feet long, dressed two sides, for sills for doors and windows......... ee
8 pieces, 114x5 inches, 16 feet long, dressed two sides, for door jambs... ..........+e,..+--5-
8 pieces 1x4 inches, 16 feet long, dressed one side, for window CASITINS oy.) Wie cae ES he e
5 rim sash, 6 lights, glass 10x12 inchese 2, le each kane Sapte Bay! iene ee
Dea AaSuneS Lor Walleye... . iC nwetiole ns. <5 cates ee eee oie etl os he eg ices
7,250 cypress heart shingles, 5x20 inches, at $6.50 perM............5..04. eae eo
Hardware, including 50 pounds 4-penny shingle nails, 100 pounds 20- -penny wire nails, 100 p un ds
10-penny wire nails, 100 pounds 8-penny wire nails, 15 pairs 14-inch strap pinees Oe a9
Gaipenter work 60 Rey ee RO aa SANs Ee en Sh eee oe ee a fee
This bilk of materials provides for building the barn of rough boards fi cect at $24, 00 per
board feet. If it is desired to paint the barn it will be necessary to figure on siding dressed 0:
battens dressed three sides. The painting at prevailing prices would ‘cost for two coats abou
Possible Improvements.—Floors, stalls, harness rooms, granary, and. all solid partitions c:
later, and as time and pocketbook permit. Temporarily a few pine poles, pe or fence r
serve to make the peceseery partitions, in conjunction with the timbers of ed
found fairly satisfactory. While stanchions may prove a convenience, a TO}
on the wall will hold most milch cows, etc. In a-word, it is always a wise pl
and comfortable a building as possible at the start, even Hhouet? it se t
conveniences until one, perhaps aeyeral, crops are raised.
cee
Bank Barns ae ee hain the ground in be found to adapt heel to the building on a
ban. < barn, and although there have been many objections raised against this style of barn, we believe
oe. ogee that the objectionable features can be provided against,
and that when the lay of the land lends itself to such
a structure none more convenient nor comfortable can
be adopted.
The chief objection to the bank barn lies in the
fact that it necessitates a basement stable, one that itis
claimed will prove dark, damp, and generally unhealth-
ful. But these conditions are by no means essential.
The ideal location is a hillside sloping to the south. In
such a location the rising land to the north and the
fact that the north wall is below the surface both serve
to protect the stabling from the cold. The southern —
exposure of the stable, which should be provided with é :
ample doors, admits an abundance of sunshine, and if th
low windows, such as are commonly known as cellar a,
sash; be placed just below the ceiling on each side, they
will afford satisfactory means of lighting and ventilation.
iss bg a lial storing forage, teams can be driven in on the main
: Oeune ae TS _ floor without climbing a steep ascent arid hay and fodder
s Eront Elevation of $450.00 Barn. — * put away on the same floor and with a minimum of
Ee Ge ie a SS Se labor. In too many instances the basements of bank
a and nner basement barns have been placed too deep in the ground, and when so placed all the objections
s % advanced against. them are well sustained. The basement should be so placed as to permit of side win-
dows at least two-thirds of the way back. In building bank barns it is usual to construct the portion
Ok the ‘walls below the surface of sténe or brick, but wooden walls coated with hot tar, with tarred felt
‘e nailed over it, have proved extremely durable.
'. | Barn Frames.—Barn frames may be varied
“2 0 an almost indefinite extent. In sections where
nary. ‘arm barn. The girders are let slightly into
_ the surfaces of the os and all siding i is snared to
e girders. Pose
Plates like the girders will need to be of sized
and so will the rafters.. When timber is-
lumber has to be pec from
col in one a money, than ae Sirieuree:
savy timbers, and a strong frame _ Showing Perspective View of $425.00 Barn.
n barns of any considerable
be made for the use of a ay fork even i the purchase of the outfit seems
“Many dairy farmers build their stable
Inflammability oy
-will prove sufficient.
> be provided for excluding light in fly season. Light frames made of lath ; | covered with
_Insuch a one a quantity of fine, dry earth is kept handy for constant
490
the latter, all operate against | such cia warm thotek oe may. ne Double b pees
quality of building paper between them, and all cracks carefully battened on the outside
believe, prove much more advantageous. Above the stable single iboaediag ‘with cracks, wi vel
Stable Floor.—Undoubtedly the most convenient floor for a stable. is ‘cement. The i i
made of cement wih movable plank floors for the stalls. In localities where the soil i is of a a
forthe manure. Such a floor makes an excellent temporary pipe ar and cement can be ul
and laid as time and funds will permit.
When hay, etc., is to be stored above the stock, as is very frequently the case, a ee Se
of matched lumber Should be provided to prevent seeds and chaff from sifting down, hae in
such a floor-will go a long way toward conserving warmth in a stable. =
Light in the Stable.—While it pays to provide for plenty | of light i in the Gables, Sain
paper will serve the purpose well, while curtains for the doors, made of old gunny sacks,
light and admit air and will brush off the majority of flies as the cattle enter. i
Sanitary Arrangements. —The subject of farm Eales can hese ' ones
The farm,house which is supplied with abundant water, either Pea PS or so store
sufficient force, can easily be further provided with a flush out water closet and a sewer C C
vitrified sewer pipe of sufficient length to carry sewage beyond the possibility of land
ination. But the farm dwelling with these advantages 1 is, unfortunately, the excepti mn. Te
rule, and therefore some other means for sewage disposal must be provided. — ee a
The most common form, and, when Properly constructed, eee the cheapest
surface drainage there is no danger to be soaehonded from the privy, is all too Nee fe
impossible to judge by the surface of the ground of the various strata of soil below, some
capable of conveying Re wage ae eae several hundred feet. une very fact ae ts
and the frequent cases of typhoid and diphtheria on what should be foe héalthfal farm
proof that it too frequently finds its way to the source of drinking water. Another fact that |
be lost sight of is that wells are usually fed oe peed courses, and one se oP ete oes pasi
beneath the privy vault. ene: 2 mi
The cleanest, safest, and in every way ions ap foctoaste privy i
for the excreta. Every time the privy is used. a small quantity of €2
and at frequent intervals the night soil, “made as little offensive as possi
is hauled away, to be applied to some portion of the oppor) there ca
the water supply. ¥s averse s
The most convenient form of receptacle is a Beat box oan 1 funn
which caf be attached a singletree. With such an arrangement it requires but a few
when through plowing or cultivating, to hook on a horse, a to SRE, ‘prope ‘pleas
and drive it back again empty.
*
«CONSTRUCTION OF GOOD COUNTRY ROADS.
: is = ie As “‘the road is a type of civilized society,” it becomes the duty of-every enlight-
: Ee Introduction. ened nation to solve the great questions of road construction and maintenance
ie to its own satisfaction and good. Rome’s greatness marked an era in road
construction which was never before surpassed, and which has been equaled only in the present century
and in the most civilized countries.
a — . The condition of the public roads in the United States is probably worse than in any other civilized
‘country in the world. This condition is due largely not only to the undeveloped condition of the country
oe and to the allowance of local circumstances to determine location, etc., but to the lack of knowledge
2g ae on the part of many road officials as to the primary principles of one construction, resulting in the
a injudicious use of millions of dollars of the public money annually.
are Quoting an eminent authority: “The increased cost of haulage actually done is by no means the
_ only loss resulting from bad roads. The loss of perishable products for want of access to the market,
_ the failure to reach markets when the prices are good, and the failure to cultivate products which would
be marketable if the markets were always accessible, add many millions to the tax of bad roads,”’ not to
: Be peal of the detriment to social communication, education and religion. In fact the movement for
___ good roads deeply concerns every commercial, financial, and social interest in the land. “We are handi-
ae capped in all the markets of the world by an enormous waste of labor in the primary transportation of
. 4 - * which not infrequently clog all the channels of transportation, trade, and finance.”
Present Work to be Conducted with a View to Future Improvement. —All the important roads in the
‘United States can be and probably will be macadamized or otherwise improved in the not distant future.
This , expectation should govern the present management of roads everywhere; no labor or expense should
be expended upon them other than that which leads to their ultimate improvement as hard roads.
- _-_-*~Many roads of this country were originally laid out without any attention to general topography,
and in most cases followed the settler’s path from cabin to cabin, the pig’s trail from his favorite nut
_ producing trees to his wallow in the mud and water of the swamps, or the boundary lines of farms, regard-
less of grades or direction. Most of them remain today where they were originally located, and where
untold energy, expense and labor have been wasted in trying to haul over them and in endeavoring to
improve their deplorable condition. It is a great.error to continue to follow these primitive paths with
_ public highways. The proper thing to do is to call in a good road engineer and have the location so
__ changed as to throw the roads around the ends or along the sides of the steep hills and ridges instead of
eae continuing to go over them, or in raising the roads up on dry solid ground, instead of oo through
.! the mud and water of the bayous and creeks in the lowlands.
? a Fe If a road goes over a hill when it might go around, the labor and expense put upon
Pecation: it are absolutely wasted, and the sooner its direction is changed the better. Ifa
* road is not rounded up and surface drained, it should be, not only for present use as
an earth road, but asa preliminary tomacadamizing. Ifit is not underdrained in all wet spots this should
be one first work done. Nothing, indeed, will pay better for present use than putting in tile or stone drains.
Good roads should wind around hills instead of running over them; and in
hills than overthem. Moreover, as a general rule, the horizontal length of a road
may be advantageously increased, to avoid any ascent, by at least twenty times the perpendicular height
thus saved ; for instance, to escape a hill 100 feet high it would be better for the road to make such a circuit
as would increase its length 2,000 feet. The reasons for this are-manifold, the principal one being that a
horse can pull only four-fifths as much on a grade of 2 feet in 100, and gradually less as thé grade
increases ot with werade of 10 feet in 100 he can draw but one-fourth as much as he can on a level road.
; —491—
= = our products and manufactures, while our home markets are restricted by difficulties in rural distribution
Grades. __ - many cases this would not increase their length, as it is no farther around some ~
~
ee ee a a ee | ae ee we
Nene a ee ee
ey wee ee
402 ___ CONSTRUCTION OF GOOD COUNTRY. RO.
As a chain is no stronger than its Hee link, just ®o the greatest Be which « can |
a road is the load which can be hawled up the steepest hill on the road. ap cost of hau lag
a road havi ing a 5 per cent grade, and three fimes! as much over one a a 10 5 per cent
a level road. Asa ek ed Reve road can seldom be had, it is well to know the eet allowal
of exerting: its full Seance a to make the slope more gentle command the summit to co
the continually decreasing strength of the fatigued animal. . Be .
It has been estimated that a horse can pull better where the road ‘is cightly nda 5
a decline of the same eee ete. In fas way three different sets of muscles are. brought in )
and while the one is being used the other is being rested. It is hardly necessary to recommend
struction of roads according to this principle at present,-as we are a long way from even c
level ones. That the principle is a true one, however, is proved by the fact that a bicyclist fi
and more restful to tide over aoe undulating roads than over abso level ones.
to the 100, nor Ries hae 1 foot in "195 feet.
In asmuch as all things are governed Dy nature’ 'S laws, and nothi
the road then you will find after each heavy rain the telltale gully. AVeree being ae g1 at
of the road, it should flow freely off the surface. This is es ey prepa pe Ls
substructure from below as that it chew not be permitted to percolate chiotat 4 from above.
is the former provision essential in cold climates, where, if water is allowed to remain in the s
the whole roadway 1 is liable to be broken up by frosts or destroyed by the wheels of vehicles.
run over low, wet lands or over certain kinds of clayey soils, surface drainage is not allthat i
Underdrains are easily and cheaply made, and when properly constructed with th
and materials available, will last for ages. They should be about 4 feet deep and carefull
the bottom so as to have a fall throughout their entire length of at least 6 inches for ea
length. Tile drains should be used if possible, but if they cannot be secured, large, flat sto
carefully placed so asto form an open channel at the bottom. Slim fagots of wood or brush bo
in bundles and laid lengthwise at the bottom will answer fairly well. The ditch should
with field stones, small stones or ae or, if none of these can be had, with soil: ‘Th
The : Siatice
of Roads. road, while on a hard and smooth stone ia he c:
' Consequently, where we have’ good gravel roads, inst
possible to make one horse do the work of two, while on stone roads one a
CONSTRUCTION OF GOOD COUNTRY ROADS. 493
Earth: Roads.—For earth roads, as commonly built, there is little to be said. They should be
"tolerated only in a new country or where there is absolutely nothing but earth of which to make them.
Yet, with earth alone, a passable road can be made and maintained, if sufficient care is taken to have it
thoroughly rolled and drained and the surface kept in proper condition.
ai Whenever the subgrade soil is found unsuitable, it should be removed and replaced with good
. material rolled to a bearing. On the prepared subgrade the earth should be spread, harrowed, if
: ee and then rolled to a bearing.
mi With narrow roads, enough material may be excavated to raise the roadway above the subgrade in
at orming the side ditches bymeans of road machines. If material cannot be secured as indicated, the required
_ from borrow pits close by. When the earth is brought up to the final height it is again harrowed, then
trimmed by means of road levelers or road machines, and ultimately rolled to a hard and smooth surface.
z Gravel Roads.— Where good packing gravel is easily obtained, a satisfactory road can be made by
2 c ‘covering the prepared surface for a greater or less depth with this ‘material. Blue gravel or hardpan
and clean bank gravel, when properly mixed and placed, give a surface almost like concrete in hardness.
’ The most excellent gravel for road building stands perpendicular in the bank, compact and firm,
ei and cannot be dislodged except by use of the pick, and when it is dislodged falls in great, solid chunks.
Such material contains just enough cementing properties to enable it to readily pack and consolidate,
_ and when properly placed on the prepared roadbed makes a surface which possesses most ail the qualities
of a good stone road. Rounded or water worn gravel should never be used for the surfacing of roads,
_ as such gravels remain loose and shifting, like materialsin a shaken sieve. For the wearing surface gravel
should be comparatively clean, hard, angularand tough. Such gravel is easily consolidated, and will not
readily pulverize into dust and mud.
The foundations for stone and gravel roads are too often neglected. It is well to remember that
without a durable foundation there is no durable road. The crogs section of the foundation should con-
form to that of the finished road, and should be so thoroughly rolled that wagons passing over it make
no perceptible impression.
A layer of gravel, no less than 4 inches nor more than 6 inches in thickness, should then be spread
‘on, sprinkled thoroughly, and rolled until very compact and firm. Next, spread another layer of the
best gravel available over the surface to a depth of not exceeding 4 inches. All inequalities, together
_ with stone and gravels exceeding 34 inch in diameter, should then be raked out. It is again sprinkled
and rolled until the desired hardness and smoothness are obtained. The roller is doubtless the most
& important piece of machinery connected with the building and maintaining of roads, and it is well
- t: to remember that it cannot be used too often, especially in the spring when the frosts and rains are
a ee SO destructive. K
Bh Stone Roads.—The advantages to be faced from good stone roads are so manifold that all other
material should be discarded where tough stone road is available for their construction and maintenance.
But it is a greater economy to use earth and gravel than to go to the expense of macadamizing roads
with too soft, too brittle, or rotten material. Many use this because it is more easily prepared. A road
should never be surfaced with anything short of trap rock or serpentine. Inferior material may often
_ be used with impunity for the first layer or foundation, but even this should be selected with great care.
The evils resulting from improper construction of stone roads are even greater than those from
improper material. John L. Macadam never intended that heterogenous conglomerations of stone
and mud should be called a macadam road. Neither did he intend that the name should be applied to
roads constructed of large and small stones, which work to the surface, and which are knocked hither
too severely condemned. :
Broken stone roads may be ee divided into two classes—macadam and
Proper Construc- telford. The principal difference between these two constructions is as to the
tion of Roads. propriety or necessity of a paved foundation beneath the coating of broken
practiced it. This point will not be pene here, but it is suggested that good judgment should be used
arth. should be obtained by widening the excavations, or from cuttings on the line of the new roadway, or
and thither by the wheels of vehicles and the feet of SE Such methods of construction cannot be
stone. Macadam denied the advantage of this, while Telford supported and
foundation should be composed of *two courses, separately rolled, — Ee , ¥ ‘
with stone chips, ae projecting points are broken off, and the Saas structure is wedged
494
in the selection of one or the other of these two systems. ‘The reste s ee te h
conditions, while the telford is more advantageous under others. The latter system s
advantage in swampy, wet places, or where the soil is in strata varying in hardness, or wher
tion is liable to get soft in spots. Under most other circumstances ‘experienced road 1
the macadam construction. E ben at
The earth foundation for either system is identical, It should have the same > sloy
to sides as the finished road, with sufficient shouldering to hold the stone in place at the s
table matter should be removed and the earth made Bera: smooth and of uniform ane
then be thoroughly rolled until hard and dry. i eS :
- Macadam.— The first course of foundation of the macadam road can be made
stones from the crusher, provided that they are of uniform size, and that each ston
over 6 ounces, and will pass through a 214-inch ring. Where the road is to be 8 inches th
tion should be 4 inches after rolling. If the road is to be of greater thickness than
After havi ing thoroughly rolled this foundation apply enough fa Le or coarse
this surface material is composed should be, if pote: crushed to a size of rf ae in aa
is not possible they should never be larger in diameter than, 1 if inches. Ground stone s
in length and 6 inches in br eadth on the broadest side, nor 3 inches in ‘thickness on n the narr ay .
and made as firm as possible. i ~ ae
In case the finished road is to be 10 inches in thickness, this ean ot should not
in depth. If large stones are used, so as to necessitate a greater thickness than 6 inche
always be an allowance made for a 4-inch broken stone surface.
This foundation should be covered with coarse sand or stone screenings, or if neil
uniform sien by thoroughly ae A layer of broken stone is then added ane
macadam system. Where the funds will permit and the traffic requires it, a regular tw
surface may be placed upon the telford foundation with good result.
Without proper care the most expensive road may go to. ruin in
Road aati ae years, and the initial expense of constructing it be nearly lost. ae is
7 importance, therefore, that all good roads should have daily care
only wear out but wash out and freeze out. Water is the greatest road destroyer.
than at the sides. If it is flat in the center it soon becomes concave, and its a fe bec omes a if
mud hole if on a level, or a water course if on an incline. 3 A
A hollow rut or puddle should never be allowed to remain, but should be evenly |
with the same material of which the surface was originally constructed. A rake
especially in removing stones, lumps, or ridges. Ruts may ‘be avoided by using wide tir
which carry heavy loads. If this is not always possible the horses should be hitche:
walk directly in front of the wheels. A horse will not walk in a rut unless comfy
consequently, if all horses were hitched in this way ruts would eventually dis
If stones are cracked on a road with a hammer a smooth surface is out,
chips for repairing stone roads, and remember that all foreign material and ru
road, and that dust and mud will double the cost of maintenance. —
Ordinarily the chief work done by country people on highways is
from neglect. Why this negligence? The adage, “A stitch in time 2s
more appropriately than to the sparen ae ane mepatr of _kinds of
HOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES. 495
@
The foregoing comprises the general principle of road construction and mainte-
Conclusion. nance, in conformity with which the art of road making depends essentially
- for its success. The proper conception and fulfillment of these principles will
result in rapidity, safety, and economy of transportation.
; : HOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES.
Serious Obstacles to be Overcome.—When a She enters a new country where
troduction, irrigation is necessary he must determine (1) how he may best deliver water
oa to his land, and (2) what crops are adapted to the soil and for local uses.
re: Pr cething with him is tentative. Unless he is fortified by an income outside of that obtained from his
farm, the first few years he has a struggle for existence. That the pioneer is often overcome in this
unequal fight is evidenced by many deserted homes and unfinished irrigation works. Owing to his
inexperience in irrigation, he may lose his crops by not using the proper volume of water or by using it
_ at the wrong time. One failure often means the abandonment of everything and a retreat to a region
where conditions seem more favorable. In a new country where the rainfall is ample for the growth
___ of crops serious obstacles must be overcome before returns are received for the labor expended. If,
in addition to these difficulties, water must be brought to the land for irrigation and domestic purposes,
_ the problems become much more complicated, and correspondingly greater credit is due when success
rewards the attempt.
ea To the eastern farmer, whose cultivated lands are rolling and broken, the problem of spreading
____ water over the surface of the ground from ditches has some serious phases. Often the stream passing
his farm is bordered by steep bluffs, and its fall seldom exceeds 3 or 4 feet per mile. In his judgment
the cost of raising water from such a source in sufficient quantities for irrigation would not be justified
__ by the slight increase in yields or the saving of an occasional crop.
ae _ The western irrigator would arrive at the same conclusion if he had to deal with similar conditions.
His agricultural land is nearly always smooth, and usually has a gentle slope with and toward some natural
drainage channel, and would bear no crops without irrigation. The stream from which he proposes
to draw his supply of water has a large fall, so that a ditch taken from it with.a moderate grade can recede
rapidly, and hence cover a large area in a short distance. A combination of these features makes it
r possible for individuals to construct irrigation works on the smaller streams. This chapter will deal
oe with the kind of ditch a settler with limited means should build in a tegion | with abundant water supply.
: The pioneer irrigator knew but little regarding’ the measurement of water,
Small Ditches eh the carrying capacity of ditches, or the volume demanded by various crops.
Varying Grades The experience of the first few years often convinced him that his ditch was
and Cross Sec- too small, and he was compelled to enlarge it to provide an ample supply of
y “ tional Areas. water. The volume one man could handle he called an irrigating head. This
Ros was his first unit of measurement, and his ditch carried one, two, or three irri-
___— gating heads, according to his estimate. Crude measurements were afterward adopted to aid his judg-
ment. He found it comparatively easy to measure the cross sectional area of a stream. His first
- gaugings were made in this manner, usually disregarding the velocity of the current. Experience in
building ditches taught him in a few years how to adjust the size and grade of his ditch so as to furnish
_ an adequate supply of water for the area to be irrigated. Some of the following considerations have
been suggested by his experience.
Proper Grade of Ditch.—Many things affect the ease with which ditches can be built and water
distributed from them. The length of ditch necessary to cover any piece of land depends on its fall
compared with that tt of the stfeam and upon the elevation of the land to be irrigated. The smaller the
grade of the ditch and the greater the fall of the stream, other things being equal, the shorter the ditch.
‘However, the grade of the ditch should not be too light; otherwise its section must be greatly increased
a
we
’
ee
7
¥
a
7
gs
Be:
a
‘a
5
Fg
ig
eer OT TT re rrr "7
~ at the nearest point. It will be seen that a point on the creek He ie a bove is on the
— Fil = 7 or a aMie dn +i sitet Ci
7; a 7 ‘ aX et.
a "os
+
19 HOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCE
to deliver the desired volume of water. The grade must not be. excessive or t
the current will result in the erosion of the ditch banks. Therefore, the range
may have is limited, and its length largely depends on the fall of the stream. —
On the quality of the soils through which the ditch must be constructed depend -
of its channel, the rate of velocity at which water can safely be carried, the cost of first
and the economic value of the ditch as a water carrier. , As cheapness i is a requisite for the
of the class of ditches to be dealt with in this chapter, rock work: or gage Al S
structures will not be considered. __ “i ie:
Difficulties to be Met and Orerokene ain order to more clearly show the difficult
overcome, a practical case will be considered. Assume that it is desired to irrigate an ar
lying near a creek furnishing a sufficient supply of water; assume, also, that t the creek
feet per mile, and that the highest point of the land to be irrigated i | is 15 feet
the highest point of the 40 acres, It is evident that the head gate of th ditch must b
if we expect the water of the creek to flow to the farm, a a oe be built in the ongelt t
higher than its usual level. ae x
Comparison of Possible Lines Upon Which a Ditch Might be Built. —It may be
well as profitable to compare a few of the possible lines upon which thes ditch migh
that ae least grade would cause the water to dee through
it is true, it does not entirely answer the purpose, for the dit
be one in which water will flow, but it must allow the water:
73 aoe ere 1. ins of level line through the bottom of the creek at the farm and
Ditches with Ditterent >*" from the farm. .A to 15 is a level line through the highe
farm. The line 0 to E is the grade of the stream, 20 feet
numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3, at the bottom of the diagram, indicate miles upstream from th
numbers 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60, at the right, show the elevation in feet above the bott
at the farm. A to B, AtoC, AtoD and A to E are the lines of ditches built on t
grades. As above stated, the grade of the stream is 20 feet per mile.. If the grade
feet per mile, the two lines would approach each other at the rate of 5 feet per mile,
come together at the point E to 3 to the base of the diagram, it is seen that the length of th
miles. If the minimum grade is taken at 44 foot per mile, the length is about 144 m
corresponding length of the’ ditches Bay ioe grades of 5 and 10. feet per mile are 1 an ‘
respectively. o a
2 pale the grade line of a stream having a fall of 10 feet per mile. A By C ie cca to
a ditch having a fall of 5 feet per mile is 3 miles long. : %
- Two and one-half cubic feet of water per second is delivered by a ditch 3 feet wi
feet wide on the bottom, and 1 foot deep, with a grade of 4 feet per mile. Practically t
of water is carried by a ditch 414 feet wide on top, 3 feet wide on the bottom, and 1 %
a grade of 6 inches per mile. It may be instructive as well as interesting to com op are t hb
to determine which is the more economical to construct and to use. a
it built to convey water to the farm located as before described, the la:
ee 1 mile long, and 489 cubic yards,of earth would be removed in its con t
volume of earth of 41 Sai. cent. _ The eae from seepage. and eva n tl
: O BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES.
iter More Economical Than a Small One.—In watering most crops the experi-.
is more economical to use a large head of water than a small one. A person
ss than one-half the time with 2 cubic feet per second, and it might be utterly
ind with ie cubic foot per second, for the reason that the stream would ae:
Ax
the water to’ flow Nee ae channel was opened.. If the water flowed too aes
= the furrow was turned toward higher ground, and in case the water failed to
_ follow the trench lower ground was be After running the ie :
One advantage Seed by this method is that no mis-
, ee that is, there are no stretches in the ditch where no grade is allowed,
_ Wherever water flows in a small trench or furrow it will
One of the most common forms of leveling devices is the triangle or ‘“‘A.”” It
has probably been used to run the grades for a greater number of ditches than
any other except the engineér’s level. The ease with which it can be constructed
and the simplicity of its adjustment and use are the points that have appealed
he pi oneer ditch builder. The usual form is that of a ane whose base or longest side”
Different Lengths Used i in One Mile oul the Amounts Which Should. | be Allowed —
for Various Grades.
ser
oar:
Numer of. Amount to be Allowed in the Length of the Triangle for Different Grades
: imes 3 ; i
Triangle PE Sea Die SN Mclean IG a ue OL aN tS TU ep
must be * Fe 7 Feet 8 Feet 9 Feet 10 Feet —
Applied iairaky : per per per
_ ina Mile il ‘Mile Mile Mile § Mile
: Inch Inch
a6. 343-16"
3-16 Vy
3-16 |} My
Lie PEG
Ree | SES
5-16 | 5-16
498 HOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES.
The headings, 4 feet, etc., over the last seven columns of the preceding table are the - number of
feet of fall in the ditches per ule of length; the fractions in these columns give in inches the fall which
must be allowed in the length of the triangle.
These are correct to the nearest 1-16 inch, which is as close as the instrument can be read. The
table shows that if the triangle be 12 feet long and a fall of 3-16 inch be allowed, ue gra of the ditch
will vary between 5.5 and 5.8 per mile.
Figure 2 shows a triangle with a base of 11 feet. hes construction requires a 6-inch poet AC,
11 feet long, for the base; for the other long side, BC, a 4-inch board 11 feet
long, and for the short side, AB, a 4-inch board 61% feet long. The 4-inch
board, BD, along which the plumb line hangs, is 5 feet and 3 inches long.
Two or three wide staples should be driven into this board over the plumb
line to limit its swing. The plumb line ‘is of such length that the point of
the plumb bob just clears the upper edge of the base, AC. The plumb bob
for this device should have a long, slender point,'so that its position can be
more easily seen. A mark may be made on BD just above the plumb Figure 2.
bob to indicate the center of its swing. The line is then read instead of the Triangle with Paes Bob.
point of the plumb bob.
Manner of Adjusting Triangle——The adjustment of the triangle consists in n locating an marking
the place where the point of the bob or line comes when the base is level. This is done in the following
manner: Drive two stakes in the ground making the distance between them equal to the length of the
base of the triangle. The stakes should be driven so their tops will be as nearly level as can be estimated.
Place the triangle with the ends of its base resting on the stakes; hold the triangle in a vertical plane and
notice if the plumb swings clear of the staples; if it does not, drive the higher stake until it does. The
plumb bob is allowed to settle, and a mark is made on the base directly under its point or back of the line
on BD. The triangle is then reversed upon the stakes and another mark is made on the base or on the
upright, BD. A permanent line is then drawn across the top of the base midway between the two marks
already made or between those on BD. When the triangle is held in such a position that the point
of the plumb bob or the line comes to the last marks made, the base of the triangle is level. A leg shown,
E, 6 inches long, may be fastened to the forward end of the triangle.
To use the instrument for the location of a ditch line, begin at the lower end of the ditch and
roceed as follows: Drive a stake at the starting point, leaving its top 6 inches above the surface of the
ground. Place the end, A, of the triangle on this stake and put E on the ground, along the line of the
proposed ditch, and move the higher or lower ground as necessary in order to bring the point of the plumb
bob or the line to the mark that serves to indicate when the base is level. Two points on the same level
are thus fixed. It is desired instead to find a point near E higher than the surface of the ground, at A,
‘by an amount equal to the grade of the ditch in that distance. Shortening the leg, E, by this amount
and moving it to higher ground, keeping the base, AC, level, the desired point is found. This point is
marked by driving a stake in the ground, the top of which is 6 inches above the surface. The proper
amount to be cut from the leg, E, may be determined in this manner: Divide 5,280, the number of feet
in a mile, by 11, the length of the base, AC, of the triangle. The quotient, 480, is the number of times
thetriangle must be applied to the ground in laying out a mile of ditch. Divide the number of inches
in the fall of the ditch per mile by 480 and the result will be the amount in fractional parts of an inch
_ by which the leg, E, must be shortened. In a ditch having a fall of 5 feet, or 60 inches, per mile, this
is 60 divided by 480, or 14 inch. : ;
Method of Running Grade Lines. The following method of running grade lines with this device
is probably more commonly employed: The leg, E, is dispensed with, and after the point locating the
center of the swing of the plumb bob has been located, a piece of wood of such thickness as to allow for
the grade in the length of the base is tacked under one of the ends, as at C- The work of laying out
the line can begin either at the head gate or at the farm. If a suitable location for the head gate is
found, it may be desirable to commence there. In this case, a stake, having its top 10 or 12 inches above
the surface of the ground, is driven at the point selected for the head gate and the end, A, of the triangle
is placed upon it. The end, C, is turned in the direction the ditch is to be run, and when the plumb bob
499:
Ss before. This operation is repeated until the entire line is run. The line so located need
contour of the country, but can ‘be made fairly direct. Knowing that the tops of the
on grade, the cut at any place can easily be found. Ifthe top of the first stake is 15 inches
he grade line at the bottom of the ditch, to locate the bottom at any other station it is only |
“to measure down 15 inches from the top of the stake there.
plumb bob is placed near the rear of the frame, because its position can be more easily seen
a erson ‘holding that end upon a stake, and the motion communicated to it by the movement
e end, & dis less.”
a By = How to Make the Frame.—The triangle is frequently used in connection
F n gle with with bc ae S level, as shown in Figure 3. This device can be used in
Rab. “The Frastie may be made of two 3-inch boards, AB and AC, about 8 ©
ad a 2x4-inch piece, DE, about 6 feet long. The two pieces,
AC, are crossed at A and fastened with one nail; make the length of
etly ‘qual to AC, say 8 feet, and make marks at B and C on the
ine of the pieces. BC is a straight edge about 12 feet long, used
arily in the construction of the frame. Mark upon its upper edge two
il feet apart. Bring the marks at B and C to the points on the
edge, which is temporarily fastened with nails in this position. AD
laid off equal to AE, say about 4 feet, and the two points, D and E,
_ The'2x4 piece, DE, is now laid across the frame, placing the upper
the points, D and E. It is to be fitted and permanently fastened in this position. The 3-inch
BE and DC, are next put in place and nailed there. They hold the ends of the legs securely in
_ The amount of fall of 11 feet is then calculated. | It is laid off and marked on AB, measuring
he upper end of BC. The piece of BC is now loosened at B and the upper edge brought to this
The legs of the triangle are cut along the straight edge of BC. The leg of AB should be
in some way to indicate that it is to be used on the upstream end of the triangle.
To Adjust the Leveling Device.—This method of constructing the leveling device assumes that the
}level is in adjustment. If it needs adjusting, remove the level from the frame and proceed
Drive two stakes, A and st inethe ground until their tops are nearly on ea same level.
Figure 3.
Triangle with Carpenter’s Level.
. until the bubble comes to the center of the tube. Place ae a A, of the level on the
21 nd, B, on the stake, A, and note the position of the bubble. Reverse the ends of the
et position and see if the bubble returns to the center of the tube; if not, repeat thé oper-
If this cannot be brought about, the level should not be considered trustworthy and should not
patter finding that the bubble returns to the center satisfactorily, place the end, A, upon the
ia, ‘ase to the wood of the carpenter’s oe Reverse the Sade of the level ee drive one
es until the bubble comes again to the center. Repeat this operation until the bubble is in
in both positions. The level is then in adjustment, and the tops of the stakes are at the .
: rpeuter’s level on the frame and the device is ready for use. It should be tested
used. This can be done as follows: The carpenter’s level is in adjustment and
of BC (Figure 3) is a straight line. Place the level on this line and drive two stakes,
other at C, so that their tops are even with the upper edge of BC, when the bubble
2 tube. The tops of the stakes should then be nearly level. By reversing the
imes they can be more accurately driven, and any error of the carpenter’s level
en the tops of the stakes are on the same level replace the carpenter's level |
i s — the same et by pumas a piece of wood to the shorter one, BC. When
300______CiNOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES.
the legs are set on the stakes the bubble should come to the center of the tube and sho
when the ends of the frame are reversed.
In use, whenever the bubble is in the center of the tube phe leg, B, will stand on
much higher than the leg, C, as will give the proper grade to
the ditch. The leg, C, is placed on a hub, a small stake driven Wy yw aw
: " %, ie > iy:
flush with the surface of the ground at the lower end of the Nai) 52 ef NG ” Ly ‘ yes
ditch line. A point 11 feet above on the ditch line is then NG Ga yy
found where B touches the surface of the ground when the — ae we
bubble is in the center of the tube. This point is alto marked oe ae
by a hub. These two points mark the grade line of the ©
ditch. The frame is then carried forward, placing the leg, C,
upon the last hub, and this operation is repeated until the
ditch line is entirely located. In order that the hubs may
be more easily found, a small stake is driven beside each.
Figure 4 shows the farm, the creek,
Selection of a Site and the ground over which the ditch
for the Head Gate isto be built. The grade assumed for Figure 4,
and the Choice of the ditch, AB, is 5 feet per mile, or Sketch Showing Location of Farmand ‘Possible
Ditch Lines. one-fourth the fall of the creek. pauaag igs
Therefore, the creek rises in going upstream, four times as much as the ditch
in going the same distance; hence, the line of the ditch will gradually approach the creek, . The line
and the creek will intersect at a point about 1 mile above the farm or about-4 mile above B.
Best Location for Head Gate.—It frequently occurs, as shown in Figure 4, that the point where
the preliminary line intersects the creek is not a suitable one for the location of the head gate. The
banks of the creek are high, thus makihg a deep cut necessary, and owing toa bend in its channel the
current is thrown toward the opposite side of the stream. If for any such reasons the ditch cannot be
cheaply or conveniently taken out, the banks of the ereek above should be carefully examined to see if
there is not a more desirable location. Suppose a point, D, is found a quarter of a mile above, where
the banks are not high and where an outer curve directs the current toward the head gate. If the
stream is subject to sudden and heavy floods, it might be better
for the head gate to be located on a straight po of the channel
rather than upon the curve. ‘
Selection of Ditch Line.—After deciding that ae head gate —
should be located at D, it is necessary to determine how to carry
the water from there to the farm. The head gate, D, can either be
connected with some point of the preliminary line, as B, or a new
line can be run leading directly to the farm, as shown by the
upper dotted line, DA.
There are a number of questions to be taken into ee
tion before a choice between the two lines should be decided tpon.
Usually the higher the ditch line the rougher the country. , Often
rock is encountered, and the upper line is generally much more
crooked if it follows the surface of the ground. A line run directly
from the head gate to the farm has a grade of about 7 feet per mile.
However, if this country is more broken than that along the prelem
inary line, the upper ditch will be crooked, and hence be longer tha
Be te ie e op in Ditch. it has been estimated. This increased length will reduce the
grade. Suppose in this case that, after examining the country
along the upper line, it is found that a large quantity of rocks would be encountered in the construction |
of the ditch. It is necessary then to go back to the head gate and examine the country between that
point and the preliminary line. It is found that a short ditch, DCB, running from the head gate to
connect with the preliminary line can be built. A uniform grade can be maintained by constructing a
4
OW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITCHES. ; fee B01
sh own in Figure 4, This compromise between the two lines is therefore decided upon. The
: er the drop is 314 feet, thus allowing a grade of 6 feet per mile in the short distance. If this
autio re not taken its channel would be worn away in a short time, and the materials thus
d out rould be deposited in the lower ditch, from which place it would have to be removed. The drop
5) onsists of a short flpme, D, with a flaring approach and submerged platform, A. The floor, C,
of the ditch below the drop, breaks the force of the falling water. The flaring wings and
sd platform at B protect the ditch at that point. The dimensions are also shown in Figure 5.
thods of Marking Ditch Line.—To mark the line of the ditch with a furrow after it has been
cated, let one man guide the team, walking between the heads of the horses and holding a
_hand, while another holds the plow. If the surface of the ground will permit a wagon to
ven over the line, the plow may be attached to the rear axle, the driver directing the team from
| ee a the seat of the wagon. The team is driven in such a direction —
as to turn the furrow to the lower side of the ditch. If the
surface of the ground is comparatively level across the line
‘ of the ditch it is not necessary to follow the stakes closely
in the bends. The ditch will be better for being straightened
RED A eet ae a little, which may be done by going above the stakes to locate
A ieeel a thes . the bends nearest the creek and a little below the stakes that ©
Ee terete . locate the bends farthest away. If the ground slopes very
‘across the ditch line the stakes must be followed closely. After the line is marked, two orthree
ws are plowed turning them to the lower side. A ditch of this size may be built wholly with an
plow, by going over the line a number of times. The loose earth in the bottom of the ditch
removed with a plank scraper, shown in Figure 6. The tongue should be long enough to allow
am to work below the bank. The scraper is lifted over the loose earth as the team backs, and
load is dragged out as the team moves forward.. A ditch of the size contemplated is rather too-
all to admit of using the ordinary scraper to advantage. ;
is —_ Asmall ditch of the kind described might be used for years without a head gate.
Head Gate. _—‘It_ will, however, be much better to have one, so the water can be shut off
= * when it is not needed for irrigation. a
gure 7 shows a common type of small head gate. It consists of a box or flume 6 feet long,
ide and 3 feet deep, with a gate, D, at the end nearest the creek. At both ends the sides flare —
> of 30 degrees. Under them, 11% feet below the floor of the structure, C, platforms A and
Both of these platforms are covered with earth
o the of the floor, C. Earth also is carefully tamped
around the outside of the gate. |
_* All precautions should be taken to prevent water from
ing long the outside of the head gate. The structure may
ined in a short time if only a small stream finds its
way | een the planks and the earth. The flaring wings and
_ submerged platform are built to prevent this action, and also
the uke the structure secure in case of high water. :
a 2 ee Location and Grade.—The location
: ng O of the laterals furnishes an oppor-
tunity for the irrigator to show his
skill. While the land is new, spreading
difficult matter. It may be impossible
main laterals at first, and supplemental
have to be constructed. Before the SS
d these temporary channels must be Figure 7.
and leveled. Theoretically they should Dette Oh FECA REE ne
as will result in a moderate velocity for the water, but not sufficient to —
e sides and the bottom of the ditch. One irrigator of considerable experience
%
Fabteg sts 3
ee
502 HOW TO BUILD SMALL IRRIGATION DITC. 4
recommends that the field laterals should have a fall of at least 10 feet per mile. The late
be located nearly at right angles with the direction of the greatest slope of the land so
will flow from rather than along them. Mistakes can be made in constructing them paré
steepest slope. When the water is turned from these it tends to follow rather than to fl »
them, thus adding greatly to the work of irrigation. If the surface of the ground is some
the problem of locating the permanent laterals becomes correspondingly more difficult, often rendering
the use of the engineer's level necessary. It may be possible to cover all the ground by locating the
laterals along the ridges, or there may be high points entirely surrounded by lower grounds making it
> necessary to build bridges on artificial ridges, or dikes, to carry the water to them. Vacate aah
———_— ———
ie Py
The inexperienced irrigator often considers that the ground occupied by the laterals is wasted
land, because it bears no crop. Accordingly he makes them far apart, so that the water must flow a
long distance to cover the surface between any two. This usually results in the overirrigation of that
portion of the crop near the lateral in use, as the water must be kept flowing there until the entire surface
to the next lateral is irrigated.
Preparation of Surface.—It will usually pay to do some work in smoothing off the little irregularities
in the surface of the farm. This may be done with a plank scraper, or drag, after the ground has been
plowed. The drag cuts away the higher points and leaves the dirt in the
hollows. This preparation of the surface is quite important, as it reduces
the time and labor required’ in irrigating. A more uniform distribution of
water is often obtained, which increases its efficiency., Theoretically, the
GARDEN 3 ACRES surface of the ground should:be a plain surface, with just slope enough to
allow the water, when delivered at the highest point, to flow in a thin,
uniform sheet. — a :
POTATOES S ACRES ||
4 SMALL IRUIT S ACRES
“ G
ALFALEA 10 ACRES),
= Tez ; We will assume that the farm is planted to such crops as are ordi-
ORCHARD 2 ACRES
narily found in the arid region, say 10 acres of alfalfa, 10 acres of grain, 5
acres of potatoes, 5 acres of garden, 5 acres of small fruits, and 5 acres of
Figure 8. orchard, as shown on the plat of the farm (Figure 8).
Plat of Farm Showing Laterals.
If it be assumed that there is a fall of 4 feet across the farm from
north to south and 2 feet from east to west, the water can be made to flow either west or south from
any point. The greatest slope of the land is a little south of southwest, and this is the direction the water
takes if left to itself. If laterals are run south from the main ditch they will make an angle of about
70 degrees with this line. Such an arrangement permits the water
to flow away from rather than along the laterals. The main ditch
- divides at A, as shownin Figure 8; one branch runs south to L,
while a second runs west to D, the middle of the north line of the
farm, where it turns and flows south to M. The field laterals
receive their supply of water directly from these ditches.
= — es ae”
Flooding.—Alfalfa is irrigated by the
Method of Apply- method known as flooding, which may be
ing Water to Crops. described as follows: Nearly parallel
ditches, BC, EF, etc., are made 100 to 150
feet apart through the field. In the present case ditches are made
110 feet apart, dividing the field into six strips. As these laterals
will remain as long as the field is in alfalfa, we may put division F
boxes (see Figure 9) at B, E, G, etc., where the laterals are taken from the main ditch. This will
avoid cutting through the ditch bank and refilling with earth when the water is changed from one
lateral to another. The division box is simply a short flume, placed in the ditch with a channel
leading away, usually at right angles, Vertical cleats are provided for holding flash boards in place or
checking the water. These boards may be placed either in the branch ‘or the main ditch, as desired. *
\
* S oe 3
ESSE a
: Ao .
Figure 9.«
Details of Division Box.
ae against he bottom and sides of the ditch above the sa where two or three. Siovelbals
placed to hold it in position. When the water from lateral BC flowing over the surface reaches
EF, entirely covering the intermediate area, another cut is made in BC, 100 to 150 feet farther
is repeated till the entire surface of the first strip‘has been covered. ~ The division box at B
to shut the water from the lateral BC and allow it to flow to E, where it runs into the lateral
om it over the surface of the next strip. In this manner strip after strip is fa till the
give it a Seach irrigation, it eel take oa 24 hours to irrigate the entire field. The
carry 24 cubic feet of water per second to accomplish this.
er reaches those places where, on account of elevations or obstructions, it does not run readily.
-mployed. The potatoes are planted in rows and are furrowed out before being irrigated. This
‘OWS, allows ‘inliy a small stream to flow in each.~ The See is not flooded’ but the water is
0 the furrows and percolates os into the soil. The water is taken out of the permanent
, at the corner of the field and carried along i in a temporary ditch parallel to it. After a strip
“wide, eons forty or fifty rows, has been a from the first opening, the main
ins the ‘potatoes.
3 and the orchard are crops of a more a ee character, and will occupy the
For these reasons division boxes are placed in the main lateral
ake out Gaiée Ordinarily small fruits are irrigated by the furrow method. It
ce by some irrigators to allow a small stream of water to flow between the rows
ime than to allow a ae stream to run for a short ies This gives more
ound between the trees is moistened the roots spread uniformly. When furrows
rchards they are often plowed in after water has been applied. ' The ground is
rface finely pulverized. So long as the surface of the ground remains in this
The canvas dam is again used to check the water, which is allowed to flow out as before. This
1 grain crop is irrigated in the same manner. The laterals in the grain field may be about the
nce apart ; ‘as.those i in the alfalfa field. They may be built with an ordinary plow by turning ~
way from each other, or may be made with a special plow having two moldboards. This
he dirt out of the ditch on both sides and completes the lateral in one operation. These
Ss oe i it Sonn miniacare e ditches which the water follows. The irrigator must see
“OW Irrigation.—F or the irrigation of the crops on the south half of the farm, furrow irriga-_
504
There are other methods of applying water to crops, but all of them require a more elaborate
preparation of the surface of the ground, and need not be described here. . 2a
Cultivation Should Follow Irrigation.— When it is possible, cultivation should follows each irriga-
tion as soon as the ground is dry enough to be worked. If all crops could be cultivated in this, way
the amount of water which would have to be applied would be greatly reduced, The duty of water is
uniformly small for corn, potatoes, orchards, and other crops which can | be easily cultivated. If the
ground cannot be cultivated after it has been irrigated, the surface will often bake. This is injurious to
some kinds of plant growth, and evaporation is thereby ae making another irrigation
necessary much oe than it would otherwise be.
: When to Irrigate. they will not suffer from drought, nor be injured by too frequent or too
generous applications, requires a knowledge and experience that can be gained
only by practice and a close observation of various crops under irrigation. It is the experience of many
practical irrigators that if an unlimited supply of water is available, crops more frequently suffer fro a
overirrigation than from drought. It is difficult to determine when the development of the crop is —
first arrested on account of a lack of moisture to the soil. Some experimenters maintain that this point | |
can be more definitely decided by an examination of the soil than by the appearance of the plant,
the latter shows evidence of the check in its growth some days after it has occurred. Usually it is then
too late to prevent serious loss, as the crop rarely recovers from such treatment, and seldom reaches : |
development it would have attained if it had been irrigated at the proper time. : Fs
Plants will usually indicate by a change in color or by their general appearance whethe:
need water or when they have been overirrigated. Most field crops turn a darker green when i
of water, and the leaves and stems show a tendency to droop and curl. The lower leaves assume
yellow. A crisp or a dead appearance in the lower leaves is one of the best indications that a plant
water. Grain which has suffered from drought may mature, but the straw will be small and short a
kernels will be shrunken and inferior in quality. Alfalfa and similar crops have the appearance of «
hay. Where field crops are overirrigated, the color of the foliage becomes a yellowish green and the p
have a sickly appearance. These indications vary with the quality of the soil, so that it is impos
to lay down fixed rules to govern the number or frequeney of irrigations. Only close observation
number of years on the same farm will enable a person to tell by the appearance of plants whet.
they need water or not.
_ The amount of moisture in the soil may be determined with sufficient:accuracy or the needs of the ©
plant by examining a sample taken a few inches from the surface of the ground. If it clings together |
when molded in a ball and shows the print of the fingers, there is moisture enough present. If the earth —
falls apart when the hands are opened irrigation is needed. As statéd aboye, this point is passed some
days before the plant shows indications of suffering. .
The cost of a small system of irrigation, similar to that already déscaiee may
Cost of Building properly be considered here. The ditch is 114 miles long, and the main laterals
and Maintain- on the farm are of the same cross sectional dimensions, and are % mile | a
ing a Ditch. The laterals in the alfalfa and grain fields have a total. length of 114 miles a n
are slightly smaller. A short calculation shows that nearly 1,250 ‘cub
will have to be moved in the construction of these ditches. This volume at 5 cents per cubic
makes the cost of the work $62.50. The head gate requires 360 feet B. M. of 2-inch plank
2x4-inch scantling, at a cost of $15.00 to $18.00 per M. The thirty division boxes are made of 2
lumber and require nearly 4,000 feet B. M. The head gate, drop, and division boxes will cost, it
not far from $125.00. This will make an investment of about $200.00 in the complete ditches.
|
|
|
~ In order to determine just when crops need waten od when to apply it so that |
that it requires a volume of water sufficient to cover the area Me a depth of 2 or 3 feet to mature or
fi eld Bahn itinie: the calculation on these figures, and assuming that there is no rainfall d i
of ee %, tie ditch delivers 244 cubic feet of water per second and nue work is carried on nigh
day. Assuming that twenty days is a mean period for this work, the cost of irrigation, the
1 above estimate the labor has been included at average prices for such work. If the fase!
THE TRUTH ABOUT STOCK FOODS.
A _ We know of no good reason why the American farmer or stockman, who is
cts tha t constantly besieged to invest his good money in this and that brand of stock
food, should not know the full truth about that article.
He not only should know, but he is entitled to know, not only for the
satisfaction of knowing what he is getting for his money, but in self defense,
that he may know what kind of stuff he is feeding his animals, the latter
most important reason of all.. You would never think of buying a brood mare, a Jersey
shire sow, or a pen of thoroughbred Wyandottes, without knowing the pedigree of that stock.
know its history, its Pee in the eee In other Lee what it is made of and what
: v fe who has seen his best days. vie can probably stand it, and at any r ee
aa a to lose SO oe if anything goes wrong. But when it comes to that fine litter of Berk-
all, why give stock food at ae because the manufacturer said so? That’s a
-
an can intelligently. feed cae food, he’ must know the oe of the
Bs and ee specific object h fe: expects to gain.
THE TRUTH ABOUT STOCK FOODS. ~ So ae
Since some crops ae that the water be watched continually a the
at Tye a
be AW ete ol te <
ET eee eee ees ab
2? Ifyour stock is doing well, perhaps it might be best to let well enough alone, ‘
. dE there is serious trouble, eerhaps a veterinarian is needed, tather than —
‘a
&
re a ee
THE TRUTH ABOUT STOCK FOODS. _
506,
The first important thing about stock food that the stockman chow know is tha
practically nothing about the stock foods on the market today, for the simple reason ‘that
been told him. He doesn’t really know what the package contains, what it is made of, wl
dients are supposed to be, or what they are for; neither does he know whether he is paying
or an exorbitant price for the goods or for the meonte he expects to gain. He’ is asked to fe
blindly and assume that the makers know more about the feeding of his particular sto
himself. What the stockman wants is facts. He is not simply actuated by a desire to ack
the wonderful results painted in such glowing colors by the makers. He does not care to go:
business for the dime museums, but what he does want to do is to improve the! * Sate” heal |
qualities of his domestic animals.
‘And yet, when the’stockman does invest in such goods, nine times out of ten it is
urgency of the appeal, rather than of his own free will. He makes the venture against hi ‘etter judg-
ment, in the hope that his fellow man is as honest as he is himself and will give him a square deal. He
also hopes in a measure for the results that the literature indicates. Surely a worthy reason, but, under
the circumstances, a mere speculation, and in these days of progress, when everything else about the
farm, the live stock business, breeding, feeding, etc., has been reduced to such a definite, scientific basis,
the stockman should not be asked nor expected’ to buy stock food upon speculation.
Another thing that the stockman should know is that when he does invest in stock foods that
are now upon the market, however sure he may feel of his gain in results, he will certainly get the short
end of the bargain as long as he continues to buy something about which he knows absolutely nothing,
with only the manufacturer’s word for it that it carinot do any harm and will prove useful. Again,
legitimate stock foods have suffered more or less on account of the innumerable cheap and worthless
preparations put out under the guise of stock foods by unscrupulous manufacturers.
The stockman well knows that any stock food must contain some percentage of some article as
a filler to provide a vehicle for the convenient carrying of the proper drugs, facilitating the measuring —
and the administering of the medicinal agents contained therein.
We must not assume that on account of questionable, and in some cases unscrupulous, methods —
which have and do exist in the making of stock foods, that the whole idea of stock foods is a delusion.
and a snare, without any legitimate purpose than the mere waste of money. That would be an insult
to the intelligence of thousands of the best breeders and feeders in this country, as well as in foreign
countries, who have used stock foods, condition powders and condiments for ages. Stock raisers in
this country, during the past decade, have demonstrated beyond all possibility of a doubt that stock
foods may safely be accepted as a suitable and valuable adjunct to economic and ‘profitable stock raising,
breeding ‘and feeding.
England and Scotland, pioneers in improved stock breeding, Shee the honor of first recommending
the value of condiments. They have used them in some form or another for centuries. Breeders and
feeders of those countries would as soon think of raising stock without good stock food as they would
attempting to fatten without grain.
There is only one logical and legitimate purpose of a stock food, and that is
The Philosophy to assist nature in keeping stock in prime condition by toning and invigorating
of Stock Food. the system, by keeping the blood pure and the bowels regular, and by so aiding
Its Purpose and and assisting the digestive organs that they will be able to obtain all the
Possibilities. nourishment from the food that you give Bee thus more than paying forthe —
stock foods used.
The actions of an ideal stock food are threefold: First, stomachic; second, I cette third, tonic. —
The first, stomachic, means that it is a digestant, for it stimulates the flow of the saliva and the gastric Ja ;
juices of the stomach and intestines, and increases the muscular action of the bowels, thus assisting
peristalsis, and guarding against constipation. In-accomplishing these results the ideal stock food am eg
materially assists in the assimilation of the digestible nutrients by the lymphatic villi and the capillaries,
It isatonic. It nourishes and tones the nervous system, both directly and indirectly. It purifies”
the blood, both by contact and by so invigorating the various organs of the body that they are able to
properly perform their functions.
ib es ie hal ele oe
THE TRUTH ABOUT STOCK ROODSES ae ban
ex
he general purposes of a stock food, and the accomplishment ss ee ends
1d cents and in additional service and profit to the stock raiser. a
atent medicine foranimals. It is not, never was intended to be, and chant HOt.
cure all, or aremedy in specific diseases. It should be and is a great preventive
S its end oy. by assisting nature, by oe to keep the system in a Pe
s fo at ‘the animal world: ‘The hiss of worms in fe shape of eggs and ue cannot
ati us s digestive: juices, ae nature in disposing of cet Peo worms before thee co Ee
develop and breed in the intestines. But once they get past the stomach and are allowed
) in the intestines, they ofttimes work irreparable injury and require more heroic treatment
s Fite: ony of stock food. Any bones beyond these are say to be misleading and —
nd yet the pees of increased service and ae ee from the ae ae 3
ia some argue and very plausibly that they believe that right feeding and
right treatment is the best medicine. Let nature dothe rest. This argument
might be sound if your animals were living under natural conditions, and if
Foods. you were equipped to take care of them as they should be. But this is not ~—
the case. They are no longer nature’s subjects in the animal kingdom.
are > man’ - subjects Under modern conditions are HES
, temperate Pe aise cropping the sweet grasses to his heart’s content, nibbling an herb Hae ees
re as instinct prompted him (herbs, roots,.and bark were nature’s stock foods). He had at all tye
ee feed of the oe kind, SIE ess of market prices, to oP his pane needs; he had
ale, nature is eee with; in the female, nature isthwarted. They lack, hee
on and instinct of the original horse. The modern dairy cow is a milking machine, a
aker, while in the natural state she was called upon only to produce enough milk
up toa fae ae and secu the Dale of her time ae the herds 7) ape
eS ee it. She laid eggs cae in season to Fupnatinee her kind and one ke
1egg machine, constantly driven to the limit, being speeded up to 200 eggs a year
knows how to speed her. Her forage ground is a small tract and often a damp, —
avel run, a manure heap, and, if she is fortunate, a little grass. She cee almost
a hoes and brooder etne her salhiece’ ‘
iral conditions? Hardly. They are machine shop conditions. Man is the super-
eee and. must not pony see to ae ernie of the fuel that furnishes the steam
Mr
508 THE et ABOUT STOCK FOODS. :
we
oiled. In other words, he must give nature that assistance which he himneate has rendered 1 necessary
by his own interference with nature’s plans. ey :
We can safely assume, then, that the intelligent and judicious use of stock food for the ‘purpose
outlined is just as necessary and natural.as the continued use of condiments to the hur an. family.
How many of us, for instance, could get along without our spices, our salt, our pepper, ours ring tonics,
and our laxatives to keep the bowels open, and similar aids to nature, adopted by modern humanity.
All of these things, while seemingly unnecessary and contrary to nature, are yet rendered indispensable
by the unnatural pace at which we live today.
Abusing nature; as we do, therefore, both in the human and in the animal on let us not lay
on to mother nature all the burden of the responsibility of keeping things going right. Let - us render
what help we can toward repairing the damage which our interference with nature’s methods has caused.
We must help nature in keeping this vast animal machine shop in constant st smooth running order.
Stock food has its legitimate place in the world’s work today.
- . '
We realize that we are blazing a way along a new path, that we are pioneers in the policy of taking
the purchaser into our fullest confidence, giving him the same degree of our confidence that we ask
of him. We are willing to rest our case with the sound judgment of the American stock raiser, and
we confidently believe that when the sincerity of our methods and our policy is once fully realized by
the American buyer of stock food that our returns in sales will fully justify our efforts to return confi-
dence for confidence, to meet the buyers half way in solving the much vexed stock food problem.
They belong to the purchaser. We are simply his supply agents, if he sees
Our Formulas fit to use us, and we believe he will after he has investigated to his entire
Are Public. satisfaction, and finds what we can do for him as compared with what he can
do for himself. We want our stock foods to practically sell themselves, by
appealing to the good judgment of the buyer, rather than to have them forced on him by long winded
arguments. With this end in view, instead of offering you a mixture of mysterious and rare
ingredients, you will find in Davis Stock Food only such simple and time tried ingredients as have
been proved by long experience to be the best fitted for their respective purposes, well known drugs
and condiments, which have the official endorsement of the leading authorities and a of
the United States.
The ingredients are published amie on every package of stock food sold. There is no ae a
“pig in a poke’’ when you buy a package of Davis Stock Food—you know exactly what you are getting
and what you are paying for it. Nothing is left in doubt; nothing left to your imagination.
ISP SISA
a Wd yd
Our Guarantee
We hereby guarantee the contents of this pachage to be composed of the
ingredients as printed on this package; that all the drugs are absolutely
pure and conform to the standard of the United States Pharmacopea.
Furthermore, use the entire contents of this package as directed,
and if you are not entirely satisfied, return this certificate telling
us why you are not satisfied, and we will cheerfully refund every
cent you have paid us.
The foregoing applies to all preparations manufactured by us.
THE TRUTH ae STOCK FOODS. eee 509
os Read fhe paepanies of the Davis Stock Food Company that is i ati calle on the —
ae preceding ' page. It is a facsimile of the certificate appearing on every label, on —
is” 1 guarantee that guarantees. This is not merely an advertisement; it is part and parcel of
ct gee - oe 2 Davis Stock Food Company products, no matter where,
é 3 he is not only published openly, but you are given a bona fide written guar-
rht on the package, to the effect that the contents are exactly what they are claimed to be,
oe else. eu are at ee to oo these goods to the examination and analysis of any iS
for nals ei will oie serve to strengthen our Section in the esteem and confidence of the
! buyer.
every package of the Davis goods you buy, whether for horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, or poultry, —
same frank statement of facts, the same open formulas, the same ironclad guarantee, as part —
of the contract; the same degree of protection. This does not refer to your first or your
po to each and eee order, whether you buy this month, next month, next year, or
If at any time, in any place, Gedes any piecimme. areas you find a package af
ey E f Davis Stock Food the contents of which are not exactly as represented in every ©
Satisfied. _ particular and detail, or if the results are not absolutely satisfactory when used
: according to directions, you can do us no greater favor than to communicate
= Seas from whom it was purchased, they are authorized to refund your money. If they do
te us rae ay and we will.
- How can we introduce Davis Stock Food to you on any more tenes and equitable basis? Can
_ suggest a fairer plan? Can you discover any flaws or weak spots in our proposed plan of doing
? If you can, or if you feel that you can detect any note of insincerity in our proposition, we
onsider it a favor if you will write us frankly and tell us about it, for the entire success of our
: » glong the new lines that we propose to run it, depends upon the soundness of our pouey and ©
f confidence and favor with which it is received by the stock food buyer.
e
S eo upon the eos formula and upon the quality of the material which a
The guarantee Surifioate means exactly ee it oo It is a legal contract
which will be recognized by any court of law or equity in this broad land. It
protects you fully in your purchase and use of Davis ead Food. You take
no Paes chance.
raiser il acuwat all other legitimate stock food companies to ie likewise. Dae .
ndoubtedly be bitterly assailed, but just remember this, legitimate manufacturers.
ae ae will be only foc Boker e to do as Davis is ae It is they who see os
every package of the products manufactured by the Davis Stock Food Com-
510 > ____s DAVIS POULTRY FOOD.
DAVIS POULTRY FOOD.
You Never Had Anything Like It—Davis Poultry Food is condimental,
A New Departure digestive and corrective. The ingredients of which it is composed are printed
in Poultry Food. in plain letters on every package. ammonium chloride sublimes, and the sodium sulphate remains behind. (See Ammonii_
sulphate is in “large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals, odorless
line taste. The salt effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all its water of crystallization. —
59 degrees F.), in 2.8 parts of water. The solubility increases up to 34 degrees C. (93.2 degrees
ximu attained, 1 part of the salt then dissolving in somewhat less than 0.25 part of water; from
adually decreases with rising temperature, until 1 part requires 0.47 part of boiling water for solution.
cohol; soluble in glycerm. When heated to 33 degrees C. (91.4 degrees F.), the salt fuses, and, on being
degrees C. (212 degrees F.), loses all its water (55.9 per cent). At a red heat the anhydrous salt fuses
position. To a nonluminous flame it imparts an intense, yellow color. The aqueous solution is neutral
. A 5per cent aqueous solution of the salt yields, with barium chloride test solution, a white precipitate
= itric acid. If to 5C.c. of the aqueous solution (1 in 20) 1 C.c. of the sodium phosphate test solution and
of ammonia water be added, no turbidity or precipitate should be produced, even after agitation (absence of
siur PetC.) a solution should not effervesce on the addition of an acid (absence of carbonate). It should
colored or rendered turbid by the addition of ammonium sulphide test solution; or of an equal volume of hydrogen
est solution, after being acidulated with hydrochloric acid (absence of arsenic and metallic impurities). After
th nitric acid, the aqueous solution should remain clear, or at niost be rendered only very slightly opales-
ddition of silver nitrate test"solution (limit of chloride).’’ U.S. When recently prepared, it is beauti-
t; but by exposure to the air it effloresces, and the crystals become covered with an opaque white
ag exposure it undergoes complete efflorescence, and falls into powder with loss of more than half its
sf water, Na,SO,+10H,0O. \
on. (N.R., Oct. 1872, p.151.) Asan artificial product, it is formed in the processes for
nt
,
4
7
‘
Pay
ae,
532 STOCK FOODS.
THE DAVIS STOCK FOODS SHOWN IN THESE PAGE:
ARE MANUFACTURED BY THE DAVIS STOCK CO., AND ARE :
SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., CHI
For the benefit and convenience of the many customers of Sears, Roebuck & Co. we state underneath each
the Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalogue number and price, so that if you want to ord
order direct from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, giving their catalogue number and all
Do not send any orders to us (Davis Stock Food Co.), but address all orders to Sears, Roe
DAVIS STOCK FOOD mx °
eeSie® $3.00, Four 25-pound Pails, or 100
Pounds of Davis Stock
Food, and Why You Sh 1
Have That Much.
Narintee =e Oost he ras f
=" canes ol 2 or the ounds.
Me hy cans the sits a een Ps the 100 poun
sree a = this, § fag —9 “ oy; ir Aen '; Fs
Boosters to the stand of the Cele) Ses PC ng oh IE with religious rezularity; just tl
te OR CORT ea ly
i deter tas. Dine cf aT AR a
epee e gee
5 ‘PURELY M HO
TTLE, SHEEP a4
ites 5 full sense of the word. Your cows will fill. the milk
night and morning, and your wife will be delighted
large amount of rich cream in the milk. _If you
dairy business, and your cows’ milk has run around
egnt pee fat, you ‘se ee Me Aca to oo bo
PRICE, THREESDOLLARS: age will increase—and al his wi ess ‘feed. It.
a: Dun: SE en OBE. aa known and acknowledged fact that 90 per cent of the
po LOCK — ited 5s tic animals today have indigestion in one form or
( They are consequently unable to extract anywhere
the digestible nutrients from the feed. American fee |
in the stomach or alimentary canal of the ay tae ee
b
animal, will yield only about 80 per cent of their
nutriments. You are thus losing 20 per cent of
feed which passes through the animal undigested. And this does not mean that you are only actually losing the feed val
whole animal system is deranged, and does not assimilate even as much as the digestive juices are able to throw into solution
addition of Davis Stock Food to the regular ration, the entire system is slowly y he
but surely brought into a normal condition. - All the glands of the digestive z 5 : — —.
system are toned up and corrected, as it were; the digestive juices are properly
secreted and in abundance, thus subjecting the food stuffs to the fuil force of:
the digestive system, as nature intended. The liver, the pancreas, are made to
brace up and perform their normal functions. The muscular’ walls of the
intestines are given new life and peristalsis is uninterrupted, thus preventing
constipation. We know all of the foregoing, and know that every pound of
Davis Stock Food will save a bushel of grain; surely a profitable proposition,
which you cannot afford to overlook from any standpoint; and now—before
you forget it—send us an order for 100 pounds of Davis Stock Food. You
cannot afford not to do it. Just send us $12.00, and tell us to ship it at once.
Feed it all—every particle of it—and if you are not more than satisfied with
the results it gives you, you cannot do us a greater favor than tell us about it
and give us an Opportunity to return your money. Remember, it is put up in i
pi E : : :
heavy, patent, watertight wooden pails, which you can use on the farm after the stock food is used up, and which you cannot
dollar from your home store. : , ;
| “no more than it is on 25—
THE FREIGHT ON FOUR PAILS, 100 POUNDS, IS VERY LITTLE, Balin teo eon ut toate ate
the freight on 100 pounds is about 25 to 40 cents for o distance of 250 miles, greater or less distances in proportion. = x
No. 65Wi25 Davis Stock Food. Price, for four 25-pails, or 100 POS eae... eee Be be
fe
STOCK FOODS. 533
THE DAVIS STOCK FOODS
SHOWN IN THESE PAGES
ARE MANUFACTURED BY THE DAVIS STOCK FOOD CO., AND ARE
SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SEARS, ROEBUCK & C0O., CHICAGO.
For the benefit and convenience of the many customers of Sears, Roebuck
& Co., we state underneath each preparation the Sears, Roebuck & Co.
catalogue number and price, so that if you want to order any of these prepara- |
tions you may order direct from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, giving their
catalogue number and allowing their price.
Do not send any orders to us (Davis Stock Food Co.), but address all orders
to Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago.
DAVIS |
STOCK FOOD |
2 PACKAGE 25c 4 PACKAGE 50c 8 PACKAGE $1.00
if you have never used Davis Stock Food, and do not
WE WANT YOU, care to give us an order-for 100 pounds, to send us an order
for one of these different sizes. Remember, that every pound of Davis Stock
Food used will save one bushel of oats or its equivalent, if fed according to direc-
tions. Yeur horse may be run down in flesh, his appetite may be poor, he may be
troubled with worms, he may seem unable to extract any nutriment from his feed,
theugh he eats enormous quantities. _ If se, send us an order for a package of Davis
Steck Food, and feed it as directed (full directions sent with every package), ask
our advice, if you will, and if, after having fed the entire package, you are not fully
satisfied, just write and tell us so, and we will cheerfully refund your money, with-
out quibbling or argument. You may have a cow which is run downin flesh. She
may not be giving the amount of milk that she ought to, or her milk
may be deficient in cream; perhaps it is ropey and stringy or blue; her
appetite may be poor. Ifso, send us an order for one of these packages
of Davis Stock Food, feed it as directed, and, if she does not give more
milk and better milk and at the same time pick up in flesh, have a
brighter look about the eye, just write and tell us so, saying that you
are not satisfied and we will return every cent you have paid us. er-
haps you live near town and have a few pigs that you are raising to
use for this winter’s pork supply; you are interested in getting as good
a quality of pork as possible; you want their systems to keep free from
disease, because you expect to eat the meat; perhaps you are particu-
larly fond of lean meat, or perhaps you want lard. Again, the pigs are
very likely to be troubled with worms which is very detrimental, while
the greatest foe in raising hogs is constipation. Davis Steck Food
regulates all this. It will make a decided improvement upon the
quality of the meat. If you will follow our directions, your pigs wiil
grow fast, and lean meat will be in preponderance; or fat, if fed accord-
ing to the directions for lard, and you will. profit by it, it will keep
their bowels and system free from worms and parasites and abso-
lutely prevent constipation. The health of yourself and your
family depends upon keeping this meat sweet, pure and clean. Davis
Stock Food, if used reguiarly, will insure this. Just remember
that it is not an expense; it pays for itself, if will make your hogs g¢2in
from one to two penuds a day a piece on less feed than you are now
giving them, and when killing time comes your neighbors will envy
you. Remember, that our certificate of guarantee is put on every
package, that it means just what it says, and that if at any time
you are not fully satisfied with the results after having. used the entire
package, all we ask is that you write and tell us so and give us an
opportunity of returning every cent yon have paid us. We know
what Davis Stock Food is, and we know that it is far superior to any-
thing manufactured in the way of stock foods today. Try it, if you
will, and note the results for yourself. The ingredients of which it is
composed are printed in plain letters on every package, and any drug-
gist will allow you to see his United States Dispensatory, in which the
actions of the various drugs are given. Our prices for Davis Stock
Food are as follows:
No. 65W100 Davis Stock Food, 2-pound 5
chr) 6 Fes raga: Bie (c/a ants Parc Rai a eae rare $0.2
Wo. 68W105 Davis Stock Food, 4-pound
PACKARC Se TICe i ee eS. ths is EN ae ela ba ocd 50
No. 65W11IG@ Davis Sfock Food, 8-pound
ACKA RPS SMTA CE th host 2c: Shoe Sieh shame ms suds) oe tose heh 1.00
534 POULTRY FOODS,
THE DAVIS POULTRY FCODS SHOWN IN THESE PAGES savitSci ron 03. ada
SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., CHICACO.
For the benefit and conyenience of the many customers of Sears, Roebuck & Co. we state underneath each preparation the Sears, Roebuck & Co.
catalogue number and price, so that if you want to order any of these preparations you may order direct from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, giving their
catalogue number and allowing their price. Do not send any orders to us (Davis Stock Food Co.) but address all orders to Sears, Roebuck Co., Chicago. |
POUNDS OF DAVIS POULTRY FOOD ‘pon
This twenty-
five pound
pail of Davis
Poultry
Food con-
tains 16,000
feeds for one
hen or it will
feed 160 hens
ior three
months, and in-
crease the num-
ber of eggs you
get from them
by at least 200
dozen more. The
price of this pail
is $3.00. With
eggs at only 12
cents a_dozen it
will make you
$24.00 extra
money. it will
make your hen
lay from 20 to 60
per cent ‘more
eggs, andin time
double her pro-
duction. It pre-
vents chicken
cholera and
roup, cures gape and
causes young chicks
to grow rapidly. It
enables the fowl to
thoroughly digest
and assimilate all of
the nutritive proper-
ties of the feed,
keeps her system in
periect physical con-
dition, thus warding
off disease. The in-
gredients used in
the manufacture are
printed in plain let-
ters on the label, and
our Certificate of
Guarantee is on every
package. Plain and com-
plete directions for feeding
are on every package.
Are your chickens lazy? Perhaps
they are not laying as they should. r x :
You may have lost some from cholera. If so, don’t wait an instant, you this 25-pound pail. After the contents are used up you will have
we ig i" an aces today for a 25-pound pail of Davis Poultry a nice useful pail on hand. :
ood; and if it does not give you more eggs and better chickens
than you ever had before, write and tell us, and we will cheerfully No..65W140 25-pound Pail of Davis Poultry $3.00
refund your money. Send us $3.00 today, and allow us to ship BOORG AOR vICe tiie bjs etaete ase tins ae el ae
Fefun
aN
‘Os,
Seas at:
ote
)
i
FOULTRY FOODS. . 535
-___S—CS_sCOTTHE:: DAVIS POULTRY FOODS
SHOWN IN THESE PAGES
ARE MANUFACTURED BY THE DAVIS STOCK FOOD CO., AND ARE
SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SEARS, ROEBUCK & C0., CHICAGO.
For the benefit and convenience of the many customers of Sears, Roebuck
& Co. we state underneath each preparation the Sears, Roebuck & Go,
catalogue number and price, so that if you want to order any of these prepara-
tions you may order direct from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, giving their
catalogue number and allowing their price.
Do not send any orders to us (Davis Stock Food Co.) but address all orders
to Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago.
DAVIS
POULTRY FOOD
A NEW DEPARTURE IN POULTRY FOODS.
YOU NEVER HAD ANYTHING LIKE IT.
“
Send Us an> Order for Davis Poultry Food: Today.
FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE, = are offering it in 2-pound
ackages for 25 cents, in
4-pound packages for 50 cents, and in 8-pound packages for $1.00. In
addition to this it is put up in 25-pound pails, and it is this latter quan-
tity that we recommend you to purchase. The formula, telling you
exactly what DAVIS POULTRY FOOD is made of, is printed
in plain letters on every package, and every package con-
tains a CERTIFICATE OF GUARANTEE that entitles you
to YOUR MONEY BACK if you are not fully satisfied—and
that certificate means exactly what it says. WE ARE
BLAZING A NEW PATH IN THE STOCK AND POULTRY
FOOD BUSINESS. We have adopted a new policy—that of
taking the customer into our fullest confidence. We are
entering this field, not for today or tomorrow but for all time;
and we expect to build’ up the largest Poultry Food business
in the world. Wecannot do this without your assistance.
We cannot do it unless all of our customers and the pur-
chasers of DAVIS STOCK FOOD or DAVIS POULTRY
FOOD are fully satisfied as to their respective merits. We
cannot do this unless we live up to our word and our guar-
antee to the letter. And your knowledge and experience im
your dealings with SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO. is sufficient
guarantee as to the worthiness of the certificate you will find
on every package.
CAN YOU AFFORD TO BE WITHOUT IT?
AND JUST REMEMBER (hit 78272005 aap Aue
It will make your hens strong and healthy; it will increase their egg
laying capacity; it will insure good, strong, healthy chicks; it will make
the chicks grow strong and fast with a lower cost of production than
you ever dreamed of, and, taken all in all, DAVIS POULTRY FOOD
makes the poultry business more than profitable.
DON’T forget to send us an order right now for DAVIS POULTRY
— FOOD. Remember, it is fully guaranteed, and all we ask of
you is to give it a thorough and fair test; and if you are not fully satis-
fied after having used the entire package, just say so, and we will cheer-
fully refund every cent you have paid us. A 2-pound package is 25
cents, a 4-pound package is 50 cents, an 8-pound packageis $1.00,
and a 25-pound pail, $3.00.
No.65W130 Davis Poultry Food, 2-pound
Packager spiiaeiwneseget cise as ats « eee 0. 25
No.65W1I31 Davis Poultry Food, 4-pound 50
MACAC CY ei TICE h ate 175 cet Sek vtec Oe :
. e
No. 65W132 Davis Poultry Food, 8-pound
pose) eis: TASC GUAGE An eae e weene Pe ae, sate 1 .00
Mien Ts, 3
“fee Mabry Dani,
t aia STocK Foap CO ins
MOR y 3 |) a
. ;
536 : VETERINARY REMEDIES. ean
ARE MANUFACTURED BY THE DAVIS STOCK FOOD CO., AND ARE
SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., cH
For the benefit and convenience of the many customers of Sears, Roebuck & Co. we state underneath each epar:
the Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalo gous number and price, so that if you want to-order any of these preparations you
order direct from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, ates their catalogué number and allowi their price. _
Do not send any orders to us ors Stock Foo » but address all orders to Sears, Roebuck & Co., C
Davis Disteaay
Lure.
QUICK, EFFICIENT AND SURE. pa
DER A SPOT CASH .GUARANTEE—YOUR
: MONEY BACK IF IT FAILS. —
DAVIS DISTEMPER CURE is wholly unlike
- distemper cures”
market; it is composed of strictly pure drugs and mec
a formula used by the best veterinarians in the country,
which is guaranteed to cure the most stubborn’cases. It is the
best known remedy for quickly relieving coughs,