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VOL. XUL—PART: If =-(No!! 15).

N A NEW FAMILY AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES

OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA,
COLLECTED BY THE LAKE SURVEY.

BY

JAMES MURRAY.

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Mer. Lav.

XV.—On a New Family and Twelve New Species of Rotifera of the Order
Bdelloida, collected by the Lake Survey. By James Murray. Communicated
by Sir Joun Murray, K.C.B., F.R.S. (With Seven Plates.)

(MS. received January 13, 1905. Read January 23, 1905. Issued separately March 38, 1905.)

INTRODUCTION.

The new species here described were found in the course of the work of the Lake
Survey on Loch Ness and other Highland Lochs. Half of the number were found in
lakes, though they are not exclusively lacustrine, three in ponds, two from moss growing
on the shores of Loch Ness, and one in a stream running into Loch Ness.

Structure.—A short account of the structure of a typical Bdelloid will be necessary,
in order to render intelligible the terms used in the descriptions. A Bdelloid is a
Rotifer which can creep like a leech or caterpillar. The body is segmented, and
consists of head, neck, trunk, and foot. The head, neck, and foot are telescopic, and
can be completely withdrawn into the trunk. The normal number of segments is
sixteen, but there may be more or less, the variation being chiefly in the foot. The
head consists of three segments, the neck of three, the trunk of six. It is believed that
the number of segments in each of those portions of the body is invariable, but two or
more segments may be so united as to be indistinguishable. The foot is more variable,
the number of segments, normally four, varying from one to six. Beginning at the
anterior end, the first and second segments of the head form the rostrum. ‘The first
has an inverted tip, from which rise the two rostral lamellee, numerous motile cilia, and
sometimes larger tactile setee. The third segment is the oral, and bears the mouth,
and the corona when present. The first cervical bears the antenna, and frequently a
number of prominences. The second and third cervical have no appendages. The first,
second, third, and fourth segments of the trunk are called the central, and form the
broadest part of the body. The next two segments of the trunk, the pre-anal and the
anal, together form the rwmp, which is generally clearly marked off both from the
‘central part of the trunk and from the foot. At the end of the anal segment is the
anus. The segments beyond the anus constitute the foot. The first joint of the foot
commonly has the skin on the dorsal surface thickened, and often bears a rounded boss
-or other processes. The penultimate joint bears the spurs. The last joint bears the
toes, or the perforate disc which takes their place. The segmentation is superficial, and
affects only the skin. When the animal is fully extended, the various organs usually
occupy definite segments, though the arrangement is not invariable. The brain,
-generally somewhat triangular, occupies the second cervical, but when large may extend

TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLI. PART II. (NO 15). 54

368 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

through all three cervical segments. The eyes, when present, are in the rostrum, near
its tip, or on the back of the brain. The mastax, containing the jaws with their teeth,
is in the third cervical or first central. The stomach extends through all four central
segments, which also contain the ovaries and the eggs or young. The pre-anal contains
the intestine, the anal the contractile cloaca. The foot-glands occupy all the joints of
the foot, and may extend into the anal, or even into the pre-anal. The toes are three
or four in number, or they are united to form a disc, which is perforate with pores for
the passage of the mucus.

The corona of the Philodinadze consists mainly of two nearly circular discs, borne
on pedicels. The principal wreath borders the discs. The secondary wreath runs
round the bases of the pedicels from back to front, and merges in the cilia of the mouth.
Near the centre of each disc is in many species a seta, or pencil of sete, or several short
motile cilia, which usually rise from a small papilla or a larger process. The lower lip
is the central portion of the under side of the mouth, and is shaped likea V. The upper lip
is the space between the bases of the pedicels and the front of the rostrum. Its form is
very characteristic for each species. Its most important structures are two folds of skin,
which continue those prominences at the sides of the mouth known as the collar.
These folds run round the bases of the pedicels, close to the secondary wreath, and may
meet in the middle line just in front of the rostrum, or may terminate at some distance
apart, in processes of various form. In the middle line, between the pedicels, is often
found a peg-like process, known as a ligule. The water-vascular system, with its
vibratile tags, usually about six pairs, is dificult to observe. The number of pairs of
tags seen is always noted, though this may not be the full number present.

The skin may be smooth and hyaline, stippled with pellucid dots, viscous, papillose,
or variously warted or spiny. The back and sides of the trunk are longitudinally
plicate. The ventral side is obscurely transversely plicate. In a few species the
ventral transverse folds are numerous and deep.

Halits.—The great majority of the known species are free and independent animals.
None are truly pelagic. Even those which are in the habit of swimming only do so for
short distances, and in the shelter afforded by mosses and other water plants. Those
which do not swim creep in caterpillar fashion on the plants among which they live or
on the mud of ponds. When feeding they anchor themselves by the foot. The
Adinetadee and some Callidine can also glide forward by the action of certain cilia—
in the Adinetadee those of the corona, in the Callidine those of the rostrum. Several
species secrete protective cases ; others accumulate irregular tubes of débris.

Parasitism.—A number of species are ectoparasites upon other animals. None are
internal parasites or feed upon their host. They are commensals or messmates. They
attach themselves by the foot to some crustacean, insect larva, or other animal. They
seem to desire from their host only protection, conveyance from place to place, possibly
a Share of food. Ased/us is a favourite host, and often carries several species together,
All the Bdelloids known to me which have taken to the parasitic mode of life are large

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 369

animals. They are distinguished by bulk of body, long and powerful foot, large strong
spurs, and usually ample corona. The life agrees with them. Signs of degeneration
are not lacking, however. Their affinities are with genera which normally possess eyes,
but most of these parasites are blind, and have smaller brains than are possessed by free-
living species of the same genera.

Symbiosis.—A number of Bdelloids have the foot of a peculiar type, in which there
are no distinct toes, their place being taken by a disc, which is perforated by numerous
pores for the passage of the mucus. It has been suggested that the species having this
kind of foot live in symbiotic relationship with certain Hepatics, such as Frullania,
which have some of their leaves in the form of little pitchers. The suggestion is plaus-
ible, inasmuch as such Hepatics are seldom found without the pitchers occupied by the
Rotifers. There is, however, something to be said against the belief that the relation is
one of symbiosis. There is no evidence of any advantage to the plants, though it has
been guessed that the animals are in some way beneficial to them, and that to obtain
this benefit the pitchers have been developed as an attraction to Rotifers. It is more
probable that the pitchers of the Hepatics serve the sole purpose of retaining moisture,
and that many species of Rotifers have found and taken advantage of those little
reservoirs. In that case there is no symbiosis, only a mild form of parasitism. Bdelloids
having the discoid foot are not only found on Hepatics. They abound in many other
situations. Nor are they the only Bdelloids which frequent Frullania cups. Many
species with the ordinary foot are commonly found there. It might be supposed that a
Bdelloid would have less need of a strongly adhesive foot in the shelter of a Frullania
pitcher than in many more exposed situations. The discoid foot is an advantage to a
species in any situation, and it is to be noted that all the species having it are large,
powerful animals.

Two species having the discoid foot are here described. One is from a lake, the
other from a pond, and neither has yet been found on Hepatics.

Formation of food-pellets.—Four of the species described in this paper belong to
that section of the genus Callidina in which the food is moulded in the cesophagus into
pellets. All the animals having this characteristic agree in many other points of
structure, such as the small size of the corona, and form a very natural group. Most of
them have the neck very long and the gullet correspondingly elongated, and forming a
large loop when the neck is contracted. The pellets differ greatly in consistence in
different species. Some are loosely put together, and quickly dismtegrate when passed
into the stomach. In some species they seem to be mixed, while in the cesophagus, with
something which gives them coherence. Such pellets maintain their size and form
unchanged during the whole of their passage through the alimentary canal, and are
finally voided entire. When first passed into the stomach they are granular, and often
dark from the admixture of food particles. They gradually lose the granular character
as they move through the stomach, till when passed out they are clear spheres.

370 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

BDELLOIDA.

All the Bdelloid Rotifera hitherto known have been included in two families,
distinguished by different types of corona. The Philodinadee have the corona divided
into two dises, which bear the primary and secondary wreaths of cilia. The Adinetadee
have no discs, the corona consisting of a flat surface, furred with short cilia, divided by
a non-ciliated space in the middle line, which may correspond to the space separating
the dises in the Philodinadee.

An animal discovered in Loch Vennachar in 1902, in the course of the work of the
Lake Survey there, could not be referred to either of the known families. After
prolonged study, continued for more than two years, it is now preposed to constitute a
new family for its reception.

MicropiInaD&, n. fam.

No corona, the ciliated alimentary tract ceasing at the mouth; jaws intermediate
between the ramate type of all other Bdelloida and the malleo-ramate type of
Melicerta.

The only species at present known is a Philodinoid animal. It resembles the genus
Philodina in general form, in the rostrum, and in having four toes. The absence of
corona would not of itself have justified the establishment of a new family. It might
have been regarded as a degenerate Philodina which had taken to a different mode of
feeding, and lost its corona from disuse. It was only after the peculiar structure of
the jaws was understood that it became evident that the definition of the family
Philadinadze could not be modified to include it.

As now understood, the new family is seen to differ more from the other two families
of the order than they do from one another. The Adinetadze differ from the
Philodinadze only in the form of the corona, and in the partly adnate rostrum, free
at the tip. They have the same form of jaws and of all other structures.

The Microdinadze differ from both, not only in the lack of corona, but in the shape of
the jaws. It comes nearer to the Philodinade in the free rostrum and the number of
toes. On the other hand, the form of mouth might more readily be derived from that of
Adineta. In Plate II. are shown heads of Philodinadee (fig. a), Adinetadee (fig. c),
and Microdinadee (fig. b). They are drawn from the ventral side in order to show the
similar form of lower lip in all. On the same plate are drawn three pairs of jaws :—
fig. d shows the ramate jaws of Philodinadee and Adinetadee, fig. e those of Micro-
dina, fig. f those of Melicerta. It will be seen that the jaws of Microdina differ
about as much from the ramate as from the malleo-ramate type, and sufliciently
approach the latter, in the anterior position of the teeth and the less rigid union of the
various parts, to constitute in some degree a link between the Bdelloida and the Rhizota.

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 371

Microdina, n. gen.

Toes, four. Yolk-mass with four nuclei. Gullet very short. Teeth, three or four
on each side, at anterior end of jaws.

The terminal cilia of the gullet, which project a little way and assist in seizing the
food, might be regarded as constituting a rudimentary corona. It is not usual, how-
ever, to regard the end of the gullet in a Philodine as part of the corona, that term
being restricted to the discs and the two wreaths. It seems, therefore, more correct to
consider Microdina as having no corona.

The parts of the jaws are movably articulated, not rigidly united as in other
Bdelloids. The rami have large curved processes on the ventral side. The manubrii
may have no loops, or may have from one to three, more or less distinct.

In Philodinadee and Adinetadee the larger teeth cross about the middle of the jaw,
and there are finer strize towards each end. In Microdinadee the large teeth are all at
the anterior end, and fine strize only cross the posterior half of the Jaws.

Owing to the shortness of the gullet, the jaws are close to the mouth.

Microdina paradoxa, n. sp. (Plates I. and IT.)

Specific characters.—Of moderate size, stout, enlarged at level of mastax and at
posterior part of trunk, contracted between those parts. Cisophagus and large
granular mass connected with it, of a bright crimson colour. Stomach voluminous,
its walls filled with coloured globules. Foot of three joints. Spurs short, stout,
somewhat bottle-shaped, a broader basal portion contracting into a narrower apical
portion, obtuse, separated by narrow convex interspace. Toes large and thick, the
ventral pair much larger than the dorsal. Foot-glands forked. Antenna two-jointed,
flattened. Oviparous.

General description.—Greatest length ;}5 to gy inch. Always fiddle-shaped,
owing to the narrowing between the head and the enlargement of the trunk. The
position of the posterior enlargement varies. When an egg is carried, the broadest part
will be in the second or third central segment. When there is no egg and the ovaries
are undeveloped, the fourth central or pre-anal may be broadest. The rostrum differs in
no way from that of a typical Philodine. The mouth is small and somewhat trifoliate.
The lower lip is of the V-shape usual in the order. The upper part is obscurely two-
lobed. The sides of the mouth are finely longitudinally striate. ‘he whole animal is
sometimes pale rose-colour or purple. More generally it is colourless, except for the
erimson gland and cesophagus, the stomach and the egg. The globules in the stomach
walls vary greatly in colour. They have been seen red, yellow, greenish, orange,
magenta, sienna, or umber. ‘The two last colours are commonest, and are used in the
illustrations. The ege is of a tawny yellow. A clear fleshy mass fills the head

372 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

between the rostrum and the cesophagus. The posterior portion of this mass is, from
its position and its connection with the antenna, regarded as the brain, but its outline
could not be traced. Between the mastax and the stomach are two clear gastric glands,
which meet on the ventral side.

Habits.— Of tireless activity. It creeps without ceasing on the stems of algze and
mosses, feeding all the time. Its mode of feeding is unlike that of any other Bdelloid,
though Adineta resembles it in some respects. A biting action is continually repeated.
In this the rostrum takes part. The food is caught between the rostrum and the
lower lip, and pushed close to the mouth by the bending down of the rostrum. The
cilia of the mouth, working downwards, catch the food that is thus brought near and
sweep it into the gullet. The brush of cilia on the rostrum contributes to the action by
sweeping downwards also, and to some extent compensates for the lack of dises. It was
never seen to pause or rest, as other Bdelloids do occasionally.

The deposition of the egg was on one occasion seen. The animal was fully con-
tracted. When the ege was almost completely passed out, the end which still remained
in the aperture was seen to be surrounded by a cireclet of clear spherical bodies. Most
of these adhered to the egg when it separated, but a few remained attached to the
aperture (Plate I. fig. d).

Variation.—Only one species of the family is known with certainty. The lack of
corona deprives us of several characters of great service in distinguishing species of
Philodinadze. Various forms of spurs have been seen in Microdinade, but it is not
yet clear whether any of these belong to distinct species (Plate II. figs. g to J).

The jaws also differ in different examples. While agreeing in general features, the
degree of development of the loops of the manubrium varies greatly in different
individuals. Some show no trace of any loops, while others have three well developed,
two on the outer side and one on the inner, passing behind the teeth.

Habitat.—At the margins of large lakes and of clear hill lochs, also occasionally in
pure running water.

Discovered in Loch Vennachar, 20th May 1902, on the occasion of the visit of the
Scottish Natural History Society, as guests of Sir Jonn Murray; Loch Ness and
Loch Morar, 1908; hill lochs on Carnahoulin, Fort-Augustus, 1904; Loch Treig,
December 1904. Very abundant in Loch Vennachar and frequent in Loch Ness.

PHILODINADE.

Classification.—The Ehrenbergian division of the Philodinade into genera dis-
tinguished by the presence or absence of eyes, and by the position of the eyes when
present, has long been recognised as artificial. In those genera unrelated species are
brought together, and closely related species are separated. Suggestions for a more
natural classification have been made, notably by Minx, but none have been generally

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 373

accepted. The number of known species belonging to this family is now so great that
some subdivision of the genera would be desirable, even if those genera were natural.
Many of the new species show the artificial character of the old genera, and render a
revision imperative.

I understand that a revision of the genera is now being prepared by Mr Bryce, who,
from his long experience of the order, is so well qualified to do so. This being so, I
shall here only amend the definitions of the genera Philodina and Callidina so as to
render them more natural. The classification based upon the eyes having proved
defective, other characters of a more reliable nature have been sought. The number of
toes has been suggested by MiLNE* as a basis for classification. The mode of repro-
duction was thought of. It was found that large groups of species agreeing in the
number of toes, also agreed in the mode of reproduction. One or two exceptions,
however, lessen the value of the mode of reproduction as a generic character, and it
must be abandoned in the meantime.

PHILODINA.

Generic character.—Toes, four. MrItne’s suggestion is adopted, though it is
recognised that the genus will have to be divided. Thus defined, the genus does not
differ greatly from that of Enrensperc. All the species having eyes in the neck (ze.
seated on the brain) are found, with one exception, to have four toes. The main result
of the alteration will be the transfer to Phalodina of several species hitherto included in
Callidina.

CALLIDINA.

Generic characters.—Toes, three ; or foot ending in a disc. Normally oviparous.

This definition is simply provisional. It is unsatisfactory, in that it includes a
character, viz., the mode of reproduction, which is not quite invariable. It is only by
using this character that the genus Rotifer could be kept separate.

As formerly distinguished by a single negative character, viz., the absence of eyes,
the genus Callidina became the receptacle for all the homeless wanderers of the family,
till it now includes a host of species, many of which have little affinity one with
another. It is with this genus that a revision of the family will be mainly concerned.
Four of the new species here described belong to that very natural section of the genus
in which the food is moulded into pellets. Two have the discoid ‘symbiotic’ foot.
This type of foot might be made the basis of a genus, were it not that it is in some
cases impossible to determine whether there are separate toes or not. It is, moreover,
suspected that the discoid foot may have been independently acquired by unrelated
animals.

* Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, vol. xvii. p. 134, 1886.

374 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

‘allidina angusticollis, n. sp. (Pl. III. figs. 2a to 2k.)

Specific characters.—Small, colourless; form pitcher-shaped in lateral view, the
lower lip large, elevated, spout-like. Discs small, close together, inclined obliquely
towards the mouth. Oral segment elongate, encircled about midway by a series of four
thickenings. Food moulded into pellets. Foot minute, not obviously segmented ;
spurs short, acute, decurved, meeting at base. Dental formula 2/2. Secretes a brown
flask-shaped protective case.

General description.— Greatest length 5!5 to ~}» inch when feeding. Head laterally
compressed, elongate from front to back. Discs sloping downward and outward from
middle line as well as forward towards the mouth. Lower lip larger, relatively to the
size of the animal, than in any other species known. ‘Thickenings on oral segment
diagonally placed, as shown in section, fig. 2e. Rostrum of moderate length, with
fairly large lamelle. Antenna of two joints, length equal to diameter of neck.
Neck with large rounded thickenings at each side of antenna, and ventral thickening.
Neck very long and slender. Gullet correspondingly elongated. Stomach voluminous,
filled with round, clearly-outlined pellets of uniform size. These are coherent, and do
not disintegrate in their passage through the alimentary canal. They are voided whole.

No eyes. Reproduction oviparous. Case oval, slightly flattened on ventral side,

pale yellow when young, dark brown when old. Neck of case long, with annular strie,

g,
mouth slightly expanded.

The foot, being apparently useless inside the case, which the animal never seems to
leave, is very small. It can only be seen when the animal is forced out of its case.
No separation of the first and second joints can be distinguished. The rudiments of
toes probably exist, as the spur-bearing joint is not closed at its lower end, but they
were not seen.

Habits.—Trusting apparently to the protection afforded by its shell, it is not at all
shy, and usually resumes feeding very soon after being disturbed. When feeding, the
neck is bent backward. Before beginning to feed, the head is often put out and the neck
bent sharply over the edge of the case till the rostrum touches the outside of the case.
The case is believed to be secreted from the skin, but the process has not been observed.
‘The animal may occupy empty (or even inhabited) shells of Rhizopods, such as Difflugia
or Nebela. Careful examination has always revealed a normal ease inside the shell thus
occupied. On one occasion the Callidina was seen in a shell of Dufflugia which was
shorter than its case. The projecting neck of the case was viscous, as shown by
adherent matter, and nearly colourless. It had probably been just completed. Old
animals show no viscosity, either of skin or case. The case is thin, smooth, and brown,
and does not adhere to the animal. It is a cleanly animal. The pellets, which at first
contain the food, are eventually passed out as clear spheres. After voiding them it
clears them out by fully contracting its body and rolling about from side to side of the
case till they are forced out through the neck.

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 375

Hatbitat.—On the leaves of mosses and hepatics in a great variety of situations, in
peat bogs, on the ground, walls, or trees, most frequently seen on Fontinalis growing at
the margins of lakes. First seen in Loch Morar, common about Fort-Augustus ; occurs
also in North Uist. Probably widely distributed. Before the animal came under my
notice Mr Bryce had made some studies of it, and suggested the specific name. Dr
Penarp has also studied it in Switzerland.

Callidina annulata, n. sp. (Plate II. figs. 3a to 3f)

Specific characters.—Small, colourless, in lateral view pitcher-shaped, the lower lip
spout-hke. Discs inclined towards mouth, their surfaces parallel to long axis of body.
Oral segment much elongated, marked by annular plicee, which are stronger towards the
base. First neck segment with similar plice. Antenna very small, its length equal
to 2 of the diameter of the neck. Teeth, seven or eight in each jaw. Food moulded
into pellets. Foot short, of three joimts. Spurs, short cones, meeting at base. Repro-
duction oviparous.

General description.—Length about +}5 inch when feeding. Oral segment twice
as long as broad. Discs reniform, separated by very narrow sulcus. Neck and gullet
very long. Rostrum short and broad, with small lamelle. Stomach large, nearly filling
the trunk, containing clear rounded pellets of uniform size.

Resembling C. angusticollis in size and general form, it may be easily distinguished
from that species by the smaller lower lip, greater forward inclination of the dises,
longer oral segment, with annular plicee and without thickenings, numerous teeth, larger
foot, and lack of protecting case. Some examples carried large oval eggs. Intestine,
glands, and vibratile tags were not observed.

Habits.—Being unable to secrete a case for itself, as is done by C. eremita and
other species, it seeks shelter, like the hermit crab, in the empty shells of other animals.
Shells of Difflugia, Nebela, and other Rhizopods are commonly occupied. It was first
observed in cases of C. angusticollis, the original occupants of which had died, leaving
only the tough jaws behind. The presence of those jaws, with their pairs of teeth, led
to the two species being confused for some time. It also frequently takes cover in the
pitchers of Frudlania and other Hepaties. It is often found creeping about without
protection of any sort, but it has never been seen to feed unless when in a shelter of
some kind. When feeding it is not timid. It may frequently be observed, in detached
pitchers of Frullania, whirling rapidly about, regardless of collisions.

Habitat.—Among aquatic mosses growing in Loch Morar, October 1903, Loch
Ness, 1904. Not confined to lakes. Common on Hepatics, Fort-Augustus, Blantyre

Moor.
TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLI. PART II. (NO. 15). 55

376 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

Jallidina crenata, n. sp. (Plate IV. figs. 6a to 6d.)

Specific character's.—Small, colourless. Trunk and foot papillose. Head and neck
smooth. Neck with a prominence on each side of the antenna. Teeth, seven or eight
in each jaw. Foot of three joints. A crenate boss on first joint. Spurs short, tapering,
acuminate, divergent. Toes, three. Food moulded into pellets. Posterior margin of
pre-anal segment with a rounded prominence, free from papilla, on each side.
Oviparous.

Description.—Length ,4; ich when fully extended. Rostrum short, with lamellee
of moderate size. About twelve longitudinal folds on the trunk, at equal distances apart,
not fainter dorsally. Papillee not crowning the folds, as in C. aspera, Bryce, but
regularly distributed over the whole surface of the trunk, smaller than in C. aspera,
rounded, without pits or pores, diminishing in size on the foot. Spurs dotted. Toes
short, blunt. Ege elongate, narrowed at anterior end.

This description is incomplete, as the animal was never seen to feed. Seen in the
retracted state the discs are small and close together. The only other species which
moulds the food into pellets, and at the same time has the skin papillose, is C. aspera,
Bryce. From that it is distinguished by the more numerous teeth, smaller papille,
and pre-anal processes.

Habits.—Although fairly abundant in several collections, nothing could be learned
as to its habits. All the examples studied were very sluggish in their motions. They
crept about very slowly ; and though some of them were watched for long periods, they
showed no disposition to feed.

Habitat—Among ground moss and hepatics from the shores of Loch Ness and
elsewhere near Fort-Augustus, February 1904, frequent; not yet found anywhere
else.

Callidina pulchra, n. sp. (Plate IV. figs. 5a to 5.)

Specific characters.—Small, colourless. Trunk very broad, strongly stippled.
Corona narrower than neck or collar, with central setee on discs. First neck segment
with the anterior edge turned outwards like a rim all round. Rostrum short and broad,
with a large brush of long cilia. Teeth, three to five in each jaw. Food moulded into
pellets. Foot short, of three joints. Spurs short, divergent, acuminate. Toes, three.

General description—Length about zy}, inch when creeping, +¢ 9 inch when

feeding. Very short and broad. Skin not papillose, but covered with uniform large
clear dots. Trunk longitudinally plicate ; dorsal folds faint, lateral deep. Stomach very
voluminous, filled with large pellets.

Very similar to C. lata, Bryce, to which it is closely related. It agrees with that
species in the breadth of trunk, the shape of the corona, the central setze on the discs,
and the dental formula. It differs in the oval rather than ovate trunk, the stippled skin,
the projecting edge of the first neck segment, and the shorter spurs. The shape of the

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 377

trunk makes it a more elegant animal than C. Jat, the great posterior breadth of which
imparts a clumsiness of gait as it moves.

Habits.—In its steady, deliberate motions and mode of feeding it resembles C. lata.
When creeping it goes steadfastly forward, increasing the length of each step by a glid-
ing movement produced by the cilia of the rostrum. It feeds for shorter periods than
C. lata.

Habitat.—In ponds near Fort-Augustus, February 1904. Found among the sedi-
ment obtained by washing aquatic mosses. It was very abundant in some ponds. When
a portion of the sediment was put into a bottle with some water and tightly corked the
animal continued to abound, and increased in numbers for some months, though the
water was never changed.

Callidina muricata, n. sp. (Plate V. figs. 7a to 7h.)

Specific characters.—Of moderate size, narrow. Trunk with strong longitudinal
plicee, covered with low rounded tubercles. Corona narrower than neck. Discs large,
separated by very small interstice. Rostrum narrow, with large lamellae, which project
laterally. Antenna slender, length equal to half diameter of neck. Neck with large
thickenings on each side of antenna. Brain large, elongate; no eyes. Dental formula
2/2; border of jaws crenate. Food not moulded into pellets. Foot short, of four joints.
Spurs slender, tapering, meeting at base, divergent, incurved. ‘Toes, three ; large, taper-
ing. Reproduction oviparous.

General description,—Greatest length 75 to y}> inch. Skin of trunk yellowish,
viscous, with little extraneous matter adhering. Stomach large, its walls containing
small dark-greyish globules. Yolk-mass with eight nuclei. Egg large, oval. Discs
nearly touching. Border of jaws brown.

The tubercles are of equal size, rounded, and disposed in transverse and longitudinal
rows. They are probably permanent, and not mere hardened secretions as in C,
imerassata, but this is not proven. On the back they are hidden by the deep longitudinal
plicee. The transverse rows, about nine on the trunk, give a false appearance of close
segmentation. The tubercles are more obvious on the ventral side, and all over when
fully retracted. The glands, intestine, and cloaca were normal. Vibratile tags not
seen. Apart from the tubercles, the species may be known by the close approximation
of the large discs and by the caliper-like spurs.

Habits.—Very slow in its motions. It extends itself with studied deliberation, like
Rotifer tardus, and is not often willing to feed. It feeds steadily, but only for a short
time. On all the occasions when it was seen feeding the ventral side was uppermost,
so that the details of the upper lip could not be seen.

Habitat.—In the sediment of ponds, Fort-Augustus, January 1904, frequent ;
Blantyre Moor.

378 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

Callidina crucicornis, n. sp. (Plate V. figs. 8a to 8g.)

Specific characters.——Large, slender, elongate. | Rostrum very long, of two con-
spicuous joints, with very large, spreading lamellze. Antenna very small. Brain large ;
no eyes. Jaws relatively very small; dental formula, 2/2. Stomach voluminous ; food
not moulded into pellets. Foot short, of three joimts, very prominent dorsal boss on
first joint. Spurs long, tapering, with distinct shoulder on inner side at base, capable
of being brought together at the points or crossed over one another. Last joint of
foot long, with three very large toes.

General description.—Greatest length =, to ;5 mch. Every part elongate except
the foot. Colour dull yellow or greyish. Longitudinal plicee few, fainter on back.
Salivary glands well developed, one long narrow pair extending beyond the mastax to
the upper part of the stomach. Walls of stomach thick, filled with larger and smaller
dark yellow globules. Intestine oval, its long axis transverse, partly covered in dorsal
view by stomach. Yolk-mass large, with eight small nuclei. Space between spurs
straight or convex, according to position of spurs. ‘Terminal toes long, slender, two-
jointed. Dorsal toe as long as the others, but usually extended to only half the length.
Foot-boss pointing backwards.

Owing to its disinclination to feed, the description cannot be completed. In the
retracted state the discs are large and elongate. The species has a_ superficial
resemblance to Callidina longirostris in the long rostrum and spurs, and also to
Philodina macrostyla and its allies. It is believed to have no close affinity with any
of those species, all of which are viviparous, while this is oviparous. The rostrum
tapers gradually from the oral segment, and is not abruptly narrowed as in C.
longirostris.

Habits.—Although it has been known for more than two years, and has been under
constant observation for nearly one year, and thousands of examples have been carefully
studied by three or four observers, little is known of its habits, as it has never once
been seen to feed. It creeps slowly and deliberately, examining everything it
encounters with its rostrum, which appears to be a very delicate organ of touch. It is
very mobile, and can be bent backwards and forwards and from side to side. The
lamellee, which are only inferior in size to those of C. cornigera, are waved about in
the way characteristic of that species, and which has led to the supposition that they
are organs of smell.

When washed out of the mosses among which it lives, and allowed time to settle
down among the sediment, it is found that it takes up its position, not on the surface
of the sediment, but a little way down in it. The stomach is often seen to be well
filled with food. These facts, together with its disinclination to feed, lead me to
suppose that it may have an aversion to light, and will not feed unless in darkness
If this is so, it may be impossible to complete the description of the head. Against the

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 379

suggestion is the fact that though it will not feed, it does not appear to be uneasy In
the glare of the microscope lamp.

Habitat.—In lakes and ponds. Bottom of Loch Rannoch, at depth of 9 or 10 feet,
April 1902. Abundant in pond near Fort-Augustus, January 1904. It thrives well
in tightly corked bottles, and may continue in them for months.

Callidina armata, n. sp. (Plate VI. figs. 10a to 10h.)

Specific characters.—Large, massive. Corona broader than trunk. Rostrum short,
broad ; lamellae small. Antenna as long as diameter of neck, clavate. A pair of tooth-
like processes close below the mouth. Jaws relatively small, with two teeth on each.
Stomach voluminous, reddish. Foot short, of three joints. A broad rounded fold at
base of first joint. Spurs small, acuminate, incurved and decurved, interspace equal
to diameter of base of spur. Foot ends in round perforated dise.

General description.—Greatest length when creeping, ,; inch. Trunk with few
longitudinal folds, dorsal faint, lateral deeper. All colourless, except alimentary canal.
Food not moulded into pellets. Walls of stomach containing small reddish globules.
Intestine roundish. Foot-glands of few cells, terminal cell largest. First foot-joint
marked with annular strize. Terminal joint long, dise perforated by many pores, ducts
in common sheath. Four pairs of vibratile tags were seen.

Resembling C. symbiotica and allied species in massive build and discoid foot, it
may be distinguished from all other species by the ventral processes below the mouth,
the heavy antenna, and the dorsal fold at the base of the foot.

Habits.—Strong and active, like all the ‘symbiotic’ species. As it creeps rapidly
about, the disc is exposed for an instant. It is a steady feeder. The function of the
processes below the mouth could not be gathered from its actions.

Habitat.—On water weeds growing in Loch Ness and the Caledonian Canal at
Fort-Augustus ; although abundant during November and December 1903, it was not
again found till December 1904, when it once more became common. The same beds
of weeds, chiefly Myriophyllum and Fontinalis, were frequently examined during the
intervening months without the species being once found. This may indicate that it
has only a short season, though it is unusual for Bdelloids to have any seasonal
limits.

Callidina incrassuta, n. sp. (Plate VI. figs. 9a to 9f.)

Specific characters.—Large, stout. Trunk protected by thick plates formed of a
hardened secretion. Rostrum short and very broad, with small ciliate lamelle.
Antenna considerably longer than diameter of neck. Neck with large process at each
side of antenna. Corona as wide as trunk, discs large, interstice equal to half diameter
of dise. Central papillze on discs. Foot very short, of three joints. Spurs small, twice

380 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

as long as broad, acuminate, divergent, obtuse, incurved. Jaws with broad, brown,
pectinate border, dental formula 5/4. Food not moulded into pellets. | Oviparous.

General description.—Greatest length 5 to lg inch. Trunk dark yellow. Anterior
row of tubercles more prominent than the others, sometimes so long that they hang
down over the next two rows. Third segment of neck, close to tubercled trunk, viscous,
and with a little extraneous matter adhering. Rostrum slightly broader towards apex,
ciliated cup usually quite everted, the lamellz then standing far apart. Papillee on
dises, only once seen, like little curved thorns. Viscera difficult to see through the
dark, thickened skin. Under strong pressure stomach seen, with its walls filled with
small clear globules. Brain large. Glands, intestine, cloaca, and vibratile tags not seen.
Arrangement of teeth unusual. Three large teeth in one jaw fit into the spaces between
four large teeth in the other. There is an additional thinner tooth at each end of the
row of three.

In the contracted state the tubercled trunk is so similar to that of Philodina mac-
rostyla, variety tuberculata, that it might be passed over for that species. When it
extends itself it is found to differ in everything else. Every part of the Philodine is
long and slender, of the Callidine short and broad, except the antenna. This is straight,
not elbowed as in P. macrostyla. The foot appears to end in a disc, as in the
‘symbiotic’ Callidine. It is a very small and obscure disc, and no perforations could
be seen. It may yet be found to have short, broad toes. The tubercles could be
removed by rolling the animal under the coverslip.

Habits—Very slow and cautious. After being disturbed it may remain fully
contracted and motionless for a long time. It puts out its head very gradually, feel-
ing carefully about with its long antenna before venturing out. When it has gained
confidence it walks forward rather briskly for an animal so heavily armoured. The
very short foot is only momentarily seen, the disc not at all, unless it happens to be
walking upside down. It was not eager to feed, and when it tried to do so was
evidently annoyed by the débris surrounding it, and soon desisted.

Habitat.—In the sediment of one or two ponds at Fort-Augustus, February 1904.
It was pretty abundant for a time in one pond.

Philodina laticornis, n. sp. (Plate VII. figs. 12a to 12c.)

Specific characters.—Very large. Foot and rump together about 3 of greatest
length when creeping. Corona narrower than trunk, discs with small central papille.
Rostrum short, broad, with very small ciliate lamelle. Antenna stout, length equal
to 3 diameter of neck. Brain fairly large, with pair of large, oblique, yellowish-red
eyes. Two teeth in each jaw. Foot of three joints. Spurs large, broad, divergent,
interstice slightly exceeding diameter of spur at base. Dorsal toes small, ventral long,

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 381

incurved. Reproduction viviparous. Swims free, with spurs brought close together
and dises also approximated.

General description.—Greatest length =}, to gy inch when creeping. All colourless
except the alimentary canal. Longitudinal folds of trunk few, dorsal faint, lateral
stronger. Brain elongate, triangular. Stomach ample. Intestine elongate, elliptical.
Rump and foot of about equal length. First foot-joint long, with faint annular striz.
Second joint with stronger strize, crossed above the spurs by two oblique folds of
skin, which nearly meet in the middle line, and give the appearance of an extra joint.
Spurs with obscure shoulder on inner side at base, then slhghtly contracted and ex-
panded again nearer tip. Foot-glands rather small, with very long ducts. Most
examples with two well-grown young, showing teeth and corona, and one younger
foetus. Vibratile tags, five on each side seen.

Habits.—The large size, lanky form, and large spurs and toes, suggest that the
animal is a parasite, but it has not yet been found attached to any host. On the other
hand, its readiness to swim, and its characteristic attitude when swimming, spurs and
dises being brought together as though to lessen the resistance, are like the actions of
a free-living animal. Several species of parasitic Bdelloids have small brains and are
blind, and there is some reason to believe that this reduction is a consequence of the
mode of life. The power of swimming might be of advantage to an ectoparasite by
enabling it to change its host if necessary. When swimming, the rostrum is kept fully
extended. When creeping, the toes are often kept out during the whole of the step.

Habitat.—Among aquatic mosses growing at the margin of Loch Ness, at Fort-
Augustus, April 1904; in the Caledonian Canal, Fort-Augustus, December 1904.

Philodina laticeps, n. sp. (Plate VII. figs. 11a to 11h.)

Specific characters——Very large, elongate, yellowish. Corona very large, much
wider than trunk, dises broad, concave, separated by space nearly equal to diameter of
dise. On each disc an elevated conical papilla, with broad apex bearing several short
motile cilia. Rostrum short and broad, with minute lamellz. Antenna short, length
equal to 4 diameter of neck. Brain a minute triangle, no eyes. Teeth, two on each
jaw, with one thinner tooth. Foot and rump together just under half of total length.
Foot of four joints. Spurs large, broad, blade-shaped, divergent, interstice equal to
diameter of spur. Dorsal toes small, ventral long, incurved. Parasitic on insect larvee.
Oviparous.

General description.—Greatest length =}; to 35 inch when creeping. All hyaline
except alimentary canal. Trunk longitudinally plicate, central segments covered with
a hair-like growth, which is probably a vegetable parasite. Corona broadest and dises
largest known in the order. Yolk-mass with eight or nine nuclei; the large egg
pointed at anterior end. Intestine long, elliptical. Foot-glands long, with very long
ducts. Four vibratile tags on each side seen.

382 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

Habits.—Parasitic on insect larvee which live in running water. It has been found
on larvee of several species, adhering to the thorax, between the bases of the legs. When
separated from its host it is little disturbed, immediately begins to creep actively about,
and readily feeds. When feeding it is very restless, and sweeps the great corona from
side to side and all over the field. The apparent breadth of the corona is often in-
creased by a peculiar habit the animal has of pulling in the sides of the trunk till it
resembles a stem supporting a large flower. It is then more like one of the large-
headed Rhizota, such as Cfeistes velatus, than a typical Philodine (fig. 11h). When
feeding it draws the rostrum in till it is depressed below the surrounding surface of the
head.

Comparison of P. laticeps with P. laticornis.—The two species resemble one another
very closely in some characters, and differ greatly in others. The agreement is so close
that it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they are related animals. On this
supposition an interesting comparison of the differences of structure in relation to the
different modes of life may be made. P. laticeps is a parasite; P. laticornis has only
been found free. They agree in general form, in the rostrum, spurs, and long curved
ventral toes, so closely that but for the longer foot of P. /aticeps the same drawing of
the extended animal could represent both. P. laticornis has a large brain and eyes,
smal] papillee on discs, larger antenna, and shorter three-jointed foot. P. laticeps has
much larger corona, very large papille on the discs, shorter antenna, longer four-jointed
foot, much smaller brain, and no eyes. If the parasite P. /aticeps has been derived from
the free-living P. /aticornis, it is interesting to note that while it has gained a larger
mouth, it has lost its eyes and most of its brain. Should P. laticornis, as is possible,
prove to be also parasitic, the force of the comparison is diminished, but not altogether lost.
The habit of swimming might enable a parasite to change its host when necessary, and
so render it less dependent, and the retention of the large brain and eyes may be
attributed to this habit.

P. laticeps is oviparous, P. laticornis viviparous. This is the only instance known
to me of closely related Bdelloids differing in the mode of reproduction.

Habitat.—In a little stream entering Inchnacardoch Bay, Loch Ness. Very
abundant during the winter of 1903-4. Any handful of Fontinalis taken from this
stream and shaken in water yielded thousands of examples. Early in the summer of
1904 the stream dried up, and remained in this condition till October. When the water
returned to the channel insects and rotifers had disappeared, and up till the end of
November neither had again been found. Similar streams in the same district were
searched, but though larvee were found, there were no rotifers upon them.

Philodina humerosa, n.sp. (Plate IV. figs. 4a to 4g.)

Specific characters.—Small, dull grey, strongly plicate on trunk. Ventral trans-
verse folds, fourteen or fifteen. Central sete on discs spring from large conical

AND TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA. 383

prominences. Space between discs equal to half diameter of disc. Rostrum short,
shaped like an acorn, basal joint papillose. At back of oral segment, on each side of
rostrum, a large rounded papillose prommence. Length of antenna equal to diameter
of neck. Neck with rounded prominence at each side of antenna. Foot of three joints,
stippled. Spurs small, tapering, divergent, Dorsal toes tapering; ventral larger, obtuse.
Two teeth on each jaw. Oviparous.

Gencral description.—Greatest length when creeping, ;}5 to 74> Inch. Skin of
trunk dull yellowish-gray, opaque, finely stippled, foot more strongly stippled. The
prominence from which the central seta arises occupies nearly the whole of the upper
surface of the dise. The great papillose bosses on the back of the oral segment are
unique. They are conspicuous when the animal is creeping as well as when feeding.
The skin of the first foot-joint is thickened dorsally, but does not form a boss.

Related species—This species is closely related to Philodina alpium (Callidina
alpium, Ehr.) and P. brycei, (C. brycet, Weber). The three species form a very natural
group. They are semi-loricated. The skin of the trunk is thick. Its anterior edge is
cut into definite forms and bears six knobs or processes. Its ventral surface is crossed
by deep transverse folds, 9 to 15 in number. Though not quite rigid, it alters little in
shape. When the animal is fully retracted the deep longitudinal folds allow the
anterior edge of the trunk to be closed. In P. alpiwm and P. brycet the two anterior
dorsal processes of the trunk form a fork which receives the antenna, as in Anurea and
Brachionus. In all three species the central sete rise from large conical processes.
There are four toes.

Hatits.—Like its relatives P. alpium and P. brycei, it is very slow in its move-
ments. When it has been left undisturbed for a time it feeds with confidence. It
ceases feeding at short intervals, bunt resumes again at the same spot.

Hatitat.—Found in ground moss and Frudlanza growing on stones. Old pier at the
Monastery, Fort-Augustus, 7th February 1904. At several spots near Fort-Augustus.
Not yet seen anywhere else.

TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLI. PART II. (NO. 15). 56

384 MR JAMES MURRAY ON A NEW FAMILY

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The drawings of the complete animals are all made to a uniform scale, with the exception of Microdina,
which is drawn larger. The separate details are drawn of any convenient size. In the descriptions the only
measurement given is the greatest length of the animal. All other measurements obtained are put into the
drawings. Whenever possible the width of the corona, collar, neck, trunk, rump, and foot are measured,
also the length of head, neck, trunk, foot, spurs, and jaws. These sizes, expressed in figures, convey but a
vague impression of the appearance of an animal unless accompanied by a drawing. They are therefore
omitted from the text.

The form of the upper lip is carefully drawn, but is not included in the descriptions, as no common names
for its various parts have yet been agreed upon.

Puate I,

1. Microdina paradoxa, n. sp.

a, dorsal view, example from L. Vennachar, 1902. | _—e, f, antenna in different degrees of extension,
b, lateral view, another L. Vennachar example. | g, foot, showing toes and glands under pressure.
c, ventral view, variety from L. Treig, 1904. | h, toes, dorsal view.

d, deposition of egg. | 7, rostrum, ventral side.

Puate II.
a, head of Callidina papillosa, ventral side. k, l, m, nv, 0, jaws of Microdina, five views of same
b, head of Microdina paradoxa, ,, 3S pair.
c, head of Adineta barbata, AS 3 k, direct ventral.
d, jaws of Philodina bryce. 1, oblique ventral.
e, jaws of Microdina, form with three loops. m, direct dorsal.
f, jaws of Melicerta, n, dorsal, under pressure, rami turned on side.
g, h, 7,7, four varieties of spurs of Mierodina. 0, lateral.
Prate IIT,

2. Callidina angusticollis, n. sp.

2a, animal in case, feeding, dorsal. | 29, spurs.

2b, side of head, feeding. | 2h, side of foot and rump.

2c, jaws. 27, animal in case, in characteristic attitude.
2d, head seen from above. 2), side of rostrum.

2e, section of oral seement at thickenings. 2k, front of rostrum.

27, section of neck.

3. Callidina annulata, n. sp.

3a, animal in Frullania cup, feeding, dorsal. 3d, jaws.

y 5) Do) irl
3h, side of head. 3e, antenna.
3¢, front of rostrum. 37, spurs.

AND TWELVE NEW

4a, dorsal view, feeding.
4b, ventral view, creeping.
4c, back of head.

4d, side of rostrum.

5a, dorsal view, showing stippling.

5b, dorsal view, feeding.
5e, antenna.

6a, dorsal view, creeping, showing papille.
6b, ventral view, creeping, showing internal

structure.

7a, dorsal view, creeping.
7b, ventral view, feeding.
7c, side of rostrum.
7d, section of neck.

8a, dorsal view, creeping
8d, side of rostrum.

8c, front of rostrum.

8d, jaws.

9a, dorsal view, feeding.
9b, front of rostrum.
9c, Jaw.

10a, dorsal view, feeding,
10), ventral view, creeping.
10¢, side of head.

10d, jaw.

SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA.

Puate IV.

4, Philodina humerosa, u. sp.
4e, section of neck.

4f, toes.
4q, Jaws.

5. Callidina pulchra, n. sp.

5e, spurs.

5d, side of foot.
| dof, Jaws.

6. Callidina crenata, n. sp.

6c, section of neck.
6d, jaws.

PuatEe V.

7. Callidina muricata, n. sp.

Te, side of antenna.
Tf, jaws.

7g, side of foot.

7h, spurs and toes.

8. Callidina erucicornis, n. sp.
8e, spurs crossed.

8, side of foot.
8y, spurs and toes.

Prate VI.

9. Callidina inerassata, n. sp.

| 9d, side of antenna.
Ye, spurs and dise.
9f, section of neck.

10. Callidina armata, n. sp.

385

10e, section of head, showing tooth-like processes.
10f, dorsal view of foot, showing fold and glands.

10g, side of foot.
10h, spurs and disc.

386 NEW FAMILY AND SPECIES OF ROTIFERA OF THE ORDER BDELLOIDA.

Puate VII.

ll. Philodina laticeps, 1. sp.

lla, dorsal view, feeding. lle, jaw.

118, front of antenna. 11f, spurs and toes.

llc, side of antenna. llg, back of rostrum,

11d, papilla on disc. 11h, characteristic attitude, with trunk narrowed.

12. Philodina laticornis, n. sp.

12a, dorsal view, swimming. 12¢, side of antenna.

126, dorsal view, creeping, showing viscera,

Trans. Roy: Soc. Edin’ Vol. XLI
Murray: A. New Famity anp TweLveE New Species oF BpELLOIDA—Prare I.

C EH)

i

MICRODINA . PARADOXA, n.sp.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XLL.

Murray: A New Fammy AND TweLve New Species oF BDELLOIDA:

Prate II.

Trans. Roy: Soc. Edin? Vol. XLI.
Murray: A New Famiry AND TweELvE New SprEcIES oF BpELLOIDA—Prare IIL

I~)
<5
ra aan ws eel
/|

(ii

2, CALLIDINA ANGUSTICOLLIS, n sp. 3, CALLIDINA ANNULATA, n-sp.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin’, Vol. XLL

Murray: A New Fairy AND TweLvE New SPECIES oF BDELLOIDA:

Prats ['/

PIIVIVI(Y

Gs

3
COO

- °
x ISN arse

che ConRnon ee

~ (cy tot
a Seenne longa >
(oited

oni a

=
—Coc ceepecrt tan. ES

AS
eercd eek hang

ee Onn Ree

VVIVIIISS gag 29 Yevy-
22099 93 3 S99

M'Farlane & Erskine, Lith, Edin

5, CALLIDINA PULCHRA,1.sp 6, CALLIDINA, CRENATA,n sp.

4 PHILODINA HUMEROSAn sp.

Trans. Roy: Soc. Edin® Vol. XLL
Murray: A New Famiry and TweEtvE New SpPecIES oF BDELLOIDA— Phare V.

bf

M‘Farlane & Erskine, Lith Edic*

7 CALLIDINA MURICATA,n sp. 8, CALLIDINA GRUCICORNIS,n.sp

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin’ Vol. ALL
Murray: A New Famity and TweLvE New SPECIES oF BDELLOIDA——Prare V1

c
t,
‘
rau
Ce
c
c
«

ra eee
fo 6

McFarlane & Erskine Lith. Edin"

9, CALLIDINA INCRASSATA,n.sp 10, CALLIDINA ARMATA,n.sp

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin’ Vol. XLI.
Murray: A New Fammy anp Twetve New SpecIES oF BpELLOIDA—Prare Vil.

MFarlaue &Erskine, Lith. Edm®

1], PHILODINA LATICEPS x sp. 12, PHILODINA LATICORNIS, n. sp.

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* Vol. XXXYV., and those which follow, may be had in Numbers, each Number containing
a complete Paper.

January 1905.—Volumes or parts of volumes not mentioned in the above list are not for the present on sale to the
public, Fellows or others who may specially desire to obtain them must apply direct to the Society. As the Society
reprints from time to time parts of its publications which have become scarce, the absolute correctness of this list
cannot be guaranteed beyond this date.

10.

1K

13.

14,

15.

TRANSACTIONS

‘5 OF THE

ROYAL SOCTETY* OF EDINBURGH:

VOLUME XLI. PART ILI.

. On the Measurement of Stress by Thermal Methods, with an Account of some Experiments on the Influence

of Stress on the Thermal Expansion of Metals. By K. G. Coxer, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Edin.),
F.R.S.E.; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, M‘Gill University, Montreal. (With Two
Plates.) Price: to Public, 2s. 6d.; to Fellows, 2s. (Issued September 2, 1904.)
On the Spectrum of Nova Persei and the Structure of its Bands, as photographed at Glasgow. By
L. Becker, Ph.D., Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow. (With Three Plates.)
Price: to Public, 4s. 6d. ; to Fellows, 3s. 6d. (Issued September 9, 1904.)
The Histology of the Blood of the Larva of Lepidosiren paradoxa. Part I. Structure of the Resting and

Dividing Corpuscles, © By Tuomas H. Bryce, M.A., M.D. (With Five Plates.) Price: to Public,
3s. ; to Fellows, 2s. 3d, (Issued November 19, 1904.)

. The Action of Chloroform upon the Heart and Arteries. By E. A. Scudrer, F.R.S., and H. J.

Scuarures, M.D.,C.M.G. Price: to Public, 2s, 6d. ; to Fellows, 1s. 9d.
(Issued December 14, 1904.)

Continuants resolvable into Linear Factors. By Tomas Murr, LL.D. Price: to Public, 1s. 6d.; to
Fellows, 1s. (Issued January 13, 1905.)
The Igneous Geology of the Baihgate and Linlithgow Hills. By J. D. Faucongr, M.A., D.Se. Price:
to Public, ; to Fellows, : (Issued , 1905.)
On a New Family and Twelve New Species of Rotifera of the Order Bdelloida, collected by the Lake

Survey. By James Murray. Price: to Public, 3s. 6d. ; to Fellows, 2s, 6d.
(Issued March 3, 1905.)

[For Prices of previous Volumes and Parts see page 3 of Cover. |

PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDINBURGH.
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