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HYBU1DITY IN THE GENUS HOMO.

B R 0 C A.

.
SAN DIEGO MUSEUM

ON THE

IN THE

GENUS HOMO.

DR. PAUL BROCA,

SECKETAIRE (;ENEUAL A LA SOCIETE D'ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS, HONORARY FELLOW OF THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

EDITED,

itl) tijc permission of tfjc

BY

C. CARTER BLAKE, F.G.S., F.A.S.L.,

HONORARY SECIIETAUY OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, FOREIGN ASSOCIATE

OF THE SOCIETE D'ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS, MEMBER OF THE COMIT^

D'ARCHEOLOOIE AMERICAINF. DE FRANCE, ETC., ETC.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED FOB THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY

LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, & ROBERTS,
PATEENOSTEE EOAV.

1864.

T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STT.KF.T.

RICHARD OWEN, ESQ.,

F.R.S., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., P.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.

FOREIGN ASSOCIATE OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS, AND HONORARY
FELLOW OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

AEE DEDICATED THESE PAGES,

$ n

OP THE RESPECT AND FRIENDSHIP OP
HIS PUPIL,

C. CARTER BLAKE.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

THE Publishing Committee of the ANTHROPOLOGICAL
SOCIETY have done me the honour to confide to me the
task of editing Dr. Broca's valuable little volume. This
duty I have now fulfilled, and hope that the members of
the Society and the general public will experience the
same pleasure in reading the translation, as I received
when first I perused the original.

The causes which led the committee to suggest the
publication of the present translation are lucidly ex-
pressed by the motto which Dr. Broca placed on his title-
page. The public mind is so little acquainted with the
real facts relating to the hybridity of the Eaces of Man,
that its investigation, " non ex vulgi opinions, sed ex
sano judicio," is necessary to the efficient progress of our
science. Such an appeal, however, necessitates that the
whole subject should be again reviewed, and to attain
this object the perusal of a work on similar principles to
that of Dr. Broca becomes the primary requisite for future
researches. It may be said, that no work which so com-
pletely investigates the whole subject of Human Hybridity
has ever been published, and the Council having con-
firmed the recommendation of the Publishing Committee,

A

Vlll PREFACE.

I have endeavoured to perform my allotted task with as
much prospect of success as could be anticipated amidst
the pressure of numerous and laborious avocations un-
connected with the Society.

The necessity for the publication of this work in Eng-
land may be conceived, when we reflect on the laxly
defined ideas which form an integral part of the intellec-
tual heritage of even educated Englishmen, with regard
to the problems of anthropology. We have been so often
told, that all races of men have been demonstrably proved
to be fertile inter se, that many have conceived that the
laws regulating this presumed fertility are ascertained
and fixed, beyond the reach of disproof, or even of doubt.
The Author and Editor of the following pages are, how-
ever, of a different opinion ; and are content to wait for
the accumulation of future facts.

To obviate any misconstruction which may be placed
on my meaning on this topic, I shall quote the words of
the great Dutch philosopher :—

" I invite not the vulgar, therefore, nor those whose minds, like
theirs, are full of prejudices, to the perusal of this book. I would
much rather that they should entirely neglect it, than that they
should misconstrue its purpose and contents after the fashion usual
with them."

I should have felt more gratification if the task of in-
terpreting the thoughts of the great French master of
our science had fallen into worthier hands than my
own. The habitual methods of thought of Dr. PAUL
RROCA are so exact, his style so terse, his knowledge
of the literature of Anthropology so vast, and his power

PREFACE. IX

of application and concentration of ideas so powerful,
that a just preference might have selected another Editor.
It has scarcely been necessary for me to add a single
foot-note to the lucid exposition of the Secretary of our
parent Society.

It is my pleasurable duty to thank my friend Dr.
James Hunt, the President of our Society, for the kind-
ness by which he placed in my hands the editorship of
this volume, and for many most valuable suggestions
regarding it. To my colleague Mr. J. Frederick Colling-
wood, for whose friendly assistance in the performance
of the secretarial duties I am indebted for the leisure
which has enabled me to edit this work, my thanks are
also due.

To the Council and to the Society I now commit
this little tract, an earnest of the more important works
which will be hereafter published during the year 1864,
in the hope that it may ultimately advance the best in-
terests of the science all sincere anthropologists must

desire to aid.

C. C. B.

4, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE,

March, 1864.

GLOSSARIAL NOTE.

The significations of the following words, habitually used by Dr.
Broca, are appended : —

AGENESIC. Mongrels of the first generation, entirely unfertile,
either between each other, or with the two parent species, and
consequently being unable to produce either direct descendants
or mongrels of the second generation.

DYSGENESIC. Mongrels of the first generation, nearly altogether
sterile.

a. Unfertile with each other, therefore with no direct de-
scendants.

b. They sometimes, but rarely and with difficulty, breed with
one or the other parent species. The mongrels of the
second generation, produced by this interbreeding, are
infertile.

PARAGENESIC. Mongrels of the first generation having a partial
fecundity.

a. They are hardly fertile or infertile inter se, and when they
produce direct descendants, these have merely a decreasing
fertility, tending to necessary extinction at the end of some
generations.

1). They breed easily with one at least of the two parent
species. The mongrels of the second generation, issued
from this second breeding, are themselves and their de-
sendants fertile inter se, and with the mongrels of the
first generation, with the nearest allied pure species, and
with the intermediate mongrels arising from these various
crossings.
EUGENESIC. Mongrels of the first generation entirely fertile.

a. They are fertile inter se, and their direct descendants are
equally so.

&. They breed easily and indiscriminately with the two
parent species ; the mongrels of the second generation, in
their turn are, themselves and their descendants, inde-
finitely fertile, both inter se or with the mongrels of all
kinds which result from the mixture of the two parent
species.

CONTENTS.

DEDICATION . . . . . v

EDITOR'S PREFACE . . . . . vii

Glossarial Note . . . . . x

SECTION I.

General remarks on the interbreeding of human races . 1

Pretended examples of hybrid races (note on the Griquas of

Southern Africa) . . . . .3

Significations of the words race and type . . .12

SECTION II.

On Eugenesic Hybridity in the Genus Homo . .10

SECTION III.

Examples tending to prove that the interbreeding of certain

human races is not Eugenesic . . . 25

Remarks on the interpretation of human hybridity . .26
Relative infecundity of the interbreeds between the White and

Negro . . . . . .28

Relative sterility of some Mulattoes in the first generation . 30

Moral or physical inferiority of some Mulattoes . . ib.

XIV CONTENTS.

Malay and mixed breeds . . . .40
Relative sterility of the interbreeds between the Europeans

and the Australians or Tasmanians . . .45

Observations of Count Strzelecki ; discussion . . -55

Conclusions on human hybridity . . .60

SECTION IV.

Recapitulation and Conclusion . . . Gl

ON

THE PHENOMENA OF HYBRIDITY IN THE HUMAN

SPECIES.

SECTION I.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON CROSSING IN HUMAN RACES.

THAT very ingenious writer, M. A. de Gobineau,1 whoso
efforts have been directed towards bringing the light of modern
ethnology to bear upon the political and social history of na-
tions, but who, in this very difficult and almost entirely new
inquiry, has more than once indulged in paradoxical generalisa-
tions, has thought proper to affirm, in his Essay on the Ine-
quality of Human Races (1855), that the crossing of races con-
stantly produces disastrous effects, and that, sooner or later, a
physical and moral degeneration is the inevitable result thereof.
It is, therefore, chiefly to this cause that he attributes the decline
of the Roman Republic and the downfall of liberty, which was
soon followed by the decline of civilisation. I am very far from
sharing his opinion, and, were this the proper place, I might
show that the social corruption and the intellectual degradation
which prepared the ruin of the Roman power was due to quite
different causes. M. Gobineau's proposition appears to me
by far too general ; and I am still more opposed to the opinion
of those who advance that every mixed race separated from the

1 Gobineau, Inefjalite des Races Humaincs, 8vo, Paris, 1855 ; [also translated
into English, On the Inequality of Human Races, and edited by Henry Hotze,
Svo. EDITOR.]

B

2 HYBKIDITY IN THE HUMAN SPECIES.

parent stocks is incapable of perpetuation.1 It has even been
asserted that the United States of America, where the Anglo-
Saxon race is still predominant, but which is overrun by immi-
grants of various other races, is, by that very circumstance,
threatened with decay, inasmuch as this continuous immigra-
tion may have the effect of producing a hybrid race containing
the germ of future sterility. Do we not know that, on the
faith of this prognostication, a certain party has proposed the
restriction of foreign immigration, and even in England there
have been serious men who have predicted, from ethnological
causes, the overthrow of the United States, just as Ezekiel pre-
dicted the ruin of Alexandria.

When we see the prosperity and the power of the new con-
tinent grow with such unexampled rapidity, we can certainly
put no faith in such a prediction. Still there must have been
a certain number of fundamental facts, which led even mono-
genists to deny the viability of all crossed races. They must
have sought in vain among the nations of the earth for a race
manifestly hybrid, with well-defined characters, intermediate
between two known races, perpetuating itself without the con-
currence of the parent races.

" When the facts quoted above," says M. Georges Pouchct,
" are not sufficient to prove that a mongrel breed cannot be en-
gendered, can we anywhere find one ? Do we find a people
conserving a medium type between two other types ? We see
them nowhere just as little as we see a race of mules. The fact
is, that such a race, such a type can only have an ephemeral
subjective existence.2

The question, where do we find hybrid races subsisting by
themselves, has been asked before M. Pouchet. Dr. Prichard,

1 " The sole action of the laws of Hybridity," says Nott, "might extermi-
nate the whole human species if all the various types of human beings ac-
tually existing on the earth were completely to amalgamate." Types of
Mankind, p. 407, eighth edit., Philadelphia, 1857. Dr. Eobert Knox is no't
less explicit. " I do not believe that any Mulatto race can be maintained be-
yond the third or fourth generation by Mulattos merely ; they must inter-
marry with the pure races or perish." Robert Knox, The Races of Men,
London, 1850.

- Georges Pouchct, De la Phiralitc dcs Races Hitmaines, p. 110, Paris, 1N5S.
[A translation of this work will shortly be published by the Anthropological
Society of London, edited by T. Bendyshc, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L. EDITOR. ]

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 3

in replying to it, could only find three instances: — 1. The
Griquas, the progeny of the Hottentots and the Dutch. 2. The
Cafusos of the forests of Varama (Brazil), a race described by
Spix and Martius, and, according to them, the offspring of in-
digenous Americans and African Negroes. 3. The mop-
headed Papuans inhabiting the island of Waigiou and the sur-
rounding islands and the northern part of New Guinea, and
who, according to MM. Quoy and Gaimard, are a hybrid race,
the issue of a union of Malays and the Papuans proper.1

These three examples have been objected to, and are indeed
liable to objections.2 We know next to nothing about the Ca-
fusos, and no one can positively assert that they have remained
unmixed with the indigenous race ; but we know for certain
that the Griquas have risen since the commencement of this
century around a Protestant mission, by the fusion of some
Dutch-Hottentot bastaard families with a large number of the
Hottentot race, the Bosjesmen, and the Kaffir race. This ex-
ample then proves, by no means, that a mixed race can per-
petuate itself separately.3

1 Prichard, Natural History of Man.

2 Davis and Thurnam, Crania Britannica, p. 7, No. 4, London, 1856.

3 See the voyages of Truter and Somerville (1801), Liechtenstein (1805),
Campbell (1813), John Philips (1825), Thompson (1824), etc., in the Collection
of Voyages by Walkenaer, t. xv-xxi, Paris, 1842. In 1801 Truter and Somer-
ville found near the Orange or Gariep river, in the district where now Griqua
town stands, a horde of Bastaards and Bosjesmen, commanded by a Bastaard
of the name of Kok (t. xvii, p. 364). On their return they found a consider-
able village, composed of Kaffirs, Hottentots, and mongrel breeds of several
varieties, under the command of a chief named Kok (p. 393). In the same
year Kitchener, the missionary, assembled the horde in a village. There
came pure Hottentots and Namaquas (t. xviii, p. 126). In 1802 Anderson,
the missionary, in organising the growing nation, gave authority to the Bas-
taards (p. 127). The village of Laawater or Klaarwater, which has since
become Griqua-town, consisted in 1805, when Lichtenstein visited it, of
about thirty families, one-half of which belonged to the Bastaard race, the
rest were Namaquas or Hottentots. The village enlarged rapidly " by the
arrival of refugees, and by marriages with the women of the Bosjesmen and
the Koramas, who lived in the vicinity" (t. xix, p. 355). They practised
polygamy. " They constituted a horde of nomadic naked savages, living by
pillage and the chase ; their bodies were besmeared with red paint, the hair
covered with grease, living in ignorance, without any trace of civilisation"
(p. 356). After the lapse of five years the missionaries commenced civilising
them by giving them the taste for agricultural pursuits. The name, how-
ever, of Bastaards, which indicated their European origin, was no longer
suitable to this nation, in which the African blood was greatly predominating.
They took, therefore, the name of Griquas. Campbell asserts that they chose
that name, as it was that of the principal family (t. xviii, p. 395). This ex-
planation appears to me very doubtful. Ten Khync, who explored Southern

B 2

4 HYBRIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

With regard to the mop-headed Papuans, they live in a re-
gion the ethnography of which is scarcely known. MM. Quoy
and Graimard are of opinion that they are the issue of a mixture
between the Malays and indigenous Negroes (sic) ; but they

Africa in 1673, twenty years after the first disembarkation of Europeans,
already mentions the existence of a Hottentot people who went by the name
of Gregoriquos (t. xv, p. 122). Thirty years after (1705) Kolbe designates the
same people Gauriquas (t. xv, p. 253). There existed at that time another
people, called Chirigriquas. In 1775 Thunberg still speaks of Gauriquas
(t. xvi, p. 201), and of Chirigriquas. All these names have evidently the
same root, and the singularity of Hottentot enunciation induced probably
the various travellers to adopt a different orthography. It is thus presuma-
ble that the Hottentots of Klaarwater, in calling themselves Gi-iquas, merely
adopted the old name Gauriquas. There exists to this day the people Kora-
quas, signifying "people who wear shoes" (Burchell, t. xx, p. 60), They live
in the neighbourhood of Klaarwater. Be this as it may, the new people of
the Griquas gave to Klaarwater, influenced by the English missionaries, the
name of Griqua-town. This town, called by Malte-Brun Kriqua, grew
rapidly by the adjunction of the Koranas. In 1813 there were not less than
1,341 Koranas in a population of 2,607 inhabitants (t. xviii, p. 393). In 1814
the governor of the Cape tried to force the Griquas to furnish men for the
indigenous army. The proposal was very badly received, and the nation was
nearly in a state of dissolution. A portion of the inhabitants of Griqua-town
escaped to the surrounding mountains, and formed bands of robbers, who,
under the name of Bergmaars, devastated the country, and, associating with
bands of Koranas, pillaged and massacred the Betchouanas and the Bosjes-
men, and carried off their women and children. In 1825, owing to the inter-
vention of John Philips, the Bergmaars were reduced to order, and returned
to Griqua-town. They had now crossed with the Koranas, the Betchouanas,
and Bosjesmen (t. xviii, p. 357). Some time previously a grave dissension had
broken out among the settled Griquas. The governor of the Cape had sent an
a^ent, John Melvil, with an important charge to a certain Waterboer, a Bos-
jcsman by origin. The supremacy had hitherto belonged to the family Kok,
'who, proud of the drops of European blood in their veins, would not recognise
the authority of Waterboer, and emigrated accordingly, Waterboer was,
however, not dismissed ; and in 1825 John Philips found the Griquas divided
in three kraals, under the chiefs Kok, Berend, and Waterboer (t. xix, p. 370) .
If Dr. Prichard had taken the trouble to consult these documents he would
have recognised that the Griquas had, by so many consecutive crossings, be-
come almost a pure African race. Modern geographers range therefore the
Griquas among the Hottentots, calling them Hottentot-Griquas. It is also
noteworthy that Prichard, in citing the Griquas as an example of a mixed
race, has given no description of them . In order that the example should be
of any value, it is requisite that the Griquas should present an intermediate
type between the Europeans and the natives. Neither Dr. Prichard nor any
travellers say so. There is another consideration. The origin of the Griqua
nation dates from the beginning of the nineteenth century. Dr. Prichard
last speaks of them in 1843. Two generations had not yet elapsed. There
is another point. In 1800 the tribe of Kok was a horde but little numerous ;
in 1824 it was a people of five thousand souls, including seven hundred armed
warriors (Thompson, loc. cit., t. xxi, p. 22). It is clear that this people were
not descended from the primitive tribe, but had increased by numerous ad-
junctions. Father Peteam himself, if he were still alive, would be obliged to
"admit this. I have been very minute as to the Griquas, but I flatter myself
that this is suflicient to discard from science the assertion of Prichai-d, which
all modern monogenists have received with so much favour.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 5

only advanced this opinion as an hypothesis : " They appeared
to us to hold a medium place between those people (Malays) and
the Negroes in regard to character, physiognomy, and the nature
of their hair."1 This is all those authors say; but Mr. Lesson
instead of quoting this as a mere hypothesis, says, " These
people have been perfectly described by MM. Quoy and Gaimard,
who were the first to demonstrate that they constitute a hybrid
race, and are, unquestionably, the issue of Papuans (properly
so called) and Malays located in those parts, and which form
the mass of the population." Mr. de Bienzi, on the other
hand, has described two varieties of Papuan hybrids : one
variety the issue of a crossing between the Papuans and the
Malays, — the Papou-Malays ; the second variety, the issue
of an intermixture between the Papuans and the Alforian-
Endamenes — the Pou-Endamenes.2 There is already a com-
plication here. Now comes Mr. Maury, who maintains that
the race issued from the Papuans and Malays is the Alforian
race.3 What are we to conclude from these contradictions ?
M. Quoy and Gaimard had a certain impression, M. Eienzi
entertained a somewhat different impression, to which the
authorities cited by Mr. Maury are altogether opposed. All
is then, as yet, an hypothesis, and the question is as yet
doubtful. In this uncertainty it might well be asked whether
the Malays, the Alfourous, the mop-headed Papuans, and the
Papuans properly so called might not be as many pure races.
It is not merely in the region of the mop-headed Papuans that
the other three races are to be met with. The Malays, an in-
vading people par excellence, have, like the English, established
themselves on all the coasts accessible to their vessels, and if
the mop-headed race occupies only a very confined district, and
is perfectly unknown elsewhere where the same elements are
present, we are permitted to conclude that it is not the result
of an intermixture. Moreover, Dr. Latham, the most zealous
of Dr. Prichard's pupils, informs us that Mr. Earle has seen

1 Quoy et Gaimard, Observat. sur la constitution physique des Papous, repro-
duit dans Lesson. Complement des (Euvres de Buffon, t. in., Paris, 1820.

2 Domeny de Eienzi, I'Oceanie, t. iii, p. 303. Paris, 1837.

3 Maury, La tcrre et I'/tomme, p. 365. Paris, 1847.

6 HYBRIDITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES.

and described " the real and undoubted hybrids" of the Papuans
and Malays, and that these are altogether different from the
mop-headed Papuans.1

It will be perceived that the example of the Papuans is a
worse selection than that of the Griquas, since it is very pro-
bable that these mop-headed men, the type of which was so per-
fectly described by Dampier two centuries ago, having been
since preserved without alteration, are a pure race. Granting
even that it is demonstrated that they belong to a hybrid race,
they can scarcely be cited as a mixed race persisting by them-
selves, since, so far from living secluded from the two races
from which they are said to be the issue, they live with them in
the same localities. MM. Quoy and Gaimard, in their descrip-
tion of these pretended mongrels, add that there were Negroes
among them (by which name they designate the Papuans proper)
which formed a part of the tribe which visited us daily. There
were even among them two individuals of a higher complexion,
which, rightly or wrongly, were considered to be descended
from Europeans or Chinese. It was thus a very mixed people.
Mr. Lesson, speaking of the population of the small island of
Waigiou,2 says that two races are found there, the Malays and
the Alfourous, besides the hybrid races of the Papuans : ' ' These
are men without vigour or moral energy, subjected to the
authority of the Malay rajahs, and frequently reduced to
slavery by the surrounding islanders."3 But it is well known
what is the consequence of slavery, especially under an equa-
torial climate, and among a people given to incontinency. It
is, then, simply impossible that the mop-headed race of the
Isle of Waigiou should remain free from intermixture with the

1 Latham, The Natural History of the Varieties of Man, p. 213. London, 1850.
Dr. Latham designates the Malays by the somewhat fantastic name of Pro-
tonesians. There are a great number of neologisms of this kind in his work.

2 Some geographers say that Waigiou is a large island ; but they give no
dimensions. It is, however, scarcely as large as the Island of Majorca. It is
of an irregular form, long and narrow ; it is about 80 leagues in circumference
(Dumont d'Urville in Kienzi, I' Oceanic). It is only 25 leagues long and 10
leagues broad, says llenricy (Histoire dc V Oceanic. Paris, 1845.) The Island
of Majorca is only 22 leagues in length by 10 leagues in breadth. Three
races united in such a small territory, cannot long remain strangers to each
other.

3 Lesson, loc. cit. t. ii. p. 19.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 7

Alfourous and the Malays, and if this race bo really hybrid, it
is not easy to see how Prichard and his adherents are authorised
to assert that they persist by themselves.

The three examples adduced by Prichard having thus
proved without any absolute value, a diametrically opposite
doctrine has been advanced. It has been said that since this
author was obliged to go so far for such indifferent examples,
it amounts to a proof that he could not find any others,1 and
the conclusion was arrived at that a mixed race neither has
nor could have a permanent existence.

This novel assertion is perfectly erroneous, and if it found
adherents, it is simply because the question has been badly
put ; because the word race has not received a precise signifi-
cation, and consequently, a very confused acceptation has been
given to the term.

Among the various characters which distinguish the numer-
ous varieties of the genus homo, some are more or less import-
ant, and more or less evident. To distinguish two races, a
single character, however slight, is sufficient, provided it be
hereditary and sufficiently fixed. If, for instance, two peoples
differed merely from each other by the colour of the hair and
the beard, though they may resemble each other in every other
respect, by the simple fact that the one has black, whilst the
•other has fair hair, it may be asserted that they are not of the
same race. This is the popular and the true meaning of the
term race, which, however, does not necessarily implicate the
idea either of identity or diversity of origin. Thus all ethno-
logists and historians, all the monogenists, and polygenistic
authors say that the Irish proper are not of the same race as
the English. The Germans, the Celts, the Basques, the
Sclaves, the Jews, Arabs, Kabyles, etc., etc., are considered
more or less separate races, more or less easy to be characterised,
and more or less distinguished by their manners, tongues,
history and origin. There are thus a large number of human
races ; but if, instead of considering all the characters, we con-
fine ourselves to take into consideration but a few of the more

1 Davis, Crania Britannica. Introduction, p. 8, note.

8 HYBRIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

important, or if, after having by an analytical process, first
studied the various races separately, we now subject them to a
synthetic process, we soon recognise that there exists among
them numerous affinities, which enable us to dispose them in
a certain number of natural groups.

The ensemble of the characters common to each group, con-
stitute the type of that group. Thus, all the races we have
just enumerated, and many others, have the skin white, regu-
lar features, soft hair, oval face, vertical jaws, and elliptical
cranium, etc. These points of resemblance give them in
some sort a family likeness, by which they are recognised at
once, and which has caused them to be designated by the
collective name of Caucasian races. The hyperborean races,
and those of Eastern Asia, constitute the family of Mongolian
races ; the group of Ethiopian races equally comprises a large
number of black races with woolly hair, and a prognathous
head. The American and the Malayo-Polynesian races form
the two last groups.

It must not be believed that all human races can with equal
facility be ranged in either of these divisions ; nor must we
believe that the characteristic traits of one group are equally
marked in all the dependent races ; nor even that they are
found combined in any of these races ; nor, finally, that in the
centre of each group we find a typical race in which all the
characters have their maximum of development. This might
be the case if all known races had descended from five primi-
tive stocks, as admitted by several polygenists, or if, as many
monogenists think, humanity, one in the beginning, had soon
afterwards been divided into five principal trunks, from which
issued, as so many accessory branches, the numerous sub-
divisions which constitute the secondary races. But there is
no race which can pretend to personify within itself the type to
which it belongs. This type is fictitious ; the description is an
ideal one, like the forms of the Apollo de Belvedere. Human
types, like all other types, are merely abstractions, and in pro-
portion as we attach more importance to this or that character,
we obtain a more or less considerable number of types. Thus,
Blumenbach had five, Cuvier only three, and Berard describes

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 9

fifteen types. This is also proved by the fact, that whilst many
races attach themselves directly and evidently to a fixed typo,
there are others belonging to two very dissimilar types. Thus
the Abyssinians are Caucasian in form and Ethiopian by colour.
The description of the principal types is thus merely a methodi-
cal process, fit to facilitate, by the formation of a certain number
of groups, the comparison of human races, and to simplify the
partial description of each. This division has, moreover, the
advantage of establishing for the greater part of the races,
their degree of relative affinity or divergence. It even accords
to a certain point with their primitive repartition upon the
surface of the globe, which has permitted, without doing any
violence to the facts, to distinguish the types by denominations
borrowed from geography.1

There is in the human mind a tendency to personify abstrac-
tions. These ideal types have usurped a place in the domain
of facts, so that a real existence has been given to them. The
monogenists had, strictly speaking, a right to do so without
any violence to their principles; but the polygenists, who
have followed their example, have sinned against logic. The
former attribute all varieties of the human species to the nu-
merous modifications of five principal races, issued themselves
from one common stock, and the same influences which, accord-
ing to them, have in the origin produced fundamental races, have
afterwards by an analogous process produced the secondary races.
All this is sufficiently clear ; and such stood the question when

1 These geographical denominations are certainly not irreproachable ; they
have even the inconvenience of giving rise to the false idea, that all races of
the same type originated in the same region ; that all the Whites came from
the Caucasus, all the Mongolians from Mongolia, the Blacks from Nigritia,
even the Van-Diemen islanders. I have, however, thought proper to retain
these denominations, as they are generally in use, and have no zoological
signification. Such is not the case with the denominations adopted by certain
authors derived from the colour of the skin. Thus the Caucasians were
termed the white, the Mongolians the yellow, the Ethiopian the black, the
Malayo-Polynesian the brown, and finally, the American the red race. It
has been shown that the American type alone includes red, brown, black,
white and yellow races. There are brown races in the American, and even in
the Caucasian type. All the black races do not belong to the Ethiopian type ;
and finally, the Malayo-Polynesian type comprises races of colours as various
as those belonging to the American type. A classification founded on dif-
ferences of colour would lead to numerous and serious en-ore.

10 HYBBIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

the polygenists appeared in the arena. Their first efforts were
directed to attack the doctrine in its essential foundations, and
to demonstrate that by no natural causation could Whites be
transformed into Negroes, or Negroes into Mongolians ; they
therefore proclaimed the multiplicity of human origin and the
plurality of species. Be it that they have shrunk from the
idea of causing too great a revolution in science, or that they
thought that it would conduce sooner to the triumph of their
doctrine, they retained as far as possible the number of spe-
cies, and confined themselves to assume a primitive stock for
each of the five races described by the Unitarians. I do not
assert that all polygenists followed this course, as some pro-
ceeded in a more independent manner. Bory de Saint-Vincent,
Desmoulins, P. Berard, Morton, had the courage to break en-
tirely with the past, and to remodel the classical divisions.
They found, however, but few imitators ; and many polygenists
are to this day content to assign a distinct origin to each of the
five principal trunks, which constitute for the monogenists the
five fundamental races, but which are to us only natural groups
formed by the union of races or species of the same type.
They continue also very often to use the term race to designate
the ensemble of all individuals of each group, adopting thus by
a sort of transaction the language of those whose system they
reject; and thus they speak of the white or Caucasian race,
the yellow or Mongolian race, the black or Ethiopian race, etc.,
as if all these individuals of a Caucasian type resembled each
other to constitute one race ; as if, for instance, the brown Celts
and the fair-haired Germans had descended from the same
primitive stock. This contradiction has given a handle to the
monogenists ; for if climate and mode of life may cause a Ger-
man to become a Celt, there is no reason why, under certain in-
fluences, a Celt might not become a Berber, a Berber aFoulah,
a Foulah a Negro, and a Negro an Australian.

I easily comprehend how careful we ought to be to employ in
Anthropology the term species. It can scarcely be used with
certainty until science has clearly circumscribed the limits of
each species of men. This moment is not come yet, and may,
perhaps, never arrive, for, in the midst of constant changes

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 11

produced by crossing, migrations, and conquests, and with the
certainty that several races, or a great number of them, have
disappeared within historical time,1 it seems impossible to ap-
preciate the degree of purity of certain races, to discover their
origin, to know whether they are autochthonic or exotic,
whether they belonged originally to this or that Fauna, and
re-establish the Ethnology of our planet as it was in the be-
ginning. To fix the number of primitive species of men, or
even the number of actual species, is an insoluble problem to
us, and probably to our successors. The attempts of Desmou-
lins et jBory de Saint Vincent have only produced imperfect
sketches, which have led to contradictory classifications, where
the number of arbitrary divisions is nearly equal to more
natural divisions.

The term species has, in classical language, an absolute
sense, implying both the idea of a special conformation and
special origin, and if some races — the Australians, for instance
— unite these conditions in a sufficient degree, to constitute a
clearly marked species, many other pure or mixed races escape,
in this respect, a rigorous appreciation. It is for these reasons
that many polygenists, after having proclaimed the multiplicity
of the origins of humanity, and having recognised the impossi-
bility of determining the number and the characters of the
primitive stocks, have justly avoided methodically to divide the
human genus into species. Many among them, however, who
thought that they were, nevertheless, bound to establish divi-

1 It is undoubted that several American races have been destroyed within
300 years ; others having been reduced to a few families, will soon disappear.
The Charruas were exterminated in 1831 by the Spaniards of South America:
root and branch, as Dr. Latham says. In 1835, four years later, the English
of Van Diemen's Land, after a horrible massacre, transported 210 Tasmanians,
men, women, and children, to a small island (Flinders), in Bass' Straits. In 1842,
after seven years of exile, the number of these unfortunates amounted to 54 !
This was all that remained of a race which, 40 years previously, occupied the
whole of Van Diemen's Land, as large as Ireland, and we may soon learn that
none of them are in existence. The Malays have entirely destroyed the
black races who preceded them in certain isles of the great Indian Archipelago.
The Guanches now only exist in a mummified state. The black and progna-
thous race which occupied the isles of Japan before the arrival of the Mon-
golians, have left no other traces behind than their crania imbedded in the
soil ; and it is easy to foresee that within one or two centuries all the black
races will have disappeared from these parts, and have been succeeded by
Malayans and Europeans.

12 HYBEIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

sions, have committed the error to accept the basis of the clas-
sification of the monogenists, and, like them, to establish
five chief human families, and, like them, to admit that the
individuals of each family are issued from a common trunk,
with this difference, that, whilst the monogenists assume that
the five primary trunks have proceeded from the same stock,
and have the same roots, the pentagenists (if we may use this
term) assume five distinct and independent stocks. Logically
speaking, it would have been requisite to term the five funda-
mental races of the monogenists species, but it is easy to per-
ceive that, for many reasons, the term species cannot be em-
ployed here in an absolute sense. The pentagenists have felt
this, and, for want of a better term, use the word race, which
has thus been diverted from its real acceptation.

The word race has thus, in the language of authors, two very
different significations ; one is particular and exact, the other
general and misleading. Taken in the first sense, it designates
individuals sufficiently resembling each other, that we may,
without prejudging their origin, and without deciding whether
they are the issues of one or several primitive couples, admit,
if necessary, as theoretically possible, that they have descended
from common parents. Such are, for instance, among the
white races, the Arabs, the Basques, the Celts, the Kimris, the
Germans, the Berbers, etc. ; and among the black races, the
Ethiopian Negroes, the Caffres, the Tasmanians, Australians,
Papuans, etc.

In the second, that is to say, in a general sense, the term
race designates the ensemble of all such individuals who have a
certain number of characters in common, and who, though dif-
fering in other characters, and divided, perhaps, in an indefinite
number of natural groups or races, have to each other a
greater morphological affinity than they have with the rest of
mankind.

Every confusion in words exposes us to errors in the inter-
pretation of facts, and this rather long digression in relation to
the origin of a denomination, borrowed by certain polygeiiists
from the language of monogenists, enables us to understand the
denial of the existence of mixed races, and why Prichard could

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 13

only oppose to this idea the doubtful and fictitious examples of
the Cafusos, the Griquas, and the mop-headed Papuans.

If, indeed, it were true that there are only five races of men
on the globe, and if it were capable of demonstration that either
of them, in mixing with another, produced eugenesic Mulattos
capable of constituting a mixed race enduring by itself, without
the ulterior concurrence of the parent races, the embarrassment
would not yet be at an end. After having succeeded to establish
such a demonstration for two of the chief races, it would by no
means necessarily result that the intercrossings of the nine other
combinations are eugenesic like the first. We should then be
obliged to prove (what is evidently impracticable), by ten suc-
cessive examples, that the ten possible intercrossings between
the five fundamental races are all equally and completely pro-
lific. The difficulty is such, that Dr. Prichard, after much re-
search, could only find the three instances already cited and
refuted. These facts having proved inconclusive, and other
facts which we shall mention presently having induced the
theory that certain intermixtures are imperfectly prolific, the
pentagenists were led to the opinion that the possibility of a
definitive intermixture of races is by no means established, and
that, on the contrary, this possibility may be denied.

The pentagenists occupied themselves at first chiefly with the
intermixture of the five chief races ; but even from this point of
view, and taking the term race in a general sense, their nega-
tion, though, it must be admitted, far from being justifiable, is
still founded upon a more solid basis, and less removed from the
truth than the opposed affirmation. Hence it was considered
valuable ad interim. But the principle of non-intermixture of
races being once promulgated, the confusion of terms soon be-
came apparent. The negation which was at first applied merely
to the artificial groups formed by the re-union of races of the
same type was applied to natural races, and thus arose that
frightful proposition, that no mixed races can subsist in hu-
manity.

It is noteworthy how this excessive and exclusive theory dif-
fers from the first, which it has displaced. There is such a gap
between the starting point and the conclusion, that it could

14 HYBEIDITY OF THE HUMAK SPECIES.

never have been cleared had not the ambiguous term race con-
cealed the distance. The fact is established that affinities of
organisation may exercise some influence on the results of
crossing. In studying the phenomena of hybridity in quad-
rupeds and birds, we have already stated that homceogenesis,
without being always proportionate to the degree of the prox-
imity of species, decreases ordinarily in comparison with more
removed animals, and that probability induces us to expect
similar phenomena in the intermixture of human beings. But
what have been the bases of the monogenists and of the pen-
tagenists in forming the five ethnological groups, which consti-
tute the five fundamental races ? Why have all Caucasian races
been united by them in one family, and called by them the ivhitc
or the Caucasian race ? It has been already stated because the
races with a skin more or less white possess between themselves
a greater affinity than with any of the other races. In other
terms, the zoological distance is less between Celts, Germans,
Kimris, etc., compared with that existing between them and the
Negroes, Caffres, Lapps, Australians, Malays, etc.

Supposing now that it has been demonstrated — which it has
not — that the races of any group can never engender a durable
and permanent line by an intermixture with any of the others,
can we infer from this that the races of the same group arc
equally incapable of producing by their intermixture mongrels
indefinitely prolific ? Just as little as the sterility of the union
between the dog and the fox would enable us to infer the
sterility between the wolf and the dog ; these conclusions would
be as little physiological as the former. Such as deny the
fecundity of the reciprocal crossbreeds of the five chief primary
races might err in some points, and be right as to others. But
those who extend this by far too general negation in applying
it to the intermixture of secondary races of the same group
commit a more serious error. They have reasoned like the
monogenists, who knowing from experience that certain human
races may become mixed without limitation, have affirmed that
all the races, without exception, are in a similar condition.
There obtains thus a strange contradiction in these two schools ;
the one maintains resolutely that all races may intermix, and

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 15

that their offspring and their descendants will be as prolific
as if they were of a pure race, whilst the second as firmly sus-
tains that no mixed race can have any other but an ephemeral
existence.

Between these opposite assertions we may well ask where
lies the truth ? Facts must answer the question. We shall
endeavour to examine a few. Some of the facts are in favour
of the monogenists, others support the opinion of their adver-
saries, from which we shall be enabled to infer that in the genus
homo, as in the genera of their mammalia, there are different
degrees of homosogenesis, according to the races or species ;
that the cross-breeds of certain races are perfectly eugenesic ;
that others occupy a less elevated position in the series of hy-
bridity ; and finally, that there are human races the homoeo-
genesis of which is still so obscui'e, that the results even of the
first intermixture are still doubtful.

16

SECTION II.

OF EUGENESIC HYBRIDITY IN MANKIND.

IP the opinion I wish to combat were not supported by authors
of acknowledged talent, it might, perhaps, be superfluous to
demonstrate that there exists in the human species eugenesic
hybrids. Most of the readers of these pages must reconcile
themselves to this qualification, for assuredly men of a pure
race are very rare in the country they inhabit. Nothing is, in
fact, more clear than that many modern nations, to commence
with the French, have been formed by the intermixture of two
or more races. My excellent teacher, Gerdy,1 has devoted a
long chapter, in his Physiology, to this subject, and has, after
great research, arrived at the conclusion that all, or nearly all,
actual races have been crossed more than once, and that the
primitive types of mankind, altered and modified by so many
crossings, are no longer represented upon the earth. There is
here much exaggeration : for there are races who, by a peculiar
geographical situation, and the prejudices of caste or religion,
have remained in a state of purity ; and on the other hand, as
M. P. Berard2 remarks, it is not sufficient for the production
of a mongrel race, that two groups of different races should
become allied and fused. If in either of the groups there
exists too great a numerical inequality, the mongrels resume,
after the lapse of a few generations, nearly all the traits of the
more numerous race, and are fused in it. It is for this reason
that, despite of numerous crossings, many races have preserved
all their characters from remote antiquity. I have already had
occasion to observe that the Fellahs of present Egypt are
exactly like the figures represented upon the Pharaonic epoch.3
No country has, however, been so frequently conquered as
Egypt, which from Cambyses to Mehemet-Ali, for more than
twenty-three centuries has been governed and oppressed by

1 Gerdy, Physiologic Medicale, t. i, p. 290. Paris, 1832.

2 Berard, Cours de Physiologic, t. i, p. 465. Paris, 1845.
:i Journal de Physiologic, t. i, p. 120. 1858.

EUGENESIC HYBEIDITY. 17

peoples of foreign races, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs,
Turks, and Mamelukes. The Macedonian colonies, founded by
Alexander and his successors, soon lost their ethnological
character.3 Southern Italy has not preserved the impress of
the Norman race. It would be vain to search in Asia Minor
for the descendants of the Gauls with fair hair,4 who once es-
tablished themselves in Galatia ; and though the Visigoths
possessed Spain for more than two centuries, and have never
been expelled from it, and we may without exaggeration com-
pute the number of the conquerors at several hundred thousand,
and though their blood, mitigated by intermixture, runs to this
day in the veins of an immense number of Spaniards, the latter
have preserved no trace of their Germanic origin.

But when the intermixture of races is effected in nearly
equal proportions, or if it be the result, not of one invasion,
but of a constant and abundant immigration, the case is alto-
gether different, and the fusion of the ethnological elements
gives rise to a hybrid population, in which the number of in-
dividuals of a pure race is constantly diminishing, so that at
the termination of a few centuries the representatives of the
two primitive types become the exceptions. In a long Memoir
" On the Ethnology of France," which I lately read before the
Anthropological Society of Paris, I have shown to what extent
intermixture may modify the physiognomy of a people. Ex-
amining in the first place the records of history on hand, the
origin of the populations of our departments, and appreciating
as much as possible the proportion of the elements which we
find in combination ; determining, also, for each region the
principal and the accessory stocks, I have been enabled to find
in the present French nation, in the midst of the innumerable
variations of stature, complexion, hair, eyes, cephalic shapes,
etc., which may everywhere be expected in mixed races ; I have
been able to detect, I repeat, the characters of these different

1 Macedones qui Alexandrian! in .2Egypto, qui Seleuciani ac Babyloniam,
quique alias sparsas per orbem colonias liabent in Syros, Parthos, JSgyptos
degenerarunt. Tit. L., lib. xxxviii., § 217.

4 All the Gauls were not light haired ; but those who, three centimes before
our era, invaded Greece and Asia Minor, were fair haired, according to all
testimony ; they consequently belonged to the Kimri race.

C

1 8 HYBRIDITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES.

races, and to recognise the more or less marked and dominant
impress of the Celts, Kimris, Romans, and Germans. I was
even enabled, on the statistics of recruiting, to give to my
inquiries, in regard to stature, a rigorous precision. I cannot
in this place enter into any details : I am obliged to refer the
reader to the Memoir, which is published by the Anthropologi-
cal Society. In point of fact, it was merely because eminent
men have for some years doubted the existence of eugenesic
hybridity in mankind, that it became necessary to demonstrate
so evident a proposition, that the population of France in at
least nineteen-twentieths of our territory, presents in unequal
degrees the characters of mixed races.

This single example might suffice ; but I have no doubt that
by examining in a similar manner the historical origin and the
actual condition of the peoples of Northern Italy, Southern
Germany, Great Britain — not to speak of the United States,
where the fusion of blood is probably inexplicable — it might be
demonstrated with equal certainty, that these different races
have given birth, by their intermixture, to ethnological modifi-
cations still recognisable. In all these countries is the instability
of anthropological characters in contrast with the fixity which
is the mark of pure races ; and we might say, without fear of
error, that the greater part of Western Europe is inhabited by
mixed races.

Moreover, the authors who have denied the existence of
mixed races, have not denied that there are in Europe and else-
where, numerous vivacious populations, formed by the inter-
mixture of two or several distinct races. They merely asserted
that mongrel breeds, whatever their origin, were necessarily
inferior in reference to fecundity to individuals of pure blood,
and that their direct descendants would become extinct after a
few generations, unless they contracted new alliances with the
mother races, or at least with one of them. If we object to
this, that the mixed populations possess everywhere, as those
of France and Great Britain, a vitality and fecundity which
leaves nothing to be desired, they reply that this proves nothing;
that the cross breeds are prolific in a collateral line, as is ob-
served in cases of paragenesic hybridity, and they add that two
cases may present themselves :

EUGENESIC HYBEIDITY. 19

1 . If among the two primitive races these obtain a very large
numerical inequality, the predominant race soon absorbs the
other. After two or three generations, the less numerous race
counts scarcely one representative^ and the cross-breeds are
fused in the more numerous race. The latter thus returns to a
state of original purity. The mixed race has only a transitory
duration, and leaves no trace of its existence.

2. If, on the contrary, the two races, though numerically
unequal, are in sufficient proportion that neither can absorb the
other, both persist indefinitely beside each other upon the same
soil. The hybrid race which they engender, seems also to
persist indefinitely ; but only in appearance, for they constantly
intermarry with the pure races, while the latter marry between
themselves. The mixed race gains thus, in every generation, a
contingent equal to what it loses, those which represent it at
present are not the descendants of those who represented the
mixed race five or six generations back. It is not maintained
by itself : existing only under the condition of being sustained
by the races from which it is issued, and if there arrived a time
when it is completely isolated from these two races, and re-
duced to its own forces, it would necessarily become extinct
after a few generations.

I might urge some objection against the first point, for it
does not seem to me to be demonstrated, that in a mixture of
very unequal proportions, the less numerous race exercises no
influence upon the other race. I acknowledge, however, that
this influence, if it exists, is sufficiently slight to be set aside.

The second point is much more serious, for if accepted with-
out restriction, we must admit that eugenesic hybridity does
not exist in mankind, and that all cross-breeds, whatever their
origin, whether they are issued from, nearly approaching or dis-
tant races, not merely the descendants of whites and negroes,
but also of Celts and Kimris, are incapable of engendering a
durable posterity. For my part, I believe that such is actually
the case with certain mongrel-breeds ; I believe that in the
genus Homo, there are very unequal degrees of eugenesic
hybridity; but after having recognised that eugenesic hy-
bridity does exist between dog and wolf, hare and rabbit,

c 2

20 HYBRIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

goat and sheep, camel and dromedary, I am permitted to say
that it also exists between certain races of men.

Among the facts quoted to prove the sterility of human
cross-breeds, some are of great value : and we shall examine
them in the sequel; others have been wrongly interpreted,
while some are far from being exact. I have already pointed
out a cause of error which was not taken into account, and
which occurs frequently : it is the change of climate which
alone is capable of sterilising a race transplanted into the midst
of another race. Before attributing a defect of fecundity to
the mixed descendants of an immigrant race, we must see
whether in the same country the individuals of this race are
more prolific in their direct alliances. It is known, for instance,
that the Mamelukes, originating from the region of the Caucasus,
have never taken root in Egypt, where, nevertheless, from
1250, the epoch of their advent, until 1811, the period of their
extermination, their caste has always formed a notable part of
the population. They could only maintain themselves by re-
inforcements which they annually received from the native
country, and though not half a century has elapsed since the
great massacre of Cairo, there remains no trace of them on
the borders of the Nile. Such being the fact, it was concluded
therefrom, that the descendants of the Mamelukes and the
Egyptians were hybrids of little or no fecundity. Gliddon
has thus interpreted it, and Pouchet has accepted that interpre-
tation.1 This, however, is not the real cause of the sterility of
the Mamelukes in Egypt, andVolney, who, towards the end of
the last century, has carefully observed and studied this race,
offers the following remarks on them : " Seeing that they have
existed in Egypt for centuries, one would be apt to believe that
they have reproduced themselves by the ordinary process of
breeding ; but if their first settlement is a curious fact, their
perpetuation is not less so. For five centuries there have been
Mamelukes in Egypt, yet not one of them has left a subsisting
line : there exists not one family of the second generation, all

1 Gliddon, The Monogenists and the Polijgenists. Philadelphia, 1857. George
Pouchet, De la Pluralite des races humaincs, p. 136. Paris, 1858.

EUGENESIC HYBRIDITY. 21

their children perish in the first or second generation. The
Ottomans are nearly in the same condition, and it is observed
that they only preserve themselves from the same fate by
marrying indigenous females — what the Mamelukes have always
disdained. (The wives of the Mamelukes were, like their slaves,
imported from Georgia, Mongrelia, etc.) Let it now be ex-
plained why well formed men, married to healthy women,
cannot naturalise on the borde-rs of the Nile a blood formed at
the foot of the Caucasus ! We are at the same time reminded
that European plants equally refuse to perpetuate their species
in that locality."1 Despite the precision of this passage, many
Mamelukes no doubt took wives and numerous concubines from
the indigenous population. It is difficult to believe that it
could have been otherwise, and Grliddon had a right to say, that
if the offspring of the two races had been prolific, there would
inevitably have been produced in Egypt a mixed race. But
the fact revealed by Volney, which is perfectly authentic, still
maintains its force, namely, that the Mamelukes, by the simple
fact of change of country, had lost the power of engendering
with the women of their own race, a prolific posterity ; hence,
nothing proves that the sterility of their offspring depended
on the influence of hybridity, but rather on the influence of
climate.

It is not our purpose successively to review all particular
intermixtures produced in human races, or to determine the
degree of the fecundity of the hybrids resulting from it.

To demonstrate that eugenesic hybridity really exists, one
instance is sufficient, provided it be conclusive ; and to find
this example we need not travel beyond our country. The
population of France, as we have amply established elsewhere,
is descended from several very distinct races, and presents
everywhere the character of mixed races. The pure represent-
atives of the primitive races form a very small minority ; never-
theless, this hybrid nation, so far from decaying, in accordance
with the theory of Mr. Grobineau; far from presenting a
decreasing fecundity, according to some other authors, grows

1 Volney, Voyage en Syric ct en Egyptc, t. i, p. OS. Paris, 17o7.

22 HYBRIDITY OP THE HUMAN SPECIES.

every day in intelligence, prosperity, and numbers. Ever since
the revolution has broken the last obstacle which opposed
themselves to the mixture of races, and despite of the gigantic
wars which during twenty-five years mowed down the 6liie of
its male population, France has seen the number of its inhabi-
tants increase by more than one-third ; this is not a symptom
of decay. Dr. Knox, in his curious essay on the Races of
Men (London, 1850), has thought proper to utter, in relation
to the French, some hard truths : and also some calumnies,
which we shall put to the account of his patriotism. Mr.
Knox has accorded to the French nation an increasing physi-
cal prosperity, and as this side of the question is the only one
which occupies us here, we might dispense with any other
testimony. That learned author thought what he said about
the French applied exclusively to the Celtic race ; he supposed
that upon our soil there were nought but pure Celts, and that
the other ethnological elements have not in any degree modi-
fied the character of the old Gallic race. I have refuted this
assertion at some length in my Mtfmoire snr I' Ethnologic de la
France, and Dr. Knox,1 in praising in his own manner the
Celtic race, has not perceived that unconsciously, and contrary
to his own system, he wrote the apology of a strongly mixed
race. But the partisans of this system will doubtless say that,
on the whole, the mixed Kimro-Celtic race, which now inhabits
France, does not subsist by itself; that the two parent races, the
Celts and the Kimris, one of which predominates in the north-
east, the other in the north-west, the south and the centre,
persist, almost pure, in their respective regions, and that the
mixed race only maintains itself by recruiting themselves in-
cessantly in these vivacious foci. My reply to this is, that the
individuals perfectly representing the Celtic or Kimri type are
infinitely rarer than the rest, even in the departments where
history or observation demonstrates that the influence of one
of these races is altogether preponderant. They are especially
rare in the districts of the intermediary zone, which I have
termed Kimro-Celtic, and where the two chief races have origi-

1 Knox, The Races of Man. 8vo, London, 1850.

EUGENESIC HYBE1DITY. 23

nally become intermixed in nearly equal proportions. Finally,
in these latter departments, where the intermixture has been
strongest, the population is neither less handsome, nor less
robust or prolific than in the others. As regards the vigour of
the constitution, I have consulted in the registers for recruiting
the special list of exemptions on account of infirmities, that
is, for other physical causes than stature. I have found that,
other circumstances being equal, there are as many infirm in
1000 conscripts in the purest departments, as in the mixed
districts. I cannot here dwell any longer upon this proposi-
tion, of which I have given a rigorous demonstration in my
Hdmoire sur I'Ethnologie do la France.

There remains now the question of fecundity. The causes
which determine the increase or the decay of a population are
so multifarious, and for the most part so foreign to ethnological
influences, that we cannot without committing grave errors,
estimate the degree of fecundity of different races, in comparing
for each of them, the number of births and deaths. It appears,
nevertheless, very probable that all the races are not equally
prolific, and the mind easily perceives that there must be be-
tween them notable differences. It is, therefore, unnecessary
that in order a mixture should be eugenesic the fecundity of the
cross-breed should be absolutely equal to that of individuals
of pure blood. Had it been demonstrated by strict numbers,
that a mixed race, by the simple fact of intermixture breeds
less rapidly than the two parent races, and were it demon-
strated that it presents a greater number of cases of sporadic
sterility, it would by no means result from it that this mixed
race is incapable of maintaining itself and increasing by itself.
The intermixture would cease to be eugenesic if the fact of
sterility became sufficiently general to render the births dimi-
nishing with every new generation, so that at length the gaps
caused by death could no longer be filled and the race would
prove inevitably destined, sooner or later, to become extinct.
Thus, even if it were demonstrated that the offspring of an in-
termixture between Celts and Kimris are somewhat less pro-
lific than the ancestors of the pure races, and that the mixed
populations increased less rapidly than the others ; the Kirnro-

24 HYBEIDITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES.

Celtic hybridity would not on that account cease to be eugenesic,
provided the relative sterility did not descend beneath the de-
gree when the sterility becomes absolute, that is to say, when
the fecundity becomes insufficient. But the departments in
which history and ethnology prove that the intermixture has
been pushed to the extreme point, the population far from
having diminished, has increased since the revolution, namely,
since the establishment of new territorial divisions, as rapidly
as in the rest of France, and it appears to me as certain that
the intermixture of Kimris and Celts either between themselves,
or with the Romans and Germans, constitute examples of
eugenesic hybridity.

We must, however, take care not to imitate the paradoxical
reasoning of our adversaries, and because some crossings of
certain races are eugenesic, to conclude, d priori, that all the
other intermixtures are equally so. The study of hybridity in
birds and quadrupeds has taught us that we can never know
with certainty, before making the experiment, what will be the
result of crossing. Neither must we forget that the ethnologi-
cal facts which have served us as examples apply to the inter-
mixture of races distinct, no doubt, but nearly related in many
respects. The mixture of races more distant from each other,
is it equally prolific, and are the descendants eugenesic ?
This is the question we now intend to examine.

25

SECTION III.

EXAMPLES TENDING TO PROVE THAT THE INTERMIXTURE
OF CERTAIN RACES OP MEN ARE NOT EUGENESIC.

IN the first part of this essay we have endeavoured to es-
tablish that certain human cross-breeds possess an unlimited
fecundity, both in their direct alliances and with either of the
parent races, whence we have inferred that eugenesic hybridity
really exists in mankind.

We intend now to investigate the results of certain intermix-
tures more disparate, and review a number of facts tending to
the conclusion that all human cross-breeds are not eugenesic.

Let us observe at the outset, how far the phenomena of eu-
genesic or non-eugenesic hybridity may affect the solution of
the great question pending between the Monogenists and the
Polygenists.

What in animals in general, characterises the eugenesic
hybridity, is the unlimited fecundity of mongrels of the first
degree between themselves. It is by no means necessary that
the parent species should be as prolific in their crossings as in
their direct unions, nor that the mongrels should be as produc-
tive as their parents, as large, as strong, and as long-lived, etc.
Supposing, for instance, that the she-wolf conceives with more
difficulty with the mastiff than with her proper mate; supposing
even that this crossing is only efficacious by way of exception ;
that it succeeds only once out of ten, instead of succeeding
constantly as it occurs in animals of the same species; it would
be sufficient, if in this tenth case the mongrels are very prolific
to pronounce the crossing eugenesic. Supposing also, that the
hybrid wolf-dogs of the .first degree produced only litters of about
two or three, that is to say, only half the number usually pro-
duced by she-wolves and bitches, the result would be that this
intermediate race would breed less rapidly by half than the
pure species; but, provided the productiveness of the mongrels
does not descend below the degree necessary for the preserva-

25 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

tion of the species, and provided it can repair the loss at every
generation, the crossing would still be eugenesic, nor would
it cease being so, even if the breed were only half as strong as
their parents, and only half as long-lived.

When, therefore, a physiologist wishes to demonstrate the
existence of that degree of hybridity which we have termed
eugenesic, he selects two perfectly recognised distinct species
of animals, crosses them, studies their breeds, and if he finds
that they are indefinitely prolific, it is sufficient for him to affirm
the existence of engenesic hybridity — that is to say, that the
physiological definition of the species is unacceptable. But
when a zoologist, in studying two races of animals, the specific
determination of which is still contested, endeavours to estab-
lish that these two races are merely varieties of the same
species, and when in order to weaken the differential anatomi-
cal characters pointed out by his adversaries, he invokes the
physiological analogy exhibited by intermixture, we have a
right to expect more than a partial demonstration. We must
first prove that the intermixture of the two races constitutes a
case of eugenesic hybridity ; for if the cross-breed are not be-
tween themselves indefinitely prolific, it is certain that the two
races are not of the same species. This first point being es-
tablished, would not yet lead to any conclusion, since animals
of different species may engender eugenesic breeds. He must,
therefore, completely analyse all the phenomena of reproduc-
tion and prove that they are exactly the same in the parent
races and in the hybrid race. It is not merely the sexual ana-
logy but the sexual identity which must be rendered evident ;
for from his point of view, it is not sufficient that the two races
in question should be homogenesic in some degree, they must
be entirely homogeneous, and the least genital difference be-
comes an argument against the proposition he sustains. If the
cross-breed, though very prolific, are less so than their parents,
or less productive in their crossings than their direct alliances;
or, finally, if the investigation of these crossings exhibits any
functional inequality, it might become very probable that the
two races do not belong to the same species. Such would also
be the case if the cross-breed were less strong and vivacious

NOT EUGENESIC. 27

than the individuals of the pure race, or if one of the crossing
is more productive than the inverse crossing, as is observed in
certain cases of hybridity, which approach more or less of uni-
lateral hylridity. The existence of one of these phenomena
might prove that the two races are not homogeneous, and
might lead us to think that they are not of the same species.

The monogenists, who have based the demonstration of the
unity of the human species upon the physiological character of
the prolificacy of the cross-breeds, have not taken into ac-
count these elements. They have confined themselves to the
assertions that all human races can produce cross-breeds, and
that all these breeds are prolific. Now, admitting for a mo-
ment that these assertions are exact, the conclusion they have
drawn from them is still contestable, until they can demon-
strate that the study of these cross-breeds reveals no genital
inequality between the parent races.

But what becomes of their argumentation, if it be proved
that all intermixtures are not eugenistic, that is to say, that
certain mongrels are not between themselves indefinitely pro-
lific ; that other cross-breeds become sterile in the first gene-
ration ; and, finally, that certain races are so little homoge-
nesic, that the birth of cross-breeds of the first degree is more
or less exceptional ? If one of these propositions can be effec-
tually established, the monogenists would have little cause to
congratulate themselves for having appealed to physiology.
They would, on the contrary, have furnished their adversaries
with deadly weapons, and their doctrine would be demolished
on the battle field they have themselves chosen.

The facts I intend to exhibit tend to prove that it was a
great error to consider all intermixtures of men as eugenesic.
Obliged as I am to refer to testimonies which, perhaps, do
not always exhibit a desirable precision, some doubts may
hover over my conclusion ; this much, however, will result
from this sketch, that the examination of the laws of hybridity
is far from being favourable to the doctrine of monogenists.

We shall study the cross-breeds both in relation to their
fecundity and their physical and moral validity ; for, from our
point of view, it is sufficient to prove that certain cross-breeds

28 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

are inferior to the parent races, as regards longevity, vigour,
health, and intelligence, to render it very probable that the
two races are not of the same species.

When a monogenist is called upon to demonstrate that all
human intermixtures are eugenesic, the first example which he
ordinarily cites is that of the Mulattoes in America, the issue
of the union of European colonists and African negresses.
This example, which has for a long time been considered as
decisive, might not be without a reply; for there exist races
differing much more from us than the races of the western
coast of Africa ; but the question here is, whether it be quite
true that all American Mulattoes are eugenesic.

We meet, first, with this fact, namely, the union of the
Negro with a white woman is frequently sterile, whilst that of
a white man with a negress is perfectly fecund. This might
tend to establish between these two races a species of hybridity
analogous to that existing between goats and sheep, which we
have termed unilateral hybridity. Professor Serres, fully alive
to the gravity of this fact has given the following explana-
tion : " One of the characters of the Ethiopian race1 consists
in the length of the penis compared with that of the Cau-
casian race. This dimension coincides with the length of the
uterine canal in the Ethiopian female, and both have their
cause in the form of the pelvis in the Negro race. There
results from this physical disposition, that the union of the
Caucasian man with an Ethiopian woman is easy and with-
out any inconvenience for the latter. The case is different
in the union of the Ethiopian with a Caucasian woman, who
suffers in the act, the neck of the uterus is pressed against the
sacrum, so that the act of reproduction is not merely painful,
but frequently non-productive."

This explanation, though based upon an anatomical cha-
racter perfectly correct, is yet far from being satisfactory ; but
we have quoted it here to show that one of the two most eminent
monogenists of our epoch has admitted as a perfectly authentic

1 Serres, Fiapport svr Ics rcsidtais scientiftqucs du voyage de V Astrolabe el de
la ZeU (Comptes Rendus, t. xiii, p. 648). [The size of the penis is not a con-
stant character in the " Ethiopian" male. Instances, however, exist of its
enormous development in the West African Negvo. — EDITOR.]

NOT EUGENESIC. 29

fact, that the union of Caucasian women with Negroes is very
frequently non-productive.

Mr. Theodore Waitz, author of a scientific treatise on An-
thropology (the first volume is entirely devoted to the study of
general doctrines), has carefully examined the question of the
intermixture of races, and endeavoured to reconcile the results
of these crossings with the system of monogenists. He was,
nevertheless, obliged to admit, from the numerous documents
collected, that in many cases the cross-breeds are feebly con-
stituted. Thus, in Senegal the offspring of the Foulahs and
the Negroes are handsome and more intelligent than the latter,
but there are amongst them many stammerers, blind, hunch-
backs, and idiots. The children of Arabs and the women of
Darfour are debilitated and little vivacious, and the author adds
that the children of a European woman and a Negro are rarely
vigorous.1

It seems thus to result from these various investigations,
that the union between the Negro and a white woman is little
productive, and that their offspring is neither vigorous nor
vivacious. Nevertheless, we admit this conclusion with some
reserve, because the avowed unions of Negroes with white
women are comparatively rare, and consequently the authors
who have spoken of them could only have their inferences
upon a few facts. The inverse intermixture between the white
man and the iiegress is, on the contrary, very frequent, and as
prolific in the first generation as in the direct alliances between
individuals of the same race.

It is equally known that Mulattoes and Mulatresses are very
prolific in their recrossings with the parent races. The great
number of individuals of every shade, designated by the name
Quadroon, Quinterons, Tercerons, Griffes, Marabouts, Ca-
bres, etc., and by the collective name of mixed blood, proves it.
The hybridity of Whites and Negroes is thus, at least, equal to

1 -Theodor Waitz (of Marburg), Anthropologie der Naturvolker, p. 203.
Leipzig, 1859. [Translated inio English for tLe Anthropological Society cf
London, and edited by J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S., F.B.S.L. : 8vo,
London, 18G3. — EDITOR.] Mollien, Voyage dans I'intrrieur de I'Afrique.
Rafael, Voyage dans I'Afrique occidentale, 1846, p. 51. Mohauimed-el-Tounsy,
Voyage au Darfour, p. 277, trad. Joinard. Paris, 1845.

30

what we described in animals by the name of paragenesic hi/-
bridity. The question now arises,, whether it be eugenesic,
that is to say, whether Mulattoes and Mulatresses of the first
degree are indefinitely prolific between themselves.

It would be imprudent to restrict ourselves to superficial
observations, though positive observations are with difficulty
collected. Mulattoes of the first degree are not a well defined
and circumscribed caste, like the whites and negroes of pure
blood. Mulatresses prefer to unite themselves with the white
or with mestizoes whiter than themselves. Mulattoes are thus
frequently obliged to intermix with either pure negresses, or
with mulatresses issued from a recrossing with the Negro race.
There are, nevertheless, a goodly number of unions between
the mestizos of the first degree ; but the individuals issued
from these unions have no longer the same chances of inter-
marrying as those of the first generation. The number of in-
dividuals of the first degree must, therefore, rapidly decrease
from generation to generation, and the result is, that even if
these cross-breeds were indefinitely prolific between themselves,
we could only, by way of exception, find mulattoes issued in a
direct line to the third or fourth generation, from the direct
and exclusive union of mestizoes of the first degree.

To give to the question at issue a rigorous solution, it is
necessary to study during several generations a population
exclusively composed of mulattoes of the first degree. This
experience can never be obtained. We find, indeed, at Hayti,
a population nearly composed of coloured individuals. But
these coloured men are mestizos of every shade, and if this
hybrid nation were to subsist in perfect prosperity during
several generations, the unlimited prolifickness of mestizos of
the first degree between themselves would not thereby be de-
monstrated.

We are, then, in default of a physiological experimentation
analogous to what the monogenists require, in attempting to
prove that the crossing of two species of animals is or is not
eugenesic, reduced to the impressions, or rather appreciation
of observers. Most of these appreciations can only be ap-
proximatives wanting a fixed basis. It is absolutely unknown

NOT EUGENESIC. 31

what is the relative proportion of mulattoes of the first degree
who intermarry between themselves, and such who intermix
with other mestizos, or with individuals of a pure race ; nor
can we know what, in a given population, should be the normal
proportion of these mulattos if they were perfectly prolific between
themselves. It then becomes very difficult to say whether the
number of mulattoes issued in a direct line from mestizos of
the first degree is equal to the normal proportion, or inferior to it ;
so that, if they are but little inferior to their parents in regard to
fecundity, the fact might pass unobserved. The relative sterility
of these breeds would only become evident when it approaches
absolute sterility. Between this degree of pi-olifickness and
perfect fecundity there are many intermediate degrees, difficult
to recognise, and still more difficult to prove.

The first French observer who has denied the prolifickness of
mulattoes is M. Jacquenot, author of the zoological part of the
Voyage to the South Pole and Oceania. We shall reproduce
here some passages from that work. After having spoken of
the cross-breeds of animals, M. Jacquinot continues in the
following terms i1

" It is the same in the human genus. There the species are
very approximating, and, according to the principles just laid
down, 'that the more species are approximating the greater
the chance of fecundity/ the mestizos issuing from the inter-
mixture enjoy a certain degree of prolifickness which, however,
as in animals, is not absolute. Like the latter, they return to
the mother's species in allying themselves with them; and,
independently of their relative fecundity, new individuals are
constantly produced by the union of the parent races.

" On observing in our colonies that a population of mulattos
is constantly produced and renewed, their fecundity was not
doubted ; yet it is very limited. On the one hand the mulattos
disappear every moment in one or the other of the parent
races, and if their unions were constantly between themselves,
they would not be long before becoming extinct. . . .

1 Voyage au Pole sud et dans I'Oceanie sur I' Astrolabe et laZftte, sous le com-
mandement de Dumont-d'Urville, pendant les annees 1837-1840 : Zoologie
par M. Jacquinot, commandant de la Zelee, t. ii, pp. 91-93. Paris, 1846.

32 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

11 In a colony, that is to say in an island, or a part of a
continent of limited extent peopled by Negroes and white men
for some centuries, the greater part of the population should
be composed of mulattoes. . . .

" But it is not so, and whatever be the number of mulattoes
in the colonies, the predominance of the Negro and Caucasian
species is not less certain. . . . There is, besides, a fact known
to persons inhabiting the colonies, that the white women and
the negresses are very prolific, which is not the case with the
mulatresses.

" We believe to be the first who has pointed out the sterility
in human cross-breeds. We have not been able to collect
precise and positive observations based on figures ; but we
think that the figures will be soon forthcoming now that the
attention of observers is drawn to the subject."

The avowal which terminates this passage, much diminishes
its importance. M. Jacquinot, not having sojourned long in
the various countries he visited, was only able to collect super-
ficial observations in regard to a question which requires long
and minute researches. But Mr. Nott, one of the most eminent
anthropologists of America, was in a better condition to study
this subject.

Living in a country where the Caucasian and Ethiopian
races are much mixed, and enabled by his profession as a physi-
cian to make his observations on a great number of individuals,
he arrived at conclusions similar to those of M. Jacquinot.
His first essay on hybridity appeared in 1842. It was but a
short paper, which attracted but little notice, and which we
have not been able to consult, no copy of it being in the Paris
library. M. Jacquinot, whose work appeared in 1846, had
certainly no knowledge of this essay, his observations having
been made in 183G-40, before M. Nott had published his own.
We are not, however, engaged here to discuss the question of
priority, we state merely the fact that two distinguished ob-
servers studying the same subject, unknown to each other,
arrived at the same conclusions relating to the sterility of
Mulattoes.

NOT EUGENE8IC. 33

In his essay of 1842, Dr. Nott maintained the following pro-
positions, which we extract from a subsequent publication.1

1. That Mulattocs are the shortest lived of any class of the
human race.

2. That Mulattoes are intermediate in intelligence between
the blacks and the whites.

3. That they are less capable of undergoing fatigue and
hardships than either the blacks or whites.

4. That the Mulatto-women are peculiarly delicate, and sub-
ject to a variety of chronic diseases. That they are bad breeders,
bad nurses, liable to abortions, and that their children gene-
rally die young.

5. That when Mulattoes intermarry, they are less prolific
than when crossed on the parent stock.

6. That when a Negro man married a white woman, the off-
spring partook more largely of the Negro type than when the
reverse connection had effect.

7. That Mulattoes, like Negroes, although unacclimated,
enjoy extraordinary exemption from yellow-fever when brought
to Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, or New Orleans.

The propositions, 1, 3, 4, and 5, are the only ones connected
with our subject. They confirm, and even enhance, in certain
respects, M. Jacquinot's assertions, yet are they contested,
and Dr. Nott himself has found it necessary to restrict their
application. He had made his observations in South Carolina
where he found the Mulattoes little prolific and short-lived.
Having changed his residence, he obtained different results.
At Mobile, New Orleans, Pensacola, towns on the Gulf of
Mexico, he found among the Mulattoes many instances of
manifest longevity and prolificacy, not merely in their crossed
but in their direct alliances. What was the cause of this differ-
ence ? Dr. Nott inquired whether the difference in the results
might not depend upon the difference in the ethnological
elements in the crossing. All the Europeans who have co-
lonised America did not belong to the same race. The Cauca-
sians, as is well known, are naturally divided in two groups : —

1 J. C. Nott, Ilybridity of Animals viewed in connexion vciih the natural his-
tory of mankind : Types of Mankind. Nott and Grliddon. Philadelphia, 1854.

34 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

the light-haired race, with grey or blue eyes, a white skin; and
the brown races, with a deeper complexion and brown or black
hair. The first occupy Northern Europe ; the second, South-
ern Europe. There is thus a little less disparity, and a little
more affinity between the Europeans of the South and the
Negroes, than between the latter and the Northern Europeans,
so that when we hear that intermixture succeeds better in the
first than in the second case, it should not surprise us. But
South Carolina, where the Mulattoes get on so indifferently, has
been colonised by the Anglo-Saxons; whilst the shores of the
Gulf of Mexico, where the Mulattoes are more prospering, have
been colonised by the French (Louisiana) and by the Spaniards
(Florida) . Such is the explanation offered by Dr. Nott. Still
in maintaining his conclusions on the issues of Negro women,
and men of the Germanic race, he thinks that they are not appli-
cable to the Mulattoes whose parents belong to a Caucasian
race more or less dark in complexion. Analogous differences
are often observed in animals in such crossings when they are
placed in connections with species more or less approximate.
Before, however, accepting Dr. Nott's explanation, it may be
as well to examine whether the fact may not be differently ex-
plained.

South Carolina, comprised between 32° and 35° N. lat., is
situated beyond the zone where the African Negroes live : New
Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola are situated nearer the tropics,
between the 30° and 31°, and we find in Africa, in Northern
Sahara, south of Algiers, some tribes of Negroes who have lived
in that latitude from time immemorial. Though the climate
does not altogether depend on latitude, it may be readily be-
lieved that the Negroes become sooner acclimated upon the
shores of the Gulf of Mexico than in the more northern regions.
But it is known that men transplanted into climates differing
much from that in which their race thrives may, by this simple
fact, greatly lose their fecundity. It is not always so, but con-
sidering that it does happen, we have a right to ask whether
the difference pointed out by Dr. Nott between the Mulattoes
of South Carolina, and those of the region of the Gulf may
not be owiiio- to this cause.

NOT EUGENESIC. 35

This interpretation is, however, in opposition to two orders
of facts. On the one hand, the Negroes and Negresses of
South Carolina are perfectly prolific between themselves.1
The climate of that country has not weakened their generative
powers, and there is no reason why, by their alliances with a
white race acclimated in that part, there should be produced an
offspring less acclimated than their parents. The diminished
vitality and fecundity can, therefore, not be attributed to the
influence of the media in which they are brought up.

On the other hand, a result similar to that mentioned by
Nott, as regards South Carolina, seems to have been obtained
in Jamaica under the 18°, corresponding nearly to the lati-
tude of Senegal and Timbuctoo. This island is situated
south of Cuba, Hayti, and Porto Rico, where Negroes and
Mulattoes thrive, but these islands have been colonised by the
French and the Spaniards, whilst Jamaica is an English colony.2

1 Within ten years from 1840 to 1850, the number of slaves in South Caro-
lina has increased by 56,786. In 1840, there were 327,934 slaves ; in 1850,
384,720. This is an increase of more than 17 per cent. The slaves of all
shades are comprised in this account, but the pure Negroes form the great
majority, and it is probable that to them exclusively is owing the large in-
crease in the number of slaves. The number of cross-breeds cannot be as-
certained by the statistics given. It would, besides, be impossible to distin-
guish in the reports given the Mestizos born from the union of Mulattoes
and Mulatresses, and those from whites and blacks. Statistics thus throw
no light upon the question, whether the Mulatto race maintains itself. But
there is a peculiar class of men of colour which is the object of attention of
certain governments, who maintain with satisfaction that this class notably
diminishes. It is the class of free men of colour, enjoying certain civic rights
very inconvenient for the slave states. There was a time when the enfran-
chisement of coloured men had no obstacles to contend with, and the number
of free men of colour increased rapidly. Many white owners gave freedom
to their natural children. But when restrictive laws were introduced, the
number of free coloured men began diminishing. They no longer ally them-
selves with the Whites, who despise them, nor with the slaves, and are thus
reduced to intermarry between themselves. The census of Charleston gave,
in 1830, the number of free coloured men and their descendants as amounting
to 2,107 ; in 1848 it was reduced to 1,492, a diminution of 605 in 2,107, more
than 29 per cent. The Charleston Mercury published these figures to show
that the class of freed slaves need not excite any apprehension in South Ca-
rolina, and that the Governor carried his zeal too far in proposing to expel
that class. Such an enormous decrease depends, no doubt to a great extent,
on the small number of births. There is another circumstance which might
have contributed to reduce the caste ; which is, that any freed individual, or
his descendant, once leaving the state, is not permitted to return ; this, how-
ever, forms ISut a minor cause of the decay. (See Charleston Medical Journal,
May 1851, vol. vi, p. 381).

2 "The first Europeans established at Jamaica were Spaniards or Portuguese ;
but the island was, 1655, conquered by the English, when all the old colonists

36 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

The Mulattoes of Jamaica have thus the same ethnologic
origin as those of Carolina ; and the following remarks from
the History of Jamaica, by Long, entirely confirm Nott's
opinion.1

" The Mulattoes of Jamaica," says Long, " are generally
well proportioned, and the Mulatto women have fine features,
and seem to have more of the White than of the Negro in
their blood. Some of them have married women of their own
colour, but these marriages are generally sterile. They seem
in this respect to resemble certain mules, being less capable of
producing between themselves than with the Whites or Blacks.
Some instances may possibly have occurred, where, upon the
intermarriage of two Mulattoes, the woman has borne children,
which children have grown to maturity ; but I never heard of
such an instance.

" Those Mulattoes of Jamaica, of which I speak, have mar-
ried young, have received some education, and are distin-
guished by their chaste and regular conduct. The observations
made regarding them have a great degree of certainty. They
do not breed, though there is nothing to indicate that they
would not be prolific by intermarrying either with the Blacks
or Whites.

' ' In searching for facts contrary to this opinion, it is requi-
site to discard the suspicion that the Mulatress has had inter-
course with any other man than her Mulatto husband, and
there would still remain the question, whether the son of
a Mulatto, married to the daughter of two other Mulattoes, is
capable of producing and forming a durable race."

Such a grave fact could not be allowed to pass unchallenged.
Professor Waitz, much embarrassed by it, could only oppose to
it a passage extracted from a work published in 1845 by

retired, carrying away the greater portion of their wealth. Cromwell hastened
to re-people the island, by transporting to it a number of political convicts.
In 1659, four years after the conquest, there were already 4,500 Europeans
and 1,400 Negroes on the island. In 1670, the white population amounted
to 7,500, slaves 8,000. It will, then, be observed, that the population of
Jamaica descends exclusively from English colonists and Negro slaves. With
regard to the Caribs, they have been entirely exterminated by th£ Spaniards
a century before the arrival of the English.

1 Long (Edward), History of Jamaica, vol. ii, p. 235, London, 1774, cited
in the Charleston Medical Journal, vol. vi. 1851.

NOT EUGENESIC. 37

Lewis,, On the Negroes in the West Indies. "Lewis," says
Waitz (Anthropologie der Naturvolker], " expressly denies the
sterility of the Mulattoes of Jamaica in their marriages between
themselves, and observes, that they are as prolific as the Blacks
and Whites, but that they are for the most part flabby and
weak, and their children have little vitality."

Long said he knew of no instance where the children of
Mulattoes arrived at maturity. To refute this assertion, known
instances should have been cited. But Lewis neglects doing
so.1 He says, on the contrary, that the children, from similar
marriages, possess little vitality. Though this expression does
not necessarily imply the impossibility of arriving at adult
age, it tends at least to the conclusion that the children have
little chance to reach it ; and when we consider that the pre-
ceding passage was intended to refute Long's assertions, it is
surprising how little satisfies Professor Waitz. At any rate, it
proves that he could find no other positive document in oppo-
sition to the fact mentioned by Long.

This is, perhaps, no reason for accepting without reserve
the opinions of Dr. Nott. Before giving a definite judgment,
we must wait for further numerous, authentic, and scientific
observations. Nevertheless, it must be remarked, that the
indefinite fecundity of Mulattoes had been admitted as an
axiom, which it was thought there was no necessity of dis-
proving. It was sufficient to say there are many Mulattoes,
without investigating whether they maintain themselves, or by

1 The relation of Lewis is, in certain respects, more suggestive than that of
Long. The latter says that the Mulattoes of the first degree are well con-
stituted ; while Lewis pretends that they are mostly weak and flabby, whence
it results that the physical inferiority becomes manifest at the very first
crossing. We believe this to be incorrect. The author endeavours to explain
the defect of vitality in the children of Mulattoes, and has recourse to a
theory which, if well founded, would, instead of weakening, only strengthen
the fact. On the other hand, we believe that the assertion of Long, despite
of the corrective which accompanies it, is too general. If it were true that
the union of Mulattoes is always unproductive in Jamaica, the fact would
have been too evident not to have been long known, for absolute sterility is
easily ascertained. Relative sterility, however, may long escape notice, con-
sidering that there is always in the pure races a certain number of cases of
sporadic sterility. It is probable that further investigations will establish for
Jamaica conclusions analogous to those adopted by Mr. Nott for South Caro-
lina ; namely, that the Mulattoes of this English island are less prolific between
themselves than with the whites or blacks, and that their direct descendants
are generally less vivacious and prolific than the men of the pure races.

38 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

continuous intermixture with the parent stocks. The first
who wished to inquire more closely has, by his observations,
been led to results opposed to general opinion. To these ob-
servations, presenting apparently the guarantee of authenticity,
positive observation should be opposed; and it is requisite
that the latter should be specially collected in countries where
the Germanic race has intermarried with the Negro race of
Western Africa. The investigations which might be made in
the French, Spanish, or Portuguese colonies would have no
direct application.

The authors, moreover, wo have cited, are far from being
the only ones who have denied the fecundity of the Mulattoes
in the West Indies. Van Amringe and Hamilton Smith assert,
that without a reunion with the parent stocks the Mulattoes
would soon become extinct. Day says that Mulattoes arc
rarely prolific between themselves ; and Waitz, somewhat
shaken by these testimonies, adds in a note, " The sterility of
Mulattoes, when it is complete, may be compared with that
fact recognised by Wirgman in plants, that the hybrids of
intermediate types between the two parent stocks are sterile,
whilst those resembling one or the other species are prolific."1
From these facts and testimonies there seems to result — 1.
That the Mulattoes of the Germanic and Ethiopian races pos-
sess little prolificacy : 2. That they are inferior in this respect
to the Mulattoes born by the intercourse of Negro women and
men belonging to the more or less dark complexioned Cau-
casian races.

Mulattoes of the latter kind exist in large numbers in the
greater part of the Antilles, South America, Central America,
Mexico, Mauritius, Bourbon, and Senegal. All these coun-
tries have been colonised by the French, Spaniards, or Portu-
guese. The Mulattoes born there are fecund in their intermix-
ture with the parent stock, as the Mulattoes of Germanic origin ;
they are also prolific between themselves, at least in the first

1 Waitz, loc. cit., p. 205. Van Ami-ingo, Investigation of the Theories of
the Natural History of Man. Hamilton Smith, Natural History of the Human
Species, 1848. Day, Five Years Residence in the West Indies, vol. i, p. 294.
1852.

NOT EUGENE8IC. 39

generation. Are they equally prolific in their direct alliances
as in their mixed ones ? Are their children arriving at ma-
turity as the others ? And finally, when these children inter-
marry, are they and their descendants prolific ? These ques-
tions are yet unanswered. They can only be solved after a
long series of observations collected by men of science; not
by travellers who view the populations superficially, but by
close observers, and principally by physicians resident in these
localities. In the mean while, here is another passage from
the work of Prof. Waitz, quoted by him from Seemann.1 " The
Mulattoes of the Negroes and Whites at Panamd are prolific
between themselves, but their children are brought up with
difficulty; whilst the families of the pure races produce less
children, which however arrive at maturity." The Europeans
of Panam£ are of Spanish origin. The prolificness of the
Mulattoes of the first degree is clearly indicated in this pas-
sage, but doubts may be entertained as to the fecundity of
their descendants. The intermixtures of Negroes and Euro-
peans are not the only ones the results of which exhibit defects
to the observers. " The Mulattoes," says M. Boudin,2 " are
very often inferior to the two parent stocks, both in vitality,
intelligence, or morality. Thus the Mulattoes of Pondicherry,
known by the name of Topas, exhibit a mortality not only
more considerable than that of the Indians, but greater than
the Europeans, though the latter are considerably shorter lived
in India than in Europe. Positive documents on this point
have been published in the Revue Coloniale. So much as to
the vitality.

" In Java, the Mulattoes of the Dutch and Malays are so
little intelligent that they could never be employed as func-
tionaries. All Dutch historians are agreed upon ^his point.
This much for their intelligence.

" The Mulattoes of Negroes and Indians, known by the
name of Zambos in Peru and Nicaragua, form the worst class

1 Seemann, Beise um die Welt, bd. i, p. 314, 1853. Waitz, Anthropologie,
p. 207.

2 Bulletins de la Societe d' Anthropologie : proces-verbal de la seance du le
Mars, I860, vol. i, p. 206.

40 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

of citizens. They compose four-fifths of the prison popula-
tion. This fact, already mentioned by Tschudi,1 has recently
been confirmed by Squier. So much as regards morality.

" There are; however, certain physical qualities which may
be acquired by the intermixture of races. Such are patholo-
gical immunities. The Mulattoes of the West Indies are, like
the Negroes, exempt from the yellow fever/'

The fecundity of Mulattoes is not touched in this passage,
not having been the subject of discussion. The question
merely was whether the prevalent opinion, that intermixture
of improved races physically, intellectually, and morally, was
in accordance with well observed facts. Hence, M. Boudin
confined his observations to the limited intelligence exhibited
by the Mulattoes issued from the union of the Dutch of Java
with the Malay women. But in his Treatise on Medical Geo-
graphy,2 he expresses, with regard to the Mulattoes, an opinion
that they are not productive beyond the third generation.
This fact, announced by Dr. Yvan, which is confirmed by other
testimonies, has not been contested. Waitz borrows from
Graf Gortz some particulars which are not without interest.

" The Lipplappen," he says (this is the name of the Mulat-
toes of Java), "do not breed beyond the third generation.
Flabby and weakly, they become developed up to the fifteenth
year, when the development is arrested. At the third genera-
tion, girls only are born, which are sterile.3 This phase of
sterility is very curious, and deserves well the attention of
physiologists."

1 Dr. Tschudi adds, " considered as men, the Zambos are far inferior to the
pure races :" Travels in Peru, London, 1847. G. Pouchet, De la Pluralite des
Races Humaines, p. 137. Paris, 1848.

2 Boudin, Gdographie Mi-dicale, Introduction, p. 39. Paris, 1857.

3 Graf GSrtz, Reisc, bd. iii, p. 288. Waitz, Anthropologie, bd. i, p. 297. I
find in the voyage of Havorinus a passage which may, perhaps, explain the
singular fact pointed out by Graf Gortz. Having given the number of the
European population of Batavia, Havorinus adds, " Among the Europeans
figure also such as are born from European parents, among whom females
form the great majority" (Havorinus, Voyage par le Cap de Bonne- Esptrance
et Samarang, et traduit du Hollandais, chap, viii, t. n, p. 283. Paris). It
seems thus that the influence of climate produces some modification in the
generative powers of Europeans, rendering them less apt to procreate males
even with the women of their own race. This modification may be trans-
mitted to their descendants by intermixtures. The fact of Havorinus should,
however, be verified.

NOT EUGENESIC. 41

It is, however, necessary to inquire wnether the sterility of
the Lipplappen depends upon intermixture or upon other
causes. The climate of the islands of the Sunda straits is very
injurious to Europeans. The Dutch do not perpetuate their
race at Batavia; and even without intermarrying with the
natives they become sometimes sterile at the second genera-
tion.1 The sterility of the natives may, then, be attributed to
the climate. These results, moreover prove, from a verbal com-
munication of Dr. Yvan to M. de Quatrefages, that in other
Dutch colonies of the Great Indian Archipelago, the Mulattoes
are prolific.2 It is thus not demonstrated that the sterility of
the Lipplappen is the result of their hybridity.

M. de Quatrefages, in order to explain the difference of re-
sults produced by the intermixture of the Dutch and the Malays
at Java, and other Dutch colonies, supposes that this difference
is due to the influence of mediums. This is possible ; but
there are other influences which must be taken into account,
namely, the numerical proportion of either of the two races
who intermarry. Where the Europeans are few in number,
the Mulattoes of the first degree are also very few ; those who
intermarry between themselves are still less numerous, and the
rest ally themselves with the parent stock, chiefly with the in-
digenous race, which is preponderating. Where, on the con-
trary, the European population is considerable, the Mulattoes
of the first degree are sufficiently numerous to constitute a
sort of intermediate caste, which, without altogether escaping
a recrossing, contract nearly all their alliances with their
equals.3 In the first case, most individuals of mixed blood

1 Steen Bille, Bericht ilber die Beise der Galathea, bd. i, p. 376, 1852 : Wait/,
loc. cit.

2 A. de Quatrefages, Du Croisement des races humaines ; Revue des Deux-
Mondes, t. viii, p. 162, en note, 1857.

3 In America, the intermixture between Whites, Negroes, and Mulattoes
passes differently. The Mulattoes are slaves like the Negroes. A large
number of Mulatresses become the concubines of the White : and the Mu-
lattoes are mostly obliged to confine themselves to Negro women. There
are, then, relatively few unions between Mulattoes of the same blood. The
abolition of slavery neither could, nor will for a long time, sensibly modify
this state of things. The prejudice against colour will not soon become
effaced ; and many Mulatto women prefer to be the mistresses of Whites to
being the wives of Mulattoes. In the East Indies, the prejudice of colour
does not exist. The Whites are merely considered as an aristocratic class ;

42 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

approximate more to the indigenous race than to the foreign ;
that is to say, that the Mulattoes of the second, third degree,
etc., are much more numerous than the Mulattoes of the first
degree. But in proportion as a recrossing is effected, the in-
fluence of hybridity diminishes, and becomes effaced. In the
second case, on the contrary, the greater part of the Mulattoes
are of the first degree,1 and, much more than the rest, subject
to the influence of hybridity ; and if it be true that hybridity
causes a diminution of fecundity, it is easily understood that
the prolificness must vary according to the relative proportion
of the two races. Now, Batavia is the great centre of the
population of the India Archipelago ; there the Europeans are
most numerous ; it is chiefly there that the Lipplappen form a
distinct class, and it is precisely there that their defective pro-
lificness is found. I do not pretend to say that this interpre-
tation is perfectly correct ; I merely advance it as an hypo-
thesis to be verified. Here, however, we have a fact which
may enhance its value. I borrow it from the work of Prof.
Waitz. It is known that a large number of Chinese are found
in the eastern and western isles of the Indian Archipelago.
They are relatively less numerous in Java and Sumatra, where
their commerce cannot sustain the competition with the Dutch.
" The descendants of the Chinese and the Malay women in
the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago," says Waitz,
" soon become extinct ; whilst at Java, where the pure Chinese
are few in number. The Malay-Chinese Mulattoes amount to
200,000.2

If the defective fecundity of the Lipplappen of Java is due
to the deleterious influence of climate, it is very difficult to
attribute the great prolificness of the Malay- Chinese to the
benignity of the same climate. Moreover, the more eastern

the Malays are free as well as the Mulattoes, they have always been so. The
Mulattoes are proud of having in their veins European blood., as, in our own
country, certain citizens are proud of their aristocratic alliances. They form
thus, in the centres of the population, a sort of intermediate caste between
the Whites and the natives.

1 It is necessary to mention, that the expression of the first degree de-
signates here not merely the individuals issued from the first intermixture,
but also the descendants of unions which they form between themselves.

2 Waitz, loc. cit. p. 207.

NOT EUGENESIC. 43

islands, where the latter Mulattoes do not thrive, are more
unhealthy than Java. There seems, therefore to result, from
the facts quoted by Waitz, that the Malay-Chinese thrive
where the Chinese are few in number, and that they decay
where the Chinese are numerous; that is to say, that the
fecundity of the hybrid population augments in proportion as
the conditions favourable to a return crossing with the Malay
race are present. This amounts to the same thing, namely,
that the Mulattoes of the second, third, and fourth degree are
more prolific than those of the first, which certainly corresponds
with the laws of hybridity among animals. These facts, how-
ever, require to be verified and completed before they can serve
as a basis to arrive at a definite conclusion.1

These examples of the Mulattoes of Malasia, which we
accept with reserve, tend to demonstrate that the results of
intermixture do not exclusively depend on the degree of
proximity of race; for there is certainly a less zoological
distance between the Chinese and the Malays, and between
the Malays and the Dutch, than between the African Negroes
and the South Europeans. Yet the Mulattoes of the French,
Portuguese, and Spanish colonies seem gifted with a much
greater prolificacy than the Dutch or Chinese Mulattoes of
Malasia. It is besides known that in Mexico and South
America the union of the indigenous population between the
Portuguese or the Spaniards has, in many localities, produced
Mulattoes, the race of which seems to perpetuate itself.2

1 Mr. Gutzlaff, the Chinese missionary, has been struck with the little fecun-
dity of the Mulattoes of Cambojia, the offspring of the native race and the
immigrant Chinese. Cambojia is situated south-west of Siain, south of Anarn,
between 10° ard 14°. " It is remarkable," he observes, "that the marriages
of native females with the Chinese are productive at the first generation,
but become gradually sterile, and completely so at the fifth generation. I
have seen many such cases ; but I cannot explain such a degeneration be-
tween nations so similar in physical conformation, and their mode of life.
If it were not so, the Chinese race ought to become predominant, and absorb
the native race in a few centuries. Such has not been the case, and the in-
numerable immigrants which China pours in appear scarce among the popu-
lation. (Gutzlaff, Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire, Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. xix, p. 108, London, 1849.)

2 It is unknown what is the degree of intermixture in the hybrid popula-
tions of Mexico and South America ; the observations relative to these cross-
ings are extremely difficult to collect, for the variation of Mulattoes of dif-
ferent degrees is not so apparent as in the Mulattoes, Quadroons, etc., of
Negroes and Europeans. With regard to colour, hair, shape of the cranium,

44 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

In investigating hybridity in animals, we have found that
homceogenesis is not always exactly proportional to the degree
of proximity of species ; we would especially point out that
the chabeins, or hybrids of the goat and the sheep, are superior
to the mules of the ass and the mare, though there is a greater
difference between goats and sheep than between the horse
and the ass.1 It is not less true that in general, though with
some exceptions, the results of intermixture are mojre defective
in proportion as the species are more distant from each other.
This leads us to study human hybridity in such regions where
the most elevated races have come into contact with the most
inferior races. What are the two races forming the extremes
of the human species ? Several English authors express the
conviction that the Anglo-Saxon, or rather the Germanic race,
to which they belong, is the first race of humanity. M. Alex.
Harvey is even pleased to believe that Providence has created
it to rule all the rest.2 Patriotism is a virtue which is entitled
to our esteem. We shall, therefore, not attempt diminishing
the satisfaction of our allies across the straits, and we shall, at
any rate, acknowledge that the race which has produced a
Leibnitz and a Newton is inferior to none.

the European races, especially those of the south, differ infinitely less from
the American races than from the Ethiopian and the intermediate characters;
even Mulattoes of the first degree are much less marked in the first than in
the second case. Thus the famous Paulistas of the province of Saint -Paul,
Brazil, issued from the union of Portuguese and Indians, constitute a vigo-
rous class, brave, and even heroic, though ferocious and turbulent. Accord-
ing to certain authors, the European blood predominates in them ; others,
on the contrary, maintain that they are pure Indians. These contradictions
prove the difficulty of estimating the degree of the intermixture between
the Mulattoes sprung from Europeans and Indians. The question whether
Mulattoes of the first degree are indefinitely prolific between themselves, —
whether they are habitually, or only exceptionally so, cannot be solved by
travellers. Resident observers, and especially physicians, may ultimately
furnish precise facts.

1 The Chabeins are eugenesic hybrids, while mules, properly so called, are
dysgenesic hybrids.

2 Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Edinburgh, vol. xi, p. 301, 1850.
[The most flagrant instance of this is to be found amongst the mixed
blooded descendants of the Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, French, and Irish
nations in the Federal States of America, whose " manifest destiny," accord-
ing to their own hope, is the " annexation" of the civilised world. The Pu-
ritans of New England founded their claims to the colony on the following
propositions: — 1. That the earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof. 2.
That God has given the earth to be inhabited by his saints. 3. That we are
the saints. The aborigines of the country were accordingly extirpated, to
carry out practically these sentiments. — EDITOR.]

NOT EUGENE8IC. 45

At the extremity of the world, and nearly at the antipodes
of Great Britain, the English have been for more than half a
century in contact with the Melanesian races, and specially
with the Australians and Tasmanians. The relative degree of
inferiority between these latter races, which differ sensibly in
their physical character, may be open to discussion.1 It is,
however, generally admitted that they are inferior at least
to all other races who have come in permanent contact with
Europeans. The Hottentot race, which has long been con-
sidered to occupy the lowest degree, is evidently superior to
them. The Hottentots, though refractory to education, have,
at least, shown some degree of improvability, while the
Australians seem absolutely incorrigible savages. The English
have made the most persevering attempts to instruct them,
but without any success. As they could not succeed with the
adult population, they tried it with children of a tender age,
and educated them with European children in orphan asylums ;
they have there learned to mumble some prayers, even to read
and write ; but, with approaching puberty, the young pupils
succumbed to their savage instincts, and escaped into the
woods to live again with their parents whom they had never
known. At one time young Australians were transported to
England, and confided to the Moravian brothers, who neglected
no cares to improve them. " They have returned as brutish
as they were before," says M. Garnat ; "a proprietor of a farm
in the interior assured me, that he could never succeed to
employ them in the most simple agricultural labour."2

What is known of the Tasmanians scarcely permits us to
consider them superior to the Australians. It must, however,
be admitted that these unfortunate islanders of Van Diemen's
Land have not been so much attended to as the Australians.
The English, so humane and patient as regards the latter,
have committed upon the Tasmanian race, and that in the

1 We must remember that the Australians have stiff and glossy hair, while
the hair of the Tasmanians is woolly.

2 Diet. Pittor. d'Hist. Natur., art. Homme, t. iv, p. 11, Paris, 1836. See also
vol. iii, Oceanic, by Bienzi ; the history of two Australians, Benilong and
Daniel, who after living for some years free, and pampered among Europeans,
threw away their clothing, and went to live in the woods.

46 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

nineteenth century, execrable atrocities a hundred times less
excusable than the hitherto unrivalled crimes of which the
Spaniards were guilty in the fifteenth century in the Antilles.

These atrocities have terminated in a regular extermina-
tion/ caused, say the optimists, by the absolute unsociability
of the Tasmanians.2 This is not, in our opinion, a mitigatory
circumstance, but from all these facts there results evidently,
that, of all human beings, the Tasmanians are, or rather were,
with the Australians, nearest to the brutal condition.

The investigation of the results obtained from the inter-
mixture of Anglo-Saxons with these inferior races, may give
us an idea what the crossing between the two most disparate
branches of the human family may produce.

M. Omalius d'Halloy, President of the Belgian Senate, a
venerable scholar, as well known for his geological as for his
anthropological works, thus concludes the seventh chapter of
his Treatise on the Races of Man : " It is remarkable that,
though a considerable number of Europeans now inhabit the
same countries as the Andamenes, no mention is made of the
existence of hybrids resulting from their union. "3 Under the

1 In 1835, the English of Van Diemen's Land undertook to get rid alto-
gether of the natives. A regular battue was organised in the whole island,
and in a short time all Tasmanians, without distinction of age or sex, were
exterminated, with the exception of two hundred and ten individxials, who
were transported to the little isle, Flinders (or, Fourneaux), in Bass's Straits.
This was all the remnant of a race which, before the arrival of the English,
had occupied a territory nearly as large as Ireland. This dreadful massacre
produced a profound horror in the English Parliament, but it was not thought
of to send these unfortunates back again to their native soil. Measures
were, however, taken to treat them humanely in the isle of Flinders, and to
provide them abundantly with victuals ; they were also instructed in religion.
The island is about thirteen leagues in length by seven in breadth ; the re-
fugees had thus no want of space. Nevertheless, of these two hundred and
ten individuals, most of them adults, perished rapidly, and Count Strzelecki,
who visited them in 1842, found only fifty -four. Within seven years and a few
months, only fourteen children were born. (Strzelecki, Physical Description of
New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, pp. 353-357, London, 1845.

2 A few months before the extermination of the Tasmanians, an inhabitant
of Hobart Town wrote a letter to Eienzi, copied by him in Gceanie, p. 558.
The author foresaw that a conflict was inevitable. He observes, " Several
of the children have been sent to the schools of Hobart Town. When once
arrived at the age of puberty, an irresistible instinct compels them to return
to their solitudes." We know of no other particulars regarding the attempts
made- by the English to civilise the natives. This fact, similar to those of
Australia, comes from a source which cannot be suspected, since the writer
of the letter, as well as M. Eienzi, are well disposed towards the natives.

3 D' Omalius d'Halloy, Des Races Humaines on Elements d' Ethnographic, p.
108, Paris, 1859.

NOT EUGENESIC. 47

name of Andamenes, d'Halloy comprises the Australians, Tas-
manians, and all the blacks with woolly hair of Melanesia and
Malasia.

It may, then, be inferred from this passage, either that the
Europeans established in these countries have no connection
with the native black women, which appears inadmissible, as
we shall presently show, or that the intermixture between the
two races is perfectly sterile. This latter assertion is, how-
ever, not altogether correct. True it is that the greater part
of travellers make no mention whatever of hybrids of Mela-
nesia ; it is equally true that they are very rare, but still there
exist some. Thus Quoy and Gaymard have seen one hybrid of an
European and a Tasmanian woman.1 Mr. Gliddon, who un-
fortunately does not cite the source from which he has drawn
his information, announces that until the year 1835, when the
Tasmanians were exterminated, there were only known, in the
whole of Tasmania, two adult Mulattoes.3 This indicates
either that few were born, or that they died at an early age,
for the colony, founded in 1803 by a population at first almost
exclusively masculine, had, in a few years, considerably in-
creased by the arrival of convicts and free settlers, nearly all
males. Mr. Jacquinot, after having announced that there were
no hybrids in Australia, adds, "In Hobart Town, and in all
Tasmania, there are no hybrids either."3 No other author
has, to our knowledge, mentioned Tasmanian hybrids.

The intermixture of the English with the native women of
Australia has not been more productive. " There are scarcely,"
says Jacquinot, " any Mulattoes of Australians and English
mentioned." This absence of Mulattoes between two peoples
living in contact on the same soil, proves incontestably the
difference of species. It may also be noticed that if such
cross-breeds really existed, they would be easily recognised.4
Mr. Lesson, who lived about two months in Sydney and its
environs, and who made several excursions among the natives,

1 Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. dc I' Astrolabe en 1826-29, t. i, p. 46, Paris, 183G.

2 Gliddon, The Monogenists and the Polygenists, 443.

3 Voyage au Pole et dans I' Oceanic, t. ii, p. 109, Paris, 1846.

4 Loc. cit., p. 109.

48 INTEEMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

mentions only one cross-breed, the offspring of a white man
and the wife of a chief named Bongari.1 Cunningham, a great
defender of the Australian race — which, by the way, has
finished by killing, and it is even said eating him — has written
two volumes on New South Wales, in which neither directly nor
indirectly is there mention made of more than one single Mu-
latto, and it happens that this single Mulatto is precisely the same
of whom Mr. Lesson speaks.2 No statistical writer, nor any
historian, enumerates cross-breeds among the Australian popu-
lation. No where, nevertheless, are the classes of society
more numerous and more distinct. The officials, the colonists
born in Europe, the colonists born in Australia, the convicts,
the emancipated, the descendants of convicts, etc.; form as
many classes envious of and despising each other, they dispute
their respective privileges, and give each other more or less pic-
turesque nick names. There are sterlings, currencies,3 the legi-
timate, the illegitimate,4 the pure Merinos, the convicts, the
titled, the untitled, the canaries, the government men, the bush-
rangers, the emancipists,5 and some other classes of immigrants
or convicts. In this rich vocabulary there is not a single word
to designate the Mulattoes. Yet in all countries where races of
different colours mix, the language of the locality contains
always distinct denominations for Mulattoes of various shades.
Nothing of the kind exists in Australia. There is even a class
of white men, the legitimates, which have also the name of
cross-breeds f This word everywhere else would designate Mu-
lattoes, in Australia it means European convicts, it being
thought impossible that the rare issue of an intermixture be-

1 Cunningham, Two Tears in New South Wales, 3rd edit., v. ii, p. 17, Lond.,
1828.

2 Lessen, Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette la Coquille, executed by
order of the French Government, t. ii, p. 278, Paris, 1830. The description
of New Holland and its inhabitants fully occupying nearly eighty pages.

3 It would be superfluous to indicate the origin of these various nicknames.
We may however mention, that sterlings are the free settlers born in Europe,
and the currencies such as are born in the colony. The pound sterling was
formerly of more value than the pound currency. V. Cunningham, p. 46.

4 These names have here a special acceptation, and designate by no means
natural or legitimate children.

5 The canaries are recently arrived convicts, the government men established
convicts, the emancipists liberated convicts, the buslirangers fugitive convicts.

6 Loc. eit., p. 108.

NOT EUQENESIC. 49

tween the two races should ever become a part of the popu-
lation.

It is, however, not merely in New South Wales that we are
struck with the paucity of cross-breeds between Europeans and
Australians; Mr. McGillivray mentions a similar fact as re-
gards the port of Essingen, an English colony of Northern
Australia.1

We may, therefore, accept as an authenticated fact, that the
cross-breeds between Europeans and native women are very
rare in Australia, as they were in Tasmania when the Tasma-
nian race existed.

This fact is so much in opposition to the general opinion on
the intermixture of human races, that before attributing it to
physiological causes, we must inquire whether it is not owing
to some other causes. .^9

We might be tempted, for instance, to suppose, that there 0
was no intermixture, and that the ugliness and dirty habits of -^
the native women bridled the sexual desire of the Europeans, .op
This has been advanced, not by travellers who have precisely co
asserted the contrary, but by honest and sensible reasoners, ^
whose refined taste revolted at the aspect of the portraits and Q
busts of the Australian women. It would be a serious fact cr

CT~

that a whole race should have such an irresistible repugnance ^
to another, for nature has only inspired with such a feeling of
repulsion beings of different species, and man is certainly of all
animals the least exclusive. Is there in our seaports a pros-
titute sufficiently ugly and old to frighten the sailor ? Is it
not known that the Hottentots, whose ugliness is proverbial,
have intermixed with the Europeans of South Africa ? We
must then set aside such a supposition, which is not founded
upon a correct knowledge of human nature. There are, more-
over, some documents, which induce us to believe that the
Europeans of Australia and Van Diemen's Land have inter-
mixed with the native women.

According to Malte-Brun the population of the colony of

1 MacGillivray, Narration of the Voyage ofH.M.S. Eattlesnake, vol. i, p. 151,
1852, cited in Waitz, Anthropologic, p. 203.

50 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

Sydney amounted in 1821 to 37,068 individuals, thus dis-
tributed.1

Free settlers, or liberated convicts, men . . 12,608
„ „ ,, women . 3,422

„ „ „ children . 7,224

Convicts of both sexes 13,814

37,068

Thus there were among the free adults only twenty-seven
women for a hundred men, that is to say, that seventy-three
men in a hundred were absolutely prevented from marrying.

The relative proportion of convicts of the two sexes is not
indicated in the above account, but it is known that ori-
ginally the male convicts formed the great majority, and that
there were ever afterwards far fewer women than men.

In 18252 the number of inhabitants amounted to nearly
50,000 ; but from this period the convicts were mostly sent to
Van Diemen's Land, and the white population of Australia
diminished rapidly from not receiving regular reinforcements.
In 1836 there were only 36,598 of all classes.

women . 7,4/4)

Convicts . . men . 14,135

1 0,668

women

36,598

There were thus, among the convicts, only one woman to nine
men, and among the free population one woman to two men.3

1 Malte-Brun, Abregc dc Gt'ograpliie Universelle, p. 883, Paris, 1844.

2 Cunningham, loc. tit., vol. ii, p. G5.

3 Malte-Brun, Abri-gc de Gt-'ographie. In reality the disproportion between
the free individuals of the two sexes was more considei-able than is indicated
in the above account, for children are included. But the number of the children
of the free population anioiinted, in 1828, to 6,837, according to Wentworth
(Rienzi, I' Oceanic, p. 543). Supposing that this number only amounted to
7,000 in 1830 — say 3,500 boys and 3,500 girls — there would remain for the
adult free population about 10,000 men and 4,000 women, — two women for
live men.

NOT EUQENESIC. 51

Hence may be explained the small increase of the population
during the first periods of the colony and the considerable de-
crease which corresponds to the period from 1825 to 1830.
In 1845, according to Henricq,1 New South Wales had, since
its foundation, already received 90,000 convicts of both sexes,
beyond an unknown but considerable number of voluntary emi-
grants, yet the whole population consisted only of 85,000 in-
dividuals. At the same period there were in the free class
but three females to five males, and among the convicts one
woman to twelve men. In the colony of Hobart Town, in Tas-
mania, the disproportion was somewhat less, for there were
five free females to seven males, and one female convict to
twelve men.

It is difficult to believe that the free men deprived of women
were all gifted with the virtue of continency. But admitting
this for a moment, we cannot entertain the same opinion with
regard to the convicts, which are certainly not chosen from the
most virtuous classes of Great Britain. It must be noticed
that the female convicts are not public women in the colony.
The government accords certain advantages to convicts who
contract legitimate marriages ; this is the first step towards
their liberation, and when a vessel arrives with a cargo of
females they are readily espoused by the convicts. Nine-
tenths, therefore, of the latter are entirely deprived of white
women. On the other hand they procure gins (the name of
Australian females) with the greatest facility, and thoiigh it
may not be known that many of them cohabit with the females,
it may be easily divined and affirmed. " The women of the
people of Port Jackson," says Lesson, " look out for and excite
the white men, and prostitute themselves for a glass of
brandy."2

After observing that these tribes live chiefly from the pro-
duce of the chase, and come to town to exchange their fish for
fish-hooks, bread, or rum, Cunningham adds that this trade

1 Henricq, Histoire de I' Oceanic, Paris, 1845.

2 Lesson, Voyage autour du Monde, t. ii, p. 291. It was in 1S24 that the
author lived in New South Wales. Under the name of Port Jackson he
comprises all the region of which Sydney is the capital.

E 2

52 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

gives rise to scenes of debauchery, that the prostitution of
native females with the whites had assumed considerable pro-
portions, " considering that the Australians lend their women
to the convicts for a slice of bread or a pipe of tobacco."1 It
is useless to cite other testimony after the chief defender of the
Australian race has thus expressed himself.

It is thus perfectly certain that numerous alliances have taken
place and are taking place between the Europeans and the native
women. The inhabitants of the colony, who could not but be
aware of it, have had recourse to a singular hypothesis, accepted
by Cunningham and recently by Waitz. They have imagined
that the Australian husbands, excited by jealousy, killed all the
new-born children of mixed blood ; and to these hypothetical
massacres (of which there is no proof whatever) they attribute
the rarity of cross-breeds. In order that this tale should
acquire some probability, it is first requisite that all the Aus-
tralian women should be under the dominion of jealous and
ferocious husbands, and that none of the females had the ma-
ternal instinct sufficiently developed to save her child from the
fury of her husband. Cunningham, in accepting this explana-
tion, forgets that he in the same page relates that the Aus-
tralians prostitute their gins to the first comer for a pipe of
tobacco. Such beings would not feel themselves much disho-
noured by the birth of the strange child. But here is an instance
proving that the Australians are not altogether devoid of
humour ; showing, at least, that they have no notion of con-
jugal honour. Boiigarri, of whom we have already spoken,
and who in 1825 was the most celebrated chief of the Austra-1
lian hordes of Port Jackson, treated as his son the offspring of
the adulterous intercourse of his gin with a convict of the place.
When he was asked how it came to pass that his son had such
a fair complexion, he replied jocularly, " that his wife was very
fond of white bread and had partaken too much of it." He
invariably returned the same answer to inquirers. 1 If a war-

1 Cunningham, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 7.

2 M. Lesson has received such an answer from Bongarri. Cunningham
cites it as a standing joke of the chief, who, he adds, " still keeps on repeat-
ing it." Lesson, loc. cit. ; Cunningham, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 18.

NOT EUGENESIC. 53

rior chief covered with honourable scars1 attaches such small
importance to the fidelity of his wife, and jokes about his dis-
honour, it is scarcely admissible that the men of his tribe should
be more susceptible in this respect. Yet this very chief found
it, according to Cunningham,2 quite natural that, according to
the Australian custom, the weakest of two new-born twins
should be killed.

This custom has been cited to show that the Australian wo-
men attach no importance to the lives of their children, and
that, consequently, they would offer no resistance to the mas-
sacre of the new-born Mulattoes. A race of beings, where the
females do not love their young, would scarcely be a human
race. The custom of preserving only one twin, and to sacrifice
the other on the day of its birth, seems improbable and inex-
plicable ; but taking into consideration the famishing condition
of the Australians, the uncertainty and the insufficiency of
their alimentation, the absolute want of social organisation,
and the material difficulty attending the bringing up of only
one child, it may be imagined that the mother, incapable, per-
haps, of suckling one baby, resigns herself to sacrificing one
child to save the other. There is, therefore, no absolute
parallel between the custom in regard to twins and that of the
pretended massacre of cross-breeds. If it be still supposed
that the natives of. the environs of Sydney, perverted by their
intercourse with convicts, and exasperated by their violence,
have adopted this revolting habit, we should even then only
admit that such a degradation is merely local in its applica-
tion. Certain abominations spread from place to place, and
are transmitted from people to people ; but a usage so contrary
to natural instinct does not arise simultaneously, and under the
same form in different parts of a country. The Australians,
however, of Sydney, have no means of transmitting their cus-
toms either to the natives of Tasmania, or of Port Essington in
North Australia.' Dr. Waitz supposes that even seven hundred

1 Lesson, loc. tit., relates that Bongarri had his arm broken, that the frac-
ture was not consolidated, nevertheless, the Australian chief used his arm
either for rowing or for handling his weapons.

3 Cunningham, loc. tit., vol. ii, p. 8.

54 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

miles from Sydney the natives sacrifice all young Mulattoes.
This supposition is rather hazardous, specially as the traveller
whom he quotes merely says that these Mulattoes do not ap-
pear to be capable of development.1

We conclude from this perhaps too lengthy discussion, that
the murder of the Australian Mulattoes is a vulgar tale. Ad-
mitting that such crimes occur occasionally, or even that they
are frequent, there should even then be many Mulattoes in
Australia provided the intermixture be very prolific. We can
in the above strange explanation only find a confirmation, and
a very strong one too, of the fact we have established, namely,
that the cross-breeds are rare in Australia. If this fact had
not been perfectly evident, there would not have been any oc-
casion to explain it, and Mr. Cunningham, who has made such
strenuous efforts to reinstate the natives, would not have
charged them with such a terrible accusation.

We have not exhausted the list of hypotheses advanced, to
explain the nearly constant sterility attending the intercourse
between Australians and Tasmanians and the English. It has
also been said that for the most part the intercourse between
the two races was accidental, momentary, and that consequently
the native woman has a much greater chance to become preg-
nant by her savage husband than by her European lovers, and
that the rarity of Australian Mulattoes had no other cause.
M. de Freycinet seems to have accepted this explanation.
" No permanent alliances are formed between the two peoples,
though we find here and there some Mulattoes ; but these are
merely the result of some transitory connections of Europeans
with Australian women."2

We would first observe that the number of mongrels is in
many countries much more considerable, if the intermixture is
effected in the same manner as is notably the case in South
Africa. There are cross-breeds in several of the Polynesian
Islands, where the Europeans have never permanently settled,
but only appeared temporarily. There should, therefore, be a

1 MacGillivray, foe. cit., vol. i, p. 151 , Wuitz, loc. cit., p. 203.
- Tliis passage, extracted from the Voyage do I'Uranie, is textually repro-
duced in the Zooloyic of M. Jacquinot, t. ii, p. 353.

NOT EUGENESIC. 55

good number of them in the Australian colonies, even if it
were true that the Whites have never formed a permanent alli-
ance with the native females. It can, however, not be doubted,
that more or less enduring alliances have taken place between
the two races, namely, that many Whites have kept for months
and years Australian concubines under their roof.1 This fact
positively results from the controversy raised by Count Strze-
lecki. This celebrated traveller, who has visited America and
Oceania, remarked that the native women, after having once
lived with the white race, become sterile with the men of their
own race, though they may still be capable of becoming preg-
nant by white men. He asserts that he has collected hundreds
of such cases among the Hurons, Seminoles, Araucaiios, Poly-
nesians, and Melanesians. He does not attempt to explain
this strange phenomenon, which, he observes, is owing to some
mysterious law, and which appears to him to be one of the
causes of the rapid decay of indigenous populations in regions
occupied by Europeans.2

Mr. Alex. Harvey says that Professors Goodsir, Maunsel,
and Carmichael have, from various sources, ascertained that
Count Strzelecki's assertion is unquestionable, and must be
considered as the expression of a law of nature.3

M. de Strzelecki has not specified that the sterilisation of
the native females was the consequence of the procreation of
cross-breeds. He merely speaks of sexual relations in general;
and it appears to result from the text, that a native woman
who has cohabited for some time with a European, becomes
sterile in the intercourse with men of her own race, even if she
has not produced a child.

It has, however, been assumed that this observer speaks
only of such women who have at least once been impregnated

1 I cannot say whether this is also the case in Van Diemen's Land. The
subjoined documents have been collected in Australia since 1835, namely, at
a period when there were no longer any Tasmanians in Tasmania. M. de
Eienzi who had terminated his voyages before that time, said that the Tas-
manian women sometimes quitted their husbands to live with the European
fishermen established on the coasts, L' Oceanic, t. iii, p. 547; this is, however,
an isolated fact.

2 P. E. Strzelecki, Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Die-
men's Land, p. 346, London, 1845.

3 Monthly Journal of Med. Science, Edinburgh, 1850, vol. xi, p. 304.

56 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES

by a European, and it is in this form that the question has
been examined by physiologists. The question has been
asked, how the gestation of a Mulatto's foetus could modify
the constitution of the mother to render her barren with the
men of her own race ; and Mr. Alex. Harvey,1 in developing a
theory of Mr. McGrillivray, has supposed that the embryo,
whilst in utero, subjected the mother, by some sort of inocula-
tion, to organic or dynamic modifications, the elements of
which had been transmitted to the embryo by the father, and
the mother would then retain the impress permanently. In
support of this hypothesis, the author reminds us that certain
diseases, such as old and non-contagious syphilis, may be com-
municated to the mother by the mediation of the foetus. He
further observes that in horses, oxen, sheep, and dogs, a
female, impregnated for the first time by a male, may for a
long time preserve a certain disposition to produce with an-
other male young resembling the first, a phenomenon well-
known to breeders. He finally remarks that a mare, having
given birth to a mule, conceives subsequently with greater dif-
ficulty from horses than from asses, and he connects these in-
stances with those of the native women who once impregnated
by a white man, become by it barren in their connexion with
men of their own race without, however, losing the capacity of
becoming again pregnant by white men.

I cannot accept this adventurous theory which Dr. Carpenter
was nearly ready to adopt, but which he has discarded in a
postscript, owing to fresh information which he received while
his article went to press.3 The influence of the first male
upon the succeeding progeny has been many times rendered
evident by the crossing of animals of the same race, and even
of different species.3 The existence of such a phenomenon

1 Alexander Harvey (of Aberdeen) on the Fcetus in Utero, as inoculating
the maternal with the peculiarities of the paternal organism, and on the
influence thereby exercised by the males on the constitution and the repro-
ductive power of the female. In the Monthly Journal of Hed. Science of
Edinburgh, vol. ix, p. 1130; vol. xi, p. 299; and vol. xi, p. 387 (1849-1850).

- Carpenter, art. " Varieties of Mankind," in Todd's Cyclopcedia of Ana-
tomy and Physiology, vol. iv, p. 1341 and 1365.

3 A mare of Lord Morton, covered by a zebra, produced at first a zebra
mule; covered subsequently by an Arab horse she produced successively
three zebra foals like the first mule.

NOT EUGENESIC. 57

in the human species is, at any rate, still doubtful, and the
connexion of facts of this kind, with Strzelecki's assertion, is
yet more questionable. We must also observe that Strzelecki,
in pointing out the barrenness of savage women who have co-
habited with the Whites, does not merely speak of such who
have produced Mulattoes, but applies equally to those women
who had not given birth to any children ; and if Mr. Harvey
had taken the exact meaning of the text, he might, perhaps,
not have advanced his theory.

The observations of M. de Strzelecki, though made in various
regions, have been published in a work on Australia. It was
thought that he spoke especially of the native women of New
South Wales, and it was more from that country that more in-
formation was expected on that subject. Mr. Heywood Thom-
son, a surgeon of the English navy, took up the question, and
sent to the Edinburgh Monthly Journal an article tending to
refute Strzelecki's assertion. This article effectively shows
that Strzelecki's opinion was far too general. The author
states, that he had known a colonist of the Macquarie river,
who communicated to him the following fact : — One of his
convict servants had a child born him by an Australian woman,
who subsequently returned to her own tribe, had then a second
child by a native man. Mr. Thomson states, that other in-
stances of the kind had occurred in the colony ; and he strikes
a fatal blow at Mr. Harvey's theory by adding, that the Austra-
lian women who have for a certain time cohabited with the
Whites, are not more prolific with them than with the natives.
But though Mr. Thomson has endeavoured to prove that the
cohabitation with Europeans does not necessarily render Austra-
lian women barren with men of their own race, he acknowledges
that such a result is very common. He admits it as a fact
which cannot be contested,1 and considers it so certain that he
tries to explain it, by attributing it to the following causes : —

1. The European who has cohabited with an Australian

' Thomas E. Heywood Thomson, on the " Beported Incompetency of the
Aboriginal Females of New Holland to Procreate with Native Males after
having Children by a European or White," in Monthly Journal of Medical
Science, Edinburgh, Oct. 1851, vol. xii, p. 354.

58 INTERMIXTURE OP CERTAIN RACES

woman, sends her away after the lapse of a few years, when
she is often not young enough to produce children, as Austra-
lian women rarely conceive after the thirtieth year. 2. The
cohabitation with a European modifies the constitution of the
savage woman, who smokes, and is frequently intoxicated
during that time. 3. Having not lost the habits of savage
life, she returns to her tribe, where she now has some difficulty
to support fatigues and irregularities, which diminishes her
fecundity. 4. Finally, when she becomes a mother, and the
fatigues of maternity are added to her other troubles, she tries
to escape them by infanticide. It is to the united eifect of
these causes that the author attributes the rarity of children
born of Australian native women who have returned to their
tribes.

It is very significant when an author, despite of himself,
confirms by his theories, facts which he had undertaken to
disprove. I will not allude again to the story of infanticide,
a hundred times more improbable here, than in cases where
the child had been begotten by a European. Though it fol-
lows, from Mr. Thomson's article, that Strzelecki's assertion
was too general, it results at the same time that the assertion
was well founded. But this is not the place to search for the
explanation of a phenomenon which, despite the efforts of Mr.
Harvey, does not touch hybridity. If I have dwelt on the
fact, it is because the polemics raised by Strzelecki's observa-
tions have incontestably established that the cohabitation of
Whites and native Australian women is very common in
Australia; and we do not comprehend under this name the
sexual intercourse which is accidental and transitory, such as
occurs when the women come to market, but the cohabitation
under the same roof, and prolonged during several months,
and even years. The scarcity of Australian Mulattoos can
thus be attributed neither to the rarity nor to the transitory
nature of sexual intercourse ; neither can we admit, until we
are better informed, that the relative sterility of such crossings
is the consequence of some homcoogencsic defect between the
two races.

In studying the cases preceding those just mentioned, we

NOT EUGENESIC. 59

have put the question whether Mulattoes of the first degree
were, between themselves, indefinitely prolific, to answer which
we had to analyse a certain number of facts. In the present
case the facts fail us, and the question can only be examined
theoretically. No traveller or author has spoken of the alli-
ance of Australian Mulattoes between themselves, nor of their
recrossing on the parent stock. No writer has informed us
whether these Mulattoes are robustious, intelligent, vivacious,
or, on the contrary, weak, stupid, and shortlived. One thing
appears to me certain, that the number of young Mulattoes
who die at an early age, or who are not viable, must be rela-
tively considerable, and this may perhaps have given rise to
the accusation of infanticide, which I have already refuted.
This defective progeny is also observed in the crossings of
certain species of animals but little homosogenesic ; and if it
be true, as everything tends to establish, that the union of the
Whites and the Australian women is but little prolific, we may
suppose that Mulattoes sprung from such disparate unions,
must enter the category of inferior cross-breeds. Are they
very prolific between themselves ? This seems not very pro-
bable, though we have no experimental knowledge of it. It is
even doubtful whether they are very prolific with the Whites,
for no one has mentioned the existence of Quadroon Mulat-
toes, which might be as easily recognised as the Quadroons of
the Antilles. However small the number of hybrid women of
the first degree may be, these women ought to have produced
with the Whites, if they had been very prolific, a progeny
which ought to have become numerous in the population of a
colony founded above seventy years ; for there can be no
doubt that there, as everywhere, the woman of colour selects
by preference the alliance of men of a superior race.

I am far from advancing these suppositions as demonstrated
truths. I have studied and analysed all documents within my
reach; but I cannot be responsible for facts not ascertained
by myself, and which are too much in opposition to generally
received opinions to be admitted without strict investigation.
I, therefore, earnestly draw the attention of travellers, and es-
pecially of physicians resident in Australia to this subject, the

60 INTERMIXTURE OF CERTAIN RACES, ETC.

importance of which. I have endeavoured to point out. Until
we obtain further particulars we can only reason upon the
known facts ; but these, it must be admitted, are so numerous
and so authentic as to constitute if not a rigorous definitive de-
monstration, at least a strong presumption in favour of the
doctrines of polygenists.

From the whole of our researches on the hybridity of the
human race we obtain the following results : —

1. That certain intermixtures are perfectly eugenesic.

2. That other intermixtures are in their results notably in-
ferior to those of eugenesic hybridity.

3. That Mulattoes of the first degree, issued from the union
of the Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) race with the African Negroes,
appear inferior in fecundity and longevity to individuals of the
pure races.

4. That it is at least doubtful, whether these Mulattoes, in
their alliances between themselves, are capable of indefinitely
perpetuating their race, and that they are less prolific in their
direct alliances than in their re-crossing with the parent stocks,
as is observed in paragenesic hybridity.

5. That alliances between the Germanic race (Anglo-Saxon)
with the Melanesian races (Australians and Tasmanians) are but
little prolific.

6. That the Mulattoes sprung from such intercourse are
too rare to have enabled us to obtain exact particulars as to
their viability and fecundity.

7. That several degrees of hybridity, which have been ob-
served in the cross-breeds of animals of different species, seem
also to occur in the various crossings of men of different races.

8. That the lowest degree of human hybridity in which the
homoeogenesis is so feeble as to render the fecundity of the
first crossing uncertain, is exhibited in the most disparate
crossings between one of the most elevated and the two lowest
races of humanity.

61

SECTION IV.

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

THE numerous and controverted questions which we had to
discuss, have more than once interrupted the chain of our
thesis. It may, therefore, be useful to present here a resumd of
the various parts of our argumentation.

Zoologists have, in each of the natural groups which consti-
tute the genera, recognised several types which they denomi-
nate species.1

The human group evidently constitutes one genus ; if it con-
sisted only of one species, it would form a single exception in
creation. It is, therefore, but natural to presume, that this
genus is, like all the others, composed of different species.

In the greater number of genera, the various species differ
much less from each other than certain human races. A natu-
ralist, who, without touching the question of origin, purely
and simply applies to the human genus the general principles
of zootaxis, would be inclined to divide this genus into different
species.

This mode of viewing the subject can only be abandoned, if
it were by observation demonstrated that all the difference be-
tween human races had been the result of modifications caused
in the organisation of man by the influence of media.

The monogenists have at first made great efforts to furnish
such a demonstration, but without success. Observation has,
011 the contrary, shown, that though the organisation of man
may, in the course of time, and under the influence of external
conditions, undergo some modification, yet that these modifica-
tions are relatively very slight, and have no relation to the
typical differences of human races. Man, transplanted into a

1 Some genera in existing faunas, containing only one species, are in an-
terior faunas represented by a number of species now extinct, and evidently
differing from the one species actually existing. [Compare the two species
of existing elephants with the twelve species of Elephas and thirteen of
Mastodon which existed in tertiary times. — EDITOR.]

62 BECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

new climate, and subjected to a new mode of life, conserves
and transmits to posterity all the essential characters of his
race, and his descendants do not acquire the character of the
indigenous race or races. Ccelum, non corpus mutant qui trans
mare currunt.

The monogenists have objected that the period of distant
colonies is too recent ; that the observations tending to esta-
blish the permanence of human types date scarcely from three
or four centuries, and that this lapse of time is insufficient to
produce a transformation of races, and that such a transforma-
tion has been produced gradually during the long series of
centuries elapsed, according to some from the creation of man,
and according to others since the Deluge.

But the study of the Egyptian paintings has shown, that on
the one hand the principal types of the human genus existed
then, 2,500 years at least before Jesus Christ, as they exist at
this day.

Again, the Jewish race, scattered for more than eighteen
centuries in the most different climates, is everywhere the
same now as it was in Egypt at the time of the Pharaohs.

The period of positive observations dates thus, from more
than forty centuries and not from three or four.1

Having no longer any hope to prove by direct demonstra-
tions that the distinctive characters of human races are trans-
formations of one primitive type, the monogenists sought for
indirect proofs. They believed to have found them in this
fact, or rather assertion, that there is always a certain relation
between the characters of human races and the media in which

1 There exist at present in northern Africa, down to the Sahara, a fair-haired
race of men, who have been held to be the descendants of the Vandals. It is
certain that no white race has been established in these parts since the time
of Genserich, that is to say, some fourteen centuries. If so, there would re-
sult from it that a sojourn of fourteen centuries upon the African soil was
not sufficient to darken the hair of the white race. But Dumoulin, taking
the text of Procopius for his guide, had already demonstrated that the light-
haired race of northern Africa had nothing in common with the Vandals ;
and I have recently found a passage in the Periple dc la Mcditerrant'-e de
Syclax, a work anterior to Alexander the Great, in which mention is made of
a tribe of light-haired Lybians, who occupied the littoral of the Minor Syrtis,
not far from Mount Auress, where to this day one of the principal tribes of
light-haired Kabyles resides. (See Bulletins de la Soc. d'Anthropologic, seance
du 10 Fevrier, 1800.)

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. 63

they exist. On close examination this assertion is found to be
without any foundation. On studying one by one the prin-
cipal ethnological characters and their distribution on the sur-
face of the globe, it has been shown that there is no relation
between these different characters and the climatic and hygi-
enic conditions.

The monogenists then resorted to an argumentation still
more indirect. They advanced that in the whole genus homo
there existed a fund of common ideas, creeds, knowledge, and
language, attesting the common origin of all human beings.
It might be objected that this argument is without any value
whatever ; considering that indirect communications between
peoples of different origin might have passed to each other
words, usages, and ideas. But a profound study of the ques-
tion has shown that there are certain peoples who have abso-
lutely no notion of Grod or soul, whose languages have no rela-
tion whatever to any, who are altogether anti-social, and who
differ from the Caucasians more by the intellectual and moral
capacities than by their physical characters.

There was even no necessity to insist upon the difficulty, or
rather geographical impossibility of the dispersion of so many
races proceeding from a common origin, nor to remark that
before the remote and the almost recent migrations of Euro-
peans, each natural group of human races occupied upon our
planet a region characterised by a special fauna ; that no
American animal was found either in Australia nor in the an-
cient continent, and where men of a new type were discovered,
there were only found animals belonging to species, even to
genera, and sometimes to zoological orders, without analogues
in other regions of the globe.

And whilst it was thus simple to suppose that there were
several fad of the creation of man, as well as of other beings ;
and whilst this doctrine, so conformable to all the data fur-
nished by natural science, removed all geographical objections,
explaining thus all the analogies and differences of human
types, and the re-partition of each group ; whilst, in one word,
it exactly accounted for all the known facts, the opposite doc-
trine moved in a circle of contradictory suppositions super-

64 RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

imposed by hypotheses ; theories founded upon a small number
of facts upset by other unexpected facts ; imaginary influences
refuted by observation ; anti-historical legends dispelled by
historical monuments ; lame explanations destroyed by physi-
ology ; obscure sophisms refuted by logic ; and all this to de-
monstrate, not exactly that all races descend from the same
pair, but that, strictly speaking, such is not altogether im-
possible.

Whence have the monogenists derived the requisite perse-
verance and courage to impose upon their reason such conti-
nuous restraint, and to resist the testimonies of observation,
science, and history ?

On analysing their system, we find at every moment two
fundamental axioms which serve them as articles of faith, and
the evidence of which appears to them sufficient to surmount
all other objections.

These two axioms have served as the premises of an appa-
rently irresistible syllogism.

1. All animals, capable of producing an eugenesic progeny,
are of the same species.

2. All human crossings are eugenesic.
Therefore, all men are of the same species.

The monogenists, convinced of the reality of the premises of
this syllogism, thought their doctrine to stand on a solid foun-
dation, and defended it with that confidence inspired by con-
viction.

Assailed by pressing objections, constantly obliged to yield,
incapable of advancing a step without an immediate retreat,
they felt their forces revive by resorting to their syllogism,
like Antaeus when he touched the earth. As long as the refuge
remained they continued the struggle, though not with ad-
vantage, at least with the ardour of faith ; for though faith
no longer moves mountains, it still leaves the hope of moving
them.

But these two fundamental propositions, admitted as axioms,
do they express the truth ? Can this triumphant syllogism, of
which they are the premises, stand ? Is it true that only ani-
mals of the same species can produce a prolific progeny ? Is

EECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. 65

it true that all human crossings are eugenesic ? To upset the
syllogism of the monogenists, and to deprive their system of any
scientific base, it might be sufficient that the first of the above
questions should be answered in the negative. The system
would then become what it was before it came in contact with
science, namely, a belief more or less respectable, founded
upon a sentiment or a dogma. But if the second question were
also negatived, and it could be demonstrated that all human
crossings are not eugenesic, then not merely the syllogism,
but the whole doctrine of the monogenists would crumble to
pieces. The doctrine would then not merely be extra- scientific,
but anti-scientific ; it being positive that two groups of ani-
mals, so different as to be incapable of fusion by generation,
do not belong to the same species. This is an incontestable
and uncontested truth.

We were thus led to examine successively the two funda-
mental propositions serving as a base to the Unitarian doc-
trine, for which purpose a series of researches were requisite.

We have, in the first place, investigated the results of cer-
tain crossings between animals of iiicontestably different spe-
cies, such as dogs and wolves, goats and sheep, camels and
dromedaries, hares and rabbits, etc. ; and we have demonstrated
that these crossings produce eugenesic mongrels, that is to say,
perfectly and indefinitely prolific between themselves.

It is thus not true that all animals capable of producing an
eugenesic progeny are of the same species; and even if all
human intermixtures were eugenesic, as is generally believed,
we could not infer from this the unity of the human species.
The monogenists are thus deprived of their principal basis and
their sole scientific argument.

It was, however, necessary to inquire, whether this popular
axiom, that all human crossings are eugenesic, was a demon-
strated truth or a lightly accepted hypothesis, without any
verification or control ? Such has been the object of our
second series of investigations.

We recognised at the outset that the monogenists, consider-
ing their axiom as self-evident, have made no efforts to esta-
blish its correctness, so that, strictly speaking, we might have

66 RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

discarded it. When, contrary to the opinion of several modern
authors, we wished to establish that there were really eugenesic
intermixtures in the human genus, we found in science asser-
tions without proofs, and we believe that our investigations
concerning the mixed populations of France have, in this re-
spect, the merit of novelty. We may be mistaken as to the
value of our demonstration ; but we venture to assert, that this
demonstration is the first that has been attempted.

After having rendered, if not quite certain, at least ex-
tremely probable, that certain human crossings are eugenesic, we
have inquired whether all human crossings are in the same
condition.

From the documents collected it results, that certain human
crossings yield results notably inferior to such as constitute
in animals eugenesic hybridity. The whole of the known facts
permit us to consider as very probable, that certain human
races taken two by two are less homceogenesic ; as, for instance,
the species of the dog and the wolf. If we are to make any
reservation, and leave some doubts upon this conclusion, it is
that we cannot admit, without numerous verifications, a fact
which definitively demonstrates the plurality of human species;
a fact, by the presence of which, all other discussion is ren-
dered superfluous ; a fact, finally, of which the political and
social consequences would be immense.

We cannot too much insist upon drawing the attention of
observers upon this subject. But whatever be the result of
ulterior researches on human hybridity, it remains well attested
that animals of different species may produce an eugenesic pro-
geny, and that consequently we cannot, from the fecundity of
human intermixtures, however disparate the races may be,
draw a physiological argument in favour of the unity of spe-
cies, even if the fecundity were as certain as it is doubtful.

The great problem we have investigated in this essay is one
of those which have caused great agitation, and most difficult to
approach with a mind unbiassed by any extra- scientific precon-
ception. This was almost inevitable • but science must keep
aloof from anything not within its province. There is 110 faith,
however respectable, no interest, however legitimate, which

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. 67

must not accommodate itself to the progress of human knowledge
and bend before truth, if that truth be demonstrated. Hence
it is always hazardous to mix up theological arguments with
discussions of this kind, and to stigmatise in the name of reli-
gion any scientific opinion, since, if that opinion, sooner or
later gains ground, religion has been uselessly compromised.
The unskilful intervention of theologians in astronomical ques-
tions (rotation of the earth), in physiology (pre-existence of
germs), in medicine (possessions), etc., has formed more infidels
than the writings of philosophers. Why should men be placed
in the dilemma of choosing between science and faith ? And
when so many striking examples have placed theologians under
the necessity to acknowledge that revelation is not applicable
to science, why do they obstinately continue to place the Bible
before the wheels of progress ?*

Sincere Christians have understood that the moment is come
to prepare the conciliation of the doctrine of the polygenists
with the sacred writings. They are disposed to admit that the
Mosaic narration does not apply to the whole human race, but
merely to the Adamites, from which sprung God's people ; that
there may have been other human beings with whom the sacred
writer had no concern ; that it is nowhere said that the sons of
Adam contracted incestuous alliances with their own sisters ;
that Cain, banished after the murder of his brother, had a mark
sot upon him that no one might kill him; that, besides the
sons of God, there was a race of the sons of man ; that the
origin of the sons of men is not specified ; that nothing
authorises us to consider these as the progeny of Adam ; that
these two races differed in their physical characters, since, by
their union, a cross-breed was produced designated by the
name of giants, "to indicate the physical and moral energy of
mixed races." And that, finally, all these antediluvian races
might have survived the deluge in the persons of the three
daughters-in-law of Noah.2

1 [Compare on this subject Professor E. Owen on The Power of God as
manifested in liis Animal Creation, 12mo, London, 1863, in which the relations
of science to theology are excellently stated. — EDITOK.]

2 J. Pye Smith, Relations between the Holy Scriptures and Geology, third
edition, pp. 398-400. This passage is textually reproduced by Morton in a

68 KECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

We have collated here the observations of various authors,
one of whom, the Rev. John Bachmann, remarks with evident
satisfaction that, if contrary to the prevailing opinion, the
multiplicity of human species should eventually be demon-
strated, which he considers very improbable, the authority of
the Bible would still remain unshaken, and that " the highest
interest of mankind would not suffer by it." We have here a
preparatory conciliation as a sort of prevision of ulterior scien-
tific developments. Very recently a fervent Catholic, a phy-
sician, who in his various voyages has attentively studied the
races of mankind, Mr. Sagot, has advanced an hypothesis
which we consider as quite new, and which would enable us,
better than by the preceding suppositions, to accommodate
the biblical narration with anthropological science. After
having demonstrated that the physical, intellectual, and moral
characters establish between the races of men profound dif-
ferences, which are indelible, and that all influences to which
they have been attributed are absurd and imaginary, inasmuch
as natural causes would never have produced such a deviation
from the primitive form, Mr. Sagot supposes that the division
in perfectly distinct races, and their methodical dispersion and
repartition upon the surface of the earth, was a miraculous in-
tervention of Providence. He is of opinion that this great
fact was accomplished at the period of the confusion of tongues,
that is, after the audacious enterprise of the Tower of Babel,
and that God, in dispersing the families, endowed each with
a peculiar organisation and aptitudes accommodated to the
various climates assigned to them.1 Whether the differences
of human races and their geographical distribution was the
consequence of distinct creations, or miraculous transforma-
tions equivalent to new creations, comes to the same thing as
regards the doctrine of polygenists. Their object is not to

letter to the Eev. John Bachniann, on Hybridity, Charleston, 1850, in 8-15.
Carpenter, art. " Varieties of Mankind," in Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy
and Physiology, vol. iv, p. 1317, London, 1852. Eusebe de Salles, Histoire
generate des Races Humaines, p. 328, Paris, 1849.

1 P. Sagot, Opinion generate sur I'Origine ct la Nature des Races Humaines ;
Conciliation des Diversities indcliblcs avecl' Unite Historique du Genre Humain,
Paris, 1860.

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. 69

enter into any theological discussions ; they have been driven
to it, and they will no doubt be delighted to hear that their
doctrine may become developed without offending anybody.

The intervention of political and social considerations has
not been less injurious to Anthropology than the religious ele-
ment. When generous philanthropists claimed, with inde-
fatigable constancy, the liberty of the blacks, the partisans of
the old system, threatened in their dearest interests, were
enchanted to hear that Negros were scarcely human beings,
but rather domestic animals, more intelligent and productive
than the rest. At that time the scientific question became a
question of sentiment, and whoever wished for the abolition of
slavery, thought himself bound to admit that Negroes were
Caucasians blackened and frizzled by the sun. Now that
France and England, the two most civilised nations, have de-
finitively emancipated their slaves, science may claim its rights
without caring for the sophisms of slaveholders.

Many honest men think that the moment to speak freely is
not yet come, as the emancipation struggle is far from being
at an end in the United States of America, and that we should
avoid furnishing the slaveholders with arguments. But is it
true that the polygenist doctrine, which is scarcely a century
old,1 is any degree responsible for an order of things which
has existed from time immemorial, and which has developed
and perpetuated itself during a long series of centuries, under
the shade of the doctrine of monogenists, which remained so
long uncontested ? And can we believe that the slave-owners
are much embarrassed to find arguments in the Bible ? The
Rev. John Bachmann, a fervent monogenist of South Carolina,
has acquired in the Southern States much popularity by demon-
strating, with great unction, that slavery is a divine institution.2
It is not from the writings of polygenists, but from the Bible,

1 [Germs of the polygenist doctrine are, however, as old as Empedocles. See
Julius Schvarcz, Geological Theories of the Greeks, 4to, London, 1862, for the
most philosophical account of these early attempts. — EDITOR.]

2 We may be permitted to reproduce here some passages from a dissertation
of this pious slave owner ; we extract them from the Charleston Medical
Journal and Review, Sept. 1854, vol. ix, pp. 657-659 : " All races of men in-
cluding the Negroes, are of the same species and origin. The Negro is a
striking variety, and at present permanent, as the numerous varieties of

70 RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

that the representatives of the Slave States have drawn their ar-
guments ; and Mr. Bachmann tells us that the Abolitionists of
Congress have been struck dumb by such an irrefragable author-
ity ! It must, therefore, not be believed that there is any con-
nexion between the scientific and the political question. The
difference of origin by no means implicates the subordination of
races. It, on the contrary, implicates the idea that each race of
men has originated in a determined region, as it were, as the
crown of the fauna of that region ; and if it were permitted
to guess at the intention of nature, we might be led to suppose
that she has assigned a distinct inheritance to each race, be-
cause, despite of all that has been said of the cosmopolitism of
man, the inviolability of the domain of certain races is deter-
mined by their climate.

Let this mode of viewing the question be compared with
that of the monogenists, and let it be asked which of the two
modes is more apt to please the defenders of slavery. If all
men are descendants of one couple, — if the inequality of races
has been the result of a curse more or less merited, — or again,
if the one have degraded themselves, and have allowed the
torch of their primitive intelligence to become extinct, whilst
the other have carefully guarded the precious gift of the
Creator, — in other words, if there be cursed and blessed races,
— races which have obeyed the voice of nature and races
which have disobeyed it, — then the Rev. John Bachmann is
right to say that slavery is a Divine right ; that it is a provi-
dential punishment ; and that it is just, to a certain point, that

domestic animals. The Negro will remain what he is, unless his form is
altered by intermixture, the simple idea of which is revolting ; his intelli-
gence is greatly inferior to that of the Caucasians, and he is consequently,
from all we know of him, incapable of governing himself. He has been
placed under our protection (a very pretty word) . The vindication of slavery
is contained in the scriptures. The Bible teaches the rights and duties of
masters, in order that the slaves should be treated with justice and goodness,
and it enjoins obedience to slaves. . . . The Bible furnishes us with the best
. weapons of which we can avail ourselves. It shows us that the ancient
Iraelites possessed slaves. It determines the duties of masters and slaves ;
and Saint Paul writes an epistle to Philemon to request him to take back
a mnaway slave. Our representatives in Congress, have drawn their argu-
ments from Holy Writ, and their adversaries have not ventured to tell them
that the historical part of the Bible (and all that concerns slavery is his-
torical) is false and uninspired ;" and, adds the Kev. John Bachmann, " we
can effectually defend our institutions from the word of God."

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. 71

those races who have degraded themselves should be placed
under the protection of others, — to borrow an ingenious eu-
phemism from the language of the defenders of slavery.1 But
if the Ethiopian is king of Soudan by the same right as the
Caucasian is king of Europe, what right has he to impose laws
upon the former, unless by the right of might ? In the first
case, slavery presents itself with a certain appearance of legi-
timacy which might render it excusable in the eyes of certain
theoricians ; in the second case, it is a fact of pure violence,
protested against by all who derive no benefit from it.

From another point of view, it might bo said that the poly-
genist doctrine assigns to the inferior races of humanity a more
honourable place than in the opposite doctrine. To be inferior
to another man either in intelligence, vigour, or beauty, is not
a humiliating condition. On the contrary, one might be
ashamed to have undergone a physical or moral degradation,
to have descended the scale of beings, and to have lost rank in
creation.

[J See, for many valuable hints on this subject, Savage Africa,, by W. Win-
wood Beade, 8vo, London, 1864'. — EDITOR.]

THE END.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abyssinian, 9
Adam, 67
Alexandria, 2
Americans, 8, 9, 32
Anglo-Saxon race, 2
Antaeus, 64

Apollo de Belvedere, 8
Arabs, 7, 12, 17, 29
Araucanos, 55
Asia Minor, 17
Australians, 10, 14, 45, 49
Autochthones, 11

3,7

Bass's Straits, 11
Bastaards, 3
Berber, 10, 12
Bergmaars, 4
Bible, The, 62
Bitches, 25
Blacks, 9
Bongarri, 52
Bosjesmen, 3

Cabres, 29
Cain, 67
Cairo, 20
Caffres, 12, 14
Cafusos, 3
Cambyses, 16
Carolina, South, 33
Caucasian race, 8, 9, 32, 69
Caucasus, 20
Celts, 7, 10, 12, 14
Charruas, 11

Children of Mulattoes, 37
Chinese Mtilattoes, 43
Christian faith, 67
Cohabitation with White, 57
Conclusions regarding hybridity, 60
Confederate States of America, Mu-
lattoes in, 33, 69
Convict population, 50
Crossing in human races, 1

Darfour, 29
Debauchery, 52
Deluge, 62, 67
Dutch, 3

Egyptian paintings, 62
Ethiopian race, 30, 32
Ethiopian right, 71
Ethnology of France, 17, 22
Eugenesic breeds, 13; hybridity, 16,

19, 21, 26
Exotic, 11
Ezekiel, 2

Fecundity, 23, 40

Fellahs of Egypt, 16

Flinders island, 11, 46

Foulah, 10, 29

France, 18 ; ethnology of, 22

Galatia, 17
Gauls, 17, 22
Genus Homo, 7
Germans, 7, 12, 14, 18
Georgia, 21
Gins, 51

Great Britain, 18
Greece, 17
Greeks, 17
Griffes, 29
Griquas, 3, 4
Guanches, 11

Hayti, 30
Hobart Town, 51
Homooogenesis, 15, 66
Homo, genus, 7
Homogenesic, 26
Hottentots, 3, 45, 49
Hurons, 75
Hybridity, 10

74

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Intermixture of certain races of men

not eugenesic, 25
Italy, 18

Jamaica, 35
Japan, 11

Java, Mulattoes in, 39
Jews, 7, 62

Kabyles, 7
Kaffirs, 3

Kauris, 12, 14, 17, 22
Koranas, 4

Lapps, 14
Lipplappen, 40, 41

Macedonians, 17

Malayo-Polynesians, 8

Malays, 4, 14, 42

Mamelukes, 17, 20

Marabouts, 29

Mares and mules, 56

Massacre of mongrels (alleged), 52

Mastiff, 25

Mehemet AH, 16

Mestizoes, 3

Mexico, 33

Mingrelia, 21

Mixed races, 1, 13

Mongrel breeds, 2, 54

Mongolians, 8, 9

Monogenists, 9, 25, 63

Mop-headed Papuans, 34

Moravian brothers, 45

Mosaic narrative, the, 67

Mulattoes, 2, 29, 30, 33, 42, 54

Mules, 2

Namaquas, 3

Native women ugly and dirty, 49

Negroes, 6, 10, 14, 29

New South Wales, 51

Nicaragua, 39

Nigritia, 9

Nile, 20

Noah, 67

No mixed races can subsist, 13

Ottomans, 21

Panama, Mulattoes at, 39
Papuans, 3, 4, 5, 12
Penis in Negro, 28
Pentagenists, 12

Persians, 17
Peru, 39

Pharaonic epoch, 16
Polygenists, 9, 25
Polynesians, 75
Pondicherry, Mulattoes at, 39
Populations, 50
Port Jackson, the chief at, 52
Pou-Endemenes, 5
Prognathous race of Japan, 11
Protestant missions, 3
Puritans of New England, 44

Quadroons, 29
Quinteroons, 29

Eace, human, 1

Recapitulation and Conclusion, 61
Roman republic,
Romans, 17

Sclaves, 7
Seminoles,
Senegal, 29

Slavery and slave -owners, 67
Species of animals, mongrels be-
tween, 65

Sterility of cross-breeds, 20
Sterility of Australian women, 55
Syllogism, absurd, of the monoge-
nists, 64

Tasrnanian, 45, 49
Terzeroons, 29
Turks, 17

Twins murdered, 53
Type, definition of, 8

Unilateral hybridity, 27

Unitarians, 10

Uterine canal, 28

Van Dienien's Land, 11, 46, 49, 50

Varamas, 3

Visigoths, 17

United States of America, 2

Waigiou, 3, 6

West Indies, Mulattoes in, 37

Whites, 9, 29

Wolf-dogs, 25

Yellow fever, 33
Zamboes, 39

INDEX OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

Bachman, Reverend John, 68
Bendyshe, Thomas, 2
Berard, Paul, 8, 10, 16
Bille, Steen, 41
Blumenbach, 8
Bory de St. Vincent, 10, 11
Boudin, 39, 40
Burchell, 4

Campbell, 3

Carmichael, 55

Carpenter, 56

Collingwood, J. Frederick, 29

Cunningham, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54

Cuvier, 8

Dampier, 6

Davis and Thurnam, 3, 7
Desmoulins, 10, 11
Dumont d'Urville, 6, 31
Dumoulin, 63

Earle, 5
Empedocles, 69

Freycinet, 54

Garnat, 45
Gaimard, 47
Gerdy, 16
Gliddon, 20, 47
Gobineau, A. de, 1
Goodsir, 55
Gortz, 40
Giitzlaff, 43

Harvey, 44, 55, 56
Havorinus, 40
Henricq, 51
Henricy, 6
Hotze, Henry, 1

Jacquinot, 31, 32, 33, 47, 54

Knox, Robert, 2, 22

Kolbe, 4

Latham, Dr. R. G., 5, 6, 11

Lesson, 5, 6, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53
Lewis, 37
Lichtenstein, 3
Long, 36

Malte Brnn, 4, 49, 50
Maunsel, 55
Maury, A., 5
McGillivray, 49, 54, 56
Mohammed-el-Tounsy, 29
Mollien, 29
Morton, 10, 67
Morton (Lord), 56
Mulattoes, 33

Nott, Dr., 2, 32

Omalius d'Halloy, 46
Owen, Richard, 67

Peteam, Father, 4
Philips, Jean, 3, 4
Pouchet, Georges, 2, 20, 40
Prichard, Dr., 2, 4, 5, 7, 13

Quoy and Gairnard, 3, 4, 6
Quatrefages, 41

Rafnel, 29

Reade, W. Win wood, 71

Rienzi, De, 5, 6, 45, 46

Sagot, P. de, 68
SaHes, Eusebe de, 68
Schvarcz, Julius, 69
Seemann, Berthold, 39
Serres, Marcel de, 28
Smith, Hamilton, 38
Smith, Pye, 67
Spix and Martins, 3
Squier, 40
Strzelecki (Count), 46, 54, 57

G 2

70

INDEX OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

Ten Khyne, 3 .
Thomson., 57
Thompson, 3
Thunberg, 4
Truter and Somerville, 3
Tschudi, 40

Van Amringe, 38

Volney, 20

Waitz, Theodor, 29, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42,

49, 52, 53, 54
Wentworth, 51

Yvan, 40

EEEATA.

Pa

^e 21 line 6 /
31 „ 16
47 „ 12
48 in note 2

)r Mongrelia
, Jacquenot
, Gaymard
, Lessen

49 „ 6

, Essingen

- ,

63 „ 32

, fad

read

Mingrelia.

Jacquinot.

Gaimard.

Lesson.

Essington.

foci

T. KICIIAUUS, a*. OUEAT gUEEN STliEET.

EEGULATIONS

OF THH

g>ocitt% of

1. The Society shall be styled "THE ANTHROPOLO-
GICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON."

2. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON is object.
formed for the purpose of promoting the study of Anthro-
pology.

3. The Society shall consist of a President, Four Vice- constitution.
Presidents, Fellows, Honorary Fellows, Corresponding
Members, and Local Secretaries.

4. The Government of the Society shall be vested in Government.
the Council ; and the Council elected as hereinafter
directed shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents,

a Treasurer, two Honorary Secretaries, a Foreign Secre-
tary, and fourteen Fellows.

5. The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secre- Election of
taries, and ordinary Members of the Council, shall be
elected by ballot at the Annual General Meeting ; and

two at least of the ordinary Councillors shall retire from
office, annually : the retiring Members to be selected by
the Council, at the Anniversary Meeting.

6. If, in the interval between two Annual Meetings, Privileges of

Council.

any vacancy in the Council shall occur, the Council shall
have the power of appointing some Fellow of the Society
to fill such vacancy. Particular subjects may be referred
by the Council to Committees, and such Committees
shall report to the Council the result of their proceed-
ings.

78

Nomination 7. Every person desirous of admission in the Society
as a Fellow, shall be proposed and recommended, agree-
ably to the Form No. 1 in the Appendix ; which Form
must be subscribed by at least one Fellow, who shall
certify his personal knowledge of such Candidate.

8. Every Candidate's recommendation must be de-
livered to the Secretary, and shall by him be submitted
to the Council, at the next meeting.

Election of 9. The Council shall proceed to the election by a show
n>s' of hands, or by ballot, if any Member demand it. The
voting shall take place at the same Council Meeting as
that on which the Candidate is proposed, and no person
shall be considered as elected unless he have three-
fourths of the votes in his favour.

Admission 10. Every person so elected, having subscribed the
Form No. 2 in the Appendix, shall be admitted by the
Chairman at the first Ordinary Meeting at which he is
present, according to the following Form:- -"In the
name, and by the authority of the Anthropological
Society of London, I admit you a fellow thereof/'

Privileges of 11- The Fellows have the right to be present, to state
their opinion, and to vote at all General Meetings ; to
propose candidates for admission into the Society; to
introduce two Visitors at the Ordinary Meetings of the
Society ; and to have transmitted to them all official
documents which the Council may cause to be printed
for the use of the Society : and, under such limitations
as the Council may deem expedient, to have personal
access to the Library and all other public rooms in the
occupation of the Society, and to borrow books, maps,
plates, drawings, or specimens, belonging -to the Society.
12. All the Fellows are eligible to be Members of the
Council and Officers of the Society.

79

13. Each Fellow shall pay an Annual Contribution of c^'^'
two guineas, which may at any time be compounded for by

a single payment of £21.

14. The Annual Contributions shall become due, in
advance, on the First day of January in each year.

15. Whenever a Fellow shall be three months in arrear
in the payment of his annual contributions, the Treasurer
shall forward to him a Letter, of the Form No. 3, or of the
Form No. 4 in the Appendix, according as he shall reside
in London or in the Country.

1 6. If the arrears be not paid within one month after
the forwarding of such Letter, the Treasurer shall report
such default to the Council, and the Council shall use its
discretion in erasing the name of the defaulter from the
List of Fellows ; and he shall not be allowed to attend the
Meetings of the Society, nor to enjoy any of its privileges
and advantages, until his arrears be paid. No Member
of the Society whose subscription is three months in
arrear, and who shall have received notice from the
Treasurer, shall be allowed to attend any General or
Council Meetings. At the expiration of six months, the
name of the defaulter shall be suspended in the Meeting
Room.

17. Any Fellow may withdraw from the Society, by Retiring of

Fellows.

signifying his wish to do so, by letter under his own hand,
addressed to one of the Secretaries. Such Fellow shall,
however, be liable to the Contribution of the year in which
he signifies his wish to withdraw ; and shall continue liable
for the Annual Contribution until he shall have discharged
all sums due by him to the Society ; and shall have returned
all books, or other property, borrowed by him of the
Society ; or shall have made full compensation for the same,
if lost or not forthcoming.

General

Meetings.

80

EXFeiu!ws°f 1^- Should there appear cause, in the opinion of the
Council, for the expulsion from the Society of any Fellow,
a Special General Meeting shall be called by the Council
for that purpose, and if three-fourths of those voting agree,
by ballot, that such Fellow be expelled, the President, or
other Fellow in the Chair, shall declare the same accord-
ingly, whereupon his name shall be erased from the List of
Fellows.

^noraty* 19. The Honorary Fellows, Corresponding Members, and

^spondtog Local Secretaries, shall be elected by the Council, under

Local ' the same conditions as laid down in Par. 9, for ordinary

Secretaries,

etc. Fellows, and such elections shall be announced to the

Society at its next ordinary Meeting.

Annual £0. A General Meeting shall be held annually in Jan-
uary, to receive the report of the Council on the state of
the Society, and to deliberate thereon ; and to discuss
and determine such matters as may be brought forward
by the Council relative to the affairs of the Society.
These propositions having been previously read as a whole
shall then be considered paragraph by paragraph. Also,
to elect the Officers for the ensuing year. The Chairman
shall cause to be read the regulations relating to the
Anniversary General Meetings ; he shall cause to be dis-
tributed a sufficient number of balloting-lists, according
to the Form No. 5 in the Appendix ; and he shall appoint
two or more Scrutineers, from among the Fellows present,
to superintend the ballot during its progress, and to
report the results to the Meeting : the ballot shall close
at the expiration of one hour. No rule shall be altered
unless two-thirds of the voters concur in the proposed
change.

21. Each Fellow voting must deliver his balloting-list,
folded up, to one of the Scrutineers, who shall immediately

81

put it into the balloting-box. And the name of the Fellow
so delivering his list shall be taken down by the Secretary,
or by some person appointed to do so.

22. The Council shall call a Special General Meeting of l^i
the Society when it seems to them necessary, or when
required by any ten Fellows so to do.

23. Every such requisition, duly signed by ten or more
Fellows, must specify, in the form of a Resolution, the
object intended to be submitted to the Meeting.

24 The requisition, the motion, and the notice of the
Special Meeting, shall be suspended in the Library one
week, and a copy sent to all Fellows one week previous to
such Meeting ; and at the' Meeting, the discussion shall be
confined to the object specified in the motion.

25. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held °£}™%
on Tuesdays in each month from November to June,

both inclusive ; and a printed card of such Meetings shall
be delivered to each Fellow before the commencement of
the session.

26. Business shall commence at Eight o'clock in the
evening precisely, when the minittes of the preceding
Ordinary Meeting shall be read.

27. At the Ordinary Meetings, the order of business
shall be as follows : — The minutes of the last Meeting
shall be read aloud by one of the Secretaries, and if found
correct, shall be signed by the Chairman ; the presents
made to the Society since their last meeting shall be
announced ; communications shall be announced and read ;
after which, the* persons present shall be invited by the
Chairman to deliver aloud, from their places, their opinions
on the communications which have been read, and on the
specimens or drawings which have been exhibited at that
meeting.

82

28. Every Fellow shall have the privilege of introducing
two Visitors at each Ordinary Meeting of the Society,
whose names, and that of the Fellow introducing them,
shall be entered in a book kept for the purpose.

29. At an ordinary meeting, no question relating to
the Rules or management of the Society shall be intro-
duced.

council 30. The Council shall meet on some convenient day in

Meetings.

the week of each Ordinary Meeting. And the President
or any three Members of the Council, may at any time
call a Special Meeting of the Council, to which the whole
Council shall be summoned.

31. In all Meetings of the Council, five to be a quorum ;
all questions to be decided by vote, unless a ballot be
demanded ; and a decision of the majority to be considered
as the decision of the Meeting ; the Chairman having, in
case of an equality, the casting-vote.

council 32- The dnties of tlie Council shall be to see that
Minutes of its proceedings are taken, during their pro-
gress, by the Secretary, or, in case of his absence, by
some Fellow present,- whom the Chairman shall appoint
for the occasion ; which Minutes shall be afterwards
copied into a Minute-Book kept for that purpose, read at
the next Meeting of the Council, and, if found correct,
signed by the Chairman. Also to examine, present, and
cause to be read at the anniversary Meeting, a Report
of the accounts and of the state of the affairs of the
Society for the preceding year. The Council shall also
have the general superintendence of air the publications
of the Society ; and shall select works to be translated, and
appoint some member of the Society to edit the same.
The Council shall also act for the Society in any matter
which is not specified in these regulations. It is the

83

duty of the Council to prepare the House-list of retiring
Members of Council, and also of Candidates to be
recommended at the Anniversary General Meeting to fill
up the vacancies.

33. The President shall take the Chair at every Meeting Duties of
of the Society, or of the Council, at which he may be
present : he shall keep order in all proceedings ; submit
questions to the Meeting ; and perform the other custom-
ary duties of a Chairman.

34. It is his duty to execute, and cause to be executed,
the Regulations of the Society ; to see that all the Officers
of the Society, and Members of the Council and of
Committees, perform the duties assigned to, or undertaken
by them respectively ; to call for Reports and Accounts,
from Committees and persons ; to cause, of his own
authority, and when necessary, Special Meetings of the
Council and of Committees to be summoned.

35. When prevented from being present at any Meeting,
or from otherwise attending to the current business of the
Society, he will be expected to give timely notice thereof
to one of the Vice-Presidents, or, in their absence, to some
other Member of the Council, in order that his place may
be properly supplied.

36. One of the Vice-Presidents, if present, shall supply Duties
the place of the President when absent. Presidents.

37. The Treasurer has special charge of all Accounts ; puties of
and shall see to the collecting all sums of money due to

the Society. And he shall report, from time to time, to
the Council the names of all such Fellows as shall be in
arrear, together with the sums due respectively by each.

38. He shall, with the consent of the Council, appoint
a Collector, for whom he shall be responsible, and who
shall receive a reasonable remuneration ; and the money

84

collected shall immediately be paid to the Bankers of the
Society.

39. In concert with the Secretaries, the Treasurer
shall keep a complete List of the Fellows of the Society,
with the name and address of each accurately set forth ;
which List, with the other Books of Account, shall be
laid on the table at every Ordinary Meeting of the
Council.

40. He also shall pay all accounts due by the Society,
after they shall have been examined and approved by the
Council. All drafts on the Banker shall be signed at a
Council Meeting by the Chairman, Treasurer, and one of
the Secretaries. And the Accounts of the Treasurer
shall be annually audited by two Fellows, proposed by
the President, and approved by the Ordinary Meeting held
next before the Anniversary.

Duties of 41. The Secretaries shall have a general charge of all
iretanes. ^ arrangements, and of the execution of all the orders,
of the Council and of the Society. They shall con-
duct the correspondence ; attend the Meetings ; take
Minutes of the proceedings during their progress ; and,
at the commencement of every Meeting, read the Minutes
of the previous Meeting. At the Ordinary Meetings
they shall announce the presents received since the last
Meeting. They shall make a note of the Papers read at the
Ordinary Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes ; and see
that all such Minutes of the proceedings, whether of the
Society or of the Council, are entered in the several
Minute-Books. They shall also make the Indexes and edit
the Society's Transactions.

42. The Secretaries shall have also the immediate
superintendence of all persons employed by the Society ;
and charge of its Books, Papers, Maps, Specimens, and

85

Drawings. They shall see that all accessions to them are
properly placed and catalogued.

43. Conjointly with the Treasurer, they shall have charge
of the accounts of the Society. And no account shall be
brought before the Council, until they or one of them,
attest in writing that they have examined it, and believe
it to be accurate.

44. The whole of the property and effects of the Property of

the Society.

Society, of what kind soever, shall be vested in three
Trustees, for its use : one of whom shall always be the
Treasurer for the time being ; and the other two shall be
chosen at a General Meeting of the Society.

45. Every Paper which may be presented to the original

Papers.

Society shall, in consequence of such presentation, be
considered as the property of the Society, unless there
shall have been any previous engagement with its author
to the contrary : and the Council may publish the same
in any way, and at any time, that they may think proper.
But should the Council refuse or neglect, within a reason-
able time, to publish such Paper, the author shall have a
right to copy the same, and publish it under his own
directions. No other person, however, shall publish any
Paper belonging to the Society, without the previous
consent of the Council.

APPENDIX.

FORM No. 1.

A. B. [here state the Christian Name, Surname, and
usual place of Residence of the Candidate] being desirous
of admission into the Anthropological Society, I propose
and recommend him as a proper person to become a
Fellow thereof.

day of 18
from personal knowledge.

FOEM No. 2.

I, the Undersigned, being elected a Fellow of the
Anthropological Society, do hereby promise that I will
be governed by the Rules of the said Society, as they are
now formed, or as they may be hereafter altered or
amended : provided, however, that whenever I shall
signify, in writing to the Society, that I am desirous of
withdrawing my name therefrom, I shall (after the pay-
ment of Annual Contributions which may be due by me
at that period, and after giving up any Books, Papers, or
other property belonging to the Society, in my possession
or entrusted to me,) be free from this obligation.

Witness my hand, this
day of 18

87

FORM No. 3.
SIR,

I am directed by the Council of the Anthropological
Society to inform you, that, according to their Books,

the sum of was due on account of your

Annual Contribution on the First day of January last ;
the payment of which, as early as possible, is hereby
requested.

I have also to inform you, that A. B. has been appointed
Collector to the Society ; and that in order to save you the
trouble of sending your Contribution, he has been directed
by the Council to wait upon you for the same.
I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,

Treasurer.

FORM No. 4.
SIR,

I am directed by the Council of the Anthropological
Society to inform you, that, according to their Books, the

sum of was due on account of your

Annual Contribution on the First day of January last :
the payment of which, as early as possible, is hereby re-
quested.

I have also to suggest, that the amount of your Contribu-
tion can be conveniently remitted by a Post-Office Order,
made payable at the General Post Office, London, to my

order.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,

Treasurer.

88
FOEM No. 5.

Officers.

Present
Council.

Members
going out.

Members proposed to
come in.

By the
Council.

By any

Dissentient
Member.

President

Vice-President . .
Vice-President .. .
Vice -President . .
Vice-President . .

Secretary

Secretary

Foreign Secretary
Treasurer

Councillor

.

FOURTH LIST

FOUNDATION FELLOWS

0f

(Corrected to March 15th, 1804.)

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

OFFICEES AND COUNCIL FOB 1864.

Prcsitfcnt.

JAMES HUNT, ESQ., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the
Anthropological Society of Paris, Honorary Fellow of the Ethnological
Society of London, Corresponding Member of the Upper Hesse Society
for Natural and Medical Science, etc.

CAPTAIN RICHARD F. BURTON, H.M. Consul at Fernando Po, etc.
SIR CHARLES NICHOLSON, BART, D.C.L., LL.D., F.G.S., etc.
THE DUKE OF ROUSSILLON.

f^ottorarg Secretaries.

C. CARTER BLAKE, ESQ., F.G.S., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological
Society of Paris, etc.

J. FREDERICK COLLINGWOOD, ESQ., F.R.S.L., F.G.S., Foreign
Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris.

pjonorarg JForetgn Sccrctarg.

ALFRED HIGGINS, ESQ., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological
Society of Paris.

^Treasurer.

RICHARD STEPHEN CHARNOCK, ESQ., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Foreign
Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris.

Council.

HUGH J. C. BEAYAN, ESQ., F.R.G.S.

THOMAS BENDYSHE, ESQ., M.A.

WILLIAM BOLLAERT, ESQ., F.R.G.S. Corr. Mem. Univ. Chile, and

Ethno. Socs. London and New York.
S. EDWIN COLLINGWOOD, ESQ., F.Z.S.
GEORGE DUNCAN GIBB, ESQ., M.A., M.D., F.G.S.
J. NORMAN LOCKYER, ESQ., F.R.A.S., M.R.I.
S. E. B. BOUVERIE-PUSEY, ESQ., F.E.S.
W. WINWOOD READE, ESQ., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Geographical Society

of Paris.

GEORGE E. ROBERTS, ESQ.

CHARLES ROBERT DES RUFFIERES, ESQ., F.G.S., F.E.S.
DR. BERTHOLD SEEMANN, F.L.S.
WILLIAM TRAVERS, ESQ., M.R.C.S.
WILLIAM SANDYS WRIGHT VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L.,

President of the Numismatic Society of London.
GEORGE WITT, ESQ., F.R.S.

91

FOURTH LIST

OF THE

FOUNDATION FELLOWS

OF THE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

The names with * before them are those of Fellows who have com-
pounded for their Annual Subscription,

Those Fellows to whose names the ^[ is attached, have contributed
Papers.

\ Members of Council.

a Beckett, Arthur W., Esq. 17 King Street, St. James's.

Adlam, William, Esq. 9 Brook Street, Bath.

Arden, R. S., Esq. Sunbury Park, Middlesex.

Armitage, W., Esq. Townjield House, Altrincham.

Armitstead, T. B., Esq. Padnoller House, Nether Stow ey, Bridgeivater.

Arundell, Rodolph, Esq. 14 Montagu Place, Montagu Square, W.

Atkinson, Henry George, Esq., F.G.S. 18 Upper Gloucester Place,

N.W.

Austin, Thomas, Esq., M.D. District L^tnatic Asylum, Inverness.
Austin, William Baird, Esq., M.D. St. Andrew's, Fife.
Avery, John Gould, Esq. 40 Belsize Park, N.W.

*Babington, C. Cardale, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Sec.

Cambridge Phil. Soc., Prof. Botany, Cambridge. St. John's

College, Cambridge.

Babington, William, Esq. Cameroons River.

Baker, J. P., Esq., M.R.C.S. 6 York Place, Portman Square, W.
Barr, W. R., Esq. Park Mills, Stockport.

Barr, Joseph Henry, Esq., M.R.C.S. Ardwick Green, Manchester.
Bartlett, Edw., Esq. 8 King William Street, E.G.
Beale, John S., Esq. 17 Paddington Green, W.
fBeavan, Hugh J. C., Esq., F.R.G.S. 13 Blandjord Square, Regent's

Park; and Graf ton Club, W.
Beardsley, Amos, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. The Grange, near Ulvcrstone,

Lancashire.

H 2

92

Beddoe, John, Esq., M.D., F.E.S., Foreign Associate of the Anthro-
pological Society of Paris. Clifton.

f ^| Bendyshe, Thos., Esq., M A. 7 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
Benson, W. F. G., Esq. 115 Kensington, Liverpool.
Bertram, George, Esq. Sciennes Street, Edinburgh.
Best, Captain. Convict Prison, Princetown, Dartmoor, Devon.
Blackstone, Alan C., Esq., M.A , F.R.G.S. 5 Henrietta Street,

Covent Garden, W.C.

\ \ Blake, Charles Carter, Esq., F.G.S., Foreign Associate of
the Anthropological Society of Paris, Member of the Comite
d'Archeologie Americaine de France. HONORARY SECRETARY.
4 St. Martin's Place, W.C. ; and 43 Argyll Square, W.C.
Blakely, T. A., Esq. 34 Montpellier Square, S.W.
Bledsoe, A. T., Esq., LL.D. 33 Argyll Road, Kensington.
f ^[ Bollaert, William, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Ethno. Soc.,

London, New York and Univ. Chile". 21 A Hanover Square, W.
Bond, Walter M., Esq. The Argory, Moy, Ireland.
Bonney, Rev. T. George, M.A., F.G.S. St. John's College, Cambridge.
Boase, Henry S., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Claverhouse, near

Dundee.

\ Bosworth, The Rev. Joseph, D.D., Trin. Coll., Cambridge, and of
Christ Church, Oxford, Prof. Anglo-Saxon, Dr. Phil, of Leyden,
F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Corresponding Member of the Royal
Institute of the Netherlands, etc , etc. Oxford, and Water Stratford,
Buckingham.

Boulton, George, Esq. 1 Gordon Square, W.C.
f Bouverie-Pusey, S. E. B., Esq., F.E.S. 16 Chesham Place, S W.
Boreham, W. W., Esq., F.R.A.S. Haverhill, Suffolk,
Boys, Jacob, Esq. Grand Parade, Brighton.
Braggiotti, George M., Esq. New York.
Brainsford, C., Esq., M.D. Haverhill, Suffolk.
Brebner, James, Esq. 1 St. Albyn Place, Aberdeen.
Brickwood, J. S., Esq. Claremont House, Tunbridge Wells.
Brodhurst, Bernard Edward, Esq., F.R.C.S. 20 Grosvenor St., W.
Brooke, Rajah Sir James, K.C.B. Ehrenberg Hall, Torquay; and

Burraton, Horrabridge, Devon.
Brown, Edward, Esq. Oak Hill, Surbiton Hill.

Brown, E. O., Esq. Chemical Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.
Bunkell, Henry Christopher, Esq. 1 Penn Road, Caledonian Road,

Holloway, N.
Burke, Luke, Esq., F.E.S. 11 Eton Street, Gloucester Road, N.W.

93

f ^f Burton, Captain Richard Fenwick, F.R.G.S., H.M. Consul,
Fernando Po. VICE-PRESIDENT. 14 Montagu Place, Montayu
Square, W. ; and Fernando Po.

Butler, Henry, Esq. Admiralty, Somerset House.

*Btixton, Charles, Esq. 7 Grosvenor Crescent, S.W.

Byhara, George, Esq. War Office, Pall Mall, S.W. ; and Ealing,

*Cabbell, Benjamin Bond, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. 52 Portland Place.

Cameron, Captain, H.M. Consul. Mapowah, Abyssinia.

Campbell, Henry, Esq. 6 Claremont Gardens, Glasgow.

Campbell, Montgomery, Esq. Vernon Place, Scarborough.

Caplin, Dr. J. F. 9 York Place, Portman Square, W.

Capper, J., Esq. 9 Mincing Lane, E.G.

Cartwright, Samuel, Esq., jun. 32 Old Burlington Street, W.

Carulla, Facundo, Esq. 182 Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester.

Cassell, John, Esq. La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill.

Chambers, Charles Harcourt, Esq., F.E.S. 2 Chesham Place, S.W.

Charlton, Henry, Esq. Birmingham.

Chamberlain, William, Esq. 4 Hervey Terrace, Brighton.

Chance, F., Esq. 48 Eversfield Place, St. Leonard's on Sea.

ff Charnock, Richard Stephen, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S.A.,
Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris,
Foundation Member of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries,
Corresponding Member of the New England Historico-Genealogical
Society. TREASURER. 4 St. Martin's Place, W.C.; and 8 Gray's
Inn Square, W.C. •

J Chignell, Hendrick Agnis, Esq. 47 York Road, Brighton.

Clare, Rev. Henry. Crossens, North Meots, Ormskirk.

Clarendon, The Right Honourable The Earl of, K.G., G.C.B., F.R.S.
Grosvenor Crescent, W.

Clark, H., Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 3 Upper Morla Place, Southampton.

Clement, William James, Esq., F.E.S. The Council House, Shrewsbury.

Clodd, Edw., Esq. 2 Glamorgan Villas, Ley tonstone Road, Stratford, E.

Cock, John, Esq., jun., F.R.H.S., M.S. A. South Molton.

Cockings, W. Spencer, Esq., F.E.S. 20 University Street, W.C.

Collier, J. Payne, Esq. Maidenhead.

f Collingwood, J. Frederick, Esq., F.R.S.L., F.G.S., Foreign Associate
of the Anthropological Society of Paris. HONORARY SECRETARY.
4 St. Martin' s Place, W.C. ; and 54 Gloucester Street, Belgrave
Road, S.W.

f Collingwood, S. Edwin, Esq., F.Z.S. ^Buckingham Place, Brighton.

94

Cooke, W. Fothergill, Esq. Electric Telegraph Office, London
Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart. 20 Prince's Gardens, W.

* Cozens, J. F. W. Larkbere Lodge, Clapham Park.
Crowley, Henry, Esq. Corporation Street, Manchester.
Critchett, George, Esq. 75 Harley Street, Cavendish Square.
Crolly, J. M., Ph.D. Trimdon.

Croxford, George Rayner, Esq. Forest Gate, Essex, E.

* Cuthbert, J. R., Esq. Chapel Street, Liverpool.

Daniel, Hurst, Esq. Buxton House, Highbury Hill, N.

Davey, J. G., Esq., M.D. Northwoods, near Bristol.

Davis, J. Barnard, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., Foreign Associate of the

Anthropological Society of Paris. Shelion, Staffordshire.
Dawson, George, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. Shenstone, Lichfield.
De Home, John, Esq. 137 Offord Road, Barnsbury Park, London, N.
Dickinson, Henry, Esq., Colonial Surgeon. Ceylon.
*Dingle, Rev. John, M.A. Lanchester, near Durham; and 13 North

Grove West, Mildmay Park, Islington.

Donaldson, Prof. John, Advocate. Marchfield House, near Edinburgh.
Drake, Francis, Esq., F.G.S. Leicester.

JDu Chaillu, M. Paul Belloni, F.R.G.S. 129 Mount Street, W.
Duggan, J. R., Esq. 42 Watling Street, E.G.

Eassie, William, Esq., F.G.S. High Orchard House, Gloucester.
Evans, John, Esq., F.G.S., F.S.A , Secretary to the Numismatic

Society of London. Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
JFairbank, Frederick Royston, Esq., M.D., F.E.S. St. Mary's

Terrace, Hidme, Manchester.

Farrar, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.E.S. Harrow, N.W.
Ferguson, William, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Of Kinnendy, Ellon,

Aberdeen.) 2 St. Aidan's Terrace, Birkenhead.

Firebrace, Frederick, Esq., Lieutenant Royal Engineers. Shorncliffe.
Fleming, Captain, 3rd Hussars. Care of E. S. Codd, Esq., 36

Craven Street, Strand.

Flight, Walter, Esq. Queemvood College, near Stockbridge, Hants.
Forrester, Joseph James, Esq. 6 St. Helen's Place, E.G.
Foster, M., Esq., M.D. Huntingdon.
Fraser, A. A., Esq. 14 Limerston Street, King's Road, Chelsea,

S.W.

Frenler, H. Albert, Esq., M.D. North Street, St. Andrew s.
Fuller, Stephen, Esq. 1 Eaton Place, S.W.

95

Garrett, William H., Esq. 98 Guildford Street, W.C.

Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C.P.S. Pel-
bridge Park, East Grinstead, Sussex.

Georgei, Professor. 18 Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W.

fGibb, George Duncan, Esq., M.D., M.A., F.G.S. 19A Portman
Street, Portman Square, W.

Glaucopides, Spyridon, Esq. 7 MaitlandPark Crescent, Haver stock Hill.

t f Gore, Richard Thomas, Esq., F.R.C.S., F.E.S. 6 Queen's Square,
Bath.

Green, Sidney Faithhorn, Esq. Montagu House, Eltham, Kent.

Gregor, Rev. Walter, M.A. Pitsligo Manse, Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire,

Gregory, J. R., Esq. 25 Golden Square, W.

Griffits, James Oliff, Esq. 3 Middle Temple Lane.

*\ Guppy, H. F. J., Esq. Port of Spam, Trinidad.

Hammond, C. D., Esq., M.D. 1 1 Charlotte Street, Bedford Sq., W.C.

Hancock, H. J. B., Esq. Duke's Hill, Bagshot.

Harland, Charles J., Esq. Madeira Place, Torquay.

Hepworth, John Mason, Esq., J.P. Ackivorth, Yorkshire.

f Higgins, Alfred, Esq., HONORARY FOREIGN SECRETARY. Foreign
Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris. 4 St. Martin's
Place, W.C.; and 26 Manchester Street, W.

Higgins, James, Esq. 5 Hopwood Terrace, Manchester.

Hodge, Thomas, Esq. South Street, St. Andrew's.

Hodgson, B. W., Esq. The Rangers, Dursley.

Horton, W. I. S., Esq. Talbot Villa, Rugeley.

Hotze. Henry, Esq., C.S.A. 17 Savile Row.

Hunt, G. S. Lennox, Esq., F.E.S., H.B.M. Consul. Pernambuco.

f^jHunt, James, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate
of the Anthropological Society of Paris, Corr. Mem. of Upper Hesse
Society for Natural and Medical Science, Honorary Fellow of the
Ethnological Society of London. PRESIDENT. 4 St. Martin's
Place, W.C. ; and Ore House, near Hastings.

Hunt, John, Esq. 42 North Parade, Grantham.

Hutchinson, Jonathan, Esq., F.R.C.S. 4 Finsbury Circus, E.G.

Hutchinson, T. J., Esq., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.L., F.E.S., Membre Titu-
laire de 1'Institut d'Afrique a Paris, Corresponding Member of the
Literary and Philosophic Society of Liverpool. H.B.M. Consul at
Rosario, Argentine Confederation.

loannides, A., Esq., M.D. 8 Chepstow Place, Bayswater, W.

96

Jackson, Henry, Esq., F.E.S. St. James' Row, Sheffield.
Jackson, H. W., Esq., F.R.C.S. Surrey County Asylum, Tooting.
Jackson, J. Hughlings, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.P., Professor of Physiology

at the London Hospital Medical College. 5 Queen Square, Russell

Square^ W.C.

^Jackson, J. W., Esq. 39 St. George's Road, Glasgow.
Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S., F.L.S. Jardine Hall, Lockerly.
Jarratt, The Rev. John, M.A. North Cave, Brough, Yorkshire.
Jenyns, The Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Darlington Place,

Bathwick, Bath.
Jones, W. T., Esq. 1 Montague Place, Kentish Totvn, N.W.

Kendall, T. M., Esq. King's Lynn, Norfolk.

JKing, Kelburne, Esq., M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy, Hull ; Curator

of the Anatomical Museum of the Hull Literary and Philosophical

Society. 27 George Street, Hull.

La Barte, Rev. W. W., M.A. Lexden, Colchester.
Lancaster, John, Esq., F.G.S. Hindleg Hall, near Wigan.
Laurence, John Zachariah, Esq., F.R C.S. 30 Devonshire Street,

Portland Place, W.

Lawrence, Frederick, Esq. Essex Court, Temple, E.G.
^| Lee, Richard, Esq. 45 Abington Street, Northampton.
Lees, Samuel, Esq. Portland Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Lister, John, Esq., F.G S. 28 Porchester Terrace, Bayswater; and

Sheldon Hall, Yorkshire.
fLockyer, J. Norman, Esq., F.R.A.S., M.R.I. War Office, Pall

Mall, S.W. ; and 47 Drayton Grove, Brompton, S.W.
Longman, William, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.L., F.R.G.S. 36 Hyde Park

Square, W.

Lonsdale, Henry, Esq., M.D. Carlisle.
Lord, Edward, Esq. Canal Street Works, Todmorden.
Lybbe, Philip Powys Lybbe, Esq., M.P. 88 St. James's Street.

Macclelland, James, Esq. 73 Kensington Gardens Square, Baysicater.
Macdonald, William, Esq., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Nat. Hist.

University, St. Andrew's.
Mackie, Samuel Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., F.E.S. 1 Alma Square, St.

John's Wood, N.W.
McCallum, Arthur E., Esq , 39th Madras Native Infantry. Messrs.

Smith, Elder, and Co., Pall Mall.

97

McHenry, George, Esq. 162 New Bond Street, W.

Mackinder, Draper, Esq., M.D. Gainsborough.

Macleay, George, Esq. Burlington Hotel, W.

McLeod, Walter, Esq. Military Hospital, Chelsea, S.W.

Marsden, Robert C., Esq. 14 Hanover Terrace, Regents Park.

Martindale, N., Esq. 17 Hanover Street, Liverpool.

Mathieson, James, Esq. 1 A Telegraph Street, Bank ; and 2 Belitha

Villas, Barnsbury Park, N.

Matthews, Henry, Esq. 30 Gower Street, W.C.
Mayall, J. E., Esq. The Grove, Pinner.

Mayson, John S., Esq. Oak Hill, near Fallowjield, Manchester.
Medd, William H., Esq. The Mansion House, Stockport.
Michie, Alexander, Esq. 21 Austin Friars.
Milligan, Joseph, M.D., F.G.S., F.L.S. 15 Northumberland Street,

Strand, W.C.

Milner, W. R., Esq. Wakefield.
Moore, J. Daniel, M.D., Esq., F.L.S. County Lunatic Asylum,

Lancaster.

Moore, Dr. George. Hartlepool.
Morgan, F. J., Esq. Stamford.

^Morris, David, Esq., F.S.A. Marketplace, Manchester.
Morison. J. Cotter, Esq., F.R.S.L. 7 Porchester Square, Buysivater, W.
Murphy, Edward W., Esq. 41 Cumberland Street, Bryanstone Sq., W.

Nesbitt, George, Esq. 9 Piccadilly, Manchester.
Newlett, Alfred, Esq., F.G.S. Grange, Coppock, near Wigan.
Newnham, The Rev. P. A., M.A. 9 Belvedere Terrace, Tunbridge Wells.
Newton, Henry, Esq. 13 Hood Street, Newcastle- on-Tyne.
fNicholson, Sir Charles, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.G.S. VICE-PKE-

SIDENT. 19 Portland Place
North, Samuel W., Esq. York.
North, George, Esq. 4 Dane's Inn, W.C.

O'Sullivan, The Honourable J. L. (of New York), late U.S. Minister
to Portugal. (Care of) Croskey and Co., 2 St. Michael's House,
St. Michael's Lane, E.G.

Owen, Robert Briscoe, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. Haulfrc, Bcaumaris.

Owen, H. Bernard, Esq. 1 Swiss Villas, Chorlton Road, Manchester.

Packman, J. D. V., Esq., F.L.S. Braughing, Ware, Herts.

Palmer, S., Esq. London Road, Neicbury.

Parker, J. W., Esq. Warren Corner House, near Farnham.

98

Parry, Dashwood G., Esq. Hope, near Wrexham.

^[ Peacock, Thomas Bevill, Esq., M.D. 20 Finsbury Circus, E.G.

Peiser, John, Esq. Barnsjield House, Oxford Street, Manchester.

JPengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. Lamorna, Torquay.

Perry, Gerald, Esq., H.M. Consul. French Guiana.

Petherick, Horace W., Esq. 2 Rose Villas, Richmond Road, North

End, Fulham, S.W.

Pick, Dr. Edward, F.E.S. Old Quebec Street, Portman Square, W.
^[Pike, Luke Owen, Esq., M.A. 25 Carlton Villas, Maida Vale, W.
Pinkerton, W., Esq. Hounslow.
Prigg, Henry, Esq., jun. Bury St. Edmunds.

Ramsay, A., jun., Esq. 45 Norland Square, Notting Hill, W.
Ratcliff, Charles, Esq., F.L.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.E.S. The

Wyddrinytons, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

f^Reade, William Winwood, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Geo-
graphical Society of Paris. Conservative Club, S.W
^f Reddie, James, Esq. The Admiralty, Somerset House, and Bridge

House, Hammersmith, W.

Renshaw, Charles J., Esq., M.D. Ashton- on- Mersey, Manchester.
Richards, Franklin, Esq. 12 Addison Crescent, Kensington.
\ ^f Roberts, George E., Esq. Geological Society, Somerset House,

W.C.; 7 Caversham Road, N.W.; and 5 Bull Ring, Kidderminster.
Rock, James, Esq., jun. Fairlight, near Hastings.
Rogers, Alfred S., Esq., L.D.S. St. John's Street, Manchester.
Rolph, George Frederick, Esq. War Office, Pall Mall; and 149

Cambridge Street, Pimlico.
fRoussillon, The Duke of. VICE-PRESIDENT. 17 Weymouth Street,

Portland Place, W.
fRuffieres, Charles Robert des, Esq., F.G.S., F.E.S. Wilmot Lodge,

Rochester Roiv, Camden Toivn, N.W.
Russell, Captain A.H. Hawke's Bay, Napier, New Zealand.

St. John, Spencer, Esq., F.R.G.S. H.M. Consul. Hayti.
Salting, William, Esq. 13 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.G.
Sanderson, Alfred W., Esq. 16 Archibald Street, Bow, E.
+ ^[ Schvarcz, Julius, Esq., Ph.D., F.G.S., Corr. Mem. E.S., Member

of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Sluhlweissenberg, Hungary.
Schwabe, E. S., Esq. Rhodes Terrace, Manchester.
Scott, The Rev. Robert S., M.A. 7 Beaufort Terrace, Cecil Street,

Manchester.

99

fSeemann, Berthold, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. 39 Canonbury Sq., Islington.

Sharp, Samuel, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S. Dallington Hall, Northampton.

^f Shortt, John, Esq., M.D., Zillah Surgeon. Chingleput, Madras.

Skues, Dr. Mackenzie, Staff Surgeon. Kurrachee, Scinde.

Silva-Ferro, Don Ramon de, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Consul for the
Republic of Chile. 21 A Hanover Square.

St. Clair, George, Esq., F.G.S., F.E.S. Holford House, Regent's
Park, N.W.

Smith, Abell, Esq. 1 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.

Smith, John, Esq., F.E.S. 1 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.

Smith, Thomas, Esq., M.D. Portland House Cheltenham,

Smith, Protheroe, Esq., M.D. 25 Park Street, W.

Smith, Wm. Nugent, Esq. Apsley Lodge, Wellington Road, Brighton.

Snell, George Blagrove, Esq. 4 Pembroke Cottages, South Ken-
sington, W.

Spencer, W. H., Esq. High Wy combe, Bucks.

^Stanbridge, W. E., Esq. Wombat, Victoria, Australia.

Stenning, Charles, Esq. 4 Westbourne Park Place, Bayswater, W.

Stevenson, John, Esq. 4 Brougham Street, Edinburgh.

Stirrup, Mark, Esq. 3 Withington Terrace, Moss-side, Manchester.

Strachan, John, Esq. 1 Avondale Place, Glasgoiv.

Sturman, Edward, Esq. Camden House, Sydenham Park.

Tagore, G. M., Esq., Professor of Bengali and Hindu Law in University
College, London. 38 Kensington Park Gardens, Notting Hill, W.

Taylor, W. E., Esq. Miljield House, Enjield, near Accrington.

Tenison, Ryan, Esq., M.D. 8 Keith Terrace, Shepherd's Bush, W.

Thurnam, John, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., F.E.S. Devizes.

fTravers, William, Esq., M.R.C.S. Charing Cross Hospital, W.C.

Trevelyan, Arthur, Esq., J.P. Teinholan, Tranent, N.B.

Triibner, Nicolas, Esq. 60 Paternoster Row, E.G.

Turle, James G., M.D. Burlington House, Boundary Road, N.W.

Tylor, Edward Burnet, Esq., F.R.G.S. 6 Boniface Terrace, Ventnor,
Isle of Wight.

fVuux, William Sandys Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F. & Hon. Sec.

R.S.L., Pres. Numismatic Society of London. British Museum,

W.C.
Vernon, George Venables, Esq., F.R.A.S., M.B.M.S., Mem. Met. Soc.

Scot., Mem. de la Societe Meteorologique de la France. Old Traf-

ford, Manchester.

100

•[jWake, Charles Staniland, Esq. 16 Oxford Road Kilburn, N.W.

Walker, Robert, Esq. 42 Carnarvon Street, Glasgow.

Walton, J. W., Esq. 21s Savile Row.

Warwick, Richard Archer, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.P. 5 mil Rise,

Richmond, S.W.

Washbourn, Buchanan, Esq., M.D. East Gate House, Gloucester.
Watson, Samuel, Esq., F.E.S. Bouverie Street, E.G.
Watts, J. King, Esq., F.R.G.S. St. Ives, Hunts.
Westropp, Hodder M., Esq. Rookhurst, Monktown, Cork.
Whitehead, J. B., Esq. Oakley House, Raivtenstall, near Manchester.
Whitehead, Peter O., Esq. Holly House, Rawtcnstall.
Whitehead, Thomas K., Esq. Holly Mount, Raivtenstall.
Wickes, Henry William, Esq. Pixfield, Bromley, Kent.
Wilkins, Augustus S., Esq., B.A. 18 West Brixton, S.
Williams, Eric, Esq. Newton House, Kensington, W.
fWitt, George, Esq., F.R.S. 22 Prince's Terrace, Hyde Park, S.W.
Woodd, Charles H. L., Esq., F.G.S. Roslyn, Hampstead, N.W.
Wood, F. Henry, Esq. Hollin Hall, near Ripon, Yorkshire.
Wood, the Rev. William S., D.D. The School, Oakham, Rutland.
Wright, William Cort, Esq. WJtalhy Range, Manchester.

HONOEARY FELLOWS.

Agassiz, M. Louis, Professor of Zoology at Yale College, Cambridge

Mass., U.S., For. Mern. G.S. Cambridge, Mass.
Boudin, M., Medecin en Chef de 1'Hopital Militaire St. Martin.

210 Rue de Rivoli, Paris.
Broca, M. Paul, Secretaire general a la Societe d'Anthropologie de

Paris. 1 Rue des Saintspcrcs, Paris.
Bacr, Von, M., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of

Paris. St. Petersburg.
Boucher de Perthes, M., Honorary Fellow of the Anthropological

Society of Paris, Foreign Correspondent of the Geological Society

of London. Abbeville.
Crawfurd, John, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President of the Ethnological

Society of London, F.R.G.S., etc. 15 William Street, Lowndcs

Square, S.W. ; and Athcnccum Club.
Dareste, M. Camille, Secretaire de la Societe d'Anthropologie dc

Paris. Rue de V Abbaye, Paris.

101

Darwin, Charles, Esq,, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. Down,
Bromley, Kent.

Eckhard, M., Professor of Physiology at the University of Giessen.
G lessen.

Gratiolet, M. Pierre, D. M. P., Membre Titulaire de la Societe
d'Anthropologie de Paris. 15 Rue Guy Labrosse, Paris.

Kingsley, The Rev. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Rector of
Eversley, Professor of Modern History in the University of Cam-
bridge. Eversley, near Winchfield, Hants.

Lartet, M. Edouard, For. Member G.S. 15 Rue Lacepede, Paris.

Lawrence, Wm., Esq., F.R.S., F.R.C.S. 18, Whitehall Place, S.W.

Lucae, Dr. J. C. S. Frankfort,

Lyell, Sir Charles, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Eq. Ord.
Boruss. "pour le merite," Hon.M.R.S.Ed., F.S.L. 53 Harley.
Street, W.

Meigs, Dr. J. Aitken, Foreign Associate of the Anthropological
Society of Paris. Philadelphia.

Milne-Edwards, Dr. Henry, Member of the Institute, For. Mem
R.S., For. Mem. G.S., Professor of Natural History, Jardin des
Plantes. Paris.

Nott, Dr. J. C., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of
Paris. Mobile (Alabama, C.S.A.J

Owen, Richard, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
F.L S., Hon. M.R.S.Ed., Hon. F.R. College of Surgeons of Ireland,
Eq. Ord. Boruss. "pour le merite," Foreign Associate of the
Anthropological Society of Paris, Chev. Leg. Hon. Institut
(Imp. Acad. Sci.) Paris, Director of the Natural History Depart-
ment, British Museum. Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, S.W.

Pruner-Bey, M., Membre Titulaire de la Societe d'Anthropologie.
23, Place St. Victor, Paris.

Quatrefages, M. Alphonse de, President of the Societe d'Anthro-
pologie de Paris. Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Paris.

Renan, M., Membre Honoraire de la Societe d'Anthropologie. 55
Rue Madame, Paris.

Wagner, M. Rudolph, Professor of Zoology in the University of
Gottingen.

Waitz, M. Theodor, Professor of Philosophy in the University of
Marburg.

Wright, Thomas, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Hon. F.R.S.L., Corr. Mem. of
the Imperial Academy of Paris, Honorary Secretary of the Ethno-
logical Society of London. 14 Sydney Street, Brompton, S.W.

102

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Briicke, Dr. Vienna.

Burgholzhausen, Count A. F. Marschall von, For. Corr. G.S. Vienna.

Buschrnann, Professor. Berlin.

Carus, Professor C. G. Dresden.

Castelnau, M. de. Paris.

Desnoyers, M. Paris.

Dora, General Bernard. St. Petersburg.

D'Omalius d'Halloy, Professor. Brussels.

Duhousset, M. le Commandant. (French Army in the) Atlas.

Gervais, M. Montpellier.

Giglioli, Professor. Pavia.

Gosse, M. A. L. (pere). Geneva.

Gosse, M. H. J. Geneva.

Hochstetter, Professor. Vienna.

Hyrtl, Professor, Vienna.

Kaup, Professor. Darmstadt.

Leuckart, M. Giessen.

Martin-Magron, M. 26 Rue Madame, Paris.

Morlot, M., For. Corr. G.S. Berne.

Pictet, M., For. Corr. G.S. Geneva.

Pouchet, George. Rouen.

Raimondy, Professor. Lima.

Reichert, M.

Rickard, Major Francis Ignacio, F.G.S., F.C.S. Argentine Republic.

21 A Hanover Square.
Riitimeyer, Professor. Basle.
Scherzer, Dr. Carl. Vienna.
Schlagintweit, Hermann de. Paris.
Steinhauer, Herr Carl. Copenhagen.
Steenstrup, Professor. Copenhagen.
Thomsen, Professor. Copenhagen.
Uhde, C. W. F. Berlin.
Vibraye, Marquis de. Abbeville.
Vogt, Carl. Geneva.
Welcker, Dr. H., Professor. Hallo.
Wilson, Professor Daniel. Toronto.
Worsaae, Professor. Copenhagen.

103

LOCAL SECRETARIES (GREAT BRITAIN).

Bosworth, The Rev. Joseph, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., etc., etc. Oxford.
Brodie, The Rev. P. B., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. The Vicarage,

Rowington, near Warwick.
Buckman, Professor, F.L.S., F.G.S. Bradford Abbas, near Sherborne,

Dorset.

Chignell, H. A., Esq., F.A.S.L. 47 York Road, Brighton.
Fairbank, Frederick Royston, Esq., M.D., F.A.S.L. St. Mary's

Terrace, Hulme, Manchester.
Farquharson, Dr. Stockton -on-Tees.
Gibson, Craig, Esq., M.D. Bebbington, Cheshire.
Gore, R. T., Esq., F.A.S.L., F.R.C.S. 6 Queen Square, Bath.
Groves, Charles, Esq. Wareham.

Helsby, W. G., Esq. Crosby Green, New Derby, Liverpool.
Jackson, J. W., Esq., F.A.S.L. 39 St. George's Road, Glasgow.
Jones, John, Esq. Gloucester.

King, Kelburne, Esq., M.D., F.A.S.L. 27 George Street, Hull.
MacClean, Hector, Esq. Ballygrant, Islay, Scotland.
Morris, David, Esq., F.S.A., F.A.S.L. Market Place. Manchester.
Pengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.A.S.L. Lamorna,

Torquay.

Pullen, Hyde, Esq. Isle of Wight.
Rivers, Rev. Henry F., M.A. Chatham.
Rolph, Charles Alfred, Esq. St. Mark's Terrace, Tettenhall Road,

near Wolverhampton.
Tate, George, Esq., F.G.S., Secretary of the Berwickshire Naturalists'

Field Club, Corresponding Member of the Society of Antiquaries,

Scotland. Alnwick. .\^<^

Tate, Thomas, Esq., F.R.A.S., President of the Hastings ai

Leonard's Philosophical Society. Hastings. . <

Travers, Frederick, Esq. Poole. ^

LOCAL SECRETARIES (ABROAD).

Allen, S. Stafford, Esq. (2 Paradise Row, Stoke Newington, N.) Egypt.
Bogge, Edward B., R.N. Vancouver's Island.
Cross, A. G., Esq., F.R.C.S. China.
Delepierre, M. Octave. Brussels.

104

Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni, Esq., F.A.S.L., F.R.G.S. West Coast
of Africa.

Fenwick, G. E., Esq., M.D. Montreal, Upper Canada.

Fritsch, Dr. Anton, Director of the National Museum of Bohemia.
Prague.

Giraldes, Professor M., Prof, de Med. a 1'Hopital des Enfans Trouves,
Paris.

Houghton, Dr. Edward Price, Surgeon. Borneo.

Hincks, Professor. Toronto.

Lockart, William, Esq., M.R.C.S. China.

Miklosich, M. Franciscus. Vienna.

Miiller, F., Esq., M.D., F.R.S. Victoria.

Phcebus, Dr. Giessen.

Ross, J. G. C., Esq. Cocoa Islands, Java.

Russell, Captain A. H., F.A.S.L. New Zealand.

Schaaffhausen, Dr. Bonn.

^fSchvarcz, Dr. Julius, F.G.S., F.A.S.L. Member of the Hunga-
rian Academy of Sciences. Stuhlweissenberg, Hungary.

Snow, Captain W. Parker. New York.

Stanbridge, W. E., Esq., F.A.S.L., F.E.S. Wombat, Victoria
Australia.

Wienecke, Dr. Batavia.

Wilson, J. Spotswood, F.R.G.S. Ecuador.

105

Jfbt Annual Report

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1863.

The TREASURER submitted the following Balance Sheet, which
had been passed by the Auditors.

Balance Sheet of the Anthropological Society for the Year 1863.

CR. £ s. d.
Paid for printing and litho-
graphy 228 5 0

Stationery and binding.... 23 4 6

Meetings 32 10 6

Attendance 1010 0

Advertisements 50 11 3

Postages, messengers, can-
dles, cleaning offices, tin

box, and sundry expenses 56 0 7

Reporting 5 15 6

Mr. Blake's expenses to

Newcastle 14 0 0

Still owing for printing. ... 155 1 3
Balance in favour of the

Society 64 11 5

DR. £ s. d.
Received 183 Annual Sub-
scriptions at £2 : 2 : 0 384 6 0

A Fellow, on account of sub-
scription 1 0

One Fellow overpaid 0 0

Subscriptions in arrear. ... 63 0
Two life compositions at£21 42 0
Subscriptions to Journals. . 29
Donations : —

Mr. Christy £5 0

Mr.J.F.Collit.gwood 10 10
Mr.S.E.Collincwood 5 5

20 15 0

For copies of the President's
Inaugural Address ......

Average value of printed

stock in hand as follows :

Longman ( Wait z) abt. 100

Triibner (Journal) „ 20

„ (AJdress) „ 5

-- 125

1 19 6

0 0

10 0

£640 10 0

THE Council of the Anthropological Society of London have much
pleasure in reporting to the Fellows of the Society that they consider
the state of the Society to be satisfactory and most encouraging. The
past year has been one of great anxiety to the Council, inasmuch as
the scheme proposed by the original circular of the Society was so
vast, that the Council at first nearly despaired of being able to carry
it out in all its particulars. The Council now beg to submit a few
remarks on each of the objects for which the Society was founded,
and also to add some suggestions for the consideration of the Society.
Meetings. During the past year, i.e. since February 24, thirteen

106 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

ordinary meetings of the Society have been held, at which twenty-
four papers have been read, consisting of the following : —

DR. JAMES HUNT, President, On the Study of Anthropology.

CAPTAIN R. F. BURTON, Vice-President, A Day among the Fans.

PROFESSOR RAIMONDI, On the Indian Tribes of Loreto, in North
Peru.

R. T. GORE, Esq., On a Case of Microcephaly.

ALFRED TYLOR, Esq., On the Discovery of Supposed Human Re-
mains in the Tool-bearing Drift of Moulin-Quignon.

DR. JULIUS SCHVARCZ, On the Permanence of Type.

C. S. WAKE, Esq., On the Relations of Man to the Lower Animals.

W. BOLLAERT, Esq., Past and Present Populations of the New
World.

PROFESSOR JOHN MARSHALL, On a Case of Microcephaly.

PROFESSOR GEORGE BUSK, On the Human Remains from so-called
Brick Earth, at Luton, near Chatham, contributed by the Rev.
H. F. Rivers.

T. BENDYSHE, Esq., On Human Remains found at Barrington, in
Cambridgeshire.

R. S. CHARNOCK, Esq., On the Science of Language.

W. WINWOOD READE, Esq., On the Bush Tribes of Equatorial
Africa.

C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., On Recent Evidence of the Ex-
treme Antiquity of the Human Race.

C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., Report on the Anthropological
Papers read before the British Association at Newcastle.

PROFESSOR JOHN MARSHALL, F.R.S., On the Superficial Convolu-
tions of a Microcephalic Brain.

GEORGE E. ROBERTS, Esq., and PROFESSOR BUSK, F.R.S., Note on
the Opening of a Kist at Burghead.

CAPTAIN EUSTACE JACOB, Indian Tribes of Vancouver's Island.

DR. JAMES HUNT, F.S.A., Pres. A.S.L., The Negro's Place in
Nature.

CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, Esq., F.R.G.S., On Crystal Quartz Cutting
Instruments of the Ancient Inhabitants of Chanduy, near Guaya-
quil.

GEORGE E. ROBERTS, Esq., F.A.S.L., On the Discovery of Mamma-
lian Bone, cut and sawn by Flint Implements at Audley End,
Essex.

A. BRYSON, Esq., F.G.S., On Human Remains from the Bin of
Cullen (communicated by George E. Roberts, Esq., F.A.S.L.)

BEPOBT OF THE COUNCIL. 107

DB. F. ROYSTON FAIBBANK, On Flint Arrowheads from Canada.
COUNT OSCAB REICHENBACH, Vitality of the Coloured People in
the United States.

The Council hope that during the next year some most important
and valuable memoirs will be laid before the Society.

The discussions have been satisfactory, and many Fellows and
visitors had taken part in them.

Transactions. The Council, at the early part of the year, made
arrangements with Messrs. Trubner and Co. to publish the Journal
of the Society in connection with the Anthropological Review. This
has hitherto been carried out, and the Council think that the connec-
tion between the Review and Journal will soon be better understood.
At first the Journal was printed as part of the Review, but the Coun-
cil have now made arrangements that the Journal shall be paged differ-
ently, and it will then be seen for which part of this publication the
Society is alone responsible. The Journal for the ensuing year will
occupy a far larger space than it has hitherto done. An offer was
made to the Council of the copyright of the Anthropological Review,
which the Council felt it their duty to decline. The Memoirs have
not yet been published, but a volume is now in the press. A general
wish of the Fellows induced the Council to order the separate publica-
tion of the President's paper " On the Negro's Place in Nature," which
will, however, again appear in the forthcoming volume of Memoirs.

Museum. Many valuable donations have been made to the Mu-
seum, and many other presents have been offered when a suitable
place has been found for the deposit. The following gentlemen have
made donations to the Museum : — Dr. James Hunt, Rev. H. F.
Rivers, W. W. Reade, Esq., George Witt, Esq., Erasmus Wilson,
Esq., C. Carter Blake, Esq., Dr. R. Fairbank, Captain R. F. Burton,
R. T. Gore, Esq., T. Bendyshe, Esq., and A. A. Fraser, Esq.

Library. The Library now consists of more than two hundred
volumes. The Council have only recently made an effort to establish
a Library ; but they trust ere long to have such an Anthropological
Library for the use of the Fellows as has never before existed in this
metropolis. The Council also beg to suggest to the Fellows that they
may all have works which, comparatively valueless in themselves,
would yet be of the highest value in an Anthropological Library.
Donations have already been received from the following gentle-
men:— Dr. James Hunt, (one hundred and eighteen volumes) T.
Bendyshe, Esq., J. Jones, Esq , Professor Busk, Dr. W. Bell, M.
Boucher de Perthes, the Anthropological Society of Paris, M. Paul

i 2

108 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Broca, M. Pruner-Bey, George Tate, Esq., Professor R. Owen, M.
Camille Dareste, Professor Nicolucci, Sir Charles Lyell, Dr. Hugh-
lings Jackson, C. Carter Blake, Esq., M. D'Omalius D'Halloy, Pro-
fessor Dana, the Smithsonian Institution of New York, A. Stair, Esq.,
David Carrington, Esq., Professor Eckhard, Hekekyan Bey, Royal In-
stitution of Cornwall, Dr. Beke, Sir W. Jardine, Dr. Cuthbert Col-
lingwood, the Royal Geographical Society, Imperial Academy of
Science of Vienna, the Society of Antiquaries, G. McHenry, Esq.,
J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq , Jacob Boys, Esq., R. S. Charnock,
Esq., R. T. Gore, Esq., H. G. Atkinson, Esq., M. de Quatrefages,
Dr. F. C. Webb, the Upper Hesse Society fur Natur und Heilkiinde,
Rev. W. Houghton, W. Spencer Cockings, Esq., the Royal Society of
London, George Witt, Esq., Professor R. Wagner, Professor Ten-
nant, G. E. Roberts, Esq., A. Higgins, Esq., C. von Martius, Dr.
Beddoe, and G. Pouchet.

Translations. The Council are glad to report that they have
printed the first volume of a translation of Waltz's Anthropologie der
Naturvolkcr, and they feel that their best thanks are due to Mr. J.
Frederick Collingwood, for the care and attention with which he
edited this work. Mr. Collingwood has fully explained the reasons
which induced the Council to select this work, and they feel it right
to acquaint the Fellows of their determination during the ensuing
year to issue works which shall not advocate the same opinions as those
put forward by Professor Waitz. The Council are fully impressed
with the necessity of their exercising a strict impartiality in selecting
works for translation. The Council have entrusted the chief manage-
ment of the publications of the Society to a Publishing Committee, and
they feel the thanks of the Society are due to this Committee for the
efficient manner in which they have discharged their duties.

It is proposed that the following works should be next undertaken
by the Society : —
Broca. Sur 1'Hybridite Animale en general, et sur 1'Hybridite

Humaine en particulier. 8vo, Paris, 1860. Edited by C. Carter

Blake, Esq., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L. (In the Press.}
Pouchet. Pluralite des Races Humaines. 8vo, Paris, 1858. Edited

by T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L. (In the Press.}
Carl Vogt. Vorlesungen uber den Menschen, seine Stellung in der

Schopfung und in der Geschichte der Erde. 8vo, Giessen, 1863.

Edited by Dr. James Hunt, F.S.A., Pres. A.S.L. (In the Press.}
Gratiolet. Memoire sur les Plis Cerebraux de 1'Homme et des

Primates. 4to, Paris, 1855. Edited by Dr. Tuke.

KEPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 109

A. de Quatrefages. Unite de I'Esgece Humaine. 8vo, Paris, 1861.

Edited by George F. Rolph, Esq., F.A.S.L.

Dr. Theodor Waitz, Professor of Philosophy in the University of

Marburg. Anthropologie der Naturvolker. 1861. Second

part. Edited by J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S.,

F.R.S.L., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.

Gosse. Memoire sur les Deformations Artificielles du Crane. 8vo,

Paris, 1855. Edited by Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A., F.A.S.L.
Retzius, Professor. The collected works of.

Committees. Two Committees have been appointed. The first to
report on the terminology of Anthropological Science ; and the
second to report on the present state of the Anthropological Museums
in Great Britain. The result of the reports will be issued to the
Fellows as soon as they are known.

Societies. Arrangements have been made to exchange Transactions
with the following Societies in Great Britain : —
The Royal Society.
Society of Antiquaries of London
Royal Society of Literature.
The Royal Geographical Society.
Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club.
Philosophical and Literary Society of Leeds.
The Royal Institute of Cornwall.
The Glasgow Geological Society.
Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool.
Arrangements have been made for an exchange of publications with
the following Academies and Societies, several of which have for-
warded to the Society complete sets of their Proceedings and
Memoirs : —

The Anthropological Society of Paris.

The Royal Academy of Sciences at Amsterdam.

The Imperial German Academy at Dresden.

The Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne.

The Smithsonian Institute, Washington.

The Imperial Academy at St. Petersburg.

The Canadian Institute, Toronto.

The Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna.

The Royal Bengal Asiatic Society, Calcutta.

The Upper Hesse Society for Natural and Medical Science,

Giessen.
The Physio-economical Society of Konigsburg.

110 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

In the foreign department, eighteen gentlemen have been elected
Honorary Fellows, thirty-five Corresponding Members, and twenty
Local Secretaries. Communications have been received from nearly
all of these gentlemen, expressing great interest in the work of the
Society and offering to advance its objects in every way in their
power.

Honorary Fellotvs. The Council have felt it their duty to limit
the present number of Honorary Fellows to twenty-five. It is pro-
posed, however, eventually to increase this number to forty.

Corresponding Members. Thirty- five Corresponding Members have
been elected, and the Council recommend that no more than forty
be elected.

Local Secretaries. Twenty-two Local Secretaries have been ap-
pointed in Great Britain, of these seven are Fellows of the Society.
The Council are still anxious to increase this number, and to have
their official representative in every county, and also in every large
town throughout the kingdom. They will be glad to hear from gen-
tlemen who are really anxious to promote the objects of the Society.
Twenty Local Secretaries have been appointed abroad, but the Council
hope during the next year that their number will be largely increased.
The Council invite the assistance of the Fellows in nominating gentle-
men to fill this important office in different parts of the world. The
Council have not yet been able " to indicate the class of facts required,"
but they hope during the ensuing session to be able to do so.

Donations. Besides the valuable donations which the Society have
received for the Library and Museum, they have also the pleasure of
announcing the following : — Henry Christy, Esq., £5. ; J. F. Colling-
wood, Esq., £10; S. E. Collingwood, Esq., £5.; Henry Hotze, Esq.
£5 (for the library).

Special Donations. The following sums have been received as a
special fund for preparing or stuffing a specimen of male Gorilla,
presented to the Society by Mr. Winwood Reade : — J. Frederick
Collingwood, Esq., £5 ; S. E. B. Bouverie Pusey, Esq., £5 ; S. E.
Collingwood, Esq., £5; James Hunt, Esq., £1; Charles Stenning,
Esq., £1 ; C. R. des Ruffieres, £1 ; W. Chamberlain, Esq., 5s.

The Council having made a few remarks on each of the chief ob-
jects of the Society, would now beg to invite the attention of the
Fellows to the important question of Finance, which will necessarily
regulate its future operations. The experience of the past year has
convinced the Council, after mature and earnest consideration, that
the objects of the Society cannot be fully carried out until there are

KEPOKT OF THE COUNCIL. Ill

Five hundred Fellows. The Council would, therefore, suggest the
desirability of not increasing the subscription or of making an entrance
fee, until this number has been obtained. It will be readily seen that
the objects of this Society include something more than those generally
included in a scientific society, and that the expense of printing
is very large. The Council are glad, however, to state that the
present number of Fellows, two hundred and thirty-six, will
enable them to accomplish all they have done during the past year ;
but they feel that the ultimate success of a Society of this sort will
require a larger annual 'expenditure. The Council feel especially
anxious to establish as soon as possible a good reference library. They
also look forward with earnest hope of being able to found a reliable
Anthropological Museum, and thus remove the disgrace under which
this country is now suffering, that with all our colonial possessions no
independent Anthropological Museum has yet been established in this
Metropolis.

The Council are fully sensible of the important services which the
officers of the Society have rendered during the past year, and they
feel that it is their duty to again call on all the officers for renewed
exertion during the ensuing year. The Council trust that the ample
success which their efiorts have met during the past year, will be an
encouragement to the official representatives of the Council to again
use their exertions to put the affairs of the Society in a permanently
satisfactory state.

Signed on behalf of the Council,

JA.MES HUNT, Chairman.

112

0f

4, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE.

HIS SOCIETY is formed with the object of
promoting the study of Anthropology in a strictly
scientific manner. It proposes to study Man in
all his leading aspects, physical, mental, and
historical ; to investigate the laws of his origin
and progress ; to ascertain his place in nature and
his relations to the inferior forms of life ; and to attain these
objects by patient investigation, careful induction, and the en-
couragement of all researches tending to establish a de facto
science of man. No Society existing in this country has proposed
to itself these aims, and the establishment of this Society, there-
fore, is an effort to meet an obvious want of the times.

This it is proposed to do :

First. By holding Meetings for the reading of papers and
the discussion of various anthropological questions.

Second. By the publication of reports of papers and abstracts
of discussions in the form of a Quarterly Journal ; and also
by the publication of the principal memoirs read before
the Society, in the form, of Transactions.

Third. By the appointment of Officers, or Local Secretaries,
in different parts of the world, to collect systematic in-
formation. It will be the object of the Society to indicate
the class of facts required, and thus tend to give a systematic
development to Anthropology.

Fourth. By the establishment of a carefully collected and
reliable Museum, and a good reference Library.

Fifth. By the publication of a series of works on Anthropology
which will tend to promote the objects of the Society. These
works will generally be translations; but original works
will also be admissible.

The translation of the following work is now ready.

Dr. Theodor Waitz, Professor of Philosophy in the University of
Marburg. Authropologie der Naturvolker. 1861. First Part.
Edited by J. Frederick Colliugwood, Esq., F.R.S.L., F.G.S., Hon.
Sec. A.S.L., with corrections and additions by the Author.

113

Translations of the following works will be delivered to all the
Fellows for the year'1864 : —

1. Broca. Sur 1'Hybridite Animale en general, et sur I'Hybridite Humaine

en particulier. 8vo, Paris, I860. Edited by 0. Carter Blake. Esq.,
F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L. (Now ready.)

2. Pouchet. Pluralite des Eaces Humaines. 8vo, Paris, 1858. Edited by

T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L. (In the Press.)

3. Carl Vogt. Vorlesungen iiber den Menschen, seine Stellung in der Schop-

fung und in der Geschichte der Erde. 8vo, Giessen, 1863. Edited
by Dr. James Hunt, F.S.A., Pres. A.S.L. (In the Press.)

Translations of the following works are in progress : —

Gratiolet. Memoire sur les Plis Cerebraux de 1'Homme et des Primates.

4to, Paris, 1855. Edited by Dr. Daniel H. Tuke.
A. de Quatrefages. Unite de 1'Espece Humaine. 8vo, Paris, 1861. Edited

by George F. Rolph, Esq., F.A.S.L.
Dr. Theodor Waitz, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Marburg.

Anthropologie der Naturvolker. 1861. Second part. Edited by

J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.L., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.
Gosse. Memoire sur les Deformations Artificielles du Crane. 8vo, Paris,

1855. Edited by Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A., F.A.S.L.
Retzius, Professor. The collected works of.

Sixth. By the appointment, from time to time, of various
Committees authorised to report to the Society on particular
topics which may be referred to them ; the results of such
investigations being in all cases communicated to the Society.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOB, 1864.

President — James Hunt, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the

Anthropological Society of Paris, etc.

Vice-Presidents — Captain Richard F. Burton, H. M. Consul at Fernando Po, etc.
Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.G.S., etc.
The Duke of Roussillon.
Honorary Secretaries — C. Carter Blake, Esq., F.G.S., Foreign Associate

of the Anthropological Society of Paris, etc.
J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate

of the Anthropological Society of Paris.
Honorary Foreign Secretary — Alfred Higgins, Esq., Foreign Associate

of the Anthropological Society of Paris. .

Treasurer— Richard Stephen Charnock, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Foreign .*$
Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris.

Council. "£•

Hugh J. C. Beavan, Esq., F.R.G.S.

T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A. O

W. BoUaert, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Univ. Chile, and Ethno. Socs^o

London and New York. A-t-

S. Edwin Collingwood, Esq., F.Z.S.

George D. Gibb, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.G.S. £•

J. Norman Lockyer, Esq., F.R.A.S. O""

S. E. Bouverie-Pusey, Esq., F.E.S.
W. Winwood Reade, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Geographical Society

of Paris.

George E. Roberts, Esq.
C. Robert des Ruffieres, Esq., F.G.S., F.E.S.
Dr. Berthold Seemaun, F.L.S.
William Travers, Esq., M.R.C.S.
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.,F. and Hon. Sec. R.S.L., President

of the Numismatic Society of London.
George Witt, Esq., F.R.S.

The Terms of Membership for the first five hundred

114

Fellows (who will be called Foundation Fellows) are Two
Guineas per annum, which will entitle every Fellow to admission to
the Meetings, one copy of the Quarterly Journal, the Memoirs
of the Society, and a Volume (or Volumes) of the Translations
printed by the Society. Life Members, Twenty Guineas.

Further particulars will be forwarded on application to the
Honorary Secretaries.

The following Papers, amongst others, will be laid before
the Society in the present session : —

E. LEE, Esq., F.A.S.L., On the Extinction of Kaces. (Read Jan. 19.)

T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L., On the Extinction of Races. (Ditto.)

PROFESSOR C. G. CARUS, Construction of the Upper Jaw in the Skull of a

Greenlander. (With notes by C. CARTER BLAKE.) (Eead Feb. 2.)
JAMES REDDIE, ESQ., F.A.S.L., On Anthropological Desiderata. (Ditto.)
EEV. J. M. JOASS, On Pictish Remains. (Eead Feb. 16.)
DR. T. B. PEACOCK, F.A.S.L., Weight of the Brain in Negroes. (Ditto.)
C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., F.A.S.L., On the Neanderthal Skull. (Ditto.)
A. E. WALLACE, Esq., F.L.S., On the Theory of Natural Selection with re-
ference to the Origin of Eaces. (Eead March 1st.)
HERMANN DE SCHLAGINTWEIT, Ethnographical Casts. (Read March 15.)
DR. JOHN SHORTT, F.A.S.L., of Chingleput. On the Domber. (Read March 15.)
L. OWEN PIKE, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L., On the Sciences of Mind and Language

in Relation to Man. (Read March 15.)

H. F. J. GUPPY, Esq., F.A.S.L., On the Capabilities of the Negro Eace for
Civilisation. (Head March 15.)

CAPTAIN BURTON, V.P.A.S.L., and C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., On

Skulls from Annabom, in the West African Seas.
The REV. F. W. FARRAR, M.A., On Hybridity.
DR. JOHN THURNAM, F.S.A., On the Crania of Early Britons.
A. HIGGINS, Esq., Hon. For. Sec. A.S.L., On the Orthographic Delineation of

the Skull.

W. BOLLAERT, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., Paleography of the New World.
DR. F. ROYSTON FAIRBANK, F.A.S.L., On the Discovery of Syphilis in a

Monkey.
WILLIAM BOLLAERT, Esq., F.E.G.S., F.A.S.L., On the Alleged introduction of

Syphilis from the New World.
G. E. ROBERTS, Esq., F.A.S.L., and C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., On

Human Remains from Peterborough.
The EEV. F. W. FARRAR, M.A., On the Alleged Universality of the Belief in

a God.

DR. GEORGE D. GIBB, M.A., F.G.S., On some Abnormal Human Skulls.
GEORGE E. EOBERTS, Esq., F.A.S.L. On the Contents of a Bone-cave at

Kirkhead, near Ulverstone.
C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., On some Human Eemains from a Bone-cave

in Brazil.

E. BURNET TYLOR, Esq.,F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., On some British Kjokkenmoddings.
W. BOLLAERT, Esq., F.R.G.S., F-A.S.L., Introduction to the Anthropology of

America.
DR. JAMES HUNT, F.S.A., F.A.S.L., On the Principles of Anthropological

Classification.

CAPTAIN BURTON, V.P.A.S.L., A Visit to Dahomey.
C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., F.A.S.L., On the Crauioscopy of South

American Nations.
C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., On the Form of the Lower Jaw in the Races

of Mankind.

DR. MURIE, On the Stature of the Tribes inhabiting the Nile Valley.
11. S. CHARNOCK, Esq., F.S.A., F.A.S.L., On the People of Andorra.
J. F. COLLINGWOOD, Esq., F.E.S.L., On Race-Antagonism.

115

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now Ready, in 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 400, price 16s., cloth,

Waltz's Introduction to Anthropology.
Edited, from the FIRST VOLUME of Anthropologie der Naturvdlker, by
J. FREDERICK COLLINGWOOD, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L., Foreign Associate
of the Anthropological Society of Paris, Honorary Secretary of the Anthro-
pological Society of London.

Extract of a Letter from the Author to the Editor.

" I have received your translation of the first volume of my ' Anthropologie der
Naturvdlker,' and hasten to return you my heartfelt thanks for the great care and
assiduity which you have bestowed on the task. I am fully cognisant of the
great difficulties you have to contend with, especially as my style, as alluded to
in your preface, possesses many peculiarities, so that even German men of
science consider the reading of my books rather hard work. All these difficulties
you have surmounted with the greatest skill, so as to render my work, as it
appears to me, into very pleasing, readable English."

OPINIONS OF THE PEESS.

"A more felicitous selection could not,
we conceive, by any possibility have been
made than the very one which has re-
sulted in the publication of the book
lying bofore us. For within the com-
pass of the first volume of Dr. Waitz's
Anthropologie der Naturvolker is com-
pacted together the most comprehen-
sive and exhaustive survey of the new
science yet contributed, we believe, in
any tongue to European literature. To
the English public generally, however,
it is a book almost unknown, saving and
excepting alone by reputation. Al-
though merely a translation from the
German, therefore, the work is virtually,
if not an original work, a perfectly new
work to the mass of readers in this
country. So far as this same rapidly
executed work of translation can be
compared and collated with the original,
it appears to be a version singularly
faithful and accurate. . . . The book, as it
now appears, is a work of especial value,
and also one of very peculiar interest.
It thoroughly fulfils its design of afford-
ing the reader of it, within a single
volume, the very - best epitome any-
where to be found of what is the actual
'present state' of anthropological sci-
ence in Christendom. Dr. \Vaitz takes
a far wider range within his ken than
Prichard and Nott and Gliddon com
bined."— The Sun, Dec. 14, 18C3.

" The volume in every page exhibits
great research ; it abounds with inter-
esting speculation, all tending the right
way, and the information it presents is
happily conveyed in a popular manner."
— Morning Advertiser, Nov. 16, 1863.

" So comprehensive is the view taken
by the author of all that pertains to
man.thatamereenumeration even of the
leading topics of the work is beyond
our space, and we must content our-
selves with recommending its perusal to
such of our readers as are interested in
the subject, with the assurance that it
will well repay the trouble." — Weekly
Dispatch, Nov. 29, 1863.

" This handsomely printed volume
discusses at great length and with
much ability the question as to the races
of man. ... At the hands of Dr. Waitz it
has met with calm consideration, and in
its English dress will prove both inter-
esting and instructive. It displays
great research, and contains a large ex-
tent of highly interesting matter." —
Liverpool Albion, Nov. 9, 1863.

" From such a bill of fare, our readers
will be able to judge that the work is
one of value and interest. ... It is of
the nature of a review, arriving at a
comprehensive and proportional esti-
mate, rather than at minute accuracy
of detail, such as may be sought else-
where in each department." — Medical
Times, Dec. 26, 1863.

" Crammed as full of hard facts as
wellnigh 400 pages of large 8vo. can
contain ; all these facts attested by foot-
note authorities marshalled knee-deep
at the bottom of every page ; with a list
of contents so copious as to eclipse
everything of the kind in any recent
scientific volume, and yet followed by
an index more minute and ample ; this
work is a magazine of the infant science
of Man ; a model of German industry,

116

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

erudition, and philosophical devotion ;
and a credit to the Society which has
sent forth, in a shape so serviceable,
what might otherwise have proved a
tantalising mass of learned collectanea.
. . . We have perused this translated
volume with alternate wonder and
amazement at its strange assemblage
of facts, its curious classifications, its
marvellous revelations of human pecu-
liarities ; and we do not hesitate to say
that more food for speculation, a more
cosmopolitan and comprehensive glance
over all the developments of savage and
civilised man has been collected here,
than could have been dreamed of by those
who may not have given it a perusal." —
Dorset County CTirowfcfe, Nov. 18, 1863.

" Dr. Waitz would appear to have
collected together all the authorities
and contradictory statements of former
writers. . . . The present work will be
hailed with pleasure by all who are in-
terested in the study of anthropology,
and will, it is hoped, induce a more
universal acquaintance with the sci-
ence."— Observer, Nov. 8, 1863.

" The Anthropological Society of
London have done well in publishing
a translation of Dr. Waitz's Anthropo-
logic der Naturvolker, of which this
volume is the first instalment. Dr.
Waitz's work is by far the most com-
plete that exists on the subject of
which it treats. It is the fullest col-
lection of facts, interwoven with, and
made to bear upon, all the theories
(and their name is legion) which have
been advanced in explanation of the
endless diversities and resemblances
that exist among mankind. Dr. Waitz
himself is wedded to no particular
theory, and in this volume, at least,
advances none, but he points out with
great clearness the effects that may be
fairly attributed to the various in-
fluences, external and internal, physical
and psychical, which affect the human
form and national character." — The
Press, Dec. 5, 1803.

" This volume will help to put the
science of anthropology in a proper
light before the scientific men of this
country. Whatever faults we may have
to find with this work, we feel sure that
its publication marks an epoch in the
study of anthropology in this country.
The anthropologist can now say to the
inquirer, Eead and study Waitz, and
London : LONGMAN, GREEN,

you will learn all that science has yet to
reveal." — Anthropological Review,No. 3.

" The Anthropological Society de-
serve great praise for the energy and
activity they display in prosecuting
their object. . . . We find in this volume
a fair statement and discussion of the
questions bearing on the unity of man
as a species, and his natural condition.
He gives a very clear account of the
different views held on these questions,
and a full collection of the facts, or
supposed facts, by which they are sup-
ported. The chief fault of the book is,
indeed, this very fulness and fairness in
collecting all that can be said on both
sides of a question. . . . We must regard
the work as a valuable addition to the
books on this subject already in our
language, and as likely, by the thought
and inquiry it must suggest, to promote
the great end of the Society — a truer and
higher knowledge of man, his origin,
nature, and destiny." — The Scotsman,
Dec. 7, 1863.

" We need hardly say, that it is quite
out of our power to give any detailed
account of this volume. It is itself a
volume of details. Its nature, charac-
ter, and value, may be gleaned from
the criticism bestowed upon it by the
Anthropological Society, and by the
fact of its being their first offering to
their members. There can be no doubt
that it is the best epitome of matters
anthropological now contained in our
language; and will be of great service
to the student as a book of reference"
— British Medical Journal, December
26, 1863.

" The difficulties which a reader
experiences who studies Waitz's original
German version — difficulties attendant
on the involution of his style, and the
frequent mistiness of his forms of
expression — vanish in the English
edition, which also differs from its
German prototype, inasmuch as the
embarrassing references which Waitz
intercalated in his text are prudently
cast do«n by Mr. Collingwood to the
foot of the page. . . . The student will
but have to read it through, in order to
feel himself endowed with an enormous
power of acquired facts, which, if he
duly assimilates, will enable him to
wield a tremendous weapon in contro-
versy against the unskilled anthropo-
logist."— Reader, November 7, 18(33.
and Co., Paternoster Row.

in
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CONTENTS OP No. IV.-FEBRTTAKY 1864.

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1. On the Human Hair as a Race- Character. By DR. PRUNER-BEY.

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Esq., F.S.A.

5. Notes on Scalping. By RICHARD F. BURTON.

6. RENAN on the Shemitic Nations.

7. Abnormal Distortion of the Wrist. By CHARLES H. CHAMBERS.

8. Human Remains from Lough Gur, County Limerick.

9. Danish Kitchen-middens. By CHARLES H. CHAMBERS.
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CARTER BLAKE on the Anthropological Papers read at Newcastle.
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CAPTAIN EUSTACE W. JACOB on the Indian Tribes of Vancouver's

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DR. JAMES HUNT on the Negro's Place in Nature.
C. R. MARKHAM on Quartz Cutting Instruments from Chanduy,

near Guayaquil.

G. E. ROBERTS on Mammalian Bones from Audley End.

A. BRYSON on Arrow Heads from the Bin of Cullen.

DR. F. R. FAIRBANK on Flint Arrow Heads from Canada.

COUNT OSCAR REICHENBACH on the Vitality of the Negro Race.

General Meeting of the Society.

President's Annual Address.

R. LEE on the Extinction of Races.

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118

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW,

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CONTENTS.

On the Study of Anthropology. By Dr. James Hunt, F.S.A., President A.S.L.
Wild Men and Beast Children. By E. Burnet Tylor, F.A.S.L.
On the Tribes of Loreto in Northern Peru. By Professor Raimondi. Trans-
lated from the Spanish by William Bollaert, F.A.S.L.
A Day with the Fans. By Captain R. F. Burton, H.M. Consul at Fernando

Po, and V.P.A.S.L.
On the Difference between Man and the Lower Animals. By Theodor

Bischoff. Translated from the German.
Summary of the Evidence of the Antiquity of Man. By Dr. James Hunt,

F.S.A.

Huxley on Man's Place in Nature.
Jackson on Ethnology and Phrenology.
Lyell on the Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man.
Wilson's Pre historic Man.

Pauly's Ethnographical Account of the Peoples of Russia.
Commixture of the Races of Man. By John Crawfurd, Esq., F.R.S.
Burton's Prairie Traveller.
Owen on the Limbs of the Gorilla.
Man and Beast. By Anthropos (C. Carter Blake).
Dunn's Medical Psychology.
Human Remains from Moulin- Quiguon. By A. Tylor, Esq., F.G.S. (With

an Illustration)

Notes of a case of Microcephaly. By R. T. Gore, Esq., F.A.S.L.
Notes on Sir C. Lyell's Antiquity of Man. By John Crawfurd, Esq., F.R.S.
Falconer on the reputed Fossil Man of Abbeville.
Miscellanea Anthropologica.

Journal of the Anthropological Society of London.

On the Science of Language. By R. S. Charnock, Esq., F.S.A., F.A.S.L.
Fergusson on the Influence of Race on Art.
On the Creation of Man and Substance of the Mind. By Prof. Rudolph

Wagner.

Pictet on the Aryan Race.

Ethnological Inquiries and Observations. By the late Robert Knox, M.D:
On the Application of the Anatomical Method to the Discrimination of Species.

By the same.
On the Deformations of the Human Cranium, supposed to be produced by

Mechanical Means. By the same.

119

History of the Proceedings of the Anthropological Society of Paris. By M.
Paul Broca, Secretary-General.

On the supposed increasing Prevalence of Dark Hair in England. By John
Beddoe, M.D., F.A.S.L.

The Abbeville Fossil Jaw. By M. A. de Quatrefages. Translated by G. F.
Eolph, Esq.

Miscellanea Anthropologica.

On Cerebral Physiology.

Seemann on the Inhabitants of the Fiji Islands. By A. A. Fraser, Esq.,
F.A.S.L.

The relation of Man to the Inferior Forms of Animal Life. By Charles S.
Wake, Esq., F.A.S.L.

Proceedings of Anthropological Society of Paris

Anthropology at the British Association: — Dr Hunt on Anthropological
Classification ; Mr. Carter Blake on South American Cranioscopy ;
Dr. Hunt on the Negro ; Dr. W. Turner on Cranial Deformities ; Mr.
Duckworth on the Human Cranium from Amiens ; Professor King on
the Neanderthal Skull ; Dr. Embleton on the Anatomy of a Young
Chimpanzee ; Mr. Carter Blake on Syndactyly ; Mr. Roberts and
Professor Busk on a Cist ; Mr. Crawfurd on the Commixture of Man ;
Dr. Camps on Troops in India ; Dr. Murray on Instinctive Actions ;
Mr. Samuelson on Life in the Atmosphere ; Mr. Glaisher on the
Influence of High Altitudes on Man ; Mr. Hall on the Social Life of
the Celts ; Mr. Petrie on the Antiquities of the Orkneys ; Lord Lovaine
on Lacustrian Human Habitations ; Professor Beete Jukes on certain
Markings on the Horns of Megaceros Hibernicus; Mr. Crawfurd on
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Mr. Crawfurd on the Origin of the Gypsies ; Mr. Crawfurd on Celtic
Languages ; Mr. Charnock on Celtic Languages ; Personal Recrimina-
tions in Section D ; Concluding Remarks.

Waitz's Introduction to Anthropology.

Kingsley's Water Babies.

Lunacy and Phrenology. By C. Carter Blake, Esq., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.

The Rival Races, or the Sons of Joel.

Ramsay on Geology and Anthropology.

Baruch Spinoza.

Anthropology in the Nursery.

Miscellanea Anthropologica.

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Antiquity of the Human Race.

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