iii

QL.
430.5
N3N35
1880
Moll.

ON THE

VARIETIES OF THE ‘SHELLS

BELONGING TO THE

feos, N Ao SA, baw.

By F, P. MARRAT. | /

PMP iy OD: UC Tl ON:

Tue study of varieties in the genus Nassa has achieved one great
object,—it has taught us the whole details of the plan on which
the external ornamentation of shells has been elaborated. The
whole of the variation, from the smooth shell to the most distinctly
sculptured examples, is plainly to be seen as effected through
almost imperceptible gradations.

An attempt might be made to show the lines of divergence by
means of a diagram, but in all the instances in which this has been
done in other branches of Natural History the results have not
been satisfactory.

Neither a tree-like form nor any genealogical chart could he
made to represent varieties in anything like the ramifications in
which they occur in Nature, nor could we hope to succeed in such
an undertaking without being able to procure a very large addi
tional series of species such as would enable us to follow more
closely the missing links in the scale of affinity.

For the most part, I do not regard a peculiar character possessed
only by a single specimen as constituting a “variety.” Even
“intermediate links” between allied forms are generally repre-
sented in my series by two, three, or more, closely similar specimens,

4 INTRODUCTION.

Variation through the whole kingdom of Nature is the rule
and not the exception. It is the prejudice exhibited by Scientists,
against so much that is clear and distinct, that creates confusion. If
studied as it exists, the whole group is manifestly developed, step
by step, and we see the wisdom, power and beneficence of the
Maker. We see the qualities implanted in these creatures to enable
them to construct their houses with consummate skill, and to
ornament them, either plainly, in Quaker fashion, or most elaborately
in external sculpture. Men are constantly inventing theories to
account for changes occurring in Natural History objects, and
everything must bend to suit their special hypotheses.

Only one arrangement can be correct, and we: have only to
examine the materials and gain an extensive knowledge of the
sections in each division to be convinced of this truth.

The greater part of the works on Natural History are written
in the closets of the authors, who both theorise and copy to a large
extent ; but, unfortunately, they copy errors as well as facts.

The study of variation has opened up a subject so vast in
its dimensions that the mind almost shrinks from the task of
estimating it. In every direction variation extends, in every way
variation seems to ramify, until we gaze and wonder if there be
any end.

Instead of 200 Species, at least 5,000 Varieties are before
me, and the end appears nearly as far off as ever. Taking
a careful survey of the shells under consideration, and noting more
particularly the common forms and the changes presented by them,
we are enabled to form an estimate of the enormous number likely
to be met with, if we persevere in our work of collecting varieties.

Species are and have been made by men in their ignorance.
Had they known the alliances, it would have been impossible for
them to have committed such mistakes as are to be found in concho-
logical books. Species have been and still are the ultimatum
of scientists. It appears to me that they have an instinctive
horror of the nameless. Lamarck described the Nassa sub-
spinosa from shells that were subspinous, not then knowing
that there were carinated, costated, muricated, and smooth

INTRODUCTION. 3

varieties of it. At least six good (?) species have emerged
from the varieties of Lamarck’s shell: N. lyrata, Marrat, is the
lyrate form; N. tricarinata, Lam., is the carinated form; N. sculpta,
Marrat, is another ; N. sistroides, Neville, N. trinodosa, Smith, and
N. corticata, A. Ad. Another variety occurs showing a close
affinity with the N. muricata, Quoy and Gaim., and the shell figured
in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica as the N. vibex, Say, is a spiny
form. Some of the shells from Ceylon are very closely connected
with varieties of the N, Gruneri, D’k’r., and others with smoother
ribs to the N. Jacksoniana, Quoy and Gaim.

In the preface to Wood's Catalogue of Shells, published in the
year 1828, we find the following remark: “It has, therefore, been
the endeavour of the author, in the absence of larger and more
costly publications, to supply their place by a work which will
incorporate in one volume figures of all the known shells.” From
the statement here quoted the number of shells known to concho-
logists at this date amounted to about two thousand. A little
more than fifty years have elapsed, and we find that the numbers
have increased to at least thirty thousand. Suppose we recommend .
the study of a single genus to each of our conchological students ;
if the success attending their efforts be in proportion to those re-
sulting from the study of the Nassz, before this century expires we
will have at least five hundred thousand shells) We may name
these shells and describe them as distinct, but they will not be so after
we have finished ; on the contrary, we may adopt another plan and
name them varieties, but the same objection continues ; the variety
we have named as coming from any locality will be found to differ
from the shells brought up from the same ground by the next haul
of the dredge. It is a very disagreeable task to be compelled to
state that the starting point of the systematist, upon which the
whole fabric is built up, is wrong, and the whole of the deductions
drawn from this source are erroneous; nevertheless, I am compelled
to utter that which I believe to be strictly and unquestionably true.
I cannot expect the conchologists, who are totally unacquainted
with the materials upon which I have based my deductions, will be
found to coincide with my views, If they had studied the genus

4. INTRODUCTION.

Nassa and had obtained a knowledge of the whole of the species either
figured or described in it, they could not by this plan follow the in-
tricate passages revealed by the study of variation. It is not by the
intimate knowledge of the species themselves that these facts are
elicited, but it depends upon a knowledge of the innumerable inter-
mediate forms which diverge from them in every direction as to how
these deductions are to be drawn. The conchologist and I are dealing
with two distinct subjects, intimately connected, but differing mate-
rially in the result obtained; the one is confined to the number of the
shells figured and described, while the other wishes to embrace
every variety occurring in creation, most of which are neither
figured nor described.

When the whole series is spread out, in lines in their trays these
shells forcibly remind us of the people standing round a race-course
when the horses are running. The different sizes in height and breadth,
the different coloured clothes, the marked differences in form and
feature, and the various casts of countenance, all exhibit, in pro-
portion to the difference in the size of the objects compared, just
such an amount of variation as we find in the varieties of the
Nassz.

The lines of descent from the largest to the smallest forms are
often distinctly indicated, notwithstanding the large number of
variable shells intervening between the first form and the last.

Shells may be selected, in series, that will show a clear line in
the descending order from Nassa glans, Linn., to Nassa incrassata,
Miill., variety glaberrima ; but if these varieties are examined in the
order in which they appear to fall naturally, then we find that an
off-shoot takes place at the junction of the varieties of Nassa mucro-
nata, A. Adams ; another with Nassa Marratii, Smith ; a third with
the Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds, etc. Another of these lines may be
started with the Nassa trifasciata, Gmel.; but in this case, instead
of: tracing smooth shells, as we did in the last, the shells would
pass into coronated, costated, and cancellated forms before returning
to a similar small form to that with which we started. Most of the
costated varieties such as Nassa nodifera, Powis, the cancellated
varieties such as Nassa marginulata, Lam., and the elongated series

or

INTRODUCTION.

such as Nassa sequijorensis, A. Adams, would form a part, and a
very important part, in this line of descent. One of the series of
shells in which the most gradual and almost imperceptible grades
of variation takes place is that commencing with the Nassa turrita,
A. Adams, and ending with a shell very little larger than Rissoa
costata, viz., the Nassa costulata, found fossil in the Miocene of
Bordeaux. This series includes the Nassa limata, Chemnitz ; pris-
matica, Broechi; lucida, Marrat ; proxima, striata, and versicolor,
C. B. Adams; denticulata and rufocincta, A. Adams ; crebristriata,
Carpenter ; annellifera, Reeve ; ambigua, Montague, etc.

In a long series of forms, commencing with shells repre-
senting the largest specimens in the genus, these can be traced with
unerring certainty into others forming the smallest examples known
to exist ; again, the broadest varieties can just as easily be connected
with others that are the narrowest examples in the group; and
every grade of difference throughout the long lines of progressive
variation is distinctly seen.

In a case of the shells having smooth forms, such as N. glans,
Linn., the varieties may not be all smooth specimens, but they may
vary into costate and even cancellated examples. Again, instead of
there being a uniform rate of variation of thickness observable, one
set will be almost transparent or thin and hyaline, and another
thick and quite opaque. The sculpturing is in many cases con-
fined to the upper whorls, but we find shells in which the pattern
is commenced on the top gradually spreading in successive develop-
ment until it covers the whole shell; in one case it may form
smooth unsculptured ribs, or in another it may diverge into any of
the forms of sculpture we meet with in other groups of shells.
The tip of the spire may be of the same colour as the remaining
portion of the shell, or it may vary into almost every shade of
pink, rufous, brown, purple, or almost black.

The shells used as starting points are not intended as distinct
forms, nor are they anything more than varieties chosen for the
purpose of illustrating the subject of variation through a
number of its ramifications. All the divisions marked with a dash
will be found to assimilate with each other in some of the varieties

6 INTRODUCTION.

occurring in each section. The N. nodifera, Powis, is a costate
variety, intermediate in its character between the smooth shells of
N. trifasciata, Gmel., and the cancellated forms of N. marginulata,
Lam., and similar remarks will apply to all the shells forming the
starting points.

The arrangement of these shells is purely and simply as it
exists in Nature, and only requires the student to examine it without
paying any attention to the specific distinctions propounded in the
works of the most learned conchological authors, to be convinced of
its correctness—Nassa 18 ONE SHELL IN AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF
Forms.

In my Paper on the “ Variation of Sculpture,” some of the
modes in which these shells vary have been pointed out ; others, still
more complex, remain to be explained. Again, starting with the
smooth forms, the first and possibly the most abundant variation
is that in which delicate longitudinal lines appear all over the
shell; at first they are irregular and interrupted, but at length they
appear with tolerable regularity ; then the cross-grooves make their
appearance, beginning with a few and increasing in number until
we have a finely cancellated shell; this is easily observed in
varieties of N. planicostata, A. Ad., and N. labida, Reeve.

As the lines increase in size, and the cross-grooves in depth,
the external pattern becomes larger, until it is of a very coarse
kind,—this is only one of the simple forms ; another, and one that
is very common, is the different sizes of the ribs, traversed by
cross-grooves, forming somewhat square spaces by their intersection,
—these have rounded surfaces, derived from the rounding of the
ribs (N. reticulata, Linn., is an instance). A curious instance of
the square spaces formed by these intersecting lines being placed at
nearly equal distances from each other is seen in specimens of the
N. nodulosa, Marr. Smaller and more numerous squares may be
seen on the N. cremata, Reeve (not Hinds!), N. ravida, A. Ad., ete.
In other shells we find, not square spaces, but elongated ones
passing into parallelograms of different sizes, and sometimes placed
at slight angles to each other. Instances of this sculpture are
found in the N. stigmaria, A. Ad., etc. The nodules are

INTRODUCTION, 7

sometimes most irregular, both in size and rotundity ; an instance
of this occurs most conspicuously in the N. nodosa, Marr.

The various changes that take place in the shelly matter
deposited on the margin of the sutural canal is used by the
conchologist as one of the characters for the discrimination of the
different species; how far this can be relied upon as permanent
may be inferred from the following remarks, commencing with the
shells having the body-whorl gradually tapering into the penult
without increasing in thickness at the sutures. Examples—
N. rufula, Reeve, N. glans, Linn., varieties, N. Marratii, Smith, &e. ;
thickened, and forming a sharp callous edge to the sutural canal
(suture canaliculate)—N. spirata, A. Ad., N. laevigata, Marr., var.,
and N. canaliculata, Lam., &c.; tumid—as in N. tenia, Gmel.,
vars., N. Glans, Linn., vars., and N. picta, D’k’r., vars. ; the tumid
band divided by groove-lines—N. glans, Linn., vars., N. coronata,
Brug.,
folds—N. crispata, Marr. ; beaded or coronated—N. celata, A. Ad.,
var. N. variegata, A. Ad., and N. cremata, Hinds; strongly
noduled — N. arcularia, Linn. very grade of difference

and N. levigata, Marr., vars.; with close and numerous

between two extremes in shells, in what are termed of the same
species, may be traced thus: N. glans, Linn., presents examples of
each of these changes in the series from one end to the other, and
several other variable shells change in a similar way; and, as almost
every shell has points of difference, and consequently varies, the
shelly matter on the margin of the sutural canal becomes a doubtful
character for specific distinction to be based upon.

The nodules near the sutures are either flattened like the ribs,
or raised into large tubercles, such as we find on the N. arcularia,
Linn., and all the intermediate sizes may be found in the different
varieties. If the shell be finely cancellated, the beads will be small
and numerous ; but if the ribs be broad and the cancellation coarse,
the beads will be large. The groove-lines forming the transverse
sulci are situated at almost ‘every space on the shell, from the base
to the apex. The ribs may extend from the suture to the base
without having a single groove-line, or they may be intersected at
regular intervals ; the line just below the suture in a shell before

8 INTRODUCTION.

me is so close that it appears to cut the beads into two parts, and
another variety of a shell similar in almost every other respect, has
the first groove-line in the centre of the body-whorl. When the
ribs are interrupted at a distance from the suture, these short ribs
are termed riblets, and they vary from being a little longer than
broad, until they reach beyond the centre of the whorl. In a
group of four specimens just examined, all the varieties with the
exception of one are plainly ribbed, without being coronated, but
the Jast has distinct beads ; thus we have a change from one to the
other in specimens which are apparently merely varieties. From
these observations taken from the shells, and not intended to sup-
port or illustrate any theory, it is very easy to see that instead of a
fixedness in the characters used for the determination of species,
exactly the opposite appears to be the case; the specimens presenting
such an amount of variation in every direction that it becomes
absolutely impossible to affix any set of characters to them that will
lead to their future recognition.

The sub-genus Aciculina, H. and A. Adams, is made up of
varieties of one shell. The N. labiosa, J. Sowerby, in Wood’s
Mollusca from the Crag, is simply a grooved form of the Philippine
shell, N. maculata, A. Adams, and Professor E. Forbes was quite
correct in the statement of its being a variety of the N. propinqua,
J. Sow., or semistriata, Brocchi; the comparatively smooth forms
pass into varieties of the former, and the flattened ribbed varieties
into the latter shell. I do not consider the suggestion of Mr. Bell
as being either impossible or even improbable, when he states that
varieties of N. propinqua closely resemble, and may be considered
to be, varieties of N. trivittata, Say.

The nodules occur in three different ways, viz., as protuberances
on the ribs, in the square spaces formed by the transverse and longitu-
dinal lines, and at the junction where the lines cross each other.
In the N. subspinosa, Lam., the tubercles are very prominent on
the ribs, and some of the varieties have them produced to a point,
hence the name ; the cross-grooves are rather close and waved, but
we find other varieties of this shell without the nodules, their
place being occupied by strong raised ribs ; others again have sharp

INTRODUCTION, 9

carine or kee]s running across the shell, and in shells very closely
allied to them we find that the characters so prominent in the noduled
shells have completely changed and become smooth. ‘This is a
change from one of the roughest examples of external character to
the smooth unsculptured shell. Specimens that are intermediate in
sculpture and possessing both forms, that is, the pustules or
nodules on the ribs, and those with nodules at the junction of the
intersecting lines, may be seen in the N. tritoniformis, Kien. The
occupation of the squares by rounded papille occurs in the shells
of N. gemmulata, Lam., from Ceylon, but the Philippine variety,
as figured in Reeve at pl. 5, f. 29, is a ribbed shell, with intersecting
cross-grooves, and every intermediate variety connecting the two are
in a tray lying before me. The best examples of the third kind of
pustules, viz., those occurring at each corner of the squares formed
by the junction of the transverse and longitudinal lines, may be
seen in the N. reticosa, A. Ad., N. Roissyi, Desh., N. cremata,
Hinds, &c. N. candens of Hinds presents another modification of
this last ornamentation ; instead of the squares being distinct we
have one, two, or even three transverse lines occurring between
the principal ones, making the whole surface very irregular. A
similar instance of intermediate transverse striz occurs in the varieties
of N. sordida, A. Ad., from Australia, and I think it is very pro-
bable that the large variety of N. Gruneri, D’k’r., viz., the N. echinata,
A. Ad., isa tubercular variety of N. sordida. None of these shells
have permanent characters, nor can they be of any value specifically,
inasmuch as there is no depending upon them. Ina tray before me
are four shells of N. cremata, Reeve, all collected together, and to
all appearance in form, colour, and marking they are similar; but
the pocket glass shows at once that there are no two of them alike ;
one has the squares similar to the figure in Reeve, the next forms
parallel ribs in which the parallelograms are very narrow and
elongated, a third shows a tendency to become pustular. Another
tray has three shells in it, and these, like the last, were all
obtained at one station and, if I am rightly informed, they all came
up at one haul of the dredge ; the nearest figured shell to which
they may be referred is the N. marginulata, Lam., Kein., pl. 29,

10 INTRODUCTION,

f. 117; the first has square spaces, the second is ribbed and transversely
grooved, and in the third the ribs are drawn up into sharp edges.
Another tray containing four specimens exactly intermediate
between the N. cremata, Reeve, and the N. marginulata, Lam., pre-
sent still greater differences, inter se: the first has squares on the
upper part of the body-whorl, each being divided by a grooved
line ; then the sculpture changes and the centre of the whorl has
rounded—almost pustular ribs, and at about one third of the
length of the whorl from the base the knotted squares occur, so that
the three principal forms of sculpture are here present on the one
shell; in another specimen the ribs are distant and simply intersected
by cross-grooves ; the callous of the columella also differs in each of
the specimens ; in the first it is thick and spreading, in the next it
is less so, in the third it is still less, and in the fourth it is
almost confined to the edge of the columella. The shells of N.
sequijorensis, A. Ad., are for the most part of a character intermediate
between the shells with smooth ribs and the cancellated varieties ;
they are finely or coarsely ribbed, some of them are smooth in the
interstices between the ribs, others have a few sulci, and again we
have the sulci close and numerous ; in some specimens the ribs are
smooth, in others they are sparingly cross-grooved, and lastly they
are closely cancellated. Neither colour nor texture appear to be of
any use in attempting to decipher the shells in the group to which
N. sequijorensis, A. Ad., belongs ; some of its varieties are white
with pale rufous bands, and intermediate forms connect these with
shells that are as nearly black as it is possible for shells to become.
The texture is sometimes almost hyaline and the shells are thin, and
these are connected by intermediate forms with others that are
thick and heavy. The sutural canal in one specimen is closed or
only represented by a fine line, but the specimens gradually change
until it becomes rather widely expanded; the prickly serratures on
the lip vary from the smallest and most simple rudimentary forms
to the fullest state of development.

The greater part of the shells figured and described as new
species have for their recommendation to our notice a single speci-
men, and that often in bad condition. Men are so anxious to have

INTRODUCTION. ll

their names appended to something new that every other consideration
is overlooked by them. They cannot wait until sufficient evidence be
produced either to confirm their opinions or show them that the
characters they had given were incorrect, but down it goes on to
paper, and there itremains. It will not be very difficult to decipher
what amount of time and trouble is expended over these christenings
when we see such a shell as the N. fossata, Gould, one of the
largest shells in this genus, and about which there has been more
discussion than any other, re-named in 1868, N. Moreleti, Crosse,
ten years after it had been raised from a species to a sub-genus by
H. and A. Ad., under the title of Zaphon elegans, Reeve.

In my list of affinities occurring amongst about twelve hundred
varieties, the examples have been selected for the purpose of
showing special peculiarities connecting shells said to form distinct
species. All the more closely filling-in forms occurring between
them have not been noticed.

The common shells, such as the Nassa reticulata, Linn., incras-
sata, Miill., with its variety glaberrima, Gmel., W&c., appear to
radiate into the shells of every other group, like a star composed of
many rays.

We find these shells varying in form in every direction ; one
shell will be tall and elongated, and the next lying beside it will be
short and dumpy ; the body-whorl will be much longer than the
spire, while its companion will have the spire longer than the body-
whorl. One will be a giant, and another a pygmy ; and interme-
diate forms occurring between these extreme varieties will so
connect the whole that it would be impossible to separate them
without doing violence to observed facts.

I have five specimens of N. compta, A. Ad., all so named by
men well known in the conchological world, and yet they are all
different ; this being so, fixity of species seems to be relegated to
transcendental conchology.

The N. teenia, Gmel., passes into the N. canaliculata, Lam., the
N. lens, Chem., the N. nitidula, Linn., and the N. trifasciata, Gmel. ;
and the partially ribbed shells are intermediate between it and
N. nodifera, Powis, into which it merges, and the small cancellated

12 INTRODUCTION.

varieties from New Guinea connect it with the N. marginulata,
Reeve, and the N. margaritifera, D’k’r. ; the two shells figured in
Kiener, at pl. 14, f. 49, as varieties of N. crenulata, Lam., and
Smith, P. Z. S., 1879, as N. sequijorensis, A. Ad., var., p. 181,
pl. 20, f. 45, from Japan, are intermediate forms connecting the
smooth with the cancellated shells.

The shell named and described in Philippi’s Abbi/dungen under
the title of Nassa albescens may be a variety of at least six others.
These albinos are by no means uncommon. A shell before
me is a white variety, with a purple apex, of the N. sordida,
A. Ad., from Borneo; a second slightly banded is from the Philippines ;
another is nearly allied to the N. hispida, A. Ad.; a third is a white
variety, with a dark tip, of the granular form of the N. nodicinta,
A. Ad. ; a fourth resembles the shell figured in Reeve’s Conchologia
Iconica as the N. Isabellei, D’Orb, but is white ; a fifth was sent me
by a gentleman who gathered it on the shores of the Red Sea—it is
white with a rufous apex; and lastly, Reeve has figured another
shell at pl. 15, f. 100, as the N. albescens, Phil. What the
N. bicolor, Hombr. and Jaq., is, I do not know ; but it is quoted as a
synonyme of Philippi’s shell. Some of my white shells are with-
out a coloured apex. A variety with square, flat spaces covering
the shell, is in one of my trays. Varieties of other shells are often
coloured at the apex; N. picta, rufula, mucronata, etc., are examples,
and several of these albinos have faint coloured transverse bands.
I have two white varieties of the N. splendidula, D'k’r.

In the case of N. lentiginosa, A. Ad., following the line from
the broad to the narrow shells, we find the varieties passing
through the narrow forms of the N. velata, Gould, into the N. polita
and inseulpta, Marr., this latter shell being so like a Terebra that the
late H. Adams had to be consulted to decide the question with re-
gard to which genus (Nassa or Terebra) it should be referred.

Nassa micans, A. Ad., Reeve, pl. 21, f. 140, is the smooth
form of the N. planicostata, A. Ad. At plate 12, f. 76, is figured
a variety of the last-named shell, with only very close faint
lines upon it, and the second figure, pl. 14, f. 94, represents it in
its costate and sulcate forms. Another and somewhat shorter and

INTRODUOTION, 13

broader variety is before me ; it is also smooth like the first-named
shell, and we have a corresponding variation of form in the variety
N. foveolata, D’k’r., Martini and Chemnitz, 2nd. ed., pl. 6, f. 1, 2, 3,
having an intermediate form in the shell figured by Reeve at pl. 13,
f. 83. While some of the shells are broader than many of their
more favoured figured brethren, others are much more elongated
and narrower. A close alliance exists between the varieties of
these shells and the varieties of the N. succincta, A. Ad., both as
regards form, colour, and sculpture. The N. exilis, Powis, may be
only a stronger ribbed variety. Some of the narrow shells
belonging to the -N. marginulata, Lam., and N. sequijorensis,
A. Ad., completely amalgamate with them, and the N. corniculum,
Olivi, has many points of resemblance with them. In
the N. crispata, Marr., the whole surface is covered with crisp
longitudinal and transverse lines, being closely covered with
granules in one variety, showing the knotted structure in a second,
and a third shows a curious series of concentric rings, closely
studded with elongated semi-tubercular longitudinal short ribs.

I could make any number of good species, and, as Lamarck often
exclaims, they shall be jolie et tres distincte, but I must then carefully
avoid letting my collection be seen by any conchologist afterwards,
more particularly by one who has a critical eye in his head, because
he would detect the fraud. A case in point has just occurred to
me. Examining some shells of N. picta, D’k’r., figured and
described by conchologists as having a smooth columella, I found
that some of them have the columella strongly plicate. Here, then,
is a character that would serve to distinguish it, so that a child
could detect it ; but unfortunately, the comparison instituted between
the smooth and the plicate varieties revealed all the intermediate
stages between the one and the other. Suppose these two extremes
had accidentally fallen into the hands of a species maker, this
apparent distinction would satisfy any number of his followers as
far as relates to the distinguishing marks of the two species.

These observations regarding the sculpture are a continuation
of those enumerated in my former paper on the Variation of Sculp-
ture. They differ more in the detail than in any other respect, and

14 INTRODUCTION.

all further remarks could only be directed towards the elucidation
of elaborate structure, having a tendency to corroborate the broad
facts laid down, and more fully to illustrate the minor particulars
in many of the changes observed.

Some of the abnormal specimens of Nassa nodifera, Powis,
have the ribs most irregular in width, and apparently without any
kind of order with regard to their arrangement. Instead of starting
with a narrow rib and proceeding in a regular line to the broadest,
or vice versa, the narrowest frequently occurs either beside the
broadest or between two broad ones. ‘These different breadths of
rib in the same shell may be accounted for in the following way,
viz., by the uniting of two or more of the tubercles at the sutures,
and in confirmation of this we have the partial union of two in one
case and three in another in a specimen of N. levigata, Marr., on
which the ribs have just commenced forming, and have not oblite-
rated the grooves between the approximate tubercles. Another
departure from the ordinary rule of a single rib to a single tubercle
occurs, and that rather frequently, in specimens of Nassa arcularia,
Linn. It is the uniting of two or three ribs in a single tubercle,
rendering the direction of the united ribs almost like the radii of a
circle, This is variation in a directly opposite way to that of the
former case, both of which occur among the abnormal forms.

The nucleolar whorls forming the last volutions of the spire
are said to afford good specific characters ; but a careful comparison
with both hand-glass and microscope has failed to produce any
satisfactory results with regard to their constancy. These characters
only appear distinct when we deal with distinct and selected varie-
ties; but when the intermediate forms come to be examined in
detail the-characters are no longer satisfactory.

The evidence brought forward in the following pages is not
intended to be in a consecutive form, but shows more particularly
the extraordinary amount of variation to be found in individual
shells, and how they pass by almost imperceptible degrees from one
to the other. Weare aware of the utter impossibility of accom-
plishing the task of uniting the whole of the shells collected as
varieties and showing the exact progress each line has made

INTRODUCTION. LS

toward the completion of the whole from the largest to the
smallest forms. If we could visit the whole of the stations on
the face of the earth and could by any means obtain a view of the
animals feeding at the bottom of the seas and rivers, and could
obtain specimens of every variety of the shells, we might be able to
so place them that the whole of the progressive development would
be seen to be perfect from beginning to end. Starting with a cer-
tain hypothesis and working in every direction, the more the inde-
pendent facts tend to agree, without being strained to suit the
theory, the greater will be the probability of the hypothesis
being right. Commenting on the specimens we have been enabled
to collect, and placing them in the order in which they seem to fall,
we have long lines of varying shells passing in their descending
order from the large to the very small; we have other lines interrupted
in various parts of the series indicating that certain forms would fill
the gaps and 1ender the whole of that section perfect. These forms
may or may not exist, and we are compelled to seek in other
divisions of the series for analogous examples. Applying the facts,
easily to be observed in the series of shells of common occurrence,
to the gaps that are open in rarer lines of descent, we are
enabled to judge pretty accurately of the whole plan laid down,
and in this way advance much nearer to the ultimatum than might
have been expected. The constant changes in the direction of the
lines diverging from the main stems produce the effect on the
imagination that the whole series are more or less connecting lines
between the great descending branches.

Whatever may be the result of future investigation with
regard to variation, it must be borne in mind that the good figures
and descriptions furnished by the conchologists who have gone
before us have been the principal sources from which we have had
to obtain our information. In the future it is more than probable
that the photographer will furnish us with such accurate repre-
sentations of the shells as will render the study of them compara-
tively easy. We may then be able to have a front and back view
of each variety, more particularly of those taken in a single locality
and at one haul of the dredge,

16 INTRODUCTION,

I do not wish to find fault with the men who described and
figured shells; it is the determined pertinacity with which the
species-maker adheres to and insists upon the characters being per-
manent with which I disagree. Naturalists in the early days of
Conchology had few if any opportunities of judging how far the
system of making shells distinct might be correct ; in fact it is only
within the last few years that we have been enabled to obtain the
necessary materials for comparison,

With specimens most of which were rare and consequently
high in price, even the rich were content with obtaining one or two
examples of each. Of late years the influx of shells has produced
the desired effect of rendering them easily procurable and at mode-
rate prices, so that a few more or less is not now considered to be
of much importance to the purchaser. The study of any particular
division of this subject may be carried on for years by persons of
moderate means, and materials may now be obtained to prosecute
any line of investigation with comparative certainty of being able
to pursue it with success.

The more extensive the subject of Natural History becomes the
greater will be the necessity for men to confine their studies to
separate branches of the science. By limiting our study to a single
generic or even sub-generic division we can find ample means to
examine the subject in all its details. Scientific men are and have
been turning their attention more to the extension of knowledge in
the form in which it is here carried out than in trying to grasp at
more than the understanding is capable of retaining. Any of the
divisions of the smaller Trochi, such as Euchelus, Ziziphinus,
Trochocochlea, Omphalius, or that charming little group of shells
Clanculus, might be examined with a certainty of obtaining very
satisfactory conclusions.

The Mitres present characters very similar to those in the
genus Nassa, and might be studied with every probability of
interesting results.

ANIMAL OF NASSA. iL 7

Animal and Opereculum of Nassa arcularia, Linn.

ANIMAL OF NASSA.

Head rather broad, often lunate, with pointed corners ; eyes
placed on stalks, either at the base or at various distances up to one-
third from the tips of the tentacles. ‘Inthe Nassa reticulata, Linn.,
the mouth is a vertical fissure under the head, from which a very
long proboscis is protruded, the structure of which is in all respects
similar to that of Buccinum undatum, Linn., as are all the cerebral
ganglia, the salivary glands, the double branchial plumes, the
mucus fillets and the heart and auricle ; all these organs I have
dissected and compared with the same parts of that species, without
finding’ any essential differences.”—Clark. ‘ Bullia rhodostoma,
Gray, and B. achatina, Lam. Teeth of the radula, Eberhard, 1. ¢.
p. 14, pl. 5, f. 94,95. Both agree well with Loven’s figure for Bullia
annulata, Lam., and show that this genus resembles Nassve in the
middle tooth being multidenticulated, and the true northern
Buccinums in the denticulation of the lateral teeth.” —Zool. Record,
1866, p. 179. The lingual ribbon is long and narrow, of crystalline
transparency ; it is often mounted as an object for the microscope.
** Proboscis long, retractile, with corneous jaws, and a tongue armed
with triple rows of teeth, of which the axile one is broad and sub-
lunate, with numerous serratures, the laterals large and hamate,”—

18 ANIMAL OF NASSA.

F. § H. Foot broad, expanded, and angulated in front; behind,
acute as in N. tenia, Gmel., Q. & G., ‘Voy. de l’Astrolabe,” pl. 32,
f.13; blunt, asin N. Isabellei, D’Orb., ‘‘ Voy. dans l’Amerique,” pl. 61,
f. 19 ; slightly notched as in N. incrassata, Miill. ; deeply nicked as
in N. mutabilis, Linn.; bifurcate (each lobe divided into two) as in
N. marginulata, Lam., var., “ Voy. la Bonite,” pl. 41., f.1; and lobes
distant as in N. arcularia, Linn.; caudal filaments varying in
length; branchial plumes two; animal of various colours, blotched,
lined, and dotted with lighter and darker tints.

The Nasse are very active, and not at all shy when kept in
confinement. They may be seen occasionally floating with the foot
upwards ; they feed on bivalves, the shells of which may be seen
bored with circular holes; the shells of the Nassze themselves are
often seen similarly perforated. ‘‘ N. reticulata is destructive to
oysters, the shells of which are pierced by it.”—Zool. Record. Tf
the small round holes found bored in bivalve shells are to
be attributed to the ravages of these and kindred mollusks, very
few genera escape their attacks, and I have seen shells from
West Africa, Ceylon, Singapore, and the Philippines so pierced
that almost every second mollusk must have been preyed upon. A
curious instance of want of judgment on the part of one of the
Mollusca is before me—a solid spine of an echinus has been par-
tially bored. Two holes are sometimes bored in one shell, the
enclosed animal having been able to elude the grasp by retiring out
of reach of the first attempt; how it fared on the second trial I
cannot say. -

The spawn cases differ in the different varieties; in N. re-
ticulata, Linn., they are deposited on different substances, and are
arranged in closely imbricated rows, being small compressed
pouches. “In N. incrassata, Miill., they are solitary, yellowish, and
shaped like a round flask with a small neck or opening at the
top.” —Jeff. They are found ranging from the littoral zone to 620
fathoms, the N. brychia, Watson, “‘ Challenger” Expedition, having
been obtained at this great depth. Some of the species have been
observed to spring up and throw themselves over on being suddenly
disturbed ; they glide along the surface of the mud, leaving a

ANIMAL OF NASSA. 19

track indicating their line of march, at the end of which is a small
round pellet; under this the creature conceals itself. The
fry twist and twirl about by means of their ciliated lobes. N.
mutabilis is used in Italy as an article of food and supplies the place
of our periwinkle in the markets.

REFERENCES TO ANIMALS OF NASSA.
Voy. del Astrolabe.
N. tenia, Gmel. Quoy and Gaim., pl. 32, f.13. Operculum, f. 15.
Kyes situated at about 4 the length of the tentacles from

the base ; foot large, expanded, tapering to a point at its
posterior extremity (not bifid), with two caudal filaments.

N. coronata, Brug., pl. 32, f. 8. Operculum, f. 10. Eyes near the
base of the tentacles; foot expanded, bifid at its posterior
extremity, a filament on each side of the serrated operculum.

N. arcularia, Linn., pl. 32, f. 1. Operculum, f. 4. Eyes situated
about ¢ the length of the tentacles from the base; foot
bifid ; caudal filaments not present in the figure.

N. margaritifera, D’k’r., pl. 32, f. 16. Eyes + of the length of the
tentacles from the base ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated.

A second description ; foot quadrate below, broader in front than
behind, colour milk-white, sub-pellucid behind, bifid, forming
an angle of about 45° at the end ; siphon short, truncate,
cylindrical and grooved, bluish ; eyes on a broad expansion
of the tentacles.

N. bullata, Marr., pl. 32, £5. Eyes near the base of the tentacles ;
foot bifid ; operculum crenated.

N. fasciata, Lam., pl. 32, f. 18. Operculum, f. 21. Eyes near the
base of the tentacles ; foot strongly bifid ; operculum semi-
ovate, serrated.

N. thersites, Brug., pl. 52, f. 22. Eyes at about 4 of the length of
the tentacles from the base ; foot bifid; operculum ovate,
nearly plain (abnormal), serrated at the base (normal).

N. pulla, Linn., globosa, Quoy and Gaim., pl. 32, f. 25.
Operculum, f. 27 (abnormal). Eyes at the base of the
tentacles ; foot bitid; operculum sharply serrated, sub-
trigonal.

Voy. la Bonite

N. nodifera, Powis, pl. 41, f. 2 Eyes near the middle of the
tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated,

NE

A

REFERENCES TO ANIMALS OF NASSA.

luteostoma, Brod. and Sow., pl. 41, f.5. Eyes near the base of
tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated.

. gemmulata, Lam., pl. 41, f. 11. Eyes near the middle of the

tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated.

. nitidula, Linn., pl. 41, f. 14. Eyes above the middle of the

tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum crenated.

. marginulata, Lam., pl. 41, f 1. Eyes } from the base of the

tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated.

. picta, D’k’r. Eyes near the base of the tentacles ; foot bifid ;

operculum deeply serrated. From a specimen sent by
S. Archer, Surgeon-major, Singapore,

Voy. dans ?Amerique.

. dentifera, Powis. D’Orb., pl. 61, f. 22. Eyes near the base of

the tentacles ; foot plain, not bifid ; operculum plain.

Isabellei, D’Orb., pl. 61, f. 18,19. Eyes below the line of the
head at the base of the tentacles; foot plain, not bifid ;
operculum plain.

. Tiparia, Del Chiaje’s Sicily, vol. 3, pl. 47, f. 6. Eyes near the

base of the tentacles ; foot slightly notched ; operculum
plain.

. mutabilis, Linn., Del Chiaje’s Sicily, vol 3, pl. 47, f. 6. Eyes

at the base of the tentacles ; foot bifid ; operculum serrated.

. leve, H. and A. Ad. (not Chemnitz), Rec. Moll., pl. 21, f. 7.

Kyes near the base of the tentacles ; foot bifid, deeply cut ;
operculum serrated. ;

. reticulata, Linn. F. and H., pl. LL., f. 3. | Eyes near the base

of the tentacles ; foot bifid, lobes acute. Var. nitida, Jeff.,
Brit. Conch., vol. 4, p. 349. Eyes in the centre of the
tentacles. ‘Among a number of specimens which I
dredged in the Roach River, one had two eyes in the right
hand tentacle ; the eyes were smaller than usual, and close
together.” —Jeff.

. incrassata, Mill. F. and H., pl. LL, f. 1. Eyes near the base

of the tentacles ; foot slightly notched. Var. glaberrima,
Gmel., Del Chiaje’s Moll. Sic., pl. 48, f. 5. Eyes asin the
last ; foot bifid, lobes acute. Var. varicosa, Turt., F. and

H., pl. LL., f. 2. Eyes as in the two last ; foot bifid, lobes
acute.

. corniculum, Olivi. Zool. Adriat., p. 144. Eyes about 3 from

the base of the tentacles; foot bifid, lobes acute; operculum
serrated. Another specimen had the eyes near the base of
the tentacles ; foot plain ; operculum crenated,

DISTRIBUTION. |

DISTRIBUTION.

From Greenland to the Equator these mollusca roam every sea,
and scarcely any attempt at deep-sea dredging has been carried
on in the seas of Europe, Asia, Africa, or America without shells of
this genus having been hauled up; they are most plentiful
within the tropics, where the greatest number of varieties also
exist. - One of the largest forms—viz., the Nassa fossata, Gould—
occurs in California. The Mediterranean varieties are both
curious and interesting, presenting such an extraordinary diversity
of sculpturing that inexperienced conchologists have exercised
their talents and ingenuity in describing shells as distinct that
appeared to all reasonable men to be only varieties of common and
well-known forms.

OPERCULUM OF NASSA.

Serrated.
gemmulata, Lam. picta, D’k’r, mangelioides, Reeve.
coronata, Brug. mucronata, A. Ad. delicata, A. Ad.
Kieneri, Anton. Webbei, Petit. semigranosa, Dkr.
mutabilis, Linn. varicifera, A. Ad. labecula, A. Ad.
Sic ey , :
luteostoma, Brod. and splendidula, D’k’r., or complanata, Powis.
Sow. strongly crenated. ki Phil
; : ivescens, Phil.
reticulata, Linn. fraudulenta, Marr. ?

: ; ; Gayi, Kien.
pulla, Linn.? globosa, arcularia, Linn. Js

(Juoy. triangular.
gibbosula, L., and var.
circumcincta, A. Ad.

crebristriata, Carp.
albescens, D’k’r. crenolirata, A. Ad.

; bimaculosa, A. Ad.
Gruneri, D’k’r., var. vas ;
hispida, A. Ad. and var. immersa,

fasciata, Lam.

tiarula, Kien.
Jacksoniana, Quoy.

“4: Carp
; . margaritifera, Reeve ;
illarum, Phil. ? : ;
- t - (not D’k’r.) picta, with a red brown
thersites: some are ser- s
rated, others crenated, Woodwardii of nue.

and others again are Authors, Forbes (1), sesarma, Marr.
lain. Quoy and G. ? ‘
an SPR Peril ” neritea, Linn. argentea, Marr.

Lo
bo

thersites, Brug.
bimaculosa, A. Ad.
leevigata, Marr.
glabella, Sow.
papillosa, Linn.

(I have only seen one).

glans, Linn.
suturalis, Lam.

tenia, Gmel.
exilis, Powis.
plicosa, D’k’r.
trifasciata, Gmel.

sequijorensis, A. Ad.

OPERCULUM OF NASSA.

Crenated.

cerulea, Marr., almost
plain in some of the
specimens.

luctuosa, A. Ad.. drab,
with a red stripe in the
centre.

sculpta, Marr.
mitralis, A. Ad.

(only slightly).
Plain.
monile, Kien. This

operculum was crenated

when fresh, and has

become plain by drying.
margaritifera, Dkr., or

very slightly crenated.
luteola, Marr.

dentifera, Powis.

obsoleta, Say.
Roissyi, Kien.

sparta, Marr.

Smithi, Marr.

Miill., is

plain, crenated or ser-
rated.

incrassata,

lyrata, Marr.
or slightly crenated.

semistriata, Broechi,
or slightly crenated.

punctata, A. Ad., with
abroad red-brown band
across the centre.

2

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Glans, Linn. Smooth at the sutures. Reeve, pl. 1, f. 5.
Cuming, Philippines.
Slightly coronated at the sutures.

3 Similar in form, colour and marking to the two previous shells,

~J Ot

Oo ©

10
al

18

but irregularly tubercled at the sutures. N. intermedia, D’k’r.
Body-whorl broader, paler, tubercles not much raised.
Similar to the last, but much deeper canaliculate, nodules strong,
Pure white, marbled with pale brown, apex purple, upper
whorls costate, slightly tubercled.
Translucent, passing into white varieties of N. rufula, Reeve,
pl. 2, f. 14. (? Kien.)

Reeve, pl. 2, f. 11. Port Jackson.
Whorls less rounded, not coronated, apex dark purple.

Narrow and elongated. Sandwich Islands.
Spotted with white and brown at the sutures, showing an

approach to the N. mutabilis, Linn.
S. Archer, Surgeon Major, Singapore.
Whorls flattened, sutures spotted, flamed with reddish brown,
very similar in every respect to the elongated forms of N.
mutabilis, Linn.
Very closely related to the N. elegans, Kien., pl. 24, f. 97.
(Not Reeve!)
Broad and short, passing into N. rufula, Reeve, and N. spirata,
A. Ad.

Dark brownish yellow, upper whorls cancellated, coronated,
passing into the N. hirta, Kien.

Similar to the last, but strongly costate. N. suturalis, Lam.
(variety of glans of all the old authors.) Mauritius.
Strongly costate and coronated. Australia.

With shorter, broader and rounder whorls, ribbed, resembling
N. marginulata, Lam., in form.

Similar in form, but much thicker, resembling N. hirta, Kien.,
on the one hand, and N. lievigata, Marr., on the other.

bo bb bo bp bw bo
Oo wo NSD CO >

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Spirata, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 2, f. 13. Swan River.
Similar in both form and colour to the Eburna spirata. Borneo.
More elongated, passing into N. mucronata, A. Ad.

Banded with reddish-brown lines.

With the whorls more regular than the last.

Sufflata, Gould. Hong Kong Harbour.
Mucronata, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 2, f. 8.

Mucronata, A. Ad. Throat deep purple, tip sharply and
regularly plicate.

Between N. mucronata and N. picta.

Between N. picta, D’k’r., and N. rufula, Reeve (not Kiener!).

Coronated at the sutures, two-banded.

Between N. Kieneri, Anton, and N. picta, D’k’r.

Filosa, Gray. Reeve, pl. 6, f. 35.

More oblique; is the N. obliquata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851,
p. 105. Philippines.

Elongated, apex pink.

Very elongated, coronated at the sutures, like the N. graphitera,
Beck, blotched and spotted with dark brown.

Elongated, semicostate ; N. gaudiosa, Hinds. Reeve, pl. 8, f. 48.

Intermediate between N. gaudiosa, Hinds and N. graphitera,
Beck. Howland’s Islands.

Lilacina, Gould.

Between the elongated varieties of N. glans, Linn., and N.
graphitera, Beck.

Marratii, Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., vol. 12, p. 453, pl. 30,

f. 4. San Christoval.
Pale buff, thick, plain. Howland’s Islands,
Gaudiosa, Hinds. Japan.
Paler, more elongated, and semicostate. Sandwich Islands.

Reeve, pl. 13, f. 85. Is more turreted, ribs longer.
Prompta, Marr. (See description.)

Shell elongated, costate, passing into the leta, Phil. Zeit. f.
Malak, 1848, p. 144.

Polita, Marr. (See description.) Taylor Collection. Mauritius.

White with longitudinal orange lines, flamed and blotched
with pale brown.

Spotted, sutures crudely crenated. Taylor Collection. Philippines.

bo
or

VARIETIES OF NASSA,
Compta, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851. Reeve, pl. 16, f. 106.
Cape St. Antonia, Africa.

Purple; the colour is probably produced by acid.
Taylor Collection.

2 Elongated, a form of N. mucronata, A. Ad., passing into the

narrow forms of N. glans, Linn.

Somewhat pellucid, white, with a few scattered reddish spots, the
upper whorls costate, the ribs continuing on to the last whorl.

Dull grey, apex mucronate, semicostate, lined transversely, in-
terior pale blue.

5 Reeveana, D’k’r. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2,f. 3. This is not the

N. sertula, A. Ad., but a form of the N. picta, Dunker.

Picta, D’k’r., with dark brown and white interspersed over the
shell ; it is closely allied to the N. gaudiosa, Hinds, but is
broader than the figure in the “ Voy. Sulph.”

With two brown bands on the last whorl.

Sertula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 107. Reeve, pl. 14, f. 89.
Philippines,

Intermediate between N. sertula, A. Ad., concinna, Powis, and

concentrica, Marr.
Concinna, Powis. Reeve, pl. 14, f. 91.
Mustelina, Gould. Pro, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1860.
Ousima.
Zonalis, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 14, f. 93.

Rather strongly semicostate, passing into the following shell.

Capensis, D’k’r. Zeit. f. Malak, 1846. Krauss’ Die Sudaf.
Moll., 1848=pulchella, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851. Reeve,
pl. 14, £. 90. Port Elizabeth.

Beautifully mottled. Ditto.

Similar in colour and form, but longitudinally ribbed, strongly
transversely grooved. Port Elizabeth.

With a dark brown central band.

White.

More elongated and narrow, intermediate between N. capensis
and N. teretiuscula, A. Ad.

Aperture shorter, last whorl a little more expanded than the
N. teretiuscula, A. Ad.

Beaded at the sutures ; another variety of N. teretiuscula, A. Ad.

Dark bluish ash, costate throughout, showing an affinity with
the N. exilis, Powis.

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Scalarina, Marr. Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 27. New Zealand.

With the last whorl semicostate.

Vittata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 114. Reeve, pl. 24, f. 160.
An elongated N. teretiuscula, A. Ad.

Ribs smooth, interstices closely grooved, N. serotina, A. Ad.

Australia.

With smooth interstices.

Wax yellow, longitudinally ribbed and transversely grooved,
N. tenella, Reeve, pl. 16, f. 163. Cases Bay.

Smaller, resembling varieties of N. incrassata, Miill., into
which it merges ; allied to the N. serotina, A. Ad. Reeve,
pl. 16) 2007:

Very narrow, white, and closely cancellated ; is the N. rissoides,
Marr. Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 25.

Exilis, Powis. P.Z.S., 1835, p. 95.

Between N. exilis, Powis, and Stimpsoniana, ©. B. Ad.

Glabrata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 114. Reeve, pl. 24, f, 157.

Much narrower than the last, with darker and more numerous
bands. N. glabella is the smooth form, N. maculata is
grooved, N. labiata is the costate form, and N. vittata con-
nects them with N. capensis; N. glaberrima, Gmel., and
N. incrassata, Miill., are very closely connected.

Glaberrima, Gmel. Martini, pl. 125, £1177. Wood’s Index,
pl. 23, £. 90. Mediterranean, Eastern Seas, Xe.

3 Freckled with brown and white dots.

Unifasciata, Kien., pl. 14, f 50, is smooth, with a central
brown band.

Taller and narrower than the last.

Cuvierii, Payr. Corsica, pl. 8, f. 17, 18 ; is beautifully mottled.

Very dark brown, columella expanded, resembling the shell
figured by Kiener, pl. 20, f. 76.

Like unifasciata, band broader, and tessellated with brown and
white.

2 Dark brown, very like the shell figured by Kiener as N.

polygonata, pl. 27, f. 107.

93 Closely allied to the last is another shell, figured by Kiener at

94
95

pl. 20, f. 76, as the N. Cuvierii, Payr.
With short interrupted brown transverse lines, varix strong.

Has transverse continuous lines, and is broader. VN. tinei,
Marav.

96

9
9

~I

io)

99

100

101

102
103
104
105
106

107
108

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 27

Greyish brown, tessellated below the sutures with brown and
white. Kiener, pl. 20, f. 75.

Plain at the sutures.

Smooth, costate, with a brown central band. Reeve, pl. 19,
£129,

Of a pale cream colour, with interrupted brown bands, ribbed
and transversely grooved, broad. :

Narrower, paler, tessellated at the sutures. Reeve, pl. 20,
f. 134.

Yellow, lined and tessellated with brown. A very beautiful
shell,

With transverse striz.
Smooth, with two dark bands.
Columella smooth.

Columella plicate.

Rising to an acute point, resembling varieties of N. versicolor,
C. B, Ad., and N. ambigua, Mtg.

White, costate.

Finely transversely grooved and semicostate; is the N.
maderensis. Reeve, pl. 27, f. 182. Madeira.

108a Gallandiana, Fisher. Jour. de Conch., 1860, p. 81, pl. 2, f. 6,

Spain and Portugal.

1088 A shell with close transverse striz is figured in Savigny’s

109
110
111
112

113

114

115
116

117
118
119

Egypt, pl. 6, f. 3.
Tall, white, slightly spotted below the sutures, strongly variced.
Broader and somewhat granular, allied to N. pauperata, Lam.
Broad, strongly costate, ribs curved, closely lined transversely.

Broad, cancellated, is the N. cancellaria, Poties and Michaud,
Gal. des Moll., p. 374, pl. 32, f. 3, 4.

Resembling some of the small varieties of N. costata, A. Ad.
Reeve, pl. 21, f. 142.

Approaching in form and colour the N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
“Voy. of the Sulp.,” pl. 9, f. 16 (not Reeve!).

Cancellated. Captain Horsfall, Malta, Palermo, &e.

Closely and finely ribbed, of a pale greyish ash colour, closely
allied to the varieties of N. planicostata, A. Ad.

With a broad dark brown central belt, dotted with white.

Having two belts, very like the N. zonalis, A. Ad.

Columella, deep orange.

298 VARIETIES OF NASSA.

120 Deformed, all the whorls are oblique.

121 Small, white, banded at the sutures ; in great numbers, mixed
with small varieties of N. mutabilis, Linn. Mediterranean.

122 Similar to the last, but very variable in colour.
Keeliny’s Islands.

123 In form and colour resembling varieties of N. teretiuscula,
A. Ad.

124 Small, smooth, costate throughout.
125 Tall, strongly costate, passing into the N. capensis, D’k’r.

126 A variety of N. glaberrima, Gmel. ; is so like the next that if
placed in the same box, they could not be distinguished from

each other. Malta.

127 Delicata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851. Reeve, pl. 27, f. 180.
Philippines.
128 More elongated, ribs closer and more numerous. Ceylon.

129 With thick ribs, shell more elongated. S. Archer, Singapore.
130 Oblique, with three rows of nodules on the ribs.

131 Ribs spiny, shell more cylindrical than the last, resembling the
N. echinata, A. Ad., but is more glossy.

132 Showing a close affinity with N. crenolirata, A. Ad.

133 Crenolirata, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 25, f. 165.
S. Archer, Singapore.

1334 Shell twice the size of the last, and much more oblique.

134 Ribs spiny, as in N. muricata, Quoy and Gaim.

135 Showing both in form and colour an affinity with the N. com-
planata, Powis, varieties.

136 Passing into the N. Gruneri. Reeve, pl. 12, f. 78 (not Dunker!).

137 Shell buff, tip purple, without bands.

138 Smaller and banded, N. geniculata, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 26,
Faia Philippines.

139 Ribs smooth, distant, interstices very closely striated.

140 Large, with strong ribs, and prominent nodules.

141 Taller, narrower, semicostate, ribs smooth.

142 Labecula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 25, f. 166.

143 Fraterculus, Marr. Is very closely allied to N. sinusigera,
A. Ad. It has a thick callous.

144 Narrower and more elongated than the last ; is the N. fraudu-
lenta, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 8, pl. 1, f. 24.

145 Mangelioides, Reeve, pl. 23, f£. 152. Australia,

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 29

Corticata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 28, f. 189.
New Zealand.

Nearly smooth.
tibbed and banded with brown.

Body-whorl short, ribbed and noduled, brown, with a central
white band ; young shells have a crenated operculum; in old
ones it is spiny. -

Sinusigera, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 100. Reeve, pl. 17, f. 113.

Philippines.

Shell larger, ribs more distant than the last, passing into small
forms of N. costata, A. Ad.

Semicostate.

Nodules at the sutures very strong.

In form very like the Cyllene lyrata, Lam.
Strongly ribbed and transversely grooved.

Callous of the columella spreading, showing an approach to
the N. callosa, A. Ad.

Ribs very close and numerous in front, the last or body-whorl
has no groove below the suture.

Callosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 28, £. 185.
Is a variety of N. sinusigera, A. Ad., with an extended
callous. Philippines.

Passing into the N. crenolirata, A. Ad.
Noduled on the ribs, passing into the N. nodicostata, A. Ad.

Nodules on the ribs much larger than the last, showing a re-
lationship with the N. Gruneri, Reeve, (not Dunker!)

Is intermediate between the N. Gruneri, Reeve, and N.
sinusigera, A, Ad.

Gruneri, Reeve, pl. 12, f. 75. Philippines.

Intermediate between the last and N. crenolirata, A. Ad,

Intermediate between N. crenolirata and N. corticata, A. Ad.

Shell with four nodular keels, each nodule is white and is con-
nected with its nearest neighbour by a fine brown line.

Muricata, Quoy and Gaim. ‘Voy. del’ Astr.,” pl. 32, f. 32, 33.
Columella granular.
White, columella with three or four folds at the base.

Columella smooth, expanded. Reeve, pl. 11, f. 73.
New Ireland, &e.

Intermediate between the last and N, horrida, D’k’r.

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Ribs slightly nodose.

72. Ribs thin and distant.

More elongated, passing into the N. echinata, A. Ad.

Body-whorl short, spire elongated, noduled, not more than half
the usual size.

White, with purplish-brown bands.

White, with a broad rufous band on the body-whorl, and a
fine thread-like line of a similar colour at the suture.

Short and broad, resembling the N. Gruneri, D’k’r.

Strongly noduled, banded poe purple, apex purple, as in
N. geniculata, A. Ad,

Ribs rounded, passing into the N. pura, Marr.

Horrida, Dkr. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2,f.8. =curta, Gould. SamoaIs.
Of a rufous brown, passing into N. muricata, Quoy and Gaim.
Shell elongated.

Short and broad. Reeve, pl. 11, f. 69. Andaman Islands.

Vibex, Reeve, pl. 12, f. 81. H. and A. Adams’ Recent
Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 121. (Not Say !) Philippines.

5 Subspinosa, Lam., vol. 10, p.173. Kien., pl. 26, £103. Ditto.

Broad, nodules very prominent.

Shell more elongated, with two spiny keels.

Shell with three keels, probably the N. tricarinata, Lam.
Dark brown, banded with white.

Showing a close affinity with varieties of N. muricata, Q. and G.
Pale olive, banded with brown and white. A beauty!

2 The nodules connected by the ribs.

Is a tall form, with broad ribs, nodules fading.

194 Closely resembling the N. corticata, A. Ad.

195 Strongly ribbed, but only noduled at the sutures. Philippines.
196 Tallandelongated, slightly ribbed, covered witha brown epidermis
197 Lirella, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 6, pl. 1, f. 18. Philippines.
198 Whorls rounder, " pee We:

199 Brown, with a central white band, ribs smooth and shining,

Sculpta, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 5, pl. 1, f. 30. Philippines.

Fossata, Gould. =Elegans, Reeve. Con. Syst., p. 234,
pl. 268, f. 3, 1841-2. (Name pre-occupied by J. Sow.,
1824), California,

202

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 31

Pagoda, Reeve. Triton, pl. 22, f.97. Nassaria, H. & A. Ad.
Hab. ?

Ribs wider apart, the transverse lines are very distinct.
Gault. Test., pl. 51, f. 1.
Verrucosa, Gmel. Gault., pl. 43, f. M.

Ribs strong, shell much paler in colour. NN. decussata, Reeve,
pl. 18, f. 121. = canescens, C. B. Ad. -

Similar to the last, but very pale, as if the colour had faded.
With the ribs as in the figure, Kiener, pl. 30, f. 3.

The ribs are obsolete on the back of the last whorl, transverse
granular striz very distinct.

Much more elongated, with very strong ribs and nodules.

Shorter and broader, like the shell figured by Kiener, but
strongly noduled.

211 Corpulenta, C. B. Ad. Panama.

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Rufolineata, Marr. =polygonata, Reeve, (not Lam.!) pl. 18,
f. 123. Philippines.

Acuta, Carp’t’r. Brit. Mus. Mazatlan Shells, p. 497.

Polygonata, Lam. Kien., pl. 29, f. 119.

Polygonata, D’Orb. ; ‘‘Voy. dans L. Amer. Merid.,” p. 433.

West Indies.

Tritoniformis, Kien., pl. 50, f. 2; operculum triangular,
crenated on one side. West Africa.

Large. Reeve, pl. 18, f. 120.

Short and broad, with strong varices; in the Collection of
A. W. Langden, Esq., Hastings.

Very pale, almost white, columella callous, slightly expanded.

Narrow and elongated ; this variety was named in the Brit.
Mus., N. acinosa, Gould.

Small, passing into varieties of N. incrassata, Miill.

Ribs few and distant.

Incrassata, Miill. —=ascanias, Brug.; Lacepedii and Ferrussaci,
Payr.; macula, Mtg ; minuta, Penn; and exilis. Gmel.

Seas of Europe, &e.

Whorls granular, lip expanded, columella plicate, intermediate
between the last and N. tritoniformis, Kien.

Broad, strongly ribbed and cross-grooved, passing into the
varieties of N. tritoniformis, Kien.

Taller, lip expanded, Reeve, pl. 17, f. 114,

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VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Similar to the last in form, but having oblique ribs.

Ribs oblique, whorls angular.

Whorls round, shell short, white, very thick, callous expanded.
Yellowish-brown, transversely lined, ribs oblique.

Shorter and broader than the last, lined and banded.

Of a pale rose colour, the ribs and outer lip are white.

Broad and short, passing into the varieties of N. ambigua, Mtg.
Rosacea, Lam. Reeve, pl. 27, f. 183.

Similar to the last, but strongly variced.

White, with broad, brown bands, apex pink.

Closely allied to varieties of N. Gayi, Kien.

Shell short, broad, thick, strongly ribbed and lined.

Dark brown, with a white central band, columella smooth,
passing into the N. coccinella, Lam.

A short, broad, two banded variety.

Pale, with a brown, tessellated, central band, callous expanded.
N. ascanias, Kien., pl. 26, f. 104.

Ribs oblique, callous more expanded than the last ; is the
N. coccinella, Lam. Kien, pl. 25, f. 98.

Intermediate between N. incrassata, Miill., and N. glaberrima,
Gmel.

Dark brown, callous constricted ; is the N. coccinella, Lam.
Kien., pl. 20, f. 77.

Taller and more turreted than the last, strongly variced.

Tall, with transverse, wavy thread lines, columella wrinkled,

Similar to the last in form, but having a smooth columella.

Tall, with oblique ribs; it is about the size and closely
resembles the N. asperula, Brocchi.

Resembling in colour, form, and in having broad bands, the
N. miga, Adans.

Ribs and cross-grooves strongly marked.

Granules small, varices almost opposite to each other, like the
Ranella ; is the N. varicosa, Turton, N. pygmeea, Lam.
Seas of Europe.
Smaller and much broader than the last.
Ferussacci, Payr., pl. 8, f. 15, 16.
More elongated than the last.
Lacepedii, Payr., pl. 8, f. 13, 14.

i) |

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 33

Narrow and elongated, rough, passing into the N. scabrius-
cula, Powis.

Whorls angular, dark brown, with a pale central band, rough.

Columella bright yellow, operculum crenated on the side
next to the inner lip.

Broad, passing into the N. collaria, Gould.

Collaria, Gould. Reeve, pl. 25, f. 169. Panama.
With the upper whorls closely striated ; is the N. crebristriata,
Carpenter. Mazatlan Shells, p. 499. Panama.

Elongated, with strong white varices.
Ribs oblique, covered with a pale epidermis.

Broader and more cylindrical, is a shell figured in Mart. and
Chem., ed. 2, pl. 6, f. 12, 13.

Finely granuled, passing into the N. multigranosa, D’k’r.

Whorls tumid, shell rather thin, N. multigranosa, D’k’r. Phil.
Abbild. pl. 2, f. 13.

Thicker, whorls more regular than the last, granules larger ; is ©
the N. hotessieri, D’Orb. Cuba.

Lip and columella expanded, tapering to an acute point,
resembling the N. nodulifera, Phil.

Encaustica, Brusina.

Gimmellari, Biondi. Jour. de Conch.,vol. 7, p. 303. Is strongly
ribbed and transversely striated.

Tall, thin, passing into and completely blending with the
varieties of N. capensis, D’k’r.

Dark brown, white at the base.

Tall and narrow, of a beautiful rose colour.

Passing into the N. labiata, A. Ad.

Callandiana, Crosse. Jour de Conch., 1863, p. 81, pl. 2, f. 6.

Slightly plicate, shell very oblique; is the N. (Strombus)
glabrata, Sow. Thesau. Conch., pl. 8, f. 66, 67.
=N. obliqua, Kien. West Africa.

Strongly plicate.

Banded with blueish grey, unspotted, columella and inner lip

strongly plicate, showing a close affinity with the N, tenia,
Gmel. ; is the N. cerulea, Marr.

Intermediate between the N. incrassata, Miill., and the N.
teretiuscula, A. Ad.

A variety passing into the N. plebecula, Gould, and closely allied
to some of the tall forms of N,ambigua, Mtg. Spain, Portugal.

290
291

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

With the upper parts of the whorls strongly ribbed and the
lower half striated.

Showing an affinity with the small forms of N. antillarum,
Phil., and N. vibex, Say.

Short, broad, of a dark red-brown colour, with darker
transverse thread-like lines.

Body-whorl smooth, ribs continuous ; N. fuscolineata, Smith.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875, p. 323-4, Cape Sima.

Pusiola, D’k’r. Vitti Islands.

Propinqua, J. Sow. (Crag.), granular variety.
= semistriata, Brocchi; semistriated variety.

Elongated, pale, with pale rufous bands, N. trifasciata, A. Ad.
Closely striated all over the shell. Vigo Bay.

Granular ; this is the recent form of the N. propinqua, J. Sow.,
from the Crag.

Longitudinally ribbed and transversely grooved.
Narrower and more elongated.

291aMore fusiform than the figure in Brocchi’s work. This is the

common form. Vigo Bay.

291BBroadly ovate, semistriated.

292
293

Short and broad, equally grooved throughout, grooves distant.

Not more than a quarter of an inch long, ribbed and can-
cellated, similar to some of the varieties of N. marginulata,
Lam.

Intermediate between the genus Nassa and Bullia.
Vincta, Marr, Pamphlet, p. 12, is a large elongated form,

three banded, showing the passage of these shells into the
pale varieties of N. sequijorensis, A. Ad.

Narrow and elongated, closely allied to the N. planicostata,
A. Ad.

Narrow and elongated, closely allied to the N. corniculum,
Olivi.

Allied to some of the brown varieties of N. pauperata, Lam,

A small beautifully variegated variety. Keeling’s Islands.

Resembling the West African shell, the N. sesarma, Marr.

Small, elongated.

Small, very thick, noduled ; is the N. pumilio, Smith.
Whydah, W. Africa.

Narrow and elongated. Malta.

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 35

Closely allied to the last; is the N. AXthiopica, Marr. Pamphlet,
ais? Kabenda, W. Africa.
Elongated, apex sharp.
Broader and much more tapering than the last; is the N.
candei, D’Orb. Cuba, pl, 23, f. 1-6. Cuba,
Rubra, Potiesand Michaud. Gall. des Moll., p. 381, pl. 32,
Ty LT, US: Seas of Europe.
Very small, whorls very round, aperture round. Malta.
Compacta, Angas. P.Z.S., 1865, p. 154.
St. Vincent’s Gulf, Australia.
Minor, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 14. Kabenda, West Africa.

Tenia, Gmel.; the smooth form. Reeve, pl. 3, f. 19. Philippines.
=olivacea, Brug.

2 Smooth, rounded below the sutures, intermediate between the

last and N. canaliculata, Lam. New Guinea.

Larger, with the whorls more regularly tapering than the last,
olivaceous with irregular transverse bands. Gault., pl. 44, f. D.

With broad ribs, Kien., pl. 15, f. 53.

Smaller, with the ribs more regularly defined; is the
N. approximata, Pease.

With close smooth ribs.
Much smaller.

Passing into the N. nodifera, Powis. It is impossible to say
where the N. tenia ends and N. canaliculata, N. nodifera
and N. trifasciata begin.

Cancellated. Quoy and Gaim., “ Voy. de Il’ Astrolabe,” pl. 32,
f. 13-15. New Guinea.
Smaller, passing into the N. margaritifera, D’k’r.

Small, polished, ribs slightly raised, passing into the N. Kieneri,
Anton, and N. coronata, Brug.

A small cancellated variety, shows a close affinity with the
N. reticulata, Linn. New Guinea.

Elegans, Reeve (not Kien.!) pl. 2, f. 10. | Brug.

Smooth, coronated at the sutures, passing into the N. coronata,

Tumid and cancellated, but not coronated below the sutures.
Marrat’s Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 12.

Tumid below the sutures, very large, nearly two inches long.
This shell occupies a position so intermediate between

N. tenia and canaliculata that it might with equal propriety
be placed with either of them,

36

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

326aPassing into the N. nodifera, Powis.

327

Smooth, polished, oblong, passing into the N. oblonga, Marr.

4s more elongated, coronated at the sutures, all
the whorls except the body-whorl costate.

Intermediate between N. tenia, Gmel., and nodifera, Powis.
- = and margaritifera, D’k’r.
ij .; and margaritifera, Reeve (not
D’k’r.!)
7 : and coronata, Brug.
Coronata, Brug. Reeve, pl. 3, f. 20. Reeve, Madagascar.
Spire elongated, callous very thick, shell heavy, deformed. A

very interesting form.
With a double callosity and a double lip, deformed.

Very large, with an external central white band, and three in
the interior of the shell.

With the upper whorls cancellated and the body-whorl plain.
Smooth and polished, scarcely coronated.

Large, very broad, semicostate, white, callous thin, the lip has
folds behind it.

With strong ribs behind the thickened lip.

Smooth at the sutures, resembling varieties of N. mutabilis,
Linn.

With the ribs placed at a distance from the outer lip.
Ribs short and strong.
Ribbed half way down the shell.

Bullata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 5. Quoy and Gaim., “ Voy. of the
Astr.,” pl. 32, f. 5-7. New Guinea.
Regularly costate, coronated at the sutures.
Intermediate between the N. coronata, Brug., N. Kieneri,
Anton., and N. nodifera, Powis.
Marmorata, Anton. Verz. der Conch., p. 92, No. 2966.
8. Archer, Singapore.

Marmorea, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 106. Reeve, pl. 1. £ 7.
Philippines.

Marbled, but not banded. Dr. Collingwood, Borneo.

Tumidly coronated. Ditto.

With denticles in front of the lip.

Kieneri, Anton. Verz. der Conch., p. 92, No. 2965.
= lurida, Gould, = dispar, A, Ad, New Guinea,

VARIETIES OF NASSA, 37
Turreted, very elongated. A deformity similar to the N, distorta

and stolida, A. Ad.

Coronated, passing into the variety with small spots of
N. coronata, Brug.

> With white flames, exactly like those on the shells of

N. coronata, Brug.
Passing into the N. bicallosa, Smith. b

Bicallosa, Smith. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. 12, pl. 30,
te By Swan River and Cape Natal.

Passing into the N. mutabilis, Linn. *
With a thick round callous in front.
Passing into N. mucronata, A. Ad.
Between Kieneri, coronata and tzenia.

is and gaudiosa, Hinds.

Be and bicallosa, Smith.
Mutabilis, Linn. Reeve, pl. 1, f. 6. Mediterranean.
Covered with a silky epidermis. Taylor Collection.

Ebenacea, Gemari.

Pfeifferi, Phil., is transversely striated and interruptedly lined.
Spain.

Elongated, narrow, and rather thick.

Small, about half an inch long, white, streaked with pale rufous-
brown.

Two lines long, pale, almost white, lip thickened.

2 Tumidly coronated.

White, sutural edge somewhat angular, closely allied to the
N. spirata, A. Ad.

Grey-brown.

375 White, with very faint markings.
3 With the upper whorls cancellated, spotted like the N. spirata,

A. Ad. Singapore.
Between N. mutabilis, Linn., and N. marginulata, Lam.;
granules at the sutures numerous.

Upper whorls and below the suture on the last or body-whorl
deeply grooved transversely.

Brown spotted, flamed and banded with brown.
With strong varices.
With the ribs near the centre of the whorls,

AQT
408

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Foliosum, Wood’s Index, pl. 22, f. 39. Amboyna.

Algida, Reeve, pl. 22, f. 145. Moreton Bay, Australia.

Intermediate between the last and the N. elegans, Kien. (name
pre-occupied).

Intermediate between the N. elegans, Kien., and N. levigata,
Marr.

Ferruginous brown, resembling the varieties of N. picta, D’k’r.
Resembling the N. foliosum, Wood, but spotted at the sutures.
Mutabilis, Wood, pl. 22, f. 47. Capt. Cawne Warren, Ceylon.
Bucculenta, Marr. (See description. )

Between N. compta, A. Ad., and N. elegans, Kien. Mauritius.
Between N. mutabilis, Linn., and marmorata, Anton.
Between N. mutabilis, Linn., and N. nodifera, Powis.
Nitidula, Linn. Chem., pl. 125, f. 1194-5.—Canaliculata, Lam.
Canal wide, shell rufous brown, almost smooth.

Canal partly open.

Canal closed, drab, with a brown-rufous stain on the back.

Canal closed, drab, with a brown-rufous stain, coronated at the
sutures.

The upper whorls are costate, the body-whorl almost smooth,
lip spiny.
Drab, with two brown bands, lip without spines.

Drab, with a single brown spot, suture plain, lip slightly
crenated.

Shell smooth, passing into the N. trifasciata, Gmel.

Ash-grey, noduled at the sutures, strongly ribbed behind the
lip, passing into the N. nodifera, Powis.

Ash-grey, noduled at the sutures, passing into the N. marginu-
lata, Lam., and N. nodifera, Powis.

About half the size of the N. canaliculata, Lam., as figured
in Reeve, finely plicated throughout. ‘‘ Challenger” Ex.
Smaller than the last, smooth and glossy ; closely allied to the

N. levigata, Marr.
Smooth and glossy ; the ribs are but slightly developed in this
variety.
Semi-cancellated. Reeve, pl. 3, f. 18. Philippines.
Closely cancellated, resembling the shell figured in Kien.,
pl. 14, f. 49, as N. crenulata, Brug., but broader.
Indian Seas.

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VARIETIES OF NASSA. 39

Canal slightly open. Mart. and Chem., ed. 2, pl. 7, f. 8-9.
Smooth, whorls round, ventricose.

Levis, H. and A. Ad. (not Chem.!) Recent Mollusca, vol. 3,
ple 12; £ 7.

2 Trifasciata, Gmel., p. 3489. Gault. Test., pl. 44, f. A.

=rutilans, Reeve. New Holland.
=unicolora, Kien, :

Broad, smooth, glossy; evidently the smooth form of
N. canaliculata, Lam., and N. nodifera, Powis.

Unicolorata, Reeve, pl. 3, f. 17. Shell of a bluish ash colour.
Jukes, N. Australia.

Unicolora, Kien., pl. 19, f 69. Shell ashy-grey, narrow in
form.

Ash, olive and grey ; is the N. rutilans, Reeve, pl. 22, f. 147.
New Zealand.

Of a rufous-brown colour.

With three internal brown bands. (Hence the name trifasciata.)

Elongately oblong, very fine.

Smaller and narrower, of a dark red-brown colour.

White.

2 Ash-grey, with two brown bands.

Orange, with ditto.
Oblong-ovate, pale in colour.

Resembling in form the N. sequijorensis, A. Ad. (I have no
doubt of this being the smooth form of the shell named.)

Of a dark purple colour, both externally and internally.

Small, almost fusiform, showing its close affinity to N. micans,
A. Ad.

Monile, Kien., pl. 11, f. 40. Pale, ribs smooth. Philippines.
Slate coloured, with darker bands. Reeve, pl. 6, f. 38.
Ash-grey, with darker bands.
Lip having sharp denticles on its edge.

», without denticles.
Ribs strong, curved.

», almost obsolete.
A nti variety ; is the N. distorta, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 5,

. ol.

Another shell, the N. lachrymosa, Reeve, pl. 8, f. 52, is a smooth
form.

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

One of the Australian varieties; has been named N. Jack-
soniana, Kien., pl. 19, f. 73.

3 Lined on the back of the lip, and otherwise very like varieties

of N. picta, D’k’r.

A variety very closely approaching some of the shells of
N. coronata, Brug.

Approaching forms of N. nodifera, Powis.

Closely allied to the N. mucronata, A. Ad. Shark’s Bay.
Resembling in form and ribbing the N. costata, A. Ad.

Shell narrow, passing into the N. velata, Gould. Australia.
Nodifera, Powis. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 23. Panama.
Taller and more deeply canaliculate; colour pale purplish-

brown and buff. New Guinea.
A large variety is figured in Gault. Test., at pl. 44, f. D.
Reddish-brown, as if iron-stained, - callous expanded and
thickened, closely resembling varieties of N. hirta, Kien.
Ash-grey, ribs close, sutures distinctly coronated, sulci between
the ribs distant, callous almost obsolete.

Shell elongately ovate, callous defined, columella strongly
plicate, on the front of the shell, the ribs are close and
numerous.

Short, broad and rounded, banded with brown and white.

Ash-grey, strongly ribbed, carinated at the base, the inside is
deep purple, New Guinea.

Resembling N. gemmulata, Lam., in form, ribs gracefully
curved ; the lower part of the body-whorl is closely granular.
This shell combines the characters of the N. gemmulata,

Lam., N. marginulata, Lam., N. nodifera, Powis, and
N. costata, A. Ad.

With the upper whorls cancellated and the body-whorl strongly
ribbed.

Shell passing into varieties of N. sequijorensis, A. Ad.

Ribs strong on each side of the shell, smooth in the centre,

closely resembling a similar variety mentioned under the
head of N. tenia, Gmel.

> Shell coronated, ribbed in front, smooth at the back.

Ribs broad, shell cancellariform.
Elongated, strongly ribbed and coronated. S. Archer, Singapore.

Pale buff, almost white, with two broad pale ash bands, ribbed
and coronated,

VARIETIES OF NASSA, 41

Interstices grooved, with two internal white bands on a brown
ground. <A beauty.

An elongated, strongly cancellated shell, resembling N. marginu-
lata, Lam., passing into N. scalaris, A. Ad.

Smaller, ribs wider apart, scarcely cancellated, callous spreading.

Margaritifera, Reeve, pl. 9, f. 59, (not Dkr. !)

With the lip prickly in front with denticles.

A variety with the cancellation very fine, the transverse and
longitudinal lines being hair-like, callous none.

Shell small, ribs distant, banded with brown and white.
Ceylon.
Somewhat humpbacked, cancellated, callous covering the whole
front of the shell. It came with the N. thersites, Brug., and
is a cancellated variety of it. Itisalso the N. marginulata,
Kien; pk 29, f° 117%,

} Has sniooth ribs, and resembles in form and colour the N. nivea,

A. Ad.

Somewhat elongated, smaller than the last, ribs broad, resem-
bling the N. Fontanei, D’Orb.

Ovate in form, approaching the N. oblonga, Marr.
Oblonga, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 5.

472 Shell fusiform.

Australis, A. Ad: P. Z.S., 1851, p. 272. Australia.
Intermediate between the last and N. livescens, Phil.

S. Archer, Singapore.
Narrow, with the longitudinal and transverse lines very fine.
Livescens, Phil. Zeit. f. Malak, 1848, p. 135. Philippines.
Ribs broad, wide apart.
Hepatica, Pult. Wood’s Index, pl. 22, f. 42.

Intermediate between N. livescens, Phil., and N. margaritifera.
Reeve.

) Shell deformed, having a thick piece of shelly matter cemented

to the inner edge of the lip.
Between N, marginulata, Lam., and N. Australis, A. Ad.
Ribs wide apart, beaded at the sutures, smaller and broader
than any of the foregoing varieties.

Shell smaller than the last, passing into the N. celata, A. Ad.
S, Archer, Singapore.

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Broad, short, ribs very broad; this shell has the texture and
is the colour of varieties of N. reticulata, Linn.

Having the granules formed by the transverse and longitudinal
lines square.

Elongated, cancellation fine, approaching in colour, form and
texture the N. sequijorenis, A. Ad.

In this variety the upper whorls are finely cancellated, and the
body-whorl is coarsely granular.

3 Shell small, resembling in form, size and cancellation the

N. ceelata, A. Ad., but is grooved below the suture.
Philippines.
Resembling the N. fasciata, Lam., in colour, but is broader,
Nodules at the sutures large, showing an affinity with N.
arcularia, Linn., var. pulla.
With the ribs continuous, scarcely grooved below the sutures.
Ribs broad, slightly raised, sutural granules white, interspaces
red-brown.
Ribs close, coronation distinct, resembling a large N. costata,
A, Ad.
Resembling No. 452, but more elongated and narrower.

Small, hump-backed, combining the characters of N. globosa,
(). and G., N. thersites, Brug., and N. marginulata, Lam.
More elongated than the last, passing into the N. leptospira,

A. Ad.
Almost smooth, smoke-brown, callous thick, divided into two
parts.

With the last whorl smooth behind the lip, resembling
N. stolata, Gmel.

Semicostate, having the ribs only half their usual length.
i elongated, polished, Gault. Test., pl. 43, f. P.
Smooth, highly polished, more or less coronated at the
sutures.
In this shell the tubercles are elongated, forming short ribs.

Smooth, polished, without any sign of tubercles at the sutures,
N. leevigata, Marr.

A variety of the last, with tubercles at the sutures. Marrat’s
Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 7.

A variety of the last, with the tubercles elongated, semicostate.

Resembling No. 452 in form, but differs from that shell in
being cancellated.

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 43

With irregular squares, formed by the transverse and longitu-
dinal lines.

Whorls round, thick, resembling the N. hispida, A. Ad.

Is broader and more elongated than the last, resembling
varieties of the N. reticosa, A. Ad. (Name pre-occupied by
J. Sow.)

A variety closely allied to the N. splendidula, D’k’r., in both
form and sculpture.

A variety in size and marking similar to the small
N. gemmulifera, A. Ad.

Is an elongated, coronated shell, combining the character of
five others—viz., N. elegans, Kein. (name pre-occupied by
J. Sow., Min. Conch.), N. levigata, Marr., N. coronata,
Brug., N. trifasciata, Gmel., and N, nodifera, Powis.

Shell pale, ribs distant, smooth, closely allied to the
N. bifaria, Baird.
Shell pale, ribs broad, glossy; between the N. bifaria, Baird,
and N. costate, A. Ad.
Bifaria, Baird. New Caledonia.
With more numerous plice developed towards the base.
Andaman Islands.

White, with two brown bands, ribs distant, very thin, the
groove-line is close below the suture instead of distant
from it.

Ribs smooth, whorls turreted, passing into the N. clara, Marr.

Labida, Reeve, pl. 27, f. 179.

Multicostata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 20,
f. 136. Philippines.

Shell cream-coloured, with a central brown band, fusiform ; is
the N. pulcherrima, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 10, pl. 1, f. 15.
New Holland.

2 Narrow and elongated, between narrow forms of N. nodifera,

Powis, and N. planicostata, A. Ad.

Planicostata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 108. Reeve, pl. 12, f. 76.
Payta, Peru.

- with much stronger ribs, pl. 14, f. 94.
Micans, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 106. Reeve, pl. 21, f. 140.
Philippines.
Very narrow and elongated; N. terebroides, Reeve, pl. 24,

f. 161. =costata, A. Ad. (name pre-occupied. )

Multilineata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 11. South America.

VARIETIES OF NASSA,

Sparta, Mar. Pamphlet, p. 11, pl. 1, f. 22.
Anthracina, Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1873,

p. 2295pl/ 34.0% Viti Islands.
Pupinoides, Reeve, pl. 24, f. 162. Philippines.
Marginulata, Reeve, pl. 7, f. 43. (Not Lamarck !)

# Spray 8: Peace i Og 5 08 8. Archer, Singapore.
s ee Sore ee ay

4 Marginulata, Lam. Kien. pl. 29, f. i17.

Closely allied to the last; is the N. venusta, D’k’r. Phil.

Abbild., pl. 2, f. 1. Island of Bali, Indian Ocean.
Closely allied to the last; is the N. venusta, D’k’r. Reeve,
pl. 7, £. 44. Philippines.

Ribs broader and wider apart than either of the two last-
named shells.

8 Yellow, banded with blackish-brown fillets, similar to

N. sturmii, Phil. Reeve, pl. 22, f. 148. Mozambique.

Shell smaller and paler, ribs more distant.

Ribs few, broad and noduled; is the N. sturmii, Phil. Abbild.
pled is 1.

With the ribs almost obsolete, passing into the next.

Shell broad and short; is the N. crassa, Koch. Phil. Abbild.
pl. 1, f. 4. China.

White.

Crassa in form, and sturmii in sculpture.

. and venusta in sculpture.

A variety with the ribs acute ; is the N. acuticostata, Montrous.

Jour. de Conch., 1864, pl. 10, f. 8.
Caledonian Archipelago.

Is almost smooth.
Plicosa, D’k’r. Zeit., f. Malak, 1846. Algoa Bay, West Africa.
speciosa, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 100. Reeve, pl. 3, f. 16.
Upper whorls closely cancellated and the body-whorl smooth.
Marrat’s Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 11. Algoa Bay.
An elongated shell, costate and strongly grooved.
S. Archer, Singapore,
Narrow and elongated, passing into varieties of N. sequi-
jorensis, A, Ad.
Oriens, Marr. China Seas.
—elongata, Marr., Pamphlet, p. 4 (the name pre-occupied
by J. Sow., Min. Conch.)

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 45

Smooth, costate, passing into the N. crassicostata, Marr.
Crassicostata, Marr. (See description, not the Pamphlet, p. 6).
Bombay.
Smaller and more oblong than the last ; is closely allied to the
N. costata, A. Ad.
Costata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 21, f, 142.
Philippines.
A variety resembling the N. nodicostata, A. Ad., but with
smooth ribs,
Obesa, Neville. Jour. Asiat. Soc., p. 95, pl. 8, f. 2, 3. Bombay.
var. Ceylonica. Ceylon and Penang.
Similar to the last in form, but having the ribs carried to the
base. 8. Archer, Singapore.
Bifaria, Baird. “Cruise of the Curacoa” (Brenchly), 1873, p. 436,
pit 38, B15. 2: Andaman Islands.

With longer ribs, showing a variation towards the N. pauperata,
Lam.

2 Bella, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9, has the ribs granular.

With a broad, button-like callous in front. N. precallosa,
Marr. Pamphlet, p. 11.
Concentrica, Marr. (as concinna, Powis). Reeve, pl. 13, f. 82.
Philippines.
Wilsoni, Reeve, pl. 24, f. 158. (Not C. B. Adams.) The
N. Wilsoni, C, B. Ad., is a variety of the N. complanata,
Powis.

Between the N. concinna, Powis, and the next.

7 Smithi, Marr. Quart. Jour. Conch., Leeds, p. 187. Pamphlet,

p. 7.

568 Between N. cribraria and concentrica, Marr.

or Or Sr Sr or
Noa 7
oOo Ww = ©

Cribraria, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 12.

Abyssinica, Marr. A pas: Abyssinia.
Grata, Marr. (See description).

Larger and broader than the shell described.

Taller and narrower than the last, whorls granular.

Small, reddish-brown, with a central, pale band.

Taller and narrower than the last, with the reticulation very fine.

Arcularia, Linn. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 250. Philippines.

White, glossy, body-whorl smooth in the centre, ribbed on each
side,

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Similar in form to the last, but cross-grooved, callous expanded.

Smooth, polished, strongly ribbed throughout, without the
nodules at the sutures; is the N. plicosa, Bolton.

Strongly ribbed, but with very few cross-grooves, pure white
inside and out.

Ashy-grey, spotted between the nodules. South Africa.
Darker in colour than the last, spots very pale.

Two-banded externally and three in the interior.

With a single external band and three inside.

Pale buff, with a broadly-expanded callous, like the Helmet
Conch.

Yellow, tumid, double banded, sutures tumidly plicated,
showing a tendency to run into the N. coronata, Brug.

’ Rufous-brown, the interior is brown with a central, narrow,

white band.
Large, nodules prominent, olive-green. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 25a,
callous much less expanded than is usual in these shells.
Callous less expanded, showing a close affinity with the
N. marginulata, Lam.

A variety with an expanded callous; is figured in Kiener at
pl2s, t. 11:

Another variety with the cross-grooves interrupted ; is figured
in Mart. and Chem., ed. 2, pl. 4, f. 19, 20.

Ribs few and distant, shell white; is figured in Mart. and
Chem., ed. 2, pl. 4, f. 21.

Pulla, Reeve, pl. 4, f. 22. Linneeus. (?) A cancellated variety
of N. arcularia, Linn. Philippines.

White, with a central brown band and another of a darker
colour below the sutures.

Crenulata, Brug. Ency. Meth., pl. 394, f. 6, exclusive of all
synonymes.

Of a cream-colour, with very dark spots between the nodules,
ribs broad ; two of the ribs unite in one tubercle, and this
occurs in the three first tubercles behind the lip.

Ribs very irregular, three of them join in the first tubercle,
two and part of a third join ata little distance from the
second, the remaining ribs are curiously curved.

White or very pale, cancellation very close. Red Sea.

Showing a close affinity with the N. perlata, Meuschen.

5 4 with the N. hispida, A. Ad.

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 47

Showing a close affinity with the varieties of N. thersites, Brug.

Very short and dumpy.

Spire elongated, acute, semicostate ; a very curious shell.

Shell rather strongly ribbed, with numerous transverse hair-
like grooves.

In this variety the upper whorls are closely cancellated, and

the cancellation extends into at least one-half of the body-
whorl, shell young.

Dark brown with a central white band.
Is small, with a rufous stain on the outer edge of the callous.

ee

Reticulata, Linn. Reeve, pl. 9, f. 57b. Seas of Europe.
Ribs more distant and fewer, f. 57a.
i Pa Kiener, pl. 23, f. 91.
Mediterranean.

Closely resembling the small forms of N. tenia, Gmel. Malta.

Dark red-brown, nearly black, ribs broad and irregular, trans-
versely grooved.

Dark red-brown, ribs granular, interstices deeply sulcate,
callous yellow.

Dark red-brown, ribs smooth, interstices smooth, not grooved
below the sutures ; allied to the N. nodifera, Powis.

Variety nitida, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. Britain.

Smaller than the last, ribs wider apart, banded with voilet,
brown and white.

Narrow, conical, yellowish white.

Pale yellowish-white, with a dark-brown band below the
sutures.

Broad, ribs very few, distant, body-whorl pale ash-grey, with
interrupted brown transverse bands, having a strong varix.

Shell with the spire short and the body-whorl large, passing
into the N. marginulata, Lam.

A small elongated form, resembling in both colour and marking
the N. glaberrima, Chem.

2 Very long and narrow, white, indistinctly violet banded below

the sutures.

Ribbed and cancellated, resembling the N. margaritifera,
Reeve (not Dunker. !)

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Ribbed and cancellated, resembling the N. margaritifera,
D’k’r. =dentifera, A. Ad.

5 Is a very peculiar, short, broad form, with the callous covering

the whole front of the body-whorl.
Grain ribbed, coronated, callous defined.
Banded with brown and white, with distinct varices.
Elongated, the ribs are obliquely and gracefully curved.

With irregular ribs closely packed behind the lip, then they
become few and distant.

Granules very small, leaving an open space below the sutures,
similar to the N. margaritifera, D’k’r.

Plicatella, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 111. Reeve, pl. 9, £. 56.

2 Intermediate between the last and N. limata, Chem.

Nivea, A. Ad. P.Z.S8.,, 18b1,-p. 118.--, Reeve, pl, 18, 4.0122
Philippines.
Serrata, Brocchi. Sub-App. Foss., pl. 5, f. 4.
South European Seas.
Costulata, Brocchi oa plyoyt a:

Scalaris, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 108. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 21.
Philippines.

Is a smaller, narrower, and more elongated shell than the last.
Ash-grey, with two dark bands, showing a close affinity with
varieties of N. canaliculata, Lam.

Having the ribs only slightly raised, resembling varieties of
N. nodifera, Powis.

Resembling the shell figured in Kiener at pl. 14, f. 49, asa
variety of the N. crenulata, Brug.

Canal almost closed, shell with two dark-brown bands.
Intermediate between N. scalaris, A. Ad., and N. canaliculata,
Lam.

Variety deeply channelled at the suture, lip spiny; is very
closely allied to the N, sequijorensis, A. Ad,

Passing into the N. oriens, Marr.

Elongated, spotted at the sutures, semicostate.
S. Archer, Singapore.
Varicifera, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, pl. 108. Reeve, pl. 18, f. 118.
Eastern Seas,

647

660

661

662
663
664

665

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 49

A perfect specimen and fully matured ; is much broader, lip
much more expanded, than the figure in Reeve; the colu-
mella is almost smooth, callous covering about one-third of the
body-whorl ; operculum serrated ; the only mature shell I
have seen. China.

Tall and narrow ; is very closely allied to the tall varieties of
N. sequijorensis, A. Ad.

Small, with only one varix, passing into the N. celata, A. Ad.

Crenulata, Brug. Ency, Meth., pl. 394, f. 6, is certainly a
strongly-ribbed and closely-grooved variety of N. arcularia,
Linn.

Crenulata, Kien., pl. 14, f. 49, is an ash-coloured shell with
two pale bands, ribbed and grooved, lip without spines, and
is allied to the N. sequijorensis, A. Ad.

A broader variety, Smith. P.Z.S., 1879, p. 120, pl. 20, f. 48.

Japan.

Very finely cancellated, lip spiny, callous thin, spreading.

Yokohama.

Of a dark, rufous-brown colour, cancellation rather coarse, shell
broad and short, lip without spines, callous thick, not
spreading. Japan.

Crenulata, Kien, pl. 23, f. 90, is certainly a variety of
N. nodifera, Powis.

Crenulata, Chenu. Man. de Conch., p. 163, f. 169, is another
variety of the same shell.

57 Crenulata, Reeve, pl. 1, f. 2, is allied to N. sequijorensis,

A. Ad. Philippines.
Sequijorensis, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p.97. Reeve, pl. 8, f. 53.
Sequijor, Philippines.

With very close cancellation, of an ash-grey colour, lip spiny
at the base. Japan.

White, with rufous bands, sutural canal wide open, passing
into varieties of N. scalaris, A. Ad.

Intermediate between N. sequijorensis, A. Ad., and N. ravida,
A, Ad.

Shell broader, __,, a and N. cremata, Hinds.
With distant ribs and only one or two transverse grooves.

Very elongated, resembling some of the varieties of N. trifasciata,
Gmel.

Ribs distant, colour red-brown, passing into the varieties of
N, nodifera, Powis,

690
691

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Ravida, “Al Ad) 'PoZ/84" 1851; pi 97. Reeve, pl i 6s;

granules square. Philippines.
Ravida, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 97, granules round.
Intermediate between the last and N. reticosa, Hinds.

Pe , and N. splendidula, D’k’r.
Costate, with a few sulci in the interstices.
Passing into the N. celata, A. Ad.
5 N. nivosa, Marr.

Clathrata. Born. Mus. p. 261, pl. 9, f. 17, 18.
Corrugata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1854, p. 110.

Shorter and broader; is the N. gemmulata, Lam. Reeve, pl. 5,
f. 21. Captain Cawne Warren, Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon.

Papille large ; is the N. verrucosa, A. Ad. (Not Gmel. !)
With the tubercles vaulted, so as to become almost spathulate.
Philippines.
Ribs broad, regular. Kien., pl. 22, f.84. Kiener, Indian Seas.
, tew and distant.
,, numerous and close.

Intermediate between N. gemmulata, Lam., and its variety
N. verrucosa, A. Ad.

Intermediate between N. gemmulata, Lam., and its variety
N. variegata, A. Ad.

Having a sharp, channeled spire.

Tubercles raised above the sutures, standing boldly out.

5 Smaller, less inflated, having the columelia granosely laminated ;

is the N. Cumingii, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 98. Reeve,

pl. 5, f. 30. China.
Variegata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 97. Reeve, pl. 11, £70:
Philippines.

Intermediate between the last-named shell and the N. Keenii.,

Marr.
With small and numerous granules.

Crispata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 14. In this shell the longi-
“tudinal lines are set upon the whorls almost as close to each
other as it would be possible to place them, and being slightly
raised, they have a crispate appearance.

Having no callous.
Stigmaria, A. Ad, P,Z.S., 1851, p. 96-7. Reeve, pl. 7, f. 42.
Philippines.

692
693

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 51

Narrower and more elongated than the last. Philippines.

Smaller in all its parts ; is the N. densigranata, Reeve, pl. 27,
f. 181. Philippines.

Intermediate between the N. stigmaria, A. Ad., and
N. splendidula, D’k’r.

Splendidula, D’k’r. Zeit. f. Malak, 1846, p. 170. Phil. Abbild.,
pl. 2, f. 16. ~ Borneo.
White, tessellated with brown. A gem!
,, banded with rufous brown.
Elongated, showing an affinity with the N. Roissyi, Desh.
Short and broad, showing a close affinity to the N. variegata,
A. Ad,
Small and narrow, approaching such shells as the N. nivosa,
Marr.
Conoidale, Desh. Mart. and Chem., 2nd edit., pl. 8, f. 12-13.
Island of Sunda.
Conoidale, Kien., pl. 27, f. 109, bis.
Intermediate between N. conoidale, Desh. and N. hispida, A. Ad.
- “ - and N. albescens, D’k’y.
Hispida, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 101. Reeve, pl. 6, £ 37
(young). Philippines,
Large, white, with prickly granules, interior yellow, with three
brown bands.

7 With obtuse, blunt nodules,

With sharp nodular keels.
Coloured as in N. crenolirata, A. Ad.
Tall and elongated.
Short and broad.
Banded and dotted with ash-brown.
Columella strongly plicate.
3 almost smooth.
Short, passing into the N, Gruneri, D’k’r. (not Reeve!),
Taller = N. splendidula, D’k’r.
Callous thick, broad and expanded, passing into the N. perlata,
Meusch.

Between the N. marginulata, Lam., and N. hispida, A. Ad.

2 N. albescens, Phil., and Be
With square granules,

”

or)

Oo Ww

Seay SST SA Sh

= Ge Oa Cor Go
a

—_)

=I
ces
—"

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Nodulosa, Marr. Pamphlet, p.4. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1873, p. 426; granules square, large.

Brychia, Watson, granules in parallelograms. 620 fathoms.

Gomera.
Gruneri, D’k’r. (not Reeve!) Zeit. f. Malak., 1846, p. 171.
Phil. Abbild., pl. 2, f. 2. Philippines.

4 Albescens, D’k’r. Zeit. f. Malak., 1846, p. 170. Phil. Abbild.,

plie2e ad. 1d: Kast Indies.
Granules coarser. Reeve, pl. 15, f. 100. Reeve, West Indies.
Whorls rounder than either of the two last-named shells ; 1s
the N. bicolor, Hom. and Jacq.
Tsabellei, Reeve (not D’Orb. !), pl. 7, f. 47.
With large granules ; is a white shell with a blue apex.

Red Sea.
Sordida, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 97. Reeve, pl. 15, f. 96.
Philippines.

Larger than the last, with rounder whorls.
Moreton Bay, Australia.

Small, cancellation fine, callous spreading.

2 Another and still smaller variety ; shows a close affinity with

the N. Wilsoni, Reeve (not C. B. Ad. !).

Ribs strong, white, marbled with red-brown, apex brown.

Taller and more elongated than the last, passing into the
smaller varieties of N. marginulata, Lam.

Gemmulifera, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 99. Reeve, pl. 20,

f, 132, Philippines.
Acinosa, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., May, 1849.
Totombo, Adans., Sen. Senegal.
Turbinea, Gould. Liberia, West Africa.
Keenii, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 15. Philippines.

Persica, v. Mart.
= Deshayesiana, Issel.

Webbei, Petit. Jour. de Conch., 1850. Marrat’s Pamphlet,
pled, tf. 16: West Africa.

Ringens, A. Ad., (Not Desmoulea!) Reeve, pl. 29, f. 190; is
closely allied to the last.

3 White variety.

Cremata, Hinds. (Not Reeve!) ‘“ Voy. of Sulph.,” pl. 9
ENE ; Ny ? ?
f. 8, 9, not square grained,

T
Lg

Se
oH OH
=<TgCale

~I
Or
(90)

799
760

761

~I
oa
bo

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 53

Smaller, narrower, and more elongated than the last.

Philippines.
Cremata, Reeve, (Not Hinds!), pl. 4, f. 26, square grained.
Reeve, Straits of Malacca.
Rayvida, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1854, p. 97. Reeve, pl. 11, f. 68.
Philippines, &e.
White variety, bs 5 pl. 11, f. 74.
Philippines, &e.
Reticosa, A. Ad. (Name pre-occupied by J.Sow., Min. Conch).
Apical-whorls brown.
Between N. reticosa, A. Ad. and N. Roissyi, Desh. Apical
whorls white.
Between N. reticosa, A. Ad. and N. ravida, A. Ad.
and sequijorensis, A. Ad.

”? 9?

ty _ and cremata, Hinds.

3 a and celata, A. Ad.

es 5 ravida and sequijorensis, A. Ad.

Broader than N. ravida, A. Ad., and without a callous.
Narrower and more elongated than N. ravida, A. Ad.

Red-brown, with two darker bands, much smaller than
N. vavida, A. Ad. There are four of these shells, all
differing in form.

Sinensis, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 4. Capt. Denecke, Chinese Seas.

Short, broad, about one-half the size of N. ravida, A. Ad.,
with large granules.

Celata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 97. Reeve, pl..20, f. 133.

Philippines.

I cannot regard the character of the elongated granules as

being of any importance, scarcely any two of the shells

otherwise identical with jit have the line below the sutures
equidistant from the sutural nodules.

Shell broader than the last, ribs sharply defined, rather distant,
white, with a fine brown central line and a broad brown band
near the suture.

3 Yellow, with two pale bands.

Clara, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 7; is white, with two pale brown
bands, and is deeply grooved between the ribs.

Smaller and narrower than the last; N. rugosa, Marr.
Pamphlet, p. 5.

VARIETIES ‘OF NASSA.

Intermediate between the N. celata, A. Ad., and small
varieties of N. marginulata, Lam.

A small, dumpy form, passing into the N. globosa, Quoy and
Gaim.

Lactea, Marr. (See description), is thin, white, with a turreted
spire, evidently one of the deep water shells.

Narrow varieties pass into the N. livescens, Phil., small forms.

Passing into the N. Australis, A. Ad.

Smaller, thicker, and more turreted, passing into the N. rugosa,
Marr.

Spilus, Watson. (Shells of the “Challenger” Ex). 155 fath.
A thin, hyaline shell. Rain Island, Torris Straits.

Crenellifera, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 99. Reeve, pl. 8, f. 49.
Sprela, Watson. (Shells of the “Challenger” Ex.) 12-20 fath.

Amboyna.
A small, cancellated, greyish-white shell. N. pusilla, Marr. (See
description). Surgeon-Major 8. Archer, Singapore.

Shell about a quarter of an inch long, between the small
varieties of N. cremata, Hinds, and N. abyssicola, A. Ad.

Abyssicola, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 100. Reeve, pl. 26,

Lelio. Philippines.
Granulosa, Marr. (See description.) A beauty. Taylor
Collection. Philippines.

Like the N. cremata, Hinds, but having the longitudinal lines
very fine and raised.
Sequijorensis, A. Ad., the cancellated form. Reeve, pl. 8, f. 53.
Philippines.
Closely ribbed, with a few grooves between the ribs.

Very closely ribbed and cross-grooved,
Dark rufous-brown, whorls rounded.

Of a cream colour, with three pale rufous bands, sutures deeply
channeled, passing into the variety N. trifasciata, A. Ad,

Similar to the last, but having the suture almost closed.
Resembling the two last, but very elongated.

With smooth ribs.

Broader, passing into the N. nodifera, Powis.

Nivosa, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9. White, cancellated, coronated

at the sutures.
Transversely spirally grooved; is the N. insculpta, Carptr.
40 fath. California.

819

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 55

Fissilabris, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 99. Reeve, pl. 21, f. 138.
Philippines.

Glauea, C. B, Ad. Panama Shells, p. 61. Reeve, pl. 21, f. 139.
Panama.

Parva, Marr. (See description.) Australia.

4 Albipunctata, Reeve, pl. 21, f. 144.

Roissyi, Desh. Kien., pl. 21, f. 82. Another ~specimen,
with the operculum crenated on the side next the labrum has
just been received from Surgeon-Major S. Archer, Singapore.

Pauperata, Lam. Vol. 10, p. 183. Reeve, pl. 5, f. 27.

Australia.

White.

Brown.

», with two darker brown bands.

Yellow, with a central brown band.

Ribs smooth, with a few scattered sulci in the interstices.

Strongly grain-ribbed.

Semicostate.

Narrow, passing into the N. Gayi, Kien.

» passing by imperceptible gradations into the N. semi-
granosa, D’k’r.

Large, passing into the N. dentifera, Powis.
Strongly coronated, passing into the N. marginulata, Lam.
Resembling in form the Cyllene lyrata.
Gayi, Kien., pl. 21, f. 79, Reevé, pl. 13, £. 87.
=rubritincta, Gould. Capt. Whiteway, near Valparaiso.

Inner lip smooth, operculum plain.

5» grooved, operculum crenated.
Shell dark purple-brown, operculum serrated ; N. lilacina, Gould.
White, dotted with red-brown.
Tall and elongated, almost smooth.

Short and broad, passing into the N. Woodwardi of Authors
(Not Forbes).
Passing into the N. pauperata, Lam.
= N. incrassata, Mill.

Coronated at the sutures, showing an affinity with N. fasciata,

Lam.

Whorls rounder than is usual, white, slightly stained with pale
brown, ribs very oblique.

io)
ue

GB) GO 1G Os G0 100
wore we Ww Ww bw bo
co) 10/2) for)

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Teeniolata, Phil. Captain Whiteway, Valparaiso.
—=Woodwardi of Authors, (Not Forbes),

lL White, with two brown bands,

White, covered with a pale grey epidermis.

Passing into the small granular forms of N. pauperata, Lam.
- : z N. Gayi, Kien.

Almost smooth, merely exhibiting the lines of growth.

Semigranosa, D’k’r. Zeit. f. Malak., 1846, p. 170.

Optata, Gould. A variety of the above. Sydney Harbour.

Another slightly deformed shell ; is the N. munieriana, Crosse.

Between N,. semigranosa, D’k’r., and teniolata, Phil. Peru.

Reata, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860. Loo Choo.

Red-brown, ribbed longitudinally and grooved transversely ;
between N. semigranosa, D’k’r., and N. pauperata, Lam.

2 Grained throughout, passing into N. pauperata, Lam.
oO b) oD ?

Showing a close affinity with the N. nodicincta, A. Ad.
Transparent white, strongly grain-ribbed. Australia.

Corrugata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 100.
Verrucosa, Gmel., p. 4427. Gault., pl. 43, f. M.

White, obliquely costate, showing a rather close relationship
with such shells as the N. clathrata, Born.

3 Denticulata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 110.° “There is some

resemblance in the general aspect of this species to young

specimens of the common Buccinum undatum.”—Reeve.
Prismatica, Brocchi. Sub. App. Foss., pl. 5, f. 7. Recent

and fossil. Mediterranean.

0 Limata, Chem., pl. 188, f. 1808-9. x

Narrower and more turreted than the last, of a reddish-brown
colour, spotted with white.

Strongly ribbed and tumidly noduled, with rufous spots
between the nodules.

Resembling the N. conferta, Martens.

Scalariformis, Valence. Kien., pl. 21, f. 80.
Kiener, Indian Ocean.

Resembling the variety of N. gaudiosa, Reeve, pl. 13, f. 85.
Between the N. limata, Chem., and N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.

~

VARIETIES OF NASSA. vt

Plicatella, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 111. — Reeve, pl. 9, f. 56.

3 A shell embracing the characters of the N. prismatica, Broce.,

N. nivea, A. Ad., and plicatella.
Perpinguis, Hinds, granules fine and close, as in the figure
** Voy. of the Sulph.,” pl. 9, f. 12-13. California.
Broad, whorls round, shell much shorter than the last ; very
like the figure in Chemnitz, pl. 124, f. 1164. -

Coarsely granular, resembling a large N. trivittata, Say.

Pyramidalis, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 113. Reeve, pl. 29,
f. 191. The shell from which Reeve’s figure is taken is
a much worn and bad specimen. It is very like a small
specimen of Buccinum undatum, Linn., var. glaciale ; beau-
tifully variegated. Port Elizabeth, Africa.

White, with a few broad distant ribs ; the upper whorls are
cancellated, the body-whorl is slightly striated transversely.

Labelled, Mediterranean.

Picturata, Marr. (See description.) Taylor Collection.
Proxima, C. B, Ad. Panama Shells. Ann. and Lye. New York.

Panama.
Versicolor, C. B. Ad. y p. 66, Panama.
A little more elongated ; is the N. rufocincta, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,

1851, p. 106. Reeve, pl. 17, f. 112. Dyson, Honduras.
Lucida, Marr. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874; yellow-brown,
with white ribs.
A semicostate variety.
With few and distant ribs.
Argentea, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9. Whydah, West Africa.
Between N. versicolor, C. B. Ad., and N. Sancti-Helene,
A, Ad. St. Helena.
Sanctx-Helene, A. Ad. P.Z.S. Reeve, pl. 28, f. 188.
Intermediate between the last and the following shells—

D Striata, Reeve (not C. B. Adams!), pl. 27, f. 177;

Between N. versicolor, C. B. Ad. and N. sinusigera, A. Ad. ;
Pa N. sinusigera, A. Ad., and fraudulenta, Marr,
Kegulare, Kuster. Mart. and Chem., ed. 2nd, pl. 12, f. 23,4.
Cape of Good Hope.
Sculpta, Marr. (See description.) 8. Archer, Natal.
Undata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9. Resembles a miniature
form of Buccinum undatum, Linn.

874

VARIETIES OF NASSA.
Trivittata, Say. Invert. Mass., p. 364, pl. 632.
Brant Point, Halifax, Georgia, ete.
Gibbsii, Cooper ; is an intermediate form between the last and

following shells— Puget Sound.
Mendica, Gould. Ditto.

With three rufous bands (hence the name N. trivittata) as in
fasciata, Lam., and otherwise very like young specimens of
it. “Specimens from Nantucket have the inner margin
thickly coated to a considerable extent with enamel, while
those found near Boston have none.”—Gould.

Narrow and more elongated.
Fasciata, Lam., vol. 10, p. 169. Reeve, pl. 6, f. 40. Australia.
A large white variety, with large granules.
Quoy. and Gaim. “ Voy. del’ Astr.,” pl. 32, f. 18-21.
Reddish-brown, with pale bands. Port Adelaide.
Short, broad, pale yellow with a narrow brown band.
Young, resembling varieties of N. trivittata, Say.
White, with very dark brown bands.
5, heither spotted nor banded.
Tubercles on the columella almost obsolete ; the inner edge of
the lip is plain.
Columella smooth.
with a single row of nodules.

”

* » double ee

8 With somewhat square nodules.

Banded with red, brown, and white.

Closely granular, whorls rounded ; is the N. spurea, Gould.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860. St. Simon’s Bay.

Intermediate between N. fasciata, Lam., and N. caperata, Phil.
Caperata, Phil., Abbild., pl. 2, f. 18. Philippines.
Passing into the varieties of N. pauperata, Lam.

Deshayesiul, Homb. and Jacq.

Nodulifera, Phil., Abbild., pl. 1, f. 3.

Whorls more regular and less noduled.

Ribs oblique, resembling the narrow forms of N. miga, Adams.

More elongated, passing into the varieties of the N. incrassata,
Mill.
Angulifera, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 109. Galapagos Islands.

VARIETIES OF NASSA. D9

Without the angle. Marrat’s Pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 29.

Similar to the last, but having prominent teeth on the lp; is
the N. acutidentata, Smith. P.Z.S.,1879, p. 212, pl. 20, f. 46.

Very closely ribbed and cross-grooved.
Between N. angulifera, A. Ad., and N. unifasciata, Peace.

Persica, v. Marten’s.

vaponies, A. Ad.’ P.Z.8;, 1851, p.. 110.) - Japan.
=tenuis, Smith.

Angulata, Thorpe. China.

Ribs smooth, interstices very finely striated. Do.

Cochinensis, Thorpe. Do.

Shell narrow, tall, white, transversely grooved throughout,
punctured in the grooves.

Echinata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p, 101. Reeve, pl. 20, f. 131.
Philippines.

Var. Smith. Shorter, with fewer tubercles.

Nodicincta, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 110. Galapagos Islands.

All the whorls but the last or body-whorl closely striated.

Ribs smooth.

Large, ribs strongly developed; this is closely allied to the
N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.

With transverse reddish lines occurring at regular intervals,
smooth and polished.

Grooved throughout.

Brown and white, with a few distant, reddish, transverse lines.

Plebecula, Gould. Japan.

A variety of the last, with numerous brown lines between the
ribs.

1 Having the ribs projecting at the sutures.

Babylonica, Watson. Jibs raised into blunt tubercles at the
sutures. Philippines.

Columella without a callous.
Callous not spreading.
»» smooth.
»» spreading, rugose.
Outer lip strongly toothed.
» slightly toothed.
» lirate.

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Luteola, Smith. P.Z.S., 1879, p. 212, pl. 20, f. 47.
Goto Islands, Japan.

Unifasciata, Pease. Japan.
Bibalteata, Pease.

Narrower and more cylindrical than the last, whorls carinated.
Gracilis, Pease.

Fraterculus, D’k’r. Japan.
Similar in form, but twice as large, and rougher.

Microstoma, Pease.

Eximia, H. Ad. P.Z.S., 1872, pl. 3, f. 28. - New Hebrides.
Woodwardi, Forbes. P.Z.S., 1850, pl. 11, f. 3. Sandwich Is.
Dermestina, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860. Kikaia.

Small, white, elongated; between the last and N. striata, Reeve.
White, with large tubercles on the lip.

Brown,

An elongated variety.

Banded, passing into the N. scabriuscula, Powis.

Another variety, showing its close relation to the N. incrassata,
Miill.
riy

Tringa, Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., vol. 12, pl. 10, f. 7. These
shells, commencing with the N. plebecula, Gould, and
finishing with the N. tringa, Souv., are varieties of each
other ; they are also varieties of the N. incrassata, Miill.

Pura, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 13. Nassau, West Indies.
Intermediate between the last and the next. xf
Ambigua, Mtg. Reeve, pl. 28, f. 187. sp

White.

» with strong and distant ribs.
», similar to the last, but very acute at the apex.
Tapering to a sharp point, strongly striated.

Obtusata, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 130. Reeve, pl. 20, f. 135.
Philippines.

} Between N. ambigua, Mtg., and N. obtusata, A. Ad.

and annellifera, Reeve.
West Indies.

9? ?

Annellifera, Reeve, pl. 25, f. 168.
Between the last and the next.

960 Antillarum, D’Orb. (not Philippi!) Cuba, pl. 23, f. 1-3.
West Indies.
961 Candei, D’Orb. Cuba, pl. 23, f. 4-6.
962 Paupera, Gould. Upolu and Tongatabou.
—=Samoensis. D’k’r.
=Striata. C. B. Ad.
963 Is white, taller, and more acute than the last. i
964 Passing into the N. incrassata, Miill.
965 Paucicostata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 11. Ribs few and distant.
Nassau, West Indies.
966 Ribs distant, transverse sulci equi-distant.
967 Much broader than the last.
968 Rotundicostata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 8.
969 Clathratula, A. Ad. P.Z.S, 1851, p. 99. A very beautiful
shell. Philippines.
970 Much narrower and more elongated than the last.
971 Laticostata, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 12-15.
972 Quinquecostata, Marr. (See description.)
973 Nucleolus, Phil, Abbild., pl. 1, f. 8. Mazatlan.
974 A variety of the last; is the N. cinctella, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851,
p. 110. Reeve, pl. 26, f.. 176. St. Helena.
975 Jonasi, D’k’'r. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2, f. 10.
976 Burchardi, D’k’r. 2 pos Te. Port Adelaide.
977 Intermediate between the last shell and N. semigranosa, D’k’r.
Australia.
978 Sancte-Helene, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,1851,p.110. Reeve, pl. 28,
f. 186. St. Helena.
979 Nucleolus, Reeve (not Phil.!), pl. 27, f. 178.
980 Nigella, Reeve, pl. 26, f. 173. New Zealand.
981 Nivosa, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9.
982 Hottessieri, D’Orb. Cuba, pl. 21, f. 40-42. West Indies.
983 Multigranosa, D’k’r. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2,f.13. East Indies,
984 Quantula, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861.
St. Simon’s Bay.
985 A large grained white shell, with strong projecting teeth,
similar to those in the N. abyssicola, A. Ad.
986 Whorls carinated, shell of a buff colour.
987 ,, round, white, translucent.

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 61

999
1000

1001

1002
1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008
1009

1010

VARIETIES OF NASSA,

Between N. thersites, Brug., and the next.

Stolata, Gmel., p. 3496-7. Mart. Conch., vol. 4, pl. 121,
f. 1167-9. Wood’s Index, pl. 23, f. 120.
S. Archer, Singapore.

=ornata, Kien. ‘Ceylon.
White, with two broad brown bands.
¥ a narrow central band.

2 Small, passing into the N. tiarula, Kien.

Luteostoma, Brod. and Sow. Reeve, pl. 10. f. 63. Panama.
—=xanthostoma, Gray. Reeve, Senegal.

Nodules very large and distant. Mazatlan.
3 rather close and numerous.
Transverse strize almost obsolete.

Shell smaller, transverse striz sharply defined, front pale
yellow.

The whole callous is of a dark smoke-brown colour.
Mazatlan.
Passing into the N. antillarum, Phil., enamel white.

Short, dumpy, nodules few, very ieee oblique, callous of a
chrome yellow colour.

Antillarum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malak., p. 139, 1848. Abbild.,
le ali Bs 12. West Indies.

Dark, with a central pale band. Reeve, p pe ee re

Smaller; is the N. cinisculus, Reeve, pl. 22, f. 146.
St. Thomas, West Indies.

Small, ribs strongly noduled, yellow with a few transverse
red-brown lines.

Shell passing into the N. acuta, Say (not Carp’t’r. !)
Dyson, Honduras.

Tall, narrow, and small, showing a close affinity with the
N. meesta, Hinds.

Whorls round, ribs granular, passing into narrow varieties of
N. dentifera, Powis.

Keeled in the centre of the whorls.

Buff, with red-brown interrupted transverse bands, Reeve
phy, tlle.

Tessellata, Reeve, pl. 25, f. 167; is simply a variety of the
N. vibex, Say.

1011

—
=)

ee

SIS

bo bo bw bw bo
Ot Hm GC Lo

for)

1029
1030

1031

1032

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 63

Ribs numerous, granules dark brown, with a pale central
band, callous thick, not spreading ; is an intermediate form
between N. antillarum, Phil., and N. crassa, Koch., varix
behind the lip very strong.

Acuta, Say, passing into the N. vibex, Say.
“e = N. antillarum, Phil.
Tall and semicostate, passing into the N. jacksoniana, Quoy.
and Gaim. “Voy. del’ Astr.,” pl. 32, f. 28-29 (not Kien. !)
Similar in form and colour to the N. tegula, Reeve.
Tiarula, Kien., pl. 30, f. 4.
Coronula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 96. Philippines,
The N. tegula, Reeve, is a variety of the N. tiarula, Kien.,
and the N. coronula, A. Ad., is a strongly-ribbed variety
of the same shell.
Jacksoniana, @uoy and Gaim. “Voy de |’ Astr.,” pl. 32,
f.285. 9. Port Jackson, Australia,
Very dark, banded, covered with a dark epidermis.
S. Archer, Singapore.
White, banded with brown.
Of a yellowish slate colour, banded with brown.
Quoy and Gaim., Port Jackson.
Closely allied to the N. corticata, A. Ad.

Small, dark brown, strongly ribbed, ribs granular.

oP)

Tall, callous pale yellow.

Callous surrounded by a rufous ring.

Narrow and elongated, ribs granular, passing into the fol-
lowing shell. 8S. Archer, Kauson Creek, Brit. Honduras.

Fida, Reeve, pl. 13, f. 88.

Vibex, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, 11, 231. Invert. Mas-
sach., p. 364, f. 628 (not Reeve !)

“ Broad, with a dark band at the top, on the middle,

and at the front of the body-whorl.”-- Gould.

Fratensis, Perkins. Newhaven.

The varieties of N. Jacksoniana, with sharp ribs, pass into
the N. acuticostata, Montrouz, and the broad forms of it
show a close affinity with the small varieties of N. stolida,
Gmel.

Thersites, Brug. Ency. Meth., pl. 394, f. 8. Reeve, pl. 10,
f. 65.

Very dark brown, with a pale band, a large variety.

64

1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041

1042

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

Pale, almost white.
Columella white.
3 yellow.
5 dark smoke-brown.
Surrounded by a rufous ring. S. Archer, Singapore.
Shell covered with a brown epidermis. is
Passing into the N. marginulata, Lam.

Strongly ribbed behind the hump on the back. Philippines.
Ribbed and cross-grooved. Captain Cawne Warren, Ceylon.

Shell with the back scarcely humped, closely cancellated ;
this is similar to the specimen figured in Kiener, pl. 29,
f. 117, as the N. marginulata, Lam.

Very much elongated, resembling a large N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Small; is the N. thersites, Quoy and Gaim. ‘Voy. de
Y Astr,” pl 32, 8:22, -3; New Guinea.
Ash-coloured, with very dark bands. a
Leptospira, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 103. Reeve, pl. 13,
f. 84. Philippines.
Between the last and N. pulla, Linn. (!). =globosa, Q. and G.

Without the hump on the back; N. granifera, Kiener, pl. 27,
f. 108.

Back smooth and glossy.

Pulla, Linn. (?). Gault. pl. 44, f. N. Operculum triangular,
serrated on two sides. New Zealand.

—globosa, Quoy and Gaim. “Voy. de |’ Astr.,” pl. 32,
f. 25, 6. Operculum abnormal.

Callous projecting and nearly covering the whorls, showing
an affinity with the N. Kraussiana, D’k’r.

Passing into the N. leptospira, A. Ad.

Bellula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 102. Reeve, pl. 28, f. 184.
Philippines.

Nana, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 102. » pl. 25, f. 164.
Philippines.

Fraudulenta, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 8. Philippines.

‘More elegant and much narrower than the last. 3

Dorsuosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 102. Reeve, pl. 21,
f. 141,

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 65

Thersites, Brug. ; variety short and broad, passing into the
next,

Bimaculosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 102, 3. Reeve, pl. 10,
f Gl: Philippines.

Withont the spots.

With the back of the shell resembling, and that very closely,
the back of N. crassa, Koch. 4

Shell almost smooth.
», Strongly ribbed,

» eancellated.

», asmall variety ; is the N. emersa, Carp’t’r., Brit. Mus.
Callospira, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 102. Reeve, pl. 10,

f. 66. Apex decollated. Philippines.
Cancellata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p.—. Reeve, pl. 23,
f. 155. Philippines.
Callosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. —. Reeve, pl. 28, f. 185.

Jonasi, D’k’r. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2, f. 10.

Labecula, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 25, f. 166.
Australia, Philippines, &c.

Mangelioides, Reeve, pl. 23, f. 152.

2 Gibbosula, Linn. Variety with two prominent nodules on

the back, olive, freckled with bluish-white. Reeve,
pl. 10, f 64. Philippines,

Pale brown, with three tubercles an the back.
Bay of Alexandria,

7 with only two tubercles. 5
Smooth, without nodules. e,
White. 3
Dark purple. n
Spire decollated. ie
Circumcincta, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 11, f.71. Spire decollated.

Bay of Alexandria,
Spire perfect. ef
Spire half dissolved. o
Perlata, Meusch. Reeve, pl. 11, f. 72. Philippines,
=granifera, -Kiener.
Of a dark rufous-brown colour.
With undulated punctured transverse lines.

66

1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095

1096
1097

1098
1099

1100

1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109

VARIETIES OF NASSA.

More elongated, granules smaller; is intermediate between
N. perlata and N. hispida.

Nodules fading on the back.

Passing into the square noduled shell N. nodulosa, Marrat.
Probably this latter is a deep water form of the N. perlata,
Meusch.

Mitralis, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 108. Reeve, pl. 19,
t A26. Philippines.

Darker, narrower, and more elongated than the last.

S. Archer, Singapore.

Cinnamomea, A, Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 107. Reeve, pl. 19,

f. 126. Philippines.
Badia, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851. p. 107. Reeve, pl. 19, f. 124.
Philippines.

Narrow and elongated, columella distinctly plicated ; allied
to the N. velata, Gould. Philippines.

Short, ribbed longitudinally, intermediate between N. badia
and planicostata, A. Ad.

Compta, A. Ad., .P:Z.8., 1851, p: 107. Reeve, ppleke:

f. 106. Cape St. Antonio, Africa.
Obsoleta, Say. Gould’s Inv. Massac., p. 363, f. 631.
=oliveformis, Kiener. N. America.

Melanoides, Reeve, pl. 22, f. 150. Moreton Bay, Australia.
Succincta, A. Ad, P.Z.S., 1851, p. 107. ‘Reeve, pl 12;

f. 80. Philippines.
Drab, bands pale. G. B. Sowerby, Jun. Mouth of the Indus.

Shell smaller and paler in colour, passing into the N, palli-
dula, A. Ad.

Shell smaller and cancellated, ee a close affinity to the
N. pulcherrima, Marr. Taylor Collection. Belcher, Malacca.

Shell smaller and longitudinally grooved. #5
Semiplicata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 107. Chusan.
Pallidula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 107, 8. Malacca.
Passing into the N. planicostata, A. Ad.

Quercina, Marr. (See description.)

Flava, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 6.

Corniculum, Olivi. Zool. Adriat., p. 144, | Mediterranean.
Costate.

Semi-costate,

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 67

1110 Very broad, shell twice the ordinary size.

1111 Narrow and elongated.

1112 Pale red-brown.

1113 Dark brown.

1114 Pale yellow.

1115 Interior of the lip strongly toothed.

1116 , - almost plain.

Gia’ + s,3 by smooth.

1117 Pale reddish, banded with brown; N. fasciolata, Lam.
¥ol. 10, p. 172.

1118 Polished and banded, Kiener, pl]. 17, f. 62.

1119 Smooth, whorls tumid, mouth pale pink.

1120 Olive, spotted with white, operculum serrated.

1121 Very closely lined longitudinally, aperture of a bright purple

colour. A beautiful shell.

122 Shell small and narrow, passing into the N. pupinoides, Reeve.

123 Similar to the last, aperture of a dark smoke-brown colour,

124 Stimpsoniana, C. B, Ad. Panama Shells, p. 72. Reeve,

pl. 21, f 143. Panama.

1125 Intermediate between the narrow forms of N. antillarum,
Phil., and N. exilis, Powis. This shell agrees tolerably
well with the N. Stimpsoniana, Reeve, as per C. B. Ad.
as described by Reeve, but not with the figure; it isa
much more angular shell.

1126 Combining the characters of N. festiva, Powis, and N. fasciata,

Lam. Red Sea.

1127 Festiva, Powis. P.Z.S., 1835, p. 95. Reeve, pl. 18, f. 117
=slirata, D)’k’r, Japan.
1128 Nodosa, Marr. (See description.) Belcher, Malacca.
1129 Mendica, Gould. Coloured variety. Oregon.
1130 Dealbata, A. Ad. P.Z.S8., 1851, p. 112. Reeve, pl. 16,
f. 105. Philippines.

1131 Nodata, Hinds. ‘“ Voy. of the Sulph.,” pl. 9, f. 14, 15.
Straits of Malacca.

1132 Acutangula, Marr. Pamphlet, p. 9.

1133 Cooperi, Forbes. P.Z.S., 1851, pl. 11, f. 4. Sandwich Is.
1154 Cooperi of American conchologists. St. Diego,
1135 » of Marrat’s pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 13, California,

68 VARIETIES OF NASSA.

1136 Onerata, Desh. Marrat’s pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 28. Pacific Is.
=obliquata, Pease.
1137 Kraussiana, D’k’r. Zeit. f. Malak., 1846, p. 111. Reeve,

pl. 28, f. 154. Natal Coast.
—arbiculata, A. Ad.

1138 Neritea, Linn. (Neritula, Plancus.) Reeve, pl. 23, f. 153.
Mediterranean.
1139 Dark purple. Bay of Alexandria.
1140 Beautifully marked with wavy brown lines. Mediterranean.
1141 Pellucida, Risso. Reeve, pl. 23, f. 151.
1142 Donoviana, Risso. -

1143 Kamiesch, Chenu. Man. de Conch., p. 165, vol. 1, f. 792-4.
China,

9?

1144 Insignis, Ad.
=italica, Issel.
=unifasciata, Risso.

1145 Lucida, Ad. and Angas. P.Z.S., 1864. Coodjee Bay, N.S.W.
1146 Anomalum, C. B. Ad. (Teinostoma, H. and A. Ad.)
1147 Politum, A. Ad,

1148 Abbreviata, Chem. (Desmoulea, Gray). Reeve, pl. 29, f. 194.

Operculum sub-triangular, plain. Port Elizabeth, Africa.
1149 Tryoni, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., vol. 19. A variety of the
last. '

1150 Pinguis, A. Ad. .P.Z.8.,, 1851, p. 113. . Reeve, planzae
f. 193. Operculum slightly serrated. A. Ad., Senegal (!).
1151 Ponderosa, Reeve, pl. 29, f. 196. Japan.
—crassa, A. Ad. Name pre-occupied.
1152 Obtusa, Chem., p. 3489. Reeve, pl. 29, f. 195.

retusa, Lam. Port Elizabeth, Africa.
1153 Japonica, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 113. Reeve, pl 29,
f. 192. Japan.

N. GLANS, Liyy., anp N. PAPILLOSA, Linvn.

The general resemblance between these two shells is greater
than may be observed in smooth and reticulated varieties of
the same shell. They have in common spiny lips, a red-brown
blotch on the back, a columella and grooving of the interior, and

VARIETIES OF NASSA. 69

an apex of a reddish tint. In form they are found to resemble
each other in many of the varieties, the principal distinctions being
the red lines surrounding the N. glans, which are altogether wanting
in any specimen of N. papillosa I have seen. At the same time it
must be remembered that we have varieties of the former shell
without a trace of the red lines.

The papille are for the most part in longitudinal “series, and
appear as protuberances on the ribs, very similar to the shells of
N. subspinosa, Lam. <A small white or yellowish shell before me,
with a rufous stain on the back, coronated at the sutures, and with
the ribs very irregular, is so like the N. papillosa in form, texture,
colour, and striation, as to render the opinion of its being anything
but a variety of that shell next to impossible.

The difficulty in understanding how it is possible for these
twe shells—apparently so different in external appearance, the one
being smooth and the other strongly papillose—to be varieties of
each other arises from the want of a little careful comparison. The
following diagram will show how they unite in the first shell, to
which the slightest pretension to specific distinction can be applied,
viz., N. hirta, Kien, ‘There is no break in either of the lines of the
descent, therefore the line of separation appears to be open at the
top of the triangle. Over this we have placed N. reticosa, J. Sow.,
from the Crag, one of the oldest and most variable shells in the
whole genus Nassa. My reasons for placing the alliances in this
order is very simple. The Nassa gemmulata, Lam., shows a change
from the ribbed and cross-grooved shell, having the external sculp-
ture very similar to the shell in question completely changed into a
variety with round papille. Supposing that the two shells, the
smooth and the papillose, have sprung from the old N. reticosa,
_ J. Sow., then we might expect to find the papille to have been
developed in the squares of the reticulated varieties, similar to that
which has taken place in the case of N.gemmulata, Lam. There is not
the slightest reason to suppose that because we find the coronation,
ribs, and general sculpture developing from the smooth form that
we should not also find instances in which the exactly opposite
development, viz., from the sculptured to the plain, takes place.

70 VARIETIES OF NASSA.

There are many shells in this genus which present greater changes
throughout their series of varieties than we find to have taken place
between N. glans and all its varieties occurring in series to
N. papillosa.

N. glans, Linn. 1154 N. papillosa, Linn.
Variety ee N. reticosa, J. Sow., and vars. 150° Var
media, Dun- in rib-like
ker. \ rows.
Var. cutis | 1156 Var. semi-
Lam. nodosa, A. Ad.
Var. strongly hi 1157 Var.smooth,
nated,as large as glossy, papille
the figure of glans slightly raised.
in Reeve, pl. 1,f. 5. /1158 Var. colour
Var. upper whorls \ / rufous brown, apex
costate, suture as in | / pink.
glans, but coronated. \ 1159 Var.an elongated
Var. granules at then form intermediate be-
suture numerous, ir- \ bween N. hirta and
regular in size, all the \ seminodosa.
Re ele beeen dare aise \ ‘1160 Var. coronated at the
Saas sutures, slightly ribbed at
\ the back, smooth and
Var. strongly ribbed and \ shining in front, passing
coronated. \ / into N. glans.
Var. uniting N. hirta and\ / 1161 Var. papille becoming
hee | / — obsolete.
euutralie. \ / 1162 Var. hirta, elongated, ribs
Var. hirta, almost smooth. \/ somewhat granular,

N. hirta, Kien.

ADDENDA. feat!

ADDENDA.

1163 Interstincta, Marr. Quart. Jour. of Conch. A long Terebra-
like shell, allied to the N. polita, Marr.

1164 Arcularia, Linn., var. sulcifera, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 24
(deformed). Algoa Bay, Africa.

11644 A shell connecting the N. gaudiosa, Hinds var. (Reeve,
pl. 13, f. 85) with the N. limata, Chem.

1165 A shell connecting the N. gaudiosa with dark var. of
N. monile, Kien.

1166 Elongated, dark mottled variety of N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Sandwich Islands,
1167 Thin, almost hyaline shells.

1168 N. gaudiosa, Hinds, passing into N. mucronata, A. Ad.

1169 es _ + N. picta, D’k’r.
1170 * i Me N. glans, Linn.
lea | es - eo N. punctata, A. Ad.

1172 Picta, D’k’r., closely beaded at the sutures.

1173 Mucronata, A. Ad. All but the body-whorl ribbed and
cross-grooved.,

1174 Between the last and N. obesa, Neville.

1175 Spirata, A. Ad., coronated.

1176 Muricata, Reeve, pl. 14, f. 73; is a pale N. spinosa, Lam.
Columella smooth.

1177 Mauricata, Kien., pl. 27, f 110; is another variety of the
same shell. Columella smooth.

1178 Rufula, Reeve, passing into N. glans, Linn.

1179 Nodifera, Powis, var. levukana, Watson. ‘ Challenger”
Expedition. Levuka.

1180 Allied to the last, ribs few and distant, strongly variced.

Filby, China.
1181 Between the last and N. stolata, Gmel.

1182 Kieneri, Anton. The penult-whorl has been injured,
throwing the upper whorls to one side.

1183 Picta, D’k’r., columella strongly plicate.
1184 Js upper whorls costate, sutures coronated.
1185 % oblique, apex purple, resembling N. mucronata,

“ai, siU,

72 ADDENDA.

1186 Picta, D’k’r., grooved below the sutures and at the base.

1187 Between N. velata, Gould, and narrow forms of N. mucro-
nata, A. Ad.

1188 Leevigata, Marr., with the upper whorls and part of the
body-whorl ribbed, showing a passage into varieties of
N. sequijorensis and ravida, A. Ad.

1189 Coronata, Brug., var. white, lip spiny; is the N. Bronni.
Phil Abbild., pli, £17. Java.

1190 Coronata, Brug., passing into the light grey varieties of the
N. nodifera, Powis, and the N. marginulata, Lam.

1191 Coronata, Brug., with the nodules divided, forming two
short riblets.

1192 Coronata, Brug., semicostate.

1193 Arcularia, Linn., having the first four nodules large and all
the rest small and corded.

1194 Arcularia, Linn., having all the upper whorls closely can-
cellated and the body smooth and polished.

1195 Nodifera, Powis, passing into the N. stolata, Gmel.

1196 Picta, with the internal lyrelle interrupted and displaced.

1197 Livescens, Phil., has the spire inclining towards the aperture
(deformed).

1198 Livescens, Phil., has the spire inclining towards the back of
the shell (deformed),

1199 Livescens, Phil., callous broad, covering the front of the
shell.

1200 Livescens, Phil., a large, elongated shell with a double lip.
Philippines.
1201 Livescens, Phil., with a thick piece of shelly matter cemented
on to the base of the lip, a very clumsy affair.

1202 N. glans, Linn., var. suturalis, longitudinally flamed and
spotted, passing into the N. marmorata, Anton.

1202aIncrassata, Miill., so like the N. ambigua, Montg., as to
make it difficult to distinguish the West Indian from the
Mediterranean shell. Is it probable that Montague could
have obtained a variety similar to this on the British coast?

1203 Incrassata, Miill., var. glaberrima, having a kind of mosaic
or tessellated sculpture.

1204 Incrassata, Miill., var., glaberrima, transversely punctato-
striate. Malta.

1205 Incrassata, Miill., var. gibberula, Marr. (Taylor Collection.)
Mediterranean.

ADDENDA. 73

1206 Incrassata, Miill., var. varicosa, Turt., small, whorls somewhat
angular, without varices. Malta.

1207 Incrassata, Miill., passing into the N. luctuosa, A. Ad.,
striated transversely.

1208 Inerassata, Miill., with the tip of the spire yellow.

1209 Between N.

i
i) ae
1212

i... N
Mie, ay . N.
fais: =,
motes) 2 Uh INE
A. ns
1218 N.

. lachrymosa, Reeve, and N. monile, Kien.

1221 se N
mala ",,

1222 =f N
1223

. babylonica, Watson,

capensis, D’k’r. and N. signata, D’k’r.
p ? Oo ’

. » and N. serotina, A. Ad.
as ,» and N. tenella, Reeve.
a ,» and N. terebroides, Reeve.

serotina, A. Ad., and N. inerassata, Miill.
signata, D’k’r., and - -
tenella, Reeve, and - 5H
terebroides, Reeve, and N. labiata, A. Ad.
serotina, A. Ad., and N. signata, D’k’r.
distorta, A. Ad., and N. monile. Kien.

N. prompta, Marr., and N. fida, Reeve.
. inerassata, Marr., and N. plebecula, Gould.

i » and N. argentea, Marr.

” 39

Marmorea, A. Ad., described as two-banded by A. Adams.

PAS Asap, 106:

1224 Marmorea, A. Ad., described by Reeve, at p. 2, species 7, as
three-banded.

1225 Marmorea, A. Ad., marbled, but without bands.

1226 Between N. marmorata, Anton, and N. marmorea, A. Ad.

1227 pe - , and N. mutabilis, Linn.

1228 . . » and N. glans, Linn., slender

forms.

1229 Gibbosula, Linn., spire incurved (deformed). Alexandria.

1230 3 banded with short, transverse, dark-brown
lines, particularly in young shells.

1231 A var. circumcincta, A. Ad., decollated.

1232 s # with the spire perfect.

1233 Plebecula, Gould, a narrow transparent form, passing into
the varieties of N. clathratula, A. Ad.

1234 Cinctella, Gould, a narrow transparent form, passing into the
varieties of N. clathratula, A. Ad. Viti Islands.

bo

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15S)

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Or

bo po bp wp Ww

Or

o>

or

bo bp bo
Or
on

Or
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er ee oe ee |
oO

bo bb

[or)
ee

~
(oP)
ko

—

ke

ADDENDA.

Paupera, Gould, scabrous variety. Japan.
—samoensis, D’k’r.
—balteata, Pease.

Paupera, Gould, var. tasmanica. Tasmania.
Burchardi, D’k’r., broad variety. ==labecula, A. Ad.

Labiosa, J: Sow. Crag. Var. maculata, A. Ad. Small and
narrow. Philippines.

Marginulata, Lam., dark brown, with a white central band.
S. Archer, Singapore.
- ribs distant, interstices grooved. Canton.

Teenia, Gmel., small, dark brown, with a central white band.
New Guinea.
5 smooth, highly polished.

Plicata, Meusch. (?), passing into the N. venusta, D’k’r. Ceylon.
=thersites, Brug.

Tabescens, Marr. (See description.)
Compta, A. Ad., passing into the N. succincta, A. Ad. var.

- 5 N. velata, Gould.
» + N. pallidula, A. Ad.
Bimaculosa, A. Ad., a small oblique form. Singapore.
. var. Immersa, Carpt., variety elongated.

Sesarma, Marr., all the whorls, with the exception of the two
last, ribbed and coronated.

Jacksoniana, Quoy and Gaim., passing into N. subspinosa,
Lam. 8. Archer, Singapore.
Between N. undata and sesarma, Marr.

Callospira, A. Ad., ribs plain.
é ribs cross-grooved.
- ribs granular.

Semigranosa, D’k’r. The thick white granular varieties pass
into the white varieties of the N. nodicinata, A. Ad.

Between N. sertula, A. Ad., and N. polita, Marr.
» N. polita and interstincta, Marr.
a as and bucculenta, Marr.
=. N. bucculenta, Marr., and corniculum, Olivi.

Teenie, Gmel., smooth, polished, and pale in colour.

New Guinea.
Marginulata, Mart. and Chem., 2nd edit., pl. 12, f. 7, 8, is
intermediate between the shell of Lam. and the next.

1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268

1269

~}

or

ADDENDA,

Sordida, A. Ad., callous very thick and spreading.
Reticulata, Linn., from the coast of Norway. Zool. Record.

54 var. 1., cancellata, Chem.
Bs var. 2., paucicostata. —nitida, Jeff.
s var. 3., paupercula, with thick epidermis,

Reticulata, Linn., a large oblong variety with broad varices,
covered with a brown epidermis. Shell 14 inches long.
Mediterranean.
Reticulata, Linn., very like the N. plicosa, D’k’r., both in
form and colour.

Reticulata, Linn., lirellee on the inner lip broken and inter-
rupted,

Reticulata, Linn., tapering to a very fine point, distorted.

Reticulata, Linn., closely allied both in form and sculpture
to the N. gemmulata, Lam.

Reticulata, Linn., closely allied both in form and sculpture
to the N. monile, Kien.

Reticulata, Linn., closely allied both in form and sculpture
to the shell mentioned at No, 452.

Hanleyana, Marr. (See description.)

Fossata, Gould. California.
=N. elegans, Reeve, con. syst., 1842, name pre-occupied

by J. Sow., Min. Couch.
—Zaphon elegans, Reeve. A. Ad., Rec. Moll., vol. 1,, p. 121.

=Tritia fossata, Gould. 3 ¥ tay (Polos
—=Nassa Morleti, Crosse Jour. de Conch., vol. 16, 1868,
pl.6; £3:

Columella and lip deep orange.
Body-whorl semicostate, with strong transverse granular lines.

A small N. grata, Marr., narrow, with the centre of the lip
thickened, like a columbella. Siam.

Between N. mendica, Gould, and N. festiva, Powis. Oregon.
as N, sinusigera and costata, A. Ad.

¥ ” and pauperata, Lam.
Gibbosula, Linn., bored through the thickest part of the callous.
a4 with a pale-brown epidermis.

e with the hump on the left hand side of the shell,
instead of on the right.

A shell uniting the N. vibex and acuta, Say, and N. tiarula,
Kien,

ADDENDA.

7 Cooperi, Forbes var. Marrat’s pamphlet, pl. 1, f.13. California.

Between the last and antillarum, Phil. Honduras.
Sinarum, Phil. var. North China,
Nodata, Hinds var., interior with two brown bands. Canton.

Muricata, Quoy and Gaim, with the whole callous granular
and plicate, Ceylon.

2 Bimaculosa, A. Ad., with the hump on different parts of the

back of the shell.
Bimaculosa, A. Ad., passing into varieties of N. thersites, Brug.

” os ,, of N. leptospira, A. Ad.,
and N. foveolata, D’k’r.

Between N. striata, Reeve, and N. paucicostata, Marr.
» N. pura, Marr., and N. ambigua, Montg.
» N. delicatula, A. Ad.,and ,, :

Corrugata, Taylor Collection. A thin Columbella-like shell,
with oblique ribs. California.

Corrugata, var. broader, spotted with red-brown.
3 var. elongated, scabrous.
Acuta, Say, passing into the small form of N. sturmu, Phil.

A variety of N. concinna, Powis, with the whorls rounded,
causing a depression at the sutures.

Another in which all the whorls, with the exception of the
body-whorl and half of the penult, are white; here an
injury has taken place, and the last turn and a half are
banded.

Another, very narrow, passing into the N. Smithii, Marr.

with the beaded line at the sutures, deformed.

> Between N. concinna, Powis, and N. japonica, A. Ad.

Ceerulea, Marr. (See description. )
Plebecula, Gould, large aud thin, passing into the N. japonica,

A. Ad.

Plicosa, D’k’r., passing into the N. pallida, Powis.

Marmorata, Anton, he N. graphitera, Beck.
Undata, Marr., * N. Asperula, Brocchi.
Elegans, Kien., % N. levigata, Marr.
Canaliculata, Lam., __,, 5

Hirta, Kien., ‘ N. monile, Kien.
Algida, Reeve, ‘3 N. marmorata, Anton.

ADDENDA. ti

1316 Algida, Reeve, passing into the N. levigata, Marr.

1317 Kieneri, Anton, ss J
1318 Nodifera, Powis. o N. hirta, Kien.
1319 33 ss N. monile, Kien.

1320 Marginulata, Lam., small forms, passing into the N. plani-
costata, A. Ad.

1321 Limata, Chem., passing into the N. undata, Marr.

DES.C RLPT LON.

Wuatr are the shells described in the following pages ?

My answer to this question is, I do not know.

The amount of knowledge is confined to the single specimens
in most instances, and to three or four at most, in any case,
These may be isolated individuals, or they may exist in thousands
in certain localities not yet explored. At present these shells
appear to me to be distinct, simply because of my ignorance of all
their alliances, but that this should be the real state of the case is
exceedingly improbable, if not absolutely impossible. That future
conchologists will be found to follow any rules I may think proper
to dictate to them, is neither my wish nor my intention ; if they do
not act upon their own independent judgment they will not make
much progress.

1128 N. nodosa, Marrat.—Shell somewhat turreted, sutures deeply
grooved, whorls rounded, very strongly noduled, nodules
large in the centre of the whorls and tapering towards each
end, those on the last whorl representing a bi-tubercular keel ;
ribs white, with rather dark bluish-grey broad belts in the
interstices ; the first four or five whorls of the apex are
yellow, aperture sub-oval, columella with two broad folds,
interior brown, with a white central band. Belcher, Malacca,

45 N. prompta, Marrat.—Shell ovately conical, highly polished,
pale yellowish white, with two reddish-purple dotted bands,

~ one in the centre of the body-whorl, the other near the canal

at the base, whorls rather flattened, ribbed to the base in

78 DESCRIPTIONS.

front and not more than half-way down behind, raised into
blunt nodules at the sutures, aperture semi-lunate, columella
thickened but not spreading, tubercular, outer lip very thick,
with a thin edge near the aperture; throat with rather
strong and somewhat distant ridges, canal very short, stained
on each side of the base with brown.

This may be only a variety of that interminable shell, N.
incrassata, Miill., but I have not seen any varieties that are likely
to connect them.

854 N. picturata, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, glossy, rather
broad at the base, white, with numerous transverse brown
bands, the central one being the most distinct, apex purple,
whorls rounded,somewhat angular below the sutures, strongly
ribbed longitudinally and closely grooved transversely, sutures
only represented by a fine line, the penult-whorl is angularly
noduled, aperture oval, columella defined, plicate, outer lip
thick, within plicate.

This may be only a large variety of N. versicolor, C. B. Adams.
The nearest shell figured is one in Kiener, at plate 21, figure 81,
under the title of N. ambigua, Montague. Our shell is twice as
large as Kienev’s figure.

N. acuminata, Marrat.—Shell acuminately-oblong, of a pale
ash-brown colour, banded with pale brown, whorls obliquely
rounded, grooved near the base of the last whorl, strongly
coronated at the sutures, sutures canaliculate, the six or
seven upper whorls strongly ribbed, the penult semicostate,
aperture oval, columella with a thin spreading callous,
outer lip thickened, thin on the edge and spiny at the base,
throat plicate.

An intermediate form connecting the smooth shells of N.

trifasciata, Gmel., with the N. scalaris, A. Ad.

Obs.
into N. trifasciata, Gmel., on the one hand, into the N. scalaris,
A. Ad., on the other.

N. ferruginea, Marrat.— About three-quarters of an inch long ;

Another shell is quite smooth and shows the passage

it is similar in form to some of the smaller varieties of N,

DESORIPTIONS. 79

punctata, A. Ad., but is less acuminated; the colour is
white, flamed and marbled with orange, transversely lined ;
there are three or four folds behind the thickened lip,
sutures finely plicated. This is an interesting shell; it
shows a passage from such shells as the N. lentiginosa and
punctata, A, Ad., &c., into N. glans, Linn.

452 N. lyreformis, Marrat.—Shell ovate, ventricose, longitudinally
ribbed, ribs curved, transversely grooved, one-third of the
body-whorl from the base closely granular, pale, with two
broad olive-green bands, granules white, sutures coronated,
with a groove-line just below the beads, columella spreading,
with the ribs protruding through the thin callous, throat
brown with a white band, closely plicate. China.

Obs.—While the form of this shell is that of N. gemmulata,
Lam., the colour and texture resembles that of N. marginulata,
Lam., and N. nodifera, Powis; the sculpture also shows this inter-
mediate character.

389 N. bucculenta, Marrat.—Shell somewhat acuminately-ovate,
of a pale chocolate brown colour, banded and longitudinally
striped with darker tints of a similar colour, whorls
ventricose, smooth, the upper whorls strongly costate, the
body-whorl deeply grooved at the base, sutures either closed
or canaliculate, aperture oblong-ovate, columella plicate at the
base, the callous clearly defined, not spreading ; the outer
lip is thickened, with two or three folds behind it, thin at the
edge and slightly coronated, throat closely plicated.

Philippines.

Obs.—There appears to be a union of several supposed distinct
species in this shell. In the first place it resembles the N. elegans,
Kiener, in its broad form; in the next place it can be associated
with certain varieties of the N. glans, Linn ; in small specimens
again, some of the shells are thick and narrow, approaching some of
the forms of N. compta, A. Ad.; and lastly, the square markings
closely resemble those on the N. algida, A. Ad.

47 N. polita, Marrat.—Shell elongately-conical, polished, of a
brownish-ash colour, with pale bands a little darker than the

80 DESCRIPTIONS.

ground-colour of the shell, apex dark in some of the speci-
mens, whorls somewhat rounded, smooth, granularly costate
near the apex and deeply grooved at the base of the body-
whorl, outer lip very thick, inner lip smooth in some of the
specimens and lyrate in others, columella circumscribed,
mostly smooth, Mauritius.

Obs.—An elongated shell, allied to the last as well as to
N. compta, succincta and pallidula, A. Ad.

1105 N. quercina, Marrat.—-Shell somewhat acuminately-ovate,
thick, ash-grey, marbled with fainter tints, whorls rounded,
smooth, with the exception of the upper whorls of the spire
which are costate, as is usual in almost every Nassa, columella
smooth, curved, callous very thick, considerably expanded
below,and continued up the body-whorl nearly to the sutural
canal; outer lip thickened, forming a blunt edge to the
border of the aperture, inner lip strongly plicate.

Obs.—This is nearly allied to that very variable shell,
N. corniculum, Olivi, and may be only a variety of it.

778 N. granulosa, Marrat.—Shell elongately-conical, spire acumi-
nated, pale buff, variegated with reddish brown, whorls
convex, longitudinally ribbed and transversely grooved,
granulated, with a beaded necklace. below the sutures,
aperture oval, columella plicate, inner lip strongly lyrate,
thin on the edge.

Obs.—This shell clearly illustrates the tendency of all these
forms to begin with the broadest and gradually to narrow into the
most narrow and elongated varieties. I have a good series of the
different varieties of form of the N. splendidula, Dunker, but this
is far more bulimoid than any of the slender forms of that shell.

768 N. lactea, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, white, apex pale
purple, whorls rounded, costate throughout, ribs smooth,
interstices closely grooved, coronated at the sutures, grooved
below the beads, one of the ribs has a second bead below
the first or sutural one.

Obs.—Resembling the N. celata, A. Ad., and the N. rugosa,
Marr.; it also shows an affinity with the N. fasciata, Lam., and the
N. trivittata, Say.

DESCRIPTIONS. 81

N. decorata, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, whorls convex,
longitudinally ribbed and strongly noduled, white, banded
with brown, sutures somewhat canaliculated, aperture oval,
columella wrinkled, outer lip thick, white, interior plicate,
the last whorl angular at the base.

Obs.—These very small shells may prove to be a variety of
some other species; but if so, they have taken a very peculiar and
abnormal form.

571 N. grata, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, greyish-ash banded
with brown, whorls rounded, strongly ribbed, interstices
closely and deeply grooved, sutures noduled, the first forming
the thickened lip large, aperture oval, columella thin, a
little expanded, warty, outer lip thick, white, inner lip in
some of the specimens almost smooth, in others with few
and distant strong folds, crenated, toothed at the base. Canton.

Obs.—I have no doubt that this shell will prove to be one of
the connecting links between N. marginulata, Lam., and the N.
Wilsoni, Reeve (not C. B. Adams.) Another variety, twice the size
of the shells described, has been shown to me by Mr. Archer, it is
from the Gulf of Siam.

1307 N. cerulea, Marrat.—Shell ovately-elongated, greyish-ash,
banded with blue, polished, whorls rounded, longitudinally
finely striated, sutures closed, aperture oval, columella
strongly wrinkled, callous thickened, somewhat spreading,
outer lip thick, interior toothed.

Obs. —This shell, whieh is about the size and nearly the colour
of N. glabrata, A. Ad., is not distantly related to the N. trifasciata,
Gmel.; it is also closely allied to the N. planicostata, A. Ad., and to
some of the varieties of N. corniculum, Olivi; operculum crenated.
1244 N. tabescens, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, white, banded

with brown, whorls rounded, strongly ribbed, ribs smooth,
interstices closely grooved ; the body-whorl has the ribs close
and numerous, the penult-whorl has not more than half as
many, the third has very few ; this may arise from some de-
fect in the animal ; aperture oval, columella plicate, callous
thin, outer lip thick, grooved,

82 DESCRIPTIONS.

Obs.—This small shell is allied to the N. marginulata, Lam.,
and also to the N. fraudulenta, Marr.

775 N. pusilla, Marrat.—A N. sequijorensis, A. Ad., in miniature.
Shell ovately-turreted, pale reddish-brown, banded with
darker colour, the upper whorls and behind the lip costate,
the last whorl finely striated longitudinally, grooved near
the base, almost smooth in the middle, aperture oval, columella
slightly wrinkled, outer lip thick, prickly denticulated on
the edge. 8. Archer, Singapore.

1125 N. lauta, Marrat.—Shell acuminately-conical, of a greyish
lead colour, with a few interrupted reddish-brown transverse
lines, whorls angular, with prominent nodules at the angles,
transversely ridged and finely striated, strongly ribbed, ribs
distant, apical whorls translucent, aperture angular, outer
lip thickened, toothed on the inside, columella thin, plicate.

Belcher, Malacca.

Another variety has white bands, and the red-brown lines
are replaced by white ones. Belcher, Malacca.
Obs.—These are intermediate between the N. stimpsoniana,

C. B. Ad., and N. exilis, Powis.

554. N. crassicostata, Marrat.—(Not the Pamphlet, p. 6.) Shell
ovately-conical, pale drab, waxy, with two leaden bands, one
near the middle of the body-whorl, the other in dots in the
interstices near the sutures, whorls convex, strongly ribbed,
very thick behind the lip, aperture somewhat oval, columella
smooth in two and wrinkled in other two varieties, outer lip
very thick, inside plicate. Bombay.

Obs.—Between the short, broad forms of N. nodifera, Powis,
and the N. costata, A. Ad.

972 N. quinquecostata, Marrat.—Shell ovately-turreted, white,
apical-whorls flesh coloured, whorls rounded, somewhat
angular below the sutures, body-whorl with five prominent
ribs, with one, sometimes two, smaller intermediate ones
between them, interstices finely striated, aperture semi-ovate,
columella smooth with two oblong folds at the base, outer
lip thickened, interior plicate. This shell would be thought

DESCRIPTIONS. 83

to be a very distinct species by most conchologists, but having a
very fine series of its allies, I am enabled to trace it into
broader and well-known forms. The shells of this group
are extremely variable in both form and in the number of
their ribs.) N. ambigua, Montg., N. annellifera, Reeve,
N. obtusata and clathratula, A. Ad., N. rotundicostata and
paucicostata, Marr., are all varieties of one shell, and this
is another variety.

869 N. sculpta, Marrat.—Shell ovately-fusiform, white, banded
with pale rufous, whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed and
transversely grooved, slightly coronated at the sutures, aper-
ture obliquely oval, columella smooth, with a single fold at
the. base, callous somewhat spreading, white, outer lip
thickened, with a thin edge, interior plicate. S. Archer, Natal.

Obs.
smooth N. compta, A. Ad., to the N. propinqua, J. Sow.,
N. splendidula, D’k’r., and the N. marginulata, Lam., small
varieties, without the thickened callous.

This is an interesting shell, showing a passage from the

1275 N. Hanleyana, Marrat.—Shell ovately-globose, white, with
pale indistinct yellow bands, whorls round, longitudinally
costate and transversely grooved, all but the body-whorl
strongly granular, aperture oval, columella plicate in one,
almost smooth in another, callous somewhat spreading, outer
lip very thick, inside closely plicate.

Obs.—So completely does this shell show the union hetween
the papillose shells, such as the N. gemmulata, Lam., var.
verrucosa, A. Ad., N. splendidula, D’k’r., &¢., with such shells
as’ the N. ambigua, Montg., N. annellifera, Reeve, and the
N. obtusata, A. Ad., &c., as to leave no doubt about the
one being a continuation of the other, in a direct line of
descent.

793 N. Parva, Marrat.—Shell ovately-conical, white, lined and
banded with dark brown, longitudinally ribbed and transe-
versely striated, ribs few and distant, somewhat knotted,
aperture ovate, columella plicate, callous defined, outer lip
thick, inner edge denticulated, apex of the spire dark purple.

84 GENERIC ALLIANCES.

GENERIC ALLIANCES.

LaMaRcK separated the genus Nassa from the parent Buccinum,
Tinn., in 1792. “This genus is not admitted by all conchologists
as a necessary separation from the Linnean genus Buccinum, and,
in fact, Lamarck subsequently re-united them, without assigning
any reason fer so doing.”—S. Wood’s “ Mollusca from the Crag,”
vol. 1, p. 28.

In the Nassa reticosa, J. Sow., variety rugosa, we have a shell
possessing the characters of Buccinum. Several of the Nass are
simply small forms of their large parents; the N. pyramidalis,
A. Ad., is a small form of Buccinum undatum, Linn., var. glaciale ;
N. undata, Marr., was so named in consequence of its resemblance
to B, undatum, and many other representative forms might be given
by way of illustrating the alliances of the two supposed genera.

The Desmoulea abbreviata, Chem., is very nearly allied to the
Nassa pupa and N. conglobata, Broc., both of which pass by means
of N. obliquata, Broc., into N. mutabilis, Linn. One of the most
variable shells in the Buccinum group is the Phos senticosus, Linn.;
the broad and short forms are closely allied to some of the shells
in the genus Nassa. In the animal of Phos one of the principal
differences pointed out is the foot tapering into a filament—not a
very satisfactory character, I must say, after the statement with
regard to the same part of the animal of Nassa being bifid. Another
shell, figured in D’Orbigny’s Cuba” under the name of Cancellaria
candei, D’Orb., is an intermediate form between Nassa and Phos.
The Strongylocera, Morch., is a badly defined group, including such
shells as the Phos textilinus, Sow., and Buccinum costatum, Quoy
and Gaim., ‘Voy. I’ Ast.,” pl. 30, f. 17, 18, &c.

Bullia is closely allied to Nassa; we find a great resemblance
existing between the small forms of the B. semiflammea, Reeve,
and the shells placed by H. and A. Adams as Aciculina, a sub-
division of the genus Nassa; the two varieties, Bullia polita, Lam.,
and semiplicata, Gray, are related to the N. trifasciata, Gmel., and
the narrow forms of N. glans, Linn. ; another shell named and figured
by Reeve as the B. truncata, is much nearer the shells in the genus

GENERIC ALLIANCES. 85

Nassa than Bullia: it has a thickened lip, a plicate columella, and
the inner lip is toothed. Bullia differs from Nassa in the animal
having no eyes; but the parallel series of forms is so extensive as
to suggest that some examples of Bullia are only eyeless forms of
Nassa. Notwithstanding the fact that, as vegetable feeders, the
Rissoze have been placed at a great distance from the Nasse in
most modern arrangements, they present numerous points of
resemblance ; many of the shells are miniature representatives of
the larger Nassz, and the canal at the base is rudimentary in several
Nasse.

The N. rissoides, Marr., very closely borders on the genus Rissoa.

The genus Nassaria, Link, is composed of Nassze with elongated
canals, and the N. pagoda, Reeve, is an intermediate form.

The Northia serrata has so many characters in common with
the elongated forms of N. trifasciata, Gmel., that it is difficult to
see how they differ ; they are similar in texture, in colour, in having
the upper whorls cancellated, in having a thickened outer lip, and
in having sharp, prickly serratures on the edge of the lip. Several
shells, placed by some authors among the Strongylocera, Morch.,
and by H. and A. Adams in a sub-division of the Nassz (Uzita),
are intermediate in their characters between Nassa and Purpura ;
they consist of the N. pallida, Powis., Reeve, pl. 9, f. 30; Buce.
Gaulterianum, Kiener, plate 19, f. 70.; N. plicosa and Morrisii,
Dunker, &c.; and the Purpura nassoides, Quoy. and Gaim., is a
nassoid form of Purpura.

The N. varicifera and N. scalaris, A. Adams, show an affinity
with the genus Scalaria, or Scala, as it is shown to be by priority.

Many of the shells placed in the genus Columbella are difficult
to distinguish from this genus (Nassa). The hard and fast lines
drawn tightly round certain genera are much simpler to recognize
on paper than when observation is brought to bear upon them
practically. I have had considerable difficulty in determining to
which of the two genera some of my shells belong, and many of my
conclusions regarding them have been anything but satisfactory.
The two genera glide so imperceptibly into each other that it
is impossible to separate them.

86 GENERIC ALLIANCES.

There are three shells belonging to different genera that appear

“to converge to a point. The first is the Nassa (Aciculina) vittata,
A. Ad., an almost smooth form ; the second is the Terebra (Kuryta)
aciculata, Lam., smooth varieties; and the third is a Bullia from

the Cape of Good Hope, having about the same proportions as the

two previously-named shells, glossy and marked with bluish spots
below the sutures. We have also specimens of the Columbella
Menkeana, Reeve, from Australia, closely allied to the three elongated
shells above-mentioned. Clark, in his ‘‘ Marine Testacea,” has
placed both the genus Buccinum and Nassa in the genus Murex,
from the resemblance the animals have to each other. ‘The Cyllene,
Gray, is by no means distantly related to this genus (Nassa), the
N. crassicostata, Marr., and the C. lyrata, Lam., are similar in colour,
texture, ribbing, columella and thickened outer lip, the narrower
and oblique form is all in which they differ. Planaxis is represented
by a small shell described by Garrett under the name of N.

anthracina, ‘‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1873.” The Cominella
(Buccinuin) nassoides, Reeve, as its name implies, is closely related

to the shells in this genus. Another genus, formerly included in
Buccinum, the Truncaria, A. Ad. and Reeve, consists of shells allied
to some of the varieties of Nasse. The N. varicifera, A. Ad., in
its mature state, resembles both in cancellation and the varices
shells in the sub-genus Rimella in Gladius=Rostellaria. ON.
tritoniformis, Kiener, is allied to the Nassaria suturalis, A. Ad.,

°
Singapore.

Aw ILLUSTRATION OF ONE OF THE LINES OF DESCENT.

THE varieties of the following shells meet at so many points, and
intersect each other in such a variety of ways, that it appears to me
quite useless to attempt to separate them into species.

The fifty shells to which names have been given do not
represent a quarter of the forms in my cabinet, nor could any
conchologist determine the relationship existing between these
specimens without first having seen the numerous unnamed and
unfigured varieties by which they are connected. Very few

LINES OF DESCENT. 87

persons have seen a shell of the Nassa incrassata, Miiller, at least
twice as broad, and with a much more expanded lip, than the large
variety figured in Reeve’s “Conchologia Iconica,” notwithstanding
there are such shells and many other curious forms equally unknown
to conchologists. It is such varieties as the specimens just
mentioned that have enabled me to unite so many of the spurious
species. i

At least two hundred examples of these shells are in the trays
before me, and the diverging forms appear to be very numerous
among them.

Some of the names given in this list are only synonymes,
others are known to be varieties, and have been generally recogiised
as such by conchologists. ‘There is not a group, nor scarcely a shell
in any of the groups, that one or other of the varieties of Nassa in-
crassata, Miiller, does not approach rather closely, and _ the
intermediate forms between it and other named shells are very
numerous. A recent shell is so like the fossil N. asperula, Brocchi,
that it is a difficult matter to determine in what respect they differ

the one from the other.

The most appropriate name for this shell is that applied to it
by Philippi, viz., Nassa variabilis, for a more variable shell is not to
be found either in this or any other genus in the whole category of
shells.

We have given this example as an illustration of one of the
lines of descent, but not necessarily terminated at either end,
neither do we profess to give the varieties in their consecutive order.

There are two other groups closely allied to this, and several of
the shells belonging to each pass from one to the other by im-

perceptible gradations.

One is composed of shells covered with granules or papille,
and includes the N. gemmulata, Lam., and its variety verrucosa,
A. Ad., N. granulata, Marr., &c. The shells in the other group
are more or less ribbed and cross-grooved ; included in this
series is the N. prismatica, Brocchi, N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.,
N. striata, Reeve, &e.

88 LINES OF DESCENT.

N. tritoniformis, Kien,
Incrassata, Miill. A large form, passing into the last.
A short and broad form, large.
Beautifully cancellated.
Ribs oblique.
Passing into the variety N. glaberrima, Gmel.
These large varieties, of which there are at least twenty, pass
into the medium, and thence into the small and very small forms.
The following names, for the most part, were applied to certain
varieties—
N. exilis, Gmel.
Lacepedii, Payr.
Ascanias, Brug.
Macula, Mont.
Rudis, Gault.
Minuta, Penn.
Other varieties passing into the—
N. asperula, Breechi.
Plebecula, Gould.
Multigranosa, D’k’r.
Hotessieri, D’Orb.
Ambigua, Montg., tall forms.
Striata, Reeve.
Varicosa, Turton.
Coccinella, Lam.
tosacea, Reeve.

There are at least a dozen varieties of N. incrassata of a rose
colour.
Narrow forms pass into the—
N. tenella, Reeve.
Serotina, A. Ad.
Signata, D’k’r.
Capensis, variety ribbed and _cross-
grooved,
Capensis, D’k’r.
The last-named shell passes into the narrow costate varieties
of N. glans, Linn.
The small varieties pass into the—

N. Compacta, Angus.
AEthiopica, Marr.
Pumilio, Smith.

LINES OF DESCENT. 8&9

Small cylindrical varieties pass into the—

N. bibalteata, Pease.
Unifasciata, Pease.
Microstoma, Pease.
Fratercula, D’k’r.
Babylonica, Watson.
Dermestina, Gould.
Tringa, Souv.

Other varieties. N. scabriuscula, Powis.
Nigella, Reeve.
N. glaberrima, Gmel. I consider this to be a form of N, in-
crassata, Miill. Its varieties are very numerous, at least fifty are

before me.
N. cuvieri and lacepedu, Payr.

Variabilis, Phil.
Tinei, Marav.
Unifasciata, Kien.
Gallandiana, Fischer.
Maderensis, Reeve.
Encaustica, Brusina.
Gemmellari, Biondi.

Intimately connected with these shells are the following, most
ef which are West Indian forms :—

N. paucicostata, Marr.
Quinqueplicata, Marr.
Rotundicostata, Marr.
Annellifera, Reeve.
Obtusata, A. Ad. Philippines.
Variety. West Indies.
Hanleyana, Marr.
Nucleolus, Phil.
Pura, Marr.
Versicolor, C. Bb. Ad.
Sanctez Helene, A. Ad.
Acuta, Captr.
Crebristriata, Captr.

A specimen of the N. Sternsiana, Garrett, has just come to
hand; it proves to be a variety of the N. crenolirata, A. Ad., from
Singapore. The author had his doubts and sent for information.

90 VARIETIES OBTAINED AT ONE LOCALITY.

VARIETIES OBTAINED AT ONE LOocALITY BY A SINGLE Haut oF
THE DREDGE.

Captain Horsfall, of the steamship ‘ Canopus,” plying between
Liverpool and Alexandria, calling at Malta and Gibraltar, placed —
all the shells brought up from a rich spot of dredging ground in a
match-box, and gave the box with its contents to me. It is
labelled, “‘ Off Malta.”

There were quite a large number of rare and interesting genera
almost peculiar to the Mediterranean Sea, such as Typhis Sowerbyi,
Broderip ; Murex cristatus, Brocchi, var. Blainvillei; Raphitoma
gracilis and linearis, Montague, costata, Donovan, and var.
coarctata ; Erato levis, Donovan; Marginella (Gibberula) clandes-
tina, Brong., and miliaria, Linn., &. Among the bivalves were
Kellia suborbicularis, Montg. ; Woodia digitaria, Linn. ; Mytilicardia
aculeata, Poli, &c. There were also two or three different species
of Brachiopods, among them Crania, Rostrata, Hoen, &c. The most
interesting, as well as the most curious part of the collection
obtained, however, is a series of varieties belonging to the genus
Nassa, illustrating a phase in the history of these shells totally at
variance with all my previously conceived ideas regarding the
distribution of what are termed species and varieties. I had
obtained a fine series of varieties of the Nassa incrassata, Miiller,
as well as a numerous collection of its variety, Nassa glaberrima,
Chemnitz, from the different stations at which the most distinct
forms had been collected, the impression existing in my mind being
that the changes that had taken place in these varieties had been
produced by local variation, such as temperature, food, &c., but
when the varieties were obtained, as in the above instance, by
Captain Horsfall, upon the same bank and in the same water, no
such governing influences could have been instrumental in producing
them. The first is a narrow variety of the N. prismatica, Brocchi,
with oblique ribs, showing an affinity with the N. miga, Adamson,
from Senegal. So many of the Mediterranean Shells are represented

by African forms that we cease to regard the circumstances as any-

VARIETIES OBTAINED AT ONE LOCALITY. 91]

thing peculiar. ‘The second are narrow varieties of the N. reticulata,
Linn. ; one of these is strongly warted ; the warts are translucent,
like wax. ‘The third is a beautifully-mottled and banded specimen
of the N. corniculum, Olivi, with a bright purple aperture; there is
also a bright-banded variety of the N. fasciolata, Lam., with a
yellowish-brown mouth. Another variety has strong longitudinal
ribs, with groove-like striz at the base. The fourth is a broad
form of the N. incrassata, Miill., with oblique ribs, a rough,
strong shell, with small portions for the epidermis still attached
to it. A tall narrow variety, with somewhat carinated whorls,
deeply excavated at the sutures; another shell has round whorls,
and a third has strong varices. Two other remarkable varieties
of the shell known as N. varicosa, Turt., one with strong granules
and somewhat angular whorls, without varices; the other speci-
men has the upper whorls and about one-third of the body-whorl
granular, and the remaining part simply grooved; this is also
without varices. Another granular variety is banded with brown,
has a brown columella, and the mbs are distant from each
other. The following varieties of the N. glaberrima are extremely
interesting, showing such a large amount of variation in a shell
that is only itself a variety. The first of these is a shell with
round whorls, having a single red band in the centre of the
body-whorl, similar to the N. unifasciata, Kien; the upper
whorls are all costate, while the body-whorl is only slightly
grooved transversely. The second is a strongly costate, small shell,
showing an aftinity with the N. delicata, A. Ad. Another variety
of this costate shell has transverse equi-distant lines covering the
whole surface of the shell. A third specimen has the ribs few and
wide apart. A fourth variety is white, with strong longitudinal
ribs, showing a close aflinity with the N. sinusigera, A. Ad., and
seems to assimilate with some of my varieties of N. costata, A. Ad.
A fifth form is bright and shining, beautifully marked, with short
interrupted brown lines, similar to those occurring on the young
specimens of N. gibbosula, Linn. One specimen, similar to the
variety figured in Reeve, pl. 19, f. 129, has been bored through the
last whorl. I wonder if these fellows are cannibals. A sixth is a

92 VARIETIES OBTAINED AT ONE LOCALITY.

dark brown, costate variety, with two pale lines on the thick brown
callous of the columella. The last, although not the least interesting
form, is an almost white shell, tessellated with brown, the strongly
curved ribs and transverse strie showing a close connection with
the N. marginulata, Lam., and all contained in a common half-
penny match-box.

There were among them two specimens so remarkably like the
N. zonalis, A. Ad., that it is very difficult to determine in what
respect (with the exception of size) they differ, the ground-colour,
the banding and the general outline form of the shell and rounding
of the whorls are all similar in each.

SU AEM ALR

I po not wish to state that the evidence derived from a study of
the Nass is sufficient to prove that the genus is constituted by
one shell in an endless variety of forms. Nevertheless, the mass
of evidence appears to me to point in that direction.

It is often a matter of extreme difficulty to decide whether a
shell figured as distinct is not merely a deformity ; such abnormal
examples may be found in the N. sulcifera, A. Ad., from Algoa Bay,
the N. distorta, A. Ad., and the N. stolida, A. Ad., all figured
from solitary specimens. Many of the shells in my cabinet are
more or less deformed varieties; two of them are quite as much
deserving of being distinguished as any of those above enume-
rated. The first is N. picta, D’k’r., with the spire elongated
in about the same proportion with that of the N. monile, Kien.,
variety distorta, A. Ad., and presenting as much difference from the
ordinary state of the shell as that does. The other is N. coronata,
Brug., with the thickened callus projecting and covering one-half
the penult-whorl; the new piece of shelly matter forming the lip
has been placed obliquely and has obliterated both the sutural
canal and the nodules; a second piece is costate for about one
quarter-of-an-inch ; this is also a former injury, and then the shell
assumes its ordinary appearance. I should as soon think of making

SUMMARY. 93

a hump-backed or club-footed man into a distinct species from his
uninjured brothers as putting such shells as these forward as distinct
species. The innumerable divergences, not only in the direction
of named shells, but into others not hitherto named, were so
constantly springing up, that the direct lines appeared to constitute
only a portion of the total lines of divergence. It must also be
borne in mind that the varieties can only extend to the centre
between two supposed species.

Several of the shells appearing in the early part of this paper
are treated as if they were distinct, whereas in the latter pages they
are placed as varieties of other shells ; this arises from the fact that
the numerous comparisons which had to be made, and the extra-
ordinary number of examples which had to be compared, produced
at length sufficient evidence to induce me to unite these shells
under the head of varieties.

For the last fifteen or sixteen years I have been examining
the subject of variation, and in all the genera containing an ex-
tensive series of what are termed species the study has presented
results very similar to those obtained from the shells in the genus Nassa.
The largest collection of Olives known is contained in eighteen well
filled drawers in the cases of the Free Public Museum of Liverpool,
and I firmly believe, that if carefully examined, the two hundred and
twenty species would be reduced to a dozen, or at the most, twenty.
The greater part of the species named and described by myself
would be reduced to the rank of varieties. An examination of
the Cowries would result in a general amalgamation of whole lines of
variable shells, most of which have been described as species for the
money-value attached to a name. Let any person examine the
Cyprzea onyx, Linn., and compare with it such shells as C. spadicea,
Swain., C. pyrum, Gmel., C. physis, Brocchi, &e. These two last-
named shells are closely allied to varieties of C. carnicolor, an
acknowledged variety of C. onyx. The C. eburnea, Barnes,
C, miliaris, Gmel., and C. Lamarckii, Gray, are the same shell, the one
an albino and the other two differently marked varieties, the
C. turdus, Lam., might follow as a somewhat flattened variety. The
offshoots of C. cribraria, Linn., should never have been separated

94 SUMMARY.

into anything more than varieties. ©. Cumingii, Gray, C. Gaskoinii,
Reeve, C. esontropia, Duclos, C. Peasei, MSS., and C. cribellum,
Gask., are the varieties referred to. The Conus marmoreus,
Bandanus, Nicabaricus, Kraussii, nocturnus, de Burghia, &c., are a
series of varieties, and Lamarck has given in the ‘Encyclopedia
Methodique” some very interesting unstable forms. Howsuchasingu-
larly marked cone as that figured in Reeve’s “Conchologia Iconica,”
pl. 14, f.74,should have escaped without being honoured by a specific
name isa marvel. In the genus Marginella, that line of cylindrical
shells commencing with the largest, M. philippinarum, Redfield, and
ending with the M. minina, Guilding, are a very undistinguishable lot.
The Volutes, taking the V. reticulata, Reeve, as a starting point, and
finishing with V. pretexta, Reeve, including V. undata and its
varieties, Ellioti and Angasi, pallida, Turneri, &c., form a series of
one variable shell.

The changes taking place in the opinions, not only of con-
chologists, but of scientific men generally, are destined to improve
the basis upon which systematic zoology rests. Many of the dogmas
propounded during the early ages of scientific research have continued
to the present time, the question never having been asked, how far
these opinions were liable to be modified? Many, nay I may say
most, of the older Naturalists who had imbibed their ideas in their
youth and tenaciously held on to them as long as they lived, have
passed away, and it is to be hoped the greater part of the prejudices
obstructive to science have gone with them. An entirely new
school has emerged into life and activity, cultivating an earnest
desire to upheld only that which is true, and ready at least to give
a fair hearing to the opinions of others. We are just emerging
out of a false system, and find ourselves surrounded by students
whose minds have been gradually preparing for the great changes
taking place and that are likely to result from the combined efforts
of many master minds.

The characters on which molluscous genera and species have
been founded are more or less artificial; admitting the existence of
true but unsuspected affinities between the Testacea of distant
genera, The great work of the future in conchology will be that of

SUMMARY. 95

tracing the descent of recent from fossil forms; an arduous task in
which an artificial system is certain to mislead its adherents. The
writer’s aim will be accomplished if the foregoing imperfect notes
shall in anywise prove helpful to future investigators in illustrating
the derivation of recent from extinct forms amongst the objects of
his study,

EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM ON THE
FOLLOWING PAGE.

I have constructed the following diagram for the purpose of
illustrating the lines of ascent, as projected from a given point. If
a shell be taken from any part of the series and traced in detail, in
the descending order, it is certain to terminate in one or other of
the varieties of Nassa incrassata, Miill. There are numerous
branches projecting from these main stems of the diagram, but the
order in which they occur has not been sufficiently determined to
enable me to map them correctly. In each of the longer projected
lines a very large series of varietal forms occur, and when the shells
are placed upon them there is very little difficulty in tracing the
lines of affinity. All the known forms in this genus belong to one
or other of these five lines, for many branches after leaving the stem
bend and turn back into the same line, higher up or lower down, as
the case may be. The varieties of N. marginulata, Lam., are so
numerous that we find them uniting with varieties in every ascend-
ing or descending line of affinity in the series; hence the line has
been placed across the five lines in the diagram, showing the inter-
mediate position they occupy. I exhibited the shells composing the
diagram as a branch in the pedigree of the genus Nassa, illustrating
the affinities of 40 named forms with Nassa hirta, before the mem-
bers of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, October,
1880, and found the inquiring portions of the audience were satisfied
with the result obtained,

[

Vee seen foe &/
vars.

\
\
N. Mareinvunata,\_ y i Besta 4 and varieties.

Lam., |
|

|
i

———

i
Nassa Incrassata, Miill.,
and varieties.

A,—N, Tenia, Gmel., and varieties.
B.—N. Papillosa, Linn., and varieties.

C.—WN. Reticosa, J. Sow., var. rugosa.
Passing wperards into Buecinum undatum, Linn.

D.—N. Reticosa, J. Sow., var. elongata.
F.—N., Glans, Linn., and varieties,

97
OMISSIONS.

1322 Complanata, Powis. P.Z.S., 1835, p. 96. Atacama,
1323 var. gemma, Phil. Abbild., pl. 1, f. 5.
1324 var. scabriuscula, C. B. Ad. (not Powis.) Panama.
1325 var. Wilsoni, C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, p. 67 (not Reeve)
“Panama.
1326 Nivea, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 110. Reeve, pl. 18, f. 122.
Philippines.
1327 Nodicostata, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,1851, p 99. Reeve, pl. 15, f. 97.
Philippines.
1328 Novee-zealandiz, Reeve, pl. 18, f. 186. New Zealand.
1329 Isabellei, D’Orb., Voy. dans ‘“1’Amer.,” pl. 61, f. 22-3 (not
teeve), San Blas.
1330 Labiata, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,1851,p.114. Reeve, pl. 24, f. 159.
Malacca.
1331 Maculata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 114. Reeve, pl. 16,
f. 103, is labiosa, J. Sow. var.
1332 Maderensis, Reeve, pl. 27, f. 182, is incrassata, Miill. var.
Madeira.
1333 Margaritifera, Dkr., Zeit. f. Malak, 1847. Phil. Abbild.,
pl. 1,f.12. Reeve, pl. 9, f. 58, as costellifera, A. Ad. Quoy
and Gaim, Voy. de “J Astrolabe,” pl. 32, f. 16-17, as
reticulata, Linn.
1334 Meesta, Hinds, Voy. of the “Sulph.,” pl. 9, f. 18-19.

Gulf of Papagayo, Cent. America.
Paupera, Gould, is plebecula, Gould, Carpenter (from types).

Sinarum, Phil., 1289, is incorrect, Hanley.
Splendidula, Dkr., Zeit. f. Malak., 1846, p. 160. Phil.

Abbild., pl. 2, f. 16.
= stigmaria and densigranata, A. Ad.

Agapeta, Watson. Lavuka, 12 fath.
Trinodosa, Smith. Jour. Linn. Soe., vol. 12, p.545, pl. 30, f. 2.
San Christoval.
Sculpta, Marr., passing into N. jacksoniana, Quoy and Gaim.
variety with tubercles passing into the N. subspinosa, Lam.
Costate and semi-costate varieties of N. corniculum, Olivi,
resemble elongated forms of N, jacksoniana, (uoy & Gaim.
Coronata, Brug. var. Reeve, pl. 3,f.20c. Annesley Bay.
There are two shells before me, both of a smoke-brown colour :
one is N. coronata, Brug., the other is N. arcularia, Linn.;

and there is a third similar in colour and texture, a variety
of N. nodifera, Powis.

OMISSIONS.

Interlirata, Smith. Jour. Linn, Soc., vol. 12, p. 545, pl. 30,
fei San Cristoval, Solomon Islands.
Hirta, Kien., pl. 19, f. 72. Reeve, pl. 1, £. 1, war.
New Holland and the Island of Tongatabou,
var. elongated with strong, smooth ribs.
Elata, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Liberia, W. Africa,
Elegans, J. Sow. Min. Con., pl. 447, f. 1, 1824.

(See 1358.) A fossil of the Crag,
filosa, Gray, is picta, Dkr. var. Reeve, pl. 6, f. 35.
Philippines.

Fontanei, D’Orb., Voy. dans ‘‘!Amer.,” pl. 77, f. 5-6.
Payta, Peru.
Foveolata, Dkr. Reeve, pl. 15, f.83. Mart. and Chem. ed. 2,

plo, £13, Indian Ocean.
Foliorum, Gmel., Rumph., pl. 29, f. v.

Galilea, Clark.

Lacandrei, Falin.

Lens, Chem., is N. nitidula, Linn,

Lineolata, Phil.

Kochiana, Dkr.

A shell resembling, both in form and sculpture, the N.
elegans, J. Sow., a fossil of the Crag.

Scabriuscula, Powis. P.Z.8., 1835, p. 95, Reeve, pl. 26,

f, 174. Cent, America,
Harpularia, Marr. pamphlet, p. 8.

Inflata, Lam., is mutabilis, Linn. var.
‘ = tessulatum, Gmel.
BUEG oT. . 1
= foliorum, Gmel.
Grana, Lam. Kiener, pl. 16,f.58. Kiener, Seas of India and
(Isle of France, in error.) Mediterranean.
Lirella, Beck., is pauperata, Lam., white.
Gruneri, Dkr., Zeit. f. Malak, 1846, p. 171. Phil. Abbiid.,
pli t, 2: Philippines.
5 Microstoma, Pease, is dermestina, Gould var., Carpenter.

Turricula and unifasciata, Pease, are plebecula, Gould var,
Multicostata, A. Ad. P.Z.8., 1851, p. 98. Reeve, pl. 20,

Lalss. Philippines.
8 Teretiuscula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 108. » Reeve, pl. 16,
f. 104. astern Seas,

Obesa, Neville. Jour. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1875, p. 95, pl. 8,

i, Dat, Kutch.

OMISSIONS. 99

1570 var. ceylanica. Ceylon and Penang,
1371 Obtusata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 100. Reeve, pl. 20,
f. 135. Philippines.
1372 Optata, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860,
Sydney Harbour
1373 Onerata, Desh. Marr. pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 28.
= obliquata, Pease. !
1374 Pediculina, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860.
Hong Kong Harbour.
1375 Picta, Dkr. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2, f. 6. New Guinea.
1376 columella strongly plicated.
1377 Pulchra, Gray. See 742, p. 52.
= ringens, A. Ad.
1378 Pusio, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 100. Reeve, pl. 26, f. 172.
Philippines.
1379 Quantula, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860.
St. Simon’s Bay.
1380 Plebecula, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
1381 Pallida, Powis. P.Z.S.,1835. Reeve, p].9,f.60. Panama.
1382 Papillosa, Linn. Reeve, pl. 2, f. 12. Philippines.
1383 Compacta, Angas, is N. dermestina, Gould. Australia.
1384 Reevei, A. Ad., is fossata, Gould.
1385 Reposta, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860. Sydney.
1386 Reticosa, J. Sow. Min. Con., pl. 110, f. 2, 1815.
A fossil of the Crag,
1387 Adamsiana, Marr,
= retecosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 97. Reeve, pl. 5,
f, 28. Philippines,
1388 Sesarma, Marr. pamphlet, p. 13, pl. 1, f. 14.
Whydah, West Africa.
1389 Signata, Dkr. Phil. Abbild., pl. 2, f. 17. East Indies.
1390 Semistriata, Brocchi., is propinqua, J. Sow.
1391 Stolata, Gmel. Mart. and Chem., pl. 124, f. 1167-1169.
1392 Casta, Gould. Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1849.
Pacific Ocean.
1393 Sulcifera, A. Ad. P.Z.S., p. 98. Reeve, pl. 4, f. 24.
1394 Suturalis, Lam., is glans, Linn, var. Reeve, pl. 1, f. 4.
Kien., pl. 24, f. 96. Philippines, Mauritius, &e.
$a95¢ Turrita, A. Ad? ~P.Z.8.,)1861; ps: 110,
1396 Tricarinata, Lam. Vol. 10, p. 171, No. 31.

100
1397

1398
1399
1400

1401

1402
1403

1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411

1412
1413

1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420

OMISSIONS.

Unidentata, Powis. Mart. and Chem., ed. 2, pl. 6, f. 4-6, is
dentifera, Powis.
Nodicincta, A. Ad., white.

white, tall, and very narrow, ribs almost obsolete.

var. allied to the N. nivifer, Marr. These pass into the
varieties of N. versicolor, C. B. Ad., and some of the
varieties show an affinity with the N. echinata, A. Ad.
Nucleolus, Phil. Abbild., pL 1, #8. (Not Reeve.)
West Indies, St. Helena.
= cinctella, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 26, f. 176.

Between N. versicolor, C. B. Ad., and pura, Marr.
Miga, Adans. Senegal, pl. 8, f, 10. Reeve, pl. 13, f. 86.
Kien., pl 22. £787. Senegal.
var. obliqueplicata, Dkr., Zeit. f. Malak, 1847, p. 61.
var. pale purple inside and out.
var. brown
var. white, passing into varieties of N. incrassata, Miill.
var. resembling varieties of N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
var. banded with broad and narrow belts.
var. passing into varieties of N. limata, Chem.
Myristica, Hinds, Voy. of “Sulph.,” pl. 9, f. 10-11.
Hinds, Cape of Good Hope.
Fuscata, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,1851,p.112. Reeve, pl. 19, f. 127.

Dentifera, Powis. P.Z.S., 1835. Kien., pl. 31,f.1. Reeve,
pl 19, 4 £30. Near Valparaiso, Capt. Whiteway.
var. elongated, with large granular ribs.
var. broad and short.
var. about the size and resembling the N. fasciata, Lam.
var. very small grained. Lien., pl, 31, f. 2.
var. obscura, without granules. Kien., pl. 31, f. 3.
Acuta, Say, is N. vibex, Say, var.

Acuta, Carpenter, is decussata, Kien. var. (Not pagoda,
Reeve var.)
Cancellata, A. Ad. P.Z.S.,1851,p.99. Reeve. pl. 23, f. 155.

The name preoccupied by Chem. Philippines.
Candens, Hinds, Voy. of the “Sulphur,” pl. 9, f. 6-7. Reeve,
pli; tod. Marquesas Islands.

Mucronata, A. Ad., passing into the monile, Kien., variety
from Shark’s Bay, into the large varieties of N. gayi,
Kien., and thence into the large forms of N. incrassata,
Mill. The affinity of the varieties of these shells is with
varieties of N. marginulata, Lam., and glans, Linn,

1424

1442
1443

1444
1445

OMISSIONS. 101

Coronata, Brug., and levigata, Marr. Varieties of each of
these shells, when in fresh and fine condition, are translu-
cent and highly polished, and closely resemble each other ;
there are also similar specimens to be found among the
examples of N. arcularia, Linn.

Some of the small forms of N. levigata, Marr., appear to pass
into the N. glabrata, Sow.

) Marmorea, A. Ad. var., sutures crenated. Island of Formosa,

This is closely allied to N. mutabilis, Linn., and marmorata,
Anton. ; both the smooth and striated forms of this shell
are varieties of N. mutabilis, Linn. See the figure in
Woods’ Index, at pl. 22, f. 47, Senegal, and Marrat’s
pamphlet, pl. 1, f. 4-5. S. Archer, Ceylon.

The above shells pass into the striped N. elegans, Kiener,
then into yellow and white varieties without markings.

A variety of the last, resembling N. levigata, Marr. Some of
the elongated forms are related to the Bullia bellangeri.
Picta, Dkv., passing into the N. gaudiosa, Hinds,
Between N, picta, Dkr., and filosa, Gray.
Picta, Dkr., beautifully mottled.
Kieneri, Anton., beautifully variegated. New Guinea,
Hirta, Kien., passing into the N. suturalis, Lam.
A 3 N. seminodosa, A. Ad.

Lentiginosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 105. Reeve, pl. 3,
f. 15. (Bluish purple.)
var, drab, dotted at the sutures with brown.
var. mottled with white, brown and ash.
var. pale.

Punctata, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 105. Reeve, pi. 8, f. 54.
Philippines.
var. elongated, passing into the next.
Velata, Gould.

Luctuosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S., 1851, p.105. Reeve, pl. 16, f. 109,
passes into dark glaherrima, Gmel. Philippines.
The four last are varieties of one shell. They pass into the
N. gaudiosa, Hinds, N. graphitera, Beck., and into narrow
forms of the N. suturalis, Lam.
Woodwardii, Forbes. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 273, pl. 11, f. 3.
Sandwich Islands.
Plicatella, Gould. —_ Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 280,
The name pre-occupied by A. Ad. British Burmah.
Dominula, Tap. Canif.

Crenicostata, A. Ad. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 120.

OMISSIONS.

Collaria, Gould. C. B. Ad., Panama Shells. Reeve, pl. 25,
t. E69: Panama,
Cinctella, Gould.

Coturnix, Dkr.
Scitula, A. Ad. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 119.

Ravida, A. Ad., with ribs almost obsolete. I have no doubt
that this passes into smooth forms of N. levigata, Marr.

Cingenda, Marr.

This variety has a short body-whorl and a long spire, sutures
mostly canaliculate, ash-grey with two darker bands,
strongly ribbed and cross-grooved, aperture resembling the
N. nitidula, Linn., lip sharply spined.

Another variety is similar in form to the last, but is of a pale
buff colour, with two reddish-brown bands. Japan.

Resembling the variety described by Smith as a form of N.
sequijorensis, A. Ad., sutures only slightly canaliculate.

Intermediate between the last and N. nitidula, Linn., as
figured in Reeve, pl. 3, f. 18. This shell is of a much
coarser texture, and has stronger ribs than those-described
above. The lip is finely but sharply denticulate, as in N.
sequijorensis, A. Ad. These varieties are all about the
size of the N. scalaris, A. Ad.

Shell elongately-conical, narrow, white or pale buff, palely
two-banded, ribs very irregular as well as the cross-grooves,
sutures depressed, beaded, lip denticulated, varices none.
I believe that this variety is the N. varicifera, A. Ad.,
without the varices.

Marginulata, Lam., passing into the variety at No. 1454.

small forms passing into the variety N. gemmulifera, A. Ad.

with the beads at the sutures divided by a groove-line as
in N. candens, Hinds.
Arcularia, Linn., with the beads at the sutures divided by a
groove-line as in N. candens, Hinds.
Variegata, A. Ad., with the beads at the sutures divided by a
groove-line as in N. candens, Hinds.
Splendidula, Dkr., passing into the N. nivosa, Marr.

Keen, Marr., passes into the N. gemmulifera, A. Ad.
Conferta, Martens, var. recediva. Cape de Verds.
Teretiuscula, A. Ad. P.Z.S., p. 108. Reeve, pl. 26, f. 104.

Formosa and S, Africa.

A small shell resembling the N. abyssinica, Marr., but having

the callous extended over the front of the shell ; is from
the Mauritius, G. H. Ponsonby, Esq., London.
Marginulata, Lam. var., columella strongly plicate.

passing into N, sequijorensis, A. Ad,”

OMISSIONS, 103

Scalaris, A, Ad. var., passing into N. sequijorensis, A. Ad.

Passing from N. sequijorensis small forms into the N.
planicostata and micans, A. Ad,

Passing into narrow forms of N. ravida, A. Ad.
Ravida, A. Ad., passing into N. marginulata, Lam.
N. oriens, Marr.
N. celata, A. Ad.
N. sinensis, Marr.
Small N. splendidula, Dkr., resembling the costate variety of

N. incrassata, Miill., No. 126.
A broad form, resembles the N. variegata, A. Ad.

A white variety of N. reticosa, A. Ad.,is about one quarter of
an inch long. S. Archer, Singapore.
Candens, Hinds, a variety with two folds at the base of the
columella, shell a quarter of an inch long, and narrow.
columella much less expanded than in the large form.
Of medium size.
Quadrata, Marr., covered with a grayish-brown epidermis.
= cremata, Reeve (not Hinds). S. Archer, Singapore.

Ravida, A, Ad., in form, but smooth ribbed.

More elongated than N. ravida, A. Ad., with curved ribs) A
very beautiful form.

Sequijorensis in fourm, but smooth ribbed.

not half the usual size, yellowish-brown with darker
bands, and a broad stripe of white behind the lip below
the coronated suture,

Marginulata, Lam. variety, with the first two rows of granules
divided ; it has also a groove dividing the granulesat the
sutures,

with the back of the body-whorl smooth (young).

Ventricosa, Lam. Anim. Sans. Vert., vol. 10, p. 168.
Kine. Meth., pl. 494, f. 4. (Desmoulea, H. & A. Ad.)
= rufula, Kien. {Not Reeve.)
Between N. costata and sinusigera, A. Ad. The small
varieties pass into sinusigera, and the large into costata.
Sinusigera, A. Ad., passing into the N. fraudulenta, Marr,
showing an alliance with the N. concentrica, Marr
U
strongly grooved in the interstices between the ribs
.
callous spreading in front,

allied to the small, smooth ribbed form of N,
incrassata, Miill.

a variety of the colour and texture of N, marginulata,
Lam,

104 OMISSIONS.

1495 Tiarula, Kien., with granular ribs, passing into the N. acuta,

Say,
1496 spire short, shell very broad.
1497 narrow, spire elongated.
1498 with grayish-brown epidermis.
1499 splendidula, Dkr., passing into the N. nivosa, Marr.

1500 Nodulosa, Marr., var. bright orange-yellow. Taylor Collection.
1501 Vincta, Marr., a variety allied to the N. planicostata, A. Ad.
1502 Nucleolus, Phil., passing into the N. ambigua, Mtg.

15038 var. of a rufous, brown colour, banded at the sutures,
middle and base with dark brown.

1504 var. white.

1505 var. lined with brown and white alternate lines. -

1506 Ambigua, Mtg., var. whorls sharply angular.
1507 round.

1508 Between the large rounded varieties of the last and the N.
pura, Marr.
1509 Between the rotundicostata and pura, Marr.
1510 Gemmulifera, A. Ad., var. sharply ribbed and noduled.
1511 Jacksoniana, Quoy. and Gaim., var. broad, passing into the
N. tiarula, Kien.

1512 narrow and elongated.
CORRECTIONS.

624 for dentifera read costellifera—
Borneo, Dr. Collingwood.
Philippines, Cuming.
Island of Vanikoro, Quoy. & Gaim.

693 N. densigranata, A. Ad. Reeve, pl. 27, f. 181, is N.
splendidula, D’kr.
869 For sculpta, Marr., read scalpta in both cases.

872 For N. Gibbsii read Gibbesii.
1048 For granifera, Kien., read clathrata, Kien.
1137 For arbiculata read orbiculata.
Page 91, 9th line from top, for for read of.
1176 For N. spinosa, Lam., read N. sub-spinosa, Lam.
1221 N. incrassata, Marr., read incrassata, Ail.
After No. 1269, place Alexandria.
Page 94, 4th line from top, for Avaussi/ read crosscanus.

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