TR-29 TECHNICAL REPORT OPERATION DEEP FREEZE II | 1956-1957 OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEY RESULTS’ Oceanographic Survey Branch Division of Oceanography OCTOBER 1957 [ 70 | EC (EAA ies U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE az TR ~-24 WASHINGTON, D. C. Price $1.35 AIBESmieR AG i Results of oceanographic operations during the U.S. Navy Antarctic Survey Operations in support of DEEP FREEZE II, 1956-1957 are presented. In the Little America Area the surface layer temperatures varied greatly, depending on currents, winds, and shelf-ice melting. A temperature minimum was likely at about the 200- meter depth close to the Ross Ice Shelf. Low salinities (34.00 °/,. or less) were evident in the surface layers near the ice shelf. In the McMurdo Sound Area water mass characteristics were nearly identical for any given time; changes were brought about by seasonal variation. The Antarctic Convergence is not well delineated. Vertical temperature and salinity meas- urements taken north of, in, and south of the convergence in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans depict the water dissimilarities; surface positions are shown. The Antarctic bottom sediments coincide closely with the continental shelf. They are of marine glacial type, for the most part unsorted, and primarily of terrigenous origin. The dominant mineral of the sediments appears to be feldspar, while quartz and a wide variety of rock fragments are of secondary importance. Organic remains include Foraminifera, Radio- laria, sponge spicules and many other forms. These sediments generally range in color from olive grey to yellowish brown, possess low to medium sphericity, and vary in degree of round- ness from subrounded to angular. Sediments are predominantly volcanic, in the McMurdo Sound-Cape Adare region, primarily rock fragments in the Weddell Sea, and primarily organic in the Wilkes coast region. Occurrence and depth of the deep scattering layer (DSL) were observed and reported throughout the cruise. Ice observations and reconnaissance by the USS GLACIER, USS ATKA, USS STATEN ISLAND, and USCGC NORTHWIND are presented and discussed. nti M NT i FOREWORD DEEP FREEZE II was the third consecutive U. S. Navy Antarctic Expedition in support of the International Geophysical Year. Personnel from the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, aboard four icebreakers, collected oceanographic and hydrographic data whenever the primary objectives of the operation permitted. The analysis of these data are presented in this report. H. C. DANIEL Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy Hydrographer CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION A e Purpo sé °o ° e e e e ° e e e B, Summary of Operations... C. Participating Personnel . . II. WEDDELL SEA AREA, OCEANOGRAPHY ee) A e Gen eral °° © e ¢ @ B. Physical Properties . 1. Temperature . Qo Sellsiiglioy 6 o 3 WEMSEIA 6 5 6 ITI. ROSS SEA AREA, OCEANOGRAPHY Mo Gememetl o 5 oo oo OOO Dee ayisicalant-Opertdlesis tel. Mh WUE SSSRENCUERS 5 6 6 4 6 Qo Seulaiesiny 5 5.6 6 oo 3, Westar ooo 6 6 0 2 Iho (OWMRAPIMNGS G6 60 66 66 IV. VINCENNES BAY, OCEANOGRAPHY IN, General e e e e e ° e e @ B. Physical Properties... a6. AMSWNS RENE 5 4 6 6 6 2, Seller 6 o 6 da 6 3) og Density oe) 6) (ey 16 e. 16: 0 V. ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE Generales tent. VYQn LS o °¢@ Atlantic Ocean Section Pacific Ocean Section . Indian Ocean Section e e e e VI. CONTENTS (Continued) MISCELLANEOUS A. Ice Conditions @: Geir HO) oer Fer Ye) ser Ye Ke! Heo pe) [ell ey ter fence Te: liz, . Weddell ‘Sea; “Arcee. wy sc, ce ver use elie. “te 2. Ross Sea Area and off the Coast of Bottom Sediments al e General e e@ e e e e e e e e e e e 2 Weelelal See IG, Gg 6 6 6 6 0 0 oO oO Bo MOBS SEE Be 6 6=6 5 6 0 6-0 6 0 he. Off the Coast of Wilkes Land... So) Wer Ze@euleinel Mine, 5 56 6 6 5660600 Transparency and Water Color ..... Continuous Temperature Recordings .. Deep) Scatiterine: Layer <<. © «1 « Balo@uloeal@el Golllecwilems 6 5b G6 00000 APPENDICES Oceanographic Station Data ...... Sediment Analysis Summary Sheets... Photographs of Ice Conditions and Oceanographic Operat ions e e e ° e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e vi Wilkes Land Page It} 143 1. 20 36 he Te 8. Je 10. 13. 1h. 15. FIGURES Tracks of icebreakers conducting oceanographic work on DEEP FREEZE II °° e e e e e e@ e e e e e e@ @ @ e e e e e e ® e Track and station location chart, USS STATEN ISLAND = DEEP FREEZE TI @ e e e e e e @ e e e @ @ @ e e e e e e e e e Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and density in Drake Passage, USS STATEN ISLAND = December 1956 . 2 o « Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in Weddell Sea Area, USS STATEN ISLAND = December 1956 . . « Track and station location chart, USS GLACIER = DEEP FREEZE I T e@ @ e e e e @ e@ e e e e e e e e e e e 6 7] e e e@ e Track and station location chart, USS ATKA = DEEP FREEZE If it .) ) e e e e ® e e @ e @ @ @ e e e 6 e @ e ® e e e Track and station location chart, USCGC NORTHWIND = DEEP FREEZE II @ e@ e e e e ® @ e e e e e ® e e e@ e e e @ e ® Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, density, and oxygen in Ross Sea Area, USS GLACIER = November 1956. . Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in Vincennes Bay, USS GLACIER - February 1957 ...-«ce-ece Comparison of vertical temperature, salinity, and density in Vincennes Bay = March 1956 and February 1957 «. « « « © » Vertical distribution of temperature, Atlantic Antarctic Convergence = December 1956 and February 1957 . «ee... Vertical distribution of temperature, Pacific Antarctic Convergence e- November 1956 eceeeeee © © © 80 © 0 8 Vertical distribution of temperature, Pacific Antarctic Convergence) = December 1956) «le oe 6 « © cenee « «cle Vertical distribution of temperature, Pacific Antarctic Convergence = February 1957 eeeeee e888 © © © © @ © @ Vertical distribution of temperature, Indian Antarctic Convergence ~ February 1957 «oeeeee8 ee © © © © 8&8 ee ® Page 10 15 16 17 20 21 2h 26 27 28 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 226 236 2h. 25. 266 276 28. 296 1. Ice conditions , 16 January 1957 Ice conditions , FIGURES (Continued ) Weddell Sea = 11 December 1956 to Weddell Sea = 12 February to 16 February 1957 2« eccececrerceerecec cee ee eee c Tee conditions enroute Ross Sea =— 13 October to 16 October 1956 Tee conditions enroute Ross Sea = 17 October to 20 October 1956 Ice conditions, Ice Conditions, Ice conditions, Ice conditions , Ice conditions, Ice conditions, Tee conditions , 31 Jamiary 1957 Ice conditions, ee fe ee 8 ee ce ele lelhlelUel8lUClelUel el le Ce ee Ross Sea = 20 October to 6 November 1956 . Ross Sea - 6 November to 12 November 1956 . Ross Sea = 15 December to 20 December 1956 McMurdo Sound o « » « e ee «© © © © © © © Ross Sea - 27 December to 29 December 1956 Ross Sea = 15 January to 20 January 1957 . Knox and Budd Coasts = 2h January to e e @ @ e ¢@ e ° i) e e e e °e e ° e © e e e e Knox and Budd Coasts = 1) February to 17 February 1957 ee eccererecrreeee se eo eee ec Ice conditions, Ross Sea = 9 March to ll) March 1957 « e e o Deep Scattering Layer (DSI) Wemonie eulome tcl ote ieinelileenteiente TABLE Transparency and Water Color re J viii Page 32 3h 35 35 38 12 L3 Ls 18 9 52 53 55 62 5) I. INTRODUCTION A, Purpose Operation DEEP FREEZE II (1956-1957), the third consecutive U. S. Navy expedition to penetrate the Antarctic within as many years, transported scientific personnel and equipment to man bases of the U. S. National Committee for the International Geophysical Year. In addition, several secondary bases were established; ELLSWORTH STATION on the Filchner Shelf, WILKES STATION on the Budd Coast, ADARE STATION on Cape Hallett, BYRD STATION in Marie Byrd Land, and the AMUNDSEN-SCOTT STATION at the South Pole. Many of the secondary scientific projects initiated during. the 1954-1955 and DEEP FREEZE I expeditions were continued. Personnel from the U. 5S. Navy Hydrographic Office collected oceanographic and hydrographic information whenever the primary objectives of the operation per- mitted. B,. Summary of Operations The oceanographic and hydrographic data collection programs under= taken during DEEP FREEZE II operations were conducted aboard four icebreakers, USS GLACIER (AGB-,), USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5), USS ATKA (AGB-3), and USCGC NORTHWIND (WAGB-282)(Fig. 1). This program included oceanographic stations using reversing thermometers and Nansen bottles, bathythermograph observations (BT's), meteorological observations, ice observations, bottom sampling, transparency and water color read- ings, continuous temperature recordings, biological collections, and oceanic soundings. A total of 50 oceanographic stations was obtained; 26 in the Weddell Sea area, 14 in the Ross Sea area, 4 off Wilkes Coast Land, 5 off the west coast of South America, and 1 near New Zealand. Dissolved oxygen analyses were scheduled for all ships and all water samples. Unfor- tunately, pollution of one of the reagents caused drifting and exces— sively high standardization runs, and thus, the absolute values are erroneous to varying degrees, Nevertheless, the data are of some value in that results are valid from a relative viewpoint and show depths of maximum and minimum values. All of these data are tabulated in Annex A, Bathythermograph lowerings, with the 900-foot instrument, were scheduled on an hourly basis on the four icebreakers, and on a once- a-watch (four-hour) basis on certain ships of the Task Force, the ARNEB, WYANDOT, and BROUGH, Equipment failure, weather conditions, shortage of personnel, and presence of ice all tended to reduce the number of lowerings accomplished, but in areas of particular interest, such as the Antarctic Convergence Zone, the rate of lowerings was increased. The total number of bathythermograph records obtained aboard the icebreakers was 1595 slides by the GLACIER, 721 by the LEGEND — US.CG.S. NORTHWIND | — — USS. GLACIER —-— USS. STATEN ISLAND Yi SEE FIGURES 3,4 ANDS Wi EOR DETAIL ON THIS AREA N Ic cae | ie —_£,£,£ 2 oe Less Fig. 1. Tracks of icebreakers conducting oceanographic work on DEEP FREEZE II. STATEN ISLAND, 1057 by the ATKA, and 984 by the NORTHWIND. The ARNEB obtained 290 records, the WYANDOT 155, and the BROUGH 154. These bathythermograph records with associated meteorological data are processed by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, retained on file, and copies distributed to interested activities, Meteorological observations were made and recorded hourly by enlisted aerographers assigned to each icebreaker, These data are on file at the National Weather Records Center, Ashville, North Carolina, In addition, selected meteorological data are recorded as an integral part of the oceanographic station record and each bathythermograph observation. These data include, in addition to the standard meteor- ological data, sea surface temperature and sea and swell data, Direct ice observations were made aboard all icebreakers, recording thickness, age, and type. These observations were made by either quartermasters at hourly intervals, or by aerographers at 3-hour intervals. Observations were controlled and supplemented by the oceanographers aboard. Photographs of ice conditions and other aspects of oceanographic operations in the Antarctic are presented in Annex C. Bottom sampling was undertaken in all areas of interest whenever possible. A total of 43 samples was obtained during this operation; 40 from the Antarctic Continental Shelf, one on the continental slope in the Weddell Sea, and two in the New Zealand area. The analyses of these data are listed in Annex B,. Transparency and color estimates were made during oceanographic stations, and under daylight conditions. The transparency of the sea water was estimated through the use of a white (Secchi) disc, 30 cm. in diameter. This disc was lowered into the water until it disappeared from sight. The depth of the point of disappearance was then measured in meters and recorded. On the STATEN ISLAND and ATKA, a black 30 cm. disc was also used; however, these data do not appear in the data listings (Annex A), but can be found in the original data on file in the Hydrographic Office. Transparency estimates using the Secchi disc are influenced by the available light, the visual acuity of the observer, and wind disturbances on the water surface. Thus the observations should be considered general in nature, and of predominate interest for their gross relative value. Water color estimates were made visually by comparison between the sea water color and a Forel color scale. As this scale only covers the blue-green-yellow color range, its use is limited. In addition, the color perception of the observer, the depth of water, the light available, the amount of cloud cover, and wind disturbances on the water surface are other factors decreasing the accuracy of the observations. However, despite these limitations, color observations have some relative value. Continuous temperature records of both sea surface and air were obtained aboard three of the icebreakers, The GLACIER, NORTHWIND, and STATEN ISLAND were equipped with balanced, recording potentiometers, each connected with several thermistors. One thermistor was held 3 below the surface of the water by an over-the-side pipe (GLACIER and NORTHWIND) or by trailing in the surface water (STATEN ISLAND). Other thermistors were installed at the main deck level, or lower, in order to obtain a continuous air temperature record at low levels. On the GLACIER, air elements were located at welldeck level (approximately 18 feet above the water surface), and also at a position outboard of the ships' side and about five feet above the water surface. The sea element was mounted in a fixed pipe attached to the hull. The NORTHWIND installation included a mounting unit holding the sea element which permitted free swing fore and aft. The air element was mounted on a wooden beam under the flight deck (15 feet above the water surface). The STATEN ISLAND trailed its sea element just aft of the starboard screw and the air element was installed on the wooden beam of the overhead in the amidships' passageway (15 feet above the water surface). All continuous temperature records are on file at the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. In cooperation with the Office of Naval Research, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U. S. National Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, oceanographers participating on DEEP FREEZE II collected biological material and observations whenever possible. The intention was to provide a representative collection of surface, midwater, and benthonic marine forms found in the Antarctic area. The majority of bottom specimens was secured from the shelf areas of the Weddell Sea, Ross Sea, and off the Wilkes Coast. Equipment used included a three-foot Blake trawl, a 14-inch triangular dredge, an orange-peel bottom sampler, collapsible fish traps, ring traps, and an experimental Alaskan shrimp trap. One- half-meter plankton nets of various mesh sizes were employed in vertical and horizontal hauls. Six-—inch Birge closing nets of No. 5 and No. 12 mesh were also employed in vertical serial hauls. All biological material collected has been forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution for sorting and storage. Distribution of specimens to specialists and interested agencies will be coordinated by that institution. Results of biological findings will be published as a collective unit by the U. S. National Museum. Micro-organisms present in frozen bottom sediment samples from the Weddell Sea area will be reported on by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. No formal program for hydrography or cartography was specified for Operation DEEP FREEZE II other than that which could be accomplished on a routine basis by the ships' personnel. Aboard icebreakers, the oceanographer was often able to assist or advise in certain phases of this limited program, Continuous oceanic soundings using echo sounders were taken by all four icebreakers and the WYANDOT, ARNEB, CURTIS, and NESPELEN, In some cases, such as aboard the STATEN ISLAND, the echo sounder was malfunctional beyond the repair capacity of the ship's force, and the data returned were limited in amount and quality. All soundings obtained are processed and retained in the U. S. Navy Hydrograpnic Office, and are being incorporated in revised editions of pertinent charts, or in new charts published by this Office. Reports on dangers and aids to navigation, displacements of major coastal features, chart correction information, and position and contours of the shelf ice edge are also processed and retained within this Office, for incorporating into existing or new publications. A limited small boat survey of the water areas surrounding Wilkes Station in the Windmill Islands off the Budd Coast was undertaken. On the return voyage back to the United States, the GLACIER undertook a brief and unsuccessful search for Maria Theresa Reef, originally reported in November, 1843, at about 151°13'W between 35° and 37°S. C. Participating Personnel The following four oceanographers from the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office participated aboard icebreakers in Operation DEEP FREEZE II: USS GLACIER - - - - - Drie) Wallis i viressiler ssenvor Hydrographic Representative USS STATEN ISLAND - — William H. Littlewood USCGC NORTHWIND - - - James Q. Tierney USS ATKA ----- - Robert B, Starr 50° 40° ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE —U SOUTH SHETLAND r Woes SOUTH ORKNEY ISLANDS {Sie eel VB i eam My Th wy \ 7 srt t L, <= = = an = FL AS == Ch z aW S m = a WEDDELL 1 PALMER AZ | wy & is COATS ILAND | LEGEND | USS STATEN ISLAND(AGB-5) | | | 1956-1957 6 OCEANOGRAPHIC | STATIONS 30° 20° Fig. 2. Track and station location chart, USS STATEN ISLAND - DEEP FREEZE I. II. WEDDELL SHA AREA, OCEANOGRAPHY A. General The perimeter of the Antarctic Continent is indented by two great seas, the Ross and Weddell. The Weddell Sea lies south of the western South Atlantic, and differs principally from the Ross Sea in two ways; (1) it has areas of great depths, and (2) it is bounded on the west by the most northerly extension of Antarctic Land, the Palmer Peninsula. The southerly end of the Weddell Sea is covered with a great ice shelf (Filchner Ice Shelf), and the actual shoreline beneath this ice is unknown at present. Various glaciers and ice shelves also extend along the eastern and western sides of the sea, so that the percentage of exposed or nearly exposed land at sea level is at a minimm. The sea itself is generally ice filled, even in summer months, and the current pattern (clockwise, with water entering at the north- east) plus the prevailing winds seem to pack the ice along the western side. This wind and current action makes ship entry possible along the eastern side, although changes in local winds may close leads tempor- arily. Until Operetion DEEP FREEZE II, no ship had ever penetrated to the southwest corner of the sea. However, the USS STATEN ISLAND, followed by the cargo ship USS WYANDOT, was able to penetrate to within about forty miles of the southwest corner during the month of January. This was accomplished despite severe setbacks by increased ice pressure during periods of northerly winds. B. Physical Properties Twenty-six oceanographic stations were taken along the ship's track (Fig. 2). Five stations were also taken off the west coast of Chile, and although all station data are presented in Annex C, these latter stations are out of the area and will not be discussed. 1. Temperature During the December crossing of Drake Passage, water temperature north of the Antarctic Convergence decreased gradually with depth (Fig. 3). South of the convergence, temperatures decreased with depth, except for a thin isothermal surface layer, with a minimum reached at ‘ about 200 to 400 meters. Increases were noted as the warm, deep water was encountered. Further south (Station S.1.-7) the summer warming of the surface layers was proportionately less as the edge of the ice pack was approeched. Here, the minimum temperature remnant was found at about ninety meters depth, with more gradual warming below. Ob-— servations on these stations were not deep enough to encounter the cold Antarctic Bottom Water. STATIONS Saal Sil to) —~ SS nN io) fo) PTH (FEET) ie) (o) 8 E DEPTH (METERS) STATIONS TEMPERATURE (°C) oS! 1-4 T 34.007 34.25 DEPTH (METERS) EPTH (FEET) — 34.50 1000 Ss STATIONS SI-l Sila, fo) eee ea 27,00 DEPTH (METERS) ATLANTIC OCEAN Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in Drake Passage, USS STATEN ISLAND - December 1956, Further south, surface temperatures continued to decrease particularly in areas of pack ice and icebergs. On the northern perim- eter of the Weddell Sea the depth of the temperature minimum extended from the surface to 50 meters, unless the pack ice had disintegrated and the resultant heating from summer insolation had begun. Within the pack ice itself a series of stations southward showed a temperature-maximim layer, with temperatures between 0.5°C and 1.0°C at a depth of about 300 meters (Fig. 4). This layer is apparently the remnant of the warm deep layer, now at relatively shallow depths, surrounded by colder water above, below, and to the south. This product of the warm, deep water is now termed the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. Within the Weddell Sea, water temperatures were generally iso- thermal over shelf area with minimums of -2.0°C. Bathythermograph traces in the Weddell Sea itself showed this isothermal water over the shelf areas with slight surface warming when leads were large enough and stable enough to permit heating from insolation. In the deeper areas just outside of the Weddell Sea limits, the typical summer surface situation was present, with the warm, deep layer under- lying the colder Antarctic Surface Water. The surface itself was warmed by summer insolation if ice was not present. No bathythermograph lowerings were possible in the deeper area within the Weddeli Sea. Seasonal warming of the surface waters within the ice-filled Weddell Sea appeared to be an intermittent phenomenon, dependent upon the presence and longevity of leads and polynyas. In summary, the temperature mechanics of the Weddell Sea area appear to be as follows: The water that is chilled along the Antarctic Shelf areas flows down over the Antarctic Continental Slope to form Antarctic Bottom Water with a northward set. It thus passes under the Antarctic Circumpolar Water and eventually under the warm, deep weter. Meanwhile, the warm, deep water has a southward set, and rises at the Antarctic Convergence to shallower depths where it mixes with adjacent waters and forms the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. The upper layers of the Ant- arctic Circumpolar Water are chilled by the cold Antarctic winters, and are mixed-out and diluted with great quantities of melt water and pre- cipitation. The water mass is then called the Antarctic Surface Water. Summer heating may slightly rewarm the surface after melting or moving ice exposes the water to insolation, and a temperature-minimum layer is thus isolated just above the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. In winter the surface is again cooled and vertical mixing takes place, producing isothermal cold water overlying the Circumpolar Water. The temperature structure for a typical summer station over the Weddell Shelf is illustrated by Station 5.I1.-24. Extensive pack ice prevented extensive surface warming. This is an extremely simplified and generalized explanation, and refers only to north-south components in the water movement. It should be remembered that the major surface currents are circumpolar, following the great wind belts. Discon- tinuity in the bottom topography and fluctuating meteorological con- ditions will create local variations that may be temporarily adverse to the above explanation. More data are required before the situation 7) STATIONS S.1-13 0 “1.50 STATIONS S.1.-13 1000 ——__— : STATIONS S.1L-13 {o} SALINITY (..) S.1.-16 1000 1 1 DENSITY (SIGMA T ) KEY TO STATIONS » 19° 18° 17° 16" 15° 14° 13° 12° 11° 3 71°} 71" | y Jot fi Lt fae cael 20° 19° 18° 17° 16" 15° 14° 13° 12° 11° Fig. 4. Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in Weddell Sea area, USS STATEN ISLAND - December 1956 10 and explanation is definitely known. 2. Salinity The salinity values derived from water samples collected in the Weddell Sea area were generally typical for the Antarctic Regions. Figure 3 illustrates the salinity structure obtained from a series of oceanographic stations across Drake Passage. Surface salinities were variable, averaging about 34.00 °/oo (between 33.89 °7/oo and 34.26 °/oo). Salinities increased with depth, but the gradient was much shallower and somewhat sharper south of the Antarctic Convergence than north of it because the warm, deep water that rises in the region of the convergence also contained a greater salinity than the surround- ing waters. The salinity maximum that originated in the warm, deep water is maintained in the Antarctic Circumpolar Water and is gener- ally 34.70 °/oo or higher (Fig. 4). However, the salinity gradient below this maximum is very gradual and this zone of transition and vertical mixing makes it difficult to determine where the Antarctic Bottom Water is definitely encountered. Surface salinity values within the Weddell Sea itself are gener- ally higher than to the north. However, many exceptions to this statement are found as melting glacial, shelf, or old pack ice decreases the surface salinity and the freezing sea water releases salt, increasing the salinity. Local conditions of precipitation versus evaporation also contribute to surface salinity fluctuations. The salinity structure for a typical summer station over the Weddell Shelf is illustrated by Station S.I.-24. Extensive pack ice prevented extensive surface diluting through melting. 3. Density Figure 3 is a profile of density values across Drake Passage. Densities generally increased southward and with depth. The density increase southward results from the climatic decrease in temperatures southward. The density increase with depth predominantly results from a temperature decrease north of the Antarctic Convergence, and from a salinity increase south of the convergence. Near the pack ice areas of the Weddell Sea, and within the sea it- self, the surface densities varied with the surface temperature fluc- tuations, and the corresponding melting or freezing conditions of the pack of glacial ice. Melting conditions quickly lower and stabilize surface densities, both from higher temperatures and from the release of fresh water to the surface layers. Conversely, freezing conditions lower temperatures and separate salt ions from the sea water, thus causing an increase in density. This often creates a temporary unstable condition, with denser water at the surface; however, vertical mixing soon stabilizes the situation, deepening the isopycnal layer. In the case of extended cold periods so prevalent over shelf areas in the southern end of the Weddell Sea, this isopyenal condition will extend to the bottom. Thus, the combination of much salt from the freezing process and the freezing-point temperatures probably creates water dense enough to flow over the shelf and form Antarctic Bottom Water. The majority of all Antarctic Bottom Water is believed to be formed in the Weddell Sea. The density structure for a typical summer station over the Weddell shelf is illustrated in Station S.I.-24. Figure 4 illustrates the density profile from a group of stations just outside of the Weddell Sea. As these stations are taken in open areas (polynyas) within the ice pack, they may imply greater strat- ification of the physical factors than actually exist. The strat- ification is very likely to be much weaker between these pools of exposed water. In any case, the density gradients with depth are extremely weak and the presentation of this particular figure has been based upon sigma-t differences of only 0.15 to illustrate the structure. 12 III, ROSS SHA AREA, OCEANOGRAPHY A. General The Ross Sea lies south of the Pacific Ocean between 160°E and 150°W. It is a large open body of water with depths generally less than 400 fathoms and with free circulation to the circumpolar ocean waters to the north. To the south, the sea is bounded by the floating seaward margin of the Ross Ice Shelf. Many glaciers and small ice shelves extend along its margins, but in spite of this, a relatively large percentage of land is exposed during the summer season. ‘Sea ice forms during the autumn and winter seasons, but usually breaks up sufficiently in late summer to permit ship transit to all corners of the sea, A general east to west set removes much of the ice and bergs, but some are confined in a gyral in the northern portions of the sea. B, Physical Properties Fifteen oceanographic stations were taken ecross the convergence and in the Ross Sea (Figs. 5, 6, and 7). Of these, GLACIER stations 3 through 6 (Fig. 5) taken in November, provide the only usable section for oceanographic description. The stations taken in McMurdo Sound and Kainan Bay are similar to those discussed in the DEEP FREEZE I report.* 1, Temperature The thermal structure of the Ross Sea in early November probably represents a relatively unmodified winter condition. The surface area of the section was covered with sea ice and surface temperatures held close to -1.8°C, The water in these moderately shallow depths is essentially isothermal except at the northern station (GL-6) where a warm tongue with maximum temperatures greater than 0.8°C at 200 to 250 meters intrudes (Fig. 8). This is the southern extent of the main part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. This water shows up again at station GL-4, with a maximum temperature of -O.4°C at 200 meters. This is either a partially mixed-out discontinuous extension of the Antarctic Circumpolar Water, or perhaps the southern arm of a subsurface gyral of this water in the Ross Sea, * H. O. 16331-1, U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office Report on Operation DEEP FREEZE I, Oct. 1956, U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, Ds Ge UC ACKCRECE ISNOLLVLS JIHDVHSONV3SIO O (¢—8 9v) y31INV19 SSN — J73HS 391 SS GN3937 O1uaNy V4 £17. Sn [2 -AON® S| ‘AON L GQNV1 QuAs Y SP: Dy» FOYIGZ INS VO N33HDTVM ST3HS 3: 139 andis ahi v vas NISONNWY S3y1IM 23.1 3dvo 4Sv05 SINSNYSANOD 190 02 ‘930 SI DILOYVLNY BINAINYSANOD l190 21 DILOSVLNV SJINASYSANOD SILOYVLNV Al re o09T 14 LEGEND USS ATKA (AGB-3) ——WI95 61195 i/7 o OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE ROSS ICE SHELF Fig. 6. Track and station location chart, USS ATKA - DEEP FREEZE II 15 ANTARCTIC LEGEND CONVERGENCE U.S.C.G.C. NORTHWIND (WAGB-282) 1956-1957 O OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS CAPE SCCEATATE 6 VICTORIA LAN SULZBERGER BAY 23-26 DEC. 11-23 JAN. 11-12 MAR. ROSS ICE SHELF Fig. 7. Track and station location chart, USCGC NORTHWIND - DEEP FREEZE II 16 STATIONS DEPTH (METERS) DEPTH (FEET) TEMPERATURE (°C) 200 734 aia) DEPTH (METERS) DEPTH (FEET) STATIONS SALINITY (°/.) GL-6 — o [a wi 7 WW = x - a ir] a DENSITY (SIGMA T) DEPTH (METERS) DEPTH (FEET) OXYGEN(™', ) KEY TO STATIONS aI * Fig. 8. Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, density, and oxygen in Ross Sea area, USS GLACIER - November 1956 ZA 2, Salinity Salinity values along this section through the Ross Sea show a normal, gradual increase with depth except at station GL-6 where a slight salinity maximum of 34.79 °/oo occurs at 200 meters. This is probably associated with the core of the Antarctic Circumpolar Water (Fig. 8). High bottom salinities (greater than 34.85 °/oo) occur in the bottom depression at station GIL-5, and also in one at Station GL-3 near the Ross Ice Shelf. These probably represent surface water wherein salinity has been increased during the winter from freezing of sea ice and consequent concentration of brine which has sunk to the bottom, 3. Density The density structure indicated in Figure 8 appears more dependent on the salinity structure than on the minor effects of thermal differences in the cold water of the section. The relatively high bottom salinities and low temperatures account for the formation of water with a sigma-t well over 28.00. This flows north from the Ross Sea and down the continental slope, and probably contributes to the Antarctic Bottom Water. 4. Currents Current observations were made from the USCGC NORTHWIND while moored to the fast ice at the west side of Moubray Bay inside Cape Hallett, near the mouth of the bay. An Ekman meter was used at a depth of 30 feet, with a water depth of 80 feet. Observations were made at hourly intervals for a period of 40 hours, except for brief periods when ice cover or diving operations precluded the use of over-the-side equipment; concurrent records were made of wind velocity and direction, Although the limited amount of data and the complications of ice movement limit the usability of the records, the currents, in general, were found to vary between O and 2.7 knots, flowing out of the bay along the eastern side. Correlation with wind and the general circulation of Moubray Bay was impossible to determine because of sparsity of data and the extensive ice cover of the bay. 18 IV. VINCENNES BAY, OCEANOGRAPHY A. General Vincennes Bay lies between the Budd and Knox coast at about 110°E, The water of Vincennes Bay is comparatively shallow as far north as about 65°S where the continental slope drops off rapidly into deep water. Most of the bay is apparently shallower than 500 fathoms, although very few sounding lines have been run to date. Vincennes Bay normally appears to be ice free during the summer season, except for some grounded bergs. During periods of northerly gales, it may contain heavy ice pack as late as early February. This was the case in late January 1957, but three weeks later the pack ice had largely disintegrated or moved northward. The USS GLACIER was in Vincennes Bay from 25 January to 17 Febru- ary 1957. During the period from 31 January to 17 February, a reconnais— sance run was made north as far as about 65°S to observe ice conditions and occupy oceanographic stations. B. Physical Properties Station GL-8 was taken off Clark Island (Windmill Islands) in shallow water; stations GL-9, GL-10, and GL-ll were occupied one week later in a line extending south from 65°20'S along 109°E (Fig. 5). 1. Temperature Temperatures of these four stations off Vincennes Bay were relatively cold at all depths of measurement (Fig. 9). A slight summer surface warming was most noticeable at the shallow station, GL-8, probably resulting from coastal leads permitting greater insolation of the water thus exposed, The small temperature inversion recorded at shallow depths on stations GL-8 and GL-10 are probably due to pack ice belts recooling surface water after initial warming by insolation. When leads develop, insolation warms the surface, causing a temperature inversion at shallow depths, These inversions are often stable from a density viewpoint because of the lowering of salinity at the surface. How- ever, if refreezing occurs, the inversion may not be stable. An interesting illustration of this occurred during an ocean- ographic station occupied during March 1956 (GI-12), discussed in the DEEP FREEZE I report. This station was taken under freezing conditions, with ice crystals forming on the surface. This caused surface tempera— tures to drop to below -2.0°C and the inversion was considered tempor-— ary and unstable. When compared to station GL-9 (Operation DEEP FREEZE II), it is obvious that the water stabilized through vertical mixing (Fig. 10). 19 DEPTH (METERS) DEPTH (FEET) DEPTH (METERS) iN) fo} (eo) DEPTH (FEET) DS) uo fo) bh fo} (oe) DEPTH (METERS) oa (o} (o) DEPTH (FEET) DENSITY (SIGMA T) KEY TO STATIONS 14 FEB, ‘57 10 ° 14. FeB'57_ | A 2 & iO gov oo 14 FEBL57 | vicamil®!’ 7 FEB.'57 te on | yee | Fig. 9. Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in Vincennes Bay, USS GLACIER - February 1957 20 Ke S %ee TAG sep =~ 0) i ™ ' 25 -|- | 50 -|— \ 75 | 100 LTV 33.00 33.20 3340 3360 33.80 +1° Bottom on GL-12 (DEEP FREEZET) A SSNS SSSR 2660 26.80 27.00 2720 2740 2760 27.80 28.00 34.00 3420 3440 3460 a 7 0 = _-- Y YW Wy Vv NAN 50 75 D 7, SSNS SSS SSS. RSS SSRN IETGIe SALINITY (°/.0) o P 125 DENSITY (“t) ye ie TEMPERATURE (° C.) = 150 -|- A Y 150 = a 9 175 175 200 ae ——-~ STATION GL-12,18 MAR. 56, ‘ Vv 200 DEEP FREEZE I i 225 — STATION GL-9, 14 FEB.57, as DEEP FREEZE IL 250 -|- i y 250 275 275 —|7~ Bottom at 495 meters on GL-9 (DEEP FREEZE I) V 300 300 @ GL-9 DEEP FREEZE I DEEP FREEZE I BALAENA ISLETS VINCENNES BAY b 5 LS) Q [=) =) [re] = : Vay Fig. 10. Comparison of vertical temperature, salinity, and density in Vincennes Bay - March 1956 and February 1957 21 DEPTH (meters) 2, Salinity Salinity values in the Antarctic Surface Water in the Vincennes Bay region were between 33.27 °/oo and 33.52 °/oo at the surface, and between 34.34 °/oo end 34.49 °/oo at the 300-meter depth. The salinity gradients were normal and stable (Fig. 9). The salinity distribution was the major factor in the stability and strati- fication of the water. The lower salinities found toward the surface resulted from melting of old pack ice, fresh run-off of glacial melt water, and any excess of precipitation over evaporation. Figure 10 illustrates the unstable station GL-12 of DEEP REEEZE I compared with station GL-9 of DEEP FREEZE II, and shows results of changing meteor- ological conditions, freezing and thawing. The freezing process occurring during station GL-12 (DF-I) resulted in considerable salt being added to the surface water, thus creating an unstable density situation, During station GL-9, the same area showed a more normal sumer salinity pattern, with less saline melt water mixed with the surface water, resulting in a stable density pattern. This latter condition probably continued until the next period of freezing occurred. 3, Density Figure 9 illustrates the density structure as calculated from the observed temperature and salinity values obtained. The density structure was stable, implying a preceeding period of thawing conditions. Density values ranged from a minimum sigma-t of 26.79 at the surface to 27.79 off the bottom, In contrast to these stable density conditions, the structure of the previous year is exactly the reverse (Fig. 10). Station GL-12 of DEEP FREEZE I recorded an extremely unstable situation in regard to density values. Station GL-9 of DEEP FREEZE II showed stability. This change resulted from similar changes in temperature and especially salinity. 22 V. ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE A. General The exact definition of Antarctic Convergence is controversial and considered beyond the scope of this report. However, as the con= vergence is one of the most interesting oceanographic features in the Antarctic area and forms one of the best criteria for delineating the Antarctic region from the Subantarctic Region, it will be discussed briefly. For the purpose of this report, the Antarctic Convergence will be considered as the zone where the cold and slightly denser surface water of the Antarctic region sinks below the warmer and slightly lighter surface water to the north. This zone is usually marked by a sharp north-south decrease in the surface water temperature ranging from 2° to 6-F. The mean surface temperature associated with this drop is about LO-F during the southern summer; this gradient (north to south drop) generally is also found at moderate depths. The mean temperature of the convergence surface gradient decreases as winter approaches. At greater depths sinking water mixes with adjacent water and eventually spreads to the north as the Antarctic Intermediate Water Mass, always recognizable by its minimum salinity. The entire area south of the convergence is typified in summer by a mixed surface layer as deep as 150 feet. Below this, temperatures de= crease strongly to a minimum of about 30°F at depths from 150 to 500 feet. At greater depths the temperature increases to as much as 36°F reflecting the presence of the deep warm water mass. Over continental shelf areas the water is generally isothermal below the immediate surface layer. It is emphasized, however, that the main water circulation in the convergence area is west to east, and the north-south movements described above are vectors of small magnitude. The Antarctic Convergence is not always a clear phenomenon and may not be readily apparent. The most reliable indication of the position of the convergence is given by the first indication, when traveling south- ward, of a distinct subsurface temperature minimum at moderate depths. Frequently the surface water characteristics near the convergence will fluctuate or show some irregularity. These may result from eddies, tongues, presence of associated divergences, seasonal or meteorological effects, or other causes. B. Atlantic Ocean Section The temperature structure of the Convergence zone extrapolated from BT's taken by the STATEN ISLAND during its southward transit in December 23 (4334) Hid30 (1334) H1d30 (1334) H1d30 LG61 Atenaqgeq. pue 9G61 Tequiadaq - aduadtaau0D o1qoaejUY ITjUeTIVW ‘9Inzer1edura} Jo UOTINIAASIp TedqeAQ “TT “BI sot nasmuses 3ON39UIANOD 40 3NOZ z A x M i H we wb 1 05.95 6.05.25 \ i 5.05 .95 | sass sans | T T T T T T Nes SE .9E maze LE ££ aed bE Ze & SE & (su313W) Hid30 24 and return transit in February is illustrated in Figure 11. In addi- tion, six representative BI traces have been presented on the chart. The irregularity of some of the traces and the complexity of isotherms in the cross sections is a result of the characteristic sinuosity of the convergence. The letter "A" is used on the chart to show the Antarctic Surface Water with its seasonally heated upper layer while "B" indicates the deep warm water. Despite temperatures warmer than the water immediately above, this mass is of high enough salinity to make it denser than "A", C. Pacific Ocean Section In November the GLACIER crossed the Antarctic Convergence at approximately 62°S, 173°E. ‘The BT observations taken during this transit have been used in preparation of Figure 12. This shows clearly the cold Antarctic Surface Water to the south (relatively unaffected by seasonal warming at the early date). Surface salinity samples collected during the BT observations have also been plotted, and from these and temperature values the surface density is also shown. The thermal profile section presented in Figure 13 was derived from BI's obtained by the ATKA during the southward transit in December. The position of the Convergence was approximately the same as recorded by the GLACIER during its November crossing. Figure 1); illustrates the thermal structure of the surface layers extrapolated from BT's taken during the ATKA's return transit in late February. The position of the Convergence zone was almost the same as in the December crossing; how- ever, seasonal warming raised the surface temperatures considerably. A seasonal thermocline is prominent. As in Figure 13 the shaded zone marks the remains of winter water in the Antarctic Surface Water mass. De. Indian Ocean Section Figure 15 shows a cross section through the Convergence taken by the GLACIER during a transit from the Knox Coast to Australia in late February. Here the zone was observed much farther northward then in the Pacific Sector to the east. The illustration portrays well the characteristic horizontal temperature gradient of the surface and the spreading of the colder Antarctic Surface Water northward below the warmer surface water at lower latitudes. 25 9661 TequIeAON - eouedTaAUOD d1ZDIeJUY ITFIOed ‘ganyeradura} Jo UOTINGIA}SIp TedjAIA “ZT “BIA ors JONI9NAANOD JO INOZ é FONFDYIAIG YO 3ONIOUIANOD | 08°92 ‘3 3 Osie¢ — 08°92 Z 3) 00°22 apne = =< 3 0212 Joe Ov'le =\op-ez @ OLE Joveeg 5 = 3 06'€€ {o6:ee 3 = ore ole ~ E ove ogre = 0S bE ALISN3G GNY ALINITWS 30v4yNS — Os ve | | | ee oO I NNW NUN BND RNB 16009 NNN 0029 NINN 800089 NAN Si 19 TOF SS 09. TS TT 818209 SS ost + S2t 00r €) 26€ Ose —| oot 29 00E So a m 0SZ 4ec 2 x ) Polya ~] n,=tenths of small and medium floes F=Frozen UNDERCAST n,=tenths of giant floes and field R=Rotten Pd Pd Pd Limits TOPOGRAPHY Aus pra pe &3 AA Rated ice THICKNESS OF SEA ICE AND SNOW, BOUNDARY AVIW\ Ridged ice TS where n=nearest ft Known n OOO Hummocks TS ——— Assumed Examples: 72 etc. Limit of Estimated data Mss 0.8 to 1.0 coverage ~ 1,0 coverage (no water) Examples: Nene \ be \ \ \ \ 40° \ 50" \ on pes, Lp bs me \ » Moe 1JAN.- 11 JAN. 1957 FROZEN LEAD M4 > | eaten uy al Hh 2 Cn 4 Be A cy TAB: BERGS 340 NOTE: ICE OBSERVATION Nar y 0 Cn_Cn IL AREA ENLARGED j | ” 2TO1. 20 MILE WIDE LEAD oii 8 MILE WIDE LEAD \ ‘TAB, IBERGS Cn 5 / be ay ANey sy! FAST Ice 460. i 5 4 100-200 HIGH ° A “ * \ @ EDITH & RONNE LAND, Fig. 16. Ice conditions, Weddell Sea - 11 December 1956 to 16 January 1957 32 the lead northeast and east of the berg to the shelf east of Gould Bay. On 26 January leads of open water at 77°43'S, 41°07'W, off the east end of Chica Bay, provided the best offloading point for a base site, and was finally reached after having passed the same site almost one month previously. While the airflow at the offloading point was such as,to maintain an appreciable shore lead (prevailing southerlies), constant below-freezing temperatures caused the water of the shore lead to freeze to a thickness of 5 to 10 inches. This new ice was present in the shore lead on the departure day, 11 February. Leaving this new ice the STATEN ISLAND and WYANDOT traveled northeastward and soon reached areas of the shore lead that were predominantly open (Fig. 17). On 13 February at about 75°28'S, 27°13'W, an attempt was made to cut northward through the pack, Although less consolidated than during December the pack was still too difficult for the now crippled WYANDOT, necessitating a return to the open water of the shore lead. A northeast course was maintained through open and scattered ice to 71°14'S, 14°21'W, when once again a northerly course was attempted. This time pack ice was negligible and a northwest track was maintained. The last of the pack ice was seen on 15 February at 70°O0'S, 15°40'W, but bergs were encountered along the course until 18 February 1957. 2, Ross Sea Area and off the Coast of Wilkes Land October — From Valparaiso a general southwesterly course was followed as far as the first pack ice. Icebergs were noted on the GLACLER's radar on the morning of 11 October 1956, but were not sighted from the ship until 2230 that evening and several were in sight on the following day. Some grease ice was noted at 0300 on the morning of 13 October, and the edge of the pack ice was entered at 0545 at 62°18'S, 118°)5'W (Fig. 18). During the night the air temperature dropped to 10°F, causing extensive icing on the forward part of the ship from heavy seas continuously washing over the decks. All decks were ice covered with two to four inches forming on the welldeck. The pack ice, when first encountered, was predominantly new ice with some fragments of old, winter pack frozen in. Much of it had been pancaked and refrozen, and the concentration was between one and five-tenths. Late in the afternoon of the 13th, heavier ice, four to five feet thick and eight-tenths concentration, was entered. At this point (approximately 1240W) the ship headed northwest to avoid the main body of the pack, which had been slowing its progress considerably, and no further attempts were made to break through the pack ice on a direct westerly route. The ship's passage continued on a course which carried her as far north as about 59°S, 136°W, and then southwest, maintaining a course which roughly paralleled the fringe of the pack ice. The 63° was passed at 1620W (Fig. 19), and from there on a course was maintained between 63° and 64°30'S, until 174°E was reached. 33 ee EEEEEEOEOEOEEEEOEOEOOOOEeEEEE—EeEeeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeee — a ———————— LG6T Atenigay gf 03 Atenaqgay ZI 101 2 Q394V INS vauV NOILVAYASEO 391 :3LON - e299 [12ppemM ‘SUOTIIPUOD 2d] | o| LG6T ‘aad eI =) Sy Wz ees na EA hoy) TIS \ \ LIWIT YOVd) pawnssy — —— uMOLyYo ——— AUVONNOS af SRE eAUA\Og @ pea] ————= S3uNlv34 Y3aLVM (maj) suajmoud pue s}iq ABieg (Auew) siajmous pue sjiq ABiag (maj) $818q89} (Auew) s8Jaqao} Vv NI9IYO GNW1 40 30! Ua}JO) 10 U9Z01} JOU JI “Mit Sear aryitatela AE) 3 rescuer “yy Fsaeeu=u aay ae WTS = y $1 MONS GNW 30) W3S 40 SSINWOIHL erydc nel nC a ‘348 ba Da pa seldwera uayoy=y uez014=4 Paiano9 291 Jo syjuay uol}ipuod jueUIWOp Pd s31dqnd mC) “ a ssajdwex9 991 Je|0g=Id 201 J3}UIM=M 901 Buno,A=,, ysnis=|s Asepuodes ‘jueuiwop v (30%) CNERE syowwnH ()()O ao! paapy \AA/ aol payey \/\/ [AHdvu90d0.] Pjay pue sao yuel’ jo syjuay="u $80]} wnipew pue jjewWs Jo syjuay="U yo0jg pue ‘yselg ‘ysnjs jo syquaj='u ty @y ly ug 3ZIS_A@ NOILVYLNIONOD (1a}@M ou) aBeJaA0d 0° exe NOILWYLN3ONOO 34 “SNOPEN WATER) | \ e0cT 1956 Fig. 18. SS Ice conditions HG 1 rroct a6 2 Teno) ahs ¥ >> [OPEN WATER’ | t aut | OPEN: ware] 3 | Pe “wares LL ei OPEN son 4 OPEN -- at cn<01 NE aN of (en) Pobyva | Ww. < n,=tenths of small and medium floes F=Frozen UNDERCAST n,=tenths of giant floes and field R=Rotten (unoeRcasT] Examples: we a atc, Mulls TOPOGRAPHY 3° FR /\/\_ Ratted ice THICKNESS OF SEA ICE AND SNOW BOUNDARY. //W\_ Ridged ice 1s rirg where n=nearest ft. —— Known O00 Hummocks 58 Examples: 72 etc. ——— Assumed Limit of Estimated data TL Ce (fiA LLLLLLL Bla LLL ZILLA Lo LLLL, (9) LL Bla |M|a fo) 3 g| Zi Ze Ey —<— ‘A | ala = on RN SSS 19 bale 350 NS Them PY Cn Cn | | 210 OPEN i Fig. 22. Ice conditions, Ross Sea - 15 December to 20 December 1956 43 In the southern Ross Sea the ship remained in open water until southeast of Franklin Island, where some ice was entered at 0500 on 20 December at 76930'S, 169935'E, The main concentration of the offshore pack ice was entered one hour later. The ice here was two feet thick and seven to eight-tenths concentration. Ice had moved in from the north but some open water remained until north of Cape Royds where refrozen pack was met. Heading west, within McMurdo Sound, open water was soon regained. Some broken end refrozen pack occurred at the edge of the fast ice, which was in the same position as it had been in early November (Figs. 23 A and B). More ice moved in on the afternoon of the 20th, packing itself around the NESPELEN; assistance from the GLACIER was required to free her. Breaking into the fast ice in McMurdo Sound began on 21 December and proceeded elong somewhat different lines than those employed in Operation DEEP FREEZE I, The previous year, a long, more or less straight channel was broken out to within four miles of Hut Point. The ice in the channel almost immediately froze solid and required re-breaking every time a ship moved. As a result, the cargo ships were never taken down the channel. This year, however, after driving a wide channel due south, the ship cut back at a 60-degree angle toward the northwest, thus cutting the outline of a large "V" with the wide end toward the north. More channels were then cut farther south and to the west and several cross lines were made through the fast ice to break the wedges into smaller sectors. Several days of calm weather followed completion of these channels, but finally on 28 December, the long awaited southerly wind came and by 1500 was blowing 30 knots from 140°T, This soon cleared an open channel 200 yards wide from a point about eight miles north of Hut Point to the edge of the fast ice and took out most of the wedge-shaped sectors of fast ice. The cargo ships then came down the channel to offload. Meanwhile, the ATKA weighed anchor for Little America V early on 27 December 1956. Consolidated sea ice with many rafted floes was encountered in the vicinity of Beaufort Island (Fig. 24). The ice appeared as a long tongue extending northward fromRoss Island to Beaufort Island, thence northward to the limit of visibility. The sea was so congested that the forward progress of the ATKA was delayed for almost two hours on the afternoon of the 27th. East of 168°40'W, ice-free water was reached and the track remained ice free to the destination, which was reached early on 29 December. kainan Bay was covered by fast ice attached to the ice barrier, but because it was disintegrating rapidly, it had practically disappeared by 1 Jan- vary 1957. Upon the return journey from Little America V to McMurdo Sound, the ATKA found little sea ice to impede its progress in'the lead along the Ross Ice Shelf. The consolidated ice encountered on the outbound Ab Tae I) SS 8 | cue GAGs es | rr Nee MT EREBUS WVIER QUARTERS Bar Praia acer MT EREBUS C 3 JAN, 1957 A 28 OCT. 1956 whic act MT EREBUS D IIVAN.1957 Ice LEGEND ee] — a JA Fig. 24. Ice conditions, Ross Sea - 27 December to 29 December 1956 ; 48 \ ee \ \ \ \ \ \ 20 JAN. 1957 i 2 . = LEGEND A Ax \ceborgs (many) dominant, secondary A\ _ \cobergs (few) 0,1 to 0.5 coverage Sl=Slush Y=Young Ico A Bergy bits and an 05 to. 0.8 W=Winter | growlers (many) ate aed Bergy bits and 3 Pl=Polar ice a = growlers (few) SSs 0,8 to 1,0 coverage F a AA fi ‘xamplos: Sow pi otc. WATER FEATURES: PUDDLES (CONCENTRATION BY. SIZE ams) sede Crack Cn dominant condition =—— lead 1) Oy Ny Tenths of ice covered n,=tenths of slush, brash, and block if not frozen or rotten @ Polynya n,=tenths of small and medium floes. F=Frozen UNDERCAST Ni=tenths of giant floes and field R=Rotten TOPOGRAPHY Examples: Ge ele, é. 3 Limits AA\. Ralted ice THICKNESS OF SEA ICE AND. SNOW BOUNDARY. JW _ Ridged ice Ts Tr where n=nearest ft. —— Known 1.00 Hummocks ——=— Assumed Examples: & 3 elc, rfl Ty wee Limit of Estimated data <0.1 coverage 1.0 coverage (no water) \ 15 JAN. 1957 | Fig. 25. Ice conditions, Ross Sea - 15 January to 20 January 1957 49 been passed through on the northern and southern courses. The northern edge of the pack was reached at 68°00'S, 173°A5'E, at 2200 on 19 Janu- suave JUG From this point, after leaving the ice, the ship continued on a course which took her north of the Balleny Islands and to 64°30!S, 152930'E, on 21 January. No ice was seen from the edge of the pack ice to this position, and only a few bergs were sighted between 156° and 158°E. Course was then kept along 64°30'S westward through open water until just east of the entrance to Vincennes Bay. No ice was seen, but a few bergs were observed between 137°E and 133°E off the Adelie and Clarie coasts. At 114°E, the ship's course was altered to the southwest to take her to the edge of the pack ice. The edge was encountered at about 64°50'S, 112°O0'E (Fig. 26), and was followed westward into a small indentation in the pack. Here, the Danish ship KISTA DAN carrying the Australian expedition was met early on the morn— ing of 25 January 1957. Leaving the KISTA DAN a little after 0900 on the morning of 25 Janu- ary, the GLACIER headed south and then southeast at about 109°30'E, heading into the pack ice guarding the entrance to Vincennes Bay. At first the ice consisted of light pack with only one berg in sight. An hour later the ice became much heavier, two to three feet thick and seven-tenths concentration, By afternoon it had reached nine-— tenths concentration, was snow covered from one to two feet, and many large blocks of very thick ice rose two to three feet above the water. Several convex-topped bergs came into view, and at 1900 a solid line of bergs stretched across the path ahead of the ship. The ice became increasingly thicker and more concentrated with very little open water. The ice averaged three to four feet in thickness, but in old pressure ridges it was considerably thicker, rising out of — water four to six feet of which three feet appeared to be compacted snow. Fortunately, the ice was not completely consolidated or it would have been next to impassible. During the night the ship drove her way southeast, almost reaching the coastal lead which could be seen ahead. The next day, 26 January, the ship, after breaking out a path for the ARNEB and GREENVILLE VICTORY, passed through a most amazing con- glomeration of ice. The average thickness appeared to be between five and ten feet, but some of the ice was not more than two or three feet thick, while small floes up to 100 feet or more in diameter were at least 20 to 25 feet thick. An abundance of block and brash, bergy bits, growlers, convex-topped bergs, castellated bergs, and sharp- peaked—pinnacled bergs were scattered throughout. The ice had been moved together, then evidently refrozen in a strangely hummocked and rafted condition. It showed clear evidence of having been under 50 pressure from northerly winds for some time. In the afternoon of the 26th the cargo ships were left behind and a path was broken around the line of bergs to the east, beyond which open water with alternate strips of ice was encountered. By 1800 a strip of fast ice was met, the northern edge of which extended southwest along the shore of Budd Coast north of the Balaena Islets. These three small rocky islands could be seen a few miles to the southeast surrounded by fast ice. Following a lead northeast along the edge of the fast ice, progress was made for a time, but ice again blocked the ship's path to the north. The ship then headed back, retracing her former route, and finally, after having broken through ice which had just closed some of the previously open leads, she headed north along the 110°,0'E meridian, Here, easily navigable ice was transitted, two to three feet thick and mostly block, brash and small floes, some of which were 15 to 20 feet thick and covered with snow to a depth of four feet. Scattered ice was reached by 0845 on the morning of the 27th, and the cargo ships were excorted to the northern edge of the pack. The GLACIER then headed west through open water and made a second attempt to penetrate the pack at 108°E, Heavy, consolidated ice was soon reached and a third attempt was tried at 106°E, with the same results. On her fourth attempt, at 109°E, the GLACIER was successful in finding a way suitable for convoying the cargo ships through the pack ice. Going on alone on the 28th, the ship passed the line of bergs after transiting an almost solid pack of broken and refrozen ice, averaging two to three feet in thickness and with one to two feet of snow cover. That night the ship broke through the pack ice into open water near the head of Vincennes Bay and proceeded to Holl Island. Holl Island was surrounded by open water, as were all of the Windmill Islands except those like Mitchell, Clark, and Bailey which are tied to the mainland by a continuation of the continental ice shelf. Following a one-day reconnaissance of the islands in order to select a base site for Wilkes Station, the GLACIER left Holl Island at 2030 on the night of 29 January and returned to bring the cargo vessels in. The return passage was made through ice similar to that transitted originally, and the ships were successfully brought to the anchorage off Clark Island at about 1000 on 31 January. On this date and for nearly two weeks following the arrival of the ships, open water completely surrounded the northern Windmill Islands, February ~— On 14 February a quick trip was made out through the pack ice to conduct a reconnaissance preliminary to taking the cargo ships out for the passage north, Nearly ice-free water was traversed at first until at 65953'S, 110°13'E a solid, consolidated mass of ice was encountered which brought the ship up short (Fig. 27). Edging away from this ice to the west, and entering fairly loose pack, the ice was left behind at about 65°921!S, 109930'E, Following a more westerly route on the return passage south, ice of not more than eight-tenths 51 LG6{ Atenuer [¢ 0; Azenuer FZ - siseoD ppng pue xouy ‘suotytpuod acy ‘97 “31q somite =, S LS6I'NWE 6Zmec. 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NHB} 901 BunoA=A ae ateianoa soar ro AQ] Aepuoras ‘jueulwop aBean02 anaes 1° ov) NOHLWYINIONOD QN3931 53 concentration and three feet thickness was encountered until the open water adjacent to the Windmill Islands was reached. Cn 15 February pack ice commenced moving in from the northeast, and by the 16th had almost completely filled the waters adjacent to Wilkes Station, making small boat operations difficult and time- consuming. Starting out early on the morning of 17 February 1957, the GLACIER led the cargo ships out through the pack ice without difficulty. The ice never offered serious resistance to the progress of the convoy and was at most only about eight-tenths in concentration, of which seven-tenths was block and brash with one-tenth small floes. It averaged three feet thick during the greater part of the passage. The change in ice conditions during the preceeding two weeks was very marked, indeed. Where the convoy had struggled through massed pack, it now sailed easily through more or less disintegrated ice. Open water was reached at about 65°37'S, 109°10'E and no more ice was seen on the northward passage, except a few blocks, which were passed through that night. March - Departing Port Lyttelton, New Zealand on 2 March 1957 for Little America, McMurdo Sound, Moubray Bay, and then Australia, the NORTHWIND started the final venture of the 1956-1957 season into the Ross Sea. Unlike previous entries when the gamut of ice from isolated bergs to heavy pack ice was encountered, only one area pre- sented any concentration of ice that might be termed difficult. From Port Lyttelton to Little America no sea ice was encountered until arrival on 9 March at Little America where air temperatures of -17°F caused the formation of slush and pancake ice (Fig. 28). Leav- ing Kainan Bay on 10 March the NORTHWIND traversed generally open water with some patches of new ice. Enroute to McMurdo Sound the track was open with the exception of some bands of scattered ice, McMurdo was reached on 11 March and departure was made on 12 March for the Cape Hallett-Moubray Bay area. In contrast to the open water in and adjacent to McMurdo Sound (Fig. 23E), isolated belts and patches of scattered ice and bands of broken ice were encountered on the passage to Moubray Bay. In the Cape Hallett-Moubray Bay area on 13 March the heaviest ice of the trip was met. It was close ice, 4 to 6 feet thick, and under a moderate amount of pressure. On leaving Moubray Bay on the 14th the NORTHWIND passed through a few miles of broken and scattered ice which was the last ice seen enroute to Sydney, Australia except for a few, widely dispersed icebergs. Be. Bottom Sediments 1. General The analyses of the 43 bottom samples obtained indicate that they are mainly of terrigenous origin and may be classified generally ok LG61 YOAPW FI 01 YOASWP 6 - LAS SsOYy ‘SUOTIIPUOD ad] 821 "97 ‘814 pawnssy —— — uxouy ——— [Aavannog) TSvouzqNn| efuAlog O pea] y9e19 dat SIUNLW34 Y3LYM. (maj) suajmou8 pue syiq ABiag uv (Auew) s1a)nou8 pue syiq Aliag Vv (wa)) $8893) 7 (Auew) s81aqa9} Vv — | [NIS1dO_GNW1 JO 301 nels ‘a g pesalduledg SHOW ()() O) é = wu ¥ Isez2aU=U adaym Si 221 pep WA 301 payed \V\/ aH de coduierg Ad WHDOdOL Pd Pd Pd vanoy=y Jal) pue sao}j uel yo syyuay—"u uaz01j=4 U3}}ou 40 u970y) Jou j! pa1anoo 89} jo syjuay ony!puo9 yueulwiop Pd ‘$3100Nd} (1a}eM OU) a8eJaA09 0°] 8e19A09 01 0) 810 8€18A09 8'0 0) S'0 98219A09 $10 0) 1'0 Aepuosas ‘jueulwop Vv ECT] aNga931 a8evaA09 |'0> ahead Rea Dan Ong GNv ‘008 ‘OT9 ‘080 os ae SNOLIWHINFONOD 1V901 MOvVUL SNOT S3HOLWd GNv|\Si738 Gav 10s! ZS6I HOUWW PT i ot 1 59 as marine glacial till. However, in a few cases, particularly from Vincennes Bay, the sediments were predominantly of biological origin, Very little chemical weathering of the shelf sediments is apparent and also very little sorting except for one locality in the Weddell Sea, and at Kainan Bay in the Ross Sea. Exceptions to this are those sediments composed primarily of organic remains. Identifications and percentages of the mineral and organic constituents of the sediments are rough approximations, since these were identified and estimated under a binocular microscope. 2. The Weddell Sea Area The STATEN ISLAND obtained ten grab samples and three cores in the Weddell Sea. Of these, only one sample (orange-peel 1) was taken from the continental slope, at a depth of 1100 fathoms, This sample is not significantly different from the majority of other Weddell samples, except for its higher degree of sorting in the clay and silt sizes, and a high content of Radiolaria, Except for one restricted area, all bottom samples exhibit poor sorting. The surface texture of the coarser fractions are glassy to frosted while both average sphericity and roundness are highly variable. The sand and gravel in these sediments are composed predominately of feldspar with either quartz or rock fragments of secondary importance. Common minor constituents are mica, garnet, hornblende, Radiolaria, and sponge spicules. The predominant grain size of these sediments, except for rock fragments to cobble size, range from fine sand to clay. In an area centered approximately 77°15'S, 44°50'W, the bottom sediment analysis indicates the presence of a very well sorted, predominately quartzitic, medium-size sand. The grains possess high sphericity and roundness, and their surface textures range from frosted to polished. These sediments occur in water less than 200 fathoms deep, and exhibit every characteristic attributed to beach or dune sands. Aliquot samples of the bottom sediments from the Weddell Sea area were collected and immediately frozen for the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. Final analysis by Scripps has not been completed at this time, but a preliminary bacterial analysis indicates that the sediments had very low or no viable aerobic bacteria, and had considerable numbers of viable sulfate reducing bacteria. 3. The Ross Sea Area Sixteen bottom samples were obtained in the Ross Sea Area; nine grab samples and seven Phleger cores. Of these sixteen samples, eight were taken in McMurdo Sound, two in Kainan Bay, two in Moubray Bay, and four in the western sector of the Ross Sea, In addition one bottom photo, the first ever taken in the Antarctic, was obtained in McMurdo Sound (Annex B). 56 The McMurdo Sound samples were consistent in composition and character, They were generally gray to black in color, with the grains having dull, rough surface textures, and medium average spheri- city and roundness. Medium to coarse sand sizes predominate in the coarse fractions, and the grains are chiefly composed of volcanic fragments with volcanic glass secondary. Appreciable quantities of feldspar, siliceous organic remains, and often shell fragments are also present. These sediments account for the hard bottom which causes difficulty in obtaining samples. The character of the samples from Kainan Bay is entirely different. They are composed of soft, light olive gray to olive black plastic mud. The samples consist predominately of silt to clay-size fractions. The larger size grains have a dull, rough to pitted and polished surface texture, and medium average sphericity and roundness. Feldspar was the predominant mineral in samples from this area, with quartz secondary and appreciable amounts of rock fragments and mica present. GLACIER sample 3 indicates considerable percentages of volcanic glass, magnet— ite, and sponge spicules, but it may be contaminated from a previous sample taken with the same instrument in McMurdo Sound, The longest core of the operation was taken in Kainan Bay by the ATKA; a 48-inch core was obtained using a piston corer (a modified Phleger), with a penetration to 53 inches, At the time of analysis this had been reduced in length to 41 inches due to compaction and dessication during transport. Particle size was predominantly in the silt and clay sizes throughout its entire length. The mineralogical content was also consistent at roughly 60% feldspar, 30% quartz, 10% rock fragments, and an appreciable quantity of mica, However, a slight change occurs in the 33- to 35-inch segment. A somewhat coarser fraction is introduced while the mica decreases to a trace, and a prominent trace of pyrite appears. Many granitic and gneissic pebbles and cobbles were also dredged up in Kainan Bay. The two Moubray Bay samples obtained by the NORTHWIND differ considerably from each other both in size distribution and mineralo- gical content. Sample 1 taken in 205 fathoms consists of medium to coarse, black, volcanic sand with medium average sphericity and round- ness. Its constituents were primarily of volcanic origin of which 50% was fragmental. The other sample, however, taken closer inshore in 111 fathoms, consists of grayish brown fine sand to silt, with a high organic content. The grains were of low average sphericity and roundness and the volcanic constituent was only 25%. Four bottom samples were obtained by the GLACIER along approximately 175°E in the Ross Sea. These sediments are grayish olive to yellowish gray in color and primarily of biological origin, except for sample 5. This sample is a fine- to medium-size sand, consisting mostly of feldspar with quartz secondary and minor rock fragments, sponge spicules, and magnetite present. Dl 4. Off the Coast of Wilkes Land Twelve bottom samples were obtained in Vincennes Bay by the GLACIER; five grab samples and 7 Phleger cores. These range from granitic and quartzitic pebbles and cobbles to fine-grained, siliceous, biological remains, Diatoms and spicules compose about 95% of the coarser fraction of the fine-grained surface sediments in samples 15, 17, 18, and 22, These range in average particle size from clay to fine sand, At depths of 20 to 23 inches in sample 18, the organic remains decrease to a trace, and the coarse fraction of the sediment consists of about 65% feldspar, 30% quartz, and the remainder mica and pyroboles. The average grain size remains about the same throughout the length of the cores, while the average sphericity and roundness of the sand grains are medium, and the surface textures are dull and rough. The color of the sediments is olive gray. Very little organic remains are present in the bottom samples obtained in water depths greater than 150 fathoms.. Their grain size is predominantly sand except for numerous pebbles, They range from light olive brown through gray in color, The grains are medium high to medium low average sphericity and roundness, and their surface textures are dull and rough. The mineral content of the sediments is predominantly feldspar, with a high percentage of quartz, and appreciable quantities of rock fragments and magnetite. 5. New Zealand Area The USS ATKA obtained two cores in the New Zealand area while enroute to a logistics port. All the subsamples from both cores show a predominance of the clay-silt size fractions with a very small amount of sand and larger size particles. Surface texture is dull to rough throughout both, while average sphericity and roundness is medium in sample C-1 and slightly less than medium in sample C-5, Mineralo- gical analyses indicate a fairly high percentage (50%) of feldspar with lesser amounts of quartz and organic material. C. Transparency and Water Color Table 1 summarizes the transparency and water color data obtained on DEEP FREEZE II. Note that all transparency values in the Ross Sea fall between 20 and 22 meters with one exception. The observation in Kainan Bay produced the relatively low value of 7 meters in early January. McMurdo Sound values varied from 47 meters in early November to 5 meters in late December. The low values resulted from a heavy plankton crop which discolored the water and gave it a distinctly fishy taste and odor, even after passing through the ship's evaporators, In the Weddell Sea Area, transparencies were greater at the higher latitudes, These latter observations were usually taken in the calm water of leads or polynyas within the pack ice, 58 Color variations ranged from 2% to 20% yellow, with two observa- tions of 2%, eleven of 5%, six of 9%, six of 14%, and one of 20%. The bluest water (2% yellow) was found in the Weddell Sea, and the one observation of 20% yellow (greenish-blue water) was taken in late December in McMurdo Sound during a period of heavy plankton growth. Table 1, Transparency and Water Color Date Position Transparenc Water Color (Meters) (Percent yellow) Ross Sea 8 Nov 1956 76°18'S, 174°56'E 20 u0h 9 Nov 1956 74°55'S, 174053'E 22 ly 9 Nov 1956 73°R7'S, 175°08'E 20 ih 10 Nov 1956 72925'S, 174°10'E 22 5 18 Dec 1956 69°10'S, 177°55tE 38 = Kainan Bay 1 Mar 1957 FEMOUS, WS7LASia i 14 McMurdo Sound 28 Oct 1956 77°36'S, 166°O7'E 20 5 h Nov 1956 77°40'S, 166°14'E hey 5 10 Nov 1956 T7T°L9'S, 166°29'E 15 9 21 Dec 1956 77939'S, 166°02'E 5 as 27 Dec 1956 7793'S, 166°221E 15 20 Vincennes Bay 8 Feb 1957 66°16'S, 110°33'E 8 S 14 Feb 1957 66°12'S, 109°56'E 12 5 Weddell Sea 9 Dec 1956 55°18ts, 61°12'W - 2 10 Dee 1956 56°KA'S, 55°32'W i 5 10 Dec 1956 =57934"S, 53°10'W 6 = 11 Dec 1956 58°37'S, 4L°ho'w 9 9 11 Dec 1956 «= 5 9°37"S, 27925'W 9 9 12 Dec 1956 60°19'S, 44°23'W al 14 13 Dec 1956 60°33'S, 37°20'W 6 9 15 Dee 1956 59°28'S, 25°09'W 14 2 17 Dee 1956 SNUSTOMLN sy, AIGISE CU 15 5 18 Dec 1956 62939'S, 14°21'W - 2 20 Dec 1956 67°33'S, 11°)1'w 9 14 DiDeclg5o) i) Mla lSs a3 o32NW 20 5 28 Dec 1956 72°00'S, 15°14 'W 15 5 16 Jan 1957 TSB 5S, STOLE W 18 9) 16 Jan 1957 76°02'S, 56°30'W 21 5 20 Jan 1957 9=°77°21"S, 44°30'W 1G 5 IBeheD IST. | ib 2Or'S» 25255! Wi 16 5 Wh WES USE SIGS, zal 10 9 59 D. Continuous Temperature Recordings The GLACIER commenced recording sea surface and air temperatures while off Cuba, and continued such records almost without interruption until just before the pack was reached. The GLACIER again recorded surface water temperatures on the northern trip to New Zealand in November, and on the return trip in December. Recording of water temperature was also accomplished across the Pacific from New Zealand to Callao, Peru and north to Panama and Boston. An interesting trace was obtained when the GLACIER crossed the Gulf Stream and again when the continental slope of North America was reached. Analysis of the GLACIER's continuous temperature records show that in the Caribbean and tropical areas, the air temperatures five feet above the water surface averaged one to two degrees lower than the water temperatures. This probably resulted from cooling by evaporation. Simultaneous welldeck temperatures were slightly higher than either the water or the air immediately above the water, and on occasion they were considerably higher. South of about 40°S, the air immediately above the water averaged slightly warmer than the water itself, and the welldeck temperatures were the coolest. Because of installation failure and early encounter with the pack-ice, the sea water element was not used aboard the STATEN ISLAND until moored along the Filchner Shelf in the Weddell Sea. Water temperatures remained relatively steady (between -1,0° and -2,0°C) as the element was actually under newly formed ice. Air temperatures were variable, but were generally well below O°C. After departing from pack ice areas enroute northward, the sea element recorded temperatures varying around O°C, and gradually reaching around 5.0°C. A three-degree rise (6.0° to 9.0°C) within two hours steaming (about 30 nautical miles) marked the Antarctic Convergence. The position and description of the convergence is described under "Bathythermograph Observations" in this report. The NORTHWIND began taking continuous records of surface and air temperature upon departure from Hawaii, and except for periods of mechanical breakdown of equipment or traverse of ice-covered areas records were made during two passages from New Zealand to the Antarctic and during operations in the Ross Sea area. Data collected agreed in general with those of the GLACIER for the Antarctic, but damage to the sea water resistance thermometer from contact with ice render an absolute analysis of the data impractical. 60 E. Deep Scattering Layer The Deep Scattering Layer (DSL) causes a premature and partial reflection of the intermittent sound signals emitted by an echo-sounder. This results in a trace at shallower depths on the echograms in addition to the normal bottom trace. The exact cause of this "phanvom bottom!" has not been fully determined, but as it migrates toward the surface during darkness, and away from the surface during brightness, a biolog- ical origin is implied. Echograms from an AN/UQN-1 series echo-sounder were obtained aboard the USS GLACIER during Operation DEEP FREEZE II, Notes on the daily occurrence of the DSL were taken by the Hydrographic Office Representa-— tive aboard the GLACIER, and the data obtained from the Pacific and Antarctic areas were subsequently analyzed in the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. During the 63 days of steaming, definite evidence of a daytime development of the DSL appeared on the echograms south of about 64°30'S, The layer was observed only as an audible signal on at least 12 other days, and was heard along one track as far south as about 65°30'S, The layer traces usually exhibited typical negative phototaxis movement, i.e., movement away from light. Variations in this cycle have been described and discussed in the DEEP FREEZE I Report. Prevailing daytime depth of the layer, both on the echograms and by audible signal, the occurrence of double layers, and other pertinent notes are shown in Figure 28. The Antarctic Convergence was crossed once in October, by the GLACIER while the DSL was being recorded, and no change in depth was evident. In February, south of Tasmania, rough weather during the crossing of the convergence interfered with the recording. However, south of the convergence the DSL was recorded at a depth of 200 fathoms, and 250 fathoms to the north for a period of two hours, Data on the positions of disappearance and reappearance of the layer as recorded on the echograms of the GLACIER are shown below: Position of Disappearance and Reappearance of DSL Approximate Approximate Location of Location of Antarctic Antarctic Date Disappearance Convergence Reappearance Convergence 13 Oct 56 6221'S 2°21 to north 14 Nov 56 58°930'S 3°30!" to south 14 Dec 56 61°20'S 1°10! to south 20 Feb 57 61°20'S 6°20! to north 61 206 °SOl Oe! °GEL (1Sq) toheT Butzazyeos daaq OS! =e ee Eee eee eee eee Ee ee eee seer "62 “81a oS9l O81 oG9l 20S SS SS Ss iat 1 SEI eeeerterert ni} mag [pect ee oo¢e -OSI Ve a OA nos Iss 6 0080 aaplquiay very som Os!I-OOl ~1m4 <5 ony SI “L901 0080 reson b05 oH ‘LdaS 62 0080 ‘ddv b 0080 OSI “1d3s S21 Udy TefoeIee °SOl “£90 LI Sogo NO et 1) © Di gf D EX _7. 001 SUSINOUVN S: ss i a 2021 SEL “UV El $355 Se Se See SSS Ss Se Sooo. 2OSl 0080, _ se = SW9VYL 4O SON3Z _HiNOS MO138 G304003¥ 1Sd ON ‘030 2) ooso& — Ply ‘190 Ie 0080. _ 4y3BLVM NddO <@— g3u31N3 “AON €1 0080 WIVd GAYSLN3S OSe ae “030 y1 0080 002 y3H1V3M HONOY “AON SI 0080 00-002 1 taoroa « “930 11 0080 ws ¥3040934 002 1 HLHON 1309 003 purpyany. voweig wos ory 259 auegsia 4 BSS e SNOILISOd 1$7 LN3S3Yd3y (XOUddv) 3ON3OYTANOD DILOWINY 77/7 (Y3QNN0S OHO3 NO) AINO 37gianv 4sa_ ooey uaav7 atenoa =a {00% Ava JO SAWIL es ANSU3SSIG LV SH1d3d ONITIVARYd SWOHLV3 NI YBAV1 40 dOL JO Hid3d ONITIVASYd WVY9OHOS NO IN3S8vV 180 WVY9OHDS NO ILN3AS3Yd 180 (p-99V) YaIOV1IN SSN 4O WOVYL 0080 QN3931 as GOI -O8l ‘@4a4 Se 0080 ; a Rae ah Ps ~~~ 4Sv09 SIHL SNOTV ~agquooay 1Sq ON ~~ — 9S? ¥— a= ee) va - 934 12 0080 “YVW | 0080 Or eey aeinogre NVP €2 oar a g3321 0080. USLVM N3dO G3u31N3 yg woyoairy 10015 © YAN38NYO. misnny 0d 0 &% vas vunavay é hz 62 In the report on DEEP FREEZE I, DSL observations of the French Antarctic Expedition of 1948-1949 were discussed. During the French expedition of 1949-1950 the COMMANDANT CHARCOT passed through the ice pack into open water to the south, where the DSL was recorded as far south as 66°S, Shoal water prevented further observations. As usual, ice interfered with the operation of the echo-sounder when the GLACIER was steaming through the pack. The DSL was never recorded and was only rarely and weakly heard while the ship was in the pack, although special checks were made in open leads. Once again the complete absence or poor development of the layer was noted during the ship's passage through the central South Pacific Ocean. This absence was especially lengthy, extending on the GLACIER®s track from about 41°9S, 171°W to about 20°S, 107°W. F, Biological Collections Cursory field examination of the collected material indicates an abundant plankton complex. The benthonic populetion on the shelf areas was extremely rich in invertebrates and fish, both in amount and variety of forms. These include asteroids, ophiuroids, holothurians, echinoids, crinoids, bryozoa, hydroids, alcyonaria, keratose and silicious porifera, isopods, amphipods, decapods, annelids, brachiopods, mollusca and many other groups. Fish were usually taken by means of the Blake trawl. Whale and other marine animal observations were recorded where possible and these data are on file in the Hydrographic Office. Killer whales were observed in the southernmost extremity of the Weddell Sea among other locations, About thirty whales (probably finback and sei) were observed in Kainan Bay on 7 January 1957. Seals were encountered in all areas, and penguins were observed in all previously reported locations. An Emperor penguin rookery, observed in Gould Bay in the Filchner Ice Shelf, is believed to have been previously unreported, 63 mie. ai Are p23) APPENDIX A OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION DATA 65 Explanation of Data GENERAL Each of the items appearing on the data pages is explained below. The vertical arrows shown in some of the column headings indicate the location of decimal points. The presence of an asterisk to the left of the data indicates that data as doubtful; hence, such data were not used in the construction of the curve from which the interpolated values (standard depth values) were derived. Observed values which were obviously false were omitted. SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 1, Cruise Number - This number is arbitrarily assigned. It identifies the cruise and provides a means of sorting from the IBM file all cards pertaining to that particular cruise. For Operation DEEP FREEZE II, 1956-1957, cruise number 00560 was assigned to the USS ATKA (AGB-3), cruise number 00561 to the USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5), cruise number 00562 to the USCGC NORTHWIND (WAGB-282), and cruise number 00563 to the USS GLACIER (AGB-/,). 2. Station Number — Stations are numbered consecutively, start— ing with one, at the beginning of each cruise. Therefore, for a complete identification of a particular station, both cruise and station number are necessary. 3. Date — Month and day are given in Arabic numerals. The last three figures of the year are indicated. The hour is Greenwich Mean Time and is that hour nearest to the start of the first cast. 4, Latitude and Longitude - The position of the station is given in degrees and minutes, 5. Sonic Depth - Sonic Depth is the uncorrected sounding for the station, recorded in meters, 6, Maximum Sample Depth - The maximum depth from which a water sample was obtained at the station is given to the nearest 100 meters. 7. Wind — Wind speed is given in meters per second. Direction from which the wind blows is coded in degrees true to the nearest ten degrees, The last zero is omitted. North is 36 on this scale and calm is O. See Tables Defining Code Sumbols - I, Compass Direction Conversion Tables for Wind, Sea, and Swell Directions. 8, Anemometer Height - The height of the anemometer above the waterline is given in meters. 67 9. Barometric Pressure - Barometric pressure is coded in millibars, neglecting the 900 or 1000. Thus, 996 millibars is coded as 96, and 1008 millibars is coded as 08, 10, Air Temperature - Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures are entered to the nearest tenth of a degree (centigrade). A negative temperature is coded by dropping the minus sign and adding 50; thus -10° is coded as 60, ll. Humidity - The percent of humidity is coded directly, 100 percent being coded as 99, 12. Weather — Weather is coded as indicated under Tables Defining Code Symbols — II, Numerical Weather Codes — Present Weather, 13. Cloud — Cloud type and amount are coded as indicated under Tables Defining Code Symbols — III, Cloud Type and IV, Cloud Amount. 1k. Sea = Sea direction and amount are coded as indicated under Tables Defining Code Symbols - V. Sea Amount. 15. Swell — Swell direction and amount are coded as indicated under Tables Defining Code Symbols - VI, Swell Amount. 16. Visibility - Visibility is coded as indicated under Tables Defining Code Symbols - VII, Visibility. 17, Color - Water color is coded as percent yellow. 18, Transparency - Water transparency is coded as the depth of visual disappearance of a white Secchi disc, recorded to the nearest meter. SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 1. Sample Depth — Observed (actual) depth of each sample is given in meters. Interpolated values at standard depths are also given. The standard depths, in meters, are: 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, and hence every 1000 meters. 2. Temperature — The centigrade temperature is given in degrees and hundredths, 3, Salinity - Salinity is given in parts per thousand (by weight) to two decimal places, 4. Sigma-t - To convert to density divide by 1000 and add 1. thus, a sigma-t value of 22.35 converts to a density of 1.02235. 5. Delta—D - The values in the columns are the anomalies of dynamic depths from the surface to each level in dynamic meters. Each entry is the cumulative sum of the anomalies of dynamic depth of the layer above, These values have been computed for the Standard depths only, and serve to identify computed points, 68 6. Dissolved Oxygen - These values are given in milliliters per liter to two decimal places, Because of pollution in one of the analyzing reagents, the oxygen values presented are considered doubtful in the absolute sense, but satisfactory from a relative viewpoint. 7. Sound Velocity - Sound velocity is given in feet per second to one decimal place, corrected for pressure at each depth, TABLES DEFINING CODE SYMBOLS I, Compass Direction Conversion Table for Wind, Sea, and Swell Directions Code Direction Ocsascscanneca Calm Olsoscsoseseoau 5° to 14° 02---------- 15° to 240 NNE 03 ---------- 25° to 3h0 Oh---------- 35° to 4ho O5—---------- 45° to 54° NE 0(6---------- 55° to 640 Woasaacaeeaecd 65° to 74° ENE og ---------- 750 to 81,0 09) yo eke eee 85° to 940 E Ona ee eat ta 95° to 104° Id ete Cae 105° to 114° ESE Wosaseseoecsce 115° to 124° 13 =-----=------ ABS 9) LB Hs om Hare, one a 135° to 144° SE Weoesassosceocoe UKE) ia) aleyh? ee ae ee ee 155° to 164° SSE Wcckooagsoaegs 165° to 174° WoescsscesSsaan 175° to 184° S Wossaeasoas 185° to 194° RON to ech) Ce Seale ee 195° to 204° SSW Digs Be. igen eye 204° to 214° DO eye ahi YES eye 215° to 221° 233---------- 225° to 234° SW Die Pe mi ee, le oom 235° to 24° Goaasasssac 245° to 254° WSW 2) Shee sich ee ee ee 255° to 264° Pee Soe ase 265° to 274° W DG epee eae ait 275° to 284° DG ea on rete a REN ME IS Ha 285° to 294° WNW 30 -e-------- 295° to 304° MlLoaeaD oon ooS 305° to 314° 32 ---------- 315° to 324° NW Bossogeas = — 325° to 334° 3Bh--- eee eo 335° to 344° NNW 35 ---------- BUSS T to 354° 36 —---------- 350° to, (4° UN “uoljeasasqgo yo awiy ye yey yyIM wJo}suapuny} AaeaH 66 “dapUNy) YIM pajeisosse jou ‘paxiw MOUS pue ules JO Uled yNOYWM 40 YyIM JO (S)samMOYsS yYaIS 68 ‘(uOniUNap “S°n "}aa|S) sjajjad ao; 62 “Aneay JO ajesapow ‘mous pue ajzzup so uiey 69 “Aneay JO ayesapow ‘ures pue a|/zz14ug 6S “ajqiusaosip you Ays ‘alls Buljisodap ‘B04 6V “ysiy Ajjesaued ‘mous Buljjup Aneay 6E “uolyeAsasqo yo awl} ye JON 4NG ‘inoy ysed Bulinp (uo -eyidioaid ynOYyIM 40 YIM) W4o0ySdapunyy 6c sanoy ysed Buiinp yysis ur yim (s)pnojd jauuny 61 “uolyeAsasqo} -wood W4O}sJapuNy) 86 “paxily MOUS pue ules JO ules 3NO "UOIJEAJASGO jO BWI} JO @WI} }e WO}Spues JO}}e MOUS W0}S}SNP YyIM PaUIg!yyIM yng ‘Wey ynoYzIM]}eY yyIM ‘WA0}ssapuNY ‘Ws0}SsapUNY} Aneay “UO!yeAJasgo $O @Wl} }e MOUS 40/pue uled}'uoleAsasqgo jO ai} }elJ0/pue ules YIM yng ‘HEY JNOUJIM W0}SJap ayesapOW 10 YYBINS |-uny} “pow JO yYyBIS "paxiuy MOUS "UJI 10 UYIM [ey [jews] PUP Ules 40 Wied ynoyyIM 40 ¥jOS 40 (S)saMOYUS Aneay 10 ayesapow 88 ‘(Boy MOUJIM 4O YIM) S}e}SAsD MOUS a¥I|2}S Pa}ejOS| 82 “yYyBIs ‘mous pue ajzzZup so uley 89 “Vyas ‘ules pue ajzziig 8S Bulunp say914y, awoojsed Buunp “(Boy ynoyjyim 40 Yj}IM) MOUS JejnueI5 Aneay 10 ayesapow ‘a/ZZUup Bulzaady 4914} 10 ayesapow 4O Y}IM [BY [jes 10 {OS yO (S)Jamoys *(S)49MOYS MOUS }YBIIS Z£8 “UOI}EAISGO 4O aly “(Boj yNOYWMI}e Aaeay ‘saxe|ymous 40 YIM) Sajpaau adj yo jjey snonulyuoD LL 92 SZ “uOlyeAJaSqo jo au) ye Aneay ‘(3uizaaij| 4 snonuijuoD, Rete) ‘ules Buizaasy tes Buizaadjy yYBNS 99 LON) (LE) “uOIeAIaSGO 40 alu} 4e 4914) “(BuIzee4} LON) *a|ZZIup Bulzaasy yYysS}ajzZiup snonuijuo0g ZG “anoy ysed “anoy 4ayo1uyysed Bulsinp adueyo *a/G!UJa2SIp AyS}-aq 40 un3aq sey ‘ajqijaworeq 40 UNdaq seylajqeisaidde ou ajqi ‘auld Bunisodap ‘Bo4 -UJa9SIP LON Ays ‘304 ‘ajqiusaosip Ays ‘304 97 -WJ@9SIP JON Ays ‘B04 Sv ajesapow 10 yy BE “UOI}eAJaSGO jO aw} ‘uoljeadasgo}ye® LON 3NQG yO awl} }e JON }ng/Buunp ‘snoy ysed Sulinp 304 8¢e “anoy ysed Buinplay} ye uoljeyidioaid ou jnq ‘pueay sapunyy WYBIs UIYyyIM (s))}eENbS sl “anoy ysed duunp uonejs je 40 jO YSIS UIYJIM W40}S pues 40 uss0}s}snq 60 “anoy ysed UlyyIM (S)|IA@Pl}o awWiy ye ‘pum Aq]'ue ayy ul pesies pues 40 sng ' ysnp pedojanap |jaM 80 ‘MOUS BuUlylup AAeay $O 40 “[124 JO SIBMOYS “ynoy “MO|}}sed Bulunp paseaisa “mo| Aljes9uaa|Ajjesauad ‘mous Buljjup|-ul sey ‘wWsio}spues |a}eaPOW 40 4YBIS |40 wW0js}snp asanes 9E SE "UOI}eAIASGO jO ali} ; ‘anoy ysedhe JON 3Nqg ‘4noy ysed}-yoNeasasqo jo awl} je! 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Cloud Amount No clouds Less than 1 2/10 and 3/10 1/10 O or 1/10 7/10 and 8/10 9/10 and 9/10 plus 10/10 Sky obscured V. Sea Amount Approximate Height (feet) Description al ------ Calm Less than 1 Smooth 1 to 3 Slight 3 to 5 Moderate 5 to 8 Rough Emitom2 Very Rough 12 to 20 High 20 to 40 Very high 40 and over Mountainous ------ Very rough confused sea VI. Swell Amount Approximate Approximate Code Height Description Length (feet) (feet) ) aaa No swell -----— Short - 0 to 600 1 to 6 Low swell Average 2 Long Above 600 3} Short O to 300 4 Cutol2 Moderate Average 300 to 600 5 Long Above 600 6 Greater Short O to 300 FI than 12 High Average 300 to 600 8 Long Above 600 Oy ea Confused ee VII, Visibility Code 6) Dense Fog - -------------- rrr rr 50 yards ab Thick Fog - - ------------------ 200 yards 2 FOR = = =) = i 400 yards 3 Moderate Fog ------------- tre 1000 yards 4 Thins Hog or Misty) ai me meee em) ie 1 mile 5 Visibility poor - ----------------- 2 miles 6 Visibility moderate - - -------------- 5 miles a Visibility good -------=+--=------- 10 miles 8 Visibility very good -------------- 30 miles 9 Visibility excellent ------------ Over 30 miles 72 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00560 0001 957 10S 167 26W 0640 02 m/sec 04 24 Demirci aco cae 4 om 2 68 OZ GB 1 eS SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 =O) 0 000 4721 7 0000 -01 ae a a os a *8 4) 4721 7 0009 ON O15 34 01 At OY *8 42 4722 5 0010 -O1 04 34 O1 2 BY 0) Woy 4722 7 0020 -00 92 34 Ol 2Y 3» ©) OND 4725 2 0025 -00 87 34 01 Aq Sst *8 47 4726 3 0030 -00 82 34 02 2U 37 OO @Q22 4727 4 0050 -00 70 34 05 Ayr 39 © Ose 4730 6 0050 -00 70 34 05 Ai ZS) *8 56 4730 6 0075 = O09 34 O07 AU Gh 0, O82) 4730 8 0075 OO) 79) 34 O07 27 41 *8 56 4730 8 0100 -01 00 34 18 ZT ON LOM OG8 4729 4 0100 -01 00 34 18 At Bal #8 25 4729 4 0150 On 72 SS -2)z) 27 65 O 094 4721 7 0150 [Oil 72 34 33 2m, 61D *7 05 4721 7 0200 = O20 O13 34 37 2 9) .@ WS 4720 0 0200 “OF OF Ui 2y Vas Ne *6 48 *4706 4 0250 -0O1 88 By Be) CA SOMA IG: 4725 4 0300 -0O1 80 34 41 2u 12 © we 4729 7 0300 -01 80 34 41 ay U2 #6 43 4729 7 0400 = O81 34 42 2U 13 O NOY 4735 3 0400 O83 34 42 ay vs *6 49 4735 3 0500 =O) 8:1 0500 = OA (8)! Reo GS) 6). Bal SOU 3a RaS6) 5 73 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE SONIC MAX. CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00560 9002 02 10 DU 49S 166 29E 0527 05 02 | ain TemP tc | vl ANEMO. | BAR. pai teme sc | EME Be Enis WEATHER | coun _| Swetl HGT. | PRESS. Sl abel Pato reales 05 24 67 8 cm 3 Qe) % ©f iI SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS rane Cauca DEPTH 0000 -O1 co00 -01 a 2G} Zl 0010 —On 73) 0010 =O, 7/3) LI} 2G 0020 -O1 74 0020 -01 74 *8 22 0030 -O1 43 0030 -O1 43 *8 07 0050 Oi! 2O 0050 Oil ZO) OU 62 C075 Oil 25) 0075 =O 25 7 KB 0100 -O1 34 0100 — Opies 4 *6 90 0150 -C01 87 0150 -Ol 87 +6 47 0200 —O)il S72 0200 -O1 92 *6 37 0250 Oil Sal 0300 -01 90 0300 -01 90 *6 44 400 = Oil 28)7 0400 Al) 7/ *6 41 0500 Orit “Shal 0500 S(0)il al *6 38 74 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 9001 09 956 BS) als) 061 12W 4023 pwn | ANEMO, | BAR. AR | ain Tempo “e Puen MEER frvwee Tom | MOP YL ory [very | * m/sec 93 08 32 22 08 04 6 O04 1 Science ES roan 3 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS OOOO 0 000 4811 2 0000 a se ah a se a *7 34 4811 2 0010 05 07 34 06 26 94 O 011 48119 0015 05 O07 34 06 26 94 *7 24 4812 2 0020 05 02 34 06 26 95 0 022 4811 8 0030 04 95 34 07 26 97 O 033 4811 5 PIO OB Be Oa S2 34 08 26 98 | eese23 4811 6 0050 04 92 34 13 DPT OL) O O85 4812 5 0056 _ 04 92 34 14 27 93 *7) 310 4812 9 0075 04 78 34 14 2 Of OrOrL 4812 1 0076 | O4 Vi 34 14 27 04 2 2O 4812 1 0100 04 61 34 15 27 Or © NOx 4811 3 0150 04 30 34 18 27 13 © 136 4810 2 0151 34 18 ; *7 08 0200 04 02 34 22 27 lO 203 4809 5 0226 03 89 34 23 2. 2x *6 91 4809 2 0250 03 78 34 23 ZO Zae 4809 1 0300 03 58 34 23 2y Bh O 29il 4809 3 O37 Os) 22 34 22 27 26 *6 59 4810 0 ~ 0400 03 25 34 21 27 25 © S77 4810 5 0500 03 01 34 18 27 25 0 463 4813 0 0525 *02 69 34) Ne) #2728 *6 44 *4809 9 0600 02 84 34 18 2a e Qi OMeSIGS 4816 5 0676 02 76 34 17 AU OU #5 64 4819 8 0800 02 75 34 35 DT AN OY VOS 4827 8 0916 O25 34 47 2G Sy *4 47 4835 2 1000 02 70 34 52 27 55 O 839 4839 7 1194 02 48 34 52 2 BY *4 03 4848 1 75 | ciouo | SWELL WATER 00561 0002 ANEMO. BAR. m/sec 10 03 SAMPLE Si/iate O5mi/I DEPTH 0000 0000 09010 0020 0030 0043 0950 0075 0087 0100 0150 0176 0200 0250 0265 0300 0354 0400 0444 0500 0534 0600 0716 0800 0900 DATE 956 AIR | ain temp sc | Xe} — Loe 25 50 50 49 49 3) 87 70 68 60 56 EI) 49 46 34 WS) 00 69 BS) 36 06 92 85 04 9 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS O1s 0 058 | coun | VIS. ‘Eee [eau] so 8 3 SONIC DEPTH UNCORRECTED 3658 SWELL Oh as 6 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS WWW Ww W WD FWWWWW 76 *7 *7 ¥*6 *6 *6 *6 #6 *6 ¥5 tA) 47 96 4816 4816 4817 4817 4818 4819 4817 4812 4811 4812 4814 4815 4816 4818 4819 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4823 4826 4829 4834 OWANMNNTFPrPOFUOAWFE OY EHH DAYRAOND SAMPLE DEPTH MAX. 09 WATER SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE LONGITUDE SONIC MAX, STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0003 10 956 12 44S 055 32W 4297 lal" sc “peor [foe fax [rw OS) 5277, as 6 04 7 88 08 3 Or & 6 Of 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE S°/.. O,mi/! DEPTH 0000 4806 9 0000 ae a 5) a a 38 27 D1 4806 9 0010 04 74 34 09 27 01 © 011 4807 5 0020 04 74 34 11 ey, D2) CO 0120 4808 2 0030 04 74 34 12 27 03) © -03!2 4808 8 0042 04 74 34 13 27 04 sy 28 4809 6 0050 04 63 34 14 27 06 O 052 4808 6 0075 04 30 34 16 27 ial 0 O77 4805 6 0084 04 19 34 16 Ay WZ *6 76 4804 7 0100 03 96 34 15 CATE LCS {0} akon 4802 4 0150 03 42 34 13 2 Ui, (0 48 yey t 0166 03 30 34 13 27 19 FG. 6 4797 0 0200 03 26 34 15 AU aul 10) aly} 4798 5 0249 zg} ils} VS 7 at 23 *6 23 4799 7 0250 Os} 2 34 17 2 23 0) 2S 4799 6 0300 02 88 34 18 2m) 26) TO 279 4799 2 0332 02 75 34 20 27 29 HS}: GH) 4799 3 0400 02 64 34 25 en 34 10) 359 4802 0 0414 34 26 0497 02 53 34 27 2 3 *5 26 4806 3 0500 02 53 34 27 27 37 0 434 4806 5 0600 02 51 34 34 il) Bede (0) Soa 4812 4 0671 02 50 34 38 27 46 Gs 7S) 4816 7 0800 34 44 0824 *02 64 34 45 #27 50 *4° 15 #4828 1 ai, “ SURFACE OBSERVATIONS © re STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0004 — 956 23 By Ww aas 053 10W TEVA ~~ 2O at ANEMO. BAR. AIRDIEMEREC humioiry WEATHER | ctou | at E HGT. PRESS. >. Ws “m/sec VET TYPE] AMT. 07 8 eee “oD 86 —O2 © OV i z SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 4756 U 0000 aa Se a Si a iy if ©8272 4756 7 oo10 Ol 23 3 Oil Al UB © OOS) 4756 9 0020 O1 18 B38) Dal Zn liGi OM Ons 4756 7 0030 Oil LO, 23 92 27 12. © O27 4756 2 0048 00 92 38 92 ZU 20 *8 08 4754 5 0050 00 88 339.93) 27 22° 0 044 4754 1 0075 00 40 333) OY) 2u 29 O WO5 4748 6 0097 00 09 34 04 At a2) *8 00 4745 5 0100 QO O7 34 04 27 35 O 084 4745 3 0150 00 O07 34 08 23/8) OT LA0 4748 5 0194 00 05 34 14 27 43 5 7 B)7/ 4751 0 0200 00 13 34 15 27 43° 0 154 4752 7 0250 00 73 34 25 27 48 O 186 4765 1 0291 Ona) os Be C2 BZ WG) AG) 4774 5 0300 Ol 28 34 35 2y 33 OO. 215 4776 7 0389 02 06 34 50 27 BS) *4 35 4794 1 0400 02 06 34 51 27 BO © 2ro 4794 8 0488 Bye Gy7/ *4 19 0500 02 96 34 58 2 B*\ © azo 4801 0 0587 O02 06 34 61 27 68 *4 16 4806 3 0600 O02 06 34 61 2n 68 (0) 366 4807 1 0788 02 03 34 64 ZU 1) Gs NY 4818 0 0800 02 02 34 64 AY. VO? O- 455) 4818 5 0988 Ol 86 24 64 2u. U2 Ce 23) 4827 4 1000 Ol 85 34 64 AY VE) O- B&2 4828 0 1200 Ql 72 34 68 i Te © 0) Ze 4838 1 1487 Ol 53 34 71 27 80 #4 42 4852 5 1500 Ona 2. Baia: ZV 80 © 73g 4853 1 1987 Ol 16 34 72 ZT ws) *4 60 4876 8 78 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 37S 049 49OW 6069 10 956 AIR TEMP °C | ctouo | SWELL WATER Eee WEATHER “feel l= [re on 6 om 3} 8 23 2 Oe 1 6 OF OY OOS OOOZ tz ANEMO. | BAR. m/sec 07 0000 0 000 4750 2 0000 ae 76 ti i oy 46 *7 94 4750 2 0010 OO 76 34 16 2, 4) OM OOK, 4750 9 0020 OO 76 34 17 CU G2 Otol 4751 6 0030 OO 76 34 19 Zl 143) 10) 02/0 4752 2 0048 OO 76 34 21 27 45 "7 94 4753 4 0050 00 74 34 21 C2 GE 0) Oss 4753 2 0075 00 50 34 23 27 48 O 049 4751 2 0096 00 34 34 25 2 DO *6 76 4750 1 0100 00 33 34 26 27 51 O 064 4750 2 0150 00 19 34 34 Ar dE @O.O@9Il 4751 4 0194 00 13 34 40 27 64 1) Bal 4753 4 0200 00 13 34 41 27 64 © 115 4753 8 0250 00 16 34 47 Atl ©) § Or Was7/ 4757 5 0292 00 18 34 50 2Yy Wak *6 28 4760 4 0300 00 21 34 50 AT ah O. wer 4761 3 0392 00 54 34 53 At te 5 9 4771 9 0400 00 57 34 53 G2r 2. ©) We 4772 9 0492 *00 36 Bs BS S27 72 GE 22" GAEVTS 3 0500 00 89 34 57 Gl ve © 232 4783 8 0591 01 06 34 62 27 Te 44 87 4791 9 C600 - O1 06 34 62 27 We “0. 273 4792 5 Oprgal O1 06 Bam Au Ue PCT 4803 9 0800 01 05 34 65 2 We O Ba2 4804 3 0990 00 59 34 67 27 83 *5 00 4808 8 79 SU ee OBSERVATIONS Ric ioncceittumetonTe ad) = niu LATITUDE LONGITUDE SONIC MAX. CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE OODSi @G@GOG wa Li 956 23 59 3719 O47 25W 3931 WIN TEMP | ain Teme sc | | wino | p ANEMO, | BAR. | _aintemp co | E e Geaieee EATER J _ciouo | uae y HGT. | PRESS. Is) m/sec TYPE| AMT. TRANS. 09 94 oe © 7 es 0 8 163) 03 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Soo O,mi/I DEPTH 00C0 4744 4 0000 a fi 3G 2b 4744 4 0010 a 32 a oS a ZOOM OOG 4744 8 0020 00 30 34 29 27 S& © ON 4745 1 0030 00 28 34 31 21 56 © OT 4745 5 0045 00 26 34 34 27 58 27) 30) 4746 2 0050 00 25 34 36 Py 130) 0) O27 4746 5 0075 00 25 34 43 27.65 0 039 4748 3 0089 *00 71 Cy Ya oY) 25 62 A756 1 0100 00 24 34 46 27 68 0 050 4749 7 0150 00 23 34 47 2F 69, O OV 4752 6 0179 00 22 34 48 2 TO *5 94 4754 2 0200 00 37 34 51 27 Vi © OOR 4757 8 0250 00 65 34 56 DY TA. O LILO 4765 3 0269 00 73 34 58 27 75 *5 29 4767 7 0300 00 83 34 59 2G 7S O 129 ADGA i 0359 00 93 34 61 27 76 *5 01 4776 1 0400 00 80 34 64 2771S) —O Ns 4776 8 0450 *00 34 34 66 *27 83 *4 83 *4772 9 0500 OM Sv 34 68 27 BA O AZ 4779 4 0541 00 51 34 69 27 85 *5 20 4781 0 0600 00 49 34 70 27 3S. © 220 4784 3 0723 00 46 34 71 27 87 *5 20 4791 2 0800 00 55 34 72 27 By O 2QUs 4797 2 0908 00 79 34 73 27 86 #4 98 4807 2 *1092 00 54 34 75 27 89 *5 00 #4814 5 *1370 00 28 34 75 Py Sal *5 13 *4827 1 *1652 00 14 34 76 27 93 *5 29 *4841 8 #1844 00 09 34 75 27 92 OD 22, VADRG2 ts 80 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 =O007 956 12 o@ IVS 044 23W 5066 09 ANEMO. BAR. AUS VEN | AIR TEMP °c | Sa WEATHER | _ciouo_| =r=l" ale “piele be l= 82 Sil by al 9 3 Wa Or SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -00 4732 9 0000 -00 5 ai 1B ee ae *8 31 4732 9 0010 -00 40 34 12 2 GA 0) OO 4733 1 0020 -00 41 34 12 By Ba 0) Ors) 4733 6 0030 -00 41 Bh VA 27 44 0 020 4734 2 0044 -00 45 34 12 27 44 Li} 1G) 4734 4 0050 -00 51 34 14 27 46 O 032 4733 9 0075 -00 69 34 20 27 51 O 048 4732 9 0089 -00 75 34 24 2y BS) 7) OTe 4732 9 0100 -00 72 34 27 27 57 © O61 4734 2 0150 -00 56 34 41 27 68 O 085 4740 2 0179 -00 44 34 47 OT U2 *6 40 4744 1 0200 -00 29 34 51 On U3 © 104 4747 8 0250 -00 Ol 24 58 27 TS © Weil 4755 4 0270 00 O07 34 60 27 80 2G) 55) 4757 9 0300 00 14 34 60 Pi BO. © W377 4760 7 0362 00 26 34 61 27 80 *5 20 4766 3 0400 OO 31 34 61 27 (30) 0) 1E6E 4769 3 0454 34 62 *4 97 0500 00 41 34 64 27 Bil 0 199) 4776 9 0546 00 44 34 66 27 83 *4 97 4780 1 0600 00 45 34 66 27 Be O© 228 4783 5 0732 00 46 34 66 27 83 #4 95 4791 5 0800 00 49 34 66 27 83 O 286 4796 0 0918 00 57 34 64 27 80 *4 88 4804 1 81 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0008 12 eS) 956 42S 040 49W 1097 lal was ‘Pies l= i [Dees] — 4 a U 8 34 2 0000 00 25 34 28 ar Be) 0 OO 4743 2 0000 00 25 34 28 2y 53 327 NS 4743 2 0010 00 25 34 27 Atl Be). ~ (0) WOKS 4743 7 0020 00 25 34 26 Ay 22. 0) @itit 4744 3 0030 00 24 34 25 Ay ak © Ory 4744 7 0045 00 23 34 24 2 DO) 7 Bi 4745 4 0050 OO 2Zal 34 24 2 BO © O2y 4745 3 0075 00 13 34 24 27 51 O 044 4745 6 0090 00 09 34 24 QU Dal 77 SO) 4745 9 0100 00 04 34 27 Ay Bes 0) We) 4745 9 0150 00 02 34 38 27 63 O 084 4749 0 0181 -00 02 34 45 27 68 63 AYO) 3) 0200 00 13 34 49 Du Wak 0) LOS 4754 1 0250 00 45 34 59 AU ta O Waes 4762 4 0272 00 55 34 62 At 9 ab) ae) 4765 3 0300 00 62 34 65 27 81 O 140 4768 2 0365 00 73 34 70 27 84 Gk, Sf) Ouruss © 0400 00 73 34 72 At BO; ios Gs tie) val 0459 00 72 34 73 OU Ist ¥4 90 4779 5 0554 7002 at SG Ol Ati 7 are EH) @) sy E3CS7/ 7/15) (0) 82 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0009 956 1 6@ 23S 037 20W 2194 3} =ral" ere il pe | 09 01, 4 00 6 2 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 3 2 7 Of @6 SAMPLE Soha O,mi/! DEPTH 0000 -00 4727 7 0000 -00 v5 ah ae 54 1S *8 14 4727 7 0010 -00 70 34 10 2 FZ) (0) O07 4728 4 0020 -00 70 34 12 Dy G5 © One 4729 1 0030 -00 71 34 13 27 46 O 019 4729 6 0043 -00 71 34 14 Oy AT *8 14 4730 4 0050 -00 65 34 13 27 46 O 032 4731 7 0075 -00 45 34 09 27 41 O 048 4736 1 0087 34 08 *B 14 0100 -00 27 34 12 27 43 O 065 4740 5 0150 00 06 34 28 27 54 0 095 4749 2 0177 00 21 OB 78} 0200 00 32 34 41 27 G8 © N25l 4756 7 0250 00 52 34 51 27 7O: 0 1a2 4763 1 0300 00 67 34 58 21 73. O UGw 4768 6 0359 00 78 34 64 Pak) *4 88 4774 0 0400 00 78 34 63 27-13 ~ © L9G 4776 4 0500 OX) 7/7/ 34 62 27 78 O 229 4782 2 0508 00 77 34 62 27 78 *4 84 4782 7 0600 00 63 34 59 27 76 O 264 4785 9 0688 00 54 34 59 27 WV *4 80 4789 8 0800 00 53 34 64 27 81 O 330 4796 5 0870 00 51 34 66 27 82 4800 5 1000 00 47 34 65 27 82 O 391 4807 6 1144 00 39 34 64 27 82 *4 B84 4814 9 1200 OC 34 34 65 au, 83)" 0 450 4817 5 1235 00 32 34 65 27 83 *4 87 4819 3 1421 00 36 34 67 27 84 *4 93 4831 0 1500 00 36 34 67 27 84 O 535 4835 7 1607 00 33 34 66 27 83 iG Oil 4841 6 83 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0010 192. 14 956 04S 033 25W 3733) 25 epee | Se el 08 2D) 22 69 on 8 am 3 70 8 36 2 36 1 6 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS c 0000 -01 33 4718 9 0000 Cal i 32 a 59 oy 26) 7 4718 9 0010 —Oil ZO Bs) No) 24 29 “0. 008 4719 8 0020 Ost ZO 33 94 2U 32> © O16 4720 5 0030 =O 210 33 Si 2 35. © O23) 4721 2 0049 SO) AY) 34 04 27 40 *8 14 4722 8 0050 -O1 20 24 04 2 20. © O37 4722 7 0075 Oh Bat 34) 15 ay G9)" @ O23 4724 5 0098 —O)il\ Zz 324 24 Au Bil *7 30 4726 2 0100 -O1 18 24 24 2 6a, OOG8 4726 9 0150 =O105 318 34 36 2 zs) 0) O72 4742 8 0196 oo 17 34 46 27 68 #15) 5816 4754 4 0200 00 21 34 47 Zit, (69) 10) MISES: 4755 3 0250 00 58 34 60 2U UY ~O. 133) 4764 4 0295 00 77 34 66 27 81 LAS) (0)al 4770 2 0300 OO 1 34 66 27 Bil Or Ma® 4770 5 0394 00 68 34 64 27 80 #4 94 4774 6 0400 00 68 34 64 Zit 80/10) 98:0 4775 0 0493 00 60 34 65 27 81 *4 80 4779 4 0500 00 59 34 65 Ai tsi Or aatal 4779 6 0593 00 51 34 64 21 (sak *4 80 4783 9 0600 00 51 34 64 Qi Bile ON 242 4784 3 0792 00 49 34 69 Ay ee) *4 76 AYOD 1 0800 00 50 34 69 At (33) 0) SOO) 4796 3 0992 00 56 *4 76 1000 00 55 34 68 27 84, O 355 4808 9 1200 00 38 34 67 27 84 0 411 4818 2 1200 00 38 34 67 27 84 Ces Sal 4818 2 1500 00 24 34 67 27 85 O 492 4833 9 1500 00 24 34 67 Quy Be) *4 88 4833 9 2000 00 04 34 59 2, USS 10 Ox) 4860 2 2000 00 04 34 59 Ay U2 BB} aa 4860 2 2500 -00 10 34 61 An 32 \0 Yu 4887 8 2500 -00 10 34 61 27 82 523 4887 8 84 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE GODGL OO 12 956 01 04S 028 320W 3211 aos rat SS EEEEEE THE HGT. ESS m/sec TYPE} AMT. COL. | TRANS. WA 21 Daly2 _— 6 5 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Ogmi/t DEPTH 0000 -00 4734 5 0000 -00 35 5a a0 on 30 7 OG 4734 5 0010 —(0}(0) 3} 33° O7/ Ay Bil Oo OO) DUBS) 0020 -0C 39 33 98 2Y 32 © Ole 4733 3 0030 -00 45 BES 2Y 23 W O23) 4733 0 0040 -00 50 34 O01 AY Be) *7 86 4732 9 0050 -00 42 34 06 20 29 © O87 4734 9 0075 = O10) 2/3 34 17 27 47 O 054 4739 8 0100 -00 05 34 27 27 54 0O 069 4744 5 0150 00 26 34 44 Gy we, © We 4752 9 0200 00 51 34 57 AY 73. @, Wi 4760 2 0207 00 54 34 58 Ar ve A ANT 4761 1 0250 00 70 34 62 27 U3 ©) TBO 4766 3 0300 00 84 34 65 27 80 O 147 4771 5 0379 010) 93 34 66 Aq (ai *4 83 4777 6 85 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE OOSEl OOF2 we XS 956 28S 025 O9W 3395) 28 3} Eee 8 roe pees pee wenn re VIS. frm [ om PT] efoto [= [ee 89 QB Zo 22 96 OOO S506 O01 2 Bi 2 gah | ain Temp cc | | ain Temp cc | °c SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE S*/,. DEPTH 0000 -O1 4718 8 0000 —(0) 11 a ee 0 L263} OS) 4718 8 0010 -O1 24 33 54 a ae 0 012 4717 6 0020 ONE 3i8 33) 72) 2 NS O OA 4716 8 0030 =O 510) 33) 89. 2 29 © O30 4716 2 0046 =One62 34 10 27 46 VT BY 4716 2 0050 -O1 61 34 13 27 49 O 044 4716 7 0075 Oil By 34 27 27 60 O 058 4719 4 0092 =O} 34 34 27 66 7 2S) 4721 0 0100 -01 49 34 35 2 Se 0 We) 4722 5 0138 =O 13 34 42 2Y Tal “6p a2 4730 7 0150 -00 95 34 45 AU U2 O O89 4734 4 0183 -00 50 34% 51 Ar WE Soy 7 il 4743 6 0200 = O10 2 34 53 20 Wo Oo xOY 4747 4 0250 00 10 34 59 Zu USs ey wees A/S) a 0275 00 25 34 61 27 80 *4 86 4760 9 0300 OO) Bal 34 62 ay 80 O X39 4763 4 0367 00 42 34 63 ZU al *4 56 4769 1 0400 00 42 34 64 27 Eu O LO 4771 1 0500 OO 43 34 65 232) OWS GUT 2 0551 00 43 34 66 2n 83 *4 43 4780 3 0600 00 42 34 68 AU 132) 0 Zar 4783 1 0735 00 42 34 7] au Sie > *4 53 4791 3 0800 00 44 34 70 OU Bis | 'O\ 230 4795 4 0921 00 47 34 69 GY Ber= *4 60 4803 0 1000 00 37 34 69 4y iser VO aie 4806 2 1094 00 28 34 69 Catt he) #4 69 4810 4 1200 00 22 34 69 Zu we ©) Bes 4815 8 LVS 00 12 34 69 Cath AST #4 94 4824 7 1500 00 05 34 69 2y gi, 0 G55 4831 1 1846 -00 08 34 70 At tyG) Oey ik 4849 7 2000 -00 10 34 70 27 BE) OF BOS 4858 5 2318 =0}(0) 2 34 70 Zileeoo, *5 46 4877 1 2500 = OOM 2 34 70 Ary BEA 0) OO 4887 9 2792 -00 11 34 69 27 88 3S) Si 4905 3 86 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE Ot OLS 015 39W 3971 25) GOSS OOD 12 17 956 08 aap oe ee eas en esica 05 zs 9 ee 1 97 v@ © 8 Of I OG @ SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE SS/iee Ogmi/t DEPTH 0000 (0): 4711 4 0000 -Ol Ly Sl 4711 4 0010 -01 6 BV a5 cS a 0 005 4711 8 0020 Oil 79 34 22 CU Zit O) o)alat Une & 0030 -01 80 34 23 AU Dr, © Oke 4712 9 0049 SO ik 34 23 Qu 21 37 28 4713 9 0050 SOL 7/9) 34 23 2u Bil © W2E 4714 3 0075 -O1 40 34 31 Cy © 0 ©2839 4722 3 0099 =O1GO3 3439 27 68 *6 86 4729 8 0100 = OO} 34 40 ar 69 © Odo 4730 2 0148 —(0)(0), 2S) 34% 58 2 3O OB). Zl 4745 0 0150 -00 25 34 58 27 80 O 068 4745 7 0198 00 42 34 65 Al A *4G G7 4759 1 0200 00 42 34 65 27 82 O 083 4759 2 0250 00 47 34 64 2 ale 0) Or 4762 9 0297 00 49 34 64 27 81 *x4 37 4766 O 0300 00 49 34 64 Ay ii @) vite 4766 2 0397 00 46 34 68 27 84 *4 29 4771 7 0400 OO 46 34 68 27 84 O 141 4771 8 0500 00 40 34 68 Zi 18)5) 10) 68 4776 9 0546 00 38 34 68 27 85 *4 50 4779 3 0600 00 37 34 69 27 86 O 194 4782 4 0796 00 35 34 70 Ail hi *4 63 4793 8 0800 00 35 34 70 27 87 O 245 4794 1 0995 00 37 34 66 Au Bsh\ 4 74 4805 8 1000 00 36 34 66 27 83/ 0 299 4805 9 1195 00 14 34 63 2 BZ wis e)'s) 4814 1 1200 00 14 34 63 GAY 322) 0 B22 4814 4 1495 -00 02 34 65 27 85 *5 06 4829 6 1500 -00 02 34 65 ta C om OM Sit 4829 9 1795 -00 08 34% 64 Al A3Gs LA) ae) 4846 4 IOS) -00 03 34 67 27 86 5) ed 4859 2 2000 -00 03 34 67 CAIUS, Zea 4859 5 2495 =O 2i7, 34 64 C2 t32) 58 4885 0 87 00561 9014 ANEMO. BAR. HGT. PRESS. m/sec 05 0000 0000 0003 0010 0020 0030 0050 0053 0075 0100 0103 0150 0153 0200 0203 0250 0253 18 AIR [ain teme sc | [ain teme sc | canal 50 DATE 1 956 50 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 3 05 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Joe DEPTH 88 39S | coun | 0 QqQooo O14 000 095 010 015 025 036 046 063 078 093 #7 OF "6 ea #4 *u 21W 29 28 47 74 46 43 5069 SWELL 4712 4712 4713 4713 4713 4713 4714 4714 4717 4725 4726 4753 4754 4762 4763 4765 4765 3 NNUNMWOWUOADFUOAAANFrROWOD SONIC MAX. DEPTH SAMPLE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 03 WATER 02 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE CODSt O@O1D 12 iI6) 956 Ol 18S 013 28W 5066 ee a 95 4 96 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS eiete [ele = ea [re 06 02 yal Ea 51 8 Oo . 8 at 7 0000 -01 4711 1 0000 Saree 3k 33 54 62 *7 08 4711 1 0010 -0O1 82 34 31 27 64 O 005 Gill, if 0020 -01 82 34 34 27 66 O 009 4712 5 0030 Ono 34 36 27 68 0) O13 4713 3 0049 -O1 81 34 39 ZY 10 *57, 03 4714 6 0050 -O1 81 34 39 27 fO 0 027 4714 6 0075 =O 34 41 27 ta © O32 CUNY x2 0098 =O 1G, 0) 34 44 27 74 *6 68 Use abs) 3) 0100 -O1 64 24 45 Ot Us) 20. oytsal 4720 6 0147 34) 57, *6 04 0150 -00 36 34 58 Ai ty 30) iO))7/ 4744 1 0197 00 34 35 oe) 27 86 ih 3) 4758 0 0200 00 36 34 69 27 86 O O71 4758 5 0246 OO S'S A al 27 86 *4 47 4764 2 0250 00 55 Bes 2 27 86 O 084 4764 4 0295 34 70 *4 44 0300 00 53 34 70 27 86 O 096 4767 0 0400 00 48 34 70 27 BO, © 122 4772 2 0492 00 45 34 69 Ad 138) *4 43 4777 2 0500 00 45 34 69 27 85 -0 148 BUY 0600 00 42 34 68 Air te \\@). abs) 4783 1 0690 00 39 34 67 27 B4 *G4 54 4788 0 0800 00 35 34 68 27 857) 0 223 4794 0 0987 *00 29 34 69° "27 86 *4 75 #4804 2 1000 00 27 34 69 By Ge 10) 230 4804 7 1200 00 19 34 71 Ay ty @ B29 4815 5 1464 00 08 34 71 27 89 *4 99 4829 5 1500 00 06 Buy 7a AY 39 0) BIE 4831 3 1964 -00 14 34 66 27 86 *5 24 4855 6 2000 -00 15 34 66 27 86) 0 510 4857 6 2464 = O10) 27) 34 65 27 86 LJ )ie)) 4884 1] 2500 —10)0) al 34 65 27 86/ 0 626 4886 3 2964 ¥*-00 28 34 64 *27 85 *5 54 *4912 6 3000 -00 28 34 64 27 32))) 0 740 4914 7 3464 -00 34 34 65 2 3S #5 6) 494] 3 89 " SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0016 12 956 2a 67) SIS O11 41W 4931 10 a a ee Eales 14 8. © 2 6 | ciouo | | ciouv | sea SWELL WATER ae ReRTER hat 22 92 at 7 ca 2 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS ° 9000 -01 &700 8 0000 -Cl V4 ai 26 76 4711 8 0010 -01 55 34 a 5 s 0 006 4715 6 0020 -01 37 34 25 27 38 © OL. 4719 2 0030 -01 19 34 28 27 60 O 016 4722 7 0050 -00. 86 34 35 272 | @. O26 4729 4 0075 -00 49 34 42 ZT68) LOSO3 i 4736 9 0100 -00 17 34 49 27 72° OQ OG 4743 6 0150 00.34 34 60 27 79 0,064 4754 8 0192 00 63 34 66 27 82 *4 62 4761 9 0200 00 67 34 67 27 82 © O79 4763 1 0240 00 80 34 70 27 84 *4 52 4767 5 0250 00 79 34 70 27 84. 0 094 4768 0 0288 00 76 34 70 27 84 *4 54 4769 8 0300 00 75 34 70 27 84e Oe LOW, 4770 3 0384 00 70 34 70 27 84 *4 56 4774 6 0400 00: 68 34 70 27 BS: -O- 13S 4775 2 0500 00 60 34 68 27 83 O 162 4779 9 0577 00 55 34 68 27 84 #4 55 4783 7 0600 00 54 34 68 27 84 0.190 4784 9 0770 00 47 34 70 27 86 ih 7 4794 1 *0963 34 67 *4 65 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE SONIC MAX, CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE (OKOVEXSyaL, ONO Tia WN 7/ 956 18S 013 32W 0220 02 51 om cm 2 4 00 0) ¢ @& 08 enoaliiear | ain teme sc | TEMP °C Paes | coun | SWELL WATER WEATHER vis. HGT. | PRESS. m/sec TYPE] AMT. TRANS. 04 88 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -01 yu © 0000 -O1 te *7 39 4711 9 0010 -01 79 oa a of a 0 005 4712 2 0020 -O1 82 34 35 27 67 O 009 47215 0030 -01 84 34 37 2769) 0, Os 4712 9 0047 -01 86 34 41 OT U2 (ae 4713 7 0050 -01 86 34 41 2y V2 0) OPI 4713 9 0075 -01 84 34 42 27 13 © Osa 4715 8 0094 -01 83 34 42 2 Us OT AT AUNY i 0100 -O1 85 34 42 27 73 O 040 AT a 0141 -01 90 34 41 Dy V2 *7 47 4718 7 0150 -01 90 0188 -Ol1 83 *7 36 90 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DEPTH Ss MPLE i} STATION 00561 0018 956 04 00s 015 14W 0919 ANEMO. BAR. A uaule | AIRTeMP sc | [ae lh WEATHER | ctouo_| etal ee “hele Pale Te i 22 02 an 3° 2 Ba 6 2 © 1 0) © YY @©S 15 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE EPY60 Omt/I DEPTH 0000 8-01 4711 4 0000 -01 +6 i 56 5a Bo 7 Sol | Aaa A QOl0 -Ol Bl 34 28 27 61 © 005 4711 8 0020) =O 84 34 30 £27 63 | 0 Ollo 4712 0 OOS Ol BE eva BD Ba) Cas 4712 5 0050 -01 88 34 34 27 67> 0 023 4713 3 OO50 Ol BE Be BA Ap Gy 27 32 AVI ¢ OO7S Ol BS BA g3 27 GS oO Wa 4714 6 0100 -01 89 34 33 27 66 0 045 4716 1 OlOO sOl BS Ba ga Pp? GE B7 BO ARNG il OlSO cOl BG 84 55 27 GB? W O66 4719 6 G200 Ol BA Sk B7 27 6 © O87 4723 0 O200 On BA 3h 37 Ay Be 7 50 APD © C250) ==ol 84 34° 38) 27) ON oO) Low | 4726 0 O00 oO GA VA a 27 7o \\@ 126 4729 0 O200 Ol GA Sa 39° Ap Vo *7 50 4729 0 0399 =-01 77 34 38 27 69 *6 93 4736 0 0400 -O1 77 £434 38 27 69 O 165 4736 0 0499 34 42 *7 06 O500 cON SE Be AD 27 72 © 2OF 4745 O600 =—O P7 BA 4G) a7 7a © aa7 4756 0698 -00 86 0800 34 54 0897 34 58 *5 22 91 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0019 0O 11 957 37S 043 15W 0430 04 1 WEATHER vis. HGT. PRESS. m/sec TYPE] AMT. TRANS. 88 O2 2y 22 08 = 3 can 9 4 7 00 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Soo O,mi/I DEPTH 0000 -01 4714 0 0000 -01 86 ai ine 5 i *7 46 4714 0 OO Ol GB 34 47 27 77 © OOS 4711 8 O20 Ol 97 Br a? 27 77 © OOF 4710 7 ©O20 Ol 97 8 G7? |) 2z 77 o7 37 ay 7 OOS0 sO 93 3A AB 27 7B © O10 4711 9 OOS) Ol BH} DB eO AV WT Oo ONG 4714 0 0050 -01 88 34 49 27 79 *7 35 4714 0 OO7S Ol Oi BA Sl 27 BO oO OBE 4715 1 O10 Ol 93 34 52 27 Bl © Ose 4716 3 Ol) Ol 93 34 52 By Bil *7.32 4716 3 0150 -01 94 34 53 27 82 0 046 4719 1 0200 -01 94 34 55 27 84 0 059 4722 2 0200 -01 94 34 55 27 84 Ea) Nariel 0250 -01 93 34 59 27 87 0072 4725 5 0300 -01 92 34 62 27 89 0 082 4728 7 0300 -01 92 34 62 27 89 #7 32 4728 7 OA =O OS 34 67 27 99 @ 1OO 4734 8 0400 -01 93 34 67 27 93 #716 4734 8 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0020 O01 957 ol 08s 045 10w 0282 03 etal" ease “piel= l= [ewe 03 06 on 4 ca 9 89 00 1 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Six, Opmi/| DEPTH 0000 -01 4711 4 0000 -01 Be ah a5 54 ah *7 46 4711 4 0010 -01 80 34 55 27 83 9 003 4713 1 Oo20) —=O1 77° 34 Sie) Veriige oc o06 4714 3 O20) =O 77 S458 sams #732 4714 3 0030 -01 82 34 61 27 88 0 008 4714 2 OOS) =O O12 34 65 27 oe) sonone 4714 2 OOSOns =On OH 34 65) 27 92 *7 35 4714 2 c OO sO Sy SA Gr (27 SA © O17 4714 8 Oil HO2 Oi SA 43 27 Gs © O2i 4715 7 0100 ~-02 01 34 68 27 94 *7 38 4715 7 0150 =-02 00 34 69 2795 0 029 4718 9 0200 -01 97 34 69 2795 0 037 4722 3 0200)" —Ol 97) 34 69) 27/095 op as) Unjan 2 0250 -01 91 34 71 27 97 0 044 4726 3 0265 -01 89 34 72 2797 27 23 Any GB 92 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE — OOS 61) 0021) aon 14 CVSyT/ 04 Yue WSS 048 12W 0292 03 i=l aol ig i ear el lez O33} 2Y D5 @ 95 9 0 § OO 0) 00 V SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -O1 Clon 0000 -01 oe a ee a at *7 84 4715 3 0010 -O1 66 34 47 2 6 101003 4715 0 0020 -0O1 68 34 4] 27 V2 © OWT 4715 0 0030 Oi 7/0) 34536 27 3 @ Ola 4715 1 0030 34 36 7 7O 0050 -0O1 75 34 43 Au Te) (0) ab?) 4715 8 0075 SO 79 34 51 27 (80) (0) O27, 4717 0 0100 -O1 83 34 57 Qy 32) @) WZus 4718 1 0100 = ONEnG)3 34 57 AUB) 7 BB) 4718 1 0150 oil 7 34 64 27 91 O 045 4720 7 0200 -O1 89 34 69 Zu SJ) 0) O)S¢ 4723 6 0200 -01 89 34 69 27 95 e743 4723 6 0250 =H 89 34 70 Cn QW (0) sy 4726 6 0280 -O1 88 34 70 2th Ne) *7 45 4728 5 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE CY OOS5l OOZ2. Ol able) Siar Sy 3)5)S 057 48W 0630 ANEMO. BAR. | ain tem cc | UL Pee reece WEATHER }_cLouo_| Ee HGT. PRESS. 02 cm 8 es 4 0 COO. © 7 OF SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -01 0 000 4722 2 0000 -0l id Ay: 30 5h i 7) 79) 4722 2 0010 -01 17 34 50 27 77 O 003 4722 8 0019 -01 17 34 50 27 Wi *8 02 4723 4 0020 -01 18 34 50 Pp a (0 (0)7/ 4723 3 0030 -01 30 34 52 2 US) 0 Onno) 4722 1 0048 34 55 *7 81 0050 -O1 52 34 55 27 83 0 016 4719 9 0075 -01 75 34 58 Zi 86n (0) 10/23 4717 9 0097 -01 92 34 61 27 89 7. Sal 4716 6 0100 -01 92 34 61 27 89 0 028 4716 8 0150 -01 98 34 65 27 92 0 039 4719 0 0200 -02 Ol 34 68 27 94 O 047 ATA © 0250 -02 01 34 70 27 96 O 055 4724 7 0290 -02 03 34 72 27 98 *7 51: 4726 8 0300 -02 03 34 72 27 98 0 062 4727 4 0400 -01 97 34 74 27 99 O 073 ; 4734 4 0485 -01 87 34 75 28 90 77 SG 4741 1 0500 34 75 0600 34 76 0602 34 76 aT) at 93 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 02S 056 30W 0595 00561 0023 Ol 16 957 18 ANEMO. press | Set CENA Vis. ial let a call ea 16 98 — 3 a 6 O § OO CO © © OF Bil SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE T°c S*/.. O,mi/! DEPTH 0000 -O1 64 34 60 2 Sil TO O00 Gis 3 0000 -0O1 64 34 60 27 87 EF 23) 4715 3 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0024 957 21S 044 30W 0300 03 ol ANEMO. BAR. | ain temp tc | TEMP. | ain temp tc | camels pe eicad | coun | SWELL WATER Ea =| fete fel [re OS 2H 56 2 bye) 7/ 6 OO OF 7 OB. 17 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -01 4712 5 0000 -01 a ah Be 4 a7 27 6S 4712 5 0010 — On Ole 34 59 2 3 0) O02 4713 0 0020 —IOpl 3) 34 59 27 31 O OOD 4713 4 0030 -O1 84 34 60 27-88 (0! O07, 4713 9 0050 -0O1 87 34 60 27 88 O Oil2 4714 6 0050 -O1 87 34 60 27 88 *7 56 4714 6 0075 -01 94 34 62 21-89) OF O18 4715 1 0100 -01 98 34 63 Zi YO. 0 O2Zz) 4715 9 0100 -O1 98 34 63 2 910 yp BT 4715 9 0150 -02 01 34 64 aU Dil) O Ose BUG 3 0150 -02 01 34 64 ZU Sal TT) BE 4718 5 0200 (0) SS) 34 66 27 93 O 042 4722 5 0200 OO )5) 34 66 Ar 95 i759 4722 5 0250 Oil YO 34 67 ay Ss © Osi 4726 3 0290 -0O1 86 34 67 Ay 9D 4 Se AY29 2 94 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0025 02 abs) 957 as O7S 025 55W 0331 03 Es ares ca ie eae ileal 22 86 Bil § B92 2 90 02 02 3 7 ©8 i16 0000 -00 62 34 03 27 av © OM 4728 8 0000 -00 62 34 03 Ay SY OY 20) 4728 8 0010 -00 62 34 06 27 40 0 007 4729 5 0020 -00 63 34 11 27 44 O 014 4730 1 0024 -00 63 34 13 27 45 E37 B}3) 4730 5 0030 -00 89 34 19 2 SA OF O20 4727 0 0048 -0O1 45 34 33 27 65 OP Wl 4720 0 0050 -01 47 34 33 27 08 © Wx 4719 8 0072 -O1 66 34 38 27 69 "6 79 4718 3 0075 =O 69) 345539 27 70 O 041 4718 0 0096 -01 84 34 44 2 U2 *6 63 4717 1 0100 -0O1 84 34 44 2a, 5) ON 105i0 4717 3 0150 -01 83 34 46 2 Te © OCS 4720 6 0196 -0O1 82 34 47 QU Wi 16) Op) 4723 5 0200 =O) 82 34 47 27 ui “O OG 4723 7 0250 =ONGN 83 34 47 2y ay O) Woo) 4726 6 0296 -O1 84 34 46 2a 16 *6 56 4729 1 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE SONIC MAX, STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0026 O02 14 CJEN/ 18 72 4758 021 O7W 3931 AIR | AIR TEMP | °c | coun | | ciouo | sea SWELL WATER Se eu vis. ie ES EE El ie om 8 ae 1 95 ike) -@ & Ws 2 6 09 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 — Os 4717 3 0000 0)aL 33 Oy Bi 4717 3 0010 -0O1 5h 33 45 ay ie 0 010 4718 3 0020 -0O1 26 33 80 Ziel sO mOR9 4719 0 0030 SO) ZY) Bs) (IY) 2 23 @ O27/ 4719 5 0047 =n 36 34 04 27 41 Oy 7 4720 0 0050 =O BY 34 06 27 42 O 042 4719 8 0075 Oil Bs) 34 24 2y acy © West 4719 1 0094 -0O1 68 34 34 27 66 *6 30 4719 1 0100 -0O1 68 34 34 27 66 O 068 4719 4 0150 =O 69) 34 35 2 avr O Woo 4722 3 0187 =O 69 34 36 27 68 *5 917 4724 5 0200 Sil O38 34 37 Gu ys) (0) ahabal 4726 3 0250 Oil BE) 34 43 2 2) 10) 1310 4733 3 0300 =O) 34 47 Zul 15s 10) N48 4740 1 0367 -00 85 34 52 20 78 #5 44 4749 1 0400 -00 65 3453 OT Ks} '@! auistal 4754 2 0500 -00 16 34 56 27 fe) © 2ike 4767 9 0560 00 04 34 58 Cu *4 69 4774 6 0600 0O 08 34 59 2 910 245 4777 6 0746 00 21 *4 55 0800 00 24 34 62 2 Gils OV EKO 4792 1 0940 00 30 34 63 ZY \shal *4 58 4801 3 95 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE COD C027 @O2 26 957 36S 076 10W 4097 p wisn | | AIR TEMP °c TEMP | AIR TEMP °c cLoupD alsin | SWELL WATER aaa al ce Fear l hel WEATHER vis. Eo pets [oro [oles aa 9 = i 86 O2 6 00 NES 0)7/ SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS © 0000 4905 7 0000 is ag a me a 20 28) Qal 4905 7 0010 12 94 3S} 23) 2) OF 0 O29) 4905 4 0019 Zee 8!5) 35) 30 23) 113} 55 813 4905 1 0020 12 84 33) 30 a) is) 0) ODE) 4905 1 0030 12 13) she) Bl 23) ey ~ (0)! Os 7/ 4905 0 0047 12 68 5) 3S) 25 18 *5 62 4905 0 0050 W232 35) Bi Ze) 2) (0) Nese ASO 3 0075 09 82 3)3) 1647; 25 SY ~ 0) 202 4874 8 0096 08 46 33 84 Qs; SP Cb) BY) 4860 1 0100 08 40 3385) 26 33 O 249 4859 6 0144 O7 84 33 96 26 50 Ra) aval 4855 6 0150 07 79 3s). O)7/ 25.92 0 Bsn 4855 4 0193 O7 42 #3094 0200 O73 )5 34 03 26 63 O 406 4853 0 0250 06 85 34 09 26 74 O 476 4849 8 0300 06 40 34 14 26 84 O 541 4847 1 0388 OS 7S) 34 20 ZG Si, *4 89 4844 0 0400 OS 2 34 20 26 98 O 660 4844 3 0500 05 45 34 24 2 WE 0" 742 4846 8 0584 OS i) 34 25 *27 C9 #5 56 *4847 2 0600 OS) alt 34 25 21 OF 0 B73 4848 2 0690 04 75 34 25 AY 3} RAD) 2 4848 7 0800 04 18 34 27 Ot 2k {07/7 4847 5 0875 03 85 34 295 2726 *4 31 4847 5 1000 O3%5)5. 34 33 AN) San We ENS) 4850 9 1200 O23 34 39 Qi 14 4G 4857 1 WSS) 02 87 34 43 27 46 *350/2 4862 7 1500 O02 70 34 46 2y 50 2 O32 4869 1 1840 02 36 7} 072 2000 Q2° 29 34 54 27 61 1 948 4892 3 2332 02 02 34 56 27 64 #3 32 4909 0 96 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00561 0028 Ol Oi 13 42 25S 075 O9W 1554 =e AIR TEMP °C | cioup | SWELL WATER aoa reese oa | CEL vis. pala" pefote ele fa Ea 34 22 18 an 0 128 6 8 Go © 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE lloo Ogmi/I DEPTH 0000 4927 4 0000 13 a 55 28 a) 60 Oe) Of 4927 4 0010 14 38 33,38 2b BE} 0 O82 4921 6 0020 We) 2 93) 43 22) NO OG2 4915 6 0030 13 06 33) 65 25 36 0 089 4909 4 0050 a SJ3) Gal a2 (2 © We) 4896 7 0050 ak 7 33 e8l a3) 78 IG) 7/3) 4896 7 0075 10 20 3358p 26 04 O 192 4880 0 0075 10 20 33185 26 04 OS) 70 4880 0 0100 09 20 Zs} Sal 239 22) 0) 2e©) 4869 7 0100 09 20 39 Ol AQ 22) #5 23 4869 7 0150 08 68 34 17 26 54 O 322 4867 3 0150 08 68 34 17 26 54 #2 91 4867 3 0200 08 62 34 35 26 69 0 396 4870 3 0200 08 62 34 35 26 69 "1 47 4870 3 0250 OF Bz 34 36 26 71 O 465 4872 0 0300 08 28 34 36 25°75 © Bs 4872 0 0300 08 28 34 36 AS 72) Cal oe 4872 0 0400 O7 03 34 34 26 92 0 662 4862 0 0496 C06 06 34 33 27 04 4 24 4855 1 0500 06 03 34533, AU WE, 0) TTT 4854 9 0600 05 40 34 32 Ci I ON 8i8i4 4852 4 0793 04 41 Bu Bal 2 22 *4 66 4850 4 0800 04 38 34 31 2 22 ik OB} 4850 4 0991 3 1/5) 34 43 238 OS) 12 4853 3 1000 03 70 34 43 GY 29 ib 292 4853 4 1189 03) 155 34 51 Ai BO) *2 94 4857 3 97 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 44S 074 48W 1554 12 00561 0029 03 957 23) 4C eno Tne reese To | eae WEATHER VIS. elie an ee 36 on 6 om 4 32 2 1 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS ¢ ae 0000 4929 6 0000 18 55 33 30 on bh *6 59 4929 6 0010 WG) ale) Sys) Bal 2466; HOM O313 4929 6 0020 2) a0) 33) Bal 24 67 O 066 4929 6 0020 iy ah) 33), Sal 24 67 BB Oil 4929 6 0030 13 62 35} BY) 25) 20) © WS 4915 4 0030 13 62 gs) BY) 25 20 Wb) 26) 4915 4 0050 11 64 33 80 25, Uy © NAY 4895 2 0050 11 64 33 80 2s). 7/5) *5 54 4895 2 0075 WOW 23, 33 94 Ay Wil © LOY) 4880 7 0075 WOM 273 33 94 A6> 11 IS Pane. 4880 7 0100 09 45 34 03 26 31 O 245 4873 2 0100 09 45 ¥*33 22 *25 68 *5 82 *4870 0 0150 09 34 34 20 26 46 O 329 4875 5 0159 OS) Sal 34 23 26 49 *2 58 4875 8 0200 09 21 34 41 26 64 O 406 4877 8 0240 08 95 34 51 26 76 *1 18 4877 3 0250 08 82 34 51 23) ve 0. aro 4876 3 0300 08 21 34 51 20 S38. @ Hse 4871 7 0319 07 98 34 51 26 91 *1 53 4870 O 0400 O07 06 34 42 26 97 O 658 4862 7 0481 06 27 34 36 27 03 *3 64 4857 0 0500 06 14 34 36 QOS ee Onan 4856 5 06CO Oey Bat 34 37 Ay UG © 87a 4854 1 0800 04 46 34 39 AU 2y ww Wes) 4851 9 0809 04 42 34 39 Oy 2X3 *4 4) 4851 9 1000 03 70 34 45 27 40 1 230 4853 5 1200 03 23 34 54 Al 22) te c/s 4859 2 1230 03 18 34 56 27 54 *2 86 4860 3 98 00561 0030 03 ANEMO. BAR. m/sec 36 22 15 DATE OT AIR | AIR TEMP °c | °c — 4 pe 8 18 aT 60 02 48S 074 | ctoup | 4 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS O6W SONIC DEPTH UNCORRECTED 3749 SWELL THER pelle Pet 7 99 *0 * 1] *3 *2 eee. *2 #3 02 52 58 00 78 43 52 84 26 2 2 5 0 9 9 3 4 4 4 4 9 2 5 0 (0) 3 1 7 4 5 5 5 9 9 0 (2 9 1 0 5 T/ SURFACE OBSERVATIONS MAX. SAMPLE DEPTH 25 WATER 09 20 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS COE OWOsik Oz) 957 CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 30S 075 O8W 3676 25 OF 20 20 3 ay 8 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE OzmiI/! DEPTH 0000 4988 5 0000 58 a as Be *4 86 4988 5 0010 20 fi 34 81 24 47 O 035 4988 2 0020 20 50 34 81 24 50 0 069 4987 8 0030 20 40 34 81 24 53 0 104 4987 5 0030 20 40 34 81 24 53 *4 90 4987 5 0040 34 81 #4 B4 0050 18 66 34 60 24 82 0 170 4971 8 0050 18 65 34 60 24 82 ti) eh) 4971 8 0075 14 21 34 25 Ox Bi} O, 239) 4926 9 0075 14 21 34 25 2p). BiG} EF) © ILS) 4926 9 0100 a Wh 34 17 As) fe)" 0) 27 Gxt T/ 0100 34 17 *4 86 0150 10 76 34 16 OS 13) BES) 4892 3 0150 10 76 34 16 26 18 Sis) (2) 4892 3 0200 Wo) eal 34 47 26 52 0 485 4890 0 0200 10 21 34 47 26 52 *) 66 4890 0 0250 09 43 34 47 26 65 O 560 4883 6 0300 08 70 34 46 ZGeiOme O6:3\0) 4877 6 0399 O07 38 34 43 26 94 *1 61 4866 8 0400 OY 7 34 43 26 94 O 757 4866 8 0498 06 24 34 39 27 06 * 2065 4857 8 0500 06 23 34 39 27 06 O 870 4857 8 0600 OS al 34 4) Zu it. |) O72) 4856 9 0800 04 81 34 43 GU AU Wh woe) 4856 8 0996 04 10 34 46 Al sv *1 93 4858 8 1000 04 09 34 46 Qu 3Y) We OSS 4858 9 1200 03 63 34 48 Ci 435) 1492 4864 5 1493 03 05 34 51 Qi Bal *2 37 4873 9 1500 03 04 34 51 Al Bib aly Hots) 4874 1} 2000 02 33 34 56 27 61 2 024 4893 9 2480 Oy OY 34 61 27 68 #305351) 4917 3 100 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 22S 174 OOE 1134 09 00562 0004 02 20 957 10 42 repel “fetes Tete Ds [a [we O35 105 24 NO We) 8 ® 8 aL, OF} hk 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 0 000 4957 5 0000 14 33 A He 55 03 4957 5 0008 I? a7 94 50 25 va 4954 4 0010 i7 Wl 924 29 25 2 @ @26 4953 9 0017 16 35 34 49 25 29 4946 7 0020 15 51 34 54 25 52 0 056 4938 5 0025 14 44 34 60 25 80 4927 8 0030 1424 34 62 25 86 0079 4926 0 0042 13 78 34 66 25 99 4921 9 0050 19 A) Gh @7 26 OF © 126 4918 6 0075 12 55 34 68 26 25 O 167 4910 4 0083 12 34 34 69 26 30 4908 6 0100 12 ©) 30 7’ 26 37 © Bi 4906 8 0123 1178 34 74 26 45 4904 8 0150 1153 34 81 2655 O 291 4903 8 0162 *34 90 0200 lil O2 3a GR 26 7o © 965 4901 2 0200 i ©2 Bhs 6B 2G 70 4901 2 0250 10 25. 94 77 26 7S" © ada 4894 6 0300 09 57 34 68 2679 O 501 4889 1 0383 08 61 34 56 26 86 4881 8 0400 08 44 34 56 26 88 O 629 4880 7 0500 07 65 34 53 2698 O 751 4876 6 0600 07 18 34 50 27 02 O 866 4876 5 0631 OP 1) BA As oO oF 4877 2 0800 34 45 0862 *07 15 34 43 26 97 *4891 3 101 SURFACE GESERUAWONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00562 0005 03 #21 957 18 7? SS 166 Bre 0027 00 pepe] | a cd sn OS IS 2a-@3 Gi 1 62 1 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE S°/.. . Opmi/t DEPTH 0000 O01 0 000 4709 9 0900 -0] 83 34 06 54 i 4709 9 0010 Sol 3S 34 05 27 Css), (0) (00) 7/ : 4710 5 0020 Oil 2 34 04 27 AB 0) Oils GsT/ shah 72 0030 One B2 34 03 27 41 0.020 Gua 7 0030 —Onlmey2 34 03 27 4 4711 7 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00562 0006 03 13 957 09 VA, UES 170 34E 0157 02 cana | ee 29-2)“ BEx (0) 6 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE S*/e. Clk DEPTH 0000 -01 4711 7 0002 (0) a 4 is oF oy 4711 8 0010 =O 8 34 41 27 72 O 004 4712 8 0020 —9i) 73) as BB CU fr 0 Oo 4713 9 0030 — O68 34 31 27 64 O 012 4715 2 0050 -01 62 34 25 At ay 0 @22 4717 0 0075 = Oo) 34 25 By Be “©. OX 4719 0 0077 -01 58 34 25 2. 58 4719 3 0100 -01 60 34 32 27 64 O 047 4720 6 0150 =i) ir) 34 70 20 92> 0 WZ 4722 2 0155 aah {3372 34 76 28 00 4722 3 102 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00562 0007 03 957 62 50S 165 23E 3292 04 epee] | “petele fates [ess 04 16 24 os 8 2 3 3 2 @ SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE OpmiI/! Vy DEPTH 0000 4774 0 0000 3 iB 3 50 aE ae 4774 0 0010 ©2 79 33 92 27 © © O10 4779 6 0010 O27 33 91 27 06 4779 6 0020 (2 55 23 91 927 08 © O20 4776 7 0020 0255 93 91 27 O8 CI 0030 ©2456 33 93 27 10 © O30 4776 1 0030 02 4B 33 98 27 10 ATG i 0050 OO 79 Bh 23 Br 2 © O26 4754 0 0050 OO 75 BA 2s) By a 4754 0 0075 00 83 34 49 27 67 0 059 4757 2 0075 OO 85 Sa 4D 27 67 4757 2 0100 On O84) 2B Gl | Py 15 © OSS 4762 4 0100 34 61 0150 Ol 37 Sh 6. 27 Tr. O O87 4770 4 0150 34 66 0200 Ol Sy Bk yO 217. © 10a 4776 5 0200 Ol 57 Be 70 - PY 719) 4776 5 0250 Ol 64 84 7O 27 7° © 120 4780 5 0250 01 64 0300 Ol SO, 34 70 9 2772 oO 137 4782 6 0300 Oi SH. Da wo. 27 79 4782 6 0400 Ol 56° Bh 70 27 7S 0 17o 4788 3 0400 OL 56 Ba 7O 27 79 4788 3 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00562 0008 03 15 957 03S 164 Bye 2085 01 BAR. <== Nemnicn | _cioun | a “plete fete al" 24 90 O23 02 0 7 3 31 2 3 0000 03 00 2} OO) 27 03 O 000 4781 9 0000 03 00 3)3) 9/0 27 03 4781 9 0010 03 Ol 332) S)il 27 04 O 010 4782 7 0010 03 Ol ays) St 27 04 4782 7 0019 03 06 Bye}. S)72 27 04 4784 0 0020 03 05 Ba) Sil Zi OB 10) 1021 4783 9 0029 @2 YY 3389 27 02 4783 5 0030 02 99 33 90 27 Os | @ @Bal 4783 6 0048 02 93 33) DY 2 OO 4784 1 0050 02 84 sh ST ie Wel) Olen 4782 9 0072 On G)2 34 O1 2 2s) 4766 7 0075 01 30 34 03 2 21 O. Wes 4762 3 0097 = OO 21D Ba MS) 27 45 4740 7 0100 -CO 16 Be abt 27 47 O 092 4742 4 0145 Ol 26 34 45 Cates teyal 4767 6 103 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00562 0009 03 927 LDS 164 20E 3200 04 WEATHER VIS. HGT. PRESS. m/sec TYPE] AMT. TRANS:. HON SOS 24 84 04 3 03 4 2 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS c 0000 0 000 4782 4 0000 a 33 a5 a8 a a4 4782 4 0010 OS Ml 39 96 27 OF O OO 4784 3 0010 OJ il 88 95 27 OF 4784 3 0019 OF TO 35 95 27 0 4784 7 0020 03 10 3395 27 06 0 020 4784 7 0028 *02 72 £4233 94 *27 09 #4779 8 0030 03 06 3594 27 06 0 O50 4784 7 0047 ©} Ol 39 95 27 O7 4785 1 0050 0293 35°95 27 08 © O50 4784 1 oo7l ©2359 85 96. 2h 13 4777 7 0075 Ol GS 2395 219 O O7A 4770 6 0095 OO WA Br Ws D7 ae 4746 5 0100 OO DS ~ BVA 16 927 23 © 09S 4749 2 0142 O BH (BA Wh py Se 4767 3 0150 Ol 39 SA 37° AT SB O WBA 4769 5 0190 Ol Gl. Bs A) 27 6o 4778 6 0200 01 87 34 50 27 60 O 150 4780 1 0237 OP Ol BAGS 27 G2 4784 4 0250 O2 Ol Ba 55 927 6S © 175 4785 3 0285 O2 Ol | 3% 59 > 27 BE 4787 5 0300 O2 Ol Bra So 27 6G © 198 4788 4 0380 Ol 066 3 GO 27 67 4792 5 104 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 40S 166 14E 0385 04 ed ea eee 9 47 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Bei6o O,mi/! DEPTH 00563 0001 04 956 ¢) i} M } ain temp cc | ANEMO. BAR. AIR | _aintemp oc | ae rare WEATHER m/sec 45 OS so 24 85 a 0 am 0000 -O1 28. 10 4712 4 0000 —=(0) 1 a5 Me a 28 10 Be 2) 4712 4 0010 —Oil al 34 89 23 iil © @0© 4712 8 0010 Oi. Oral 34 89 28 11 *6 69 4712 8 0020 =O YB 34 88 2:8) Ol ON O0}O Ast ibs) al 0030 Soil Oe 34 88 28) IO; (0) O92 4713 5 6050 Oil Oe 34 87 28) NOP MO OO 4714 5 0050 Hil YB 34 87 23 LO #6 62 4714 5 0075 Or Ss) 34 87 28 10 O 002 4716 3 0100 Oil Pal 34 87 A} 0) © WOz 4718 1 0100 oil S)al 34 87 yey 0) *6 59 4718 1 0150 Oil DO 34 88 2% 10 © OZ ak” 2) 0200 = O89 34 88 28 10 O 004 4724 4 0200 Oil 2 34 88 28 10 *6 48 4724 4 0250 (911, OKO) 34 89 28 11 O 004 Quah 2 0300 -01 90 Wh i) 28 11 O 004 4730 3 0380 -0O1 94 34 90 a3 2 *6 63 4734 4 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0002 O07 956 14 10S 162 31W 0622 06 =ial" a a “fefete le T= [Jono OB SLs “io al 648 7 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Soi/ieve Opmi/t DEPTH 0000 -01 990 4710 5 0000 —(0)iI 5h a a6 at 35 *6 55 4710 5 0010 -02 01 34 56 27 Bo OW O02 4709 8 0010 OO 34 56 ZPBD *6 66 4709 8 0020 —(jal ES} 34 54 2, (83) 80 O05 4711 3 0025 Oil Ge} yee aie 27 82 *6 60 ATLL S) 0030 =O) os 34 52 27 81 O 008 Guat «al 0050 Oil Qe 34 52 Au Mil (0) (ojalt Ce ee) 0050 oil BZ 34 52 21 Bi *6 59 Oae) 2) 0075 (0), SIO 34 64 21 Sil. 0) @20) AYN @ 0100 =O 89 34 72 2a Ore SOMOie 4717 8 0100 =0)iL f39) 34 72 Ct Vi *6 65 4717 8 0150 -O1 88 324 68 Aq Cite (0) (o\e\2 4720 7 0200 -Ol1 86 a4 65 ate 2 (0 osu 4723 9 0200 -O1 86 34 65 AU Wa 6 53 4723 9 0250 Onesie 34 63 2H DO” 10) @syil 4728 7 0300 =O 615 34 61 Zi 88 TOMS 4733 0 0300 — Oo 34 61 27 88 ‘ *6 51 4733 0 0400 —(o) i 7/0) 34 61 AU EE 0 (hse) 4738 2 0500 -O1 74 34 61 27 88 O 104 4743 5 90600 =O 8 34 61 2 (38 @) al2es 4748 8 0625 -01 80 34 61 Za 318 *6 66 4749 9 105 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0003 08 956 21 76 18S 174 56E 0575 06 ial" = [es “fefele ate T= be 62 6 62 8 8 14 20 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 -01 4713 7 0000 -0O1 Wi Ah ba 54 af *6 26 SUue 1 0010 Oil 2 34 57 Ar By 0) Oz) 4712 9 0010 One 18i2 34 57 2 BS *6 35 4712 9 0020 —Onlgnepl 34 57 27 385 © OOF 4713 6 0025 -O1 80 24 57 ZU {3)3) x6 38 4714 1 0030 Oil Bal 34 58 27 86 O 008 4714 3 0050 -0O1 84 34 60 27 && © Ore GTS) a 0050 -O1 84 34 60 27 38 06) 22) 4715 1 0075 -O1 84 34 67 27 93 0 OLS 4716 9 0100 -O1 83 34 72 27 97 © @22 4718 7 0100 -O1 83 34 72 ZY Ot *6 16 4718 7 0150 -Ol1 86 34 7 23 Oi © O28 4721 4 0200 ah “t3}9) Ba 79) 23 03 @ O83 4724 0 0200 SOI {BY Bh 9) 28 93 *6 33 4724 0 0250 -01 94 34 81 2} 15) 0) Wak 4726 3 0300 Oil Oi 34 83 Ass (0 (0) 338) 4728 9 0300 —0)il SY 34 83 28 06 #6 56 4728 9 0400 Oi, YS) 34 84 2} OY 0 rr a2) 2 0500 (0) a es Bus 13%) 28 98 O 044 4741 3 05706 -01 89 24 85 28 08 *6 62 4746 3 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0004 09 956 05 TO SIS 7A eS ele 0320 03 SS" SEEN | cioun_| ie “pefete fete cot. | trans | 59 5 60 3 V2 8 14 22 0000 -Ol 4711 9 0000 -O1 a 2h ie 54 vn #6 46 47119 0010 -O1 78 34 46 27 1G. © COOL 4713 0 0010 -01 78 34 46 27 76 *6 60 4713 0 0020 -01 77 3a Wh a) TO)! COT 4713 7 0025 -01 77 34 44 27 1G #5 96 4714 0 0030 -Ol1 76 34 45 27 75 © Oil 4714 5 0050 -0Ol 73 34 47 27 17 © One 4716 2 0050 -0O1 73 34 47 xT TAT; *6 05 4716 2 CO7S sol 7A 34 45 27 75 © O26 4717 5 0100 -01 74 234 44 27 7h © Of5 4718 9 Oi) SO We SYA A BT FPA *6 Ol 4718 9 0150 -00 80 34 55 27 80 0 052 CTAS Tne 0200 -00 40 34 62 27 84 0 066 4746 6 0200 -00 40 34 62 27 84 *5 47 4746 6 0250 -00 55 34 63 27 85 0079 4747 3 0300 -Ol 24 34 64 27 89 0 090 4739 6 0310 -O1 44 34 64 27 90 *6 21 4737 0 106 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 005° 956 pS 175 O8E 0520 05 11 14 W WATER ANEMO. | BAR. | _siateme-c| | _siateme-c| ze females | Wes eR ee pe aes eal (aol taal m/sec “eile Pele ES TAN OG Ar 24 39). 7 an 5 Go We 23 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS _ SAMPLE SH /iee ~Ogmi/ DEPTH 0000 -0] “4713 2 000c -01 30 et a 4 36 LS 4 4713 2 0010 =O 82 34 71 At Ns 0) O@2 Ayala 0010 —Oi 82 34 71 27 96 = 6518 4713 5 0020 -0O1 84 34 70 2 VS @ OZ Ql). 7 0025 -0O1 85 34 70 an VIS 6 63 AVilesie9) 0030 oil {3}5) 34 70 Ar Se 0) Os 4714 2 0050 =O1 84 34 70 AT YS O Oo3} 4715 5 0050 -0O1 84 34 70 27 96 ®6 45 4715 5 0075 -01 84 34 71 2 9S © @rl2 4717 0 0100 —Oal Bz) Carat 27 96 © Oils 4718 7 0100 =O 83) Ba Tal 27 96 *6 40 4718 7 0150 -01 80 Boia! 2U WS © O23 4722 1 0200 SO 7 34 70 2Y 295, O OO 4725 5 0200 Oil 7 7/ 34 70 2 25 *6 36 4725 5 0250 -O1 89 34 74 2 OS) OW Of7/ 4726 8 0300 =O Diy 34 78 28 02 O 042 4728 7 0300 =O $7 34 78 28 02 *6 60 4728 7 0400 Oil Oa 34 85 28) 0/18) Os O47, 4735 4 0500 Oil ‘OB 34 91 28 13 O 046 4741 8 0515 =O)! YO 34 92 28 14 *6 58 4743 2 107 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0006 1 10 956 Ol 25S 174 10E 0525 AIR | ain Temp sc | °c CLOUD aur seas. || SWELL WATER ANEMO, Bemloe MEATTEs HGT. l= 04 24 1 R. SS. BA PRE Ae a ea 2 Beh 7% ©3 22 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 2 EEL ae 0000 =) 4713 6 0000 -O1 fal Ms ite a ae a(S) Dal 4713 6 0010 OAL 772 34 51 2 30) ©) Woz) 4714 4 0010 SO sal 34 51 27 80 *6 45 4714 4 0020 SO 7/al 34 50 27 TS 0 O0%@ 4714 9 0025 Oil 7/1 34 50 Au 9) #6 37 A7Ue 2 0030 oil 7a 34 50 2 US) Oo) Gye, 3 0050 -O1 64 34 51 AY 80 © OLS 4717 8 0050 -O1 64 Bay Bal 27 80 #6 35 4717 8 0075 SOI Be 34 52 Alo 3) © O2¢ 4722 9 0100 Oaks Bay BS) al 80" (O02 4728 9 0100 Oi UL} BS 27 80 *6 03 4728 9 0150 -00 08 324 66 27 86 O 045 4748 7 0200 00 81 Brig) AU Gi © O57 4765 7 0200 OO 81 Bay 7/9) 2 Sak #4 84 4765 7 0250 O00 82 34 74 2 BU © OSS 4768 6 0300 00 82 34 70 Zi Bay WOM O8n! 4771 4 0300 00 82 34 70 27 84 #4 81 4771 4 0400 00 54 Be fe AU 37 O. WO Ayo. 2 0500 -00 03 oy 3) Au Dik 7 © 130 4770 6 0500 -00 03 34 73 AT Sil #5 38 4770 6 108 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0007 AY 956 23 Ui &3S 166 22E 0420 04 epee | eit l= [ew OS ala 24 01 Bil 5) By2h3) 65 Only ff 20 © SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Sii/ite O,mI/! DEPTH 0000 -00 4721 8 0000 -00 BE 3 ol oF a 4721 8 0010 {O}{0) {3} 7 34 02 27 37 @ OOY 4725 4 0010 -00 87 34 02 2 BY 4725 4 0020 -00 40 34 29 2¢ BY © Os 4734 5 0025 = O10 3i0 gas 3) 27 @5 4736 7 0030 -00 49 34 45 27 7h © O19 4734 4 0050 Oil wZ 34 63 2 18:8) 10) O26 4726 5 0050 —Oi U2 34 63 AY 's\e) 4726 5 0075 -O1 44 34 70 2 OF © Osi KYQs) 3 0100 Sil at 34 716 28 00 0 034 4720 8 0100 Sal al 34 76 28 00 4720 8 0150 -O1 82 34 78 2g} @2 0) OB VZ2 1 0200 Oil BY 34 80 28 04 O 043 4724 1 0250 Oil Se 34) Bi! 28) @5 (0 O4i7 4726 3 0300 Ol 9/6) 34 83 28 06 O 049 4729 0 0300 =O) 9/6 34 83 28 06 4729, 0 0400 SO Sx 34 86 28) 109) 1005/2 4735 9 0420 Oil 39) 34 86 Als), 10)S) 4737 4 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 66 16S 110 Z3\E 0066 Ol 00563 90008 OB 7/ O7 iW T ANEMO. BAR: AIR TEMP °C HUMIDITY | coun | SWELL WATER WEATHER Vis. HGT. PRESS. m/sec TYPE] AMT. TRANS. SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS Se rio DEPTH 0000 -00 000 4720 5 0000 -00 66 eo 35 BG ye 4720 5 0010 =O) 010 3353/5) ZS 32) © rleZ 4720 5 0010 -01 00 35) BO 26 85 4720 5 0020 -01 10 Joy BhT/ 26 86 0 024 4719 6 0025 = One 2 35) Sh 1/ 26 86 4719 6 0030 Hoa WZ 35) hs) 2S, tI (O) OEKS 4720 0 0050 -00 96 33 BZ 26) Sil 20) 05/9 4724 2 0055 -00 87 Bis) 1h 7/ Zila Owl 4726 2 109 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0009 O02 14 957 Ob. 2985 109 38E 0495 O4 AIR [ain teme sc | Xo) CLOUD | ciouo | sea SWELL WATER aera press To | means | SEL Vis. coi “Pelle Pe Do" fo 04 24 83 OO 7 _ i 8 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS e 0000 -O1 4720 2 0000 -Ol 93 2 op ee a5 4720 2 0010 -01 13 33 58 27 OF © Oil 4719 5 0010 -01 13 33 58 27 03 ATL 3 0020 -01 16 33 59 27 OF © O2i 4719 6 0024 -01 17 33 59 27 04 4719 7 0030 -01 19 33 59 27 OF © O31 4719 8 0048 -0O1 27 33 59 27 04 4719 6 0050 -O1 28 33 62 27 OF © O52 AUS) 7 0075 -O1 44 33 97 27 35 0 073 4720 1 0096 -01 55 34 19 27 53 4720 6 0100 -01 56 34 20 27 54 0 089 4720 7 0150 -01 67 34 26 27 SS. ©. NLS ETOR 2 0192 -01 75 34 30 27 63 4723 6 0200 -01 76 34 31 27 64 O 139) 4724 0 0250 -0l 82 34 33 Py oe © REL 4726 1 0287 -O1 85 34 34 27 66 4727 9 0475 *-01 06 ¥*33 93 *27 31 *¥4749 7 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS CRUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0010 02 OS 1/ 52S 109 26E 0356 03 ; wisn ANEMO. BAR. | ain Teme tc | TEMP °C ee WeanneR | coun | SWELL ar WATER HGT. PRESS. m/sec TYPE] AMT. TRANS. ad 8B 2S. 3 (02) SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE S*/.. O,mi/! DEPTH 0000 =) CTO, 0000 -01 ba a a 5 76 Gralucaanls 0010 Oil 2s) 33928 26; 80) (0) O13 Catabak: 1) 0010 =0)a) 3) 335218 26 80 Grillin 0020 = OH 4 2. 33) 98) AS SS} (0 (BY) 4714 5 0025 Ole 319) 33 40 26 89 4715 5 0030 -01 40 33 49 Aly Sey 40) sk 7 4716 0 0050 -O1 44 33:80 AU 22 0) OF CsTauth ©) 0050 -O1 44 33 890 Calaeye. 4717 9 0075 =O) 19) 34 04 7p LEN | (0) HOTS) 4718 1 0100 =) Tal 34 22 Zr Be 0) O8)0) 4718 4 0100 (abe gent 34 22 27 36 4718 4 0150 -O1 82 34 32 20 M5 O Maes 4720 1 0200 =O BiG 34 40 Ayr Wil. 0) ish) 4722 8 0200 Ol {IS 34 40 Gy Wal 4722 8 0250 -O1 84 34 46 BY TS. 0 198 4726 3 0300 Oat 7/5) 34 49 Al Wis, i we’ 4730 9 0350 SOA BS) 34 50 2 Us) 4736 4 110 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS Cc RUISE STATION DEPTH SAMPLE 00563 0011 14 O21 24 125 109 56E 0304 03 Ww WATER ANEMO. BAR. AIR | ainteme co | & Ree WEATHER J cious | Sree | _water | HGT. PRES: misec a= : a “piel l= = cou. TRANS: O23 NG 24 DZ MO Sa Ss OB ie SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 0000 = -01 000 4713 7 0000 -O1 Be 33 3 se 33 ATMS 0010 -01 41 33 36 26 86 O 012 4714 1 0010 -01 41 33 36 26 86 4714 1 0020 -01 49 33 44 2693 0 024 4713 8 0025 -01 52 33 49 26 97 4713 8 0030 -01 53 33 59 2795 0 035 4714 4 0050 -01 56 33 92 27 32 O 052 4716 5 QOS) Ol 56 35 92 27 Ze 4716 5 0075 -01 64 34 07 427 44 0 070 4717 4 OOO “Ol Til Ba AQ 27 G5 © Ons 4718 4 O10 —On Vil BA 20 7 5G 4718 4 ONSO Ol 72 BAA AT SS O ans 4721 3 C200 cOl 7s Bh 27 27 GO © 1236 4724 1 Q250 Oil 75 ah si)! 27 GA VO 139 A72Y i O00 =O 7G BGA 27 BS OW ieil 4730 1 0300 -01 76 34 34 27 66 4730 1 111 APPENDIX B SEDIMENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY SHEETS 113 Jo 10, 11. IDs, 13. 14. Explanation of Data Sample Number - a consecutive number, commencing with 1, applied to each bottom grab sample or core taken successively throughout the cruise. Latitude - expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, Longitude - expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Date — day (GMT), month, and year. Sampler Type - identified by name of device employed. Water Depth (fm, ) — the uncorrected sonic sounding recorded to the nearest whole fathom. Core Length (Ging) - recorded to the nearest whole inch as observed in the laboratory. This information is not given when a grab sempler is employed. Core Penetration Gin) - recorded to the nearest whole inch as observed in the field. This information is not given when a grab sampler is employed. Subsample Depth in Core (in. ) - depth to the nearest whole inch of the mean depth of the subsample. This information was not entered when a surface grab sample or a short core sample was obtained. The analysis of the subsample is assumed as repre— sentative of the entire core length. Color — based on the Geological Society of America Rock-Color chart. Sphericity (avg.) -— a measure of the approach of the grain to the form of a sphere and expressed as one of the following: high, medium high, medium, medium low, or low. Roundness (avg.) — a function of the sharpness of the grain edges and recorded as one of the following: very angular, angular, subangular, subrounded, rounded, or well rounded, Surface Texture (avg.) - a description of the physical appearance of the grain surface recorded as dull or polished and one of the following: smooth, striated, faceted, frosted, pitted, or etched. Total Subsample Dry Weight (gm.) - dry weight to the nearest tenth of a gram. all's) 15. 16. Size Analysis -— sample size fraction values are based on dry weight and given in phi(¢) units to the nearest whole percent. An American Instrument Company sieving machine and U. S. Standard sieves are used for determining sand and larger size fractions. The pipette method of analysis was used for determining the silt and clay fractions. QDg - (phi quartile deviation) - is that statistical parameter which is a measure of one half of the spread of the quartiles and is expressed in phi units to the nearest tenth with the given value computed from the formula: QO ne @ QDd = 26 is SKg - (phi quartile skewness) - is that statistical parameter which is a measure of half the sum of the first and third quartile values less the median and is expressed in phi units to the near- est hundredth with the given value computed from the formula: Sk¢ = “34 a "ag - Mag 2 MDg - (phi median) - is the middlemost member of the distribution curve above which 50 percent of the diameters in the distribution are larger and below which 50 percent of the diameters are smaller and is expressed to the nearest tenth of a phi unit. The following table is presented for the conversion of phi units to millimeters: Phi (d) Millimeters -2 4.0 ~] 2.0 fe) 1.0 aL 0.50 2 0.25 3 Or25 hk, 0.0625 5) 0.0313 6 0.0156 a 0.0078 8 0.0039 Wet Density (1bs./ft.) - density measured to the nearest tenth of a pound as determined by means of a "Mudwate" hydrometer. 116 17. 18, 19. 20. he 22. 236 2h Water Content (%) - based on dry weight of the sample and measured to the nearest whole percent, Maximum Porosity (%) - the percentage of pore space in the total volume of the uncompacted sample not occupied by solid matter; computed by the formula, P = 100 (V - Ys where P is the porosity in percent, V is the bulb volume, and v is the aggregate volume of the grains. Minimum Porosity (%) - the percentage of pore space in the total volume of the compacted sample not occupied by solid matter; computed by the same formula as given in maximum porosity. Odor — a qualitative description of any noticeable odors. Rigidense (mm) - determined by means of a Rigidense instrument and measured to the nearest millimeter. For a detailed description of this test procedure refer to: Jaffe, G. and Gaetano, F. W., "A Comparison of Atterberg and Rigidense Tests for the Measure of Plasticity", U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office Technical Report No. 11, May 1955." Dominant Mineral (%) - based on microscopic examination of the sand size and larger material recorded in percent. Other Material (%) - based on microscopic analysis. Remarks — supplementary information. 117 “NAaE UIQ, oF4 pues sajnoids abuods sno1o){ 1s dq Vruimop ‘quepunge ' oR spUambess 42°94 WUSPuo ayy a1? way qu4cH g o Yl P ce SyuvWGa °72 VA ferserarp 7, S1 = 7]Ae0 TOP - i Summa [LIWGooig 'SZ/s 21449 (%) IVIYGLVW USHLO °€2 (4) TWYANIH LNVNIHOG ZZ (tww) 3SNddIDIY “12 Yodo “oz (2) ALISOYOd WAHINIW “6I (%) ALISO¥Od WAHIXVH “8! 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(2) ALISONOd WOWIXVH “81 (4) 1N3LNOD SALVM “ZI (e°33/°S91) ALISN3G L3M * (4) 8 < (4) PB PEt (4) PIP Y “) proape 6 (2) pe opty (4) PZ PI -a 4)? 104 PO “Pp (4) P90 09 p I- *9 QM Pliage 4 eto SISAIWHV 3Z1S “SI tw) LHOISM AUG TidHVSENS IWLOL “hI (*bae) 3YMLx31 30vsuns “el (*Bae) ss3naNnoy “21 (*6ne) ALIDIYIHdS “11 40709 “Ol Q (ul) WolvuL3Nad 3¥09 yy (ul) HLONIT 34¥09 2 =) ES BLT santioun - 8 ("uWj) Hid3d Y3LVM °9 Ss b/ ” 1 a o/P xn -z SOD SATA 34h wyranvs H 4A7F74u4 da WIV T= aaannn a1ahvs +1 (95-11 *A@¥) O9S1-OHN-ONYd LIFHS AYVWNNS SISATWRY LN3W1 03S GNVIVAZ MAN 141 APPENDIX C PHOTOGRAPHS OF ICE CONDITIONS AND OCEANOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS List of Plates I, Weddell Ice Pack, December 1956 II, Tabular Iceberg, Weddell Sea, December 1956 III, Weddell Ice Pack, December 1956 IV. Tabular Iceberg, Weddell Sea, December 1956 V. Weddell Ice Pack, January 1957 VI. Biological Collection, Weddell Sea VII. Bottom Fauna, Weddell Sea VIII. Ross Ice Pack, October 1956 IX. Ross Ice Pack, December 1956 X. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, December 1956 XI. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957 XII. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957 XIII, Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957 XIV. Biological Collection, McMurdo Sound XV. Bottom Photograph, McMurdo Sound XVI. Ross Barrier Shelf, Kainan Bay, February 1957 XVII. Ice Conditions, Moubray Bay, February 1957 XVIII. Sample of Bottom Sediments, Moubray Bay 143 PLATE I. Weddell Ice Pack, December 1956. USS WYANDOT follows path opened by USS STATEN ISLAND. me ts | ae PLATE file, Tabular Iceberg, Weddell Sea, December 1956. Note breakup of pack ice against base of iceberg. 145 “ee ae: oe ae : : ‘I PLATE III. Weddell Ice Pack, December 1956. Note evidence of pressure ridge at left center and wind drift in left foreground, » RP ee Foal Pe 5 a PLATE IV. Tabular Iceberg, Weddell Sea, December 1956. Note pressure ridges in sea ice. 146 Did x : Ee: — as - cx ae PLATE VY. Weddell Ice Pack, January 1957. Note pressure ridge. Snow cover on ice, effect of wind on snow cover. 3 Pa Eo ONE ES NT ie os ech PLATE VI. Biological Collection, Weddell Sea. Bottom animals collected by trawl. 147 PLATE VII. Bottom Fauna, Weddell Sea. Selected specimens taken by trawl in 16), fathoms. 148 LATE VIII. Ross Ice Pack, October 1956. Ice forced into pressure ridges; note ard, brittle ice in foreground. 149 PLATE IX. Ross Ice Pack, December 1966. USS ATKA transits ice pack in convoy with other icebreaker and cargo vessels. Note shape of floes and raised floe edges caused by ice motion during storm periods. PLATE X. Ice Gonaiitionss MoM e Sosa Docentes 1966. Note ice broken out by icebreakers to provide mooring places for cargo vessels, unbroken bay ice shorefast to Ross Island in background. 150 PLATE XI. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957. Note open, broken bay ice, snow-free land area (Marble Point in center of field, Cape Bernacchi in right rear). a j PLATE XII. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957. Note shore lead in background, unbroken bay ice. 151 PLATE XIII. Ice Conditions, McMurdo Sound, February 1957. Note Dailey Islands in left rear, moraine in left of field, open water with new ice in right of field. ax < PLATE XIV. Biological Collection, McMurdo Sound. Sorting bottom animals taken by trawl in 58 fathoms. 152 PLATE XV. Bottom Photograph, McMurdo Sound. Note tube worms, crinoids, sponges. Depth, 25 fathoms. eu at etl PLATE XVI. Ross Barrier Shelf, Kainan Bay, February 1957. Note typical break-out of shelf ice. 153 2 ] : ih q l Pp Pia 1a } bay Oia ¥ ‘6 < ‘iy | 4 ie Po ee . ut m " ‘f yo f PLATE XVII. Ice Conditions, Moubray Bay, February 1957. Note USS ATKA in ice-f area, open, broken bay ice in right center, recently calved berg from small ice shelf in background. 154 PLATE XVIII. Sample of bottom sediments, Moubray Bay. 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