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Bie ON ms pein diy Va ea May he 4 15 BEMMING, CNEL tm: planets \. woo dae Aiisanuiniadal OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE VOLUME 1. SECTION E Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957—1958 (All rights reserved) Moga aba COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History) Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemminc (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CaBrERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. ee LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 1 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoNnD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mez0gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August ae Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HottHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KitiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) A S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) IV INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (continued) C. The Staff of the Secretariat of the Commission Honorary Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Personal Assistant to the Secretary: Mrs. M. F. W. Hemming Honorary Archivist : Mr. Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A. Consulting Classical Adviser: Professor The Rev. L. W. Grensted, M.A., D.D. “ Official Lists’ Section: Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc. ** Régles’”’ Section: Mrs. A. F. Wilson, M.A. { Mrs. J. H. Newman Mrs. B. Lester (until 30th December 1957) Secretariat : < Mrs. C. Slater Miss D. Fidler | Mrs. J. Farbrother (from 30th December 1957) Indexer : Miss Mary Cosh, M.A. INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Chairman: The Right Hon. Walter Elliot, C.H., M.C., F.R.S., M.P. Managing Director and Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Publications Officer : Mrs. C. Rosner Trust Duties Officer: Mrs. J. H. Newman ADDRESSES OF THE COMMISSION AND THE TRUST Secretariat of the Commission: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.1. Offices of the Trust : 41 Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. FOREWORD The present Section contains a further instalment of Directions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature embodying decisions taken in connection with the review of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 undertaken in pur- suance of a General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, as extended by a further such Directive issued by the Foutteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. The immediately preceding Sections (Section C and Section D) of the present volume contained 41 instalments of the prescribed review (Section C, 23 ; Section D, 18)—all in the form of Directions. In addition, prior to the commencement of the above Sections, thirty-four (34) instalments had been published in other volumes of the Opinions and Declarations Series. Of these, thirty-two (32) had been rendered as Opinions and two (2) as Directions'. Accordingly, at the time of the commencement of the present Section the total number of instalments already published amounted to seventy- five (75). Thus, when account is taken of the twenty-three (23) instalments contained in the present Section, the total number of instalments of the prescribed review so far published is seen to amount to ninety-eight (98). Since the completion of the present Section a number of further Directions dealing with similar problems have been rendered by the Commission. These are now in the press and will be published as units of a new Section—Section F—of the present Volume. During the period covered by the publication of the present Section a decision was taken by the International Commission that the printing of the Official Lists and Official Indexes for publication as soon as 1 The thirty-two Opinions and two Directions here referred to were enumerated respectively in Footnote 1 and 2 to the Foreword to Section D of the present volume. SMITHSON INSTITUTION APR 1 7 1954 VI possible in book-form should be put in hand forthwith, not- withstanding the fact that in a limited number of cases this would involve the temporary withdrawal from the Official List of entries made in the period up to the end of 1936 which were known to be defective but which involved problems which had not as yet been fully elucidated. At the same time it was decided to press on as rapidly as possible with the consideration of all other problems affecting entries already made on the Official Lists. It is the Directions arising out of decisions taken by the Commission on cases falling in this latter group which will be published in the forthcoming Section F of Volume 1 of the present Series. That Section will be the last to appear before the publication of the Official Lists in book-form. It will also be the last of the Sections which collectively will constitute Volume 1 of the Opinions and Declarations Series, it having been decided that decisions on the limited number of entries on the Official List made before the end of 1936 which, as explained, it has been found necessary temporarily to withdraw will, when taken, be published as Directions in whatever may at the time in question be the current volume of the Opinions and Declarations Series. 2. The present Section (Section E of Volume 1) was published in 24 Parts. It contains 475 pages (T.P.—XV, 1—460). It is thus of substantially the same size as the preceding Section (Section D) of the present volume. 3. Twenty-three Directions are included in the present instal- ment. Of these, two (Directions 61, 71) are concerned exclusively with the determination of the gender to be attributed to two generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology before the end of 1936 ; four (Directions 63, 66, 72, 76) contain Rulings on various miscellaneous matters relating to the names of genera of particular Phyla of invertebrates on which decisions were needed as preliminary to the publication of the foregoing Official List in book-form ; four (Directions 64, 67, 73, 77) contain Rulings placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of the type species of genera in the Phyla referred to above, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period in Vil question. The remaining thirteen Directions are concerned with individual cases, eleven with particular names and two (Directions 65, 85) with the status of particular books. In six of these thirteen cases (Directions 60, 69, 78, 83, 84, 86) the International Commission found it necessary to make use of its Plenary Powers. Those Powers were used also in the case of the two Directions concerned with the determination of genders referred to above. The eleven Directions dealing with individual names (Directions 60, 68, 69, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86) contain Rulings which validate, correct or complete entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. 4. The cases dealing with individual names in the present Section, including those relating to the determination of the gender of generic names, amount to twenty-one ;: of these, six contain Rulings relating to the names of taxa belonging to more than one Class of the Animal Kingdom. In addition, one of the Directions (Direction 85) dealing with the status of a particular book dealt also with names belonging to a particular Class of the Animal Kingdom. The total number of cases involved in these Rulings given in the Directions comprised in the present Section is thus sixty-one. The distribution by Classes of these cases is shown in the following table :— VITl TABLE 1 Distribution of cases by Classes in the Animal Kingdom Number of Name of Class applications Rhizopoda Ciliata Mastigophora Sporozoa Neosporidia Hydrozoa Anthozoa Cestoda Trematoda Nematoda Nematomorpha Acanthocephala Hirudinea Chaetopoda Crustacea Diplopoda Trilobita Insecta Arachnida Gastropoda Scaphopoda Pelecypoda Cephalopoda Brachiopoda Holothuroidea Crinoidea Urochorda Pisces Aves Oe Conon aOnhonbosto! CoS Or Se It Se ON — Total IX 5. The Directions comprised in the present Section contain 313 additions to the Official Lists and Official Indexes. Of the entries so made 310 are in respect of names of taxa of various categories and three are of the titles of zoological works. Particulars of the additions so made are given in the following table :— TABLE 2 Additions to the ‘* Official Lists °’ and ‘* Official Indexes ”’ respectively Category Official Lists Official Indexes Specific Names 137 43 Generic Names 117 Family-group Names Titles of Works Totals 6. The subject index to the present Section of Volume I is of the same scope as, and follows the style of the corresponding index for the preceding Section (Section D) of this volume. For x the preparation of the Index to the present Section the Com- mission is once again indebted to Mrs. J. H. Newman. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, LONDON, N.W.1. 20th December, 1957. TABLE OF CONTENTS DIRECTION 60 Designation under the Plenary Powers of a type species for the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida) in harmony with accustomed usage and suppression under the same Powers of the specific name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (amendment of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) DIRECTION 61 Determination under the Plenary Powers of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (supplement to Opinion 85) a oe . iy, DIRECTION 63 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta made in the Official List of Generic Names in ee in the ee up to the end of 1936 : DIRECTION 64 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of nineteen species belonging to the Class Insecta, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species belonging to the same Class which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of such species DIRECTION 65 Determination of the form to be adopted for the name of the X VIIJth Century Viennese medical practitioner commonly known as “ Laurenti ”’ XI Page 13 zal 61 75 XI Page DIRECTION 66 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, other than entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea ae Le bu 85 DIRECTION 67 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of twenty species belonging to the Classes Trilobita, Crustacea, (other than species of the Order Decapoda), Diplo- poda and Arachnida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936, and (b) of the specific name of one species belonging to the Class Arachnida which is currently treated as a senior synonym of the name of SUCH aESpeCies) 2 Ss es 3 a: en lela DIRECTION 68 Addition to the Official List of Generic _ Names in Zoology of the generic name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 16) .. ie ~ Ae te ee ld DIRECTION 69 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Osmerus as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) pee of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 77) . on) Se DIRECTION 71 Determination under the Plenary Powers of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 104) 151 XII Page DIRECTION 72 Completion and in certain cases cor- rection of entries relating to the names of genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936.. win Lol DIRECTION 73 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of twenty- five species of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echino- dermata and Chordata, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species belonging respectively to the Phyla Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, each of which is currently treated by some or all specialists as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species . . 193 e DIRECTION 74 Completion, and in part, correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera of birds made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Ce 67 and matters incidental thereto ee PAS DIRECTION 76 Completion and in certain cases cor- rection of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platy- helminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 a ds 2 i eA 227 XIV DIRECTION 77 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific name of thirty-four species belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of five specific names which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of such species DIRECTION 78 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (validation of an entry on the Official List of Generic Names in ae! made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73) f : DIRECTION 80 Confirmation of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Mo/gula Forbes, 1848 (Class Uro- chorda) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 94) DIRECTION 81 Confirmation of the position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Gypaetus Storr, 1784, Anas Linnaeus, 1758, Nyctea Stephens, 1826, and Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (Class Aves) and correction of the entries made in regard thereto (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) DIRECTION 82 Confirmation of the position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), subject to the substitution of an amended entry in regard thereto (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) DIRECTION 83 Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) Page 265 293 305 B45 335 361 DIRECTION 84 Designation under the Plenary Powers of a neotype for the nominal species Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 73 and Direction 36) i DIRECTION 85 Determination of the dates to be attri- buted to the several portions of the Crustacea volume written by de Haan (W.) in the work by P. F. von Siebold entitled Fauna Japonica we DIRECTION 86 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the specific name convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagna- thus) convexa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 85) Corrigenda Subject Index .. Particulars of dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published Instructions to Binders XV Page 371 389 403 415 417 459 460 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.1. Pp. 1—12 DIRECTION 60 Designation under the Plenary Powers of a type species for the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida) in harmony with accustomed usage and suppression under the same Powers of the specific name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus (amendment of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Eight Shillings tom (All rights reserved) | ADp § Issued 15th March, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 60 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) - Secretary : Mr. Francis HemmING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Sa EMCEE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Jnstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Herinc (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) ‘ Professor Béla HANKO (Mez0gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KijHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Rrekessor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TorRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 60 DESIGNATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR THE GENUS “SCORPIO ” LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS ARACHNIDA) IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED USAGE AND SUPPRESSION UNDER THE SAME POWERS OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘‘ EUROPAEUS ” LINNAEUS, 1758, AS PUBLISHED IN THE COMBINATION **SCORPIO EUROPAEUS ” (AMENDMENT OF A RULING GIVEN IN ‘“‘OPINION?’’ 104) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers :— (a) All selections of type species for the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside and the nominal species Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby desig- nated to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; (b) The specific name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The following revised entry relating to the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in substitution for the entry relating to the foregoing generic name made thereon by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers in (1)(a) above : Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758) (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with he Name No. 1151 :— 4 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS maurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio maurus (specific name of type species of Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 381 :— europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Scorpio europaeus, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers in (1)(b) above (5) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 149 :— SCORPIONIDAE (correction of SCORPIONIDES) [Leach], [1814] (type genus : Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758) (6) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 185 :— SCORPIONIDES [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original Spelling for SCORPIONIDAE). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ‘“* DIRECTION ” The subject matter of the present Direction is the amendment of the entry relating to the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 for the purpose of providing the genus so named with a recognisable type species. The proposals on which the decision recorded in the present Direction was based were submitted to the International Com- DIRECTION 60 5 mission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Secretary in the following paper on 12th February 1955 :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress the specific name ** europaeus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination “* Scorpio europaeus ’’ and to designate for the genus ‘‘ Scorpio ”” Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida) a type species in harmony with accustomed usage (amendment of a Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to such extent as may be necessary to provide the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, with a type species in harmony with accustomed usage and thus to make it possible to substitute a revised entry relating to this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for the very unsatisfactory entry made under the Ruling given in Opinion 104 when this name was first placed on the Official List. The facts of this case are set out in the following paragraphs. 2. When Linnaeus established the genus Scorpio (1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 624), he placed in the genus so named five nominal species, of which the first species was Scorpio maurus (: 624) and the fifth was Scorpio europaeus (: 625). Linnaeus neither designated nor indicated a type species for this genus. The first author to select one of the originally included species to be the type species of this genus was Latreille who in 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 424, 118) so selected what he called “* europaeus Fab.’’, i.e. europaeus Linnaeus, since Fabricius never himself published such a name, this name as used by him being attributed to Linnaeus. 3. By the Ruling given in its Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 25—28) the Commission placed the name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. 4. When in 1943 I was engaged in a preliminary survey of the entries so far made on the Official List with the object of estimating the amount of further work which would be required before the List as so far compiled could be published in book-form, I encountered difficulties in regard to the name Scorpio Linnaeus, as I could not find that the name europaeus Linnaeus was currently applied by specialists in this group to a species of this genus. I accordingly consulted Mr. R. J. Whittick who was then in charge of this part of the British Museum 6 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS collection. Owing to the difficulties at that time arising from war conditions (including the evacuation of much of the library at the Museum), Mr. Whittick was unable to clear up this matter but he confirmed that it would require further examination before the Official List was published. Following the resumption in the autumn of 1954 of active steps to prepare the Official List for publication I consulted Dr. G. O. Evans who by this time had succeeded Mr. Whittick in charge of the Arachnida at the British Museum. In a letter dated 12th January 1955, Dr. Evans kindly furnished the following informa- tion :— Type species of ““ Scorpio ’’ Linnaeus (1) The name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, is not currently applied to a species of Scorpio Linnaeus. (2) In recent specialist works on the Scorpiones the species Scorpio maurus Linnaeus is considered the type species of Scorpio. I am in full agreement with this. (3) The genus Scorpio is placed in the family SCORPIONIDAE Pocock, 1893 (ref. : ““ Notes on the Classification of Scorpions, followed by some observations upon synonymy, with descriptions of new Genera and Species”. Pocock, Oct. 1893, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 12 : 305). 5. I have since (10th February 1955) had a further discussion in regard to this case with Dr. Evans who confirms that the unfortunate type selection by Latreille, by reason of its early date (1810), is without doubt the first such selection to be made for this genus and informs me that the first author to accept as its type species Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, the species now universally accepted as such was Karsch (F.) (1879, “‘Scorpionologische Beitrage’’, Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ver. 3 : 20). Dr. Evans considers that in the interests of maintaining stability and of putting an end to the unfortunate situation created by Latreille’s type selection for the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, it is desirable that the Commission should use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of setting aside that selection and validating Scorpio maurus Linnaeus as the type species of this genus. Dr. Evans is of the opinion that it is desirable that the same opportunity should be taken to suppress the specific name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, this ancient nomen dubium serving no useful purpose, representing, as it does, a potential threat to stability in nomenclature in view of the risk that at any time some author might claim to be able to identify the species so named by applying to this name the provisions of Article 31 of the Régles. 6. It is clear from the information kindly furnished by Dr. Evans that the entry on the Official List relating to the name Scorpio Linnaeus must be revised before the List can be published in book-form and that DIRECTION 60 i the revision of that entry by the use of the Plenary Powers to designate Scorpio maurus Linnaeus to be the type species of this genus would accord with the current practice of specialists in this group and thus promote stability, while at the same time providing the nominal genus Scorpio Linnaeus with a determinate content which by reason of having an unrecognisable species as its type species it at present lacks. I agree also with Dr. Evans that it is very desirable that the potentially dangerous nomen dubium europaeus Linnaeus should be suppressed and thus deprived of power to cause confusion in the nomenclature of this group at some later time. 7. I accordingly recommend the Commission :— (1) to use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the nominal genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, made prior to the Ruling now asked for and, having done so, to designate Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of this genus ; (b) to suppress the specific name europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) to substitute the following entry for the name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for that made therefor by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 624 (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1)(a) above): Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 624) ; (3) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—maurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio maurus (specific name of type species of Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758) ; (4) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :—europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus and as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1)(b) above ; (5) to place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology :—SCORPIONIDAE Pocock, 1893 (type genus : Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758). 8 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE PRESENT CASE 2. Registration of the present application : When the problems regarding the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus dealt with in the present Direction first came to light in 1943 in the course of a preliminary survey of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the period up to the end of 1936 carried out by Mr. Hemming as Secretary to the Commission, the papers in regard to this matter were placed in the Com- mission’s File Z.N.(G.) 15, the File at that time in use for docu- ments concerned with problems arising in connection with existing entries on the Official List. When later, Mr. Hemming completed his investigations in regard to the present case, the papers were registered separately, being allotted for this purpose the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 567. 3. Support received before publication of the present application : As noted in paragraphs 4 and 5 of the application submitted in the present case the action there recommended had the support of the following specialists :—R. J. Whittick (British Museum (Natural History), London) and of his successor in charge of the Arachnida Collection in that Museum, Dr. G. O. Evans. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 17th February 1955 and was published on 3lst May 1955 in Part 6 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 173—175). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, — Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—S6), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 31st May 1955 (a) in Part 6 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other DIRECTION 60 9 prescribed serial publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to four general zoological serial publications. 6. Support received from Otto Kraus (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany): On 30th July 1955, Dr. Otto Kraus (Forschungs-Institut und Natur- Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) addressed the following letter of support to the Office of the Commission (Kraus, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 296) :— Bei dieser Gelegenheit méchte ich Ihnen noch mitteilen, dass ich Ihre Ausfiihrengen tiber die Gattung Scorpio und ihre typische Art mit grossem Interesse gelesen habe. Ihr Antrag ist nachdriicklich zu unterstiitzen, zumal es sich bei Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, um eine véllig unsichere Art handelt. 7. No objection received : No objection to the action proposed in the present case was received from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 8. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(56)10 : On 29th February 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(56)10) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, as set out in Points (1) to (5) in paragraph 7 on page 175 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the application repro- duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 9. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 29th May 1956. 10 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)10 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)10 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Hering ; Lemche ; do Amaral ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Vokes ; Mayr; Dymond; Bodenheimer; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Esaki; Boschma; Key; Hanko; Riley ; Prantl ; Stoll ; Hemming ; Cabrera ; Tortonese ; Bonnet ; Jaczewski ; Kihnelt ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 11. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 30th May 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(56)10, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 10 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 12. Substitution on the ‘‘ Official List ’’ of an older reference for the family-group name based on the generic name ‘‘ Scorpio ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, than the oldest such reference previously ascertained : On 20th November 1956, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary executed the following Minute directing (a) the substitution on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology of the name SCORPIONIDAE (correction of SCORPIONIDES) [Leach], [1814], for the later name SCORPIONIDAE Pocock, 1893, which it had previously been proposed to enter on that List as the oldest family- DIRECTION 60 11 group name based on the foregoing generic name, and (b) the addition of the name SCORPIONIDES [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original Spelling for SCORPIONIDAE) to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology :— Substitution on the ‘‘ Official List ’’ of an older reference for the family-group name SCORPIONIDAE than the oldest such reference previously ascertained By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) At the time of the grant by the International Commission of approval to the proposal relating to the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, and associated names submitted in connection with Voting Paper V.P.(56)10, it was believed that the above generic name had first been taken as the base for a family-group name by Pocock in 1893. The routine check-up of references carried out in the Office of the Com- mission in preparation for the Direction required to give effect to the decision taken by the Commission in this matter has, however, disclosed the fact that a family-group name based on the foregoing generic name was published by Leach as early as 1814 in an anonymous paper in Volume 7 (: 412) of Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, where. however, it was published in the incorrect form SCORPIONIDES. 2. Accordingly, as Secretary, I now direct :— (a) that in lieu of the entry of the name SCORPIONIDAE Pocock, 1893, previously proposed to be made on the Official List of Family- Group Names in Zoology there be made the entry :— SCORPIONIDAE (correction of SCORPIONIDES) [Leach], [1814] ; (b) that there be made the following entry on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology :— SCORPIONIDES [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original Spelling for SCORPIONIDAE). 13. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 5th December 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(56)10 ; subject to the adjustment of the reference to be cited for the family-group name based on the generic name Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, in accordance with the 1 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS directions given in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 20th November 1956, the text of which has been reproduced in the immediately preceding paragraph of the present Direction. 14. Original References: The following are the original references for the specific names placed on the Official List and Official Index established for the recording of the names of taxa belonging to the foregoing category by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— europaeus, Scorpio, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed.10) 1 : 625 maurus, Scorpio, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 624 15. The following are the original references for the family- group name placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology and on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology respectively by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— SCORPIONIDAE (correction of SCORPIONIDES) [Leach], [1814], in Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency. 7 : 412 SCORPIONIDES [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original Spelling for SCORPIONIDAE) 16. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 17. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty (60) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fifth day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mrercatre & Cooper Lrwitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, coM.c., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.2. Pp. 13—20 DIRECTION 61 Determination under the Plenary Powers of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (supplement to Opinion 85) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 3rd May, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 61 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President’: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Bouuine Moog (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 1948 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) ; Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoitHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (45th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 61 DETERMINATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE GENERIC NAME ‘* VARUNA” MILNE EDWARDS (H.), 1830 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (SUPPLEMENT TO ‘ OPINION ”’ 85) RULING :—It is hereby ruled under the Plenary Powers that the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, is to be treated as being of the feminine gender. I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 13th April 1955, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, pre- pared for the consideration of the Commission the following paper in which he drew attention to certain difficulties which had 16 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS been encountered in assigning to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, a gender which would be both correct and also consistent with established practice :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to determine for the generic name ‘* Varuna ’? Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) a gender in harmony with accustomed usage By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating for the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) a gender in harmony with accustomed usage. This generic name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85. It is necessary therefore that an appropriate gender should be attributed to this name as soon as possible, in order that the preparation of the Official List for publication in book-form may not be held up on this account. The facts of this case are set out below. 2. The word “‘ Varuna” is a non-Classical word and by reason of its ‘‘-a ’’ termination, it was allotted a feminine gender by Mr. F. J. Lelievre in his report on genders, on the analogy of Latin nouns belonging to the first declension. The literature shows that from Milne Edwards onwards, authors have treated the generic name Varuna as being feminine in gender. 3. Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands), while agreeing that it was desirable that the feminine gender should be attributed to this name in view of the fact that it is always treated as being of that gender, was the first to point out that this word should probably be treated as being masculine in gender, it being likely that, in naming this crab, Milne Edwards selected for its name “ the name of the god of the waters, the Indian Neptune of Hindoo mythology ”’ (letter dated 16th February 1955). Reference to Milne Edwards’s original description fully bears out Professor Boschma’s hypothesis, for in that description Milne Edwards wrote : *“Le nom de Varuna, par lequel nous le designons génériquement, est celui de l’un des genies des eaux dans la mythologie indienne.” It is clear therefore that under the Régles this generic name is masculine in gender. DIRECTION 61 17 4. Ihave consulted both Dr. A. Fenner Chace (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) and Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) on this case. Dr. Chace, while stating that it seems to matter little which gender is assigned to it, says that this name “‘ would be more readily acceptable to all carcinologists if it is treated as feminine ”’ (letter of 22nd March 1955). Dr. Gordon replied (12th April 1955) that, in her opinion, “‘Varuna should be retained as feminine. Even Milne Edwards used the combination Varuna litterata from the start ”’. 5. In the circumstances, I recommend that, either under the normal Plenary Powers procedure or under those Powers through the modified procedure recommended in Application Z.N.(S.) 9381, the Commission should direct that the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, be treated as being of the feminine gender. II. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 943. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 21st April 1955 and was published on 7th July in the same year in Part 8 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 263—264). 1 The application here referred to was published in the same Part of the Bulletin (1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 256—259) as that in which appeared the present application relating to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards, 1830. 18 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre- scribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 7th July 1955 (a) in Part 8 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition such Notice was given also to four general zoological serial publications in Europe and America. 5. No objection received : No objection to the action proposed in the present case was received from any source. IJ. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(56)21 : On 25th April 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(56)21) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the gender to be attributed to the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as set out in paragraph 5 of page 264 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature”’ {i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th July 1956. DIRECTION 61 19 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)21 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)21 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative: Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Boschma; Vokes; Hering; Bodenheimer ; Prantl ; Jaczewski; Esaki; do Amaral; Hanko; Dymond; Bonnet; Key; Mayr; Lemche; Riley; Mertens ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Hemming; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes, one (1): Kihnelt ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1): Bradley (J.C.) ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 26th July 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(56)21, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission n the matter aforesaid. 20 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 25th January 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(56)21. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty- One (61) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Fifth day of January, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLre & Cooper LimitTEp, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.3. Pp. 21—60 DIRECTION 63 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 ~ LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price One Pound, Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 21st June, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 63 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoOsCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) ae Ce LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso EsAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) 12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August me Dr. Norman R. SToLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 63 COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA BELONGING TO THE CLASS INSECTA MADE IN THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) It is hereby directed that there be added to the entry on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature relating to Westwood’s Introduction to a modern Classi- fication of Insects and the accompanying Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, made by the Ruling given in Direction 32, the under-mentioned particulars as to the instalments in which the several portions of the Jntro- duction and Synopsis were published and the dates on which such instalment was published :— Dates of publication of J. O. Westwood’s “* Introduction to a modern Classification of Insects’? and of the *“* Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects” published therewith Date of Part No. “ Introduction” “Synopsis” Publication (date on cover) 1 1: 148 : 1—16 [May 1838] D Ie AD [June 1838] 5 1: 113—160 :17—32 [July 1838] 4 1 : 161—224 [Aug. 1838] 5 1 : 225—288 [Sept. 1838] 6 1 : 289—352 [Oct. 1838] 7 1 =: 353—400 : 33—48 ~—s[Nov. 1838] 8 1 : 401—462 [Dec. 1838] 9 eel = 125 (Jan. 1839] 10 2 : 129—192 [Feb. 1839] 11 2 : 193—224 [March 1839] 12 2 : 225—256 [April 1839] 13 2 : 257—288 > 49—80 [June 1839] 14 2 : 289—352 [Nov. 1839] 15 2 : 353—400 : 81—96_—— [Jan. 1840] 16 2 : 401—587 : 97—154 [June 1840] 24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) In the light of the Ruling given in (1) above and of the fact that Westwood’s selection of Blatta lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus Ectobius Stephens, 1835 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) was made on page 44 of the Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, it is hereby directed that in the entry relating to the above generic name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (hereinafter referred to as the “ Official List’) by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, the date “‘ [November 1838] ”’ be substituted for the date “1840” as that on which Westwood’s selection of the above species to be the type species of the genus Ectobius Stephens was published. (3) It is hereby directed that the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 the notation “ type species, by selection by Kirby (W.F.) (1890) ” be substituted for the incorrect notation “ tlype by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation] (1903) ”’. (4) It is hereby directed that in the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Dermaptera) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 the incorrect notation “ tlype by] a[bsolute] tlautonymy] 1758 ” be deleted and that in its place there be inserted the revised notation “type species, by selection by Latreille, 1810) .” (5) The portion of the entry relating to the generic name Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Anoplura), in which it was stated that the nominal species Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758; the type species of the above genus, was later restricted to the form capitis, made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted and the following revised entry is hereby inserted in its place: “ Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758, as restricted to the form referred to by Linnaeus as living “in vestamentis humanis’”’ (i.e. the form commonly DIRECTION 63 25 known as corporis) by Latreille as First Reviser in [1803—1804] (Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. 8 : 93—94). (6) The portion of the entry relating to the method by which the type species of the genus Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) was determined under Article 30 of the Régles where it was incorrectly stated that the nominal species Reduvius fuscipes Fabricius, 1787, was selected as the type species of the above genus by some unspecified author in 1803, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted from the Official List and the ensuing statement that Cimex personatus Linnaeus, 1758, was selected as the type species by Latreille (1810 : 433, 256) is hereby confirmed. (7) It is hereby directed that in respect of each of the generic names specified in the following list, in which has been incorporated the relevant Rulings given in (2) to (6) above, the particulars shown in Column (2) as to the method by which the type species of the genus concerned was determined under Article 30 of the Régles be inserted in the Official List in the entries severally concerned :— Name of Genus Entry relating to the determination of the type species of genus specified in Col. (1) to be inserted in the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ” (1) | Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810 Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 423, 108) Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 246 26 OPINIONS Name of Genus (1) Ectobius Stephens, 1835 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Periplaneta Burmeister, 1833 Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 | Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 _Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] AND DECLARATIONS Entry relating to the determination of the type species of genus specified in Col. (1) to be inserted in the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” (2) by subsequent selection by West- wood, [1838], Introd. mod. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. gen. Brit. Ins. : 44 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 248 by subsequent selection by Kirby (W.F.), 1890, Proc. roy. Soc. Dublin (n.s.) 6 : 562 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 444, 409 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 423, 114 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 246 by subsequent selection by West- wood, 1840, Introd. mod. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. Gen. Brit. Inss 2 7h22 by subsequent selection by West- wood, 1840, Introd. mod. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. Gen. Brit. Ins. : 120 DIRECTION 63 24 Name of Genus Entry relating to the determination of the type species of genus specified in Col. (1) to be inserted in the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” (1) (2) Notonecta Linnaeus, by subsequent selection by 1758 Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 434, 261 Reduvius Fabricius, by subsequent selection by iTS Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 256 (8) It is hereby directed that the date “‘ [1802—1803] ”’ be substituted for the date “1802” as the date of publication of the generic name Nabis Latreille (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in the entry relating to that name made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (9) It is hereby directed that the date “ [1804—1805] ”’ be substituted for the date “1805” as the date of publication of the binomen Nycteribia pedicularia Latreille, the name of the type species of Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), in the entry made on the Official List relating to the above generic name by the Ruling given in Opinion 128. (10) The title of the work by Laporte (F.L.de) entitled Essai @une Classification systématique de Il’ Ordre des Heémiptéres (Heteroptéres) is hereby placed on _ the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Number 28, subject to the endorsement (a) that the first sheet, comprising pages 1—16, is to be treated as having been published in [1832] and (b) that, in the absence of any further Ruling made in the light of additional information later received, the remaining portion of this work is to be treated as having been published in [1833]. 28 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (11) In the light of (10) above the date “ 1832” — assigned to the generic name Triatoma Laporte (Class — Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in the entry on the Official List made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby © confirmed, subject to the qualification that this date be cited in square brackets. (12) The statement that the type species of the genus Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) is “ trompe Fab.”, i.e. Oestrus trompe as inter- preted by Fabricius in 1794, included in the entry relating to the above generic name made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 106 is hereby deleted from that entry and it is hereby directed that in its place there be inserted a statement that the type species of this genus is the nominal species Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786. (13) It is further directed that the subjective synony- misation of the name Oéestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, with the name Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786, the name of the type species of the genus Cephenemyia Latreille, be deleted from the entry relating to the name Cephenemyia Latreille made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 106. (14) It is hereby directed that the subjective synony- misation of the name Oestrus intestinalis De Geer, 1776, with the name Oestrus equi Clark, 1796, the name of the type species of the genus Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), be deleted from the entry relating to the generic name Gasterophilus Leach made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 106. (15) It is hereby directed that the entry relating to the generic name Anthocoris, made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, be amended :— (a) by the deletion therefrom of all references to the nominal species Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758 ; DIRECTION 63 29 (b) by the attribution of this generic name to Fallén and not to his pupil Rodhe. (16) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872 (gender: masculine) (type Species, by monotypy : Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758) (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) (Name No. 1185) ; (b) Prostemma Laporte (F.L.de), [1832] (gender : neuter) (type species, by monotypy: Reduvius guttula Fabricius, 1787) (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) (Name No. 1186) ; (c) Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy: Cimex uniguttatus Donovan, (1804)) (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) (Name No. 1187) ; (d) Elasmucha Stal, 1864 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Cimex ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787) (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) (Name No. 1188) | (17) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Oestrus nasalis (Name No. 1265) ; (b) haemorrhoidalis De Geer, 1776, as published in the combination Oestrus haemorrhoidalis (Name No. 1266) ; 30 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex sylvestris (specific name of type species of Ligvrocoris Stal, 1872) (Name No. 1267) ; (d) guttula Fabricius, 1787, as published in the com- bination Reduvius guttula (specific name of type species of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]) (Name No. 1268) ; (e) uniguttatus Donovan, (1804), as published in the combination Cimex uniguttatus (specific name of type species of Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843) (Name No. 1269) ; (f) ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugatus (specific name of type species of Elasmucha Stal, 1864) (Name No. 1270). (18) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) Acanthia Fabricius, 1775 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 904) ; (ii) Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818 (a junior objective synonym of Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 905) ; (iii) Cephalemya Rondani, 1856 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 906) ; (iv) Cephalomyia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 907) ; DIRECTION 63 31 (v) Cephenemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 90 b) (vi) Cephenomyia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 909) ; (vii) Clinocoris Fallén, 1829 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 910) ; (viii) Clinocoris Hahn, 1834 (a junior homonym of Clinocoris Fallén, 1829) (Name No. 911) ; (ix) Clinophilus Blanford, 1903 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899) (Name No. 912) ; (x) Conochinus Dohrn, 1859 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) (Name No. 913) ; (xi) Conorchinus Spinola, 1852 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) (Name No. 914) ; (x1) Conorhinus Laporte, [1833] (a junior objective synonym of Triatoma Laporte, [1832]) (Name No. 915) ; (xiit) Conorrhinus Jeannel, 1919 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) (Name No. 916) ; (xiv) Gastrophilus Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Gasterophilus Leach, 1817) (Name No. 917) ; 32 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xv) Hylophila Kirby & Spence, 1828 (a junior objective synonym of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814) (Name No. 918) ; (xv1) Ryparocoris Schummel, [1827] (a junior objective synonym of Reduvius Fabricius, 1775) (Name No. 919) ; (xvii) Hypoderma Geoffroy St. Hilaire (J.), 1828 (a junior homonym of Hypoderma Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 920) ; (xviii) Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 921) ; (xix) Lepisina Radermacher, 1779 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 922) ; (xx) Metastemma Amyot & Serville, 1843 (an Invalid Emendation of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]) (Name No. 923) ; (xxi) Notonecia Fabricius, 1798 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 924) ; (xxil) Oedemagenus Berthold, 1827 (an Invalid Emendation of Oedemagena Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 925) ; (xxi) Phthirius Burmeister, 1835 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Pthirus [Leach], [1815]) (Name No. 926) ; (xxiv) Phthirus Leach, 1817 (an Invalid Emendation of Pthirus {Leach}, [1815]) (Name No. 927) ; (xxv) Phyllocoris Costa, 1847 (a junior objective synonym of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814) (Name No. 928) ; DIRECTION 63 33 (xxvi) Postemma Dufour, 1834 (an Invalid Emendation of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]) (Name No. O29): (xxvii) Prostremma Kiritschenko, [1909] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Prostemma Laporte, [1832]) (Name No. 930). (19) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below : ~ (a) equi Clark, 1797, as published in the combination Oestrus equi (a junior primary homonym of equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Oestrus equi) (Name No. 390) ; (b) equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combina- tion Oestrus equi, as defined by the lectotype selected by Hemming in paragraph 17 in the application submitted in the present case! (a junior objective synonym of zasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus nasalis) (Name No. 391); (c) erythrozonias Gmelin, [1790], as published in the combination Cimex erythrozonias (a junior ob- jective synonym of rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combination Cimex rubrofasciatus) (Name No. 392) ; (d) ferrugator Fabricius, 1794, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugator (an Invalid Emen- dation of ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as pub- lished in the combination Cimex ferrugatus) (Name No. 393) ; (e) inguinalis [Leach], [1815], as published in the com- bination Pthirus inguinalis (a junior objective 1 See page 42 of the present Direction. 34 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS synonym of pubis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pediculus pubis) (Name No. 394) ; (f) rufofasciata Van Duzee, 1917, as published in the combination Triatoma rufofasciata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combination Cimex rubro fasciatus) (Name No. 395). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “ DIRECTION ” The present Direction embodies decisions taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of completing and, where necessary, correcting, the entries in regard to the names of genera of the Class Insecta made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, this action being a necessary preliminary to the publication of the Official List in book form. The proposals upon which the decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 31st May 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed completion and correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta made on the ‘6 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains particulars of various minor errors and omissions in entries relating to the names of genera of insects made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. Proposals are submitted for rectifying these defects. DIRECTION 63 35 2. The problems discussed in the present paper came to light in the course of work in the Office of the Commission in connection with the forthcoming publication of the Official List in book-form. In the subsequent investigations most valuable help has been received from a number of specialists, to whom the grateful thanks of the Commission -are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or of the appointments which they held at the time when consultations took place and (b) of the Orders of insects, on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Hemiptera) Tadeusz Jaczewski (Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Warsaw) (Hemiptera) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.) (Diptera) Frederick Laing (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Anoplura) N. D. Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Anoplura ; Dermaptera ; Orthoptera) John Smart (Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge) (Diptera) B. P. Uvarov (Director, Anti-Locust Research Centre, London) (Dermaptera ; Orthoptera). 3. In the case of the names of genera of the Order Hemiptera particular reference must be made to an exceptionally important document received from Professor Jaczewski in October 1955 which contained a full review of all relevant particulars regarding the names concerned and which in addition contained in certain cases supple- mentary proposals on cognate matters. The information so furnished has been freely drawn upon in preparing the present paper, in so far as that information related to matters falling within the scope of the proposals now submitted. 4. The questions dealt with in the present paper fall into various well defined groups, such as : (i) the determination of the method by which type species were provided for genera ; (ii) the correction of erroneous dates assigned to names when placed on the Official List ; (iii) the elucidation of problems of subjective synonymy involved in addi- tional references cited in the case of certain entries on the Official List and (iv) the addition of objectively invalid names to the Official Indexes. These matters are dealt with in turn in the following paragraphs. 36 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (1) Proposed insertion in the ‘‘ Official List ’’ of particulars as to how the type species of certain genera were determined under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Regles ”’ 5. In the case of twelve out of the twenty-three generic names of insects placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936, the entries then made on that List regarding the manner in which the type species of the genera concerned were determined under Article 30 of the Régles were either incomplete or incorrect. Amended par- ticulars in regard to each of these generic names are given in Annexe 1 to the present paper. Notes are given in the following paragraphs regarding those names where the correction, as well as the completion of entries on the Official List is involved. All the errors concerned are in respect of entries on the Official List made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. 6. ‘* Ectobius ’’ Stephens, 1835: In Opinion 104 the method by which Blatta lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, became the type species of Ectobius Stephens was indicated by the formula “tsd. (1840) ”’, i.e. the above species was selected as the type species by some unspecified author in 1840. The reference intended is no doubt to Westwood’s Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects which though separately paged, was published as a part of (i.e. as a supplement to) that author’s Introduction to a modern Classification of Insects, for on page 44 of the Synopsis the above species was selected as the type species of the genus Ectobius. There has been a considerable amount of misunderstanding regarding the date of publication of the Synopsis, which is commonly treated as having been published in 1840, the year in which was completed the publication of Volume 2 of the /ntroduction of which it is commonly treated as forming a part. Griffin has shown (1932, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 6 (3) : 83—84), however, (a) that the Synopsis was issued in instalments with parts of the Introduction, (b) that the first instalment of the Synopsis was published in May 1838 with the first Part of Volume 1 of the Jntroduction, and (c) that the last instalment of the Synopsis was published in June 1840 with the last Part (Part XVI) of Volume 2 of the Introduction. The evidence collected by Griffin shows that the contents of the Sheets composing the Synopsis and their dates of publication were as follows :—Sheet B (: 1—16). May 1838; Sheet C (: 17—32), July 1838; Sheet D (: 3348), November 1838; Sheets E and F (: 49—80), June 1839; Sheet G (: 81—96), January 1840; Sheets H to L (: 97—154), June 1840. It will be see from the above particulars that Westwood’s type selection for Ectobius Stephens was published in [1838]. The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology should be emended accordingly. The titles of Westwood’s Jntroduction and accompanying Synopsis have been placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature as Title No. 22 by the Ruling given in Direction 32. The entry so made should be supplemented DIRECTION 63 37 by the addition of the foregoing particulars as to the dates of publication of the instalments in which the Synopsis was published. The opportunity should be taken also for inserting in the Official List the particulars ascertained by Griffin as to the dates of publication of the Parts in which the Introduction itself was published. These particulars are as follows: Volume 1 (Parts I—VIII), 1838: Part I (: 1—48), May 1838; Part II (: 49—112), June 1838; Part III (: 113—160), July 1838 ; Part IV (: 161—224), August 1838; Part V (: 225—288), September 1838 ; Part VI (: 289—352), October 1838 ; Part VII (: 353—400), November 1838; Part VIII (: 401—462), December 1838. Volume 2 (Parts IX—XVI), 1839—1840; Part IX (: 1—128), January 1839; Part X (: 129—192), February 1839 ; Part XI (: 193—224), March 1839; Part XII (: 225—256), April 1839; Part XIII (: 257—288), June 1839; Part XIV (: 289—352), November 1839; Part XV (: 353—400), January 1840; Part XVI (: 401—587), June 1840. 7. ‘* Periplaneta ’’ Burmeister, 1838: In this case it was stated in Opinion 104 that the type species was selected under Rule (g) in Article 30 by some author in 1903. It has been impossible to trace any type selection for this genus in the above year, but this is of no consequence since an older type selection—made in 1890—has been found in the literature namely a selection by Kirby (W.F.) (Proc. Roy. Soc. Dublin (n.s.) 6 : 562). 8. ‘* Forficula ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : A twofold indication as to how the type species of this genus was determined was given in Opinion 104, namely (i) ““ tat” [type species, by absolute tautonymy] and (ii) “ tsd. (1810) ”’ [type species, by subsequent selection in 1810]. The first of these indications is incorrect, for Linnaeus in 1758 neither placed in this genus a species having the specific name “‘ forficula””’ nor cited in the synonymy of any of the included species a pre-1758 univerbal specific name consisting of the word “ forficula ’’. The second of the indications cited in Opinion 104, which would have been unnecessary and incorrect if the type species of this genus had in fact been determined by absolute tautonymy under Rule (d) in Article 30, is in the circumstances correct, for it represents the manner in which the type species was actually determined. The date “‘ 1810” cited is correct, the type selection for this genus having been made in that year by Latreille in the Consid. gen. (: 433, 246). 9. ‘* Pediculus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758: Linnaeus placed thirty-nine species in this genus, the first being Pediculus humanus (: 610). Of this species Linnaeus wrote “* Habitat in capite & vestimentis humanis”’. In 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2) : 1016) Linnaeus recog- nised that his Pediculus humanus of 1758 comprised two different forms but, although he gave brief descriptions of each, he did not give 38 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS a new name to either. In 1783 De Geer (Abhandl. Gesch. Insekt. : 30) introduced the trinominal designations Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus corporis to denote these taxa. These terms have been correctly rejected as names in taxonomy, though they form a convenient method by which to refer colloquially to the two forms and are commonly so used in medical literature. The first binominal zoologist to distinguish these forms by giving a name to one, while restricting, as a First Reviser, the name humanus Linnaeus to the other, was Latreille ({1803—1804], Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. 8 : 93—94) who gave the new name Pediculus cervicalis (: 94) to the head louse, restricting humanus Linnaeus to the body louse. When we turn to Opinion 104, we find that, it is there correctly stated that the type species of the genus Pediculus was selected under Rule (g) in Article 30 by some author in 1810 (the formula used being “ tsd. 1810’), i.e. by Latreille in the Consid. gén. (: 423, 114). We find also, however, that the author of the Opinion appears to have considered that the name humanus Linnaeus was correctly applicable to the head louse, the words used being “ tsd. (1810) Aumanus, restricted later to syn. of tsd. (1915; 1916) capitis”. As shown above, this was incorrect and it will be necessary now to amend the entry on the Official List relating to the type species of Pediculus Linnaeus to make it clear that that species (Pediculus humanus) is to be interpreted in accordance with the restriction made by Latreille [1803—1804] as First Reviser. Although it is necessary that the entry in Opinion 104 should be corrected, the point is not of great practical significance as the head louse and the body louse are today commonly treated as no more than forms of a single species. 10. ‘‘ Reduvius ’’ Fabricius, 1775 : The type species of this genus is Cimex personatus Linnaeus, 1758, as was correctly stated in Opinion 104. This species became the type species by selection by Latreille in 1810 in the Consid. gén. (: 433, 256). This was briefly indicated in the above Opinion by the use of the formula (“ tsd. 1810. . . ”, to which, however, three later dates were added quite unnecessarily. The point which calls for attention is the following further note added in the above Opinion : “‘ tsd. by error (1803) fuscipes’’’. The species here referred to is Reduvius fuscipes Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 312), but, as will be obvious, that nominal species could not in any circumstances be the type species, since it was not established until twelve years after the first publication of the generic name Reduvius. The erroneous idea that this species was the type species of Reduvius is no doubt attributable, as Commissioner Jaczewski has suggested (in his com- munication of 12th October 1955, to which reference has been made in paragraph 3 above), to the fact that formerly the view was held by specialists that Fabricius should be regarded as having selected type species for genera in the work Systema Rhyngotorum of 1803 by repeating the generic diagnosis for one of the species then included in the genus concerned. All that is needed in the present context is to DIRECTION 63 39 delete from the Official List all reference to the reputed but non- existent selection of Reduvius fuscipes Fabricius as the type species of this genus.? (2) Proposed correction of erroneous dates assigned to two names in the Class Insecta 11. ‘* Nabis ’’ Latreille : In Opinion 104 the date ‘* 1802’ is attri- buted to this name. This is incorrect. The name Nabis was published in volume 3 of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., the title page of which bears the date “‘ An X ”’ of the French Revolutionary Calendar. If this volume had in fact appeared in that period it would be necessary to treat it as having been published in “‘ 1801—1802 ”’ and this is no doubt what the author of this section of Opinion 104 thought had occurred, contenting himself, however, with citing the year “‘ 1802” in which the major part of “An X”’ fell. Griffin has shown (1938, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 157), however, that the above volume was not published until ““An XI”’, ie. until some time in the period ** 1802—1803’. The date assigned to the name Nabis Latreille in the Official List should be amended accordingly. 12. ‘‘ Nycteribia ’’ Latreille, 1796 : In Opinion 128 the date ‘“‘ 1805 ” was assigned to the name, Nycteribia pedicularia Latreille, of the type species of this genus. This name was published in volume 14 of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., the title page of which bears the date “An XIII ”’, 1.e. the period September 1804 to September 1805. The date assigned to this name on the Official List should be amended accordingly. : (3) Question of the date of publication of Laporte’s ‘‘ Essai Class. syst. Ordre Hémipt.”’ with special reference to the question of the date to be assigned to the generic name ‘‘ Triatoma ’’ Laporte 13. The generic name Triatoma Laporte was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. It was published in a work entitled Essai d’une Classification systématique de Il’Ordre des 2 Although, as explained in paragraph 10 above, Fabricius did not select Reduvius fuscipes Fabricius in 1803 to be the type species of the genus Reduvius Fabricius, that species, as I am informed by Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Warsaw) (in litt., 16th June 1956), was so selected by Stal in 1859 (Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm 16 : 201—204). That selection was, however, invalid, for (as noted in the paragraph referred to above) it had been anticipated in 1810 by the perfectly valid action by Latreille when he selected 2 personatus Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of this genus (intl’d 40 OPINIGNS AND DECLARATIONS Hémiptéres (Heteroptéres). This was published in parts in Gueérin’s Magazin de Zoologie and was separately paged. The whole work is treated as forming part of volume 2 of the Mag. Zool. The question of the date (or dates) attributable to the Essai was examined by Harris (H.M.) in 1942 (Pan-Pac. Ent. 18 (4) : 161—162), who concluded that the whole work ought to be treated as having been published in 1833. This view was adopted in Paper Z.N.(S.) 996, in which the gender to be attributed to the name Triatoma was placed before the Commission, and led to correspondence between Professor Jaczewski and myself. The following is an extract from a letter dated 11th November 1955 in which Professor Jaczewski summed up his view in this matter as follows : ‘‘ It has been shown beyond any doubt that the final portion of Laporte’s Essai was antedated and was published not earlier than March or even April 1833. However, the work was issued in parts or sheets (successivement, feuille par feuille), which were annexed as supplements to successive fascicules of the Magazin de Zoologie, vol. 2, 1832. The Essai comprises five and a half sheets and there seems to be no reason to doubt that at least some of the earlier sheets were actually published in 1832. In other words I do not think that we should be entitled to consider the whole of the Essai as having been published in 1833’. In view of the fact that, so far as is known the publication of only two of the parts (Livraisons 11 and 12) of the 1832 volume of the Mag. Zool. was delayed until some time in 1833 and that, as pointed out by Professor Jaczewski, the Essai consisted of five and a half sheets, it seems reasonable to conclude that at least the first sheet ,which was the sheet which contained the name Triatoma, was published before the end of 1832. This is in harmony with the provision on the subject of the method to be adopted in determining the dates to be assigned to particular books inserted in the Régles by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 ; 223—225). Under this provision it is necessary to adopt the earliest date on which it is definitely known that any given book was published and, where it is known that a book was published between two given dates, to adopt the later of those dates. Applying this provision in the present case, we find that there is sufficient evidence to justify the conclusion that at least some portion of Laporte’s Essai was published in 1832. Since we know that this work was issued in sheets, it may be concluded that the first sheet, comprising pages 1 to 16, was published before the end of 1832. This evidence applies, however, only to the first sheet, there being nothing to show when the second sheet was issued. Accordingly, under the provision cited above the second and later sheets must be treated as having been published in 1833, the year in which the publication of the Essai is known to have been completed. If, as is recommended, the Commis- sion accepts Professor Jaczewski’s view that the first sheet of the Essai was published in 1832 and therefore that the name Triatoma is to be treated as having been published in that year, it will be necessary under the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology to enter the title of Laporte’s DIRECTION 63 41 Essai on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with an endorsement that the first sheet is to be treated as having been published in 1832 and the remainder in 1833. (4) Problems arising from subjective synonymisations of the names of type species of genera cited when generic names of insects were placed on the ‘‘ Official List ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and associated matters 14. ‘‘ Cephenemyia ’’ Latreille, 1818 : This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 106. The type species of this genus was then cited as “‘trompe’”’ in the so called “summary ” (: 4), as “ Oestrus trompe Fabr. = O. nasalis Linn.” in the “Statement of the Case’? embodied in this Opinion (: 7) and, later on the same page, as ““ trompe Fab., syn. of Oestrus nasalis Linn., 1758a”. Two points call for attention in connection with these entries. First, it must be noted that Fabricius did not himself publish a new name Oestrus trompe, the name cited by him being the pre- viously published name Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786, K. Vetensk- Akad. Nya Handl. 7 : 134. This is therefore the name of the type species of the genus Cephenemyia Latreille. The second point to be noted is that the author of the application dealt with in Opinion 106 was in error in considering that the name Oestrus trompe “* Fabricius ”’ [recte Modeer, 1786], was a junior subjective synonym of Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758. The error so committed illustrates very well the dangers attaching to the former practice of the Commission in accepting subjective synonymisations for the names of the type species of genera when placing the generic names concerned on the Official List. All reference to Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, in connection with the generic name Cephenemyia Latreille should now be deleted from the Official List. 15. ‘‘ Oestrus nasalis ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : The name Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, which, as explained in paragraph 14 above, was erroneously treated in Opinion 106 as the oldest available name for the taxon represented by the nominal species Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786 (the reindeer bot) is in fact the oldest specific name for the horse bot and is currently placed in the genus Gasterophilus Leach, 1817, which was also placed on th: Official List by the Ruling given in _ Opinion 106. The specific name nasalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 584), as published in the combination Oestrus nasalis, should, as the valid name for an accepted species, now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 16. ‘‘ Gasterophilus ’? Leach, 1817 : The generic name Gasterophilus Leach, 1817, was (as noted above) placed on the Official List at the 42 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS same time as the generic name Cephenemyia Latreille. As in the case of the last-named genus, the Commission, when placing the name Gasterophilus Leach on the Official List, cited a subjective senior synonym for the type species, but on this occasion it was more successful than it had been in the case of Cephenemyia. The species so cited (Oestrus intestinalis De Geer, 1776, Mém. Ins. 6 : 292) is currently accepted as a senior subjective synonym of the name of the type species of this genus (Oestrus equi Clark, 1796, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 3 : 298, 326). 17. ‘‘ Oestrus equi’ Fabricius, 1787: Oestrus equi Clark, 1796, the name of the type species of the genus Gasterophi lusLeach, is not only a junior subjective synonym of an older name (Oéestrus intestinalis De Geer, 1776) but is in addition objectively invalid as a junior homonym of the name Oestrus equi Fabricius, 1787 (Mant. Ins. 2: 321). This latter name is not in use and the nominal taxon so named is at present indeterminate, for it is a composite of two well recognised species, each of which was cited by name by Fabricius when establishing his nominal species Oestrus equi. The nominal species concerned were: (i) Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758 (discussed in paragraphs 14 and 15 above, and (ii) Oestrus haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 584). Indeterminate names such as Oestrus equi Fabricius, 1787, serve no useful purpose and it is very desirable that, when such names are encountered, they shouid be given a determinate content by the selection of a lectotype. In the present case, it is evident from the choice of the specific name equi that Fabricius was attempting to give a name to the horse bot, though it is not clear why he thought a new name necessary, having regard to the fact that he cited, as a synonym of his new name Oéestrus equi, the name Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, the oldest available name for the horse bot. It would therefore be in accord with the intention of Fabricius if his name Oestrus equi were definitely attached to the horse bot. Accordingly from among the specimens included by Fabricius in his new nominal species Oestrus equi by citing the nominal species Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, in synonymy, I now select the specimen described by Linnaeus in 1758 under the name Oestrus nasalis to be the lectotype of Oestrus equi Fabricius, 1787. As the result of the foregoing selection the specific name equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Oestrus equi, becomes a junior objective synonym of nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oéestrus nasalis. As such, the name equi Fabricius, 1787, should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. At the same time the specific name haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus haemorrhoidalis, as being an available name currently accepted as the oldest such name for the taxon concerned, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 63 43 18. ‘‘ Anthocoris ’’ Fallén, 1844. The problem here is essentially similar to that discussed above (paragraph 14) in connection with the name Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818, for the Commission adopted in the case of Anthocoris Fallén also the undesirable—and now obsolete— practice of citing a subjective senior synonym when recording the name of the type species ; as in the former case also the names so cited are not currently regarded by specialists as synonyms of one another. The type species of Anthocoris Fallén is, as stated in Opinion 104, the nominal species Cimex nemorum Linnaeus, 1761. The nominal species with which it was incorrectly identified in the foregoing Opinion, Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 449), is not only now regarded by specialists as a distinct species but is in addition the type species by monotypy of the currently accepted genus Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872 (Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm 29 : 51). On the proposal of Professor Jaczewski, it is recommended that the generic name Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872, and the specific name sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex sylvestris should now be placed on the respective Official Lists of valid names. 19. Authorship of the generic name ‘‘ Anthocoris ’’: It should be noted that the name Anthocoris was published in a doctoral thesis presented to the university authorities by a pupil of Fallén named Rodhe. The problem of the authorship to be attributed to such names has arisen on a number of occasions in connection with the addition of names to the Official List. In each case the name concerned has been attributed to the professor and not to the pupil, it being known that in the Scandinavian universities it was the practice in the XVIIIth and early XIXth centuries for the descriptions of new species to be written by the professor by whom they were handed over to the pupil for inclusion in his thesis. The early literature of many groups abounds with cases of this kind where the new names in the theses concerned are attributed to the professor and not to the pupil, the best known example being perhaps the long collection of theses by pupils of Linnaeus later issued in a series of volumes under the title Amoenitates Academicae. In the circumstances it is proposed that the name Anthocoris, on being entered on the Official List, be attributed to the professor Fallén and not to the pupil Rodhe. 20. ‘‘ Nabis ’’ Latreille, [1802—1803] : In addition to the question of the date to be attributed to this generic name which has been discussed in paragraph 11 above, there is a further question relating to the synonymy of the type species to which attention has been drawn by Professor Jaczewski who has suggested that the present opportunity be taken for dealing with the matter involved. The type species of this genus is (as stated in Opinion 104) the nominal species Cimex 44 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS vagans Fabricius, 1787, which (as also stated in the above Opinion) is currently identified with the older nominal species Cimex ferus Linnaeus, 1758. The point to which Professor Jaczewski has drawn attention is that formerly there were disagreements among specialists on the question whether the type species of this genus was Cimex vagans Fabricius, 1787, or Reduvius guttula Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2: 314). The latter species has since been made by monotypy the type species of the genus Prostemma Laporte (F.L.de), [1832] (Essai Class. syst. Hémipt. : (Sheet 1) 6, 12. The work in which the above name appeared which was issued as a separately paged supple- ment of volume 2 of Guerin’s Magazin de Zoologie has been discussed in paragraph 13 in connection with the date to be attributed to the name TJriatoma Laporte. Professor Jaczewski recommends that the ghost of the former argument regarding the synonymy of the name of the type species of Nabis Latreille should now be set at rest by placing the generic name Prostemma Laporte, [1832], and the specific name guttula Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Reduvius guttula, on the respective Official Lists of valid names. 21. Relation of ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 244 to the status of the generic name ‘** Nabis ’? Latreille, [1802—1803] : While dealing with the generic name Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803], it should be noted that at the time when that name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (published in 1928) it was a possible subjective junior synonym of Coriscus Schrank, 1796. The problem raised by the generic name Coriscus Schrank was considered by the Commission in 1948 on an application submitted for the validation of the name Alydus Fabricius, 1803, which also had been regarded on a different interpretation as a junior subjective synonym of Coriscus. The Com- mission then decided to put a stop to discussion on this subject by suppressing the name Coriscus Schrank (Opinion 244). As Professor Jaczewski observes in his paper of October 1955 the above Opinion *“not only provides a status of priority for the generic name Alydus Fabricius, 1803, but confirms as well the status of priority for the generic name Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803], given to it by Opinion 104 ”’. 22. ‘* Cimex *’ Linnaeus, 1758 : In Opinion 81, in which the generic name Cimex Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List, three junior objective synonyms were cited, all of which should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology (paragraph 24 below). In the case of one of these junior synonyms, Clinocoris Fallén, 1829, there is a junior homonym Clinocoris Hahn, 1834, which it is proposed should also be placed on the Official Index. This latter name, which is also the name of a genus of Hemiptera, is, Professor Jaczewski informs me, the oldest (but invalid) name for a genus which is currently treated as not even belonging to the family cimIcIDAE. The oldest available name for the genus Clinocoris Hahn, 1834, is Elasmucha Stal, 1864 (Ann. Soc. ent. DIRECTION 63 45 France (4) 4 : 54). Stal established this nominal genus for the taxon to which Fieber in 1861 (Europ. Hemipt. : 327) had erroneously applied the name Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Hist. nat. Ins., Heémipt. : 155) and in which he had placed the nominal species Cimex ferrugatus Fabricius, 1778 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 382), which therefore becomes the type species (by monotypy) of Elasmucha Stal, 1864. The type species of Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843, is by monotypy the quite distinct species Cimex uniguttatus Donovan, (1804) (Nat. Hist. Ins. Ind. : text to pl. [14]). Professor Jaczewski recommends that, in order to dispose of this matter, the generic name Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843, and Elasmucha Stal, 1864, should now be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and that the specific names of the respective type species of the genera so named should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (5) Orthography of the generic names of insects placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 23. The original spelling of several of the names of insects placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was later emended by various authors. Prominent among these cases are the names Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818, and Gasterophilus Leach, 1817. The emendations so published gained a certain vogue but in each case, when the generic name concerned was placed on the Official List, it was the original spelling which was adopted by the International Commission. Since that date no suggestion has been received in respect of any of these names that one of the later emendations should be adopted in place of the original spelling which in each case appears now to be the spelling in general use. It is accordingly proposed (paragraph 24 below) that the various emendations involved—all of which are, in the terminology of the Copenhagen Congress (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 44, Decision 71(2)(a)) ‘‘ Invalid Emendations’’, should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (6) Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid generic and specific names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ 24. As in the case of the reviews previously undertaken in regard to other groups of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, the present review of the names of genera of insects placed on that Official List in that period has brought to light a considerable number of 46 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS objectively invalid generic and specific names which should now be placed on the appropriate Official Index. These names are listed in Annexe 2 to the present paper, the generic names concerned being enumerated in Section A and the specific names in Section B. (7) Family-group-name problems involved in connection with the generic names of insects placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 25. In a considerable number of cases, the genera of insects, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, are the type genera of family-group taxa. As in the case of the surveys of other groups of generic names already undertaken, it is proposed to postpone to a final paper the proposals required for dealing with the family-group- name problems involved in the present survey of the generic names of insects placed on the Official List in the foregoing period. So far as concerns this problem in relation to the names of genera of the Order Hemiptera, full particulars have been supplied in the important communication from Professor Jaczewski, to which reference has already been made (paragraph 3 above). Investigations are pro- ceeding on Commission File Z.N.(G.) 76 in regard to the family-group- name problems involved in the case of the names of genera belonging to other Orders of insects. (8) Recommendations 26. In the light of the particulars relating to the generic names of insects, the names of which were placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936, set out in the present paper, I recommend that, in discharge of the duties imposed by the General Directives regarding the completion of Rulings given in Opinions adopted in the foregoing period issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and of the Directives supplementary thereto issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) insert in the entry on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature relating to Westwood’s Introduction to a modern Classification of Insects and the accompanying Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, made by the Ruling given in Direction 32, the particulars regarding the dates of publication as determined by Griffin (1932) and, in the light of the information referred to above, to substitute the date “‘[November 1838]” for the date “* 1840” given in Opinion 104 as the date of publication of the portion of the DIRECTION 63 47 Synopsis containing the selection by Westwood of Blatta lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of Ectobius Stephens, 1835 (paragraph 6) ; (2) direct that the entry “‘ type species, by selection by Kirby (W.F.), 1890’ be substituted for the entry “‘ type species, by selection [by some unspecified author] in 1903” in relation to the determination under Article 30 of the type species of the genus Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 (paragraph 7) ; (3) direct that in the case of the generic name Forficula Linnaeus, 1758, the incorrect entry “type species, by absolute tautonymy”’ be deleted from the Official List and that in its place there be made the entry “* type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) ”’ - (paragraph 8) ; (4) delete from the Official List the portion of the entry relating to Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758, where it was stated that the foregoing nominal species was later restricted to the form capitis and insert in place thereof an entry that the above species was restricted to the form referred to by Linnaeus as living “‘ in vestamentis humanis”’ (i.e. the form commonly known as “ corporis ’’) by Latreille as First Reviser in [1803—1804] in volume 8 of the - Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. (paragraph 9) ; (5) delete from the entry relating to the method by which the type species of Reduvius Fabricius, 1775, was determined under Article 30 of the Régles all reference to the alleged but non- existent selection in 1803 of Reduvius fuscipes Fabricius, 1787, as type species, leaving only the correct entry that the type species of this genus was Cimex personatus Linnaeus, 1758, that species having been so selected by Latreille in 1810 (paragraph 10) ; } (6) enter on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of each of the generic names specified in Annexe 1 to the present paper, in which have been incorporated the relevant recommendations set out in (1) to (5) above, the particulars given in the said Annexe as to the manner in which the type species of the genera concerned were determined under Article 30 of the Régles (paragraph 5) ; (7) substitute on the Official List the date ‘‘ [1802—1803] ”’ for the date ‘‘ 1802’ as the date of publication of the generic name Nabis Latreille (paragraph 11) ; 48 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (8) substitute on the Official List the date ‘* [1804—1805]”’ for the date “‘ 1805 ”’ as the date of publication of the name Nycteribia pedicularia Latreille, the name of the type species of Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (paragraph 12) ; (9) direct :— (a) that the first sheet (comprising pp. 1—16) of the work by Laporte (F.L.de) entitled Essai d’une Classificatien systématique de I’ Ordre des Hémiptéres (Heteroptéres) be treated as having been published in the year [1832] and that, in default of information to the contrary, the remainder in [1833] ; (b) that the title of the above work, endorsed as in (a) above be entered on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature ; (c) that in the light of (a) above the date ““ [1832] ” be assigned in the Official List to the generic name Triatoma Laporte (paragraph 13) ; (10) delete from the Official List the statement that the type species of the genus Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818, is “ trompe Fab.”, i.e. the name Oestrus trompe as used by Fabricius in 1794 and to insert in its place the entry that the name of the type species of this genus is Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786 (paragraph b) (11) delete from the Official List the unnecessary and incorrect subjective synonymisation of Oestrus nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, with the name of the type species of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (paragraph 14) ; (12) place the specific name nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus nasalis [the oldest available name for the horse bot] on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 15) ; (13) delete from the Official List the unnecessary subjective synonymisation of Oestrus intestinalis De Geer, 1776, with the name of the type species of Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (paragraph 16) ; (14) place the specific name haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus haemorrhoidalis on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 17) ; DIRECTION 63 49 (15) delete all reference to the nominal species Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, from the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 (paragraph 18) ; (16) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology : Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872 (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy: Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Hemiptera) (paragraph 18) ; (17) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology: sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex sylvestris (specific name of type species of Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872 (Order Hemiptera) _ (paragraph 18)’; (18) direct that the generic name Anthocoris (referred to in (15) above) be attributed to Fallén and not to his pupil Rodhe (paragraph 19); (19) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Prostemma Laporte (F.L.de), [1832] (gender : neuter) (type species, by monotypy : Reduvius guttula Fabricius, 1787) (Order Hemiptera) (paragraph 20) ; (20) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology: guttula Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Reduvius guttula (specific name of type species of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]) (Order Hemiptera) (paragraph 20) ; i (21) place the under-mentioned names of genera of the Order Hemiptera on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Cimex uniguttatus Donovan, (1804)) ; (b) Elasmucha Stal, 1864 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Cimex ferrugatus Fabricius, 1878) (paragraph DY) . ) (22) place the under-mentioned specific names of species of the Order Hemiptera on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— Ae uniguttatus Donovan, (1804), as published in the combination Cimex uniguttatus (specific name of type species of Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843) ; 50 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugatus (specific name of type species of Elasmucha Stal, 1864) (paragraph 22) ; (23) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the objectively invalid generic names enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 24) ; (24) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the objectively invalid specific names enumerated in Section B of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 24). . ANNEXE 1 Proposals for the amplification and correction of entries made in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the method by which the type species of certain genera of insects were determined under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’ Name of Genus Entry relating to the determination of the type species now proposed to be inserted in the “* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ” Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. A230 ths Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 246 Ectobius Stephens, 1835 by subsequent selection by Westwood, [1838], Zntrod. mod. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. gen. Brit. Ins. : 44 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 — by subsequent selection by Latreilie, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 248 Periplaneta Burmeister, | by subsequent selection by Kirby (W.F.), 1833 1890, Proc. roy. Soc. Dublin (n.s.) 6 : 562 Pulex Linnaeus, 1768 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 444, 409 DIRECTION 63 51 Name of Genus Entry relating to the determination of the type species now proposed to be inserted in the “* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” Pediculus Linnaeus, by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, 1758 Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. » 423, 14 Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433, 246 Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 by subsequent selection by Westwood, 1840, Introd. mod. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. Gen. Botpinss 22 Nabis Latreille, by subsequent selection by Westwood, 1840, [1802—1803] Introd. Mod. Class. Ins.2, Syn. Gen. Brit. ase 120 Notonecta Linnaeus, by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, 1758 Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 434, 261 Reduvius Fabricius, by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810 hits Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins : 433, 256. ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid generic and specific, names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ Section A: Proposed addition of twenty-five generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ Acanthia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 693 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 81) Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 23 : 273 (a junior objective synonym of Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 106) Cephalemya Rondani, 1856, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 1 : 43 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818) Cephalomyia Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index Univ.:71 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818) Cephenemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mém. prés. Acad. France 2 : 26 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818, placed on the Official List in Opinion 106) 52 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Cephenomyia Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index Univ. :72 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818) Clinocoris Fallén, 1829, Hemipt. svec. 1: 141 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 81) Clinocoris Hahn, 1834, Wanzenart. Ins. 2(3) : 70 (a junior homonym of Clinocoris Fallén, 1829) Clinophilus Blanford, 1903, Nature 69 : 200 (an Invalid Emendation of Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899) Conochinus Dohrn, 1859, Cat. Hemipt. : 48 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) Conorchinus Spinola, 1852, Mem. Soc. Modena 25 : 86 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) Conorhinus Laporte, [1833], Essai Syst. Class. Hémipt. : 78 (a nom. noy. pro Triatoma Laporte, [1832], placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Conorrhinus Jeannel, 1919, in Alluaud & Jeannel, Voy. Afr. Orient., Ins. Hemipt. 3: 176, 177 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]) Gastrophilus Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index Univ. : 160 (an Invalid Emendation of Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 placed on the Official List in Opinion 106) Hylophila Kirby & Spence, 1828, Introd. Entom. (ed. 5) 1 : 107 (a junior objective synonym of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Hypoderma Geoffroy, 1828, Dict. class. Hist. nat. 14 : 707 (a junior homonym of Hypoderma Latreille, 1818, placed on the Official List in Opinion 106) Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899, Entomologist 32 : 219 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 81) Lepisina Radermacher, 1779, Verh. Batav. Genoot. 1:104 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Metastemma Amyot & Serville, 1843, Hist. nat. Ins., Hémipt. : 327 (an Invalid Emendation of Prostemma. Laporte, [1832]) Notonecia Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. Syst. : 524 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) DIRECTION 63 318. Oedemagenus Berthold, 1827, in Latreille, Nat. Fam. Thierr. : 507 (an Invalid Emendation of Oedemagena Latreille, 1818, placed on the Official List in Opinion 106) Phthirius Burmeister, 1835, Handb. Ent. 2(1):58 (an Invalid Emendation of Pthirus [Leach], [1815], placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Phthirus Leach, 1817, Zool. Miscell. 3 : 64 (an Invalid Emendation of Pthirus [Leach], [1815], placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Phyllocoris Costa, 1847, Atti R. Ist. Incoragg. Napoli 7 : 261 (a junior objective synonym of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Postemma Dufour, 1834, Ann. Soc. Ent. France 3 : 350 (an Invalid Emendation of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]). Section B: Proposed addition of six specific names to the ** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ equi Clark, 1797 (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 3 : 298, 326) as published in the combination Oestrus equi (a junior primary homonym of equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Oestrus equi) equi Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 321), as published in the com- bination Oestrus equi, as defined by the lectotype selection made in paragraph 17 of the present application? (a junior objective synonym of nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus nasalis) erythrozonias Gmelin, [1790] (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(4) : 2181) as published in the combination Cimex erythrozonias (a nom. noy. pro rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combina- tion Cimex rubrofasciatus) ferrugator Fabricius, 1794 (Ent. Syst. 4: 101) as published in the combination Cimex ferrugator (an Invalid emendation of ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugatus) 5 See page 42 of the present Direction. 54 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS inguinalis [Leach], [1815] (Edinb. Ency. 9:77) as published in the combination Pthirus inguinalis (a junior objective synonym of pubis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pediculus pubis) rufofasciata Van Duzee, 1917 (Cat. Hemipt. Amer. N. of Mexico ; Univ. Calif. Publ., Entom. 2 : 248, 893) as published in the combina- tion Triatoma rufofasciata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combination Cimex rubrofasciatus). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names of genera of the Class Insecta made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1017. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11 : On 31st May 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)11) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in accordance with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to the end of 1936, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to coriect Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 26 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1017, regarding names in the Class Insecta submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting DIRECTION 63 55 Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ” and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist July 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)11 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Kuhnelt ; Lemche; Sylvester-Bradley ; Mayr; Holthuist; Dymond; Hering; Boschma?; Prantl: Stoll; Key. Vokes); Esaki; Bradley (J-C.).; Cabrera; Hemming; Riley; Mertens; Jaczewski ; Bonnet ; Hankdo ; Tortonese ; do Amaral ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; 4 The affirmative vote given by these Commissioners was subject to the qualifica- tion, as regards the authorship to be attributed to the generic name Anthocoris, that further consideration should be given to the question of the authorship attributable to zoological names included in doctoral theses published in the XVIIIth and early XIXth centuries, in cases where there was a reasonable doubt as to whether the name should be attributed to the supplicant for a doctorate or to the Professor under whom the supplicant had studied and the names of both persons appeared on the thesis. This matter is now the subject of special study on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1139. 56 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Miller. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 2nd July 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)11, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Addition of two further names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology’: On 11th February 1957 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute directing the addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology of two objectively invalid names directly involved in the present case, the existence of which had been brought to light by Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski during the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (56) 11 :-— Addition of two further names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) On 27th June 1956 I received a letter, with enclosure, dated 16th June 1956, from Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Warsaw), (a) drawing attention to two objectively invalid generic names directly involved in the proposals which had been placed before the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11 which he recommended should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and (b) raising certain problems in connection with the DIRECTION 63 rad de facto establishment of new nominal taxa of the generic-name category in cases where an author by making an incorrect selection of a type species for a previously established nominal genus himself establishes—though with an invalid homonymous name—a taxon of the generic rank for the species erroneously so selected. 2. The objectively invalid generic names brought to notice by Professor Jaczewski are the following :— (a) Ryparocoris Schummel,® [1827], in Gravenhorst (J.L.C.), All- gemeiner Bericht der entomologischen Section, Uebersicht der Arb. und Verdnd. der schles. Ges. fiir vaterland. Cultur, Breslau 1826 : 22 (type species, by monotypy: Reduvius personatus Linnaeus, 1758) (an unnecessary new name for, and a junior objective synonym of, Reduvius Fabricius, 1775) ; (b) Prostremma Kiritshenko, [1909], Rev. russ. Ent. 8 : 238 (in a paper entitled “‘ K faune Hemiptera-Heteroptera Kryma, I’’) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Prostemma Laporte, [1832]). 3. In the light of the communication received from Professor Jaczewski, as Secretary I hereby direct as follows, namely :— (1) that the two generic names specified in paragraph 2 above, being objectively invalid names directly involved in the case sub- mitted to the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and that provision to this effect be made in the Ruling to be prepared for the Direction to be rendered for the purpose of giving effect to the decision taken by the Commission on the foregoing Voting Paper ; (2) that the general question relating to homonymous generic names which arise irregularly when authors make incorrect selections 5 Having regard to the fact that in Neave’s Nomencl. zool., the generic name Ryparocoris is attributed (as from the same paper) to Schilling and not to Schummel, the author cited in Professor Jaczewski’s letter, I asked Professor Jaczewski if he could throw any light on this matter. In a letter dated 21st February 1957 he kindly informed me as follows’ ‘‘ Both Schummel and Schilling contributed on the same page (: 32) particular paragraphs in J. C. L. Gravenhorst’s Report ““Allgememeiner Bericht der Entomologischen Section, Uebersicht der Arbeiten und Veranderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft furveterlandische Cultur ’’, Breslau, 1826—1827. The paragraph in which the 195) Ryparocoris was published was by Schummel ” (intl’d F.H., 6th March 58 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of type species for previously established nominal genera be remitted for further study.® 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’: On 12th February 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11, subject to the minor adjustment specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 11th February 1957, the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 7 of the present Direction. 9. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Elasmucha Stal, 1864, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) 4 : 54 ferrugatus, Cimex, Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 232 guttula, Reduvius, Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 314 haemorrhoidalis, Oestrus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 584 Ligyrocaris Stal, 1872, Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., Stock- holm 29 : 51 nasalis, Oestrus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 584 Prostemma Laporte (F.L.de), [1832], Essai Class. syst. Hémipt.: (Sheet 1) 6, 12 Sastragala Amyot & Serville, 1843, Hist. nat. Ins., Hémipt. : 155 sylvestris, Cimex, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 449 uniguttatus, Cimex, Donovan, (1804), Nat. Hist. Ins. Ind. : text to pl. [14] 6 A File bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(G.) 139 has been opened for the conduct of the further study here prescribed. DIRECTION 63 59 10. The original references for the generic names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in Section A of Annexe 2 to the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction, save as regards the two generic names specified below, which were not included in the foregoing Annexe, the original references for which are as follows :— Prostremma Kiritshenko, [1909], Rev. russ. Ent. 8 : 238 Ryparocoris Schummel, [1827], Uebers u. Verdnd. schles. Ges. f. vaterland. Cultur, Breslau 1826 : 22 11. The original references for the specific names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology are as set out in Section B of Annexe 2 of the application repro- duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. 12. The following is the original reference for the lectotype selection for a nominal species specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— For Oestrus equi Fabricius, 1787 : Hemming, 1957, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(E) : 42 [1.e. page 42 of the present Direction| 13. Family-Group-Name Aspects: The family-group-name implications in connection with the generic names dealt with in the present Direction have been reserved for further study, with a view to the submission to the Commission of comprehensive proposals relating to this aspect of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary 60 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty- Three (63) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.4. Pp. 61—74 DIRECTION 64 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of nineteen species belonging to the Class Insecta, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species belonging to the same Class which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of such species LONDON : / RUG 23 405 Printed by Order of the International THis for . , Zoological Nomenclature LIBE and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 eee Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) ee Issued 21st June, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 64 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. eons Meee (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mez@gazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Cth August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 ) Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 64 ADDITION TO THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF NINETEEN SPECIES BELONGING TO THE CLASS INSECTA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE ‘‘OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF THREE SPECIES BELONGING TO THE SAME CLASS WHICH ARE CURRENTLY TREATED AS SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS OF THE NAMES OF SUCH SPECIES RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Order Hemiptera (Class Insecta), each of which is the type species of a genus the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in the Opinions cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) /ectularius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex lectularius (specific name of type species of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 81) (Name No. 1271) ; (b) nemorum Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Cimex nemorum (specific name of type species of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1272) ; -() glauca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Notonecta glauca (specific name of type species of Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758) «(Opinion 104) (Name No. 1273) ; 64 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (d) personatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex personatus (specific name of type species of Reduvius Fabricius, 1775) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1274). (2) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Order Diptera (Class Insecta), each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in the Opinions cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) domestica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca domestica (specific name of type species of Musca Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 82) (Name No. 1275) ; (b) trompe Modeer, 1786, as published in the combina- tion O6estrus trompe (specific name of type species of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818) (Opinion 106) (Name No. 1276) ; (c) bovis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Oestrus bovis (specific name of type species of Hypoderma Latreille, 1818) (Opinion 106) (Name No. 1277) ; (d) tarandi Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Oestrus tarandi (specific name of type species of Oedemagena Latreille, 1818) (Opinion 106) (Name No. 1278) ; (e) ovis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Oestrus ovis (specific name of type species of Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758) Lopate 106) (Name No. 1279) ; DIRECTION 64 65 (f) pedicularia Latreille, [1804—1805], as published in the combination Nycteribia pedicularia (specific name of type species of Nycteribia Latreille, 1796) (Opinion 128) (Name No. 1280). (3) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Orders of the Class Insecta cited below, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in Opinion 104, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) orientalis Linnaeus. 1758, as published in the combination Blatta orientalis (specific name of type species of Blatta Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Orthoptera) (Name No. 1281) ; (b) lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blatta lapponica (specific name of type species of Ectobius Stephens, 1835) (Order Orthoptera) (Name No. 1282) ; (c) campestris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus campestris (specific name of type species of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Orthoptera) (Name No. 1283); (d) americana Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combinaton Blatta americana (specific name of type species of Periplanata Burmeister, 1838) (Order Orthoptera) (Name No. 1284) ; (e) auricularia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Forficula auricularia (specific name of type species of Forficula Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Dermaptera) (Name No. 1285) ; 66 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (f) humanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pediculus humanus (specific name of type species of Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Anoplura) (Name No. 1286) ; (g) pubis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Pediculus pubis (specific name of type species of Pthirus [Leach], [1815]) (Order Anoplura) (Name No. 1287) ; (h) irritans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Pulex irritans (specific name of type species of Pulex Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Siphonaptera) (Name No. 1288) ; (i) saccharina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lepisma saccharina (specific name of type species of Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Thysanura) (Name No. 1289). (4) The under-mentioned specific names which are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms of the specific names of the type species of genera belonging in the first two cases to the Order Hemiptera of the Class Insecta and in the third case to the Order Diptera of the same Class, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in the Opinions cited below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) ferus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Cimex ferus (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1290) ; (b) rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combination Cimex rubrofasciatus (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1291) ; (c) intestinalis De Geer, 1776, as published in the com- bination Oestrus intestinalis (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1292). DIRECTION 64 67 I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT DIRECTION ~ The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress, should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest available name for the species concerned. The present, which is the fifth in this series of Directions, is concerned with the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Class Insecta, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The total number of such names is twenty-three. Of the names concerned one (Podura Linnaeus) has since been dealt with separately by the International Commission (in Opinion 239). The number of names dealt with in the present Direction is thus twenty-two. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 31st May 1956 :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (a) of the specific names of nineteen species belonging to the Class Insecta, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species belonging to the same Class which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of such species By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the fifth instalment of proposals for giving effect to the General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where 68 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the meeting of that Congress, is the oldest available name for the species concerned that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall be similarly placed on that List. The immediately preceding instalment was concerned with the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia (Z.N.(S.) 1014) and was submitted to the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 on 25th April 1956.1 2. The proposals now submitted relate to the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Class Insecta, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The total number of generic names involved is twenty-three. These names were placed on the Official List in the following Opinions: Opinion 81. (one name); Opinion 82 (one name) ; Opinion 104 (fifteen names) ; Opinion 106 (five names) ; Opinion 128 (one name). Of the names concerned, one (Podura Linnaeus, 1758) has since been the subject of action by the Commission under its Plenary Powers (Opinion 239). The number of generic names which it is necessary to consider on the present occasion is therefore twenty-two. 3. On the present, as on previous similar occasions, the search of the literature undertaken by the Office of the Commission for the purpose of checking and completing the entries made on the Official List in the period under review has disclosed a number of problems which call for individual action by the International Commissions. These problems have been discussed in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.)1017 which is being submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)11 simultaneously with the Present Voting Paper.” 4. The elucidation of the problems discussed in the paper referred to above has been rendered possible by the co-operation and assistance afforded by a number of specialists in the Orders of insects concerned. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists concerned, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or the appointments which they held at the 1 The decision by the Commission on the above matters has since been embodied in Direction 57 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 365—388). 2 A decision has since been taken by the Commission on the problems here referred to and has been embodied in Direction 63, which is pete published simultaneously with the present Direction. DIRECTION 64 69 time when consultations took place and (b) of the Orders of insects, on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Hemiptera) Tadeusz Jaczewski (Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Warsaw) (Hemiptera) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts) (Diptera ; Siphonaptera) Frederick Laing (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Anoplura) N. D. Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Anoplura ; Dermaptera ; Orthoptera) John Smart (Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge) (Diptera) B. P. Uvarov (Director, Anti-Locust Research Centre, London) (Dermaptera ; Orthoptera). 5. The investigations carried out show that in the case of nineteen of the genera concerned the specific name of the type species is the oldest available name for the species concerned. These names are enumerated in Annexe | to the present paper. In the case of the remaining three genera, the specific name of the type species is regarded by specialists as a junior subjective synonym of an older available name. Particulars of these cases are given in Annexe 2. 6. It is recommended that in accordance with the General Directive referred to in paragraph 1 of the present paper the International Commission should place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (1) the nineteen specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 1, each of which is (a) the specific name of the type species of a genus of insects placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) is accepted by specialists as the oldest available name for the species concerned ; (2) the three specific names specified in Col. (1) of Annexe 2, each of which is currently treated by specialists (a) as a senior subjective synonym of the name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List in the period referred to above and (b) as the oldest available name for the species concerned. 70 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 1 Specific names of type species of genera of the Class Insecta now proposed to be placed on th Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of : Specific Names in Zoology” sADors lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 nemorum Linnaeus, 1761 glauca Linnaeus, 1758 ‘personatus Linnaeus, IAT SS domestica Linnaeus, 1758 trompe Modeer, 1786 bovis Linnaeus, 1758 tarandi Linnaeus, 1758 ovis Linnaeus, 1758 pedicularia Latreille, [1804—1805] Zoology ”’ Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Order Hemiptera ** Opinion ”’ 81 Cimex lectularius ** Opinion ”’ 104 Cimex nemorum Notonecta glauca Cimex personatus Order Diptera ** Opinion ”’ 82 Musca domestica ** Opinion ”’ 106 Oestrus trompe ~ Oestrus bovis Oestrus tarandi Oestrus ovis ‘* Opinion ”’ 128 | Nycteribia pedicularia e ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 Reduvius Fabricius, iis Musca Linnaeus, 1758 Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) orientalis Linnaeus, 1758 lapponica Linnaeus, 1758 campestris Linnaeus, 1758 americana Linnaeus, 1758 auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 humanus Linnaeus, 1758 pubis Linnaeus, 1758 irritans Linnaeus, 1758 saccharina Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 64 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Order Orthoptera ‘* Opinion ”’ 104 Blatta orientalis Blatta lapponica Gryllus campestris Blatta americana Order Dermaptera ** Opinion ”’ 104 Forficula auricularia Order Anoplura ** Opinion *’ 104 Pediculus humanus Pediculus pubis Order Siphonaptera ‘** Opinion ”’ 104 Pulex irritans Order Thysanura ** Opinion *’ 104 Lepisma saccharina 71 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 Ectobius Stephens, 1835 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 Pthirus [Leach], [1815] Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 7 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 2 Specific mames of three nominal species which are subjectively identified with nominal species of later date, which are the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the “* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the “‘ Official List (not for inclusion in the entry of Specific Names in Zoology” to be made in the “* Official List.) Order Hemiptera ‘* Opinion ’’ 104 ferus Linnaeus, 1758 as published a senior subjective synonym of in the combination Cimex ferus vagans Fabricius, 1787, as pub- lished in the combination Cimex vagans, the specific name of the type species of Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as a senior subjective synonym of published in the combination gigas Fabricius, 1775, as pub- Cimex rubrofasciatus lished in the combination Reduvius gigas, the specific name of the type species of Triatoma Laporte, [1832] Order Diptera ** Opinion ”’ 106 intestinalis De Geer, 1776, as a senior subjective synonym of published in the combination equi Clark, 1797, as published Oestrus intestinalis in the combination Oé6estrus equi, the specific name of the type species of Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera belonging to the Class Insecta, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1016. - DIRECTION’ 64 73 Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)12 : On 3lst May 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)12) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1936, the names of species in the Class Insecta referred to in Sections (1) and (2) of paragraph 6 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1016, submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ”’ and (2), if he did not agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist July 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)12 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)12 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Kiihnelt ; Lemche; Sylvester-Bradley ; Mayr; MHolthuis; Dymond; Hering; Boschma ; Prantl; Jaczewski; Stoll; Key; Vokes; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.) ; Cabrera ; Hemming; Riley ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; Hanké; Tortonese ; do Amaral ; 74 OPINIONS. AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Miller. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 2nd July 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (56)12, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 12th February 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)12. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. — 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty-Four (64) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mrercatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Determination of the form to be adopted for the name of the XVIIIth Century Viennese medical practitioner commonly known as “ Laurenti ”’ LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) ; Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission _ VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.5. Pp. 75—84 DIRECTION 65 Sl 21st June, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 65 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (i2th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. anne ie (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 1948 Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950 Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HeriInc (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Riiksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KijHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ne on S. BODENHEIMER (Zhe Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 5 Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria”, Geneva, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 65 DETERMINATION OF THE FORM TO BE ADOPTED FOR THE NAME OF THE XVUITH CENTURY VIENNESE MEDICAL PRACTITIONER COMMONLY KNOWN AS ** LAURENTI ”’ RULING :—(1) It is hereby ruled :— (a) that the name of the author of the work relating to snakes and snake venoms bearing the title “* Speci- men medicum ” published in Vienna in 1768 was mele auc titi. (b) that the foregoing does not exclude the possibility that Laurenti may also have used a Latinised version of his name, though there is no evidence that he ever did so ; (c) that, if Laurenti had ever employed such a version of his name, the correct form of that name would have been ‘‘ Laurentius’’ and not ** Laurentus ”’. (2) It is hereby directed that, when any zoological name published by the foregoing author is cited either in an Official List or in an Official Index, the name of the author is to be cited in the form “ Laurenti”’. 78 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) The title of the under-mentioned work by Laurenti is hereby placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Number 29, and with an endorsement in the terms specified in (1) above :— Laurenti (J.N.), 1768, Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium austriacorum. I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE The present Direction, the need for which came to light in connection with the preparations for the publication of the Official Lists in book-form, is based upon proposals submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Secretary in the following paper on 18th December 1956 :— Request for a ruling as to the form to be adopted for the name of the XVIIIth century Viennese medical practitioner commonly known as ‘* Laurenti ’’ when citing the name of that author in entries on the ‘‘ Official Lists ’’ and ‘‘ Official Indexes ”’ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present note is to obtain directions from the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as to the form to be adopted for the name of the XVIIIth century Viennese medical practitioner commonly known as “‘ Laurenti’’, when citing the name of that author in entries on the Official Lists and Official Indexes. Instructions on this matter are required in connection with the arrangements now well advanced for the publication of the foregoing Lists and Indexes in book-form. The relevant particulars are given below. DIRECTION 65 79 2. The author referred to above is only known to have written one work which was published in Vienna in 1768 with the following Latin title :— IOSEPHI NICOLAI LAURENTI, austriaci_ viennensis, Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emendatum cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium austriacorum. 3. The question to be decided is whether the name of the author of the above work should, as hitherto, be treated as having been **Laurenti’’ or whether the Latinised version ‘‘ Laurentius”’ is the correct form of this name. This question was raised some years ago by Dr. Heinz Wermuth (Zoologisches Museum, Berlin) who there advocated the adoption of the Latinised version of the name of the author of the Specimen medicum (Wermuth, 1950, Deuts. zool. Z. 1(2) : 83, nota). The passage in question reads as follows: ‘Im allgemeinen wird dieser Autor als ‘ Laurenti’ zitiert. Der Titel siener Publikation lautet aber: ‘lJosephi Nicolai Laurenti . . . specimen medicum, . . .’, und hierin erscheint der Name in Genitiv. Der Nominativ heisst hiernach Laurentus (Latinisierung von Lorenz ?) und nicht Laurenti (us) da er sonst im 2 Fall zu Laurentii ungewandelt werden miisste ”’. 4. Quite recently (September 1956) Dr. Wermuth and I agreed that it was unsatisfactory that the above matter should be left in an indeterminate state and that in the interests of uniformity it was desirable that an authoritative Ruling should be obtained from the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. It was agreed between us that for this purpose an investigation of con- temporary and near-contemporary zoological or medical literature was necessary in order to ascertain whether there existed any references which might throw light on the question of the correct form of the name of the author in question. Second, there was the subsidiary question of what would be the correct Latin form for this man’s name if it were to be established that his name ought to be cited in Latinised form. 5. On the first of these questions I was fortunate in being able to draw upon the unrivalied knowledge of medical history possessed by Professor Charles Singer, Professor Emeritus of the History of Medicine at University College in the University of London. Professor Singer whom I consulted during a visit which I paid to him at the time when this investigation was in progress suggested that as a start we should consult the monumental Dictionnaire historique de la Médecine ancienne et moderne produced in the early part of the XIXth century by Jean-Eugéne Dezeimeris (b. 1790; d. 1852). Reference to the volume of this work published in 1837 (2(2)) : 409) at once established 80 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that the author whose name we were investigating had in fact been known by the name “‘ Laurenti”’. The passage in question reads as follows :— LAURENTI (Joseph Nicolas), médecin praticien a Vienne, mort le 17 février 1805, a age de soixante-dix ans, se fit connaitre par sa dissertation inaugurale, dans laquelle il traite des reptiles réputés venimeux en genéral, et de ceux de |’Autriche en par- ticulier. Jl démontra, par le rapprochement des observations publiées, et surtout par un grand nombre d’expériences sur des animaux, que beaucoup de reptiles regardés par le peuple comme extrémement venimeux étaient incapables de produire chez homme des accidens sérioux, ou ne faisaient que des blessures tout-a-fait insignificantes. Laurenti n’a rien écrit depuis cette dissertation ; en voici le titre : [Here follows the title of the Specimen medicum]. 6. Immediately after my return to London from Cornwall (where Professor Singer now lives) I received the following Report (dated 13th October 1956) from Professor L. W. Grensted, Consulting Classical Adviser to the International Commission, which, while not throwing any light on the name of the individual with whom we are here concerned, showed that the version ‘“‘ Laurenti’’ was an acceptable name :— I have now done a little more research into this, both in the Bodleian Library Catalogue and in that of the British Museum. I find that “‘ Laurenti”’ is a good name-form. There are books by Bartolomeo Laurenti published at Bologna in 1691 (i.e. Italian) and by Paul-Etienne Laurenti at Bordeaux in 1898 (i.e. French). 7. On 14th November 1956 Mr. A. Cockburn Townsend, Librarian to the British Museum (Natural History) furnished the following information bearing upon the form of the name of the man with whom we are concerned and supporting the conclusion that the proper form of his name was “* Laurenti ”’ :— I think that there is little doubt that the vernacular form of the author’s name is “‘ Laurenti’”’. Fitzinger, in an historical account of the Vienna Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft (SitzBer Acad. Wien, 1856, 21 : 443) mentions a certain collection as that upon which ‘“‘Laurenti’’ founded his Specimen medicum ; Engelmann, Bibl. Hist. nat., 1846 : 698, cites ‘“‘ Laurenti’’ in the Index, as does Cobres, Delic. Cobres, 1782, p. 851. In more recent works, such as Meyers, Konversations-Lexicon and the Enciclopedia Italiana, the name is also given as “* Laurenti”’. Sherborn’s original slip for the Index Animalium has “‘ Laurenti ” on it in two places. DIRECTION 65 81 8. The evidence set out above appears to me to show conclusively that the man with whom we are concerned was known by the name **Laurenti’’; though this does not exclude the possibility that in addition he was sometimes known also by a Latinised version of his name. 9. In these circumstances the question of what would be the correct Latinised form for a Latinised version of this man’s name assumes much less importance than appeared likely at the beginning of the present investigation. It must be noted, however, that both the specialists (L. W. Grensted ; A. Cockburn Townsend) who have advised on this subject are of the opinion that the correct form would be “‘ Laurentius ”’ and not “ Laurentus’’. In this connection the latter has recalled that in Latin proper names ending with the termination “ -ius ’’ are declined like filius, of which the genitive singular is either fi/i or filii. The contracted genitive singular in “‘-i’’ is often found in the classical writers. 10. Since the completion of the present investigation, I have been in consultation with Dr. Heinz Wermuth (by whom as already explained, the present matter was first raised) and also with Professor Robert Mertens (Frankfurt a. M.), who had expressed interest in the matter in view of his having an application before the International Commission which involves a name first published in the Specimen medicum.1_ Both these specialists share my conclusion that the International Commission should be asked to give a Ruling in this sense. Since the present application is concerned with the name of a nomenclatorially available book, it will be necessary under the General Directives given to the Commission by the International Congresses of Zoology for the title of Laurenti’s Specimen medicum of 1768 to be placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with an endorsement, as suggested above, as to the correct form of its author’s name. 11. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to give a Ruling :— (a) that the name of the author of the work entitled Specimen medicum ... published in 1768 was “ Laurenti” ; (b) that the foregoing does not exclude the possibility that Laurenti may also have used a Latinised version of his name, though there is no evidence that he ever did so ; (c) that if Laurenti had ever employed such a version of his name, the correct form would have been “‘ Laurentius ” and not “‘ Laurentus”’ ; 1 The application here referred to related to the name Hyla venulosa Laurenti, 1768. It was published on 31st October 1956 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 287.) 82 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) to direct that, when any name published by the foregoing author is cited either in an Official List or in an Official Index, the name of the author is to be entered as “* Laurenti”’ ; (3) to place the title of the work by Laurenti published in 1768 under the title Specimen medicum ... on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the endorsement as to the form of the name of the author as specified in (1) above. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of the paper by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 1 above, the question of the form to be adopted for the name of the author commonly known as “ Laurenti” was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1164. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)30 : On 18th December 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)30) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “‘ the proposal relating to the correct form of the name of the author of the work published in 1768 under the title Specimen medicum, commonly known as “ Laurenti”’, recom- mended in paragraph 11 of the memorandum by the Secretary, numbered Z.N.(S.) 1164, submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 18th January 1957. DIRECTION 65 83 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)30 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)30 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Mayr; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Holthuis ; Hering ; do Amaral ; Lemche ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Miller ; Key ; Esaki; Boschma ; Stoll; Tortonese ; Cabrera ; Jaczewski ; Vokes ; Hemming; Kihnelt ; Bodenheimer ; Bonnet ; Dymond ; (b) Negative Votes, one (1): Prantl ; (c) Prevented from Voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 19th January 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)30, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 84 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 14th February 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)30. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty-Five (65) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fourteenth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcatFe & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.c., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1, SECTION E. Part E.6. Pp. 85-110 DIRECTION 66 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, other than entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Seventeen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 24th July, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 66 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th Augusy 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEwSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoL_tHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Narodni Museum y Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 66 COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA BELONGING TO THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, THE NAMES OF WHICH WERE PLACED ON THE ** OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936, OTHER THAN ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA BELONGING TO THE CLASS INSECTA AND TO THE ORDER DECAPODA OF THE CLASS CRUSTACEA RULING :—(1) In the case of each of the under- mentioned generic names the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by the author and on the date specified in each case below :— (a) Names of genera belonging to the Class Crustacea : (i) Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 (Order Cirripedia) (Opinion 77) by selection by Pilsbry (1907) ; (ii) Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 (Order Amphipoda) (Opinion 104) : by selection by Latreille (1810) ; (b) Names of genera belonging to the Class Arachnida : (iii) Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Opinion 104) : by selection by Latreille (1810) ; 88 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (iv) Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Opinion 73): by selection by Neumann (1901) ; (v) Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Opinion 73): by selection by Neumann (1901) ; (vi) Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Opinion 73): by selection by Neumann (1901) ; (vil) Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Opinion 73): by selection by Neumann (1901) ; (vili) Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 (Opinion 104): by selection by Latreille (1810). (2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Diaptomus West- wood, 1836 (Class Crustacea, Order Copepoda) is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined “ by original designation ”’. (3) The incorrect reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 (Class Arachnida) made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted and the following amended reference is substituted therefor: Thorell, [1870], Nova Acta K. Vet.-Soc., Upsala (3) 7 (Fasc. 1) (No. 1) : 214. (4) The words “‘type species, by monotypy” are hereby substituted for the words “type species by original designation ” in the entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Rhizoglyphus Clapareéde, [1869] (Class Arachnida) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. | (5) The date ‘ [1803—-1804] ” is hereby substituted for the date “1804” as the date to be attributed to the generic name Porcellio Latreille (Class Crustacea, Order Isopoda) in the entry relating to that name made on the DIRECTION 66 89 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (6) In the entry relating to the generic name Dysdera Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— (a) the words * Aranea punctoria Villers, 1789, Linn. Ent. 4:128” are hereby substituted for the words “ punctoria Latr. 1804” in the portion of the entry relating to the name of the type species of the above genus ; (b) all references to the name Aranea erythrina Walckenaer, 1802, as being a senior subjective synonym of Aranea punctoria (wrongly attributed in the above Opinion to Latreille) are hereby deleted. (7) The date * [1802—1803]”’ is hereby substituted for the date “1802” as the date to be attributed to the generic name Polydesmus Latreille (Class Diplopoda) in the entry relating to that name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (8) Jn the entry relating to the generic name Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 (Class Arachnida), made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 the words “ equi Gerv.” are hereby deleted from the portion relating to the name of the type species of the above genus and the following amended entry is hereby inserted: “* Sarcoptes equi Raspail, 1834, Bull. gén. Thér. méd. chir., Paris 7 (Suppl.) : 182 ”’. (9) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— 90 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (a) Avicularia Gray (J.E.), 1848 (a junior homonym of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818) (Name No. 950) ; (b) The under-mentioned names, each of which is an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 :— (i) Cheylatus Mégnin, 1878 (Name No. 951) ; (it) Cheyletes Sundevall, 1833 (Name No. 952) ; (iit) Cheylutus Oudemans, 1906 (Name No. 953) ; (c) Latrodectes Canestrini & Pavesi, 1869 (an Invalid Emendation of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805) (Name No. 954) ; (d) Lepas da Costa, 1778 (a junior homonym of Lepas Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 955) ; (e) Spinturnia Van der Hoeven, 1849 (an Invalid Emendation of Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826 (Name No. 956) ; (f) Trombidion Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1845 (an Invalid Emendation of Trombidium Fabricius, 1775) (Name No. 957). (10) The under-mentioned specific names, each of which was suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 128, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) vespertilionis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pediculus vespertilionis (Name No. S88)) 3 : ys DIRECTION 66 9] - (b) vespertilionis Dugés, 1834, as published in the -~ combination Dermanyssus vespertilionis (Name No. 400) ; (c) vespertilionis Schrank, 1803, as published in the combination. Hippobosca vespertilionis (Name No. 401) ; (d) vespertilionis Hermann, 1804, as published in the combination Phthiridium vespertilionis (Name No. 402) ; (e) vespertilionis Dufour, 1832, as published in the ~ combination Preroptus vespertilionis (Name No. 403). (11) All usages of the under-mentioned specific name in combination with the generic names severally specified below, each of which usage was suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 128, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers Specified against each of the usages in question :— (a) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Acarus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 404) ; (b) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Acrocholidia Kolenati, 1857 (Name No. 405) ; (c) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Celeripes Montagu, 1808 (Name No. ~ 406) ; (d) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Diplostaspis oe 1857 (Name No. 407) ; 92 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (e) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Gamasus Latreille, [1802—1803] (Name No. 408) ; (f) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name /choronyssus Kolenati, 1858 (Name No. 409) ; (g) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Liponissus [sic] Kolenati, 1858 (Name No. 410) ; (h) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Listropoda Kolenati, 1857 (Name No. 411) ; (1) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Megistopoda Macquart, 1852 (Name No. 412) ; (j) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (Name No. 413) ; (k) vespertilionis, all usages.of, in combination with the generic name Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863 (Name No. 414) ; ; (1) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857 (Name No. 415) ; (m) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] (Name No. 416) ; (n) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826 (Name No. 417) ; DIRECTION 66 93 (0) vespertilionis, all usages of, in combination with the generic name Strebla Wiedemann, 1824 (Name No. 418). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “ DIRECTION ” The present Direction contains decisions taken by the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of completing and, where necessary, correcting, the entries in regard to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, other than entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea which have already been subjected to a similar review in Direction 37 and Direction 63 respectively. The purpose of the review so under- taken was to bring the entries concerned up to the state required for inclusion in the first instalment of the Official List, the preparations for the publication of which in book-form are now well advanced. The proposals on which the decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 11th June 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed completion and correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea, the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains particulars of various minor errors and omissions in the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class 94 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea; made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. In the case of the entries relating to nine generic names belonging to the foregoing group, no recommendations are submitted, either because serious defects have been found in the entries made on the Official List in regard to these names or because it has so far proved impossible to obtain all the information needed to complete the entries made on the List. The generic names, the entries relating to which have been postposed for one or other of the foregoing reasons are the following: (i) Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] ; (i1) Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (ili) Argas Latreille, 1795 ; Gv) Hyalomma Koch, 1844; (v) Ixodes Latreille, 1795; (vi) Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859; (vii) Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834; (viii) Glycyphagus Hering, 1838; (ix) Sarcoptes Latreille, [1801—1802]. Subject to the above exceptions proposals are now submitted for rectifying all the errors and omissions which have come to light. At the same time proposals are submitted for the addition to the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names of various objectively invalid names involved in connection with the entries on the Official List now under consideration. 2. The problems discussed in the present paper came to notice in the course of work in the Office of the Commission in connection with the forthcoming publication of the Official List in book-form. In the subsequent investigations most valuable assistance has been received from a number of specialists to whom the grateful thanks of the Commission are due. The names of the specialists who have assisted in this way are given in the following list, in which also have been incorporated (a) particulars of their present appointments or of the appointments which they held at the time when the consultations took place and (b) particulars of the Classes of the Animal Kingdom on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded :— Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Toulouse) (Class Arachnida) ‘ H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Class Diplopoda) Walter E. Collinge (York, England) (Class Arachnida) G. O. Evans , (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Arachnida) G J. P. Harding (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Crustacea) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.) (Class Trilobita ; Class Crustacea) ‘DIRECTION 66 95 Herbert W. Levi (University of Wisconsin, Department of Zoology, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) (Class Arachnida) F. A. Turk (Camborne, Cornwall, England) (Class Arachnida) R. J. Whittick (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Arachnida) 3. The questions dealt with in the present paper fall into three well- defined groups, namely (a) cases where no information or incorrect information as to how the type species of genera had been determined under Article 30 was given when the generic names in question were placed on the Official List ; (b) cases where names were attributed to wrong authors or to wrong dates or for which wrong bibliographical references were cited when the generic names concerned were placed on the Official List ; (c) the addition to the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names of objectively invalid names involved in connection with names falling in the group covered by the present paper. (1) Proposed insertion in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ of particulars as to the method by which the type species for eleven genera were determined under Article 30 of the ‘* Régles ”’ 4. In the case of nine genera no particulars as to how the type species of the genera concerned had been determined under Article 30 of the Régles were given when the generic names in question were placed on the Official List. In each case the requisite information has been obtained by the Office of the Commission. Full particulars are given in Annexe | to the present paper. 5. ** Dendryphantes’’ Koch, 1837: The entry in Opinion 104 regarding the method by which the type species of this genus was determined reads as follows: ‘‘ tsd (1869) hastatus’’. The reference clearly is to Thorell’s work On European Spiders, where the type selection referred to above occurs on page 214. The title page of this work is dated ‘‘ 1869’ (the year cited in Opinion 104), but only the first 208 pages were published in that year, the remainder being published in 1870. The title cited above is not the title of a separately published book, being no more than the title of a paper published in two instalments in a serial publication. The reference to be inserted in the Official List should be Thorell, [1870], Nova Acta K. Vet.-Soc., Upsala (3) 7 (Fasc. 2) (No. 1) : 214. 6. ‘* Rhizoglyphus’’ Claparéde, {1869]: In this case incorrect particulars as to how the type species had been determined were given in Opinion 104 when the name was placed on the Official List. It was 96 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS there stated that the type species had been determined by original designation, this being indicated by the use of the formula “tod ”’. Inspection of Claparéde’s paper shows that the type species was not designated by that author. The type species cited in the Official List is, however, correct, the species concerned having been determined as such by monotypy. (2) Proposed correction of erroneous entries on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ regarding the authorship, date and place of publication of four generic names made by the Ruling given in ‘* Opinion ’’ 104 7. In the case of four generic names placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 the entries made contained incorrect particulars regarding either the authorship to be attributed to the name in question or the date or place of publication of the name of the genus concerned or of its type species. Particulars of these errors are given in the following paragraphs, so that the necessary corrections may be made in the Official List. 8. “‘ Porcellio”’ Latreille: This name was published in Volume 7 of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. This volume bears the date “An XII” in the French Revolutionary Calendar, i.e. 1t was published in the period September 1803 to September 1804. The date “ [1803— 1804] ’’ should therefore be substituted for the date ‘* 1804” cited in Opinion 104. 9. “‘ Dysdera”’ Latreille, [1804]: The type species of this genus was given in Opinion 104 as “‘ punctoria Latr. 1804”. The nominal species here referred to was established in the combination Aranea punctoria, which was first published not by Latreille in 1804 but by Villers in 1789 (Linn. Ent. 4:128). Opinion 104 contained the following additional entry: “syn. erythrina’’. The nominal species here referred to is Aranea erythrina Walckenaer, 1802 (Faun. Paris 2: 224). From the standpoint of the author of Opinion 104, who (as noted above) believed that the name punctoria dated from 1804 (Latreille) that name was a junior subjective synonym of erythrina Walckenaer, 1802, but (as also noted above) the name punctoria was first published in 1789 (by Villers) and in consequence the name erythrina Walckenaer is no more than a junior subjective synonym of punctoria. This synonymy, even if generally accepted by taxonomists (a matter which appears to be doubtful) has therefore no bearing on the question of the name to be used for the type species of this genus. 10. “‘ Polydesmus”’ Latreille : This name was published in Volume 3 of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., the title page of which bears the date ““An X”’, i.e. the period September 1801 to September 1802. DIRECTION 66 97 Griffin has shown (1938, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 157), however, that this volume was not published until ‘* An XI’’, i.e. not until the period September 1802 to September 1803. The name Polydesmus Latreille should therefore be dated ‘‘ [1802—1803]”’. (By some inadvertence the name Polydesmus Latreille was placed in Opinion 104 in a list of genera of the Class Arachnida. Iam indebted to Professor H. Boschma for drawing my attention to the fact that the taxon so named is really a myriapod (Class Diplopoda)). 11. “Psoroptes”’ Gervais, 1841: The type species of this genus was given in Opinion 104 as “‘ equi Gerv.’’. As used by Gervais, the specific name equi was not a new name. It was first published (in the combination Sarcoptes equi) by Raspail in 1834 (Bull. gén. Thér. méd. chir., Paris 7 (Suppl.) : 182) (3) Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 12. As in the case of the reviews previously undertaken in regard to other groups of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, the review of the present group of generic names has brought to light a number of objectively invalid generic names which should now be placed on the Official Index established for recording the names of taxa of this category. The names concerned are set out in Annexe 2 to the present paper. (4) Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of certain specific names and usages of such names suppressed under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion *’ 128 13. By the Ruling given in Opinion 128 the International Commis- sion, acting under its Plenary Powers, suppressed “* the specific name vespertilionis of all authors for the following generic names’”’. Here followed a list of twenty generic names, of which ten were the names of genera belonging to the Class Arachnida and ten were the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta (Order Diptera (nine names) ; Order Anoplura (one name)). The generic names concerned were the following :— (i) Class Arachnida : (a) Acarus Linnaeus, 1758 ; 98 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Dermanyssus Dugeés, 1834 ; (c) Diplostaspis Kolenati, 1857 ; (d) Gamasus Latreille, [1802—1803] ; (e) Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858 ; (f) Liponissus [sic] Kolenati, 1858 ; (g) Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857 ; (h) Pteroptus Dufour, 1832 ; (i) Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] ; (j) Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826 ; (ii) Class Insecta, Order Diptera : (a) Acrocholidia Kolenati, 1857 ; (b) Celeripes Montagu, 1808 ; (c) Hippobosca Schrank, 1803 ; (d) Listropoda Kolenati, 1857 ; (ce) Megistopoda Macquart, 1852 ; (f) Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ; (g) Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863 ; (h) Phthiridium Hermann, 1804 ; (i) Strebla Wiedemann, 1824 ; (ili) Class Insecta, Order Anoplura : Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758. 14. The object of the Commission when taking the sweeping decisions described above was to put an end to the hopeless state of confusion which had arisen through the insuperable difficulties encountered by specialists in interpreting the nominal species Pediculus vespertilionis Linnaeus, 1758. This species had been regarded by some workers as belonging to one or other of a number of different genera of Arachnida, while by others it had been placed in a variety of genera of insects. In addition various later authors had added to the general state of confusion by giving the name vespertilionis to new nominal species erected by themselves. The result was that the name vespertilionis Linnaeus, 1758, had become so hopelessly compromised by the diverse interpretations which had been given to it that it had lost all practical utility. While the object of the Commission in taking the action set out in Opinion 128 was highly commendable, it must be admitted that the drafting of that Opinion was very unsatisfactory, when judged even by the standards of that day, for no bibliographical references were given for the names cited in it. These questions have —_—_— = DIRECTION 66 99 been investigated in the Office of the Commission for the purpose of preparing the ground for the recording of the Commission’s decision on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. These investigations have established the fact that the name vespertilionis was published as the name for a new nominal species in four of the genera cited in Opinion 128, in addition to the genus Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758. The generic names concerned are: (1) Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834; (2) Hippobosca Schrank, 1803 ; (3) Phthiridium Hermann, 1804 ; (4) Preroptus Dufour, 1832. Second, it has been found that the specific name vespertilionis, as published in combination with one or other of the foregoing genera, was referred to by the following five authors when establishing new nominal genera of their own. The genera concerned were: (a) Celeripes Montagu, 1808 ; (b) Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ; (c) Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863 ; (d) Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826; (e) Strebla Wiedemann, 1824. Third, the investigations undertaken have established the place where the name vespertilionis as employed by one or other of the authors enumerated above in connection with the first group of names, (i.e. as employed by Dugés, Schrank, Hermann or Dufour) was later employed—either as a specific name or as a junior synonym of some other name—in combination with four more of the generic names specified in Opinion 128. The generic names so concerned are: (i) Acarus Linnaeus, 1758 (as used by Scopoli, 1763); (ii) Acrocholidia Kolenati, 1857 (as used by the same author in 1863) ; (iii) Gamasus Latreille, [1802—1803] (as used by the same author in 1817) ; (iv) Listropoda Kolenati, 1857 (as used by the same author in 1863). In the six remaining cases it has not been possible to trace where the name vespertilionis (as of some earlier author) was first cited as the name (or as a junior synonym of the name) of a species belonging to the genus concerned. The genera concerned are: Diplostaspis Kolenati, 1857 ; Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858 ; Liponissus Kolenati, 1858 ; Megistopoda Macquart, 1852 ; Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857; Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803]. While it is unfortunate that it has not been found possible to ascertain in every case where the specific name vespertilionis was used either as a new name or as a later usage of a previously published name in each of the twenty nominal genera cited in Opinion 128, it may certainly be concluded that all uses of vespertilionis as a new name have been traced and that the references which are still missing are all to later usages of one or other of the names which have been traced. 15. It is necessary now to consider the procedure to be adopted for codifying the decision in relation to the specific name vespertilionis given in Opinion 128. In this connection two points must be noted, first, that the object of the above decision was to eliminate all uses of the compromised name vespertilionis in each of the twenty genera cited in the above Opinion, second, that, to secure this end, the Commission used its Plenary Powers. What is necessary now, in 100 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS order to give effect to the decision so taken is to place on record that the names concerned are to be regarded as having been suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. This qualification, which, in accordance with the Directive given to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 338— 339), would automatically have been inserted in the Ruling given in Opinion 128 if that Opinion had been adopted subsequently to the Paris Congress, is essential, since it is only by this means that it is possible to ensure that the specific name vespertilionis can never be a valid name for a species in any of the genera cited in the above Opinion. As regards procedure it is proposed to follow the course set in previous somewhat similar cases namely that of placing on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology (a) the five names, each consisting of the word vespertilionis, which were suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 128 and (b) all usages of the specific name vespertilionis in each of the remaining fifteen genera cited in the above Opinion. The formal recommendations required to give effect to the foregoing proposal are set out in Annexe 3 to the present paper. For the sake of complete- ness particulars are given in Annexe 4 of the earliest usages of the specific name vespertilionis, other than usages as a new name, which have so far been traced in the literature. (5) Family-group-name problems 16. For a number of the genera, the names of which are dealt with in the present instalment of the review of entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the period up to the end of 1936, nominal family-group taxa have been established. As in previous instalments of the present review no proposals on this subject are submitted in the present paper, it having been decided that it would be better to conclude the survey of the problems directly associated with the generic names themselves and with the names of the type species of those genera before formulating proposals for the con- sideration of the Commission in regard to the family-group-name problems involved. It is considered that this procedure offers a twofold advantage, namely (1) that it ensures the completion at the earliest possible moment of the survey of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 which the Commission was charged to undertake by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, (2) that it provides a little more time for the search of the literature for the publication of the family-group names involved, the collection of information regarding which is inevitably more laborious than the collection of information regarding the names of genera and species, there being no comprehensive works of reference dealing with family- group names. DIRECTION 66 ; 101 (6) Recommendations 17, In the light of the particulars relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea, the names of which were placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 set out in the present survey, I recommend that, in discharge of the duties imposed by the General Directives regarding the completion of Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and of the Directives supplementary thereto issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copen- hagen, 1953, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) enter on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of each of the generic names specified in Annexe | to the present paper the particulars there specified as to the manner in which the type species of the genus concerned was determined under Article 30 of the Régles (paragraph 4) ; (2) delete the incorrect reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Dendryphantes Koch, 1837, made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 and substitute therefor the following amended entry: Thorell, [1870], Nova Acta K. Vet.-Soc., Upsala (3) 7 (Fasc. 1) (No. 1) : 214 (paragraph 3) (3) substitute the words “type species, by monotypy”’ for the words ‘“‘ type species, by original designation ”’ in the entry on the Official List relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Rhizoglyphus Claparéde, [1869] (paragraph 6) ; (4) substitute the date ‘‘ [1803—1804] ”’ for the date ‘* 1804’ as the date of publication of the generic name Porcellio Latreille in the entry on the Official List relating to that name (paragraph 8) ; (5) substitute in the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Dysdera Latreille, [1804] the words “‘ Aranea punctoria Villers, 1789, Linn. Ent. 4: 128” for the words “‘ punctoria Latr. 1804’ in the portion relating to the name of the type species of this genus, and at the same time delete from the foregoing entry all reference to the name Aranea erythrina 102 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Walckenaer, 1802 cited in Opinion 104 as a senior subjective synonym of the name punctoria there (as noted above) incorrectly attributed to Latreille instead of to Villers (paragraph 9) ; (6) substitute the date ‘‘ [1802—1803] ’’ for the date “* 1802 ” as the date of publication of the name Polydesmus Latreille in the entry on the Official List relating to that name (paragraph 10) ; (7) delete from the Official List the words “‘ equi Gerv.”’ in the portion of the entry relating to the generic name Psoroptes Gervais, 1841, concerned with the type species of the genus so named and substitute therefor the entry “‘ Sarcoptes equi Raspail, 1834, Bull. gén. Thér. méd. chir., Paris 7 (Suppl.) : 182” (paragraph 11); (8) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the objectively invalid generic names enumerated in Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 12) ; (9) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the specified names and the usages of such names enumerated in Annexe 3 to the present paper (paragraph 15). ANNEXE 1 Proposals for the amplification and correction of entries made in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ with regard to the method by which the type species of nine genera of the Phylum Arthropoda were determined under Article 30 of the ** Régles ”’ Name of Genus Entry relating to the determination of the type species now proposed to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent selection by Pilsbry, 1907, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 60 : 79 Diaptomus Westwood, by original designation Gammarus Fabricius, by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, “1775 Consid. gén. Anim, Crust. Arach. Ins. : 423, 103- Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 Amblyomma Koch, 1844 Dermacentor Koch, 1844 Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 DIRECTION 66 103 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 424, 125 by subsequent selection by Neumann, 1901, Mém. Soc. zool. France 14 : 340 by subsequent selection by Neumann, 1901, Mém. Soc. zool. France 14 : 340 by subsequent selection by Neumann, 1901, Mém. Soc. zool. France 14 : 340 by subsequent selection by Neumann, 1901, Mém. Soc. zool. France 14 : 340 by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 475, 137: ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition of eight objectively invalid generic names to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 1. Avicularia Gray (J.E.), 1848, List Brit. Anim. Brit. Mus. (Centr.) : 105, 146 (a junior homonym of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) ; 2. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Cheyletus Latreille, 1796, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104 :— (a) Cheylatus Mégnin, 1878, J. Anat. Physiol. Paris 14 : 421 ; (b) Cheyletes Sundevall, 1833, Consp. Arach. (2) : 37; (c) Cheylutus Oudemans, 1906, Mém. Soc. zool. France £9212; 3. Latrodectes Canestrini & Pavesi, 1869, Atti Soc. Ital. 11 (No. 3) : 45 (an Invalid Emendation of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) ; 4. Lepas da Costa, 1778, Brit. Conch. :1 (a junior homonym of Lepas Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) ; 5. Spinturnia Van der Hoeven, 1849, Handb. Dierk. (ed. 2) 1 : 670 (an Invalid Emendation of Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826, placed on the Official List in Opinion 128) ; 104 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Trombidion Agassiz, 1845, Nomencl. zool. (Arach.): 13 (an Invalid Emendation of Trombidium Fabricius, 1775, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104). ANNEXE 3 Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ’’ of certain objectively invalid specific names and usages of such names 1. The under-mentioned specific names suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 128 :— (a) vespertilionis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 611, as published in the combination Pediculus vespertilionis ; (b) vespertilionis Dugés, 1834, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (2) (Zool.) 1:18, as published in the combination Dermanyssus vespertilionis ; (c) vespertilionis Schrank, 1803, Fauna boica 3(1) : 175, as published in the combination Hippobosca vespertilionis ; (d) vespertilionis Hermann, 1804, Mém. Apt. : 120, as pub- lished in the combination Phthiridium vespertilionis ; (e) vespertilionis Dufour, 1832, in Audouin, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris [1] 25: 409, as published in the combination Pteroptus vespertilionis ; 2. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Acarus Linnaeus, 1758 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; 3. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Acrocholidia Kolenati, 1857 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; . 10. af. 12. ’ DIRECTION 66 105 . vespertilionis, all uses of,:in the genus Cel/eripes Montagu, 1808 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; . vespertilionis, all uses of, on the genus Diplostaspis Kolenati, 1857 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; . vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Gamasus Latreille, [1802— 1803] (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; . vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; . vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Liponissus [sic] Kolenati, 1858 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ~ (Opinion 128)) ; . vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Listropoda Kolenati, 1857 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of ae ay Wie 128)) ; vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Megistopoda Macquart, 1852 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for Box: of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; 106 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; 14. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802— 1803] (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; 15. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for theses of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)) ; 16. vespertilionis, all uses of, in the genus Strebla Wiedemann, 1824 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy (Opinion 128)). ANNEXE 4 References to the places where the specific name ‘“‘ vespertilionis ’’ of various authors was later cited in new combinations (A) Five cases where an author when establishing a new nominal genus cited the name ‘‘ vespertilionis ’’ of an earlier author as the name of an included species or as a junior synonym of such a name (1) vespertilionis, Nycteribia (Scopoli, 1763), Latreille, 1796, Précis Caract. Ins. : 176 (attributed by Latreille to Scopoli, whose usage was in turn only a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758) ; (2) vespertilionis, Celeripes (Latreille, 1796) Montagu, 1808, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 9 : 166 (attributed to Latreille (Nycteribia) which, as shown in (1) above, was no more than a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758) ; (3) vespertilionis, Strebla (Schrank, 1803), Wiedemann, 1824, Anal. Ent.: 19 (identified by Wiedemann with vespertilionis, Hippobosca, Schrank, 1803) ; DIRECTION 66 107 (4) vespertilionis, Spinturnix (Scopoli, 1763) (van Heyden, 1826, Oken’s Jsis 1826 : 612 (attributed by van Heyden to Scopoll, 1763, which, as shown in (1) above, was no more than a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758) ; (5) vespertilionis, Penicillidia (Dufour, 1832) Kolenati, 1863, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2 : 72 (treated by Kolenati as a later usage of vespertilionis, Nycteribia, Dufour, 1831 (Ann. Sci. nat., Paris [1] 22: 381) [nec vespertilionis, Pteroptus, Dufour, 1832, in Audouin, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris [1] 25 : 409); Dufour’s usage here was taken from Latreille, 1796, which, as shown in (1) above, is no more than a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758; the taxon cited by Dufour as Nycteribia_ vespertilionis “* Latreille’’ re-named Penicillidia dufouri by Kolenati). (B) Three cases where the specific name ‘“‘ vespertilionis ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘‘ Pediculus vespertilionis ’’ was cited by later authors in a different combination (6) vespertilionis, Acarus, Scopoli, 1763, Ent. carniol. : 387 (as noted in (A) (1) above, a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758) ; (7) vespertilionis, Gamasus, Latreille, 1817, in Cuvier, Régne Anim. 3: 118 (identified by Latreille, with Scopoli’s usage of 1763, which, as noted in (6) above, was a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758) ; (8) vespertilionis, Listropoda, Kolenati, 1863, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2:55 (attributed by Kolenati to Latreille, whose usage, as noted in (7) above, is a later usage of vespertilionis, Pediculus, Linnaeus, 1758; the taxon concerned re-named Listropoda latreillei by Kolenati). (C) One case where the specific name ‘‘ vespertilionis ’’ Hermann, 1804, as published in the combination ‘‘ Phthiridium vespertilionis ’’ was cited by a later author in a different combination (9) vespertilionis, Acrocholidia, Kolenati, 1863, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2: 60—61 (the taxon named Phthiridium vespertilionis by Hermann in 1804; re-named Acrocholidia montagui by Kolenati). 108 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and, in certain cases, correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda other than entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea made of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number 1019. II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)13 : On 11th June 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)56)13 was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that “in accordance with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1936, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 17 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1019, regarding the names of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ” and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 11th July'1956. DIRECTION 66 109 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)13 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(45)13 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Vokes; Lemche; Hering; Dymond ; Prantl; Mayr; Stoll; Holthuis; Bradley (J.C.) ; Riley ; Jaczewski; Hanké ; Key; Esaki; do Amaral ; Bonnet ; Mertens; Kthnelt; Hemming; Tortonese ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera ; Boschma ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Miller. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 12th July 1956 Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)13, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 21st March 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)13. 110 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 8. Original References : The original references for the generic and specific names placed on the Official Indexes for the names of taxa belonging to those categories by the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in Annexe 2 and Annexe 3 respectively of the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The references for the selection of type species for the genera specified in Section (1) of the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in Annexe 1 of the paper referred to above. 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty-Six (66) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-First day of March, Nineteen | Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcatFe & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.7. Pp. 111—128 DIRECTION 67 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of twenty species belonging to the Classes Trilobita, Crustacea (other than species of the Order Decapoda), Diplopoda and Arachnida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936, and (b) of the specific name of one species belonging to the Class Arachnida which is currently treated as a senior synonym of the name of such a species LONDON : ( AUG 23 7 Printed by Order of the International Truster Zoological Nomenclature att and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Twelve Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 24th July, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 67 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948 Professor Teiso EsAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mez0gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoituHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954 Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum y Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Paine der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) HHO fessor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 95 ) Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘* G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 67 ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF TWENTY SPECIES BELONGING TO THE CLASSES _ TRILOBITA, CRUSTACEA (OTHER THAN SPECIES OF THE ORDER DECAPODA), DIPLOPODA AND ARACHNIDA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH ~ WAS PLACED ON THE ‘“* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ UP TO THE END OF 1936, AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAME OF, ONE SPECIES BELONGING TO THE CLASS ARACHNIDA WHICH IS CURRENTLY TREATED AS A SENIOR SYNONYM OF THE NAME OF SUCH A SPECIES RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Trilobita, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1925 by the Ruling given in the Opinion cited below, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1304 :— diffractum, Zenker, 1833, as published in the combination Otarion diffractum (specific name of type species of Otarion Zenker, 1833) (Opinion 88) (2) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Crustacea, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in the 114 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Opinions cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lepas anatifera (specific name of type species of Lepas Linnaeus, 1758) (Order Cirripedia) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1305) ; (b) castor Jurine, 1820, as published in the combination Monoculus castor (specific name of type species of Diaptomus Westwood, 1836) (Order Copepoda) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1306) ; (c) pulex Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Cancer pulex (specific name of type species of Gammarus Fabricius, 1775) (Order Amphipoda) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1307) ; (d) scaber Latreille, [1803—1804], as published in the combination Porcellio scaber (specific name of type species of Porce/lio Latreille, [1803—1804]) (Order Isopoda) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1308). (3) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Diplopoda, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1928 by the Ruling given in the Opinion cited below, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1309 :— complanatus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Julus complanatus (specific name of type species of Polydesmus Latreille, [1802— 1803]) (Opinion 104). (4) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Arachnida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by Rulings given in the DIRECTION 67 115 Opinions cited below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :-— (i) Specific names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ** Opinion ”’ 73 (a) cajennensis Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Acarus cajennensis (specific name of type species of Amblyomma Koch, 1844) (Name No. 1310) ; (b) reticulatus Fabricius, 1794, as published in the combination Acarus reticulatus (specific name of type species of Dermacentor Koch, 1844) (Name INGy aaa (c) concinna Koch, 1844, as published in the combina- tion Haemaphysalis concinna (specific name of type species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844) (Name No. 1312) ; (d) bicornis Nuttall & Warburton, 1908, as published in the combination Rhipicentor bicornis (specific name of type species of Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908) (Name No. 1313) ; (ce) sanguineus Latreille, 1806, as published in the combination [xodes sanguineus (specific name of type species of Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844) (Name No. 1314) ; (ii) Specific names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ** Opinion ”’ 104 (f) eruditus Schrank, 1781, as published in the com- bination Acarus eruditus (specific name of type species of Cheyletus Latreille, 1796) (Name No. 1315); 116 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (g) folliculorum Simon, 1842, as published in the combination Acarus folliculorum (specific name of type species of Demodex Owen, 1843) (Name No: ISilo)r. (h) equi Raspail, 1834, as published in the combination Sarcoptes equi (specific name of type species of Psoroptes Gervais, 1841) (Name No. 1317) ; (1) holosericeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Acarus holosericeus (specific name of type species of 7Zrombidium Fabricius, 1775) (Name No. 1318) ; (j) avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Aranea avicularia (specific name of type species of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818) (Name INO, SID (k) punctoria Villers, 1789, as published in the combina- tion Aranea punctoria (specific name of type species of Dysdera Latreille, 1804) (Name No. 1820): (1) tredecimguttata Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea tredecimguttata (specific name of type species of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805) (Name No. 1321) ; (m) hastatus Clerck, [1758], as published in the com- bination Aranea hastatus (specific name of type species of Dendryphantes Koch, 1837) (Name No. 1322)— (iii) Specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in *‘ Opinion ”’ 128 (n) myoti Kolenati, 1856, as published in the combina- tion Pteropus myoti (specific name of type species of Spinturnix van Heyden, 1826) (Name No. 1323), DIRECTION 67 117 - (5) The under-mentioned specific name is_ hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1324 :— echinopus Fumouze & Robin, 1868, as published in the combination Tyroglyphus echinopus (Class Arachnida). i THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION ” The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest available name for the species concerned. The present, which is the sixth in this series of Directions, is concerned with completing the action called for under the foregoing Directive in relation to the specific names of species which are the type species of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936. The required action has already been taken in regard to the specific names of the type species of genera belonging to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea and to the Class Insecta respectively, the former by the Ruling given in Direction 36, the latter by the Ruling given in Direction 64. The names dealt with in the present Direction are the names of species belonging to the Classes Trilobita, Crustacea (other than names of genera belonging to the Order Decapoda), Diplopoda and Arachnida. The total number of generic names belonging to these genera placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 was thirty-three, but by the time that the 118 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS question of compliance with the Directive referred to above came to be considered, the specific names of the type species of two of the genera had already been dealt with and proposals were at that time before the Commission in connection with a third name. The investigations carried out by the Office of the Commission showed that of the remaining thirty names nine required further investigation. The proposals submitted in the present case, which were embodied in the following paper placed before the Commission by the Secretary on 11th June 1956, were concerned therefore with twenty-one specific names :— Proposed addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (a) of the specific names of twenty species belonging to genera of the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official — List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific name of one species of the Class Arachnida, Order Acarina, which is currently treated as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the sixth instalment of proposals for giving effect to the General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, is the oldest available name for the species concerned, that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall be similarly placed on that List. The immediately preceding instalment was concerned with the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Class Insecta (Z.N.(S.) 1016) and was submitted to the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)12.2 1 The decision since taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has been embodied in Direction 64. That Direction has been published as Part E.4 of the present Section of Volume 1 (: 61—74), DIRECTION 67 119 2. The proposals now submitted relate to the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, other than genera belonging (a) to the Class Insecta (dealt with in the Voting Paper referred to above) and (b) to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea (on which a decision was taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27, which has since been embodied in Direction 36 (now in the press”), the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The total number of generic names so involved is thirty-three. These names were placed on the Official List in the following Opinions : Opinion 73 (eight names) ; Opinion 77 (one name) ; Opinion 88 (one name); Opinion 104 (twenty-one names) ; Opinion 113 (one name) ; Opinion 128 (one name). 3. In two cases the name of the type species of the genus concerned has already been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The names concerned are: (i) polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monoculus polyphemus (specific name of type species of Limulus Miiller (O.F.), 1785) (Class Merostomata), placed on the Official List as Name No. 1i9 by the Ruling given in Opinion 320 ; (ii) florentina, Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea florentina (specific name of type species of Segestria Latreille, [1804]), Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List as Name No. 675 by the Ruling given in Direction 29. In the case of a third generic name belonging to the group to be considered on the present occasion, namely Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758, which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, difficulties were found to exist which made it necessary to submit separate proposals to the Commission (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 173—175). The proposals so submitted included a recommendation for the use of the Plenary Powers to designate Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus ; it was part of the proposal that the specific name maurus Linnaeus should thereupon be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The above proposals are now before the Commission in connection with Voting Paper V.P.(56)10.3 Accordingly, no further action is called for in connection with this name. 4. Thus, when allowance is made for the action taken and/or in progress in connection with the three generic names discussed in paragraph 3 above, the number of names still requiring attention is seen to be reduced to thirty. The investigations carried out by the 2 Direction 36 was published on Ist September 1956 as Part D.1 of Section D of Volume 1 (: 1—46). 8 The decision since taken by the International Commission in regard to the case here referred to has been embodied in Direction 60, which has been published as Part E.1 of the present Section of Volume 1 (: 1—12). 120 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Office of the Commission show that in the case of nine of these names a further postponement is necessary. The number of names as regards which it is now possible to submit recommendations is therefore reduced to twenty-one. 5. The nine names now postponed for further examination are given below, together with a brief explanation of the question at issue. Each of these cases has now been separately registered, the Number now assigned to each being noted in the list now submitted. (a) Class Crustacea, Order Isopoda (i) Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] (Z.N.(S.) 1122)) It has not so far been possible to trace in the literature a selection as the type species of this genus, of the species cited when this generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (11) Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Z.N.(S.) 1127) The position as regards this generic name is similar to that found to exist in the case of the name Armadillidium (see (i) above). Like the latter name, the name Oniscus Linnaeus was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (b) Class Arachnida, Order Acarina (ii) Argas Latreille, 1795 (Z.N.GS.) 1128) It appears that the type species of this genus is currently known by a name which is a junior subjective synonym of another name. The Commission’s Plenary Powers would be needed to validate current practice. This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. (iv) Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Z.N.(S.) 1129) This nominal genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, appears to be based upon a misidentified type species. Accordingly, action by the Commission under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, will be needed to validate existing practice in this case. (v) Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Z.N.(S.) 1130) In this case there appear to be unresolved doubts as to the inter- pretation of the nominal species which is the type species of this genus. DIRECTION 67 | 121 It seems probable that the use of the Plenary Powers will be needed in order to provide this genus with a type species in harmony with current usage. This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. (vi) Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859 (Z.N.(S.) 1131) This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. There are doubts as to where the specific name of the type species of this genus was first published. (vii) Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834 (Z.N.(S.) 1132) This is another name placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. The difficulty in this case arises from the fact that there are doubts as to where of two places this generic name was first published. If (as seems likely) it was first published on the second of the occasions claimed, there is at present no information as to where its type species was first validly selected. (vill) Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 (Z.N.(S.) 1133) The difficulty in this case is similar to that described under (v) above in connection with the name /xodes Latreille. This name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (ix) Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] (Z.N.(S.) 1134) This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 113. The difficulty in this case resides in the fact that it is by no means clear what is the oldest available name for the type species of this genus. 6. On the present, as on previous similar occasions the search of the literature undertaken by the Office of the Commission for the purpose of checking and, where necessary, completing the entries made on the Official List in the period under review has disclosed a number of individual problems which require to be brought to the attention of the International Commission. These problems have been discussed in paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1019 which is being submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)13* simultaneously with the present paper. 4 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has been embodied in Direction 66. It has been published in the immediately preceding Part of the present Section of Volume | (: 85—110). 22 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. The eludication of the problems involved in the present group of names has been rendered possible by the co-operation and assistance afforded by a number of specialists in the groups concerned. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or of the appointments which they held at the time when consultations took place and (b) of the Classes on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Toulouse) (Class Arachnida) H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Class Diplopoda) Walter E. Collinge (York, England) (Class Arachnida) G. O. Evans (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Arachnida) J. P. Harding (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Crustacea) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.) (Class Trilobita ; Class Crustacea) Herbert W. Levi (University of Wisconsin, Department of Zoology, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) (Class Arachnida) F. A. Turk (Camborne, Cornwall, England) (Class Arachnida) R. J. Whittick (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Arachnida). 8. The postponement for further consideration of the nine cases specified in paragraph 5 above reduces to twenty-one the number of cases on which it is possible to submit recommendations at the present time. The investigations carried out show that in twenty of the cases concerned the specific name of the type species of the genus in question is an available name and is currently accepted as the oldest such name for the taxon concerned. The twenty specific names in question are enumerated in Annexe | to the present paper. In the case of the one remaining genus the specific name of the type species is treated by specialists in the group concerned as being a junior subjective synonym of an older available name. Particulars of this case are given in Annexe 2. . DIRECTION 67 123 9. It is recommended that in accordance with the General Directive referred to in the first paragraph of the present paper the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (1) the twenty specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 1, each of which (a) is the specific name of the type species of a genus belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) is the oldest available name for the species concerned ; (2) the single specific name specified in Col. (1) of Annexe 2, a name which is currently treated by specialists (a) as a senior subjective synonym of the name of the type species of a genus belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, the name of which was placed on the foregoing Official List in the period referred to above and (b) as the oldest available name for the species concerned. ANNEXE 1 Specific names of twenty nominal species belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, each of which (a) is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) is the oldest available name for the species concerned Specific name Combination in Name of genus of proposed to be which name specified which species specified placed on the in Col. 1 was in Col. | is the ** Official List of originally published type species Specific Names in Zoology ” (1) (2) (3) Class Trilobita ‘* Opinion ”’ 88 diffractum Zenker, Otarion diffractum Otarion Zenker, 1833 1833 124 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name proposed to be placed on the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 castor Jurine, 1820 pulex Linnaeus 1758 scaber Latreille, [1803—1804] complanatus Linnaeus, 1761 cajennensis Fabricius, 1787 reticulatus Fabricius, 1794 concinna Koch, 1844 bicornis Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 sanguineus Latreille, 1806 eruditus Schrank, 1781 folliculorum Simon, 1842 equi Raspail, 1834 | Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Class Crustacea ‘*¢ Opinion ”’ 77 Lepas anatifera “* Opinion ”’ 104 Monoculus castor Cancer pulex Porcellio scaber Class Diplopoda ‘* Opinion ”’ 104 Julus complanatus Class Arachnida ‘¢ Opinion ”’ 73 Acarus cajennensis — Acarus reticulatus Haemaphysalis concinna Rhipicentor bicornis Ixodes sanguineus ‘¢ Opinion ’’ 104 Acarus eruditus Acarus folliculorum Sarcoptes equi Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 Porcellio Latreille, [1803—1804] Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] Amblyomma Koch, 1844 Dermacentor Koch, Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 Demodex Owen, 1843 Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 Specific name ~ proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) holosericeus Linnaeus, 1758 avicularia Linnaeus, 1758 punctoria Villers, 1789 tredecimguttata Rossi, 1790 hastatus Clerck, [1758] myoti Kolenati, 1856 DIRECTION 67 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Acarus holosericeus Aranea avicularia Aranea punctoria Aranea tredecimguttata Aranea hastatus ** Opinion *’ 128 Pteropus myoti ANNEXE 2 125 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 Dysdera Latreille, 1804 Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 Spinturnix van Heyden 1826 The specific name of a nominal species which is subjectively identified with a nominal species of later date which is the type species of a genus belonging to the Class Arachnida (Order Acarina), the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the “* Official List?) (2) ‘* Opinion *’ 104 echinopus Fumouze & Robin, 1868, as published in the com- bination Tyroglyphus echinopus a senior subjective synonym of robini Claparéde, (1869), as published in the combination Rhizoglyphus robini, the specific name of the type species of Rhizoglyphus Claparéde, (1869) 126 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of species of the Classes Trilobita, Crustacea (other than species of the Order Decapoda), Diplopoda and Arachnida specified therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1018. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)14 : On 11th June 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)14) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “‘ that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress on Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1936, the names of species belonging to genera of the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea referred to in Sections (1) and (2) of paragraph 9 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1018 by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ” and (2) if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 11th July 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)14 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)14 was as follows :— DIRECTION 67 127 (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Vokes ; Lemche ; Hering; Dymond; Mayr; Prantl ; Stoll; Holthuis; Bradley (J.C.); Riley; Jaczewski ; Hanko ; Key; Esaki; do Amaral ; Bonnet ; Mertens ; Kuhnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera ; Boschma ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, two (2) : Bodenheimer ; Miller. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 12th July 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)14, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of thé Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 22nd March 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)14. 8. Original References : The original references for the names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the preparations for the publication of the Official Lists in book-form and call for no comment. 128 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty- Seven (67) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. . Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & CoopeR LimirEep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.8. Pp. 129—136 DIRECTION 68 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 16) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 24th July, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 68 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History) Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Tere (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Proreesn Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mez6gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoitHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLer (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRantL (Ndrodni Museum y Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TorTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ““ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 68 ADDITION TO THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF THE GENERIC NAME ** PELECANUS ”? LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS AVES) («‘*‘ DIRECTION ’’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘* OPINION ”’ 16) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1197 :— Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Gray (G.R.), (1840): Peiecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758) (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1325 :— onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Pelecanus onocrotalus (specific name of type species of Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758). rere SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction is concerned with the determination of the manner by which under Article 30 of the Rég/es a type species was determined for the nominal genus Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), a question which was discussed in 1910 in Opinion 16 but on which no Ruling was then given. The proposals on which were based the decisions taken in the present case were submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Secretary in the following paper on 3lst July 1956 :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ of the generic name ‘‘ Pelecanus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 132 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1758 (Class Aves), one of the generic names discussed in Opinion 16 (1910, Smithson. Publ. 1938 : 31—39), but left unsettled on that occasion. The circumstances of this case are set out in the following paragraphs. 2. At its meeting held in Paris in 1948 the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology on the proposal of the Commission inserted in the Régles the substance of the Ruling given in Opinion 16, namely that, where a nominal genus was established without a designated or indicated type species and the author of the generic name cited in the synonymy of one but not more than one of the included nominal species a pre-1758 univerbal species-name consisting of the same word as that selected for the generic name, the nominal species in question was to be treated as having been indicated as the type species of the genus concerned by absolute tautonymy (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4: 153—154). At the same Session the International Commission examined Opinion 16, in which the Commission had enumerated a large number of Linnean names as names of genera the type species of which had possibly been determined under the foregoing Rule but took decisions on two only of the names concerned. As part of its general policy of completing the Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 in anticipations of the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book-form, the Commission at its Paris Session decided that Rulings should be given as soon as possible in regard to the generic names discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 16 and invited me as Secretary to investigate this matter and to submit proposals to the above end (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 581—583). 3. In 1952 I submitted a Report to the Commission in. which I recommended the addition to the Official List of the names of seventeen genera of birds which had been discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 16, the type species of each of which it appeared to me to have been deter- mined by “‘ Linnean tautonymy’”’ under the Rule explained in paragraph 2 above (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 70—75). When the stage was reached for the Commission to vote on the foregoing proposals, I re-examined each of the names concerned and in doing so found that, contrary to what I had previously thought, the Rule of Linnean Tautonymy did not apply to the name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758. I accordingly withdrew the proposal which I had submitted in regard to that name. The proposals submitted in regard to the remaining names dealt with in the Report referred to above were approved by the Commission by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)73 and the decision so taken was later embodied in Direction 17 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 89—112). The Minute executed by myself as Secretary to the Commission withdrawing the DIRECTION 68 133 name-Pelecanus Linnacus, 1758, from the scope of the vote taken on the foregoing Voting Paper was reproduced in paragraph 14 of the above Direction. 4. In accordance with the direction given in the Minute referred to in the preceding paragraph the name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 132) has been re-examined and the following particulars are now submitted to enable the Commission to take the measures required to enable it to complete the action needed on this part of Opinion 16. The above genus was established with five included nominal species. No type species was designated for this genus and no pre-1758 univerbal species-name consisting of the word ** Pelecanus’”’ was unequivocally cited by Linnaeus in the synonymy of any of the included species. Accordingly, Rule (g) in Article 30 (type species by subsequent selection) governs the determination of the type species of this genus. The first author to select any of the included species to be the type species of Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, was Gray (G.R.) who in 1840 (List Gen. Birds : 80) so selected Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 (: 132). This therefore is the valid type species of this genus. It is so accepted in all works dealing with this genus. 5. The nominal genus Pelecanus Linnaeus is the type genus of the currently accepted family-group taxon PELECANIDAE. It is considered, however, that it would be more convenient to defer the submission of a _ proposal for the addition of this name to the Official List of Family- Group Names in Zoology until it is possible to submit comprehensive proposals regarding the family-group-name problems involved in connection with the other generic names of birds discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 16. This subject it being currently examined in the Commission’s File Z.N.(G.) 76. 6. In these circumstances, I recommend that, in order to effect the action required for the completion of this part of Opinion 16, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology : Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender masculine) (type species, by selection by Gray (G.R.) (1840) : Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (2) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology: onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pelecanus onocrotalus (specific name of type species of Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758). 134 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 949. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)18 : On 31st July 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M)(56)18) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal for the addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, as recommended in paragraph 6 of the note numbered Z.N.(S.) 949, submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ” [1.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 3lst August 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)18 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)18 was as tollows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Bodenheimer; Prantl; Boschma; Holthuis ; Vokes; Hering; Mertens; Bradley (J.C.); Stoll; Sylvester-Bradley ; Esaki; do Amaral; Tortonese ; Hanko ; Mayr; Cabrera ; Lemche ; Hemming; Key; Dymond; Kihnelt; Miller; Bonnet ; Jaczewski ; DIRECTION 68 135 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist September 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)18, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 23rd March 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)18. 8. Original References: The following are the original references for the namesplaced on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— onocrotalus, Pelecanus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 132 Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 132 9. The reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction is as follows :— Gray (G.R.), 1840, List Gen. Birds : 80 10. Family-Group-Name Aspect :. The family-group-name prob- lem involved in the present case has been reserved for consideration 136 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with similar problems relating to the names of other Genera of birds discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 16. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty- Eight (68) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Third day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MeTcatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E9. Pp.137—150 DIRECTION 69 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Osmerus as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) (validation of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 77) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 24th July, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 69 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) OF Cone LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLi (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Narodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KijHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) PESeaye F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 5 Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) ee a DIRECTION 69 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘*‘ OSMERUS ”’ AS OF SUBGENERIC STATUS AS FROM LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS PISCES) (VALIDATION OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘‘ OPINION ” 77) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers and in response to the invitation issued to specialists by the Ruling given in Opinion 124, (a) the name Osmerus (Class Pisces) is hereby validated as having been pub- lished as a subgeneric name by Linnaeus in 1758 in Volume 1(: 310) of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae, and (b) the nominal species Salmo eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated as the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 is hereby confirmed, the entry in question being amended and extended to read as follows :— Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, as validated under the Plenary Powers in (1)(a) above (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers in (1)(b) above : Salmo eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1326 :— eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Salmo eperlanus (specific name of type species of Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758). 140 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Number 182 :— OSMERIDAE Regan (C.T.), 1913 (type genus : Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758). I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE The present Direction is concerned with the validation of the entry relating to the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in 1922 in Opinion 77. The cir- cumstances of this case were placed before the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Secretary on 19th August 1955 in the following paper :— | Proposed validation under the Plenary Powers of ‘* Osmerus ”’ (Class Pisces) as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (proposed validation of an erroneous entry on the ‘* Official List of Generic names in Zoology ’’ made by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 77) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present application is concerned with the correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in relation to the reputed generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73(No. 1) : 71—73). 2. The error referred to above was discovered in the course of a preliminary survey of the entries so far made on the Official List, carried out by myself in the period 1943—1944, for the purpose of estimating the amount of work required before it would be possible to publish a volume containing particulars of all entries so far made | on that List. The error in question is exactly similar to that which was detected in relation to the reputed generic name Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List by the Ruling DIRECTION 69 141 given in Opinion 104. In each case the Commission accepted as a validly published generic name, a term which had been used by Linnaeus in 1758 in the nominative plural to distinguish a group of species assigned by him to some other genus. At the time when the foregoing Opinions were adopted, there existed no authoritative ruling as to the status of terms such as Osmeri and Cercopitheci as used by Linnaeus to denote groups of species below the genus-level, such terms being rejected by some workers but accepted by others. It was not until 1936 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73(8) : 1—2) that an Opinion (Opinion 124) was published which put an end to this old controversy. By the Ruling so given which was based upon a decision taken by the Commission at its Session held at Padua in 1930 terms of the type discussed above were ruled to have no status of availability as from Linnaeus, 1758. The Commission recognised that in certain cases this ruling might lead to undesirable name-changing and added a rider to its ruling intimating its willingness to consider applications for the validation under the Plenary Powers of terms of this type. 3. When in Opinion 124 it settled the question of principle involved, the Commission overlooked the fact that in the two instances discussed above it had placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology terms which under that Ruling possessed no status of availability. The case of the name Cercopithecus has been dealt with, having been validated under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 238 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 351—360). It is recommended that corresponding action should now be taken as regards the reputed generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758. 4. The term Osmeri was published by Linnaeus in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 310) as a term to denote a group consisting of two species of the genus Salmo. The first of these species was Salmo eperlanus (: 310). This was the species which was cited as the type species of the genus “‘ Osmerus’”’ Linnaeus, 1758, when that “ name’ was placed on the Official List by Opinion 77. It appears to be still so regarded. 5. The ‘‘ genus”? Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, is currently regarded as the type genus of a family OSMERIDAE. I have so far, however, been unable to ascertain where this name was first published. It 1s accordingly proposed that action in this matter should be deferred until it has been found possible to examine also the family-group-name problems involved in connection with the other generic names for fishes placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77. _ 6. In order to remove the obstacle to the publication of the Official List represented by the erroneous entry made thereon by the Ruling given in this case in Opinion 77, the International Commission is now asked :— 142 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (1) to use its Plenary Powers to validate the reputed generic name Osmerus as from Linnaeus, 1758, and to designate Salmo eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus so named ; (2) to confirm in its position as Name No. 265 on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above and with the type species there designated ; (3) to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo eperlanus (specific name of type species of Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758). Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the validation of the entry relating to the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 564. C 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 23rd August 1955 and was published on 30th December in the same year in Part 9 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 281—282). 4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre- scribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 30th December 1955 (a) in Part 9 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s paper was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial DIRECTION 69 143 publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to four general zoological serial publications and to one specialist serial publication in Europe and America. 5. Family-Group-Name Problem involved : When the application dealt with in the present Direction was passing through the press, a further effort was made by the Secretary toclear up the family-group- name problem involved in the present case. Accordingly, Mr. Hemming, after consultation with Mr. Denys W. Tucker (British Museum (Natural History), London), prepared a supplementary application dealing with this aspect of the case. This application which was as follows, was published on 12th June 1956 (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 14—15) :— Supplementary application relating to the generic name ‘*‘ Osmerus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) When I recently submitted to the International Commission proposals for the rectification of an error in Opinion 77 relating to the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) I found it necessary to report that I was not then in a position to submit a recom- mendation on the family-group-name aspect of that case. I added that I would do so in due course. 2. In the interval which has since elapsed I have had an opportunity of investigating this matter with the assistance of Mr. Denys W. Tucker, B.Sc. (Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), London). 3. It appears that the first time that the word OSMERIDAE appeared in print was in 1913 in the volume of the Zoological Record for the year 1912 (49 : Pisces 35)!. The editor of the Pisces section of the Zoological Record at that time was C. T. Regan and it must be assumed that it was he who was responsible for the introduction of this at that time unpublished family name as a heading in the Pisces section of this literature-recording serial. The only requirement, apart from due 1 Additional information obtained after the publication of the present Report showed that, contrary to the statement here made, the name OSMERIDAE was published in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. before it was published in the Zoo- logical Record. See paragraph 3 of the Supplementary Report reproduced in paragraph ’9 of the present Direction. 144 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS publication, required to provide a family-group name with the status of availability is that it should be based upon the name of its type genus. While there cannot be any doubt that the name OSMERIDAE as used by Regan in the Zoological Record was based upon the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, the fact that this was not so stated by Regan on this occasion—and in view of the circumstances in which this name was published could hardly have been stated—must be taken as invalidating this name as published in the manner discussed above?. That this is so must be regarded as- satisfactory, for no more unsuitable place in which to publish a new name than the Zoological Record could be imagined. 4. The next occasion when the name OSMERIDAE appeared was again in 1913 and once again Regan was the author. This was in a paper entitled “‘ The Antarctic Fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition ” (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 49 : 290). 5. In order to complete the action needed to correct and amplify the Ruling given in Opinion 77, it is recommended that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology : OSMERIDAE Regan (C.T.), 1913 (reference as in paragraph 4 above) (type genus : Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (2) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology:— OSMERIDAE Regan (C.T.), 1913 (reference as in paragraph 3 above) (invalid because not accompanied by a statement as to the name of the type genus of the family-group taxon so named)?. 6. No objection received : No objection to the proposals sub- mitted in the present case was received from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(56)50 : On 3lst December 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(56)50) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the ° The question of principle here discussed was later decided by the Commission in the opposite sense to that here advanced. The decision so taken has since been embodied in Declaration 31 (1957, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 16 : i—x). DIRECTION 69 145 proposal relating to the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (a) as set out in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 6 on page 282 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and (b) as supplemented by Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 5 on page 15 of Volume 12 of the above Bulletin” [i.e. in the paragraphs numbered as above in the papers reproduced in paragraphs | and 5 respectively in the present Direction]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 31st March 1957. 9. Supplementary Report containing additional information regarding the family-group-name problem involved in the present case: On Ilth February 1957, Mr. Hemming submitted a supplementary Report on the family-group-name problem involved in the present case, in which he showed that the name OSMERIDAE was first published by Regan in 1913 in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh and that the employment of this name by Regan in the volume of the Zoological Record for 1913 was no more than a later usage of this name as previously published in the serial cited above. Mr. Hemming accordingly withdrew the proposal previously submitted (in paragraph 5(2) of the paper reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction) that the above name as published in the Zoological Record should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology. The Supplementary Report referred to above was as follows :— . Additional Particulars regarding the first publication of a family-group name based on the generic name ‘‘ Osmerus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The pupose of the present note is to place before the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature certain additional information which I have obtained regarding the first publication of a family-group name based upon the generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces). 146 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. At the time when I placed recommendations before the Com- mission for the addition to the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology of a family-group name based upon the foregoing generic name (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 14—15) I reported that a family-group name OSMERIDAE had first been published in the year 1913 and that in that year it had been published in two different serials, in each case by the late C. Tate Regan. The references concerned were :—(i) Zool. Rec. 49: Pisces 35; (ii) Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 49 : 290. At that time I believed that Volume 49 of the Zoological Record was published before Volume 49 of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Further at that time I took the view that the name OSMERIDAE as introduced byRegan (as Recorder for the Pisces Section of the Zoological Record) was invalid because, when putting forward this name, he had not cited by name the genus which he took as the type genus of this new family-group taxon. I accordingly recommended that the name OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913 (as of the Zool. Rec.) should be rejected as not complying with the requirements relating to the publication of family-group names and should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology. At the same time I recommended that the name OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913, as of the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, which, when published, was accompanied by a clear citation of Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758, as type genus, should be placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. 3. Since the submission of the foregoing proposals, I have been able through the kindness of Mr. G. B. Stratton, the present Editor of the Zoological Record, to ascertain the exact date of publication of Volume 49 of that serial and thus definitely to establish the relative priority of the name OSMERIDAE as so published and of the same name as published in the same year in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. The information now obtained is as follows :— (1) The Annual Report of the Council of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1913 contains a statement that the Pisces Section (with certain other Sections) of Volume 49 of the Zoological Record was published in November 1913 and that the volume as a whole was completed on 24th December of that year when the last Section was published. (2) Volume 49 of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh has a table on the back of the title page, giving the dates on which each of the papers included in the volume was published. Regan’s paper containing the name OSMERIDAE was Paper No. 2 in the volume and was published on 23rd May 1913. 3 See paragraph 5 of the Supplementary Application reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction. . DIRECTION 69 147 4. The information set out in the preceding paragraph established beyond possibility of question (a) that the name OSMERIDAE Regan appeared in the Zoological Record in November 1913 and that the name OSMERIDAE Regan appeared in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh on 23rd May of the same year, i.e. some six months earlier. We see therefore that the assumption in my earlier paper* that the Zoological Record version of this name was the first to be published was incorrect. Accordingly, the name OSMERIDAE Regan, as published in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, possesses unquestionable priority over the Zoological Record version. We see also that the latter version was not a new name, being no more than a usage of a name already published earlier in the same year. 5. It will be recalled that in my original paper I recommended that the name OSMERIDAE should not be accepted as from the Zoological Record, even though it was then believed to have been first published in that serial. This was because I then believed that it was invalid as from having been so published, in view of the fact that on that occasion Regan did not cite the type genus (Osmerus Linnaeus) by name.* Since that paper was written, further information has been accumulated in regard to the manner in which family-group names have actually been published in various groups and in the light of this information the Commission has given a Ruling (by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)16) that, although it is undesirable that a family-group name should be published without an express citation by name of the type genus of the nominal family-group taxon so established a family- group name established without such a citation is not on that account to be rejected. The decision taken on the foregoing Voting Paper has since been embodied in Declaration 31 (now in the press).®° In these circumstances (and contrary to the view taken in my original paper) the name OSMERIDAE Regan, as published in Volume 49 of the Zoological Record would have been an available name if the Zoological Record had been the first place in which it had been published. We now know, however, that this name was published by Regan in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh before it was published in the Zoological Record. 6. To sum up, the name OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913, ranks for priority from the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, as recommended in the proposal previously submitted, but it does this not because OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913, as of the Zoological Record, was invalidly published (as I then supposed) but, as has now been ascertained, it appeared in the above serial before it appeared in the Zoological Record. The proposal submitted to, and approved by, the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(56)30 that the name OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913, 4 See paragraph 3 of the paper referred to in Footnote 3. 5 For particulars regarding the publication of Declaration 31 see Footnote 2. 148 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS should be accepted as from the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh and should be placed on the Official List remains correct and necessary, all that is now required being (a) a correction of the erroneous arguments previously put forward in support of that proposal and (b) the with- drawal of the proposal that the name OSMERIDAE Regan, 1913, as of the Zool. Rec. should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology. ‘The latter action would be inappropriate now that it is known that, as so published, the name OSMERIDAE was not a new name but merely a later usage of a previously published name. In the circumstances I feel that the Commission will take the view that no further vote is required to effect the minor adjustments described above and that it will be sufficient if the present note is brought to the attention of all members of the Commission and included in the Opinion to be rendered in the present case. I therefore propose to proceed with the preparation of an Opinion giving effect to the decision taken by the Commission on this matter, subject (i) to the adjustment indicated at (b) above and (ii) to the inclusion in the Opinion of the present note. 10. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)50 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)50 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Mertens ; Lemche ; Hering ; Boschma ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Holthuis ; Kihnelt ; Bonnet; Vokes ; Stoll ; do Amaral ; Mayr ; Key ; Dymond ; Jaczewski ; Riley; Hemming; Esaki; Tortonese; Cabrera; Sylvester-Bradley ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; DIRECTION 69 149 (d) Voting Papers not returned, one (1): Prantl. 11. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist April 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(56)50, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 10 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. _ 12. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 2nd April 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(56)50. 13. Original References : The following is the original reference for the name placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— eperlanus, Salmo, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 310 14. The following is the original reference for the name placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— OSMERIDAE Regan (C.T.), 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 49 : 290 15. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 150 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 16. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixty- Nine (69) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Second day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLre & CoopER LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. ay Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.10. Pp. 151—160 DIRECTION 71 Determination under the Plenary Powers of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 24th July, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 71 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) 5 President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum wu. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “ G. Doria (16th December 1954) ve Genova, Italy) DIRECTION 71 DETERMINATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE GENERIC NAME “LEPISMA’” LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER THYSANURA) (*DIRECTION’’?’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO “OPINION” 104) RULING :—Jt is hereby ruled under the Plenary Powers that the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura) a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, is to be treated as being of the feminine gender. i LEE SLADEMENTD OF THE (CASE On 11th July 1955 Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature prepared for the consideration of the Commission the following paper in which he drew attention to difficulties which had arisen in assigning to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura), a name which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 25—28) a gender which would be both correct and also consistent with established practice :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to prescribe for the generic name ** Lepisma ’? Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura) a gender in harmony with accepted usage By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The question of the gender to be attributed to the generic names in the Phylum Arthropoda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 has recently been examined 154 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in the light of a Report furnished, at the request of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, by Mr. F. J. Lelievre, then of the Classical Languages Department of Bedford College, London University. If we leave aside the names of genera of the Order Decapoda placed on the Official List during the above period (which are being dealt with separately), we find, as the result of consultations with interested specialists, that in the case of all except one of the fifty-six generic names concerned, the gender which has been ascertained to be the correct gender is also the gender currently adopted by specialists in the group concerned. The single exception is the name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura), with which the present application is concerned. 2. The word ‘‘ Lepisma”’ is a Greek word of neuter gender. This name was, however, treated as a feminine word by Linnaeus and, as | am informed by Dr. Theresa Clay (British Museum (Natural History), London), has been so treated by all subsequent authors. Dr. Clay, ’ writing on 7th January 1955, reported as follows :— Lepisma contains something like twenty or thirty species and includes one name with a feminine termination which is widely used in the non-specialist literature, namely Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, the silver fish. 3. In carrying out the duty imposed upon it under a General Directive issued by the International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that an appropriate gender be assigned to each generic name already by that time placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the Commission has consistently taken the view that linguistic considera- tions should in this matter be tempered by a due regard for accepted nomenclatorial practice and should not be permitted to become the instrument for vexatious and confusing nomenclatorial changes. In view of the unanimous practice of specialists in assigning the feminine gender to the generic name Lepisma and the fact that the type species of this genus has as its specific name an adjective formed with a feminine termination (Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, 1758) and is a species which is widely cited in non-specialist literature, it appears to me that this is a case which falls within the class for which the Commission has taken the view that an exception should be made to the general rule and is therefore one where common usage rather than linguistic niceties ought to prevail. 4. | accordingly recommend that the Commission should use its Plenary Powers to direct that the feminine gender be attributed to the generic name Lepsima Linnaeus, 1758, and that this gender be therefore inscribed in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to this name. DIRECTION 71 HAS Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 988. 3. Support received before publication : Prior to the publication of the present application support for the attribution of the feminine gender to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus was received from two specialists. The comments so received are reproduced in the following paragraphs. 4. Support received from Theresa Clay (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 18th July 1955 Dr. Theresa Clay (British Museum (Natural History), London) addressed the following letter to the Office of the Commission in regard to the present case :— Linnaeus, when he originally described Lepisma in 1758, considered it to be feminine as shown by his inclusion of the species L. saccharina and it has been used in this gender since. Lepisma saccharina Linn., the widely distributed “‘ silver-fish ’’, is of some economic importance and has been frequently referred to in books and papers dealing with descriptions and control of insect pests. In the more specialised systematic literature there are some twenty or so species recognised in the genus, all of which have been accorded the feminine gender. In view of these facts I should like to support the proposed use of the Plenary Powers to attribute the feminine gender to the name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758. 5. Support received from M. J. Delany (University of Glasgow) : On 29th July 1955 Mr. M. J. Delany (University of Glasgow) addressed the following letter of support for the present applica- tion to the Office of the Commission :— I should like to support Mr. Hemming’s recommendation that the feminine gender should be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758. ; 156 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS To my knowledge all species of Lepisma have been accorded the feminine gender, as far as this is applicable, since 1758 when Linnaeus first described the genus under the name Lepisma saccharina. In view of this I suggest the International Commission exercises its Plenary Powers to validate the feminine gender of Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758, as proposed by Mr. Hemming. 6. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 23rd August 1955 and was pub- lished on 30th December in the same year in Part 9 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 299—300). The comments from Dr. Theresa Clay and Mr. Delany were published at the same time as the present application (Clay, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 300; Delany, 1955, ibid. 11 : 300). 7. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 30th December 1955 (a) in Part 9 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s paper was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition such Notice was given to four general zoological serial publications and to seven entomological serials in Europe and America. 8. Comments received after the publication of the present application : Following the publication of the present application comments were received from three specialists, of whom two supported and one objected to the action proposed in the present case... The comments so received are reproduced) am) sine immediately following paragraphs. 9. Support received from Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) : On 27th January 1956 Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission in which he commented on a number of applications which had recently been published in the Bulletin DIRECTION 71 157 of Zoological Nomenclature. His remarks concerning the present case were as follows :— The third of these applications deals specifically with the generic name Lepisma, a name which is grammatically neuter, but which by common consent has always been treated as feminine. The genus is outside my field and I do not know if the statement is true that the feminine gender has always been attributed to this name, but if this be the case there is no reason why the gender should not be changed in order to facilitate stability. 10. Support received from F. A. Urquhart (Royal Ontario Museum, Ontario, Canada): On Ist February 1956 Dr. F. A. Urquart (Royal Ontario Museum, Ontario, Canada) addressed the following letter to the Office of the Commission in support GE the present case :— I most definitely would support the use of the plenary powers to prescribe for the generic name Lepisma a gender in harmony with accepted usage. I do not think it would accomplish any useful purpose to insist upon the proper gender “‘ neuter” for this group word. 11. Objection received from Jiri Paclt (Bratislava, Czecho- slovakia) : On 4th March 1956 Dr. Jiri Paclt (Bratislava, Czecho- slovakia) addressed the following letter to the Office of the Commission in which he expressed his objections to the present case :— The incorrect usage by Linnaeus, who believed the name Lepisma to be feminine in gender has not been followed by all subsequent authors. Of old authors, J. F. Gmelin (1790, Systema Naturae (ed. 13) 1(5) : 2906), L. Mitterpacher (1799, Compendium Historiae Naturalis : 279) and G. R. Treviranus (1817, Vermischte Schriften 2(8)) used all the correct (neuter) gender and wrote Lepisma saccharinum. Of more recent authors, G. de Rossi (1881, Ent. Nachr. 8 : 22) treated the name as neuter (Lepisma saccharinum) and O. Meissner, writing initially about Lepisma saccharina (1908, Int. ent. Z. 2 : 47), corrected himself later on to Lepisma saccharinum (1908, ibid. : 72). Also, H. Weidner corrected himself in the second edition of his ** Bestimmungstabellen der Vorratsschadlinge und des Hausungeziefers Mitteleuropas ”’ (1953 : 30—31!1), when speaking about Lepisma and 158 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Ctenolepisma. Furthermore, some Russian authors are familiar with the correct gender of Lepisma (of the modern ones, Saroy). Myself, I have throughout used, both in the Genera Insectorum, Thysanura (to be published shortly) and a standard monograph on Apterygota (1956, Biol. primar fliigellosen Insekten, Jena) the correct (neuter) form of ail specific epithets pertaining to the genus Lepisma and allied genera the names of which are formed from that name, e.g. Heterolepisma and Ctenolepisma. Finally, there were proposed recently generic names of several related genera (e.g. Apteryskenoma) which, for sake of certain grammatical uniformity with Lepisma, are likely to be neuter in gender. We may remember the revised rule of the Amsterdam Colloquium for determining the gender of generic names: ‘‘ The gender of a generic name consisting of a word of Greek or Latin origin is to be the gender of the word concerned as recorded in the standard lexicons of Classical Latin, notwithstanding any contrary zoological usage’. We may remember also the existence of a number of important genera (e.g. Crenolepisma) the name of which is derived from the Lepisma, and would consequently raise the same problem of applying the Plenary Powers. It would appear somewhat absurd, therefore, to consider the application Z.N.(S.) 988 in detail. Nobody of the versed zoologists will, in my view, support such a proposal. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(56)35 : On 27th July 1956, a Voting Paper (V.P.(56)35) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the gender to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758, as set out in paragraph 4 on page 300 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 27th October 1956.. DIRECTION 71 159 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)35 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(56)35 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Bodenheimer; Riley; Sylvester-Bradley ; Vokes ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Mertens ; Jaczewski; Esaki ; Key ; Hanko ; Lemche ; Hemming ; Dymond ; Mayr ; Miller: ) Bonnet) “Prantl: “Lortonese; Boschma ; Stoll; Kiihnelt ; Cabrera ; (b) Negative Votes, two (2): Hering ; do Amaral ; (c) Voting Papers not returned: - None. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 28th October 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(56) 35, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’: On 3rd April 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that 160 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(56)35. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 18. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- One (71) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Third day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING SN AIS ia a a ee Printed in England by METCALEE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE— 8 Edited by \ ~A LIBRARY LL A FRANCIS HEMMING, c.o.c., CBE. === Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.11. Pp. 161—192 DIRECTION 72 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price One Pound, One Shilling and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 20th September, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 72 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HemmMiInG (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. sea e (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (42th August 1953) Professor Béla HANK6 (Mez6gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLu (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoxtuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ince F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 72 COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA OF THE PHYLA MOLLUSCA, BRACHIOPODA, ECHINODERMATA AND CHORDATA MADE ON THE °* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY’’ BY RULINGS GIVEN IN “OPINIONS ” RENDERED IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) In the case of the names of each of the under-mentioned genera belonging to the Class Crinoidea the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 is hereby completed by the insertion of the particulars as to the manner by which the type species was determined under Article 30 specified below :— (a) Antedon Fréminville, 1811 : by monotypy ; (b) Bathycrinus Thompson, 1872 : by monotypy ; (c) Holopus d’Orbigny, 1837: by monotypy ; (d) Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 : by selection by Clark (A.H.) (1908). (2) In the case of the names of each of the under- mentioned genera belonging to the Classes severally noted below the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 is hereby completed by the insertion of the particulars as 164 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to the manner in which the type species was determined under Article 30 specified below :— (1) Class Gastropoda (a) Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by de Mont- fort (1810) ; (b) Helix Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by de Montfort (1810) ; (c) Limax Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Férussac (1819) ; (d) Physa Draparnaud, [1801] : by selection by Children (J.G.) (1823) ; (e) Succinea Draparnaud, [1801]: by selection by Gray (J.E.) (1847) ; (ii) Class Scaphopoda (f) Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by de Montfort (1810) ; (ii) Class Pelecypoda (g) Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 : by selection by Gray (J.E.) (1847) ; (h) Mya Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Children (J.G.) (1822) ; (i) Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758: by Linnean tautonymy ; (j) Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777: by selection by Gray (J.E.) (1847) ; (k) Teredo Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Children (J.G.) (1822) ; (iv) Class Cephalopoda (1) Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by Children (J.G.) (1824) ; DIRECTION 72 165 (m) Sepia Linnaeus, 1758: by Linnean tautonymy. (3) It is hereby directed that in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the names of each of the under-mentioned genera of the Class Urochorda there be inserted a statement that the type species specified therefor by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 was selected as such under Rule (g) in Article 30 by Apstein (K.) in 1915 on page 185 of the paper entitled “‘ Nomina Conservanda”’ published in Part 5 of the volume for 1915 of the serial publication SitzBer. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, the entries so to be made in respect of the first and second of the names specified below to be in completion of the entries made by the Ruling given in the Opinion referred to above and that in respect of the third of the names in question to be in substitution for the incorrect entry made on the foregoing Official List by the Ruling given in the said Opinion :— (a) Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 ; (b) Clavelina Savigny, 1816 ; (c) Distaplia Della Valle, 1881. (4) The following amended entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Oleacina Réding, 1798 (Class Gastropoda) is hereby substituted for the incorrect entry in regard thereto made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 119 :—“‘ type species, by monotypy, through the application of Declaration 21: Bulla voluta mrmelin, [1791]. (5) The entry relating to the generic name Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 119 is hereby completed by the insertion of the following particulars :—“‘ type species, by mono- typy : Helix pellucida Miiller (O.F.), 1774”. 166 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (6) The incorrect date and reference attributed to the generic name Rhizocrinus Sars (M.) (Class Crinoidea) when that name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 are hereby deleted from the entry on the above List and the following revised particulars are hereby inserted in place of those so deleted :—“ 1868, Mém. sery. Conn. Crin. viv.: 1, 38—39”’. (7) The following amended particulars relating to the type species of the genus Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), (Class Crinoidea) are hereby inserted in the entry in regard thereto made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, as amended by (6) above, in place of the incorrect and incomplete particulars there given :—Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars (M.), 1868 (Mém. serv. Conn. Crin. viy. : 1, 39). (8) The date “1767” is hereby substituted for the date “1766” as the date of publication of the name Helix pulligera Linnaeus at the point where that name was inserted on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as the name of the type species of the genus Neritina Lamarck, 1816 (Class Gastropoda) in accordance with the Ruling given in Opinion 119. (9) The authorship of, and the date for, the generic name Leucochilus (Class Gastropoda) when that name was cited in the Ruling given in Opinion 115 is hereby corrected by the substitution of the revised entry ** Boettger, [1880] ” for the incorrect entry “ von Martens, lreroll 7 (10) It is hereby directed that in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 115 the following endorsement be added to the entry relating to the generic name Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Class Gastropoda) :— “for use by specialists who are of the opinion that the taxon so named is distinct from the older established nominal taxon Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854”. DIRECTION 72 167 (11) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Pupoides Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Gude (1914): Pupoides nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854) (Class Gastropoda) (Name No. 1199) ; (b) Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Pilsbry (1916): Pupa acarus Benson, 1856) (Class pea e eae (Name No. 1200). (12) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.) 1854, as published in the combination Pupoides nitidulus (specific name of type species of Pupoides Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854 Name No. 1328) ; (b) acarus Benson, 1856, as published in the combina- tion Pupa acarus (specific name of type species of Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878) (Name No. 1329) ; (c) armifera Say, 1821, as published in the combination Pupa armifera (Name No. 1330). (13) It is hereby directed that the Ruling given in Opinion 115 by which the generic name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] (there inadvertently attributed to von Martens and treated as having been published in 1881) was suppressed under the Plenary Powers is to be inter- preted as though it contained an express direction that the above generic name be suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Bom as well as for those of the Law of Priority. 168 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (14) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1201 :— Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897], as validated by the Ruling given in Opinion 115, as clarified by (13) above (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Leucocelis notaticollis Kraatz, [1897]) (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera). (15) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1331 :—xnotaticollis Kraatz, [1897], as published in the combination Leucocelis notaticollis (specific name of type species of Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897]). (16) The under-mentioned generic names or reputed generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) Anodonta Saunders, 1843 (a junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799) (Name No. 960) ; (ii) Anodonta Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855 (a junior homo- nym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799) (Name No. 961) ; (iii) Anodonta Rambur, 1858 (a junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799) (Name No. 962) ; (iv) Bothyllus Hesse, 1864 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Pallas, 1774) (Name No. 963) ; (v) Botrillus Oken, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Pallas, 1774) (Name No. 964) ; DIRECTION 72 169 (vi) Botryllis Porro, 1841 (an Erroneous Subsequent yee for Botryllus Pallas, 1774) (Name No. 965) ; (vil) Botrylus Koelliker & Loewig, 1846 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Pallas, 1774) (Name No. 966) ; (vii) Botryllus Oken, 1815 (a junior homonym of Botryllus Pallas, 1774) (Name No. 967) ; (ix) Dentalius Forbes, 1841 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 968) ; (x) Diazone Usov, 1875 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Diazona Savigny, 1816) (Name No. p) (xi) Helix Férussac, 1821 (a junior homonym of Helix Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 970) ; (xii) Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy) (Name No. 971) ; (xiii) Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homo- nymy) (Name No. 972) ; (xiv) Limax Pallas, 1774 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 973) ; (xv) Limax Martyn, 1784 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 974) ; (xvi) Limax Férussac, 1819 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 975) ; 170 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xvil) Mya Rondani, 1850 (a junior homonym of Mya Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 976) ; (xvii) Neritina Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 977) ; (xix) Physa Raffray, 1890 (a junior homonym of Physa Draparnaud, [1801]) (Name No. 978) ; (xx) Pupa Lamarck, 1801 (a junior objective synonym of Cerion Réding, 1798) (Name No. 979) ; (xx) Pyrosoma Dahlbom, 1854 (a junior homonym of Pyrosoma Péron, 1804) (Name No. 980) ; (xxi) Pyrosoma Smith & Kilborne, 1893 (a junior homonym of Pyrosoma Péron, 1804) (Name No. 981) ; (xxi) Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1865 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 982) ; } (xxiv) Sphaerium Charpentier, 1825 (a junior homonym of Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777) (Name No. 983) ; (xxv) Spirifera Murray, 1831 (an Invalid Emendation of Spirifer Sowerby (J.), 1816) (Name No. 984) ; (xxvi) Teredo Htibner, [1809—1813] (a junior homonym of Teredo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 985) ; (xxvii) Vitria Hall, 1867 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801]) (Name No. 986) ; (xxviii) Vitrinus de Montfort, 1810 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801]) (Name No. 987). (17) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific DIRECTION 72 171 Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) volutata Réding, 1798, as published in the com- bination Oleacina volutata (a junior objective synonym of vo/uta Gmelin, [1791], as published in the combination Bulla voluta) (Name No. 419) ; (ii) Jofotensis Sars (M.), 1865, as published in the combination Rhizocrinus lofotensis (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 420). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction contains decisions taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of completing, and, where necessary, of correcting, the entries in regard to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, this action being a necessary preliminary to the publication of the Official List in book form. The proposals upon which the decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 28th August 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed completion and correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by Rulings given in ‘‘ Opinions ’’ rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains particulars of certain omissions and errors in the entries relating to the names of genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made in the 172 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936. The various matters which it is necessary now to bring to the attention of the Commission are set out as briefly as possible in the immediately following paragraphs. The action which it is recommended that the International Commission should now take is summarised in the concluding paragraph (paragraph 20). 2. The elucidation of the problems involved in the present group of names has been greatly assisted by the co-operation and advice afforded by a number of specialists in the groups concerned. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or of the appointments which they held at the time when consultations took place, and (b) of the Classes on the names of genera of which assistance has been given, are the following :— L. Bairstow (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Cephalopoda) J. Balfour-Browne (British Museum (Natural History), London) (on a problem relating to the Order Coleoptera (Class Insecta) found to be involved in connection with the name of a genus belonging to the Class Gastropoda) R. S. Bassler (Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) (Class Crinoidea) N. J. Berrill (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) (Class Urochorda) L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Gastropoda) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.) (Classes Brachiopoda, Gastropoda, Urochorda) Raymond C. Moore (University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.) (Class Crinoidea) Miss Helen M. Muir-Wood (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Brachiopoda) Hans Schein (Rechtsk. Stadtdirektor, Miinchen, Germany) (on the same Coleopterological problem as that on which advice was received from J. Balfour-Browne) R. Winckworth (London). 3. The cases dealt with in the present paper fall into four groups, namely : (a) cases where no information or inadequate or incorrect information as to how the type species of genera had been determined under Article 30 was given in the Opinions in which the generic names in question were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (b) cases where wrong dates or wrong references were cited at the DIRECTION 72 173 time when generic names were placed on the Official List ; (c) the case of the name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], which was suppressed under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 115, in which a number of problems calling for action by the International Commission are involved ; (d) cases where objectively invalid names, either generic or specific, are involved and the addition of those names to the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology is therefore called for. (1) Proposed insertion in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ of particulars as to the method by which the type species of twenty-two genera were determined under Article 30 of the ** Régles ”’ 4. In all there are twenty-three entries on the Official List of the names of genera belonging to the Phyla dealt with in the present paper, for which no information or incorrect information as to the method by which the type species of the genera concerned had been determined under Article 30 of the Régles was given in the Opinions in which the names in question were placed on the Official List. The Opinions containing these defective entries were: Opinion 73 (four entries) ; Opinion 94 (seventeen entries) ; Opinion 119 (two entries). In one case (Mytilus) the necessary information had been given in a more recent Opinion (Opinion 333). The number of names on which action now requires to be taken is thus twenty-two. In five cases special problems arise which are discussed separately below: Botryllus, Clavelina, Distaplia (paragraph 5); Oleacina (paragraph 6); Vitrina (paragraph 7). In the remaining seventeen cases no difficulty arises and all that is required is that gaps left in Opinions 73 and 94 should now be filled in. The required particulars are given in Annexe | to the present paper. 5. Three generic names of Urochorda placed on the ‘‘ Official List ”’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 94 : There are three names of genera of the Class Urochorda which were placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 which call for special mention. The names concerned are: Botryllus Gaertner, 1774; Clavelina Savigny, 1816; Distaplia Della Valle, 1881. The third of these genera was incorrectly stated to be monotypical while for the other two no particulars were given as to how the type species had been determined. Careful search has been made for information on this subject but without success. The number of systematic works on this group is small and the authors who have written on it have for the most part shown little interest in the details of nomenclature. The nominal species specified in Opinion 94 as the respective type species of these genera were in each case originally included species and are therefore eligible for selection as type species. Moreover, these species are currently included by specialists in the genera concerned. The proposal for the addition of 174 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS these generic names to the Official List was submitted to the Commission on the basis of Dr. Karl Apstein’s celebrated paper entitled “‘ Nomina conservanda’”’ published in May 1915 (SitzBer. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin 1915 (5) : 119—202). As used in this paper the expression “‘nomina conservanda’’ ‘bore its simple meaning of ““names which ought to be preserved” and had not at that time acquired the more specialised meaning of “technically defective names which ought nevertheless to be preserved for use in their accustomed sense’’ to which it was later commonly restricted, for many scores of the names which Apstein included in his list are perfectly valid and the nominal species which he cited for each genus is the valid type species under the Régles. I am of the opinion therefore that the reasonable course to adopt in the case of the three names here under consideration is to accept Apstein as having himself selected the type species for the genera in question in the foregoing paper. The alternative would be to treat the Commission as having made these type selections in its Opinion 94. Such a view would, however, be very artificial, for the Commission certainly did not look upon itself as making any type selections for genera in that Opinion, making it clear indeed that it was doing no more than giving approval to Apstein’s proposal of 1915 that the names there specified should be protected— i.e. recognised as nomina conservanda in the non-specialised sense in which Apstein had used that term—through the addition of the names concerned to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. It is accordingly recommended that the Commission should treat each of the generic names concerned as having had their respective type species selected under Rule (g) in Article 30 in Apstein’s paper ““ Nomina conservanda’’. In each case the type-selection will be found on page 185 of Apstein’s paper. 6. ** Oleacina ’? Roding, 1798 : This name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 119 with Bulla voluta Gmelin, [1791] Gm Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(6) : 3433) as type species. Reference to Ré6ding’s original publication of the name Oleacina (Mus. Bolten. 2 : 210) shows that he recognised only one taxgn as belonging to this genus and that he cited this species under the name Oleacina volutata. Other things being equal, it would therefore be necessary to cite the type species of this genus under the above name. The name Oleacina volutata R6ding is, however, no more than a nom. noy. for Bulla voluta Gmelin, [1791], the name which (with the incorrect date “‘1790°’) was (as explained above) cited by the Commission in Opinion 119 as the name of the type species of this genus. The name volutata Roding, 1798, is thus a junior objective synonym of voluta Gmelin, [1791]. It is necessary at this point to note that the Commission has recently given a Ruling in Declaration 21 that “‘ where one or two or more objectively identical nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type species of a genus, that genus shall be cited as having as its type species the oldest established of the nominal species concerned”’. Since the type species of the DIRECTION 72 175 present genus was “‘ indicated’? under Rule (c) in Article 30 and the two nominal species cited above are objectively identical with one another, Declaration 21 applies in this case. Accordingly the genus Oleacina Roding, 1798, should be cited on the Official List as having. as its type species Bulla voluta Gmelin, [1791] by monotypy, through the application of Declaration 21. At the same time the objectively invalid specific name volutata Réding, 1798 (Oleacina) should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. A recommendation in this sense is submitted in Section B of Annexe 2 to the present paper. 7. ‘* Vitrina ’’ Draparnaud, [1801] : This generic name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 119, its type species being there stated to be Helix pellucida Miller (O.F.), 1774. Further, the specific name pellucida Miller has since been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 336. The only point which still calls for attention is the method by which under Article 30 the above nominal species became the type species of Vitrina Draparnaud. There was no clear statement on this subject in the Ruling given in the above Opinion, while in the main body of that document there was a confused discussion which in the light of later clarifications of Article 30 is now seen to have been irrelevant. Shortly, the point made in that discussion may be summarised as follows : (i) Draparnaud in 1801 established the genus Vitrina with only one nominal species included species, namely what he called Vitrina pellucida, for which he cited Helix pellucida Miller in synonymy. (ii) In a later work published in 1805 Draparnaud published a figure of pellucida which, in the opinion of the author of this part of Opinion 119, represented not the true pellucida of Miller but another species which later (in 1807) was named Helicolimax major by Férussac. (iii) It was argued therefore that Draparnaud confused—or might have confused—two species under the name “ pellucida”? when he established the genus Vitrina. (av) Montfort in 1810 (Conch. 2 : 239) definitely selected Vitrinus [emend. of Vitrina] pellucida as the type species of the genus Vitrina Draparnaud, but in the discussion in this Opinion his action was rejected on the grounds that he also may have confused the two species. (v) Two other selections of Vitrina pellucida as the type species of Vitrina Draparnaud, the first by Children (1823, Quart. J. Sci. Lit. Arts 15 : 236) and the second by Gray (1847, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 : 170) were rejected in the discussion in Opinion 119 on the ground that they did not cite an author’s name for pellucida and therefore (as it was argued) it was impossible to be sure that they had in mind the true pellucida of Miiller. (vi) Herrmannsen in 1849 (Index malac. 2 : 696) was the first to state that Vitrina pellucida, expressly attributed to Miiller, was the type species of Vitrina Draparnaud. (vii) In the discussion in the above Opinion Herrmannsen was accordingly looked upon as having first definitely selected Helix pellucida Miiller as the type species 176 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Vitrina Draparnaud, to the total exclusion of Helicolimax major Férussac. The discussion summarised above illustrates very clearly the difficulties which were bound. to arise from time to time, so long as it was considered permissible in a discussion on nomenclature to import extraneous considerations of a taxonomic character. This difficulty was finally disposed of by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology when it incorporated into the Régles a provision that, save in certain exceptional circumstances which do not apply in the present instance, the author of the name of a nominal genus is to be assumed to have determined correctly the nominal species placed by him in the genus so named (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158—159). In the light of this decision we see that Draparnaud is to be assumed to have correctly identified the nominal species Helix pellucida Miller when he included it in his new genus Vitrinain 1801. All the discussion on this subject in Opinion 119 is thus seen to have been irrelevant. So also was the portion of that discussion which was concerned with the question of who should be accepted as having selected Helix pellucida Miiller as the type species of Vitrina Draparnaud, for, as actually stated in that discussion, the above species was the sole nominal species included by Draparnaud in his nominal genus Vitrina at the time of its establishment in 1801 and was accordingly the type species of that genus by monotypy from the first moment of the publication of the name Vitrina Draparnaud. The action now called for in this case is a direction that in the entry on the Official List relating to the name of the foregoing genus, the type species (Helix pellucida Miiller (O.F.), 1774) is to be entered as having been determined by monotypy (Rule (c) in Article 30). (2) Cases where wrong dates or wrong references were cited when generic names were placed on the “ Official List ’’ 8. In two cases either wrong dates or wrong references were cited when generic names belonging to the group dealt with in the present paper were placed on the Official List. The relevant particulars are given in paragraphs 9 and 10 below. 9. ‘* Rhizocrinus ’’ Sars (M.) : This name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. The date and reference there given for this name were as follows: “‘ 1864, 127 (Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk)’’. The type species was cited as “ R. lofotensis’’. Two points call for notice in connection with the foregoing entries. First, the date cited is the date of the volume concerned in the sense that it was the volume for the year 1864, but it is not the date of publication of the volume which, as stated on the title page, did not appear until 1865. Second, the generic name Rhizocrinus and the binomen Rhizocrinus lofotensis, as published in this volume are the barest of nomida nuda, occurring only in a two-line note of a meeting held on 14th October 1864. The first valid publication of the generic name Rhizocrinus and of the specific name lJofotensis (Rhizocrinus) appears to have been ee ee a eee DIRECTION 72 WW in a book by Sars published in 1868. The entry on the Official List relating to this generic name should be amended to read as follows : Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1868, Mém. sery. Conn. Crin. viv. : 1, 38—39 (type species, by monotypy: Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars (M.), 1868, ibid. : 1, 39). The widely cited (and often wrongly accepted) nomen nudum Rhizocrinus Sars, 1865, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names and the nomen nudum lofotensis (Rhizocrinus) of 1865 should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Recommendations in this sense are submitted in Sections A and B respectively of Annexe 2 to the present paper. Finally the name Jofotensis (Rhizocrinus) Sars, 1868, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. A recommendation in this sense is included in Paper Z.N.(S.) 1124, which is being submitted to the Commission simultaneously with the present paper?. 10. ‘‘ Neritina ’’ Lamarck, 1816 : When this name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, by the Ruling given in Opinion 119, the date “‘ 1766” was attributed to its type species, Nerita pulligera Linnaeus. This name was published on page 1253 of volume | of the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae. That volume was published in two Parts, of which Part 1 (containing pages 1—532) appeared in 1766 and Part 2 (containing pages 533—1327) in 1767. The correct date for Nerita pulligera Linnaeus is therefore 1767. (3) Special problem arising on ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 115 (entitled ‘** Status of ‘ Leucochilus ’ ”’) 11. It is necessary now to consider various problems which arise in connection with the Ruling given in Opinion 115, which was published under the title “Status of Leucochilus”’. In order to appreciate the nature of the various problems involved, it is necessary to examine the wording of the Ruling (there styled “‘Summary’’) given in the above Opinion. This was as follows: “‘ The Commission herewith suppresses Leucochilus von Martens, 1881, in favour of Leucochila von Martens, 1860, type Pupa fallax Say. Any other course would involve risk of lasting and constant confusion in two rather closely allied genera’’. When I first examined this Opinion, 1 found myself unable to understand its meaning until I realised that the attribution to von Martens of the name Leucochilus was the result of some lapsus calami on the part of the draftsman of this Opinion and that, as is apparent from the discussion given in the main body of the Opinion, the name intended was Leucochilus Boettger (O.). The mistake arose no doubt from the fact that this name was published in von Marten’s Conchologische Mitteilungen. Boettger’s name Leucochilus was 1 The paper here referred to was submitted to the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21. It has since been included in Direction 73, in which has been embodied the decision taken by the Commission on the foregoing Voting Paper. That Direction is being published in the immediately ewe Part (Part E.12) of the present Section of Volume 1 of the present eries. 178 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS published in 1880 and not in 1881, the date erroneously attributed to it in Opinion 115. 12. The second point to be noted is that through some oversight no reference was made in this Opinion to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology but that by a decision by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, every generic name accepted by the Commission in an Opinion as the oldest available name for a given taxon is to be placed on the Official List. Naturally, this decision applies with particular force to a case where, as here, the Commission uses its Plenary Powers to protect a particular name. Accordingly, under the foregoing decision the name Leucochila von Martens, 1860, is to be treated as having been automatically placed on the Official List. It has been allotted the Name Number 543. 13. In this Opinion the Commission took the view that the names Leucochila von Martens, 1860, and Leucochilus Boettger (O.) [1880], were not homonyms of one another, a view which remains as correct today as it was at the time of the adoption of this Ruling, being fully in accord with the single-letter rule adopted by the Copenhagen Congress of 1953 for determining homonymy in generic names. The Commission decided also that the above names were not objective synonyms of one another, as they would have been if it had been held that the later published name was only an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Leucochila. The Commission, however, accepted the view that these two generic names might be held to be subjective synonyms of one another. While correctly abstaining from expressing an opinion on this piont, the Commission were impressed by the confusion which would be likely to arise if these two names differing, from one another only by having in one case a masculine termination (“‘-us ’’) and in the other a feminine termination (“-a”’) were both to remain available names and decided to ensure against this risk by suppressing the later published of the two names involved (Leucochilus Boettger, [1880]), under its Plenary Powers. This latter name requires now to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. A tecommendation in this sense is submitted in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper. 14. The next point to be considered is the present taxonomic status both of the genus Leucochila von Martens, 1860, and of the genus which Boettger in 1880 named Leucochilus. It appears from the investigations carried out by this Office that Leucochila von Martens is considered at least by most authors as a junior subjective synonym of Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854, while the name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], even if it had not been suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers, would today have been rejected as a junior subjective synonym of Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878. If the matter was being looked at today for the first time, it seems unlikely that the Commission would have either suppressed the name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] or have placed Leucochila von Martens on the Official List, but, as this action was taken, the best course as regards the latter of these names appears to be DIRECTION 72 179 to endorse the entry regarding it on the Official List to the effect that the name is so entered for use by specialists who consider that the taxon so named is distinct from that represented by the nominal genus Pupoides Pfeiffer. This course has the advantage that it avoids the need for the Commission to take a view on a purely taxonomic question (the taxonomic relationship of Leucochila and Pupoides with one another) which would be inescapable if it were to decide to remove the name Leucochila von Martens from the Official List. Moreover, action in this sense is in strict accord with the procedure which by a Directive issued by the Paris Congress of 1948 the Commission is required to take when considering the addition to the Official List of a name which by some specialists is regarded as a subjective junior synonym of some other name. It is naturally a part of the proposal now submitted that the names Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854, and Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878, should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. The bibliographical and other references which will need to be inserted in the Official List in regard to these names are given below, the gender proposed to be assigned to each name being that which has been advised to be correct by Professor L. W. Grensted, the Commission’s Consulting Classical Adviser :— (i) Pupoides Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854, Malak. BI. 1 : 192 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Gude, 1914 (Faun. Brit. Ind., Moll. 2 : 259) : Pupoides nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854, Malak. Bl. 1 : 192); (ii) Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878, Testacea atlantic. : 515 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Pilsbry, 1916 (in Tryon and Pilsbry, Man. Conch. 24 : 7): Pupa acarus Benson, 1856, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2) 18 : 435). 15. As a corollary to the foregoing proposals it will be necessary to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names for the type species of the genera Pupoides Pfeiffer and Gastrocopta Wollaston respectively, as both of these specific names are available names and are moreover the oldest such names for the taxa concerned. The names concerned are nitidulus Pfeiffer, 1854, (Pupoides) and acarus Benson, 1856 (Pupa). The references for these names have been given in paragraph 14 above. Finally, it will be necessary similarly to place on the foregoing Official List the specific names of the type species respectively of Leucochila von Martens, 1860, and of Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], since both these names are available names and are the oldest available names for the taxa in question. The nominal species concerned are: (a) Pupa fallax Say, 1825 (J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 5 : 121), the type species, by original designation, of Leucochila von Martens, 1860; (b) Pupa armifera Say, 1821 (J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 2 : 162), the type species, by monotypy, of Leucochilus Boettger, [1880]. Of these recommenda- 180 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS tions a proposal as regards the first is included in the Paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1124, which is being submitted simultaneously with the present paper; that regarding the second is submitted in the present paper. 16. It is necessary next to consider the extent to which the generic name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], is to be treated as having been suppressed under the Plenary Powers. Is it to be treated as having been suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ? Or is it to be treated as having been suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ? In view of the fact that the object of suppressing this name was to prevent it from being used in competition with the name Leucochila von Martens, the normal procedure would be to regard it as having been suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority only, that is, for it to be kept alive for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy ; for the suppression of names for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy as well as for those of the Law of Priority is confined to cases where it is desired not only to get rid of a name as published at a given date but also to use it again as from some later date. These considerations are of importance in the present case because it appears that there is a later generic name consisting of the word Leucochilus which was published in 1897 and which is currently in use in the Class Insecta (Order Coleoptera), notwithstanding the fact that, owing to the lack of precision in the Ruling given in Opinion 115 it is not clear whether the name concerned is available for use in the Class Insecta or whether the name so used should be rejected as being a junior homonym of Leucochilus Boettger, [1880]. In these circumstances it is evident that the logical—as well as the only sensible— course is to treat the generic name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], as having been suppressed by the Commission by the Ruling given in Opinion 119 not only for the purposes of the Law of Priority but also for those of the Law of Homonymy, for this avoids the need for rejecting the name Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897], as being a junior homonym of Leucochilus Boettger, [1880]. 17. The nominal genus Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897] (Deuts. ent. Z. 1896 : 375) was established for an obscure taxon belonging to the family CETONIDAE (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) found in Somaliland. The type species of this genus by monotypy is Leucocelis notaticollis Kraatz, [1897] (ibid. 1896 : 71, footnote). The generic name Leucochilus Kraatz is listed in the Col. Cat. (21(72) : 323) as the name of a taxonomically valid genus and is currently in use. It is recommended (a) that the name Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897] (type species as noted above) (gender : masculine), which, if the recommenda- tion submitted in paragraph 16 above is approved, will not be a junior homonym of Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], be now placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and (b) that notaticollis Kraatz, [1897] (Leucocelis), the specific name of its type species, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 72 181 (4) Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ 18. As in the case of reviews previously undertaken in regard to other groups of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, the review of the present group of names has brought to light a number of objectively invalid generic names and a few objectively invalid specific names, all of which should now be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology. Full particulars are given in Annexe 2, the generic names being listed in Section A, the specific names in Section B. (5) Family-group-name problems 19. A number of the genera, the names of which are dealt with in the present instalment of the review of names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, are the type genera of family-group taxa. Considerable progress has been made in collecting the information required for the preparation of proposals for the addition of the family-group names concerned to the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. As in the case of previous instalments of this review it is proposed to defer the submission to the Commission of proposals on this subject until after the com- pletion of the examination of the problems arising directly at the generic- name level. (6) Recommendations 20. In the light of the particulars given in the preceding paragraphs regarding the action needed to complete and, where necessary, to correct the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoclogy by Rulings given by the Commission in the period up to the end of 1936, I recommend that, in discharge of the duties imposed by the General Directives regarding the completion of Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and of the Directives supplementary thereto issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) enter on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of each of the generic names enumerated in Annexe | to the present paper the particulars there specified as to the manner in which the type species of the genus concerned was deter- mined under Article 30 of the Régles (paragraph 4) ; 182 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) insert on the foregoing Official List in respect of the generic names Botryllus Gaertner, 1774, Clavelina Savigny, 1816, and Distaplia Della Valle, 1881, an entry that the type species severally specified therefor by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 were selected as such under Rule (g) in Article 30 by Apstein (K.) in 1915 on page 185 of a paper entitled “‘ Nomina conservanda ”’ in Part 5 of the volume for 1915 of the serial publication SitzBer. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, the entries so made in respect of the first and second of the above names to be in completion of the entries made by the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion and that in respect of the third of the above names to be in substitution for the incorrect entry made by the Ruling given in that Opinion (paragraph 5) ; (3) substitute the following amended entry on the Official List relating to the determination of the type species of the nominal genus Oleacina Roding, 1798, for the entry in regard thereto made under the Ruling given in Opinion 119: “ type species, by monotypy, through the application of Declaration 21: Bulla voluta Gmelin, [1791]”’ (paragraph 6) ; (4) insert in the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801], an entry that the type species of the genus so named is Helix pellucida Miller (O.F.), 1774, by monotypy (paragraph 7) ; (5) delete the incorrect date and reference attributed to the generic name Rhizocrinus Sars (M.) by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 and substitute therefor the following date and reference: 1868, Mém. sery. Conn. Crin. viv. : 1, 38—39 (paragraph 9) ; (6) substitute for the entry on the Official List relating to the type species of the genus Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1868, the following amended entry: Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars (M.), 1868, Meém. serv. Conn. Crin. viv. : 1, 39 (paragraph 9) ; (7) substitute the date “‘ 1767 ’’ for the date “‘ 1766’ as the date of publication of Helix pulligera Linnaeus, the name of the type species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816 (paragraph 10) ; (8) correct the authorship and date attributed to the generic name Leucochilus by the Ruling given in Opinion 115 by substituting ** Boettger, [1880] ”’ for “‘ von Martens, 1881 ” (paragraph 11) ; (9) add to the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Leucochila von Martens, 1860, the following endorsement, namely: “‘for use by specialists who are of the opinion that the taxon so named is distinct from Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854” (paragraph 14) ; DIRECTION 72 183 (10) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Pupoides Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Gude (1914): Pupoides nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854) ; (b) Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Pilsbry (1916): Pupa acarus Benson, 1856) (paragraph 14) ; (11) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854, as published in the com- bination Pupoides nitidulus (specific name of type species of Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854) ; (b) acarus Benson, 1856, as published in the combination Pupa acarus (specific name of type species of Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878) (paragraph 15) ; (c) armifera Say, 1821, as published in the combination Pupa armifera (paragraph 15) ; (12) direct that the suppression under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 115 of the generic name Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] (there inadvertently attributed to von Martens and treated as having been published in 1881) is to be interpreted as suppression for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy as well as for those of the Law of Priority (paragraph 16) ; (13) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897] (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Leucocelis notaticollis Kraatz, [1897]) (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) (paragraph 17) ; (14) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology: notaticollis Kraatz, [1897], as published in the combination Leucocelis notaticollis (specific name of type species of Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897]) (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) (paragraph 17) ; (15) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the objectively invalid generic names enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 18) ; 184 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (16) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the objectively invalid specific names enumerated in Section B of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 18). ANNEXE 1 Proposals as to the entries to be inserted in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the method by which were deter- mined the type species of certain genera, the names of which were placed on that ‘‘ List ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 “* Opinion ’”’ in Entry relating to the which name determination of the type Name of genus specified in species of the genus Col. (1) was specified in Col. 1 placed on the “ Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Antedon Fréminville, 73 by monotypy 1811 Bathycrinus Thompson, 4 by monotypy 2 Holopus d@’Orbigny, * by monotypy 1837 Metacrinus Carpenter, a by subsequent selection by 1882 Clark (A.H.), 1908, Prec. U.S. nat. Mus. 34 : 527 Argonauta Linnaeus, 94 by subsequent selection by 1758 Children (J.G.), 1824, Quart. J. Sci. Lit. Arts 16 : 252 Buccinum Linnaeus, eS by subsequent selection by 1758 de Montfort, 1810, Conch. 2 : 463 Dentalium Linnaeus, Ks by subsequent selection by 1758 de Montfort, 1810, Conch. 2) 323 Name of genus (1) Helix Linnaeus, 1758 Limax Linnaeus, 1758 Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 Mya Linnaeus, 1758 Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 Physa Draparnaud, [1801] Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 72 185 ** Opinion”? in Entry relating to the which name determination of the type specified in species of the genus Col. (1) was specified in Col. 1 placed on the ** Official List ”’ (2) 94 (3) by subsequent selection by de Montfort, 1810, Conch. Dye 23 by subsequent selection by Férussac, 1819, Hist. nat. Moll. terrestr. _fluviat 2) R67 by subsequent selection by Gray (J.E.), 1847, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 : 184 by subsequent selection by Childrens@.3G.). 1822 Quart. J. Sci. Lit. Arts 14 : 85 by Linnean tautonymy by subsequent selection by Children’ GG), 1823; Quart. J. Se. Lit. Aris 15 : 243 by Linnean tautonymy by subsequent selection by Gray (J.E.), 1847, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 : 184 by subsequent selection by Gray (J.E.), 1847, Proc. Zo0LeSoc. Lond, 15.2171 by subsequent selection by Children (J.G.), 1822 Quart. J. Sci. Lit. Arts 14 : 82 186 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 2 Section A :—Proposed addition of twenty-eight generic names to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 1. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94 :— (a) Anodonta (Hope MS) Saunders, 1843, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 11 : 66 (b) Anodonta Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855, Aussereur. Schmett. 1 : 78 (c) Anodonta Rambur, 1858, Cat. Syst. Lep. Andalusie : pl. 4 2. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Botryllus Pallas, 1774, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94 :— (a) Bothyllus Hesse, 1864, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (Zool.) (5) 1 : 347 (b) Botrillus Oken, 1829, Isis (Oken) 1829 : 1114 (c) Botryllis Porro, 1841, Note Bibl. Malac. (3) = 99 (d) ee ie & Loewig, 1846, Ann. Sci. nat. (Zool.) [3] 3. Botryllus Oken, 1815, Lehrb. Naturg. 3(1) : 82 (a junior homonym of Botryllus Pallas, 1774) 4. Dentalius Forbes, 1841, Hist. Brit. Starfish : 252 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94. 5. Diazone Usov, 1875, Arch. Naturg. 41(1) :3 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Diazona Savigny, 1816, placed on the Official List 1n Opinion 94). 6. Helix Férussac, 1821, Hist. nat. gén. partic. Moll. terrestr. fluviat., Tabl. Limacgons : 23 (a junior homonym of Helix Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94). 7. Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 657 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 80). 8. Leucochilus Boettger, [1880], in Martens, Conch. Mitt. 1 : 64 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 115). . DIRECTION 72 187 9. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Limax Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94 :— (a) Limax Pallas, 1774, Spec. zool. (10) : 19 ; (b) Limax Martyn, 1784, Univ. Conch. : 1 (c) Limax Férussac, 1819, Hist. nat. gén. partic. Moll. terrestr. fluviat. 2(1) : 50. 10. Mya Rondani, 1850, N. Ann. Sci. nat. Bologna (3) 2 : 175 (a junior homonym of Mya Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94). 11. Neritina Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat. : 144 (a nomen nudum). 12. Physa Raffray, 1890, Rev. Ent. franc. 9 : 118 (a junior homonym of Physa Draparnaud, [1801], placed on the Official List in Opinion 94). 13. Pupa Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vertébr. : 88 (a junior objective synonym of Cerion Réding, 1798, placed on the Official List in Opinion 119). 14. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pyrosoma Péron, 1804, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Pyrosoma Dahlbom, 1854, Hym. Eur. 2 : 96 (a nomen nudum) ; (b) Pyrosoma Smith & Kilborne, 1893, Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Anim. Ind. (No. 1) : 67. 15. Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1865, Forh. Vidensk.-Selsk, Christiania 1864 : 127 (a nomen nudum). 16. Sphaerium Charpentier, 1825, Horae Ent. : 78 (ajunior homonym of Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94). 17. Spirifera Murray, 1831, Edinb. n. Phil. Journ. 11 : 148 (an Invalid Emendation of Spirifer Sowerby, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 100). 18. Teredo Hiibner, [1809—1813], Erste Zutr.:6; Zutr. Samm. exot. Schmett.: 1, pl. [25] (a junior homonym of Teredo Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 94) ; 19. Vitria Hall, 1867, Ann. Rep. Regents Univ. State Mus. N. York 20 : 42 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801], placed on the Official List in Opinion 119). 20. Vitrinus de Montfort, 1810, Conch. 2 : 238 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801]). 188 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Section B :—Proposed addition of two specific names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific names in Zoology ”’ 1. volutata Roding, 1798, Mus. Bolten. (2): 110, as published in the combination Oleacina volutata (a junior synonym of voluta Gmelin, [1791], as published in the combination Bulla voluta). 2. lofotensis Sars (M.), 1865, Forh. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiania 1864 : 127, as published in the combination Rhizocrinus lofotensis (a nomen nudum). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1123. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)20 : On 28th August 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)20) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in accordance with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 20 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1123, regarding the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and DIRECTION 72 189 Chordata, submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting ‘Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 28th September 1946. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)20 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)20 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty (20) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Vokes; Lemche; Prantl; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.); do Amaral; Sylvester-Bradley ; Boschma ; Key ; Cabrera ; Hanko ; Hemming ; Dymond ; Stoll; Kihnelt ; Jaczewski; Mertens; Bonnet; Mayr ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, four (4) : Riley ; Bodenheimer ; Tortonese ; Hering ; (d) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Miller. 190 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 29th September 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)20, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 12th April 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)20. 8. Note on the gender attributed to the generic name ‘* Leucochilus *’ Kraatz, [1897], by the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ?? : On 12th April 1957 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute setting out for purposes of record certain earlier decisions in the light of which the gender attributable to the generic name Leucochilus Kraatz had been determined by the Ruling given by the Commission in the present case :— On the attribution of the masculine gender to the generic name ** Leucochilus ’? Kraatz, [1897] (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The following note on the attribution of the masculine gender to the generic name Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897] (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) has been prepared for purposes of record and for the avoidance of any possible misunderstanding at a later date. 2. The word Leucochilus, which is of Greek origin, is an adjectival form treated as a noun when the word was employed as a generic name. In form and general character this word differs in no respect from the word Oxychilus which, as used asa generic name by Fitzinger | | DIRECTION 72 191 (1833), has been ruled by the International Commission in Opinion 431, Ruling (2) (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 14 : 349) to be of the masculine gender. It was for this reason that in the present case the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was recommended to attribute the foregoing gender to the generic name Leucochilus Kraatz and that by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56) 20 the International Commission has now so determined the gender of that generic name. _ 3. It should be noted, however, that the provisional rules relating to the determination of the gender of generic names adopted by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 (1953, Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature : 49—51, Decision 84) are not in all respects self-consistent and that by the immediately following Decision (Decision 85) the International Commission was instructed by the above Congress to review the foregoing rules before they were finally incorporated into the Régles. One of the respects in which the component portions of the above rules were not in harmony with one another was in respect of generic names consisting of Latinised versions of Greek adjectival forms when having the termination “ -chilus’’. Accordingly, a note was made on the relevant Commission File (Z.N.(S.) 996) at the time of the adoption of Opinion 431 (in which, as explained in paragraph 1 above), the Commission gave its determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Oxychilus that the ambiguity in Copenhagen Decision 84 in relation to the gender attributable to generic names of the Oxychilus type is one of those which will require to be dealt with when the review of the provisions of Copenhagen Decision 84 is carried out in accordance with the directions given to the Com- mission by Decision 85 of the same Congress. 9. Original References : The original references for the generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 cited in the Ruling given in the present Direction are as noted at the time when those names were entered on the foregoing List, subject in each case to the clarification, expansion or correction specified in the said Ruling. The original references for the generic and specific names placed, by the Ruling given in the present Direction, on the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology are as set out respectively in Section A and Section B of the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The original references for generic and specific names placed on the Official Lists of names for taxa belonging to those categories by the 192 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in pare 14 and 15 of the above-mentioned paper. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Two (72) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON i | \ \ Pao aU fg 7 | Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.12. Pp. 193—214 DIRECTION 73 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of twenty-five species of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species belonging respectively to the Phyla Brachiopoda, Echino- dermata and Chordata, each of which is currently treated by some or all specialists as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Fourteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 20th September, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 73 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. aoe (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso EsAKi (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953 Professor Béla HANKO (Mezéyazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ae August 1953) Dr. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, aes A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MiLieR (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) gaa S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Gomparanite Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’, Genova, Italy (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 73 ADDITION TO THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES OF THE PHYLA MOLLUSCA, BRACHIOPODA, ECHINODERMATA AND CHORDATA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE * OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOO- LOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF THREE SPECIES BELONGING RESPECTIVELY TO THE PHYLA, BRACHIOPODA, ECHINODERMATA AND CHORDATA, EACH OF WHICH IS CURRENTLY TREATED BY SOME OR ALL SPECIALISTS AS A SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYM OF THE NAME OF SUCH A SPECIES RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Gastropoda, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in the Opinion cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) undatum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Buccinum undatum (specific name of type species of Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1332) ; (b) chinensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Patella chinensis (specific name of type species of Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1333) ; 196 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) mercatoria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Voluta mercatoria (specific name of type species of Columbella Lamarck, 1799) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1334) ; (d) fallax Say, 1825, as published in the combination Pupa fallax (specific name of type species of Leucochila von Martens, 1860) (Opinion 115) (Name No. 1335) ; (e) uva Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Turbo uva (specific name of type species of Cerion Réding, 1798) (Opinion 119) (Name No. 1336) ; (f) pulligera Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the com- bination Nerita pulligera (specific name of type species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816) (Opinion 119) (Name No. 1337) ; (g) voluta Gmelin, [1791], as published in the com- bination Bulla voluta (specific name of type species of Oleacina Réding, 1798) (Opinion 119) (Name No. 1338) ; (h) sinuata Gabb, [1866], as published in the combina- tion Clavella sinuata (specific name of type species of Agasoma Gabb, [1869]) (Opinion 119) (Name No. 1339). (2) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Scaphopoda, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1926 by the Ruling giving in Opinion 94, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1340 :— elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Dentalium elephantinum (specific name of — type species of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Pelecypoda, each of which is the © . DIRECTION 73 197 type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1926 by the Ruling given in the Opinion 94, are hereby placed. on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) truncata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Mya truncata (specific name of type species of Mya Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1341) ; _(b) navalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Teredo navalis (specific name of type species of Teredo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1342) ; (c) stultorum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cardium stultorum (specific name of type species of Mactra Linnaeus, 1767) (Name No. 1343). (4) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Cephalopoda, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in the Opinion cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) argo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Argonauta argo (specific name of type species of Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1344) ; (b) officinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sepia officinalis (specific name of type species of Sepia Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1345) ; (c) fimbriatus Sowerby, 1817, as published in the com- bination Ammonites fimbriatus (specific name of type species of Lytoceras Suess, 1865) (Opinion 130) (Name No. 1346). 198 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Holothuroidea, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1924 by the Ruling given in Opinion 80, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1347 :— tremula Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combina- tion Holothuria tremula (specific name of type species of Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758). (6) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Crinoidea, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1922 by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) gracilis Thomson, 1872, as published in the com- bination Bathycrinus gracilis (specific name of type species of Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872) (Name No. 1348) ; (b) rangii @’Orbigny, 1837, as published in the com- bination Holopus rangii (specific name of type species of Holopus dOrbigny, 1837) (Name No. 1349) ; (c) wyvillii Carpenter, 1884, as published in the com- bination Metacrinus wyvillii (specific name of type species of Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882) (Name No. 1350) ; (d) lofotensis Sars (M.), 1868, as published in the com- bination Rhizocrinus lofotensis (specific name of type species of Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1868) (Name No. 1351). (7) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Urochorda, each of which is the _ DIRECTION 73 199 type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in the Opinion cited in each case below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally cited below :— (a) atlanticum Péron, 1804, as published in the com- bination Pyrosoma atlanticum (specific name of type species of Pyrosoma Péron, 1804) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1352) ; (b) lepadiformis Miller, 1776, as published in the combination Ascidia lepadiformis (specific name of type species of Clavelina Savigny, 1816) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1353) ; (c) violacea Savigny, 1816, as published in the com- bination Diazona violacea (specific name of type species of Diazona Savigny, 1816) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1354) ; (d) magnilarva Della Valle, 1881, as published in the combination Distaplia magnilarva (specific name of type species of Distaplia Della Valle, 1881) (Opinion 94) (Name No. 1355). (8) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Brachiopoda, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1928 by the Ruling given in Opinion 100, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1356 :— typa Winchell, 1863, as published in the combination Syringothyris typa (specific name of type species of Syringothyris Winchell, 1863) (for use by those specialists who consider that the nominal species Syringothyris typa Winchell, 1863, represents a taxon 200 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS specifically distinct from that represented by the older established nominal species Spirifer carteri Hall, 1857). (9) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) bifida Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Asterias bifida (Class Crinoidea) (Name No. 1357) ; (b) schlosseri Pallas, 1766, as published in the combina- tion Alcyonium schlosseri (Class Urochorda) ~ (Name No. 1358) ; (c) carteri Hall, 1857, as published in the combination Spirifer carteri) (Class Brachiopoda) (Name No. 1359). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever are currently considered to be the oldest available names for the species concerned. The present, which is the seventh in this series, is concerned with completing the action called for under the foregoing Directive in relation to the specific names of species which are the type species of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936, The number of names involved is twenty-eight. “The — DIRECTION 73 201 proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 28th August 1956 :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology’’ (a) of the specific names of twenty-five species of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names of three species of the Phyla Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, each of which is currently treated by some or all specialists as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the seventh instalment of proposals for giving effect to the General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, is the oldest available name for the species concerned, that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall be similarly placed on that List. The immediately preceding instalment was concerned with the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera belonging to the Class Insecta and to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea (Z.N.(S.) 1018). The paper in question was submitted to the Inter- national Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)14.4 2. The proposals now submitted relate to the type species of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca (Classes Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda), Brachiopoda, Echinodermata (Classes Asteroidea, Holothuroidea and Crinoidea) and Chordata (Class Urochorda). The total number of names of genera belonging to the foregoing Phyla placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 amounted to forty-one. These names were placed on the Official List by the Rulings given in the 1 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 67 (1957, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl, 1(E) : 111—128). 202 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS following Opinions :—Opinion 94 (twenty-two names) ; Opinion 119 (six names); Opinion 73 (five names); Opinion 100 (two names) ; Opinions 77, 80, 115, 121, 129, and 130 (one name each). 3. In ten cases the name of the type species of the genus concerned has already been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The names concerned are the following :— (a) One name placed on the “Official List”’ by. the Ruling given in “Opinion” 333 :— edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mytilus edulis (specific name of type species of Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 94) (Class Pelecypoda) (Name No. 286) ; (b) Seven names placed on the “‘Official List” by the Ruling given in ““Opinion”’ 336 :— Specific name of Name of genus of which Name No. type species species cited in Col. (1) on is type species “Official Listes (1) (2) (3) Class Gastropoda fontinalis Linnaeus, 1758 Physa Draparnaud, [1801] 355 (Bulla) (Opinion 94) maximus Linnaeus, 1758 Limax Linnaeus, 1758 375 (Limax) (Opinion 94) pellucida Miiller (O.F.), | Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] 388 1774 (Helix) (Opinion 119) _pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 Helix Linnaeus, 1758 392 (Helix) (Opinion 94) putris Linnaeus, 1758 Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] 395 (Helix) (Opinion 94) Class Pelecypoda cornea Linnaeus, 1758 Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 427 (Tellina) (Opinion 94) cygneus Linnaeus, 1758 Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 429 (Mytilus) (Opinion 94) eS a eo DIRECTION 73 203 (c) One name placed on the “Official List’’ by the Ruling given in “Opinion” 356: edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ostrea edulis (specific name of type species of Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 94) (Class Pelecypoda) (Name No. 495) (d) One name placed on the “Official List”’ by the Ruling given in “Opinion”? 419* : striatus Martin, 1809, as published in the combination Conchyliolithus Anomites (striatus) (specific name of type species of Spirifer Sowerby (J.), 1816, placed on the Official List by the Ruling given under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 100) (Class Brachiopoda) (Name No. 739) (Note: In the Ruling given in Opinion 100 this name was incorrectly stated to have been published in the com- bination Anomia striata. This slip was corrected in the Ruling given in Opinion 419.) 4. In addition, the name for the type species of one other nominal genus belonging to the group here under consideration has been the subject of a decision by the International Commission. This genus is Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Class Asteroidea), the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 129. The type species of this genus is the nominal species Luidia fragilissima Forbes, 1839, which is currently identified with Asterias ciliaris Philippi, 1837. Under the General Directive referred to in paragraph | above it is therefore the latter and not the former name which requires to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. ‘This action has been taken by the Commission by the Ruling given in Opinion 210, under the name ciliaris Philippi, 1837 (Asterias) was placed on the Official List with the Name No. 20. 5. When allowance is made for the action described in paragraphs 3 and 4 above, it is seen that the number of names which now require to be considered is reduced from forty-one to thirty. In three of these cases further action requires to be taken by the Commission and accordingly it is proposed to defer submitting any recommendation in regard to them until the Commission has had an opportunity of con- sidering all aspects of the problems raised. The net number of names which it is proposed that the Commission should deal with on the present occasion is thus reduced to twenty-seven. * This Opinion is now in the press. The Ruling given in it is based upon an appli- cation submitted by Muir-Wood (H.M.) & Stubblefield (C.J.), 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6: 7—17. [The Opinion here referred to was published on 17th September 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 14 : 69—128).] 204 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. The three names now postponed for further examination are given below, together with a brief explanation of the issue involved :— (a) Class Gastropoda (1) Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] (Z.N.(S.) 872) The name Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805], was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 119. There are unresolved difficulties, both taxonomic and nomenclatorial, in regard to the type species of this genus. (2) Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 (Z.N.(S.) 1147) The name Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842, was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 119. The difficulty in this case arises from the existence of a senior subjective synonym, Strobilus Anton, 1839, which was incorrectly left on one side in the above Opinion on the ground that it was a junior homonym of Strobila Sars, 1835. (b) Class Urochorda (3) Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Z.N.(S.) 1073) The name Molgula Forbes, 1848, was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 94. In this case also the difficulty arises from the existence of a senior subjective synonym Caesira Fleming, 1822, a name which appears to have been overlooked and more recently to have been ignored.? 7. On the present as on previous similar occasions a search of the literature has been undertaken by the Office of the Commission for the purpose of checking and, where necessary, completing the entries made on the Official List in the period under review. This investigation has disclosed a number of individual problems which require to be brought to the attention of the International Commission. These problems have been discussed in a paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1123 which is being submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)20? simultaneously with the present paper. 8. The elucidation of the problems involved in the present group of names has been greatly assisted by the co-operation and advice afforded by a number of specialists in the groups concerned. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or of the appointments which they 2 A decision has since been taken by the Commission in regard to the name Molgula and the decision so taken has been embodied in Direction 80 (now in the press). 3 The decision since taken by the Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has been embodied in Direction 72 which is published simultaneously with the present Direction as Part E.11 of the present Section of Volume 1. DIRECTION 73 205 held at the time when consultations took place and (b) of the Classes on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— L. Bairstow (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Cephalopoda) R. S. Bassler (Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Washing- ton, D.C., U.S.A.) (Class Crinoidea) N. J. Berrill (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) (Class Urochorda) L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Gastro- poda) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.) (Classes Brachiopoda, Gastropoda, Urochorda) Raymond C. Moore (University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.) (Class Crinoidea) Miss Helen M. Muir-Wood (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Brachiopoda) R. Winckworth (London). 9. The postponement for further consideration of the three cases briefly discussed in paragraph 6 above reduces to twenty-seven the number of cases on which it is possible to submit recommendations at the present time. The investigations carried out show that in twenty- four cases the specific name of the genus concerned is an available name and is currently accepted as the oldest name for the species concerned. Particulars of these names are given in Annexe | attached to the present paper. In two cases the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is also an available name but is currently treated by specialists as a subjective synonym of a name of older date. In these cases, particulars of which are given in Annexe 2, it is the older of the names concerned which in each instance it is recommended should be placed on the Official List. In the last case, which is con- cerned with the name of the type species of Syringothyris Winchell, 1863, the specific name (typa Winchell, 1863) of the type species is accepted by some specialists as the name for a taxonomically valid species but is regarded by others as a junior (subjective) synonym of another name (carteri Hall, 1857). In this case it is recommended that in accordance with the prescribed practice (1) the name carteri Hall, as a specific name accepted by all specialists as the oldest available name for the taxon so named, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and (2) that there be placed on the same Official List the specific name typa Winchell, 1863, as the specific name of the type species of Syringothyris Winchell, with an endorsement that it is so placed for use by those specialists who consider that the taxon so named is distinct from that represented by carferi Hall, 1857. 10. It is recommended that in accordance with the General Directive referred to in the first paragraph of the present paper the International 206 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (1) the twenty-four specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 1, each of which is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 ; (2) the two specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 2, each of which is currently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the foregoing Official List in the same period ; (3) the two specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 3, of which the first is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the above Official List in the foregoing period and the second is a name treated by some specialists as a senior subjective synonym of the above name, the entry in regard to the first of these names to be endorsed in the manner specified in Col. (2) of the said Annexe. ANNEXE 1 Specific names of twenty-four nominal species belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, each of which is (a) the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936, and (b) is the oldest available name for the Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) undatum Linnaeus, 1758 chinensis Linnaeus, 1758 mercatoria Linnaeus, 1758 species concerned Combination in which name in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Class GASTROPODA Opinion 94 Buccinum undatum Patella chinensis Voluta mercatoria Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 Columbella Lamarck, 1799 . ; Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) fallax Say, 1825 uva Linnaeus, 1758 pulligera Linnaeus, 1767 voluta Gmelin, [1791] sinuata Gabb, [1866] elephantinum Linnaeus, truncata Linnaeus, 1758 navalis Linnaeus, 1758 stultorum Linnaeus, 1758 argo Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 73 Combination in which name in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Opinion 115 Pupa fallax Opinion 119 Turbo uva Nerita pulligera Bulla voluta Opinion 121 Clavella sinuata Class SCAPHOPODA Opinion 94 Dentalium elephantin- um Class PELECYPODA Opinion 94 Mya truncata Teredo navalis Cardium stultorum Class CEPHALOPODA Opinion 94 Argonauta argo 207 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Leucochila von Martens, 1860 Cerion Roding, 1798 Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Oleacina Réding, 1798 Agasoma Gabb, [1869] Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 Mya Linnaeus, 1758 Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 Argonauta Linnaeus. 1758 208 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 fimbriatus Sowerby, 1817 Combination in which name in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Sepia officinalis Opinion 130 Ammonites fimbriatus Class HOLOTHUROIDEA Opinion 80 tremula Linnaeus, 1767 Holothuria tremula gracilis Thomson, 1872 rangii @’Orbigny, 1837 wyvillii Carpenter, lofotensis Sars, 1868 atlanticum Péron, 1804 lepadiformis Miller, 1776 Class CRINOIDEA Opinion 73 Bathycrinus gracilis Holopus rangii Metacrinus wyvillii Rhizocrinus lofotensis Class UROCHORDA Opinion 77 Pyrosoma atlanticum Opinion 94 Ascidia lepadiformis OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 Lytoceras Suess, 1865 Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 Holopus d’Orbigny, 1837 Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 Rhizocrinus Sars, 1868 Pyrosoma Péron, 1804 Clavelina Savigny, 1816 DIRECTION 73 209 Specific name~ Combination in Name of genus of proposed to be which name specified which species specified placed on the in Col. 1 was in Col. 1 is the “* Official List of originally published type species Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) violacea Savigny, 1816 Diazona violacea Diazona Savigny, 1816 magnilarva Della Valle, Distaplia magnilarva _ Distaplia Della Valle, ANNEXE 2 Specific names of two species belonging to the Phyla Echinodermata and Chordata respectively, each of which is subjectively identified with a nominal species of later date which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 ' Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the “‘ Official List (not for inclusion in the entry of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ to be made on the “ Official ist **) Class CRINOIDEA Opinion 73 bifida Pennant, 1777, as published A senior subjective synonym of in the combination Asterias bifida gorgonia Fréminville, 1811, as published in the combination Antedon gorgonia, the specific name of the type species of Antedon Fréminville, 1811 210 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the “‘ Official List (not for inclusion in the entry of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ to be made on the “* Official Last Class UROCHORDA Opinion 94 schlosseri Pallas, 1766, as published A senior subjective synonym of in the combination Alcyonium stellatus Gaertner, 1774, as schlosseri published in the combination Botryllus stellatus, the specific name of the type species of Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 ANNEXE 3 Specific names of two nominal species belonging to the Phylum Brachio- poda, of which the first is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘° Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936, and the second is the name of a nominal species of earlier date subjectively identified by some specialists with the first of the species concerned Specific name proposed to be , Remarks placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ Class BRACHIOPODA Opinion 100 typa Winchell, 1863, as published Specific name of type species of in the combination Syringothyris Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 typa (for use by those specialists who consider that typa Win- chell, 1863 and carteri Hall, 1857 are not conspecific) carteri Hall, 1857, as published in [Considered by some specialists to in the combination Spirifer be a senior subjective synonym carteri of typa Winchell, 1863, the specific name of the type species of Syringothyris Winchell, 1863] DIRECTION 73 it 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered No. Z.N.(S.) 1124. If. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21 : On 28th August 1956 a Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21 was issued in which each member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress on Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names of species belonging to genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata referred to in Sections (1), (2) and (3) of para- graph 10 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1124, submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. the paragraph numbered as above in the paper repro- duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be placed 212 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recom- mended and that the other action in the said paragraph be similarly approved ” and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 28th September 1956. 5, Particulars of the Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-one (21) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Vokes; Lemche; Prantl; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Boschma ; Key ; Cabrera ; Hanko ; Hemming ; Dymond ; Stoll ; Kiihnelt ; Jaczewski ; Mertens; Bonnet ; Mayr; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, four (4): Riley ; Bodenheimer ; Tortonese ; Hering ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. DIRECTION 73 213 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 29th September 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)21, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 15th April 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21. 8. Original References : The original references for the specific names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either (i) the type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed on that List or (ii) in three cases, nominal species each of which is currently subjectively identified as representing the same taxon as that represented by a nominal species which is the type species of such a genus. 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. P| OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Three (73) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fifteenth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.13. Pp. 215—226 DIRECTION 74 Completion, and in part, correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera of birds made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 and matters incidental thereto tee LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) | Issued 20th September, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 74 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) es Ee LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso EsAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLi (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (145th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 74 COMPLETION, AND IN PART, CORRECTION OF CERTAIN ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA OF BIRDS MADE ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘‘ OPINION ”? 67 AND MATTERS INCIDENTAL THERETO RULING :—(1) The incorrect statement that the nominal species Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758, became the type species of the genus Struthio Linnaeus, 1758, by Linnean tautonymy (i.e. under Rule (d) in Article 30 as interpreted by Opinion 16) entered on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 is hereby deleted and the following revised statement is hereby inserted in its place :—“‘type species, by selection by Gray (G.R.) (1840) ”’. (2) It is hereby directed that the entries on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in regard to the under- mentioned names entered thereon by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below be completed by the addition of the endorsements shown in each case below :— (a) the endorsement “ specific name of type species of Neophron Savigny, 1809” to be added to the entry relating to the specific name percnopterus (emend. of perenopterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur perenopterus, made on the above Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 411 ; 218 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) the endorsement “ specific name of type species of Struthio Linnaeus, 1758’’ to be added to the entry relating to the specific name camelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Struthio camelus, made on the above Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 413. I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The purpose of the present Direction is to complete and, in part, correct certain entries relating to the names of genera of birds made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 and matters incidental thereto. The proposals on which the decisions embodied in the present Direction were based were submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Secretary on 10th October 1956 in the following paper :— Proposals for completing, and in part, correcting the entries relating to the names of certain genera of birds made on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion’? 67 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present note is to bring to the attention of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and to submit proposals regarding, certain matters affecting the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of four genera of birds made in 1916 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. I must explain that through an oversight, first, on the part of the applicants concerned and, second, on that of this Office four specific names which are either the specific names of the type species of the genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the a DIRECTION 74 219 Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion or are senior subjective synonyms of such names, have been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by Rulings given in certain recently published Opinions without mention being made of the connection—which was not then recognised—of those specific names with the corresponding generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. This lack of co-ordination—which is regretted—has now come to light on the completion of the survey of the entries on the foregoing Official List of the names of genera of birds made in the period up to the opening in Paris in 1948 of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology undertaken in accor- dance with a General Directive issued to the International Commission by that Congress relating to the placing on the then-newly established Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which had already by that time been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 2. The Opinions referred to above and the specific names involved are the following :— (1) Opinion 407: In this Opinion the specific name flava Vieillot, 1817, as published in the combination Campephaga flava, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 709. The species so named is currently identified with Campephaga nigra Vieillot, 1817, the nominal species which is the type species of Campephaga Vieillot, 1816. The generic name Campephaga Vieillot was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 32 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. (2) Opinion 410: In this Opinion the specific name harmonicus Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Turdus harmonicus, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 718. The species so named is currently identified with Colluricincla cinerea Vigors & Horsfield, 1826, the type species of the genus Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1826. The generic name Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 46 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. (3) Opinion 411: In this Opinion the specific name perenopterus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur perenopterus, was emended to percnopterus and the name so amended was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 722. The species so named is the type species of the genus Neophron Savigny, 220 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1809. The generic name Neophron Savigny was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 72 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. (4) Opinion 413 : In this Opinion a Restricted Locality was specified for the nominal species Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758, and the specific name camelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the foregoing combination and as so defined was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 726. The foregoing nominal species is the type species of the genus Struthio Linnaeus, 1758, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 102 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. 3. If instead of being dealt with independently in the Opinions cited above the specific names concerned had been examined in the first instance in the course of the survey of Rulings given in Opinions rendered before the Paris Congress of 1948 undertaken in compliance with the General Directive issued to the Commission by that Congress, the position which would have been so established would have been as follows :— (a) In the case of the nominal genera Campephaga Vieillot, 1816, and Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1826, the nominal species which are the respective type species are in each case nominal species which are currently subjectively identified with nominal species of older date. Thus, as shown in paragraph 3(1) above, the nominal species Campephaga nigra Vieillot, 1817, the type species of Campephaga Vicillot, 1816, is currently identified with Campephaga flava Vieillot, 1817 (a nominal species established on the same date in the same work which is currently accepted by specialists as having been given precedence over Campephaga nigra Vieillot under the First Reviser provision in the Régles). Similarly, as explained in paragraph 2(2) above, the nominal species Colluricincla cinerea Vigors & Horsfield, 1826, is currently identified with the nominal species Turdus harmonicus Latham, 1801. Accordingly, in these two cases the specific names of the type species of the genera concerned would not have been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the names which would have been so placed being the names (flava Vieillot, 1817; harmonicus Latham, 1801) which are the senior subjective synonyms of the specific names of the type species concerned. As noted in paragraph 2(1) and 2(2) above, this is in fact the action which was taken, though for other reasons, in the Rulings given in Opinion 407 and 410 respectively. Thus, as regards these two names no action is DIRECTION 74 DD now required by way of supplement to that taken in the Opinions cited above beyond placing on record—as is here done—that the names in question are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms of the specific names of the species which are respectively the type species of the two nominal genera discussed above. (b) In the case of the nominal genera Neophron Savigny, 1809, and Struthio Linnaeus, 1758, the nominal species which are the respective type species are the oldest-established nominal species for the taxa concerned. Accordingly when in Opinion 411 the specific name percnopterus (emend. of perenopterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur perenopterus, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the entry so made should have borne in round brackets (parentheses) the endorsement “ specific name of type species - of Neophron Savigny, 1809”. Similarly, when in Opinion 413 the specific name camelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Struthio camelus, was placed on the foregoing Official List, the entry so made should have borne the endorsement “specific name of type species of Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 ”’. 4. It is necessary that the foregoing omissions should now be made good and a recommendation to this end is submitted in paragraph 6 below. ‘There is, however, one further aspect of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made prior to the opening of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, which it is necessary to examine under another General Directive issued by that Congress. This is the question whether, when during the foregoing period generic names were placed on the above Official List, the entries so made contained full and accurate particulars as to the way in which the type species of the genera concerned had been determined under Article 30 of the Régles. This matter has been investigated by the Office of the Commission and it has been found that in the case of the first three of the generic names concerned (Campephaga Vieillot, 1816 ; Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1826; Vultur Savigny, 1809) the type species was determined by monotypy under Rule (c) in Article 30, as was correctly stated in each case in Opinion 67. No further action requires therefore to be taken as regards any of these names. In the case of the fourth name (Struthio Linnaeus, 1758) the entry in regard to the foregoing matter made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 has, however, been found to be incorrect. This question is discussed in the immediately following paragraph. 5. The nominal genus Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 155) was established with four nominal species, of which the first was Struthio camelus. No type species was designated (Rule (a) in 222 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Article 30) or indicated (Rules (b), (c) and (d) in the foregoing Article) by Linnaeus. Further, reference to the original description shows that in the case of none of the four included nominal species did the synonymy given by Linnaeus contain a pre-1758 univerbal species name consisting of the word “Struthio”’. Accordingly, the special extension of the principle of tautonymy incorporated into the Régles by the Paris Congress (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 154—155) when it codified the Ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 16 (1910, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(A) : 255—304) is not applicable to the name Struthio Linnaeus, 1758. In these circumstances the determination of the type species of this genus is governed by Rule (g) in Article 30 (type species, by subsequent selection). The first author so to select a type species for this genus was Gray (G.R.) who in 1840 (List Genera Birds : 163) so selected Struthio camelus Linnaeus. When we turn, however, to Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 182) (the Opinion in which the name Struthio Linnaeus was placed on the Official List) we find that, while the type species of this genus was correctly entered as Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758, it was incorrectly stated that this species became the type species under the provisions of the Ruling given in Opinion 16 (“‘ Tt., Opinion 16”’). This error needs now to be corrected. 6. In the light of the considerations set forth in the present note the following recommendations are submitted for the consideration of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, namely that it should :— (1) delete from the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Struthio Linnaeus, 1758, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 the incorrect statement that the nominal species Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758, became the type species of the above genus by tautonymy through Opinion 16 and should insert in its place an entry stating that the above species became the type species by selection by Gray (G.R.) (1840) under Rule (g) in Article 30 ; (2) endorse as follows the entries on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology made in respect of the under-mentioned specific names by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited below against the names concerned :— (a) the endorsement “‘ specific name of type species of Neophron Savigny, 1809 ’’ to be added to the entry relating to the specific name percnopterus (emend. of perenopterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur DIRECTION 74 223 perenopterus, made on the above Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 411 ; (b) the endorsement “‘ specific name of type species of Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 ”’ to be added to the entry relating to the specific name camelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Struthio camelus, made on the above Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 413. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the completion, and in part, correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera of birds made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1168. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)24 : On 10th October 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)24) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked to state whether he agreed that “in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the entries already made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology relating to the names of certain species belonging to the Class Aves which are either the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the foregoing period, or which are subjectively identified with such nominal species, be in the first place corrected and in the second place endorsed as recommended in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 6 of the paper 224 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1168 [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 10th November 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)24 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)24 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis; Vokes; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Hering ; do Amaral; Esaki; Stoll; Lemche; Mayr; 7 Prantl ; Riley ; Boschma; Mertens; Key; Jaczewski; | Dymond; Cabrera; Kiuhnelt; Miller; Bonnet; : Hemming; Bradley (J.C.) ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; (d) On leave of absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; DIRECTION 74 225. (e) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 12th November 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)24 signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘° Direction ”’ : On 17th April 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)24. 8. Reference for a Type Selection: The following is the reference for the type selection specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— For Struthio Linnaeus, 1758: Gray (G.R.), 1840, List Genera Birds : 163 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 226 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Four (74) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventeenth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.14. Pp. 227—264 DIRECTION 76 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 —_ LONDON : \ NOV Printed by Order of the International “Erast™ for Zoological Nomenclature : and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price One Pound, Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reseryed) Issued \st November, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 76 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoOsCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. eerie (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University a Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (42th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Les F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 5 ) Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954). Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “* G. Doria” Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) | DIRECTION 76 COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA BELONGING TO THE PHYLA PROTOZOA, COELENTERATA, PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMATHELMINTHES AND ANNELIDA MADE ON THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” BY RULINGS GIVEN IN “OPINIONS”? RENDERED IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(\) It is hereby directed that the nominal species Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematoda) be accepted as having been validly selected as the type species of the genus Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758, by Stiles and Hassall (1905) and a statement that the above species was so selected by those authors is to be inserted in the entry relating to the foregoing generic name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 66. (2) The entry relating to the generic name Physalia Lamarck, 1801 (Class Hydrozoa) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 80 is hereby completed by the insertion of the following additional particulars: (a) The type species of this genus was determined by monotypy under Rule (c) in Article 30 of the Reégles, as interpreted by Declaration 26° ; (b) Under the provisions of Declaration 21”, the type species so “‘ indicated ”’ is to be cited under the name Holothuria physalis Linnaeus, 1758, that being the oldest objectively available name for the nominal species Physalia pelagica Lamarck, 1801, cited by Lamarck when he introduced the generic name Physalia. 1 Declaration 26 was published on 14th August 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : xxxvii—1). 2 Declaration 21 was published on 19th June 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. ae Nomencl. 12 : i—viii). 230 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) The name Hirudo ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, is hereby substituted for the name Sanguisuga zeylanica Moquin-Tandon, [July] 1827, as the name to be cited as the name of the type species of the nominal genus Haemadipsa Tennant, 1861 (Class Hirudinea), in the entry relating to that generic name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. (4) The date “ 1836” attributed to the generic name Gnathostoma Owen (Class Nematoda) in the entry relating to that name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 66 is hereby deleted and the date “ [1837] ” is hereby inserted in its place. (5) The date “1845” attributed to the generic name Dicrocoelium Dujardin (Class Trematoda) in the entry relating to that name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 84 is hereby deleted and the date “ [1844]” is hereby inserted in its place. (6) It is hereby directed that in any Opinion or Direction rendered subsequent to the present Direction in which reference is made to the nominal species Amoeba rotatoria Mayer (A.F.J.C.), 1843 (Class Mastigophora), the nota- tion “* [July]? be inserted before the date “ 1843”. (7) The attribution * Stiles & Hassall, 1893” as the authorship and date properly applicable to the generic name Stilesia (Class Cestoda) is hereby substituted for the attribution ‘* Railliet, 1893’ erroneously given for the foregoing generic name at the time when it was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77. (8) It is hereby directed that the specific name globipunctata Rivolta, as published in the combination DIRECTION 76 231 Taenia globi punctata [sic], the specific name of the type species of the genus Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893, is to be treated as having been published at Pisa in 1874 on page 3 in a paper by Rivolta entitled “* Sopra alcune specie di Tenie delle pecore e sopra speciali cellule oviformi dei villi del cane e del gatto ” and the foregoing is the reference to be inserted for the above name in the entry relating to the generic name Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the Opinion specified in (7) above. (9) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 in relation to the generic name Sarcocystis Lankester, 1880 (Class Nematoda) is hereby completed by the insertion of the following amplified particulars as to the nominal species to be cited as the type species of the foregoing genus and as to the manner in which under Article 30 of the Régles that nominal species became the type species : “‘ type species by monotypy through Declaration 21: Synchytrium miescherianum Kiihn (J.), 1865, a nominal species having the oldest objectively available name for the nominal species Sarcocystis miescheri Lankester, 1880, the nominal species cited by Lankester when he introduced the generic name Sarcocystis ”’. (10) It is hereby directed that in the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 66 in relation to the generic name Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 (Class Nematoda) a notation be inserted showing that the above is an Emendation of the Invalid Original Spelling Agchylostoma’. (11) In the case of the name of the nominal genus Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 (Class Nematoda) the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology 8 The Invalid Original Spelling Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling (14)(i) of the present Direction. 232 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by the Ruling given in Opinion 66 is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined “ by original designation” under Rule (a) in Article 30 of the Régles. (12) The entry relating to each of the under-mentioned generic names made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited below against the names concerned is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus concerned was determined “‘ by monotypy ” under Rule (c) in Article 30 of the Régles :— (i) Phylum Platyhelminthes (a) Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 (Opinion 84) ; (b) Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 (Opinion 84) ; (ii) Phylum Nemathelminthes (c) Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 (Opinion 66)’ ; (d) Gnathostoma Owen, [1837] (Opinion 66)° ; (e) Necator Stiles, 1903 (Opinion 66) ; (f) Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 (Opinion 66). (13) The entry relating to the name of the nominal genus Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematomorpha) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 66 is hereby completed 4 For a Ruling regarding the spelling to be accepted for this generic name see Ruling (10) of the present Direction. 5 For the attribution of the date “[1837]” to the generic name Gnathostoma Owen see Ruling (4) of the present Direction. 6 The generic name Necator Stiles, 1903, was later found to be invalid as a junior homonym of Necator Sclater & Saunders, 1896 (an Invalid Emendation of Nicater Finsch & Hartlaub, 1870) (Class Aves). This defect was remedied by the Ruling given by the Commission in Opinion 201 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 267—274) in which the name Necator Sclater & Saunders was suppressed under the Plenary Powers, the name Necator Stiles was validated, and the entry relating to it on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was confirmed. DIRECTION 76 233 by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined ‘** by Linnean tautonymy ’”’. (14) The entry relating to each of the under-mentioned generic names made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited below against the names concerned is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus in question was determined “ by selection”’’ by the author and on the date there specified under Rule (g) in Article 30 :— (i) Phylum Protozoa (a) Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) : by selection by Apstein (1915) ; (b) Bursaria Miiller (O.F.), 1774 (Opinion 104): by selection by Apstein (1915) ; (ii) Phylum Platyhelminthes (c) Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Opinion 77) : by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1898) ; (d) Dicroccelium Dujardin, [1844] (Opinion 84) : by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1898) ; (e) Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 84) : by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1898) ; (f) Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 (Opinion 84) : by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1896) ; (g) Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Opinion 84) : by selec- tion by Stiles & Hassall (1896) ; (h) Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Opinion 104): by selection by Braun (1900). " For a definition of the expression ‘‘ Linnean tautonymy ”’ see Declaration 29 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 14 : xxyv—xxxii). 8 For the attribution of the date “‘ [1844] to the generic name Dicrocoelium Dujardin see Ruling (5) of the present Direction. 234 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (iii) Phylum Nemathelminthes (i) Paragordius Camerano, 1897 (Opinion 66): by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1905) ; (j) Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 (Opinion 84): by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1905) ; (k) Filaria Miller (O.F.), 1787 (Opinion 104): by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1905). (iv) Phylum Annelida (1) Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75): by selection by Apstein (1915). (15) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Ancylostoma) (Name No. 997) ; (ii) the under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843 :— (a) Anchylostamum Moehlau, 1897 (Name No. (b) Anchylostoma Pruner, 1847 (Name No. 999) ; (c) Anchylostomos Wucherer, 1868 (Name No. 1 . b) (d) Anchylostomum Diesing, 1851 (Name No. 1001) ; (e) Ancylostomom Molin, 1861 (Name No. J (f) Ancylostomum Diesing, 1851 (Name No. 1003) ; (g) Ancylostormum Schifone, 1908 (Name No. 1004) ; 9 DIRECTION 76 2a5) (h) Ankylostoma Lutz, 1885 (Name No. 1005) ; (1) Ankylostomum Bugnion, 1881 (Name No. 1006) ; (ii1) Arcella Ehrenberg, 1838 (a junior homonym of Arcella Ehrenberg, 1830) (Name No. 1007) ; (iv) Cyclosiphon Ehrenberg, 1856, as suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 127 (Name No. 1008) ; oe the under-mentioned Erroneous Spellings for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 :— (a) Davaenaea Cohn, 1900 (Name No. 1009) ; (b) Davaenea Cohn, 1899 (Name No. 1010) ; (c) Davainaea Diamare, 1893 (Name No. (d) Davainia Cohn, 1899 (Name No. 1012) ; (vi) Enchytreus Udekem, 1854 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Enchytraeus Henle, 1837) (Name No. 1013) ; (vil) the under-mentioned junior homonyms of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 :— (a) Fasciola Linnaeus, 1761 (Name No. 1014) ; (b) Fasciola Miller (O.F.), 1774 (Name No. 1015) ; (c) Fasciola Goeze, 1782 (Name No. 1016) ; (viii) Filaraia Rudolphi, 1809 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Filaria Miller (O.F.), 1787) (Name No. 1017) ; (ix) the under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 :— (a) Gastrodiseus Kowalewski, 1899 (Name No. l . bd) i] 236 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Gastrodiskus Schneidemuehl, 1896 (Name No. 1019) ; (x) Gigantorhinchus Weinberg & Romanowitsch, 1908 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892) (Name No. 1020) ; (xi) the under-mentioned Erroneous Spellings for Gnathostoma Owen, [1837]? :— (a) Gnathosoma Kreft, 1871 (Name No. 1021) ; (b) Gnathostome Ward, 1903 (Name No. 1 (c) Gnathostomum Blanchard, 1896 (Name No. 1023) ; (xii) Gordius Slabber, [1769—1778] (a junior homonym of Gordius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1024) ; (x11) Gynaecophorus Diesing, 1858 (a junior objective synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858) (Name No. 1025) ; (xiv) Hemiurus Gervais, 1855 (a junior homonym of Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809) (Name No. 1026) ; (xv) Hirudo Miiller (O.F.),'1788 (a junior homonym of Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1027) ; (xvi) Laverania Theobald, 1902 (a junior homonym of Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889) (Name No. 1028) ; (xvil) Ligula Montagu, 1808 (a junior homonym of Ligula Bloch, 1782) (Name No. 1029) ; (xvii) Lithostrotium Agassiz, 1846 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Lithostrotion Blemine: 1828) (Name No. 1030) ; See Footnote 5. DIRECTION 76 2a) (xix) the under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 :— (a) Monietia Diamare, 1900 (Name No. 1031) ; (b) Monieza Smith, 1908 (Name No. 1032) ; (xx) Physalia Langerhans, 1884 (a junior homonym of Physalia Lamarck, 1801) (Name No. 1033) ; (xxi) Physalis Lamarck, 1816 (an Invalid Emendation of Physalia Lamarck, 1801) (Name No. 1034) ; pon) the under-mentioned junior homonyms of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 :— (a) Schistosoma Brady, 1877 (Name No. 1035); (b) Schistosoma Hansen, 1916 (Name No. 1036) ; (xxi) Schistosomum Laveran & Blanchard, 1895 (an Invalid Emendation of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858) (Name No. 1037) ; (xxiv) Sclerostoma Rudolphi, 1809 (a junior objective synonym of Strongylus Miller (O.F.), 1780) (Name No. 1038) ; (xxv) Strongylus Herbst, 1792 (a junior homonym of Strongylus Miller (O.F.), 1780) (Name No. 1O39)): (xxvi) the under-mentioned junior homonyms of Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 :— (a) Taenia Pallas, 1766 (Name No. 1040) ; (b) Taenia Walker, 1866 (Name No. 1041) ; (xxvii) Thecosoma Moquin-Tandon, 1860 (a junior objective synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858) (Name No. 1042) ; (xxvill) Thysanosomum Galli-Valerio, 1897 (an Invalid Emendation of Thysanosoma Diesing. 1835) (Name No. 1043). 238 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (16) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) aegyptiaca Cobbold, 1866, as published in the combination Heterophyes aegyptiaca (a junior objective synonym of heterophyes Siebold, [1852], as published in the combination Distomum heterophyes) (Name No. 463) ; (b) lanceolata Rudolphi, 1803, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata (a junior primary homonym of /Janceolata Schrank, 1790, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata) (Name No. 464) ; (c) miescheri Lankester, 1882, as published in the combination Sarcocystis miescheri (a junior objective synonym of miescherianum Kihn, 1865, as published in the combination Synchytrium miescherianum) (Name No. 465) ; (d) pelagica Lamarck, 1801, as published in the combination Physalia pelagica (a junior objective synonym of physalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Holothuria physalis) (Name No. 466) ; (e) trachealis Siebold, 1836, as published in the combination Syngamus trachealis (a junior objective synonym of trachea Montagu, 1811, as published in the combination Fasciola trachea) (Name No. 467) ; (f) zeylanica Moquin-Tandon, [July] 1827, as published in the combination Sanguisuga zeylanica (a junior objective synonym of ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, as published in the combination Hirudo ceylanica) (Name No. 468). DIRECTION 76 239 I THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ~~ DIRECTION’ The present Direction contains decisions taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of completing and in certain cases correcting entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, this action being a necessary preliminary to the publication of the Official List in book-form. The proposals upon which the decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 16th November 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed completion and correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida made on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ by Rulings given in ‘‘ Opinions *’ rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C/MAGS) CiBLE. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains particulars of certain omissions and errors in the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The various cases which it is necessary now to bring to the attention of the International Commission are set out as briefly as possible in the immediately following paragraphs. The action which it is recommended that the International Commission should now take is summarised in the concluding paragraph (paragraph i): 2. The elucidation of the problems involved in this group of names has been greatly assisted by the co-operation and advice afforded by a number of specialists. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments 240 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS or of the appointments which they held at the time when consultations took place and (b) of the Classes on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— H. A. Baylis (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Nematoda) L. Cernisvitov (Reading, England) (Class Chaetopoda) Ellsworth C. Dougherty (University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (Class Nematoda) R. F. Ewer (Natal University College, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa) (Class Hydrozoa) H. Munro Fox (Bedford College, University of London) (Class Chaetopoda) ; A. Gillard (Rijkslandbouwhogeschool, Ghent, Belgium) (Class Nematoda) E. M. Hering (Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin) (Phylum Protozoa) C. A. Hoare (The Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, London) (Phylum Protozoa) ; Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, | Tring, Herts, England) (Class Hirudinea) R. T. Leiper (Unstitute of Animal Parasitology, St. Albans, England) (Class Nematoda) S. Prudhoe (British Museum (Natural OD: London) (Class Cestoda ; Class Trematoda) W. J. Rees (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Hydrozoa) M. Ricci (University of Rome, Italy) (Class Cestoda) A. K. Totton (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Hydrozoa). 3. The cases dealt with in the present paper fall into the following four groups : (a) cases where no information or inadequate or incorrect information as to how the type species of genera had been determined under Article 30 was given in the Opinions in which the generic names in question were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology; (b) cases where wrong dates or wrong references were cited at the time when names were placed on the Official List; (c) cases in which special problems have been disclosed in regard to particular names ; (d) cases where objectively invalid names, whether generic or specific, are involved and the addition of those names to the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology is therefore called for, DIRECTION 76 241 (1) Proposed insertion in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology *’ of particulars as to the method by which the type species of twenty-three genera were determined under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’ 4. In all there are twenty-three entries on the Official List of the names of genera belonging to the Phyla dealt with in the present paper, for which either no information or inadequate or incorrect information was given as to the method by which the type species of the genera concerned were determined under Article 30 of the Régles. The Opinions containing those defective entries were the following :— Opinion 66 (eight names); Opinion 75 (two names); Opinion 77 (one name); Opinion 80 (one name); Opinion 84 (seven names); Opinion 104 (four names). In three cases special problems arise which are discussed separately below: Ascaris Linnaeus (paragraph 5); Physalia Lamarck, 1801 (paragraph 6); Haemadipsa Tennent (paragraph 7). In the remaining twenty cases no difficulty arises and all that is required is that the gaps left in the Opinions concerned should now be filled in. The relevant particulars regarding the twenty generic names concerned are given in Annexe | to the present paper 5. The generic name ‘‘ Ascaris ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematoda) : The generic name Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by the Ruling given in Opinion 66. No information was, however, vouchsafed on that occasion as to the method by which under Article 30 the above species became the type species of this genus. Throughout the nineteenth century Ascaris Linnaeus was accepted as being the genus to which /umbricoides Linnaeus should be referred, this view being based upon the belief that vermicularis Linnaeus (the only other species placed in Ascaris by Linnaeus in 1758) had been “‘ removed ”’ from that genus in 1819 by Bremser (by whom it had been placed in Oxyuris Rudolphi, 1803). The prevalence of this view was no doubt responsible for the fact that as late as 1905 (Bull. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 79 : 60—62) this fallacious argument was used when this question was debated at length by Stiles & Hassall. Their discussion is rendered largely irrelevant by reason of the fact that, although it was published four years after the adoption of the present Régles by the Fifth International Congress of Zoology at Berlin in 1901, and therefore four years after rejection in those Régles of the so-called “‘ Principle of Elimination ”’ (which previously had secured for itself a considerable vogue), their discussion of the interpretation of Ascaris was based entirely upon the fallacious assumption that in the matter of the determination of the type species of a genus the “‘ Principle of Elimination” was binding and operative. However, Stiles and Hassall made it quite clear in the paper referred to above that in their view the type species of Ascaris Linnaeus was Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus. That they should have 242 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS done so is very fortunate, even though they reached this conclusion from entirely unsound premises, for, under a clarification of Rule (g) in Article 30 of the Régles adopted by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris in 1948 an author is to be deemed himself to have selected a given species to be the type species of a genus “‘ if he makes it clear that he himself accepts .. the species in question as the type species’ of that genus “‘ irrespective of whether he states or implies that that nominal species . . . had become the type species of that genus through the operation of some rule (for example, the so-called “‘ Law of Elimination ’’) not recognised in the Régles as a mandatory provision ”’ (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 182). Thus the action of Stiles & Hassall described above constitutes a selection of Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus to be the type species of Ascaris Linnaeus, and, as this was the first type selection made, it is the valid type selection for this genus. Separate mention of this matter is made here only because some twenty years later its validity was questioned by Leiper in a paper entitled “‘ Discussion of the validity of Certain Generic Names at present in Use in Medical Helminthology ” published in 1926 (Arch. Schiffs-u. Tropenhyg. 30 : 488—490). In this paper Leiper advanced the view (a) that the selection by Stiles & Hassall of /umbricoides Linnaeus as the type species of Ascaris was invalid, that species having been eliminated from consideration as a name available for selection as the type species of Ascaris through having been removed from that genus to Stomachida by Werner in 1782, and (b) that Ascaris vermicularis Linnaeus, the only other nominal species placed by Linnaeus in Ascaris in 1758 automatically became the type species of Ascaris as the result of the action by Werner referred to above. In advocating a revision in the nomenclature of these species on the foregoing lines Leiper took the view that the changes involved would not be so great as they would formerly have been, owing to the fact that the genera concerned were currently regarded as containing many fewer species than in the past. He agreed, however, that : ““ ASCARINAE would of course give place to STOMACHIDINAE and ASCARIDAE to STOMACHIDIDAE and ASCAROIDEA to STOMACHIDOIDEA ”’. Fortunately, it is not necessary to consider this matter further, for, as explained above the current Reégles do not recognise the “‘ Principle of Elimination’ as a mandatory provision in relation to the determination of the type species of genera. It is true that some ten years after the adoption of the Régles by the Berlin Congress the foregoing “‘ Principle ’’ was recognised by the Commission aS a mandatory provision in one very limited class of case, namely where there was a genus which on establishment contained only two nominal species and later one of those species was made the type species of a monotypical genus. The Opinion (Opinion 6) in which this interpretation of Article 30 was given was, however, swept away by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 72, Decision 135). It should be noted moreover that, even if the foregoing Opinion had not been repealed, it would not have applied in the present case, for DIRECTION 76 243 Werner (1782), the author whose action formed the principal support for Leiper’s argument did not make Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus the type species of a new monotypical genus, as he would have had to do in order to bring his action within the scope of Opinion 6. All that he did was to place in a previously established genus (Stomachida Pereboom, 1780) a nominal species then named by himself for the first time (Stomachida perebromii [sic]) which has been interpreted by later workers as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus. We see therefore that not only did Werner’s action not qualify under Opinion 6 owing to his not having transferred /umbricoides Linnaeus to a new monotypical genus but in addition that he did not concern himself with the foregoing nominal species at all, his action such as it was, being concerned with a different nominal species, namely Stomachida perebromii then introduced by himself, the only link between perebromii Werner and lumbricoides Linnaeus being taxonomic and not nomenclatorial and arising solely from the fact that later authors treated these two nominal species as representing the same taxon and accordingly treated these two names as subjective synonyms of one another. It will be seen therefore that the history of the name Ascaris Linnaeus has been hag-ridden by vain delusions as to the nomenclatorial efficacy of “elimination ’”’ but that fortunately this does not detract from the status of the nominal species Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus as the valid type species of this genus. It is proposed for the reasons explained above that in the entry on the Official List relating to the name Ascaris Linnaeus the above species should be cited as the type species by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1905). 6. The generic name ‘‘ Physalia ’’ Lamarck, 1801 (Class Hydrozoa) : The generic name Physalia Lamarck, 1801, was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 80, the type species being cited as ““P. pelagica 1801 (syn. H. physalis 1758)”. The Plenary Powers were used in this Opinion but this action appears to have been confined to the suppression of the generic name Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy in order (a) to avoid the use of that name for a Hydrozoan, and (b) to continue the use of that name, dated from Linnaeus, 1767, instead of from Linnaeus, 1758, for a Holothurian. An essential by-product of the foregoing decision was to make the generic name Physalia Lamarck, then (as now) in general use, the oldest available name for the genus of the Class Hydrozoa to which in the absence of action under the Plenary Powers the older name Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758, would have been applicable. It follows that, as action under the Plenary Powers was confined in this case to the purposes described above, it is necessary to determine anew in the light of Lamarck’s own remarks what is the type species of his genus Physalia. Reference to the Systéme of Lamarck in which this generic name was first published shows that in that work Lamarck recognised only one taxonomic species as, belonging to the genus Physalia, but that for this species he 244 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS gave several bibliographical references, all of which, with the exception of that to the 10th Edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus (discussed below) were by non-binominal authors. The first point that must be noted is that under Declaration 26 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : xxxvii—1) a nominal genus established in the foregoing way is to be treated as being a monotypical genus. The name Lamarck himself applied to the single species which he recognised was Physalia pelagica a nominal species then introduced for the first time. Normally, therefore, the correct course would be to treat the nominal species Physalia pelagica Lamarck, 1801, as being the type species of the genus Physalia Lamarck, 1801, by monotypy. At this point, however, it is necessary to note that immediately after the name Physalia pelagica, Lamarck inserted the letter “n,” [signifying nova] followed by the citation ‘“‘ Holothuria physalia Lin.”. In other words, Lamarck, being opposed (as were most authors of his time) to tautonymy (whether absolute or virtual) between generic and specific names, decided to introduce a new specific name (pelagica) in place of physalis Linnaeus, when he decided to place that species in a new genus and to give to that genus the “ virtual tautonym ” Physalia. The specific name pelagica Lamarck, 1801, is thus a junior objective synonym of physalis Linnaeus, 1758. At this point it is necessary to recall that it is provided in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii) that, where one of two or more objectively identical nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type species of a genus, that genus shall be cited as having as its type species the oldest established of the nominal species concerned. Accordingly, under the foregoing Declaration the correct course is to cite the genus Physalia Lamarck, 1801, as having as its type species the nominal species Holothuria physalis. Linnaeus, 1758, that being objectively identical with the nominal species Physalia pelagica Lamarck, 1801, and being the older of the two nominal species in question. It is accordingly proposed to complete the entry in the Official List relating to the name Physalia Lamarck, by inserting an entry (i) that the type species of this genus is determined by monotypy under the provisions of Declaration 26 and (ii) that under the provisions of Declaration 21 the type species so determined is to be cited under the name Holothuria physalis Linnaeus, 1758. 7. The generic name ‘‘ Haemadipsa ’’ Tennent, 1861 (Class Hirudinea) : This name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 where it was stated without comment that the type species of this genus was “‘ zeylanica Moq.-Tand.”’ by monotypy. This statement is in part incorrect. Reference to Tennent’s work shows that he cited two nominal species in connection with the generic name Haemadipsa. These were: (a) Haemadipsa ceylanica which he attributed to “‘ Bosc, Blainville ’’ and for which he gave references to papers by various other authors, including Moquin-Tandon ; (b) DIRECTION 76 245 Tennent then says that Bosc’s description of his ceylanica (“‘ rouges’ et tachetées ’’) did not apply satisfactorily to the Singhalese species and that, having regard to the period at which he wrote and that he obtained his information from travellers to countries further east, it might well be that Bosc’s description was based upon the land leech of Batavia or Japan. Tennent concluded therefore that: ‘‘ There may be an H. boscii, distinct from the H. Ceylanica’’. In view of the fact, as shown by the foregoing quotation, that the new nominal species Haemadipsa boscii was a species inquirenda from Tennent’s standpoint, it is ineligible (under Rule (e) in Article 30) for consideration as a possible type species for the genus Haemadipsa of that author. Since the nominal species cited by Tennent as “ H. ceylanica’’ of “Bosc, Blainville”’ is the only other species cited by him for the genus Haemadipsa, it becomes automatically the type species of that genus by monotypy. So far as concerns the Rule in Article 30 under which the type species of this genus was determined, the statement in Opinion 104 is thus seen to be correct, but it was in regard to the orthography and authorship of the name of the type species so determined that Opinion 104 fell into error. Bosc’s share in the elucidation of the species concerned was limited to providing a description of the leech under the vernacular (French) name “le sangsue de Ceylan’’ (Bosc, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. (Nouv. Ed.) 30: 141). For the scientific name for this animal it is therefore necessary to look elsewhere. Examination of the literature shows that eight years were to elapse before a scientific name was given to this Species and that then (i.e. in 1827) it was named independently by two different authors in papers published within a month of one another. These names were (i) Hirudo ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, Dict. Sci. nat. 47: 271; (ii) Sanguisuga zeylanica Moquin-Tandon, [July] 1827, Mon. Hirud. : 120. Blainville and Moquin-Tandon each based his nominal species on the description previously published by Bosc, and the names cey/anica Blainville and zeylanica Moquin-Tandon are therefore objective synonyms of one another, the former having about one month’s priority. (The dates here attributed to the foregoing names are based upon investigations undertaken by the late C. D. Sherborn, the results of which were given by him in 1922 in the Index Anim. (Pars secund. : xliv, xci). It may be noted that occasionally Moquin-Tandon’s name zeylanica has been attributed to “ 1826”, as the result (as it appears from a manuscript note by Sherborn in the Zoological Society’s copy of the Mon. Hirud.) of that work having been issued in 1826 as a pre-print for the purpose of serving as a thesis. No copy of this pre-print was, however, known to Sherborn.) Having now established what is the earliest scientific name given to the leech described by Bosc and having also examined the nomen- clature used for that species by Tennent when establishing the genus Haemadipsa, we may note that the name so used was the older of the two (i.e. ceylanica Blainville), and that the Commission was therefore in error in Opinion 104 when it cited the type species under the name zeylanica Moquin-Tandon. 246 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) Cases where wrong dates or wrong references were cited when generic names were placed on the ‘‘ Official List ’’ 8. The generic name ‘‘ Gnathostoma ’? Owen (Class Nematoda) : The generic name Gnathostoma Owen was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 66, where it was stated to have been published in 1836, the reference for this name being given in the contracted form ‘“‘ 1836f, 123—126’’. The correct reference for this name is Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 4 : 125 (which is evidently the reference which the contracted formula used in Opinion 66 was intended to convey). The point which must here be noted is the Part (Part xlvi) of volume 4 of the Proceedings in which Gruby’s paper appeared was published on 20th February 1837 (Duncan (F.M.), 1937, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 107(A)(1) : 78). This date must therefore be substituted for the incorrect date cited in the above Opinion. 9. The generic name ‘‘ Dicrocoelium ’’ Dujardin (Class Trematoda) : The generic name Dicrocoelium Dujardin was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 84. The date “ 1845” was there attributed to this name. This name appeared in the “ Helminthes ” volume of Roret’s Swite ad Buffon, the dates for the various volumes of which were published by Sherborn in 1922 (Undex Anim., Pars secund. : xxxili). The date of the ‘“‘ Helminthes”’ volume was November 1844. The date attributed to Dicrocoelium Dujardin on the Official List should be corrected accordingly. 10. The generic name ‘‘ Trypanosoma’? Gruby, 1843 (Class Mastigophora) : The generic name Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843, was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 95, the type species of the genus so named being the then new nominal species Trypanosoma sanguinis Gruby, 1843. The point which calls for attention is that there is another nominal species Amoeba rotatoria Mayer (A.F.J.C.) which is subjectively regarded as representing the same taxon as that represented by Trypanosoma sanguinis Gruby, the name of which was also published in the year 1843. The species in question is always known by the name rotatoria Mayer and it is important to establish as firmly as possible whether that name in fact possesses priority over its subjective synonym sanguinis Gruby. Fortunately, there is clear evidence in this sense. The name Trypanosoma sanguinis Gruby was published in Volume 17 of the C.R. Acad. Sci. of Paris and the Part of that volume containing Gruby’s paper appeared on 13th November 1843, as was correctly stated in Opinion 95. Nothing was said in that Opinion as to the date in 1843 on which the competing name Amoeba rotatoria Mayer was published, although that name was there treated as having priority. This matter had, however, already been investigated by Nabarro in 1907 (in Laveran & Mesnil, Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases : 465, footnote) DIRECTION 76 247 where he had shown that the book by Mayer in which the specific name rotatoria Mayer first appeared (Spicil. Observat. anat. Organo electric. Raiis analectric. Haematoz.) was published in July 1843. Accordingly the name rotatoria Mayer has four months’ priority over its synonym sanguinis Gruby. Since the synonymy is subjective and not objective, the name sanguinis Gruby is an available name, and as such, is ineligible for admission to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. In order, however, to safeguard the position of the name rotatoria Mayer to the full extent possible in the circumstances, it is advisable that the month “‘ July ’—cited in square brackets—should be inserted in front of the year “‘ 1843” in the particulars relating to this name which will need to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (see paper Z.N.(S.) 1126, which, with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27, is being submitted to the Commission concurrently with the present paper). 11. The authorship attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Stilesia ”’ (Class Cestoda) : The generic name Stilesia was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 77, this name being there attributed to Railliet, the reference to the name being cited as “ Rail., 1893a, 277—278.””. The reference which the foregoing contracted formula was intended to convey is Railliet, 1893, Traité de Zoologie (Ed. 2) (Fasc. 1) : 277—278. Prior to the appearance of the foregoing volume in December 1893, the name Sti/esia appears to have been given an irregular currency as a manuscript name of Railliet’s. In the present case the result was particularly unfortunate, for not only was Railliet anticipated by another author in the publication of this name but in addition the author who so anticipated him was the author (Stiles) in whose honour Railliet had proposed to name this genus. The paper in which in this unfortunate manner the name Stilesia first saw the light was published earlier in the same year, the reference to this name being Stiles & Hassall, 1893, Bull. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 4:73. The entry on the Official List relating to this generic name will need to be corrected accordingly. Fortunately both Stiles & Hassall on the one hand and Railliet on the other hand designated Taenia globipunctata Rivolta as the type species of this genus and the correction of the attribution of this generic name does not therefore affect the type species. There are, however, some at present unsolved difficulties in regard to the name of the type species. These are discussed in the immediately following paragraph. 12. Specific name of type species of ‘‘ Stilesia ’’ Stiles & Hassall, 1893 : In the entry relating to the generic name Stilesia made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 the name of the type species (Taenia globipunctata Rivolta) was attributed to the year “* 1874’ but no bibliographical reference was given for it. Dr. C. W. Stiles, at that time Secretary to the International Commission, added a note stating (a) that he had been unable to verify the reference for the 248 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS foregoing name, and (b) that as to its date this was given by Monticelli as “‘ 1874 °’ (the date accepted in the Opinion) but by Railliet as “ 1877”. Considerable efforts to trace this reference have been made by this Office but so far without success. These investigations are still proceeding. It is suggested that, when the reference for this name has been ascertained, it should be inserted in the Official List without reference back to the Commission, provided that the investigations now in progress do not disclose any at present unsuspected difficulty, in which case the matter should be re-submitted to the Commission for decision. (PARENTHETICAL NOTE TO COMMISSIONERS: If any member of the Commission either himself possesses any information on the above subject or is in contact with any specialist in the Cestoda who possesses such information, it will be of great assistance if he will communicate with this Office as soon as possible.) (3) Special problems arising in connection with particular names 13. Name of type species of ‘‘ Sarcocystis ’’ Lankester, 1882 (Class Nematoda): The generic name Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882, was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 104 where it was stated that the type species was ‘‘ miescheri syn. miescheriana ” by monotypy. The taxon concerned was first described by Miescher in a paper which it has not been possible so far to trace but which is now being searched for by this Office. It is clear, however, from later writers that Miescher did not give a scientific name to this species in his paper. The first author to do so was Kiihn (J.), (1865) who gave the name Synchytrium miescherianum to the taxon described (but not named) by Miescher. In 1880 Lankester introduced the new nominal genus Sarcocystis for this species, at the same time giving it the name Sarcocystis miescheri. Since both of these nominal species were based upon Miescher’s original description, the names given to them by Kiihn and Lankester respectively are objective synonyms of one another, the older name miescherianum Kiihn being the valid name for this species. Under the provisions of Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii), where one of two or more objectively identical nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type species of a genus, that genus shall be cited as having as its type species the oldest established of the nominal species concerned. When these provisions are applied to the nominal genus Sarcocystis Lankester, it is seen that, although Lankester cited the type species under the name Sarcocystis miescheri Lankester (a new nominal species then (i.e. in 1880) introduced for the first time) that genus is to be cited as having as its type species the objectively identical and earlier established nominal species Synchytrium miescherianum Kithn, 1865. It will be necessary now to amend the entry on the Official List accordingly. DIRECTION 76 249 14. The orthography of the generic name ‘‘ Ancylostoma ’’ Dubini, 1843 (Class Nematoda): By a Ruling given in Opinion 66 the Commission placed on the Official List the generic name Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843, at the same time pointing out that this spelling for this name had been introduced by Creplin in 1845 in place of the spelling originally employed by Dubini. The spelling used by the latter author was not mentioned in the foregoing Opinion. It was, however, Agchylostoma and represents a mistransliteration from the Greek of a kind which others besides Dubini who possessed no Greek have committed when attempting to latinise Greek words in which the letter Gamma precedes the letter Chi. In view of the decision by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 45, Decision 74) to protect emendations already accepted by the Commission from re-examination in the light of the revision of the rules relating to the emendation of names then adopted, it is not necessary to consider whether under the rules as they exist today the emendation of Agchylostoma to Ancylostoma would be justified or not. All that is required is (a) to make a note in the Official List that the name Ancylostoma Dubini is an emendation of a name originally published with the spelling Agchylostoma, and (b) to place the spelling Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as an Invalid Original Spelling. (4) Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ 15. As in the case of reviews previously undertaken in regard to other groups of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, the review of the present group of names has brought to light a number of objectively invalid generic names and a few objectively invalid specific names, all of which should now be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology. Full particulars are given in Annexe 2, the generic names being listed in Section A, the specific names in Section B. (5) Family-group-name problems 16. A number of the genera, the names of which are dealt with in the present instalment of the review of names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, are the type genera of family-group taxa. Considerable progress has been made in collecting the information required for the preparation of proposals for the addition of the family-group names concerned to the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. As in the case of 250 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS previous instalments of this review, it is proposed to defer the submission to the Commission of proposals on this subject until after the completion of the examination of the problems arising directly at the generic-name level. (6) Recommendations 17. In the light of the particulars given in the preceding paragraphs regarding the action required to complete and, where necessary, to correct the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given by the Commission in the period up to the close of 1936, I recommend that, in discharge of the duties imposed by the General Directives regarding the completion of Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and of the Directives supplementary thereto issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) enter on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of each of the generic names specified in Annexe | to the present paper the particulars there given as to the manner in which the type species of the genus concerned was determined under Article 30 of the Régles (paragraph 4) ; (2) insert on the foregoing Official List in respect of the generic name Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758, an entry that Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of the foregoing genus by selection by Stiles & Hassall (1905) (paragraph 5) ; (3) complete the entry relating to the generic name Physalia Lamarck, 1801, on the Official List by inserting the following entries, namely : (a) that the type species of this genus was determined under the provisions of Declaration 26, and (b) that under the provisions of Declaration 21 the type species so determined is to be cited under its oldest objectively available name Holothuria physalis Linnaeus, 1758 (paragraph 6) ; (4) substitute the name Hirudo ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, for the name Sanguisuga zeylanica Moquin-Tandon, [July] 1827, on the Official List as the name of the type species of Haemadipsa Tennent, 1861 (paragraph 7) ; (5) correct from “ 1836” to “ [1837] the date attributed on the Official List to the generic name Gnathostoma Owen (paragraph (6) correct from “* 1845” [1844] ” the date attributed on the Official List to es eee name Dicrocoelium Dia) (paragraph 9) ; DIRECTION 76 251 (7) insert the notation “‘ [July]” before the date ‘* 1843” in the citation of the specific name rotatoria Mayer (A.F.J.C.), as published in the combination Amoeba rotatoria, when (as recommended in Paper Z.N.(S.) 1126, which is being submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27!°, and is being submitted to the Commission concurrently with the present paper) the foregoing specific name is placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 10) ; (8) substitute “‘ Stiles & Hassall, 1893” for “‘ Railliet, 1893 ”’ as the authorship and date to be attributed on the Official List to the generic name Stfi/esia (paragraph 11) ; (9) take note that the original reference for, and the date of publication of, the binomen Taenia globipunctata Rivolta has not been definitely established and authorise the insertion in the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893, of the relevant particulars, when ascertained, without further reference to the Commission, unless in the course of the investigations now in progress some at present unsuspected difficulty is disclosed, in which case the matter should be re-submitted to the Commission for decision (paragraph 12) ; (10) enter on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the nominal species Synchytrium miescherianum Kihn (J.), 1865, as the type species of the genus Sarcocystis Lankester, 1880, with an endorsement that this species is the type species by monotypy under the provisions of Declaration 21 (paragraph 13) ; (11) make clear in the entry on the above Official List relating to the generic name Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843, that this name so spelled is an emendation of Agchylostoma and at the same time place the spelling Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as an Invalid Original Spelling (paragraph 14) ; (12) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the objectively invalid generic names enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 15) ; (13) place on the Official Index of Rejected Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the invalid specific names enumerated in Section B of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 15). 10 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 77, which is being published simultaneously with the present Direction in the immediately following Part of the present Section of Volume 1. D252. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 1 Proposals as to the entries to be inserted in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the method by which the type species of certain genera, the names of which were placed on that ‘* List ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936, were determined Name of Genus Entry now proposed to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) ** Opinion ”’ 66 Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 By monotypy Gnathostoma Owen, [1837] By monotypy Necator Stiles, 1903 By monotypy Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 By monotypy Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 By original designation Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 By Linnean tautonymy Paragordius Camerano, 1897 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1905, Bull. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 79 : 127 ** Opinion *’ 75 Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 By subsequent selection by Apstein, 1915, SitzBer. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1915 ; 122 Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 By subsequent selection by Apstein, 1915, SitzBer. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1915 : 140 ** Opinion ”’ 77 Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1898, Arch. Parasit. 1(1) : 90 - DIRECTION 76 2353 Name of Genus (1) Entry now proposed to be inserted in the ‘** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” (2) “* Opinion ”’ 84 Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1898, Arch. Parasit. 1(1) : 88 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1898, Arch. Parasit. 1(1) : 88 By monotypy By monotypy By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1896, Bull. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 12 : 46 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1896, Bull. U-.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 12. : 29 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1905, Bull. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 79 ; 108 “* Opinion *’ 104 Bursaria Miller (O.F.), 1773 Ligula Bloch, 1782 Filaria Miiller (O.F.), 1787 By subsequent selection by Apstein, 1915, SitzBer. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1915 : 122 By subsequent selection by Braun, 1900, in Bronn, Klass. Ord. Thierr. 4 : 1670 By subsequent selection by Stiles & Hassall, 1905, Bull. U.S. Bur, Anim, Ind. 79 : 106 254 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’ Section A: Proposed addition of forty-seven generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 1. Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843, Ann. Univ. Med. (Milano) 106 (no. 316) : 5, 10 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843, placed on the Official List in Opinion 66) 2. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843 :— (a) Anchylostamum Moehlau, 1897, Buffalo med. J. (n.s.) 36 : 573 (b) Anchylostoma Pruner, 1847, Krankh. Or : 244 (c) Anchylostomos Wucherer, 1868, Gazeta med. Bahia 2 : 150 (d) Anchylostomum Diesing, 1851, Syst. Helminth. 2 : 321 (e) Ancylostomom Molin, 1861, Mem. Ist. Veneto 9 : 486 (f) Ancylostomum Diesing, 1851, Syst. Helminth. 2 : 82 (g) Ancylostormum Schifone, 1908, Riforma med. 24 (fasc. 48) : 1328 (h) Ankylostoma Lutz, 1885, Samml. Klin. Vortr. Inn. Med. (fasc. 88) : 2295 (i) Ankylostomum Bugnion, 1881, Brit. med. J. 1881 : 382 3. Arcella Ehrenberg, 1838, Infusionsth. vollk. Org. : 132 (a junior homonym of Arcella Ehrenberg, 1830, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) 4. Cyclosiphon Ehrenberg, 1856, Abh. Koenigl.-Preuss. Akad. Berlin 1855 (Phys) : 168 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, in Opinion 127) DIRECTION 76 255 5. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891, placed on the Official List in Opinion 84 :— (a) Davaenaea Cohn, 1900, Zool. Anz. 23 : 92 (b) Davaenea Cohn, 1899, Zbl. Bakt. (1) 25 : 419 (c) Davainaea Diamare, 1893, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli (1) Teer! (d) Davainia Cohn, 1899, Zb/. Bakt. (1) 25 : 415, 419 6. Enchytreus Udekem, 1854, Bull. Acad. roy. Sci. Lett. Belgique 21(2) : 853 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Enchytraeus Henle, 1837, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) 7. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 84 :— (a) Fasciola Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna svec. (ed. 2) : 505 (b) Fasciola Miiller (O.F.), 1774, Verm. terrestr. fluviat. Hist. OQ) 57 (c) Fasciola Goeze, 1782, Versuch. Naturg. Eingeweidewurmer : 41, 180 8. Filaraia Rudolphi, 1809, Entoz. Hist. nat. 2(1) : 69 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Filaria Miller, 1787, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) 9. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877, placed on the Official List in Opinion 84 :— (a) Gastrodiseus Kowalewski, 1899, Rozpr. Akad. Krakow (2) 15 : 158 (b) Gastrodiskus Schneidemuehl, 1896, Lehrb. vergl. Path. (fasc. 2) : 295 10. Gigantorhinchus Weinberg & Romanowitsch, 1908, Clin. veter. 31 : 41 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892, placed on the Official List in Opinion 84) 256 ile 12, 13. 16. We 18. 19. OPINJONS AND DECLARATIONS The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Gnathostoma Owen, [1837], placed on the Official List in Opinion 66 :— (a) Gnathosoma Kreft, 1871, Trans. ent. Soc. N.S. Wales 2: 210 (b) Gnathostome Ward, 1903, Trans. Amer. micr. Soc. 24 : 104 (c) Gnathostomum Blanchard, 1896, in Bouchard, Traité Path. 2 : 651, 747 Gordius Slabber, [1769—1778], Natuurk. Verlustig. : 61 (a junior homonym of Gordius Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 66) Gynaecophorus Diesing, 1858, SitzBer. Akad. Wiss. Wien (Math. naturw. KI.) 32:356 (a junior objective synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) . Hemiurus Gervais, 1855, in Laporte, Exp. Amér. Sud. 1 (Mamm.) : 101 (a junior homonym of Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) . Hirudo Miller, 1788, Zool. dan. [ed. 3] 1 : 21 (a junior homonym of Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75) Laverania Theobald, 1902, J. Trop. Med. 5: 183; id., 1903, Monogr. Culic. 3: 181 (a junior homonym of Laverania Grassi & Feletti, 1890, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Ligula Montagu, 1808, Test. Brit. Suppl. : 22 (a junior homonym of Ligula Bloch, 1782, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Lithostrotium Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index Univ. : 214 (an Invalid Emendation of Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828, placed on the Official List in Opinion 128) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Moniezia Blanchard, 1891, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Monietia Diamare, 1900, Zb/. Bakt. (I Orig.) 28 : 849 (b) Monieza Smith, 1908, Med. Bull. Pennsylvania 20 (no. 12) : . 264 , 20. ek Ps 23. 24. 25. 26. Di. 28. — DIRECTION 76 257 Physalia Langerhans, 1884, Z. Wiss. Zool. 40 : 264 (a junior homonym of Physalia Lamarck, 1801, placed on the Official List in Opinion 80) Physalis Lamarck, 1816, Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertébr. 2 : 480 (an Invalid Emendation of Physalia Lamarck, 1801) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Schistosoma Brady, 1877, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 27 (b) Schistosoma Hansen, 1916, Danish Ingolf Exped. 3(5) : 53 Schistosomum Laveran & Blanchard, 1895, Hématoz. 2 : 40 (an Invalid Emendation of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858) Sclerostoma Rudolphi, 1809, Entozoorum 2(1):35 (a junior objective synonym of Strongylus Miiller (O.F.), 1780, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Strongylus Herbst, 1792, in Jablonsky, Nat. Ins. (Kafer) 4 : 179 (a junior homonym of Strongylus Miller (O.F.), 1780, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 84 :— (a) Taenia Pallas, 1786, Elench. Zooph. : 415 (b) Taenia Walker, 1866, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 4 : 927 (published in synonymy, Thecosoma Moquin-Tandon, 1860, Elém. Zool. méd. : 342 (a junior objective synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) Thysanosomum Galli-Valerio, 1897, Moderno Zooiatro 8:7, 8 (an Invalid Emendation of Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77). Section B: Proposed addition of six specific names to the “* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ . aegyptiaca Cobbold, 1866, Tapeworms: 6 as published in the combination Heterophyes aegyptiaca (a nom. nov. for heterophyes Siebold, [1852], as published in the combination Distomum heterophyes) 258 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. lanceolata Rudolphi, 1803, Wiedemann’s Arch. Zool. 3(2) 1803 : 24, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata (a junior primary homonym of /anceolata Schrank, 1790, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata) 3. miescheri Lankester, 1882, Quart. J. micr. Sci. (n.s.) 22 : 54, 60, as published in the combination Sarcocystis miescheri (a junior objective synonym of miescherianum Kiihn (J.), 1865, as published in the combination Synchytrium miescherianum) 4, pelagica Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vertébr. : 335, as published in the combination Physalia pelagica (a nom. nov. for physalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Holothuria physalis) 5. trachealis Siebold, 1836, Arch. Naturg. 2(1) : 105, as published in the combination Syngamus trachealis (a junior objective synonym of trachea Montagu, 1811, as published in the combination Fasciola trachea) 6. zeylanica Moquin-Tandon, [July] 1827, Mon. Hirud : 120 as, published in the combination Sanguisuga zeylanica (a junior objective synonym of ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, as published in the combination Hirudo ceylanica). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1125. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 : On 16th November 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)26) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in accordance with the General Directives DIRECTION 76 259 issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1936, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 17 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.)1125, regarding the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida, submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended”, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Pape was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period would normally have closed on 16th December 1956. In view, however, of the possibility of delays in overseas mails consequent upon the abnormally heavy traffic at Christmas time, the Secretary on 16th December 1956 executed a Minute extending the Prescribed Voting Period on the above Voting Paper to 28th December 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, extended as specified in paragraph 4 above, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which the Votes were received) : Mayr; Hering; Vokes; Lemche; Esaki; Kiihnelt ; Rlolihtissi-eslortonese)s—. Bradley ..(.C.);5:;4 Mertens: ; 260 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Prantl ; Miller ; Dymond ; Stoll ; Boschma ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Cabrera; Bonnet ; Hemming; do Amaral ; Key ; Jaczewski; Riley ; Bodenheimer ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (\) : Hanko ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 29th December 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the itera Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Determination of the date of publication of, and the biblio- graphical reference for, the name ‘‘ Taenia globipunctata ”’ Rivolta : On 23rd May 1957 Mr. Hemming executed the following Minute in which under the authority delegated to him by the International Commission when by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 it approved the proposal submitted in paragraph 17(9) of the paper submitted therewith, he gave directions as to the date and bibliographical reference to be assigned to the name DIRECTION 76 261 Taenia globipunctata Rivolta in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893, of which the species so named is the type species :— Determination of the date and place of publication of the name ‘‘ Taenia globipunctata ’’ Rivolta (Class Cestoda) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) Now that the vote by the International Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 has been completed, it is necessary to consider what action I should take in the matter of the determination of the date and place of publication of the name Taenia globipunctata Rivolta under the duties in this matter delegated to myself as Secretary by the vote so taken. 2. The need for an immediate decision in regard to the foregoing matter arises, it will be recalled, from the fact that the nominal species cited above is the type species of the genus Svilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (Class Cestoda), the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77. In consequence, the particulars hitherto missing must be ascertained as a preliminary to the publication in book-form of the first instalment of the foregoing Official List, the preparations for which are now well advanced. 3. When in 1922 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 71—73) the generic name Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (there incorrectly attributed to Railliet, by whom at that date this name had not as yet been published), was placed on the Official List, no particulars of any kind were given as to where the name Taenia globipunctata Rivolta had first been published. Moreover, in a note inserted in Opinion 77 at this point my predecessor, the late Dr. C. W. Stiles, stated that he had been unable to verify the bibliographical reference for this name. Dr. Stiles added that Railliet had attributed this name to “ 1877” but that Monticelli had treated it as having been published in “‘ 1874”. The latter date was accepted in Opinion 77. 4. When this matter was re-examined in connection with the current preparations for the publication of the Official List, a thorough search was made by the Office of the Commission both in the Zoological Record and in the literature generally for the title of any paper by Rivolta which appeared either in 1874 or in 1877 or in other years in the same period in which the name Taenia globipunctata might have been published. By the autumn of 1956 it had become clear 262 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that the only recorded paper of Rivolta’s in which it was at all likely that the above name had been published was a paper entitled “ Sopra alcune specie di Tenie pecore e sopra speciali cellule oviforme dei villi del cane e del gutto”’. This paper was recorded as having been published at Pisa in 1874. 5. Unfortunately, no copy of the above paper appeared to exist in any library in the United Kingdom and it was accordingly impossible to verify by personal inspection whether it was here that the name Taenia globipunctata had been published by Rivolta. At this point it was decided therefore to enlist aid from specialists in Italy where it was presumed that a copy of Rivolta’s paper would be available. Accordingly, in October 1956 I addressed myself on this subject both to Dr. M. Ricci (Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma) as a leading specialist in the group and to Professor Enrico Tortonese (Director of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ““ Giacomo Doria’’, Genoa), the Italian Member of the International Commission. 6. The above specialists had not had time to report on the above matter when the stage was reached at which it was necessary that I should prepare for the consideration of the Commission a paper setting out various matters relating to the names of genera of the lower invertebrates which had been placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 on which further action by the Commission was required before the List could be published in book-form. In the paper so prepared (which bore the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1125) [ drew attention to the present problem and invited any member of the Commission who might be in contact with any specialist who could throw light on this subject to assist by asking that specialist to communicate with the Office of the Commission (paragraph 12). At the same time I asked the Commission (paragraph 17(9)) to take note of the present matter and to authorise me as Secretary to insert in the Official List the relevant particulars regarding the date and reference for the name Taenia globipunctata Rivolta as soon as these had been ascertained, without further reference to the Commission, unless any at present unsuspected difficulties were to be disclosed, in which case the matter should be resubmitted to the Commission for decision. 7. Both Dr. Ricci and Professor Tortonese reported in due course that the name Taenia globipunctata had been published (: 3) in 1874 in the paper, the title of which has been given in paragraph 4 above. It there appeared in the defective form Taenia globi punctata. This does not, however, invalidate the name, as Rivolta was a binominal author but it is necessary under the Rég/es to run the two parts of the specific name into one, forming the name g/obipunctata. The paper containing this name was published as a pamphlet (consisting of 20 pages and 1 pl.) in 1874 at Pisa by the “* Presso lo Stabilimento Gozani, DIRECTION 76 263 Via V. Emanuele’’. The paper discussed above is noticed in a work on Italian helminthology in the period up to the end of 1910 by C. Parona which was published in Novara in 1911. In this work it is stated (: 393) that the above paper by Rivolta was published in the serial publication “‘ Giorn. Anat. Fisiol. Patol. Anim. Dom.’. No volume number or page reference was given by Parona. It has not been found possible definitely to establish whether in fact Rivolta’s paper was published in this serial. The grateful thanks of the Commission are due to Dr. Ricci and Professor Tortonese for supplying the information required in this case. 8. In the light of the information summarised above, I now in virtue of the authority delegated to me by the International Commission by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(56)26 hereby direct that in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893, the entry regarding the type species of that genus be made in the following form: Taenia globipunctata Rivolta, 1874, Sopra alcune Spec. Tenie pecora : 3. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 24th May 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of Points (1) to (7) and of Points (9) to (16) were in full accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)26 and that the terms of Point (8) were in full accord with the directions given by the Secretary in the Minute executed on 23rd May 1957 by the Secretary under the powers expressly delegated to him so to do by the Vote taken by the Commission on the foregoing Voting Paper. 9. Original References : The original references for the names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology are as set out in Section A of Annexe 2 of the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The corresponding references for the names so placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology are as set out in Section B of the same Annexe. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 264 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Six (76) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Fourth day of May, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & Cooper LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.15. DIRECTION 77 SLIBRARL 2 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of thirty-four species belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Annelida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of five specific names which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of such species LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Eighteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 1st November, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 77 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged inorder of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) DE ee LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (i5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLu (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLttuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Cah August 1953) H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Cine A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Narodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ee F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAyYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale, “‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 77 ADDITION TO THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF THIRTY-FOUR SPECIES BELONGING TO THE PHYLA PROTOZOA, COELENTERATA, PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMATHELMINTHES, AND ANNELIDA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936, AND (b) OF FIVE SPECIFIC NAMES WHICH ARE CURRENTLY TREATED AS SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS OF THE NAMES OF SUCH SPECIES RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Classes severally specified below, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited in each case against the name in question are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Class Rhizopoda (i) vulgaris Ehrenberg, [1830], as published in the combination Arcella vulgaris (specific name of type species of Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830]) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1388) ; (ii) mantelli Morton, 1833, as published in the combination Nummulites mantelli (specific 268 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS name of type species of Lepidocyclina Gumbel, [1870]) (Opinion 127) (Name No. 1389) ; (b) Class Ciliata (iii) truncatella Miller (O.F.), 1773, as published in the combination Bursaria truncatella (specific name of type species of Bursaria Miller (O.F.), 1773) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1390) ; (c) Class Mastigophora (iv) globator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Volvox globator (specific name of type species of Volvox Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 1391) ; (d) Class Sporozoa (v) falciformis Eimer, 1870, as published in the combination Gregarina falciformis (specific name of type species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1392) ; (e) Class Neosporidia (vi) miescherianum Kiihn (J.), 1865, as published in the combination Synchytrium miescherianum (specific name of type species! of Sarcocystis Lankester, 1881) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1393) ; (f) Class Hydrozoa (vii) physalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Holothuria physalis (specific name of type species of Physalia Lamarck, 1801) (Opinion 80) (Name No. 1394) ; For the ascription of Synchytrium miescherianum Kuhn, 1865, as the name for the type species of Sarcocystis Lankester, 1880 see Ruling (9) given in Direction 76 (: 231) which is being published simultaneously with the present Direction. DIRECTION 77 269 (g) Class Anthozoa (villi) striatum Fleming, 1828, as published in the combination Lithostrotion striatum (specific name of type species of Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 (Opinion 117) (Name No. 1395) ; (h) Class Cestoda (ix) expansa Rudolphi, 1805, as published in the combination Taenia expansa (specific name of type species of Moniezia Blanchard, 1891) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1396) ; (x) globipunctata Rivolta, 1874,? as published in the combination Taenia globipunctata (specific name of type species of Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 18937) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1397): (xi) actinioides Diesing, 1835, as published in the combination Thysanosoma actinioides (specific name of type species of Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1398) ; (xii) proglottina Davaine, 1860, as published in the combination Taenia proglottina (specific name of type species of Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891) (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1399) ; (xiii) canina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Taenia canina (specific name of type species of Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863) (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1400) ; (xiv) avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combina- tion Ligula avium (specific name of type 2 The date “‘ 1874” is here attributed to the name Taenia globipunctata Rivolta in accordance with Ruling (8) given in Direction 76 (: 230). The generic name Stilesia i is here attributed to “‘ Stiles & Hassall, 1893 ” instead of to ** Railliet, 1893” in accordance with Ruling (7) in the same Direction (: 230). 270 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS species of Ligula Bloch, 1782) (Opinion 104) (for use by specialists who are of the opinion that the taxon so named is distinct from that represented by the nominal species Fasciola intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1401) ; (i) Class Trematoda (xv) appendiculata Rudolphi, 1802, as published in the combination Fasciola appendiculata (specific name of type species of Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1402) ; (xvi) haematobium Bilharz, 1852, as published in the combination Distoma haematobium (specific name of type species of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858%) (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1403) ; (xvii) hepatica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola hepatica (specific name of type species of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1404) ; (xviii) heterophyes Siebold, [1852], as published in the combination Distomum heterophyes (specific name of type species of Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866) (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1405) ; (j) Class Nematoda (xix) duodenale Dubini, 1843, as published in the combination Agchylostoma [sic] duodenale (specific name of type species of Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma*) Dubini, 1843) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1406) ; i) The name Schistosoma Weinland was found to be invalid after it had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and was thereupon validated under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 226 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 177—200). The spelling Ancylostoma for the name published as Agchylostoma is here accepted as a Valid Emendation in accordance with Ruling (10) given in Direction 76 (: 231). rs DIRECTION 77 271 (xx) /umbricoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ascaris lumbricoides (specific name of type species of Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1407) ; (xxi) spinigerum Owen, [1837], as published in the combination Guathostoma spinigerum (specific name of type species of Gnathostoma Owen, [1837]°) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1408) ; (xxil) americana Stiles, 1902, as published in the combination Uncinaria americana (specific name of type species of Necator Stiles, 1903°) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1409) ; (xxill) retortaeformis Zeder, 1800, as published in the combination Strongylus retortaeformis (Specie mame OF by pe Species of Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1410) ; (xxiv) martis Gmelin, [1790], as published in the combination Filaria martis (specific name of type species of Filaria Miller (O.F.), 1787) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1411) ; (xxv) schachtii Schmidt, 1871, as published in the combination AHeterodera. schachtii (specific name of type species of Heterodera Schmidt, 1871) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1412) ; (xxvi) equinus Miiller (O.F.), 1780, as published in the combination Strongylus equinus (specific name of type species of Strongylus Miller (O.F.), 1780) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1413) ; 5 The date °|1837]’ is here attributed to the name Gnathostoma Owen in accordance with Ruling (4) given in Direction 76 (: 230). 6 The name Necator Stiles was found to be invalid after it had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and was thereupon validated under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 201 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 267—274). Die ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xxvil) trachea Montagu, 1811, as published in the combination Fasciola trachea (specific name of | type species of Syngamus Siebold, [1852)]) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1414) ; (k) Class Acanthocephala (xxviii) echinodiscus Diesing, 1851, as published in the combination Echinorhynchus echinodiscus (specific name of type speenesmem Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892) (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1415) ; (1) Class Nematomorpha (xxix) aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gordius aquaticus (specific name of type species of Gordius Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1416) ; (xxx) varius Leidy, 1851, as published in the combina- tion Gordius varius (specific name of type species of Paragordius Camerano, 1897) (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1417) ; (m) Class Hirudinea (xxx1) medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hirudo medicinalis (specific name of type species of Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 1418) ; (xxx) nilotica Savigny, 1822, as published in the combination Bdella nilotica (specific name of type species of Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1419); _ (xxxill) ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, as published in the combination Hirudo ceylanica (specific name of type species of Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1420); DIRECTION 77 213 (n) Class Chaetopoda (xxxiv) albidus Henle, 1837, as published in the combina- tion Enchytraeus albidus (specific name of type species of Enchytraeus Henle, 1837) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1421). (2) The under-mentioned specific names, which are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names . in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Class Mastigophora (i) rotatoria Mayer (A.F.J.C.), [July]’ 1843, as published in the combination Amoeba rotatoria (Opinion 95) (Name No. 1422) ; (b) Class Cestoda (ii) intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola intestinalis (Opinion 104) (Name No. 1423) ; (c) Class Trematoda (iii) aegyptiacum Cobbold, 1876, as published in the combination Diplostomum aegyptiacum (Opinion 84) (Name No. 1424) ; (iv) dendriticum Rudolphi, 1819, as published in the combination Distoma dendriticum (Opinion 77) (Name No. 1425) ; 7 The notation “ [July]”’ is inserted here before the date ‘‘ 1843 ”’ for the name Amoeba rotatoria Mayer in accordance with Ruling (6) given in Direction 76 (see page 230 of the present volume). 274 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (d) Class Nematoda (v) stercoralis Bavay, 1876, as published in- the combination Rhabditis stercoralis (Opinion 66) (Name No. 1426). [.. THE SUBJECT: MATTER® OF THE PRESERiS oe DIRBCRION? The present Direction completes the eighth and concluding instalment of Directions embodying the result of the review of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by Rulings given in Opinions published up to the end of 1936 undertaken by the International Commission in accordance with a General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology. In the present Direction a review is made of the entries on the Official List made in the foregoing period in respect of the names of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Annelida and additions are made to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in compliance with the General Directive referred to above. The proposals upon which the decisions embodied in the present Direction were based were ‘submitted by the Secretary on 16th November 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (a) of the specific names of thirty-four species belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and _ Annelida, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of ' which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of four specific names which are currently treated as _ senior _ subjective synonyms of the names of such species By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) ‘. The present paper contains the eighth and concluding instalment of proposals for giving effect to the General Directive issued to the DIRECTION 77 aaS International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, is the oldest available name for the species concerned, that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall be similarly placed on that List. The immediately preceding instalment, which completed the consideration of the foregoing problem in relation to the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata and Chordata (Z.N.(S.) 1124), was submitted to the International Commission on 28th August 1956 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21.8 2. The proposals now submitted relate to the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida. The number of names of genera belonging to the foregoing Phyla, the names of which were placed on the Official List in the period under review was forty- nine. These names were placed on the Official List by Rulings given in the following Opinions: Opinion 66 (nine names); Opinion 75 (three names); Opinion 77 (nine names); Opinion 80 (one name) ; Opinion 84 (nine names); Opinion 95 (two names); Opinion 104 (fourteen names) ; Opinions 117 and 127 (one name each). 3. In four cases it has already been found necessary to use the Commission’s Plenary Powers to validate, or to correct, the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions referred to above and in each of these cases the opportunity was taken to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned. The specific names concerned are the following :— (1) solium Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Taenia solium, placed on the Official List with the Name einige 95 by the Ruling given in Opinion 272. Separate action was required in this case because the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the above species as the type species of Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, by the Ruling given in Opinion 84 was found to be incorrect and could only be regularised by the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. 8 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 73 (1957, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(E) : 193—214) 276 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) falciparum Welch, 1897, as published in the combination Haematozoon falciparum, placed on the Official List with the Name Number 112 by the Ruling given in Opinion 283, and (3) malariae Feletti & Grassi, 1889, as published in the combination Haemamoeba malariae, placed on the Official List with the Name Number 113 by the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion. Investigations showed that the entries on the Official List in respect of the generic names Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889, and Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 were incorrect in almost every particular. In order to give valid force to the entries on the Official List which the Commission had attempted to make by the Ruling given in the above Opinion, it was found necessary in Opinion 283, to have extensive resort to the Commission’s Plenary Powers. As part of the settlement so effected the original entries on the Official List were replaced by revised entries in which, inter alia, the above species were designated under the Plenary Powers to be the type species of Laverania Feletti & Grassi and Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli respectively. (4) blattae Biitschli, 1878, as published in the combination Amoeba blattae, placed on the Official List with the Name Number 176 by the Ruling given in Opinion 312 In this case action was required to correct the Ruling given in Opinion 95, not because of any defect in the entry therein relating to the above name (which was there correctly stated to be the name of the type species of Endamoeba Leidy, 1879), but in order to correct the erroneous rejection by that Ruling of Entamoeba Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895, as a junior homonym of Endamoeba Leidy, 1879. 4. In one other case a generic name belonging to one of the Phyla with which the present paper is concerned has been the subject of a later Ruling by the Commission, this action having been rendered necessary by reason of the fact that the generic name in question (Schistosoma Weinland, 1859) was a junior objective synonym of a long-overlooked name of older date (Bilharzia Meckel von Hemsbach, 1856) which it was then necessary for the Commission to suppress under the Plenary Powers in order to validate the entry of the name Schistosoma Weinland on the Official List. In the Opinion (Opinion 226) in which the foregoing action was taken the Commission (contrary to the procedure followed in the Opinions cited in paragraph 3 above) did not place the specific name of the type species of Schistosoma Weinland on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 77 277 Accordingly, a recommendation in the foregoing sense is included in the proposals submitted with the present paper. 5. The investigations carried out by the Office of the Commission show that in the case of seven of the genera falling in the present group further action by the Commission is required before the specific names of the type species of these genera can be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. In consequence these names have been postponed for further consideration. The names in question are the following :— (1) Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Z.N.(S.) 561) The name Aydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Hydrozoa) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by a Ruling given in Opinion 77. The difficulty in this case arises from doubts as to the interpretation of the nominal species which is the type species of this genus. (2) Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 (Z.N.(S.) 1156) The name Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 (Class Cestoda) was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 77. The nominal species which apparently is currently accepted as the type species of this genus is not the one designated as such when the genus was first established by Weinland. (3) and (4) Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848, and Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 (Z.N.(S.) 1157) The names Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848, and Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801, are both names of genera belonging to the Class Cestoda. The former was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 77, the latter by a Ruling given in Opinion 84. The difficulty in each of these cases is the same, namely that the specific name of the type species was published in a non-binominal work, Goeze’s Versuch of 1782. (5) Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 (Z.N.(S.) 553) The name Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 (Class Nematoda) was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 66. The difficulty in this case arises from the fact that the work in which this name was first published is non-binominal. In order to secure the position of this name it will therefore be necessary for the Commission to validate it either from Reichard, 1759, or from some later author and work.® ® An application in regard to the generic name Dracunculus Reichard has since ‘been published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1957, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 13 : 154—159). 278 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (6) Rhabditis Dujardin, [1844] (Z.N.(S.) 937) The name Rhabditis Dujardin, [1844] (Class Nematoda) was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 77. The identity of the taxon represented by the type species of this genus is at present uncertain and requires further investigation. (7) Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Z.N.(S.) 272) The name Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Chaetopoda) was placed on the Official List by a Ruling given in Opinion 77. The difficulty in this case arises from the fact that the Linnean species which is the type species of this genus is, it is agreed by specialists, a composite, and it has not yet been possible to trace by whom, when, and where, an effective First Reviser selection was made for this nominal species. In consequence, it has not been possible to determine whether current practice is in harmony with the provisions of the Régles. (In so far as some specialists appear to have dropped altogether the use of the specific name ferrestris, that action clearly calls for consideration by the Commission, for it would be quite inappropriate to have on the Official List a generic name (Lumbricus) the specific name (terrestris) of the type species of which is a discarded nomen dubium.) (PARENTHETICAL NOTE TO COMMISSIONERS: If any member of the Commission possesses any first-hand knowledge in regard to the problems involved in connection with any of the names discussed above or is in touch with any specialist who possesses such knowledge, it will be a great help if he will, in the first case, communicate to this Office his information in regard to the name in question or, in the second case, ask any colleague who may possess such knowledge to write to this Office on the subject. As all Commissioners will agree, it is a grave embarrassment to the Commission as a body that it is still unable to comply with the widespread desire of zoologists in many parts of the world to arrange for the publication of the “‘ Official List’ in book-form, by reason solely of the existence of unsolved problems in regard to entries on the “‘ List”? made with insufficient care in the period before the close of 1936.) 6. From the particulars given in paragraphs 3 and 5 above it will be seen that of the forty-nine names of genera falling within the group dealt with in the present paper, the specific names of the type species of four of the genera concerned have already been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 3), while in the case of seven other names unresolved difficulties of various kinds make it impossible to submit recommendations at the present time for the addition to the foregoing Official List of the specific names of the respective type species of the genera concerned (paragraph 5). Accordingly, the number of names on which recommendations are now submitted is reduced to thirty-eight. DIRECTION 77 279 7. AS on previous similar occasions the search of the literature undertaken by the Office of the Commission for the purpose of checking and, where necessary, completing, the entries on the Official List in the period under review has disclosed a number of problems which require to be brought to the attention of the International Commission. These problems are discussed in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1125, which is being submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56) 26, simultaneously with the present paper.!® 8. The elucidation of the problems involved in the present group of names has been rendered possible by the co-operation and assistance afforded by a number of specialists. To all of these the grateful thanks of the International Commission are due. The specialists who have assisted in this way, together with particulars (a) of their present appointments or of the appointments which they held at the time when consultations took place and (b) of the Classes on the names of genera of which assistance has been afforded, are the following :— H. A. Baylis (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Nematoda) L. Cernosvitov (Reading, England) (Class Chaetopoda) Ellsworth C. Dougherty (University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (Class Nematoda) R. F. Ewer (Natal University College, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa) (Class Hydrozoa) H. Munro Fox (Bedford College, University of London) (Class Chaetopoda) A. Gillard (Rijkslandbouwhogeschool, Ghent, Belgium) (Class Nematoda) E. M. Hering (Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin) (Class Protozoa) C. A. Hoare (The Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, London) (Class Protozoa) Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) (Class Hirudinea) R. T. Leiper (Institute of Animal Parasitology, St. Albans, England) (Class Nematoda) S. Prudhoe (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Trematoda) 10The paper here referred to has since been reproduced in the first paragraph of Direction 76 (: 239—258) which is being published simultaneously with the present Direction. 280 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS W. J. Rees (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Hydrozoa) M. Ricci (University of Rome, Italy) (Class Cestoda) A. K. Totton (British Museum (Natural History), London) (Class Hydrozoa). 9. In submitting to the International Commission the present paper which is the concluding portion of the eighth instalment of, and the sixteenth paper arising out of, the general review of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, I wish to express my special gratitude to Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc., who was appointed in 1954 to take charge of this work under my directions and to whom I am greatly indebted for the skill, accuracy and enthusiasm with which she has carried out the long and often difficult investigations involved. 10. Within the field covered by the present paper the search of the literature shows that in thirty-four cases the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is not only an available name but is in addition accepted as the oldest such name for the species concerned. These names are enumerated in Annexe | to the present paper. In three of the four remaining cases the specific name of the type species of the genus in question is also an available name but is currently treated by specialists as a junior subjective synonym of another name. In the fourth case the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is invalid, being a junior primary homonym of an identical name previously published for a different taxon. Particulars of these four cases are given in Annexe 2 to the present paper. 11. It is recommended that in accordance with the General Directive referred to in the first paragraph of the present paper the International Commission on Zoological Nomen ea should place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoolog (1) the thirty-four specific names enumerated in Column (1) of Annexe 1, each of which (a) is the specific name of the type species of a genus belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes or Annelida, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) is the oldest available name for the species concerned ; (2) the four specific names enumerated in Column (1) of Annexe 2 each of which (a) is currently accepted by specialists as a senior subjective synonym of the specific name of the type species of a genus (i) which belongs to one or other of the Phyla specified in (1) above, and (ii) the name of which was placed on the DIRECTION 77 281 foregoing Official List in the period referred to above, and (b) is considered to be the oldest available such synonym applicable to the species concerned. ANNEXE 1 Specific names of thirty-four nominal species belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Annelida, each of which (a) is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936, and (b) is the oldest available name for the species Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of- Specific Names in Zoology” (1) yulgaris Ehrenberg, [1830] concerned Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) CLASS RHIZOPODA ‘* Opinion ’’ 77 Arcella yulgaris ** Opinion ”’ 127 mantelli Morton, 1833. Nummulites mantelli truncatella Miiller (O.F.) 1773 globator Linnaeus, 1758 CLASS CILIATA ** Opinion ”’ 104 Bursaria truncatella ** Opinion *’ 75 Volvox globator Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] . Lepidocyclina Gumbel, [1870] Bursaria Miiller (O.E-),. 1773 CLASS MASTIGOPHORA Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 282 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name Combination in Name of genus of proposed to be which name specified which species specified placed on the in Col. 1 was in Col. 1 is the ** Official List of originally published type species Specific Names in Zoology” (1) (2) (3) CLASS SPOROZOA ‘** Opinion ’’ 104 falciformis Eimer, Gregarina falciformis Eimeria Schneider, 1870 ag 1875 CLASS NEOSPORIDIA ** Opinion ’’ 104 miescherianum Kihn = Synchytrium ' Sarcocystis (J.), 1865 miescherianum Lankester, 1881 CLASS HYDROZOA ‘¢ Opinion ” 80 physalis Linnaeus, Holothuria physalis Physalia Lamarck, 1758. ; 1801 CLASS ANTHOZOA “¢ Opinion ”’ 117 striatum Fleming, Lithostrotion striatum Lithostrotion 28 Fleming, 1828 CLASS CESTODA *¢ Opinion ’’ 77 expansa Rudolphi, Taenia expansa Moniezia Blanchard, 1805 1891 globipunctata Rivolta, Taenia globipunctata Stilesia Stiles & 1874 Hassall, 1893 actinioides Diesing, Thysanosoma | Thysanosoma 1835 actinioides Diesing, 1835 Specific name proposed to be placed on the * Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) proglottina Davaine, 1860 canina Linnaeus, 1758 avium Bloch, 1782 appendiculata Rudolphi, 1802 haematobium Bilharz, 1852 hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 heterophyes Sicbold, [1852] duodenale Dubini, 1843 lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 77 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) “‘ Opinion ”” 84 Taenia proglottina Taenia canina ** Opinion ’’ 104 Ligula avium CLASS TREMOTODA *¢ Opinion ”’ 77 Fasciola appendiculata Distoma haematobium ‘* Opinion ”’ 84 Fasciola hepatica Distomum heterophyes CLASS NEMATODA ** Opinion ”’ 66 Agchylostoma |sic| duodenale Ascaris lumbricoides spinigerum Owen, [1837] Gnathostoma spinigerum 283 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 Ligula Bloch, 1782 Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 Fasciola Linnacus, 1758 Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 Gnathostoma Owen, [1837] of. 284 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name Combination in Name of genus of proposed to be which name specified which species specified placed on the in Col. 1 was in Col. 1 is the “* Official List of originally published type species Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) americana Stiles, 1902 Uncinaria americana Necator Stiles, 1903 retortaeformis Zeder, Strongylus Trichostrongylus 1800 retortaeformis Looss, 1905 ** Opinion ’’ 104 martis Gmelin, [1790] Filaria martis Filaria Miller (O.F.), 1787 schachtii Schmidt, Heterodera Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 schach tii 1871 equinus Miller (O.F.), Strongylus equinus Strongylus Miller 1780 (O.F.), 1780 trachea Montagu, 1811 Fasciola trachea Syngamus Siebold, [1852] CLASS ACANTHOCEPHALA ** Opinion ”’ 84 echinodiscus Diesing, — Echinorhynchus Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus Hamann, 1892 CLASS NEMATOMORPHA ‘** Opinion ”’ 66 aquaticus Linnaeus, Gordius aquaticus Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 1758 varius Leidy, 1851 Gordius varius Paragordius Camerano, 1897 CLASS HIRUDINEA ** Opinion *’ 75 medicinalis Linnaeus, Hirudo medicinalis Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 1758 DIRECTION 77 285 Specific name Combination in Name of genus of proposed to be which name specified which species specified placed on the in Col. | was in Col. 1 is the ** Official List of originally published type species Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) ** Opinion *’ 104 nilotica Savigny, 1822 Bdella nilotica Limnatis Moquin- Tandon, 1827 ceylanica Blainville, Hirudo ceylanica Haemadipsa [June] 1827 Tennent, 1859 CLASS CHAETOPODA ** Opinion ”’ 104 albidus Henle, 1837 Enchytraeus albidus Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 ANNEXE 2 The specific names of four nominal species each of which is subjectively identified with a nominal species which is the type species of a genus belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes, the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the “* Official List (not for inclusion in the entry of Specific Names in Zoology” to be made on the “* Official — List) (1) (2) CLASS MASTIGOPHORA rotatoria Mayer, |July] 1843, as a senior subjective synonym of published in the combination sanguinis Gruby, 1843,.as pub- Amoeba rotatoria lished in the combination Trypanosoma sanguinis, the specific name of the type species of Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 (Opinion 95) 286 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology 99 (1) Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the “* Official Oke) (2) CLASS TREMATODA aegyptiacum Cobbold, 1876, as published in the combination Diplostomum aegyptiacum dendriticum Rudolphi, 1819, as published in the combination Distoma dendriticum a © senior subjective synonym of sonsinoii Cobbold, 1877, as published in the combination Gastrodiscus sonsinoii, the specific name of the type species of Gastrodiscus Cob- bold, 1877 (Opinion 84) senior subjective synonym of lanceatum Stiles & Hassall, 1896; ‘as “pubilisiaretd in the combing tiem Dicrocoelium lanceatum (a sub- stitute name for Janceolata Rudolphi, 1803, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata (the specific name of the type Ssipeewesmen Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844]) which is a junior primary homonym of Fasciola lanceolata Schrank, 1790) CLASS NEMATODA stercoralis Bavay, 1876, as pub- lished in the combination Rhabditis stercoralis a senior subjective synonym of intestinalis Bavay, 1877, as pub- lished in the combination Anguillula intestinalis, the specific name of the type species of Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 (Opinion 66) 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of the type DIRECTION 77 287 species of genera belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Annelida placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions published in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1126. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 : On 16th November 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)27) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by the Thirteenth International Congress on Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names of species belonging to the Phyla Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida referred to in Points (1) and (2) of paragraph 11 of the paper bearing the Registered. Number Z.N.(S.) 1126 by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paiagraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction| be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended ”’, and (2) if he did not so agree as regards any item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period would normally have closed on 16th December 1956. In view, however, of the possibility of delays in overseas mails consequent upon the abnormally heavy traffic at Christmas time, the Secretary on 16th December 1956 executed a Minute extending the Prescribed Voting Period on the above Voting Paper to 28th December 1956, 288 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, extended as specified in paragraph 4 above, the state of the voting on V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Mayr; Hering; Vokes; Lemche; Esaki; Kuhnelt ; Holthuis; Tortonese; Bradley (J.C.); Mertens ; Prantl; Miller; Dymond ; Stoll ; Boschma ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera; Bonnet; Hemming ; do Amaral; Key; Jaczewski; Riley ; Bodenheimer ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 29th December 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. DIRECTION 77 289 7. Direction as to the insertion of an endorsement of the entry on the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ’’ to be made in relation to the specific name ‘‘ avium ’’? Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination ‘‘ Ligula avium ”’ and matters consequential thereon : On 17th June 1957 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute directing that for the reasons there set out an endorsement in the terms specified in paragraph 5 thereof be made in the entry in relation to the specific name avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium, to be inserted in the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and the other action there specified taken, as part of the decision taken by the International Commission by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 :-— The specific name ‘‘ avium ’’ Bloch, 1782 (“ Ligula’’) and the specific name ‘‘ intestinalis’ Linnaeus, 1758 (‘‘ Fasciola ’’) (Class Cestoda) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) When returning his completed copy of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56) 27, Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Warsaw) informed the Office of the Commission that Professor Dr. E. Grabda had raised with him a question relating to the specific name avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium, the specific name of the type species of the genus Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Class Cestoda), one of the names dealt with in the foregoing Voting Paper. 2. In this connection Professor Grabda had observed that it was still a matter of discussion among specialists whether the older name Fasciola intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 649) applied to the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Ligula avium Bloch, 1782. 3. Upon the receipt of Professor Jaczewski’s note reporting the information furnished by Professor Grabda, I consulted Dr. Benjamin Schwartz (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A.) who in response to my request for advice has very kindly furnished the following additional information (in Jitt., 13th June 1957) :— I must agree with Professor Grabda that many, in fact, most helminthologists accept the view that the two names [l.e. avium Bloch and intestinalis Linnaeus] are synonymous and that the 290 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS correct name of the tapeworm in question is therefore Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Gmelin, 1790". The confusion regarding these two names stemmed from the fact that Bloch and Goeze, who wrote on this species in the XVIIIth century, separated the two forms, which occur, respectively, in the body cavity of fishes and in the intestine of fish-eating birds, on the basis of such characters as localization within the host, length, width, state of contraction, etc. Actually, however, Bloch expressed the view at one time, according to a letter which he wrote to Goeze, that the worm found in fishes was the same as his Ligula avium, 1782, and he assumed moreover that birds became infected by eating parasitized fish. According to Goeze, Bloch later changed his view, not because he carried out feeding experiments with these parasites, but for the reasons previously given in this communication. Most heminthologists believe, now that the facts in the life history of this tapeworm are well known, that Ligula intestinalis is the only species of the genus. The name Ligula avium is therefore a synonym, because it was used by Bloch to designate the sexually mature worm of which Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus) is an incompletely developed form. The earlier larval form, as you know, lives in copepods. 4. In the circumstances it appears to me that, while adhering to the decision taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 that the specific name avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the proper course in this, as in similar previous cases, will be to apply at the specific-name level the procedure laid down by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, for use in analogous cases at the generic-name level, namely (a) to add to the entry on the Official List relating to the specific name avium an endorsement that it is placed on the List for use by any author who on taxonomic grounds may take the view that the taxon represented by the nominal species Ligula avium Bloch, 1782, is different from that represented by the nominal species Fasciola intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758, and (b) to place on the same List the specific name intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola intestinalis. 5. Accordingly, as Secretary, I hereby direct that in the Ruling to be incorporated in the Direction giving effect to the vote taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27 there be added 11 The reference here to Gmelin is to the fuller treatment of this nominal species by Gmelin in [1791] (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(6) : 3042) under the name Ligula intestinalis. DIRECTION 77 291 to the entry relating to the specific name avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium, to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology an endorsement in the terms specified in paragraph 4 of the present Minute and that at the same time the specific name intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola intestinalis be entered on the said Official List. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 17th June 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)27, subject to the drafting amendment relating to the form of the entry to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in relation to the specific name avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium, as specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 17th June 1957, the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 7 of the present Direction. 9. Original References : The original references for the specific names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either (i) the type species of genera, the names of which. have been inscribed on that List or (ii), in four cases, nominal species which are in each case currently subjectively identified as representing the same taxon as that represented by a nominal species which is the type species of such a genus. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 292 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Seven (77) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventeenth day of June Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 i a OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cC.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part EK.16. Pp. 293—304 FG OORT. ee DIRECTION 78" Wf aaicniaa cece ll Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic-namie Daira de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (validation of an entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 1st November, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 78 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Hepning acne (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950 Professor Erich Martin HrERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DymMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) ErOfessOr Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August ae Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y. U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MitLer (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954 Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst MAyYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 78 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME “ DAIRA ”? DE HAAN, [1833] (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (VALIDATION OF AN ENTRY ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”? MADE BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘ OPINION ” 73) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic name Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonomy. (2) The following revised entry relating to the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) is hereby substituted for the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 :— Daira de Haan, [1833], as validated by the sup- pression of the senior homonym Daira Milne 296 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Edwards (H.), 1830, under the Plenary Powers in (1) above (gender : feminine*) (type species, by monotypy : Cancer perlatus Herbst, [1790)]) (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1223 :— Dairilia Dana, 1853, as validated under the Plenary Powers in (1) above (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy under Rule (f) in Article 30 through Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, for which name Dairilia Dana was published as a ion : Daira gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) perlatus Herbst, [1790], as published in the com- bination Cancer perlatus (specific name of type species of Daira de Haan, [1833]) (Name No. 1427) ; (b) gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as published in the combination Daira gabertii (specific name of type species of Dairilia Dana, 1853 (Name No. 1428). (5) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid ew At the time when the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833], was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the International Commission was not required to assign a gender to each name placed on that List. Following the receipt of a General Directive on this subject from the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the Commission has now assigned an appropriate gender to every name previously placed on the Official List, subject to exceptions in the case of a few names, the gender attributable to which is still under examination. The gender attributable to the name Daira de Haan, [1833], was determined as the feminine gender by the Ruling given in Direction 11 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 15—34). DIRECTION 78 297 Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers in (1) above (Name No. 1044) ; (b) Daira Gistl, [1847] (a junior homonym of Daira de Haan, [1833]) (Name No. 1045) ; (c) Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dairilia Dana, 1853) (Name No. 1046). I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE The present Direction is concerned with the validation of an erroneous entry relating to the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1922 by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. The flaw in the entry so made on the Official List was detected in the Office of the Commission in the course of work on the preparation of the Official List for publication in book-form. The circumstances of this case were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 6th December 1955 in the following paper :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic names ** Daira ’’? de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (a name placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73) and ‘* Dairilia ’’ Dana, 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Amphipoda) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission to rectify an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 73 298 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 23—31) when the name Daira de Haan, [1833] (in von Siebold, Faun. japon., Crust. : 18) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. ‘The type species of this genus is, by monotypy, Cancer perlatus Herbst, [1790] (Versuch. Naturgesch. Krabben Krebse 1(8) : 265). The error in question came to light in the early part of 1955 when a final check was carried out by this Office of all the entries relating to the names of Decapod Crustacea made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the pre-Lisbon (1935) period for the purpose of formulating such proposals as might be necessary for completing the entries so made in the Official List, in accordance with the General Directives issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. 2. The error in question arises from the fact that the name Daira de Haan, [1833], is invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 20 : 392), a name given to a genus of the Order Amphipoda (Class Crustacea), of which the type species, by monotypy, is Daira gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (loc. cit. 20 : 393). 3. The entry in Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus relating to the name Daira Milne Edwards contained a note that this name had later been replaced by the name Dairilia Dana, 1853 (U.S. explor. Exped. 13(2) : 1595—1596). 4. At this point I consulted Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) as to the action which it was desirable should be taken to deal with the situation which had been disclosed. In reply Dr. Gordon informed me (in litt., 1st November 1955) (1) that fortunately Dana had replaced the name Daira Milne Edwards by the name Dairilia in the erroneous belief that it was of later date than the name Daira de Haan, Dr. Gordon added that both these invalid names (Daira de Haan and Dairilia Dana) were in current use and that it was undesirable that either should be disturbed. The advice so received clears the way for the rectification of the error in Opinion 73 by the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the name Daira Milne Edwards, 1830, thus validating the entry of Daira de Haan, [1833], on the Official List and incidentally validating also the long-established name Dairilia Dana, 1853. 5. Further, I have been informed by Dr. Gordon that the names Cancer perlatus Herbst, [1790], and Daira gabertii Milne Edwards, DIRECTION 78 299 1830, both of which are available names, are currently accepted as the oldest such names for the type species of Daira de Haan, [1833], and Dairilia Dana, 1853, respectively. 6. There is one Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dairilia Dana, namely Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862 (Cat. Amph. Crust. Brit. Mus. : 309). In addition, there is one generic name Daira which is junior to Daira de Haan as well as to Daira Milne Edwards. This is Daira Gistl, [1847] (Handb. Naturgesch. 1850 : 575 ; id., 1848, Nat. Thierr. : 174). 7. In the light of the foregoing considerations, I recommend the International Commission :— (1) to use its Plenary Powers to correct the error in the Ruling given in Opinion 73 by suppressing the generic name Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) to substitute the following revised entry relating to the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833], on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology : Daira de Haan, [1833], as validated under (1) above (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Cancer perlatus Herbst, [1790]) ; (3) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Dairilia Dana, 1853 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy through Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, for which the name Dairilia Dana is a substitute : Daira gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830) ; (4) to place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) perlatus Herbst, [1790], as published in the combination Cancer perlatus (specific name of type species of Daira de Haan, [1833]) ; (b) gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as published in the combination Daira gabertii (specific name of type species of Dairilia Dana, 1853) ; (5) to place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Daira Milne Edwards (H), 1830, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above ; 300 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Daira Gistl, [1847] (a junior homonym of Daira de Haan, [1833]) ; b) (c) Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dairilia Dana, 1853). Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the validation of the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833], was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 911. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 20th February 1956 and was published on 12th June in the same year in Part 1 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 ; 19—21). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth Internationa! Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 12th June 1956 (a) in Part 1 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s paper was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition such Notice was given to four general zoological serial publications. — a DIRECTION 78 301 5. Support received from Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) and L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) : Support for the action recommended in the present case was received from two specialists : Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London); Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). Particulars of the support given by Dr. Gordon are given in paragraph 4 of the application submitted in this case. Dr. Holthuis who commented on this case shortly before its publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature wrote: “I fully agree ”’ (in Jitt., 2nd May 1956). 6. No objection received: No objection to the use of the Plenary Powers in the manner recommended in the present case was received from any source. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(57)3 : On 22nd January 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(57)3) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the generic name Daira de Haan, [1833], and matters incidental thereto, as set out in Points (1) to (5) in paragraph 7 on pages 20 and 21 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 22nd April 1957. 302 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)3: At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)3 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-one (21) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Hering; Boschma; MHolthuis; Prantl; Lemche; Jaczewski; Mayr; Dymond; Bodenheimer; Vokes ; Key; Riley; Esaki; Hemming; Bonnec; Mertens ; Stoll; do Amaral; Tortonese; Sylvester-Bradley ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes, two (2) : Cabrera ; Kiihnelt ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bradley (J.C.) ; (d) Prevented from Voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; (e) Voting Papers not returned : None. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 24th April 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(57)3, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so DIRECTION 78 303 taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 18th June 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(57)3. 12. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, 20 : 392 Daira Gist], [1847], Handb. Naturgesch. : 575 ; id., 1848, Nat. Thierr. : 174 Dairilia Dana, 1853, U.S. explor. Exped. 13(2) : 1595—1596 Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862, Cat. Amph. Crust. Brit. Mus. : 309 gabertii, Daira, Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 20 : 393 perlatus, Cancer, Herbst, [1790], Versuch. Naturgesch. Krabben Krebse 1(8) : 265 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 304 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 14. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventy- Eight (78) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DonE in London, this Eighteenth day of June, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.c.. c.B.F. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E17. Pp. 305—314 DIRECTION 80 Confirmation of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda) (Direction supple- mentary to Opinion 94) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 10th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 80 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Tate eee ae (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) 12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953 Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) ‘ Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) dl Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNeELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) en S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 80 CONFIRMATION OF THE ENTRY ON THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME “* MOLGULA”’ FORBES, 1848 (CLASS UROCHORDA) (‘‘ DIRECTION ” SUPPLEMENTARY TO “ OPINION ” 94) RULING :—(1) The position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the name Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda) is hereby confirmed, subject to the substitution in respect of the above name of the following amended entry in place of that made by the Ruling given in Opinion.94 :— Molgula Forbes, 1848 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Hartmeyer (R.) (1914): Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1441 :— oculata Forbes, 1848, as published in the combination Molgula oculata (specific name of type species of Molgula Forbes, 1848). (3) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 197 :— MOLGULIDAE Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.H.de), 1877 (type genus : Molgula Forbes, 1848). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The purpose of the present Direction is to confirm and complete the entry relating to the generic name Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda) made on the Official List of Generic Names in 308 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 94. The circumstances of this case were brought to the attention of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the following paper submitted by the Secretary on 11th April 1957 :— Proposed confirmation of the entry relating to the generic name ‘* Molgula ’’ Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda) made on the “* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ‘* Opinion *’ 94 and matters incidental thereto By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1. The purpose of the present note is to lay before the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature certain supplementary information regarding the generic name Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda), which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 (1926, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 13) and to submit recommendations for the disposal of outstanding matters connected with this name. 2. When the name Molgula Forbes was placed on the Official List, the entry so made, which was drawn up in the contracted and incom- plete form then in vogue, was as follows :—‘‘ Molgula Forbes, 1848 ; 1853, 36, type M. oculata Forbes, 1848 ; 1853, 36”. The correct reference for this name is :—Molgula Forbes, 1848, in Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. 1:36. The gender attributable to the name Molgula Forbes has been determined as being the feminine gender by the Ruling given by the Commission in Direction 42 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 153—179). 3. Forbes cited two nominal species as belonging to his genus Molgula, namely, (i) Molgula oculata Forbes, then a new species (: 36) and (ii) what he called Molgula tubulosa Rathke (: 36). (The specific name tubulosa cited by Forbes is an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for the name tubularis Rathke, 1806, as published in the combination Ascidia tubularis (Rathke, (J.), 1806 in Miiller (O.F.), Zool. dan. (ed. 13) 4:12). Rathke’s name is now treated as a junior subjective synonym of the name of a species currently placed in a different genus. DIRECTION 80 309 4. No type species was designated or indicated by Forbes for the genus Molgula, the type species of which must therefore be one of the two nominal species cited above. The first author definitely to select a type species for this genus was Hartmeyer who in 1914 (SitzBer. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 1914 (No. 1) : 5) so selected the nominal species Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848. _ 5. The genus Moleula Forbes is a well-known taxon in the Class Urochorda and is the type genus of the family MOLGULIDAE which was established by Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.H. de) in 1877 (Arch. Zool. exper. gén. 6 : 488). The nominal species Molgula oculata Forbes, the type species of this genus, is currently regarded as representing a taxo- nomically good species, for which Forbes’ name oculata is the oldest available specific name. 6. In common with the names of genera of other groups, the names of genera of the Class Urochorda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 were reviewed in the Office of the Commission in the period 1955—1956 for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of any supplementary action by the Commission required as a preliminary to the publication of the forthcoming edition of the Official List in book-form. The result of this review, so far as concerns the names of genera of the Phyla Mollusca, Brachiopoda and Echinodermata and of the Class Urochorda of the Phylum Chordata, was submitted to the Commission on 28th August 1956 in a paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1124 simultaneously with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)21. On that occasion it was explained that no proposals were being sub- mitted in connection with the generic name Molgula Forbes, it having been judged desirable temporarily to postpone consideration of the position of that name on the Official List in order to permit of a further examination of a generic name of older date long treated as a nomen dubium which it had in the past been claimed should be looked upon as a senior subjective synonym of Molgula Forbes. This question has now been examined in consultation with interested specialists. The results are set out in the following paragraphs. 7. The generic name which, as explained above, might, it was thought, endanger the position of Molgula Forbes was the name Caesira Fleming, 1822 (Phil. Zool. 2: 511), as used by that author in the binomen Caesira dione (=Cynthia dione Savigny, 1816, Mém. Anim. 3 1958 310 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS sans Vertébr. (2) : 93). Fleming’s observation on this matter was of the scantiest nature, reading as follows :— ‘‘ Meshes of the branchiae interrupted by the folds. C. diona [sic] of Sav. Tab. vii. f. 1. The Ascidia quadridentata of Forskael.” 8. The name Caesira Fleming is not a junior homonym of any generic name consisting of the same word and, as it was published with a cited included nominal species, it is, as a name published before 1931, an available name. In view of the fact that, although Fleming cited two nominal species in connection with this genus, he regarded it as containing only one taxonomically valid species (C. dione Savigny), the name of the other cited species being given only as a subjective junior synonym, the genus Caesira Fleming is, under Declaration 26 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : xxxvii—l), to be treated as being a monotypical genus with Cynthia dione Savigny, 1816, as type species. 9. For eighty-six years following its publication the generic name Caesira Fleming was lost in well-deserved obscurity. In 1908, however, Hartmeyer (Zool. Ann. 3 : 17—18) claimed that he had been able to recognise in the words written by Fleming in 1822 (quoted in paragraph 7 above) evidence that the name Caesira Fleming applied to the genus which was then, and for long had been, known by the name Molgula Forbes, which he accordingly sank as a junior subjective synonym. In the following year in the Tunicata volume (Volume 3, Suppl. : 1324) of Bronn’s Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, Hartmeyer again sank Molgula Forbes as a junior synonym of Caesira Fleming. This produced a strong reaction from W. E. Ritter (1913, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 45 : 433) who, after reaffirming his adherence to the principle of applying the priority rule strictly, advanced arguments rebutting the synonymisation by Hartmeyer of Molgula with Caesira. Ritter’s protest carried conviction with Hartmeyer who in the following year (1914, SitzBer. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 1914 (No. 1) : 3, 5) withdrew completely from his former position, abandoning the name Caesira Fleming and re-instating the name Molgula Forbes, at the same time (as noted in paragraph 4 above) selecting Molgula oculata Forbes as type species of the latter genus. Since the publication of this paper of Hartmeyer’s—that is, for over forty years—the name Caesira has completely disappeared, being treated by all specialists as a nomen dubium, the nominal species Cynthia dione Savigny, which is its type species, being unrecognisable. Equally unrecognisable is the species to which Forskal applied the name quadridentata, which it is agreed is not the same as that to which in 1767 Linnaeus gave the name Ascidia quadridentata. 10. For the information briefly summarised in the immediately preceding paragraph the Commission is much indebted to the following DIRECTION 80 BL specialists who have very kindly assisted in the preparation of the material required for the present case :— D. P. Abbott, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A. N. J. Berrill, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Willard G. Van Name, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. 11. It is necessary now to consider what action should be taken by the Commission in relation to the entry regarding the generic name Molgula Forbes already made on the Official List. As regards this, my view is that the name Molgula Forbes, as the name of an important genus which is the type genus of a family and as a name which has been on the Official List for nearly thirty years, certainly ought not to be displaced in favour of some obscure name of older date. If there existed any such name which there was any ground for regarding as a possible senior synonym of Molgula Forbes, I should certainly take the view that that name ought to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers in favour of the name Molgula. In the present case, however, there is no such name, the only challenge to the position of that name that has ever been made being a challenge made nearly fifty years ago by an eminent specialist who within the space of four years withdrew the claims which he had advanced in favour of the older name concerned (Caesira Fleming) and unreservedly reinstated Molgula Forbes as a valid name. The name Caesira Fleming, though, as is now admitted by all specialists, a useless and undesirable nomen dubium, cannot be regarded as being any longer even a potential threat to the stability of the stability of the name Molgula Forbes. It appears to me, there- fore, that, although it will no doubt be desirable for the name Caesira Fleming, in common with other nomina dubia in the group concerned, to be deprived of the status of availability on the first occasion on which specialists in the Urochorda set their hands to the task of clearing out the dead wood from the nomenclature of their group, there is no need for such action to be taken in connection with the present case which is concerned solely with the question of stabilising the position of the name Molgula Forbes on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 12. For the purposes of the present case I therefore recommend that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) confirm the position of the generic name Molgula Forbes, 1848, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and substitute the following revised entry in regard thereto for that made by the Ruling given in Opinion 94 Molgula Forbes, 1848 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Hartmeyer (R.) (1914): Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848) 312 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— oculata Forbes, 1848, as published in the combination Molgula oculata (specific name of type species of Molgula Forbes, 1848) (3) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology :— MOLGULIDAE Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.H. de), 1877 (type genus : Molgula Forbes, 1848). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of confirming and completing the existing entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the name Molgula Forbes was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1073. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)5: On 11th April 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(57)5) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that “in conformity with the General Directives issued _ to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress on Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names of taxa belonging to the Class Urochorda of the Phylum Chordata referred to in Sections (1), (2) and (3) of paragraph 12 of the Paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1073 [i.c. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first para- graph of the present Direction] submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper be confirmed or, as the case may be, be placed on the appropriate Official Lists as there recommended and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved” and (2), if he did not agree as regards any given item, to specify that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 11th May 1957. DIRECTION 80 313 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)5 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)5 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Lemche ; Holthuis ; Vokes ; Hering ; Kishnelt ; Hanko ; Esaki; Boschma; Bradley (J.C.); Key; Cabrera; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski; Mertens; Dymond ; Hemming; Stoll; Bonnet; Prantl; Bodenheimer ; Tortonese ; do Amaral ; Riley ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1): Mayr ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 12th May 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)5, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the Inter- national Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 10th August 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)5. 314 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 8. Original References : The following is the original reference for the specific name placed on the Official List of names of taxa of the above category by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— oculata, Molgula, Forbes, 1848, in Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. 1 : 36 9. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Molgula Forbes, 1848, specified in Section (1) of the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Hartmeyer, 1914, SitzBer. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 1914 (No. 1): 5 10. The following is the original reference for the family-group name placed on the Official List of names of taxa of the foregoing category by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— MOLGULIDAE Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.H.de), 1877, Arch. Zool. exper. gén. 6 : 488 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty (80) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Tenth day of August, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & Cooper LimireD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.18. Pp. 315—334 DIRECTION 81 Confirmation of the position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Gypaetus Storr, 1784, Anas Linnaeus, 1758, Nyctea Stephens, 1826, and Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (Class Aves) and correction of the entries made in regard thereto (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) fi «a { } OY a» t f a . ye | tout eat OF DON Re eee o/ ¢ . ( JANA3.i920. }} NN e J LONDON : LIBRARY =e Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Thirteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 10th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 81 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) DE ee LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso EsAki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZFWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Bro fessor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 954 Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 81 CONFIRMATION OF THE POSITION ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF THE GENERIC NAMES “ GYPAETUS ” STORR, 1784, ““ANAS ” LINNAEUS, 1758, ‘‘ NYCTEA’’? STEPHENS 1826, AND ‘‘ VIREO ”’ VIEILLOT, 1807, (CLASS AVES), AND CORRECTION OF THE ENTRIES ~ MADEIN REGARD THERETO (“‘ DIRECTION ”’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘OPINION ” 67) RULING :—(1) The entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 in relation to the names of the under- mentioned genera in the Class Aves are hereby amended to the extent severally specified below :— (a) In the entry relating to the name Gypaetus Storr, 1784, the subjective synonymisation of the name Gypaetus grandis Storr, 1784 (the name of the type species of the genus Gypaetus Storr) with the name Vultur barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby deleted. (b) In the entry relating to the name Anas Linnaeus, 1758, the subjective synonymisation of the name Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758 (the name of the type species of the genus Anas Linnaeus) with the name Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby deleted. (c) In the entry relating to the name Nyctea Stephens, 1826, the portion regarding the type species of the genus so named and the method by which 318 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS under Article 30 the species concerned was determined as such is hereby deleted and a statement that the type species of this genus is Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, by monotypy, is hereby inserted in place of the statement deleted above. (d) In the entry relating to the name Vireo Vieillot, 1807, (i) the words “ by selection by Gadow (1883) ” are hereby substituted for the words “ by selection by Gray (1840) ” as indicating the method by which Vireo musicus Vieillot, 1807, was determined under Rule (g) in Article 30 as the type species of the above genus and (11) the subjective synony- misation of the above nominal species with the nominal species Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783, is hereby deleted. (2) The position on the Official His of Generic Names in Zoology of the under-mentioned generic names is hereby confirmed, subject to the substitution in respect of those names of the following entries amended in accordance with the provisions of (1) above in place of the entries severally made therefor by the Ruling given in. Opinion 67 :— (a) Gypaetus Storr, 1784 (gender: masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Gypaetus grandis Storr, 1784) ; (b) Anas Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Lesson (1828): Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758, a nominal species, the name of which by the “‘ First Reviser ” “ selection made by Lénnberg (1906) takes precedence below the name Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, a name published in the same work and on the same date) (c) Nyctea Stephens, 1826 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Strix erminea Shaw, 1809) Pe | 83 1958 DIRECTION 81 319 (d) Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Gadow (1883): Vireo musicus Vieillot, 1807) (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in me ey with the Name Numbers severally specified elow :— (a) aureus Hablizl, 1783, as published in the combination Vultur aureus (Name No. 1442) ; (b) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur barbatus (Name No. 1443) ; (c) meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, as published in the combination Gypaetos [sic] meridionalis (Name No. 1444) ; (d) platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas platyrhynchos, a name having precedence over the specific name boschas Lin- naeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas boschas (a name published in the same work and on the same date) through the “ First Reviser’”’ selection made by L6énnberg (1906) under Article 28 of the Régles (Name No. 1445) ; (e) scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix scandiaca, a name having precedence over the specific name nyctea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix nyctea (a name published in the same work and on the same date) through the “ First Reviser ”’ selection made by Lénnberg (1931) under Article 28 of the Régles (Name No. 1446) ; (f) grisea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combina- tion Tanagra grisea (Name No. 1447). 320 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1059 :— Gypaetos Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1797 (an Invalid Emendation of Gypaetus Storr, 1784). (5) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 475 :— platyrhyncha Lonnberg, 1906, as published in the combination Anas platyrhyncha (an Invalid Emenda- tion of platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas platyrhynchos). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The present Direction is concerned with four of the nine names of genera in the Class Aves which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, the entries regarding which were postponed for further examination at the time when in 1956 the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature in its Direction 43 reviewed in detail the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions embodied in the present Direction were submitted to the Commission by the Secretary in the following paper on Ist May 1957 :— Proposed completion and in part correction of the entries relating to the names of four genera of birds made on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 67 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains a second instalment of proposals relating to certain generic names in the Class Aves placed on the Official List of DIRECTION 8] 321 Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 177—182), as regards the problems raised in which I found it necessary to recommend a brief postponement, when on 12th October, 1955 I submitted a paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993 containing proposals for the completion of the entries on the Official List relating to the other names involved in the above Opinion. In the paper referred to above, which has since been embodied in Direction 43 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 171—210), I gave brief particulars (in paragraph 4) regarding the eight names which were then postponed. Of these the fifth (Grus) has since been dealt with by the Commission in Direction 55. The present paper is concerned with the third, sixth, seventh and eighth of the names in question. The names are : Gypaetus, Anas, Nyctea and Vireo. The results of the investigations since carried out in regard to these names are set out in the following paragraphs. (1) ‘‘ Gypaetus ’’ Storr, 1784 2. In Opinion 67 the entry made in relation to the type species of the genus Gypaetus Storr, 1784 (Alpenreise vom Jahre 1781 1 : 69) was as follows :—‘‘ Mt. [Monotypy], grandis Storr = Vultur barbatus Linn.” It was necessary in this as in all other similar cases to consult the original work both to ascertain whether in fact this genus was monotypical and whether the new nominal species then established (Gypaetus grandis Storr) was objectively identical with the species (Vultur barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 87) with which it was identified in the Ruling given in the above Opinion. The work in which this name was published is scarce and it took some time before it was found possible to locate a copy. As its name implies, Storr’s work is concerned primarily with travels in the Alps and the natural history observations contained in it are incidental in character. In the passage in which he introduced the generic name Gypaetus, Storr discussed at some length whether the Goldgeier of the European Alps was the same species as that to which Linnaeus had given the name Vultur barbatus. On balance he came to the conclusion that two species were involved and he therefore gave the name Gypaetus grandis to the Goldgeier. Storr did not definitely state that he con- sidered that Vultur barbatus Linnaeus was referable to his new genus Gypaetus, and in the circumstances the nominal species Gypaetus grandis Storr, as the only such species definitely placed in this genus by its author becomes the type species by monotypy. The statement under this head made in Opinion 67 is therefore correct. 3. Storr’s view as to the close relationship between his new nominal species Gypaetus grandis and the older nominal species Vultur barbatus Linnaeus has been confirmed by later ornithologists, these two nominal species being currently regarded as representing subspecies of a single polytypical taxon. The specific name grandis Storr is not, however, 322 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS regarded as being the oldest such name for the subspecies in question, that name being now treated as a junior subjective synonym of aureus Hablizl, 1783 (in Pallas, Neue nord. Beytr. 4 : 64), as published in the combination Vultur aureus. The taxon so named occurs in various suitable localities in Europe, while the nominate subspecies barbatus Linnaeus is found in North-West Africa. A third subspecies occurring in North-West Africa and in South Africa has been distinguished as meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius (Gypaetos [sic] meridionalis Keyser- ling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europ. : xxviii). 4. In the light of the particulars given above, we see that it will be necessary to amend the entry on the Official List relating to the generic name Gypaetus Storr by deleting therefrom the subjective synonymisa- tion of the name of the type species (Gypaetus grandis Storr) with the older name Vultur barbatus Linnaeus. Under the General Directive given to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology relative to the placing of names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name grandis Storr, 1784, as published in the combination Gypaetus grandis, although the specific name of the type species of the genus Gypaetus Storr, is not eligible for admission to the foregoing Official List, the name which should be so entered being its senior subjective synonym aureus Hablizl, 1783, as published in the combination Vultur aureus. In addition, under the ‘‘ Completeness-of- Opinions’? Rule the other two names discussed above (namely, barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Vultur) and meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (Gypaetos [sic]) should also be placed on the Official List. 5. Finally, it must be noted that in 1797 (Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat. Paris 1 : 65) Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) emended the name Gypaetus Storr to Gypaetos. This is an Invalid Emendation and should accord- ingly be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (2) ‘‘Anas ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 6. The case of the name Anas Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 122) was postponed in 1955 because, as I then explained, it was not clear what was the oldest available name for the type species of this genus. This arose from the fact that in 1758 Linnaeus fell into the error of believing that the male and the female of the Mallard were different species. He first described the female, giving it the name Anas platyrhynchos (: 125) ; two pages further on (: 127) he gave the male the name Anas boschas. The latter nominal species was selected as the type species of Anas Linnaeus by Lesson in 1828 (Manuel Ornith. 2 : 417). 7. Since the name platyrhynchos and boschas were published for the same species in the same work, it is necessary, in order to determine which is the valid name for the species in question to ascertain which DIRECTION 81 323 of these names was selected under the “‘ First Reviser”’ Rule to take precedence over the other. On this subject I consulted the following specialists :—Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.); Professor Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) ; Dr. Finn Salomonsen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen) ; Professor R. Ph. Dollfus (Museum National d@ Histoire Naturelle, Paris) ; Professor Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Berlin). At the same time I took the opportunity to seek the views of the above specialists on the question of the relative merits of _the original spelling platyrhynchos Linnaeus and later emendation platyrhyncha. 8. On the first of the foregoing questions Professor Ernst Mayr drew attention to a paper published in 1906 (J. Ornith. 54 : 529) in which Lonnberg had first advanced the view that Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, which had previously been regarded as unidentifiable, represented in fact the female of the Mallard. That species was at that time known by the name boschas Linnaeus which, as explained in paragraph 6 above, was published in the Systema Naturae two pages after the name platyrhynchos. On making the foregoing identification Loénnberg adopted the name platyrhynchos Linnaeus for the Mallard, sinking the name boschas Linnaeus, as a junior subjective synonym. At first there was some demur at Lénnberg’s identification of platyrhynchos Linnaeus with boschas Linnaeus, but for the last thirty years his view has been universally accepted, the Mallard being known by all authors by the name platyrhynchos Linnaeus. It is clear that under the Régles Lénnberg must himself be regarded as the “* First Reviser ”’ and as having in this capacity given a binding precedence to the name platyrhynchos Linnaeus over the name boschas Linnaeus formerly in general use. It is clear also that Lénnberg’s action in this matter has now won general acceptance. 9. On the second of the questions referred to specialists (para- graph 8 above) all the consultants who furnished comments were agreed that the emendation of the specific name platyrhynchos Linnaeus to platyrhyncha published by Lonnberg in 1906 (: 529) was unnecessary and undesirable. This emendation was introduced by Lénnberg when he determined that the nominal species so named by Linnaeus was based upon a female specimen, Lénnberg considering that in those circumstances a feminine version of the name with an “‘ -a ’’ termination would be more appropriate than the “‘-os”’ termination employed by Linnaeus. Under the Régles this action by Lénnberg was quite invalid and the spelling platyrhynchos Linnaeus is a Valid Original Spelling, the spelling platyrhyncha Lonnberg being an Invalid Emenda- tion. In view of the advice received from the specialists consulted there would clearly be no case for asking the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to validate the spelling platyrhyncha Lonnberg. 324 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. We may now turn back to examine the entry relating to the generic name Anas Linnaeus, 1758, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. This reads as follows :—‘‘Anas Linnaeus, 1758 . . . boschas Linn. = platyrhynchos Linn. (Tsd. Lesson, 1828)”’. The only modification required is the insertion of the full reference to Lesson’s selection in 1828 of Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758, given in paragraph 6 above and the deletion from the entry of all references to Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, which is entirely inappropriate in view of the fact that the synonymisation of that name with Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758, rests upon subjective taxonomic considerations and not upon objective nomenclatorial facts. It will, however, be necessary to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas platyrhynchos, as being the specific name currently regarded by specialists as the oldest such name applicable to the type species of the genus Anas Linnaeus, 1758. The entry so made will need to be endorsed by a statement that the name platyrhynchos Linnaeus has been given precedence over the name boschas Linnaeus by the action of Lonnberg (1906) as a “‘ First Reviser’’. At the same time the Invalid Emendation platyrhyncha Lénnberg, 1906, as published in the combination Anas platyrhyncha, will need to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. (3) ** Nyctea ’’ Stephens, 1826 11. The case of the generic name Nyctea Stephens, 1826 (in Shaw, Gen. Zool. (Aves) 13(2) : 62) resembles that of the name Anas Linnaeus discussed in the preceding section and was postponed in 1955 for the same reason, namely because it was not clear at that time what under the Réegles was the oldest available name for the type species. What happened in this case was that in 1758 Linnaeus established two nominal species, each of which is now considered to represent the Snowy Owl. These nominal species were : Strix scandiaca Linnaeus 1758 (: 92) and Strixnyctea Linnaeus, 1758 (: 93). The question which in 1955 had not been resolved was which under the “‘ First Reviser ” Rule should be given precedence over the other. 12. It has now been established that it was not until 1931 that *“* First Reviser ’’ action was taken in this case. Up to that year the specific name always applied to the Snowy Owl was nyctea Linnaeus, the specific name scandiaca Linnaeus being looked upon as a nomen dubium. In that year, however, Lénnberg (1931, Jbis (13) 1 : 306) showed that the name scandiaca Linnaeus as well as the name nyctea Linnaeus applied to the Snowy Owl. Ldénnberg was an adherent of the “‘Page and Line Precedence” Principle, notwithstanding the DIRECTION 81 325 ** First Reviser ’’? Rule, embodied in Article 28 of the Régles, and he accordingly adopted the specific name scandiaca Linnaeus for the Snowy Owl, sinking the long-established name nyctea Linnaeus as a junior subjective synonym of that name. The grounds on which Lonnberg took this action were incorrect but that action nevertheless constitutes a valid “‘ First Reviser” selection on his part. In this matter Lénnberg was quickly followed by other specialists and the name scandiaca Linnaeus is now the accepted specific name for the Snowy Owl. 13. When in 1826 Stephens established the nominal genus Nyctea, he cited two nominal species as belonging to it. The first of these was Nyctea erminea (Shaw) (=Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, Gen. Zool. (Aves) 7(1) : 251). The second species was Strix wapacuthu Gmelin, 1788 (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed.13) 1(1) : 291). In citing this latter species, however, Stephens inserted a note of interrogation between the generic and specific names, the entry reading :—“*‘ Ny.? Wapacuthu. Strix wapacuthu’’. Since the species was only doubtfully referred to the genus Nyctea by Stephens, it is ineligible under Rule (e) in Article 30 for consideration as a possible type species of this genus. Accordingly, Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, the only other species cited by Stephens under his genus Nyctea, becomes automatically the type species of that genus by monotypy. There is one minor point which should be noted before we leave this part of the subject. When publishing the name Strix erminea in 1809, Shaw discussed also the position of Strix nyctea Linnaeus ; he examined the possibility that these names might apply to the same species but expressed doubts on this subject. These names are now regarded as synonyms of one another but in view of the way in which the name erminea was published by Shaw this synonymisation is subjective only. If these names had in fact been objective synonyms of one another, the provisions of Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i— viii) would have applied in this case and the correct course would have been to cite the genus Nyctea Stephens as having as its type species the older of the two objectively identical nominal species concerned, i.e. the nominal species Strix nyctea Linnaeus, 1758. In existing circum- stances, however, this genus is correctly cited as having Strix erminea Shaw as its type species. 14. Having established what is the nominal species which is the type species of the genus Nyctea Stephens, we are in a position to examine the entry on this subject made on the Official List by the Ruling given in the Opinion. This entry reads as follows :—‘‘ Tt. [Tautonymy], only certain species; also Mt. [Monotypy], Strix erminea=nyctea Linn.” There are two points to be noted. First, as the Rules in Article 30 of the Régles apply successively and as the Rule relating to the determination of type species by monotypy (Rule (c)) precedes the Rule relating to the determination of type species by absolute tautonomy 326 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (Rule (d)), the question of tautonomy becomes wholly irrelevant once, as in this case, the type species of a genus has been determined under Rule (c) Gmonotypy). Moreover, even if the type species of this genus had not been determined by monotypy, it could not in this case have been determined by absolute tautonomy, for no tautonym was cited by Stephens either as a valid name or as a synonym, the only mention of a specific name consisting of the word “ nyctea”’ made by Stephens being a reference to a plate previously published by Shaw containing a figure of an owl under this name. Second, the inclusion in the entry on the Official List of the name “‘ nyctea”’ Linnaeus as a synonym of erminea Shaw is entirely inappropriate, since (as shown in paragraph 13 above) the names Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, and Stryx nyctea Linnaeus, 1758, are subjective and not objective synonyms of one another. 15. What is required in order to dispose of the present case is that the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Nyctea Stephens, 1826, should be redrafted so as to state simply that the type species of this genus is Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, by monotypy. At the same time there should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix scandiaca, that being the specific name accepted by specialists as the oldest available name for the type species of the genus Nyctea Stephens. The entry so made should be endorsed to show that under the “ First Reviser’’ Rule that the name has precedence over the name nyctea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix nyctea, by the selection made by Lénnberg in 1931. (4) ‘* Vireo ’’ Vieillot, 1807 16. The case of the generic name Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (Ois. Amer. sept. 1 : 83) was postponed in 1955 because it had not then been found possible to find in the literature a valid selection as the type species of the species cited as such at the time when the generic name Vireo Vieillot was placed on the Official List. In Opinion 67 the Commission accepted as the type species of this genus the nominal species Vireo musicus Vieillot, 1807 (Joc. cit. 1 : 83) (one of the originally included species) and stated that that species had been so selected by Gray in 1840. This statement was incorrect for in 1840 (List Gen. Birds : 33) Gray made no mention of the nominal species Vireo musicus Vieillot, all that he did being to state that the type species of this genus was Musicapa noveboracensis Gmelin, 1788 (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(2) : 958). The explanation of this discrepancy no doubt rests in the fact that both now and already in Gruy’s time Vireo musicus Vieillot and Musicapa noveboracensis Gmelin were DIRECTION 81 3271. considered to be no more than different names for the name species. it being not uncommon in former times for authors to accept as the valid selection of a type species for a genus the selection of a non- included nominal species in cases where later that species was sub- jectively identified with one of the included species, the two names being looked upon as synonyms of one another. 17. A search of the literature undertaken since this question was considered in 1955 shows, however, that Vireo musicus Vieillot is the valid type species of the genus Vireo Vieillot through the action of Gadow in 1883 (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 8 : 292). Gadow, like Gray (1840), stated that the type species of Vireo Vieillot was Musicapa noveboracensis Gmelin, but, unlike Gray, Gadow synonymised that name with the name Vireo musicus Vieillot (: 301), thus establishing a definite link between his selection of a non-included species (nove- boracensis) and one of the originally included species (musicus). This represents a very unsatisfactory method of selecting a type species for a genus but owing to its prevalence in earlier days the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, decided that, in order to prevent the upsetting of currently accepted type selections which might otherwise be involved, a special provision should be inserted in the Régles recognising as valid a type selection such as that made by Gadow in the present case, i.e. the selections of a non-included nominal species where that species is expressly identified with another nominal species which was one of the originally included species (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 180, Point 69(3)(b)). 18. When on the basis of the foregoing information we re-examine the entry relating to the name Vireo Vieillot made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, we have to note first that that entry will need to be amended by the substitution of ““ Gadow (1883)’’ for “‘ Gray, 1840” as the author and date for the selection of Vireo musicus Vieillot to be the type species of the above genus. Second, it will be necessary to delete from the entry made in this case the statement that Vireo musicus Vieillot is a junior synonym of Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783 (Tabl. Pl. enlum. : 45), since this represents not a nomenclatorial fact but a purely subjective taxonomic judgment. When, however, we come to consider what action is required as regards the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the above synonymy becomes important and relevant because today not only are the names Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin and Vireo musicus Vieillot treated as synonyms of one another but in addition both are regarded as junior subjective synonyms of Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783. Accordingly, it is the name grisea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Tanagra grisea, which, as the name currently regarded as the oldest specific name available for the type species of Vireo Vieillot, should now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 328 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) Family-Group-Name Problems 19. Of the four generic names discussed in the present paper, two (Anas ; Vireo) have been taken as the base for family-group names. No recommendations are, however, now submitted in regard to these family-group names, as it is considered better that this matter should be deferred until it is possible to submit to the Commission com- prehensive proposals relating to all the family-group-name problems involved in connection with the names of genera of birds placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. (6) Recommendations 20. In the light of the considerations set out in the present paper it is recommended that the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature should take the following action for the purpose of disposing of all outstanding matters, other than those relating to family-group names (which it is recommended in paragraph 19 above should be postponed until a later date), in regard to the completion and correction of the entries regarding the names Gypaetus Storr, 1784, Anas Linnaeus, 1758, Nyctea Stephens, 1826, and Vireo Vieillot, 1807, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (1) amend as follows the entries in regard to the under-mentioned generic names made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 :— (a) Gypaetus Storr, 1784: the entry containing the subjective synonymisation of Gypaetus grandis Storr, 1784 (the name of the type species cf the genus Gypaetus Storr) with Vultur barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, to be deleted (para- graph 4) ; (b) Anas Linnaeus, 1758: the entry containing the subjective synonymisation of Anas boschas Linnaeus, 1758 (the name of the type species of the genus Anas Linnaeus) with Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, to be deleted (paragraph 10) ; (c) Nyctea Stephens, 1826: the existing entry relating to the type species of this genus and the method by which that species was so determined to be deleted and to be replaced by an entry stating that the type species of this genus is Strix erminea Shaw, 1809, by monotypy (,aragraph 15) ; (d) Vireo Vieillot, 1807: the entry ‘‘ by selection by Gadow (1883) ’”’ to be substituted for the entry “‘ by selection by DIRECTION 81 329 Gray (1840)”’ as the method by which the type species of this genus was determined under Rule (g) in Article 30 ; the entry containing the subjective synonymisation of Vireo musicus Vieillot, 1807 (the name of the type species of the genus Vireo Vieillot) with Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783, to be deleted (paragraph 18) ; (2) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) aureus Hablizl, 1783, as published in the combination Vultur aureus (paragraph 4) ; (b) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur barbatus (paragraph 4) ; (c) meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, as published in the combination Gypaetos [sic] meridionalis (paragraph 4); (d) platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the. com- bination Anas platyrhynchos, the entry so to be made to be endorsed with the statement that by a “‘ First Reviser ”’ selection made by Lénnberg (1906) under Article 28 this name has precedence over the specific name boschas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas boschas, in the same work and on the same date (para- graph 10) ; (e) scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix scandiaca, the entry so to be made to be endorsed with the statement that by a “ First Reviser ’’ selection made by Loénnberg (1931) under Article 28 this name has precedence over the specific name myctea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix nyctea in the same book and on the same date (paragraph 15) ; (f) grisea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Tanagra grisea (paragraph 18) ; (3) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— Gypaetos Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1797 (an Invalid Emendation of Gypaetus Storr, 1784) (paragraph 5) ; (4) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :— platyrhyncha Lonnberg, 1906, as published in the com- bination Anas platyrhyncha (an Invalid Emendation of 330 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Anas platyrhynchos) (paragraph 10). 21. Acknowledgements : The grateful thanks of the Commission are due to the specialists named in paragraph 7 above for the assistance which they have been kind enough to give in regard to matters arising in the present case. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the confirmation of the position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Gypaetus, Anas, Nyctea and Vireo was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1050. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)6 : On Ist May 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(57)6) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal for the correction and completion of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic names Gypaetus Storr, 1784; Anas Linnaeus, 1758 ; Nyctea Stephens, 1826, and Vireo Vieillot, 1807, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, as set out in paragraph 20 of the paper by the Secretary numbered Z.N.(S.) 1050 [i.e. in the para- graph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist June 1957. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)6 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state DIRECTION 81 331 of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)6 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Vokes ; Holthuis ; Bonnet ; Hering; Lemche; Esaki; Prantl; Key; Sylvester-Bradley; Bradley (J.C.); Boschma; Stoll; Hankd; Tortonese; Jaczewski ; Cabrera ; Dymond ; Mertens ; Hemming ; Bodenheimer ; Riley ; do Amaral ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, two (2): Mayr ; Kiihnelt ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 2nd June 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting aS Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)6, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 332 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 11th August 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)6. 8. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— aureus, Vultur, Hablizl, 1783, in Pallas, Neue nord. Beytr. 4 : 64 barbatus, Vultur, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 87 grisea, Tanagra, Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. Pl. enlum. : 45 Gypaetos Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1797, Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat. Paris 1 : 65 meridionalis, Gypaetos |sic], Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europ. : Xxviii platyrhyncha, Anas, Lonnberg, 1906, J. Ornith. 54 ; 529 platyrhynchos, Anas, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 125 scandiaca, Strix, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 92 9. The following are the references for the selection of type species for genera specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— For Anas Linnaeus, 1758 : Lesson, 1828, Manuel Ornith. 2 : 417 Vireo Vieillot, 1807: Gadow, 1883, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 8 : 292 10. The following are the references for the “ First Reviser ” selections made under Article 28 of the Régles in respect of specific DIRECTION 81 333 names published in the same work and on the same date specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— (a) For the selection of the name platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas platyrhynchos, to be a name having precedence over the name Jboschas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas boschas :— Lonnberg, 1906, J. Ornith. 54 : 529 (b) For the selection of the name scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix scandiaca, to be a name having precedence over the name nyctea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix nyctea :— Loénnberg, 1931, /bis (13) 1 : 306 11. Family-Group-Name Problems: The family-group-name problems involved in the present case will be dealt with on a later occasion when comprehensive proposals will be submitted to the International Commission in regard to the problems arising in connection with this category of name involved in the Rulings given prior to the end of 1936 in Opinions in which the names of genera in the Class Aves were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 12. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 334 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- One (81) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Eleventh day of August, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission . on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.19. Pp. 335—360 DIRECTION 82 Confirmation of the position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), subject to the substitution of an amended entry in regard thereto (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) af | | j , 4 ht VAIN 2 bo \ LONDON : a Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Seventeen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 10th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 82 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (42th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. TRICE EN ae (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953 Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoitHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ae S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 195 Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 82 CONFIRMATION OF THE POSITION ON THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘* TRICHOGLOSSUS ” STEPHENS, 1826 (CLASS AVES), SUBJECT TO THE SUBSTITU- TION OF AN AMENDED ENTRY IN REGARD THERETO (‘‘ DIRECTION ”? SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘** OPINION ” 67) RULING :—(1) It is hereby directed that of the generic names Trichoglossus Stephens and Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, being names published in different works on unknown dates in the year 1826 and each therefore ranking for priority as from 31st December 1826, prece- dence be given to the name Trichoglossus Stephens over the name Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield. (2) It is hereby directed that the specific name ““haematod.”’ Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the com- bination Psittacus haematod., being a specific name published in an abbreviated form, be written out as ““ haematodus”’, the above completed spelling to be accorded the same priority as that applicable to the abbreviated form “ haematod.” published by Linnaeus in 1771. (3) The position of the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology is hereby confirmed, subject to the deletion of the entry in regard thereto made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 and the insertion in its place of the following revised entry :— Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, a name having precedence, under (1) above, over the name Trichoglossus Vigors 338 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS & Horsfield, 1826 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Lesson (1828) : Psittacus haematodus (spelling-out, in accordance with (2) above, of the abbreviated form “‘ haematod.”) Linnaeus, 1771, as interpreted by the “First Reviser”’ selection made by Jardine & Selby ({1831])) (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) haematodus (spelling-out, in accordance with (2) above, of the abbreviated form “‘ haematod.’’) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod., and as interpreted by the ‘“‘ First Reviser ’’ selection made by Jardine & Selby ({1831]) under Article 31 of the Regles (specific name of type species of Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826) (Name No. 1448) (b) capistratus Bechstein, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus capistratus (Name No. 1449) ; (c) moluccanus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus [sic] var. moluccanus, a name having precedence, through the “‘ First Reviser ” selection made by Mathews (G.M.) (1916—1917), over the name novae- hollandiae (emend. of novae Hollandia [sic}) Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the com- bination Psittacus haematotus [sic] var. novae Hollandia [sic] in the same work and on the same date (Name No. 1450). (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid 4958 DIRECTION 82 339 Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) haematod. Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod. (an Invalid, because abbreviated, Original Spelling for haema- todus) (Name No. 476) ; (b) the under-mentioned names, each of which is an Invalid Emendation of haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviation haematod.) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod. : (i) haematotus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus (Name No. 477) ; (11) haematodes Shaw, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus haematodes (Name No. 478) ; (iii) haematopus Stephens, 1826, as published in the combination Trichoglossus haematopus (Name No. 479). (6) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1060: Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 (invalid, under (1) above, as a junior homonym of Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction is concerned with the eighth of the nine names of genera in the Class Aves which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in 340 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Opinion 67, the entries regarding which were postponed for further examination at the time when in 1956 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in its Direction 43 reviewed in detail the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions embodied in the present Direction were submitted to the Commission by the Secretary in the following paper on 28th May 1957 :— Proposed correction and amplification of the entry relating to the generic name ‘‘ Trichoglossus ’’? Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves) made on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 67 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper is designed to place before the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature certain defects in the entry relating to the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 14(1) : 129) (Class Aves) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 177—182). The problem now to be considered came to light in the course of the preparations for the publication of the Official List in book-form. Attention was drawn to this matter in the paper dealing with other questions arising on the above Opinion which was submitted to the Commission by myself on 12th October 1955 which has since been published in Direction 43 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 171—210). It was then explained (: 187) that the necessary investigations had not been completed but that proposals in regard to the above name would be submitted as soon as possible. 2. Two difficulties arise in connection with the type species of this genus, both of which in the past have been responsible for much confusion. The first question is : “‘ What is the nominal species which under the Régles is the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens ?’’. The second question is of a taxonomic character and is : “‘ What is the species represented by the nominal species—whatever that may be—which is the type species of this genus?*’ These two questions are considered separately below. 3. Before approaching these problems it is necessary, however, to examine one preliminary matter, namely, the question whether (as DIRECTION 82 341 stated in Opinion 67) Stephens was in fact the first author to publish the generic name Trichoglossus and therefore whether it is his treatment of the name which is relevant in the present case. In his description of this genus Stephens attributed the name Trichoglossus to Vigors & Horsfield, without however giving a bibliographical reference to any paper by these authors. Vigors & Horsfield did however publish the name Trichoglossus as a new name of their own in a paper published in the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (15(1) : 287), which, like Stephens’ paper, appeared in the year 1826. The question to be considered is therefore whether this name was first published by Stephens or by Vigors & Horsfield. Fortunately, there is important evidence on this subject in Stephens’ own hand. From this it is clear that Stephens wrote this part of the Gen. Zool. after Vigors & Horsfield had made their communication to the Linnean Society and that it was by this means that he had become acquainted with their intention to introduce the name Trichoglossus. This was not, however, the only new name proposed by Vigors & Horsfield in the foregoing communication which was used by Stephens in volume 14 of the Gen. Zool. In all there were three such names ; of these, first to be mentioned by Stephens (Joc. cit. 14(1) : 109) was the name Calyptorhynchus, under which he gave the following note :—‘** The generic characters not having been published, I have merely given the above concise definition and must refer my readers to the fifteenth volume of the Linnean Transactions, now in the press, in which you will find them accurately laid down by Mr. Vigors : the same remark may also apply to the genera Nanodes and Trichoglossus of the same author”. No evidence is available regarding the exact date of publication in 1826 of the relevant parts of the Gen. Zool. or of Volume 15 of the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. Accordingly, under a provision inserted in the Régles by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl 4 : 223—225) each of these names ranks for purposes of priority as from 31st December 1826, that being the earliest date as from which each is known to have been published. The relative priority to be assigned to any two such names is a matter which can be determined only by a Ruling by the International Commission. It is necessary therefore to consider which of these names it is desirable should be given priority over the other. For this we must fall back upon the information provided by Stephens in the passage quoted above. It is quite clear from that passage that Stephens himself anticipated that his volume containing “‘ concise definitions’’ of the genera concerned would appear before the paper by Vigors in which those characters would be “ accurately laid down ”’ in full. There is therefore a strong and absolutely contemporary presumption that Stephens’ volume 14 of the Gen. Zool. was published earlier in 1826 than the Vigors & Horsfield paper in the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. This presumption has been accepted as valid by ornithologists, by whom the name Trichoglossus has been treated as having been published by Stephens before it was published by Vigors & Horsfield. It was, in fact, so accepted by the Commission in its Opinion 67, in which the name Trichoglossus was 342 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS attributed to Stephens with the significant addition “‘ (Vigors MS.) ”’. As the question of the relative dates of publication of the two papers can never now be settled by direct evidence, it would be helpful if the Commission were to take the present opportunity to give an explicit Ruling that Stephens’ volume 14 of the Gen. Zool. is to be treated for nomenclatorial purposes as having priority over the paper by Vigors & Horsfield in the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 4. Having now reached the conclusion that the name Trichoglossus should be treated as having been first published by Stephens in 1826 (in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 14(1) : 130), we may turn to examine his treat- ment of the nominal genus so established. We find, on doing so, that this genus was established (a) without a designated or indicated type species but (b) with seven included nominal species. Of these, the fifth, sixth and seventh were only doubtfully referred to the genus, and are therefore ineligible for consideration as possible type species. The other four nominal species cited by Stephens were :—(i) Tricho- glossus haematopus (: 130) (attributed to Gmelin, but first published in this spelling by Stephens on the present occasion) ; (11) P. capistratus (Bechstein, 1811); (iii) T. concinnus (Shaw, 1791); (Gv) T. pusillus (Latham, 1790). At this point we have to recall that under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 179—180) the nominal species eligible for selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 as the type species of a genus established without a designated or indicated type species are (1) any nominal species cited at the time of the establishment of the genus as being a valid taxonomic species belonging to that genus and (2) any nominal species, the name of which was cited on the above occasion as a synonym of the name of a nominal species then accepted as a valid taxonomic species. Under the second part of the foregoing provision, the nominal species Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1811, is eligible for selection as the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens because its name was cited by that author in the synonymy of what he there called Trichoglossus haematopus (Gmelin). Accord- ingly the nominal species which alone are eligible for selection as the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens are the following :— (i) the nominal species cited by Stephens as Psittacus haematopus Gmelin, as to which see the further particulars given in paragraph 6 below ; (ii) Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1811 (Gen. Zool. 8(2) : 413) (cited by Stephens in the synonymy of (i) above) ; (ii1) Psittacus capistratus Bechstein, 1811 (Lathams Uebers. Végel 4(1) : 68, pl. 3); (iv) Psittacus concinnus Shaw, 1791 (Nat. Misc. 3 : pl. 87) ; (v) Psittacus pusillus Latham, 1790 UIndex Orn. : 106). DIRECTION 82 343 5. Of the foregoing nominal species the first alone enters seriously into the subsequent history of this case. In view of the misunder- standings which, as will be seen, were entertained by Stephens in regard to this species, it will be well to note exactly what he wrote about it. His entry relating to it was as follows :— Tr. haematopus Psittacus haematopus Gmel. Syst. nat. 1, p. 357 Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, vol. viii, p. 413 Molucca Isles 6. Before we proceed any further, there are three preliminary points in regard to Stephens’ entry regarding Psittacus haematopus Gmelin, of which it is necessary to take note. The first point is that Stephens either miscopied or erroneously emended the specific name used by Gmelin, the spelling employed by whom, having been “* haematotus ”’ and not “‘haematopus’’. Second, Stephens gave a wrong page reference for this name which appeared in Gmelin’s work on page 316 and not on page 357, as stated by Stephens. The correct reference for this name is Psittacus haematotus Gmelin, 1788, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) :316. Third, we have to note that the name Psittacus haematotus was not a new name published by Gmelin, the specific name haematotus being no more than an Invalid Emendation of haematod, a name which in the combination Psittacus haematod had been published by Linnaeus in 1771 (Mantissa Plant. : 524). Gmelin clearly showed that he was referrring back to the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771, by inserting the reference ““Mant. 1771” in the particulars given by him for Psittacus haematotus. [As the result either of an error of transcription or of a printer’s error, Gmelin cited the page reference to the Mantissa as “ 574” (on which no such name appears) instead of as “‘ 524”’.] 7. Normally, in a case of this kind the next step would be to determine by reference to the literature what is the nominal species which is the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens. In the present case it, however, will be more convenient before doing so to examine the question of what is the taxonomic species represented by the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771, which (as noted above) is one of the originally included nominal species in the foregoing genus through having been cited by Stephens under the name Psittacus haematopus, amisspelling by that author of the name Psittacus haemototus of Gmelin, itself only an Invalid Emendation of the name Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771. As will be seen later this question is of great importance in the present case, incorrect interpretations of the above nominal species having been one of the principal causes of the later confusion in the literature. 8. The nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus was a composite based upon two discordant elements, which we may call Species ‘‘A”’ 344 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS and Species ““ B”’ respectively. In addition, Stephens, when establish- ing the genus Trichoglossus included in the synonymy of this species (cited by him in the variant spelling haematopus) a third species which we may call Species ““C’’. The three “ species ’’ referred to above are currently regarded as subspecies of a single polytypic species, but this does not detract from the fact that each represents a distinct population which needs to be separated from the other two. The taxa concerned are identifiable as follows :— Species “‘A” This is the “‘ Red-breasted Parrakeet of Edwards’’ which occurs in Timor. It was included in the nominal species Psittacus haematod by Linnaeus through the citation of the reference “‘ Psittacus pectore rubro. Edw. av. 45. t. 232’. Species ** B”’ This bird was also included by Linnaeus in his Psittacus haematod. It occurs (as stated by Linnaeus) in Amboina and is distinguished from Species “‘A”’ by the blue edging to the red breast feathers. It was described by Brisson as ‘“‘ Psittacus amboinensis varia” in 1760 (Ornithologia 4 : 364) and this reference was cited by Linnaeus for his Psittacus haematod. Brisson’s description was not, however, com- pletely homogeneous, for it included in part a reference to Edwards’ Red-breasted Parrakeet which, as noted above is referable to Species “A”. In 1783 Species “‘B’’ was figured by Buffon (Hist. nat. Ois. 7: Pl. enl. 61) under the name “ Perruche d’Amboine”’. Species ** C”’ This bird, which occurs in Eastern Australia, enters into the present case through the nominal species Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw which, as noted in paragraph 4 above, was cited by Stephens as a synonym of what he called Psittacus haematopus Gmelin when he placed that species in the genus TJrichoglossus. Shaw’s Psittacus cyanogaster was itself a composite, being based partly upon the “ Perruche d’Amboine’’ of Buffon [i.e. Species “‘B’’] and partly upon the **Perruche des Moluques”’ (Hist. nat. Ois. 7: Pl. enl. 743) of that author which is Species ““C”’. 9. From the particulars given above it will be seen that at the time of its establishment the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus was a composite, comprising both Species “‘A’’ and Species “B”’. It remained in this condition until in [1831] (//. Orn. expl. to pls. 111, 112) Jardine & Selby pointed out that the foregoing nominal species DIRECTION 82 345 (which they referred to under the variant spelling haematodus) was a composite, based partly upon Edwards’ plate of the ‘‘ Red-breasted Parrakeet ” (i.e. Species “‘A’’) and partly upon Species “‘ B”’, as is shown by the reference to Brisson (: 364) and added that it was this latter bird which was the same as the ‘“‘ Psittacus amboinensis varia”’ of Brisson which was the true haematodus of Linnaeus. By this action Jardine & Selby clearly acted as First Revisers, selecting the species from Amboina, styled Species ‘‘ B”’ in paragraph 8 above, to be the species to which the name Psittacus haematod Linnaeus should apply. 10. As shown in paragraph 6 above, the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus is one of the species included by Stephens in his genus Trichoglossus, for Psittacus haematotus Gmelin (cited by Stephens under the misspelling haematopus) is itself no more than an Invalid Emendation of the haematod of Linnaeus. Stephens (1826), in common with other ornithologists who dealt with this subject prior to the appearance of the paper by Jardine & Selby in [1831], did not appreciate the distinction between Species “A”? and Species ““B” and treated both as belonging to ‘‘ haematopus [sic] Linn.’’, i.e. to Psittacus haematod Linnaeus. Indeed, he went further by identifying Species “‘C”’ with the Linnean species by citing in its synonymy the nominal species Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw which (as shown in para- graph 8 above) was, when first established, a composite made up partly of Species “‘ B ” and partly of Species ““C’’. It will be seen from the above particulars that, although Stephens was very confused in his treatment of the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, one of the species included by him under this name was Species “‘ B’’, the species which (as shown in paragraph 9 above) was later selected by Jardine & Selby as First Revisers to be the species to which the specific name haematod Linnaeus should exclusively apply. Thus the action taken by Jardine & Selby was not only a valid “ First Reviser ’’ selection under Article 31 of the Régles, but in addition was in no way inconsistent with the treatment accorded to the name haematod Linnaeus by Stephens when establishing the nominal genus Trichoglossus. In this connection it should be recalled that by a provision inserted in the Régles by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158— 159), when codifying the Rulings given in Opinion 65 (1914, Smithson. Publ. 2256 : 152—169), as extended by Opinion 168 (1945, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 411—430) an author establishing a nominal genus is, save in certain exceptional circumstances (which do not apply in the present case), to be assumed to have correctly identified the nominal species assigned by him to his new genus. Thus under this provision Stephens would be assumed to have correctly identified the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus when placing it in his new genus Trichoglossus, irrespective of any taxonomic doubts which might have been raised by his remarks about that species. Fortunately, in the present case it is clear that Stephens did include 346 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the true Psittacus haematod Linnaeus [i.e. Species ““ B ’’] when he cited that nominal species (under the misspelled form haematopus) in his genus Trichoglossus, even though, as is also clear, he incorrectly included other species [Species ‘“‘A”’ and Species “‘ C’’] under that name. 11. We must next examine the question of the names properly applicable to the species styled Species “‘A’’ and Species “C” respectively in paragraph 8 above, partly because under the ‘‘ Com- pleteness-of-Opinions ”’ Rule this is a matter which should not be left unsettled and partly because, as we shall see (paragraph 13 below) Species “‘ C ” re-enters the present case at a later stage as the result of the disregard by some authors of the definitive First Reviser selection made for Psittacus haematod Linnaeus by Jardine & Selby (paragraph 9 above). 12. Species ““A”’ as we have seen (paragraph 8 above), is the species which was figured by Edwards in 1758 as the “‘ Red-breasted Parrakeet”’. Next in 1760 (Ornithologia 4 : 364) it was included by Brisson under the non-binominal name “‘ Psittacus amboinensis varia ’’, the description given for which applied, however, to Species ‘““B” [the species to which, as shown in paragraph 8 above, the name Psittacus haematod Linnaeus applies]. Later in the eighteenth century Species “A”’’ was again included with Species “‘ B ’’ under a single name : (i) by Linnaeus in 1771 under the name Psittacus haematod [which, as shown in para- graph 9 above was first rendered determinate by the First Reviser choice in favour of Species “‘ B’’ made by Jardine & Selby in [1831] ] ; (ii) by Boddaert in 1783 (Tabl. PI. enl. 4 : pl. 61) as Psittacus haematodus [a variant of haematod Linnaeus] ; and (iii) in 1788 by Gmelin as Psittacus haematotus [another variant of haematod Linnaeus]. Thus, as the result of its having been misidentified with Species “B”’, Species ““A”’ was still without a name of its own by the end of the eighteenth century. The next author to deal with Species “A”’’ was Le Vaillant by whom it was figured in 1801 (Hist. nat. Perr. : 96, pl. 47), who, however, cited it under the vernacular (French) name “Le Perruche a face bleue’’, basing it expressly upon Edwards’ figure of the “* Red-breasted Parrakeet ”’ but not giving it a binominal name. It was not until 1811 that Species ‘“‘A’’ at last received a binominal name when Bechstein named it Psittacus capistratus, basing this nominal species upon Edwards’ plate of the “‘Red-breasted Parrakeet”’ and on Le Vaillant’s “‘ Le Perruche a face bleue ’’, which (as shown above) was in its turn also based upon Edwards’ plate. The specific name capistratus Bechstein, 1811, is thus the oldest available name for, and the valid name of, the species discussed above as Species “A”. This is the name applied to this taxon by Peters (J.L.) (1937, Checklist Birds World 3 : 148), by whom it was treated as the Timor subspecies of Trichoglossus haematod (Linnaeus) from Amboina. 13. Species “* C’’ was first distinguished in 1783 (Hist. nat. Ois. 7: Pl. enl. 743) by Buffon who applied to it the vernacular (French) DIRECTION 82 347 name “‘ Perruche des Moluques’’. This species was next dealt with in 1788 (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 316) by Gmelin, by whom it was treated as a “ varietas’’ of what he called Psittacus haematotus [a variant of haematod Linnaeus], which, as already explained (paragraph 8) was a mixture of Species “‘A” and Species “ B ”. Gmelin, unfortunately fell into the error of believing that two previously published plates of Species ““C’’ represented different ““ varieties ’’ of his Psittacus haematotus and gave a different name to each. These “‘ varieties’ he styled “‘ var. 8”? and “‘ var. y”’ respect- ively. Var. 8 was based exclusively upon Buffon’s plate 743 of his “*Perruche des Moluques ’’, which, as noted above, is the first plate published of Species “‘ C”’, while var. y was based upon the “‘ Blue- bellied Parrot” figured by Brown (P.) (“ J/lustr. p. 14.t.7”’) which also represents Species ““C’”’. The first of these “‘ varieties ’’ Gmelin called Psittacus haematotus var. moluccanus (: 316), the second Psittacus haematotus var. novae Hollandia [sic]. Two other names given to Species ““C”’ require mention. These are :—(i) Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1811, which, as noted in paragraph 4 above) was treated by Stephens when establishing the genus Trichoglossus, as a junior synonym of Psittacus haematod Linnaeus (cited by him under the variant spelling haematopus) ; (ii) Trichoglossus swainsoni Jardine & Selby, [1831] U/l. Orn. : pl. 112). The first of these nominal species was (as has already been noted in paragraph 8 above), a composite consisting partly of Species ““B’’ and partly of Species ““C’’. The nominal species Trichoglossus swainsoni was established by Jardine & Selby, and was based upon Buffon’s “* Perruche des Moluques ”’ which (as explained above) represents Species “‘C’’. It was established by Jardine & Selby at the same time that, as First Revisers, they selected Species ““ B”’ to be the species to which the name Psittacus haematod Linnaeus should apply. One more question remains to be considered in connection with the nomenclature of Species “‘C”’, namely, which of the two specific names (moluccanus and novaehollandiae (emenda- tion of novae Hollandia)), published for it by Gmelin in 1788 in the same book and on the same date, is to be preferred to the other. The name novaehollandiae Gmelin had become well established for Species ““C” by the end of the nineteenth century, but this was due to the fact that it was believed to be the oldest name for that species, a view taken without reference to the competing claims of moluccanus Gmelin. The first author to discuss these names in relation to one another was Mathews (G.M.) ({(1916—1917], Birds Australia 6 : 9—12) who showed that they applied to the same taxon. In the belief that in such a case relative precedence was determinable by the principle of page and line precedence Mathews replaced the then currently accepted name novaehollandiae by the name moluccanus (: 12), at the same time expressing regret that this change of name should be necessary (: 25). The grounds on which Mathews took this action were incorrect, but this does not invalidate his action which constitutes a valid “‘ First Reviser ”’ selection of moluccanus Gmelin as a name to be used in prefer- ence to novaehollandiae Gmelin. In due course the change came to be © 348 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS accepted and it is under the name moluccanus Gmelin that this taxon appeared in 1937 in Peters’ Checklist of the Birds of the World (3 : 151). 14. We must now revert to the question of which of the nominal species included by Stephens in the genus Trichoglossus is under the Régles the type species of that genus. An examination of the litera- ture shows that the first author to make a type selection for the genus Trichoglossus was Lesson who in 1828 (Manuel Ornith. 2 : 147) wrote :—** Le type de ce genre est le psittacus [sic] haematodus des Moluques’’. This is an unequivocal selection of Psittacus haematod Linnaeus as the type species of Trichoglossus. It cannot be held to be invalidated by the fact that Lesson stated that this species occurs in the Moluccas (thereby implying that he was speaking, at least in part), of Species “‘ C’’, and not of Species “‘ B”’ [the true Psittacus haematod of Linnaeus]), for under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158), when codifying the Ruling given in Opinion 14 (1910, Smithson. Publ. 1938 : 25—27), a type selection made under Rule (g) in Article 30 is not invalidated if the author making that selection himself misidentifies the nominal species which he so selects. (It may be worth noting that, even if the foregoing provision had not been inserted in the Régles and if in consequence Lesson’s type selection had been invalid, the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus would still have been the type species of Jrichoglossus Stephens, for it was unequivocally so selected by Gray (G.R.), the first subsequent author to select one of the originally included nominal species to be the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, (Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds : 51). Gray certainly interpreted the above nominal species correctly, as shown by his reference to the ‘‘ First Reviser”’ selection made by Jardine & Selby ((1831]). | 15. Having now (a) established that the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, is Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771 (by selection by Lesson, 1828) and (b) determined as Species “B” the taxon represented by that nominal species, we are in a position at last to examine the entry relating to the foregoing name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent this entry requires to be amended. The entry in question reads as follows :— Trichoglossus (Vigors MS.) Stephens, General Zool. 14, i, 1826, 129. T[ype species by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation]., Swainson, 1832 swainsoni Jardine & Selby, 1831 = haematopus Stephens (nec haematodus Linn.) = Psittacus novae hollandiae [sic] Gmelin. 16. The foregoing entry provides a particularly glaring example of the difficulties to be expected if, as was formerly the case, entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology contain subjective synonymies instead of being confined to objective nomenclatorial facts. It is not DIRECTION 82 349 surprising therefore that shortly after the publication of this Opinion it became the object of severe criticism by Mathews in Volume 6 of his Birds of Australia. But it is not only in form that this Ruling was defective, for in addition it contained major errors on questions of nomenclatorial fact. Thus while it is true that Swainson did make a type-selection for this genus in 1832, as stated in Opinion 67—the reference being Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illustr. (2) 3: expl. pl. 92— he was not the first author to make such a selection, this having been done four years earlier by Lesson. Second, if Swainson’s type selection had been the first to have been made, it would have been invalid because the nominal species which he so selected—Trichoglossus swainsoni Jardine & Selby, [1831]—was not included by Stephens in his genus Trichoglossus when he established it in 1826 and indeed by reason of its date could not then have been so included. Finally, the inclusion in the above Opinion of the complicated synonymy for the type species then given was designed to suggest that the type species of Trichoglossus was what we have called Species “‘ C”’ instead of, as in fact it is, Species “‘B’’, i.e. Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771, as interpreted by the “First Reviser’’ selection made by Jardine & Selby ({1831]). The citation in the Ruling under discussion of the specific name novaehollandiae Gmelin was presumably intended to underline the contention that the type species of Trichoglossus Stephens was Species “C’”’, to which (as shown in paragraph 13 above) the name novaehollandiae Gmelin applies. 17. At this point is is necessary to consider whether the correction at the present date of the erroneous entry on the Officlal List made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 in relation to the type species of the genus Trichoglossus. Stephens—i.e. the correction of the statement in that Ruling that the type species of this genus is Species ““C” (which it is not) instead of Species “* B ”’ (which it is)—would (1) involve a change in the concept represented by that nominal genus or (ii) give rise to change in current nomenclatorial practice, for, if the answer to either of the foregoing questions were to be in the affirmative, it would be necessary to consider whether in the interests of nomenclatorial stability it would be desirable to use the Plenary Powers to validate the substance (though not the form) of the Ruling given in the above Opinion. Fortunately, the answers to both the foregoing questions are in the negative. The acceptance as the type species of Trichoglossus Stephens of Species “‘ B ”’ [i.e. Psittacus haematod Linnaeus], the species which is the type species under the Régles, in place of Species ““C” [i.e. Psittacus haematotus var. moluccanus Gmelin, 1788], the nominal species erroneously sought to be set up as the type species by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, would involve no change in the concept represented by the nominal genus Trichoglossus Stephens, for the taxa represented by the foregoing nominal units are currently regarded as being con- generic with one another and indeed are treated by some authors (e.g. Peters, 1937) as being no more than subspecies of a single species. 350 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Second, the acceptance as the type species of Trichoglossus Stephens of Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, the true type species of that genus, in place of Species “‘C”’ [i.e. Psittacus haematotus var. moluccanus, Gmelin], the false type species set up by Opinion 67, would involve no change in current practice, the nominal species Psittacus haematod Linnaeus being today correctly accepted as the type species of Tricho- glossus Stephens. It is apparent therefore that. there is no case for the use of the Plenary Powers to validate the Ruling given in Opinion 67 and that all that is required is that the defects in that Ruling should now be corrected. 18. We have now to consider what other action is called for in the present case. First, under the General Directive issued to the Com- mission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, in regard to the placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which are placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, it is necessary that the specific name haematod Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod, as being the specific name of the type species of Trichoglossus Stephens, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The entry so made should bear an endorsement that this nominal species is to be inter- preted by reference to the “ First Reviser ’’ selection made by Jardine & Selby ([1831]). Second, under the General Directive relating to completeness of Opinion issued by the same Congress the names of the two other species involved in the present case, i.e. those which have been styled Species “‘A’’ and Species “‘ C’’ respectively should also be then placed on the above Official List. As has already been established (paragraphs 12 and 13) the names so concerned are capistratus Bech- stein, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus capistratus, and moluccanus Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus var. moluccanus. To the entry relating to the latter name there should be added an endorsement that this name has precedence over the name novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus var. novae Hollandia {sic}, through the First Reviser selection made by Mathews (G.M.), [1916— 1917]. Third, there should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the various Invalid Emendations of the specific name haematod. Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod, the existence of which so greatly complicate the consideration of the present case. The names con- cerned are :—(1) haematodus Boddaert, 1783 (Psittacus) ; (ii) haematotus Gmelin, 1788 (Psittacus) ; (iii) hematodes Shaw, 1811 (Psittacus) (Gen. Zool. 8(2) : 415); (iv) haematopus Stephens, 1826 (Trichoglossus). Finally, the name Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 (discussed in paragraph 3 above) should, as a junior homonym of Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 82 351 19. No family-group-name problem arises in the present case, the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, being currently placed in the family PSITTACIDAE. 20. In the light of the considerations set out in the foregoing para- graphs the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is recommended to take the following action in relation to the entry regarding the name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, namely :— (1) to confirm explicitly the Ruling given implicitly in Opinion 67 that of the names Trichoglossus Stephens and Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, these being names published in different works on unknown dates in 1826 and each therefore ranking for priority as from 3lst December 1826, precedence be given to the name Trichoglossus Stephens over the name Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield ; (2) to delete from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the entry in regard to the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens 1826, and to insert in its place the following revised entry :— Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Lesson (1828) ; Psittacus haematod Linnaeus, 1771, as interpreted by the “‘ First Reviser ”’ selection made by Jardine & Selby, ({1831]). (3) to place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology : (a) haematod Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod, interpreted as specified in (2) above (specific name of type species of Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826) ; (b) capistratus Bechstein, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus capistratus ; (c) moluccanus Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus var. moluccanus, a name having precedence over the name novaehollandiae (emend. of noyae Hollandia [sic]) Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus var. novae Hollandia [sic] in the same work and on the same date through the “First Reviser’’ selection made by Mathews (G.M.) ({1916—1917}) ; (4) to place the under-mentioned specific names, each of which is an Invalid Emendation of haematod Linnaeus, 1771, as published 352 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in the combination Psittacus haematod, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology : (a) haematodus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Psittacus haematodus ; (b) haematotus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the com- bination Psittacus haematotus ; (c) haematodes Shaw, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus haematodes (d) haematopus Stephens, 1826, as published in the combination Trichoglossus haematopus ; (5) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 (invalid under (1) above as a junior homonym of Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826). 21. Acknowledgments : J have to acknowledge my indebtedness to the assistance given by my colleague the late Dr. James L. Peters in unravelling the complicated history of this case. I should like to express my gratitude also to Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc., of this Office, for the detailed investigation of the literature which she later under- took for the purpose of enabling me to follow up the general indications kindly furnished by Dr. Peters. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the revision of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Trichoglossus was allotted the Registered No. Z.N.(S.) 1055. II. THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 : On 28th May 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(57)7) was issued in which each DIRECTION 82 353 Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that (a) in conformity with the General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, relative to the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and (b) in conformity with the further Directive issued by the foregoing Congress in relation to the correction of any errors that might be detected in Rulings given in Opinions rendered during the said period, approval be now given to the action in relation to the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, as set out in paragraph 20 of the paper bearing the Registered No. Z.N.(S.) 1055 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 of the proposals submitted therewith in relation to the spelling of the specific name of the type species of the genus ‘‘ Tricho- glossus ’’ Stephens, 1826 : On 17th June 1957 there was received a note annexed by Professor Ernst Mayr to his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 in which it was stated that, when citing the specific name of the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, almost all ornithologists spelled out that name in full as haematodus in place of using the form “ haematod.” in which it had been published by Linnaeus in 1771. On the receipt of this communication Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, took the view that the issue so raised was one which required further investigation and the submission to the Commission of separate proposals. Accordingly, on 18th June 1957, Mr. Hemming executed a Minute (a) withdrawing from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper the question of the spelling to be used for the fore- going specific name and (b) directing that the question so reserved be investigated with all practicable despatch with a view to the submission to the Commission of a separate Voting Paper in regard thereto. 354 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (57)7 : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period in respect of that Voting Paper closed on 28th June 1957. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)57)7 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7, as restricted by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 18th June 1957, to which reference has been made in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Lemche ; Stoll ; Hering ; Holthuis ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Esaki; Hanké ; Dymond; Vokes; Key; Jaczewski ; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Bodenheimer ; Boschma ; Mayr ; Hemming ; Cabrera ; Prantl ; Kithnelt ; Bonnet ; do Amaral ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Miller. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (57)7: On 29th June 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper, exclusive of the proposal specifically withdrawn therefrom by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 18th June 1957, had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Submission of proposals for the determination of the relative status of the spellings ‘‘ haematod ’’ and ‘‘ haematodus ”’ for the DIRECTION 82 355 specific name of the type species of the genus ‘‘ Trichoglossus ”’ Stephens, 1826: On Ist July 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared for the consideration of the International Commission the following paper in which he set out the problems involved in connection with the spelling to be adopted for the specific name published in the form “ haematod.” in the combination Psittacus haematod. by Linnaeus in 1771 and recommended that for the reasons there advanced the Commission should give a Ruling that this name should be spelled to form the name “ haematodus” :— Proposed approval of the spelling out in full of the specific name of the type species of the genus ‘‘ Trichoglossus ’’ Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves) originally published in abbreviated form By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) By the vote just concluded on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 the International Commission has approved the proposals submitted with that Voting Paper for the correction and amplification of the entry relating to the generic name Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. 2. In returning his affirmative vote on the above case Professor Ernst Mayr raised a point of detail which I regret that I had overlooked when preparing the proposals submitted to the Commission in regard to the above case but which I consider must now be placed before the Commission. This is concerned with the spelling to be adopted for the specific name of the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens. As explained in the paper submitted in this case, this name was spelt - “ haematod.” by Linnaeus when in 1771 he published it in the com- bination Psittacus haematod. As was explained also in the paper referred to above, this name was amended to “‘ haematodus’’ by Boddaett in 1783. Various other spellings were also used by subsequent early authors (see paragraph 20(4) of the paper submitted in this case). 3. The original spelling haematod was employed by Peters (J.L.) in his Check-List of Birds of the World and this spelling was recommended for adoption in the paper referred to above. In making this recom- mendation I overlooked two considerations, namely :— (a) that, with the exception of Mathews and Peters, all ornithologists for many years past have written out in full as haematodus the name published by Linnaeus as haematod. ; (b) that in the Mantissa Plantarum in which Linnaeus published this name a considerable number of specific names were published 356 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in abbreviated form. Examples of cases of this sort in the above work are provided by the names Lanius leucoryn., Psittacus mascarin., and Carabus bimacul. The fact that these and similarly published specific names are in abbreviated form was indicated by Linnaeus by the addition of the full stop at the end of the word. (It must be added that in one or two cases full stops were added in this way at the end of names which were clearly not in abbreviated form. This slight lack of consistency is presumably attributable to defective proof- reading. In the special cases concerned, the nature of the word is such as to make it quite clear that the word is not in abbreviated form.) 4. The question of the treatment to be accorded to specific names published in abbreviated form was discussed between Professor Mayr and myself shortly before the Copenhagen Congress in 1953 and it was then agreed between us that at a convenient time the Commission should be asked to give a Ruling that in cases of this sort—the particular case then under consideration was a specific name published in the form “* americ.”’—the name was to be written out in full by later authors in all cases (i) where it was clear that the word was abbreviated and (ii) where there could be no doubt as to what the full form of the word should be, and that in other cases, the problem should be referred to the Commission for decision. A proposal for the adoption of a Declaration of this sort has recently been submitted to the Commission (1957, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 13 : 210—212). 5. It is important here to note that we are not concerned with the emendation of a name (which would require the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers) but with the spelling-out of a name published in abbreviated form. In these circumstances and having regard to the statement communicated to this Office by Professor Mayr that the attempt by Peters to reject the spelling-out to haematodus made by Boddaert in 1783 in favour of the abbreviated spelling haematod. used by Linnaeus in 1771 has been uniformly rejected by all recent monographers, the present seems a particularly appropriate example of a case where the spelling-out of a name originally published in abbreviated form should be accepted by the Commission. In urging this course, Professor Mayr stresses the importance of the action recommended from the point of view of stability in the nomenclature of the group concerned and the fact that any other decision would run counter to the current practice of specialists when dealing with 99 466 specific names such as “ americ.”’, “* merid.”’, etc. 6. In view of the importance of clearing up with as little delay as possible all outstanding matters relating to entries already made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, so that the projected publication of the Official List in book-form may take place as soon as possible, it is recommended that the following modifications be approved by the Commission in the proposals submitted to it on 28th May 1957 DIRECTION 82 357 in the paper bearing the number Z.N.(S.) 1055 submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 :— (1) that a Ruling be given that the specific name “‘ haematod.” Linnaeus, 1771, published in the combination ‘‘ Psittacus haematod.”’, being a specific name published in an abbreviated form, be written out in full as “ haematodus’’, the above completed spelling to be accorded the same priority as that applicable to the abbreviated form ‘‘ haematod.”’ published by Linnaeus in 1771 ; _ (2) that the name haematod. Linnaeus, 1771 as published in the combination Psittacus haematod., be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with a note that the name so published was an abbreviation of the name haematodus. 9. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10 : On 3rd July 1957, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(57)10) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the spelling-out of the specific name of the type species of the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), as set out in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 6 of the paper bearing the Registered No. Z.N.(S.) 1055 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 8 of the present Direction]. 10. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (57)10 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 3rd August 1957. 11. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Lemche ; Holthuis ; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Stoll ; Vokes; Mayr; Kiihnelt; Tortonese; do Amaral; Hering; Jaczewski; Key; Bodenheimer; MHanké ; Hemming ; Esaki ; Cabrera ; Prantl ; Dymond ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Boschma ; Bonnet; Miller ; 358 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On leave of absence, one (1) : Riley ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 12. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (57)10 : On 4th August 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 11 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 13. Status of the specific name ‘‘ haematodus ’’ Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination ‘‘ Psittacus haematodus ”’: In anticipation of the preparation of the Ruling to be given in the present case, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, on 10th August 1957 executed a Minute placing on record that, consequent upon the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10 that the spelling haematod. Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod., is to be treated as being an abbreviation of the spelling “ haematodus”, that spelling as used (in the same combination) by Boddaert in 1783, had ceased to be an emendation of the specific name haematod. Linnaeus, being in fact no more than the first correct subsequent spelling of that name. In the same Minute Mr. Hemming added that in consequence the proposal that the above name as published by Boddaert should, as an Invalid Emendation of haematod. Linnaeus, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology included in the paper (paragraph 1 above) submitted to the Commission in May 1957 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)7 (paragraph 3 above) had ceased to be applicable and was therefore to be treated as having been withdrawn. DIRECTION 82 359 14. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 12th August 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(57)7, as supplemented by the vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)10, as clarified on one point of detail by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 10th August 1957 (paragraph 13 above). 15. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— capistratus, Psittacus, Bechstein, 1811, Lathams Uebers. Vogel 4(1) : 68, pl. 3 haematod., Psittacus, Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Plant. : 524 haematodes, Psittacus, Shaw, 1811, Gen. Zool. 8(2) : 415 haematodus, Psittacus, Linnaeus, 1771 (a spelling-out of haematod., Psittacus, Linnaeus, 1771, first published by Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. PI. enl. : 4, pl. 61) haematopus, Trichoglossus, Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 14(1) : 130 haematotus, Psittacus, Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, in Linnaeus, seks Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 316. moluccanus, Psittacus haematotus var., Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 316 Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, 1826, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 15(1) : 287 16. The following is the reference for the selection of the type species for the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Lesson, 1828, Manuel Ornith. 2 : 147 17. The following is the reference for the “ First Reviser ” selection made under Article 28 of the Régles under which the 360 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS specific name moluccanus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the’ combination Psittacus haematotus [sic] var. moluccanus, takes precedence over the specific name novaehollandiae (emend. of novae Hollandia [sic]) Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus [sic], var. novae Hollandia [sic], a name published in the same work and on the same date :— Mathews (G.M.), [1916—1917], Birds Australia 6 : 9—12 18. The following is the reference for the “ First Reviser ” selection made under Article 31 of the Régles for the interpreta- tion of the nominal species Psittacus haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviated form “ haematod.”’) Linnaeus, 1771 :— Jardine & Selby, [1831], 77. Orn. : expl. to pls. 111, 112 19. Family-Group-Name Aspect: No _ family-group-name problem arises in connection with the present case, the genus Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, that genus being currently referred to the family PSITTACIDAE. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- Two (82) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of August, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & CoopeR LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- i} NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by | FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.20. Pp. 361—370 DIRECTION 83 Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves) (Direction Supplementary to Opinion 67) a Aaavsongs\ (/ Sete aaNet Me) ah pany Z J LONDON : i caadall Printed by Order of the- International Trust for | Zoological Nomenclature Be — and sees: ~~ Sold on behalf of the International Connaga on “Zoological | . ; Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office a 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W. i 1957. = a ani Brice Six Shillings ae 1 Sbapeaiee (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 83 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Figen eye (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso EsAKi (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953 Professor Béla HANKO (MezOyazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (i2th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Gin 1 areas! 1953) Dr. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific ane Industrial Research Organisation, Ce A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 195 Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate pen University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Narodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th Qctober 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Caecans S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 83 SUPPRESSION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘‘ FEROX ”? GMELIN (S.G.), 1771, AS PUBLISHED IN THE COMBINATION ‘ ACCIPITER FEROX ’’ (CLASS AVES) (‘‘ DIRECTION ”’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘‘ OPINION ”’ 67) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves), is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1461 :— gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Falco gallicus (specific name of type species of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816) (Class Aves). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is_ hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid dAN 1 € 1958 364 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 486 :— ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers in (1) above. I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction is concerned to secure the position of the specific name gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Falco gallicus, the position of which had been threatened at various-times on the gound that it was a junior subjective synonym of the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox. The nominal species Falco gallicus Gmelin is the type species of the genus Circaetus Vieillot, 1816, a name which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, and it was in connection with the preparation for publication in book-form of this portion of the Official List that the issue referred to above came to light. The present problem was placed before the International Commission by the Secretary in the following paper on 21st February 1956 :— Proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers of the specific name ‘* ferox ’’ Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination ‘* Accipiter ferox ’? (Class Aves) (application submitted to secure a clarification of ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 67) ~By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771 (Noy. Comment. Acad. Sci. imp. Petrop. 15 : 442), as published in the combination Accipiter ferox, in order to provide an assured position for the specific name gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 259), as published in the combination Falco gallicus, the specific name of the type species of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816, a name which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given by the International Seka in OPM 67 ee Snare Publ; 2409:; 177182), 0. 2 = DIRECTION 83 365 2. This matter is one of considerable urgency, for arrangements are now well advanced for the early publication of the Official Lists in book-form and the present is one of a relatively small number of cases where further action by the Commission is required before publication can take place. 3. The present case arises out of a General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, which placed upon the International Commission the obligation (a) to enter on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of the type species of every genus, the name of which had prior to that date been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, where that name was the oldest available such name for the species concerned and, (b) in other cases to place on the Official List whatever might be found to be the oldest available name for the species in question. 4. Towards the close of 1955 steps were taken by the International Commission to comply with the foregoing Directive in so far as it applied to the names of the type species of genera of birds which had been placed on the Official List before the Paris Congress of 1948.1 At this point Professor Ernst Mayr drew attention to the fact that the specific name gallicus Gmelin, 1788, would remain threatened until the name ferox Gmelin, 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox, had been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. In this connection he recalled that he had discussed this name in a paper which he had communicated to the Office of the International Commission some three weeks earlier. For the purposes of the present application the portion of Professor Mayr’s paper relating to the name Accipiter ferox Gmelin has been extracted and is annexed hereto. It will be seen from Professor Mayr’s paper that in the period from 1934—1944 various authors attempted to identify the foregoing nominal species with Falco gallicus Gmelin and consequently sank gallicus Gmelin as a junior subjective synonym of jferox Gmelin but that since 1944 the nominal species Accipiter ferox Gmelin had been universally accepted as indeterminable, the name ferox Gmelin being therefore treated as a nomen dubium. 5. In the paper referred to above Professor Mayr, who was not at that time aware that the name ferox Gmelin affected an existing entry on the Official List, proposed that the names enumerated in it should be dealt with under the notification and challenge procedure laid down by the Copenhagen Congress for the purpose of providing a means for securing immediate provisional protection for names, to be followed after a considerable period of years either by automatic permanent protection or by submission to the International Commission for the 1 The decisions taken by the International Commission in this matter have since been embodied in Direction 43 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. - 1 (D) : 171—210). 366 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS purpose of securing such protection. For the reasons explained in paragraphs 2 and 3 above, this slow-moving procedure is inappropriate in the present case, since the question is one which must be determined promptly in order to permit of the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the name gallicus Gmelin, 1788, before the Official List volume is sent to be printed. 6. Accordingly, I now ask the International Commission :— (1) in the light of the information provided by Professor Mayr, to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) to place the specific name gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Falco gallicus (specific name of type species of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816) on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ; (3) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the specific name specified in (1) above, as there proposed to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers. ANNEXE Note on the specific name ‘‘ ferox ’’ Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination ‘‘ Accipiter ferox ”’ (extract from a paper (Z.N.(S.) 1033) entitled “‘ The Names of Nominal Species of Birds to be placed on the “* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’) By ERNST MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) “‘Accipiter ferox’’ Gmelin Accipiter ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, Novi. Comment. Acad. Petrop. 15(1770) : 442, pl. X *“‘ Astrachan ” This name has a chequered history. In the Végel pal. Fauna (: 1115) Hartert uses it for the bird now called Buteo rufinus Cretzschmar. Hartert later realised that the name ferox was not applicable to this species (op. cit. : 1189) and it was discarded as unidentifiable. Claude Grant (1934, Jbis (13) 4 : 643) tried to show that the description of Accipiter ferox applied better to the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) than to any other hawk and proposed to sink ga/licus into the synonymy of ferox. This proposal was, for a while, accepted by DIRECTION 83 367 several authors until Mayr showed (1944, Emu 43 : 302—304) that the original description of Accipiter ferox contains too many contradictions to be applied to the Short-Toed Eagle or any other hawk. This conclusion has since been adopted by Grant and all other recent authors and the name is now universally considered as indeterminable. Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves) was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1052. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 29th February 1956 and was published on 20th July of the same year in Part 4 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 120—122). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th July 1956 (a) in Part 4 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition such Notice was given to four general zoological serial publications and to twelve ornithological serials in various parts of the world. 5. Support received from Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) : As shown in the Annexe to the present application (i.e. in the Annexe to the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction) the action recommended in the present case was supported by Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). 368 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS | 6. No objection received : No objection to the action a i in the present case was received from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(57)13 : On 15th February 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(57)13) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves), as set out in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 6 on page 121 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th May 1957. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)13 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Paper, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)13 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma ; Mayr ; Lemche ; Hering ; Prantl ; Holthuis ; Bonnet ; Mertens; Dymond; Vokes; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Key ; Riley ; Stoll ; Esaki ; do Amaral ; Jaczewski; Hemming; Kihnelt; Sylvester-Bradley.; Cabrera ; Tortonese ; Miller ; 4 ae DIRECTION 83 369 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hank6o ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th May 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(57)13, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 10th September 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(57)13. 12. Original References : The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology respectively by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— ferox, Accipiter, Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. imp. Petrop. 15 : 442 370 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS gallicus, Falco, Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 259 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction 1s accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 14. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- Three (83) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Tenth day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.21. Pp. 371—388, 1 pl. DIRECTION 84 Designation under the Plenary Powers of a neotype for the nominal species Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758, (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Direction supple- mentary to Opinion 73 and Direction 36). - Jo et \prley 7 Coy \¥* [f D ~ ( uN Goh aA ao ) ay LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Thirteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 84 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning yond (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N-Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954). Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) , DIRECTION 84 DESIGNATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF A NEOTYPE FOR THE NOMINAL SPECIES “CANCER DEPURATOR ” LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (“DIRECTION ” SUPPLE- MENTARY TO “OPINION”? 73 AND “ DIREC- TION ”’ 36) RULING :—(1) It is hereby directed under the Plenary Powers that the nominal species Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) be identified by the specimen designated and figured as the neotype therefor by Holthuis (L.B.) (1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 104—105, pl. 2). (2) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer depurator and determined by the neotype designated therefor under the Plenary Powers in (1) above (Name No. 1462) ; (b) holsatus Fabricius (J.C.), 1798, as published in the combination Portunus holsatus (Name No. 1463) ; (c) latipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combina- tion Cancer latipes (specific name of type species of Portumnus [Leach], [1814]) (Name No. 1464). (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid JAN 1 © 1958 374 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Platyonichus Latreille, 1818 (a junior objective synonym of Portumnus [Leach], [1814]) (Name No. 1091) ; (b) Platyonychus Voigt, 1836 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Platyonichus Latreille, 1818) (Name No. 1092). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 487 :— variegatus [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Portumnus variegatus (a junior objective synonym of Jatipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “ DIRECTION ” The problem with which the present Direction is concerned came to light in 1955 when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature had under consideration the question of the action to be taken to give effect, so far as concerns the names of genera of the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea, to the General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which had up to that time been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in every case where the name concerned was the oldest available name for the species concerned and that in other cases there should be placed on the above Official List whatever might be considered by specialists to be the oldest available name for the species concerned. One of the names considered in 1955 from the DIRECTION 84 375 foregoing point of view was the specific name J/atipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes, the specific name of the type species of the genus Portumnus [Leach], [1814], a name which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. It was at this point that Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) brought forward evidence showing that in fact the above specific name was a junior subjective synonym of the name depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer depurator, a name which was however at that time widely—though incorrectly—used for an entirely different species belonging to the genus Macropipus. On receiving this information, Mr. Hemming at once executed a Minute withdrawing the proposals which had previously been submitted in regard to the specific name /atipes Pennant and directing that the problems associated with that name should be made the subject of further study. The instruction so given is recorded in Direction 36 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 1—46), the Direction _ embodying the decisions taken by the International Commission in regard to the specific names of the species which were the type species of genera of the Order Decapoda which had been placed on the Official List prior to the issue to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology of the General Directive referred to above. 2. Following the withdrawal of the case of the name /atipes Pennant for further study correspondence took place between the Secretary and Dr. Holthuis as the result of which it was agreed (i) that a paper dealing with the problems involved in connection with the specific name depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer depurator, should be submitted to the International Commission by Dr. Holthuis as soon as possible and (ii) that, concurrently with the submission of the above document there should be submitted a note by the Secretary supporting Dr. Holthuis’s proposals and explaining their relation to the entry relating to the generic name Portumnus [Leach], [1814], made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 and the consequent need for an early decision on the issues involved in order to avoid any delay occurring in the preparations in hand for the publication of the Official List in book-form. 376 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. Under the arrangement described above the following application was submitted to the International Commission by Dr. Holthuis on 7th February 1956 :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to secure that the specific name ‘* depurator ’? Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘Cancer depurator’’ (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) shall validly apply to the species commonly so known By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Plate 2 The present application deals with a specific name given by Linnaeus (1758) to a common Portunid crab inhabiting European waters. A most undesirable situation exists at this moment because of the fact that this specific name is widely used for another well known, but quite different species of European crab. The use by the International Commission of its Plenary Powers is requested here as the only means to end this highly objectionable state of affairs in a satisfactory way. 2. At least three species of swimming crabs (family PORTUNIDAE) have been indicated at one time or another with the specific name depurator Linnaeus, 1758. These three species are indicated here as A, B, and C, respectively ; their synonymy will be dealt with in this order. Synonymy of Species ‘‘A”’ 3. The names which have been bestowed upon Species “‘A”’ are the following :— Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 627. Cancer latipes Pennant, 1777, Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 4: 3. Cancer lysianassa Herbst, 1801, Versuch Naturgesch. Krabben Krebse 3(2) : 43. Portumnus variegatus {Leach], [1814], Edinb. Ency. 7 : 391. Platyonichus variegatus Latreille, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 27 : 5. Platyonichus depurator Latreille, 1825, Ency. méth. Hist. nat. Ins. 10 : 152. Platyonichus latipes Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 436. Portumnus latipes Dana, 1853, U.S. Explor. Exped. 13(2) : 1568. DIRECTION 84 377 4. In the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, Linnaeus described the species Cancer depurator as follows :— *“C.[ancer] brachyurus, thorace laevi utrinque subquinquedentato, manibus apice compressis, pedibus posticis ovatis. Wlanesconch: 34. t..3:f. 7. Habitat in M. Mediterraneo. Frons inter oculos dentibus tribus. Digitus fixus chelarum valde compressus ”’. 5. Plancius’s figure is of a very good quality and represents quite accurately the species which at present is generally known under the name Portumnus latipes (Pennant, 1777). Linnaeus’s description fits very well for that species, his reference to the smooth carapace and the strongly compressed fingers especially being significant. There cannot be the slightest doubt therefore as to the identity of Cancer depurator Linnaeus with Cancer latipes Pennant. 6. Leach (1814) made Cancer latipes Pennant the type species of a new genus Portumnus, giving the species at the same time thenew substitute name Portumnus variegatus. Latreille (1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 27:4) proposed the new generic name Platyonichus to replace Portumnus [Leach], [1814], which according to him too much resembled the generic name Portunus Weber, 1795. In 1825 Latreille evidently recognised that the specific name depurator was the oldest avail- able name for Portumnus variegatus (= Cancer latipes), which species therefore was named by him Platyonichus depurator. As far as I can ascertain, this is the last time that the specific name depurator was used in the correct sense. H. Milne Edwards (1834) in his monograph of the Crustacea, and most subsequent authors used for this species the specific name J/atipes ; a few British authors (such as Bell, 1844—1846, Hist. Brit. stalk-eyed Crust. : 85) around the middle of the last century still followed Leach in using the specific name variegatus, but later the name Jatipes Pennant was almost universally adopted. This name is found in all modern carcinological handbooks and treatises (e.g. Pesta, 1918, Decapodenf. Adria :397; Schellenberg, 1928, Tierw. Deutsch]. 10(2) : 115 ; Marine biol. Ass., 1931, Plymouth mar. Fauna (ed. 2) : 216; Nobre, 1936, Fauna mar. Portug. 4 : 28 ; Bouvier, 1940, Faune de France 37: 231; Zariquiey, 1946, Publ. Biol. Medit. Inst. Esp. Est. Medit. 2 : 151). 7. The generic name Platyonichus Latreille, 1818, was used for the genus Portumnus by several authors during the first two thirds of the X1Xth century, such as H. Milne Edwards (1834, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 436), A. Milne Edwards (1861, Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris10 : 410), and Heller (1863, Crust. siidl. Europ. :91). At the suggestion of Bell (1844—1846, Hist. Brit. stalk-eyed Crust. : 83), Dana (1851, Amer. 378 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Journ. Sci. (2) 12 : 130), and Miers (1874, Zool. Erebus Terror 20 : 2), the genus Portumnus (= Platyonichus) was split into two genera. For the genus containing Cancer latipes the generic name Portumnus was retained, the other genus was (incorrectly) given the name Platyonichus (this latter genus at present is known under the name Ovalipes Rathbun, 1898). During the last thirty years of the nineteenth and throughout the present century the name Portumnus was generally accepted, and it is found in practically all modern handbooks. Of the handbooks mentioned above, only that by Nobre cites the present genus as Platyonichus (in the Erroneous Subsequent Spelling Platyonychus first published by Voigt in 1836 (Cuvier’s Thierreich 4 : 104)). Synonymy of Species ‘‘ B ”’ 8. The following are the names which have been used for Species 14 B 39 ote Cancer depurator Pennant, 1777, Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 4 : 4 (non Linnaeus, 1758 Portunus holsatus Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 366. Portunus lividus [Leach], [1814], Edinb. Ency. 7 : 390. Liocarcinus holsatus Stimpson, 1870, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 2 : 146. 9. When Pennant (1777) gave the new name Cancer latipes to the true Cancer depurator Linnaeus, he used the name Cancer depurator for another species of swimming crab, the oldest available name of which is Portunus holsatus Fabricius, 1798. The same species was described as new by Leach, 1814, under the name Portunus lividus. H. Milne Edwards (1834, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 443) correctly used the specific name holsatus for this species and has been followed in this by practically all subsequent authors. In all modern carcinological handbooks and revisions the name Portunus holsatus is used for this species (Lagerberg, 1908, Géteb. K. Vetensk. Samh. Handl. (4) 11(2) :90; Stephensen, 1910, Danm. Fauna 9 : 52 ; Palmer, 1927, J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. (n. ser.) 14 : 889 ; Schellenberg, 1928, Tierw. Deutschl. 10(2) : 121 ; Mar. biol. ASS., 1931, Plymouth mar. Fauna (ed. 2) : 215 ; Nobre, 1936, Fauna mar. Portug. 4 : 35 ; Bouvier, 1940, Faune de France 37 : 243 ; Zariquiey, 1946, Publ. Biol. Medit. Inst. Esp. Est. Medit.2 : 154, 156). As has been decided by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in its Opinion 394 (now in the press)! the correct generic name for the genus containing this species is Macropipus Prestandrea, 1833. 1 The Opinion here referred to has since been published (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm, zool. Nomencl, 12 ; 315—336). DIRECTION 84 S18 Synonymy of Species ‘‘ C ”’ 10. The following are the names which have been applied to Species 66 (@ bi) ree Cancer depurator var. Pennant, 1777, Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 4: 4. Portunus depurator [Leach], [1814], Edinb. Ency. 7 : 390 (non Cancer depurator L.). Portunus plicatus Risso, 1816, Hist. nat. Crust. Nice : 29. _ 11. The species dealt with here, was incorrectly identified as Portunus depurator by Leach. It was described as new in 1816 by Risso, who named it Portunus plicatus. Risso’s name was adopted by H. Milne Edwards (1834, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 442), but practically all subsequent authors followed Leach in the use of the name depurator for this species. In all the modern handbooks cited in paragraph 9 above the species is dealt with under the specific name depurator. As in the case of Species ““B”’, the correct generic name here is Macropipus Prestandrea, 1833. Summary and Recommendations 12. Summarising, we find that at present the correct specific name holsatus Fabricius, 1798, is used for Species ‘‘ B”’, but that the names that are in common use for Species “‘A”’ and ‘“‘ C ”’ are nomenclatorially incorrect. Species “‘A’”’ currently is named Portumnus latipes (Pennant, 1777), but should be known as Portumnus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758), while species ““ C ”’ is generally known as Portunus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758) but actually should be named Macropipus plicatus (Risso, 1816). Since the foregoing incorrect specific names have been consistently used for Species “‘A”’ and ‘‘ C’”’ for more than 100 years, it seems best to validate these names under the Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Not only is this necessary in order to avoid the changing of long established usage but in addition it is required if the highly confusing and objectionable transfer of the specific name depurator Linnaeus, 1758, from Species “‘ C”’ to Species “A” is to be avoided. There are two ways by which this end might be attained. The first would be for the Commission to validate the name Portunus depurator as from Leach, 1814, by suppressing all previous uses of the name depurator under its Plenary Powers. The other solution would be for the Commission to approve under its Plenary Powers the designation of a specimen of Portunus plicatus Risso, 1816 (Macropipus plicatus (Risso) ) to be the neotype of Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758, despite the fact that, contrary to the virtually unanimous inter- pretation by later authors, Linnaeus’s description does not fit this species. The second of these courses seems preferable, partly because it excludes the possibility of the subsequent re-opening of the present case through the discovery of a name for this species having priority over depurator as published by Leach in 1814, and partly because it 380 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS avoids any change in the authorship customarily attributed to this name. It may be noted that the procedure suggested in this case is exactly parallel to that recently approved by the Commission when dealing with an application in regard to the name Coluber sirtalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia) (Schmidt & Conant, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 6768), as for that species also the Commission approved under its Plenary Powers the designation as the neotype of a specimen which did not belong to the species described by Linnaeus under the above name (Opinion 385). 13. As a preliminary to the submission of the present application, I have therefore designated a specimen of Portunus plicatus Risso to be the neotype of Cancer depurator Linnaeus, subject to approval being given by the Commission under its Plenary Powers to the designation so made. Full particulars regarding the neotype designated are given in the Annexe to the present application. A plate showing a life-size photograph of the neotype is also attached. 14. The recommendations submitted in the present application have been the subject of consultations with, and are supported by, the follow- ing specialists : (a) Dr. J. Forest (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris); (b) Dr. I. Gordon (British Museum (Natural History) ) ; (c) Dr. Th. Monod (Unstitut d’ Afrique Noire, Dakar); (d) Dr. R Zariquiey (Barcelona, Spain). 15. The concrete proposals now submitted are that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) direct under its Plenary Powers that the nominal species Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758, is to be interpreted by reference to the specimen designated and figured as the neotype of that species by the present applicant in the Annexe to the present application ; (2) place the under-mentioned names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer depurator, and as proposed to be determined under the Plenary Powers by the neotype specified in (1) above ; (b) holsatus Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Portunus holsatus ; (c) latipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes (specific name of type species of Portumnus [Leach], [1814]) ; DIRECTION 84 381 (3) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Platyonichus Latreille, 1818 (a junior objective synonym of Portumnus [Leach], [1814]) ; (b) Platyonychus Voigt, 1836 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Platyonichus Latreille, 1818) ; (4) place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology : variegatus [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Portumnus variegatus (a junior objective synonym of J/atipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes). 16. No action is required in regard to the generic names Portumnus [Leach], [1814], or Macropipus Prestandrea, 1833, since both these names have already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the first by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, the second by that in Opinion 394. Similarly, no action is called for at the family-group- name level, for neither of the above generic names is currently regarded as being that of the type genus of a family-group taxon. The family- group name PORTUNIDAE Rafinesque, 1815, the name of the taxon in which these genera are currently placed, was placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the later of the Opinions cited above. ANNEXE Designation of Neotype for ‘‘ Cancer depurator ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (‘* Portunus depurator ’’ (Linnaeus, 1758) ) By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Description : The specimen here designated as the neotype for Cancer depurator Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 627) is an adult male with a carapace breadth of 53 mm. The characters exhibited by this specimen agree well with those given by Palmer (1927, J. mar. biol. Ass U.K. (n.s.)14 : 893) for the above nominal species there cited as Portunus depurator Linnaeus. The carapace is flattened with the dorsal surface coarsely tuberculate, showing numerous irregularly granular ridges and single tubercles. The frontal teeth are sharply pointed and three in number. The five anterolateral teeth are of about equal size, the posterior is not conspicuously longer than the others and is directed anteriorly. The legs are long and slender, the dactylus of the fifth leg is ‘Ges and shows no median ridge, its distal part is of a dark violet colour. 382 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Locality of Neotype : The neotype here designated was caught on 9th August 1954 by a Spanish trawler in the Mediterranean off Cabo Norfeo near Rosas, N.E. Spain, at a depth of about 300 m. The specimen was bought on the same day at the Rosas fish market (leg. I. Gordon, R. Zariquiey and L. B. Holthuis). 3. Reference Number allotted to Neotype: The neotype here designated forms part of the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands. It has been allotted the Registered Number “‘ Decapoda 10374”. 4, Label associated with the Neotype : The specimen is preserved in spirit and labelled as the neotype of Cancer depurator L. Apart from this indication, the parchment paper label associated with the specimen bears the modern name of the species : Macropipus depurator (L.), and the precise indications as to the locality, date, collectors and registered number, which are given in the previous paragraphs. 5. Figure of Neotype : A plate showing a life-size photograph of the neotype here designated is attached to the present note. For this photograph I am indebted to Mr. H. F. Roman. 4. The complementary note which it had been agreed (para- graph 2 above) should be prepared by the Secretary was submitted by that Officer on 18th February 1956. The note in question was as follows :— Support for Dr. L. B. Holthuis’s request for a decision as to the oldest available name for the type species of the genus ‘‘ Portumnus ”’ [Leach], [1814] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a genus, the name of which was placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ by the Ruling given in ‘* Opinion ”’ 73 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In September 1955 I submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature proposals? for giving effect, so far as concerned the names of genera of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, to the General Directive issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that 2 The decision taken by the International Commission on the proposals here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 36 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1 (D) : 1—46). 5 \Woll, i (lz) TONS d Declarat INlOnS An Op Plate | UUIUIG() {USSe1U BY} Ul SIOMOg Alvus[d ey} Jopun pojepiyea pu (9961) (aT) sinmfoH Aq SSLI ‘snovuury ,, 10}81ndop j90uUK_ ,, poyeusisop odkj}0oN DIRECTION 84 383 arrangements should be made for placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of the type species of every genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List during the fore- going period, where that specific name was an available name and was considered to be the oldest such name for the species concerned. One of the generic names so involved was Portumnus [Leach], [1814], which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 published in 1922 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 23—31). 2. At the time when the Commission placed the name Portumnus [Leach] on the Official List, it made the following entry regarding the type species of the genus so named “‘ mt. P. latipes = Cancer latipes Pennant, 1777 = P. variegatus Leach, 1814’. Reference to the original description confirms that Portumnus was a monotypical genus. It shows also that the sole included nominal species was Portumnus variegatus [Leach], a nominal species then established, though quite unnecessarily, as a substitute for Cancer latipes Pennant, 1777. Since the names variegatus [Leach], [1814], and Jatipes Pennant, 1777, are objective synonyms of one another and the name Jatipes Pennant, 1777, is an available name, that name and not the substitute name variegatus [Leach] should be regarded as the name of the type species of the genus concerned. 3. The investigations undertaken prior to the submission of the proposals referred to in paragraph | above had not disclosed the existence of any senior synonym of the name J/atipes Pennant, 1777, and it was concluded therefore that, when rendering Opinion 73, the Commission had been correct in concluding that the name Jatipes Pennant was the oldest available name for the species concerned. In those proposals it was therefore recommended that the name Jatipes Pennant should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that its junior objective synonym variegatus [Leach] should be placed on the corresponding Official Index. At this point Dr. L. B. Holthuis informed me that the name depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer depurator, properly applied to the same species as did the name J/atipes Pennant, though, as he explained, the name depurator Linnaeus had for many years been applied, and was still applied, to an entirely different species. Dr. Holthuis added that very serious confusion would result if the name depurator Linnaeus were to be transferred to the species now known as /atipes Pennant and that, in conjunction with other interested specialists, he had in mind the submission to the Commission of proposals designed to prevent this transfer from being required. The information so received made it evident that the Commission could not take a decision on the question whether the name J/atipes Pennant, 1777, as the specific name of the type species of Portumnus [Leach], 384 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS should be placed on the Official List until a decision had been reached on the question whether the name depurator Linnaeus should in future be applied to the species now known as Jatipes Pennant. I accordingly at once withdrew the proposals which I had submitted in regard to the name J/atipes Pennant and its junior objective synonym variegatus [Leach], pending a decision being reached by the Commission in regard to the name depurator Linnaeus. At the same time I informed Dr. Holthuis that I very much hoped that it would be possible for him to submit to the Commission at an early date his proposals in regard to the name depurator Linnaeus. 4. Now that Dr. Holthuis’s proposal has been received, I warmly support his request for a decision as to the name to be accepted as the oldest available name for the type species of the genus Portumnus [Leach], for, as the name Portumnus has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, a decision on this matter must be taken before the Official List can be published in book-form. Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 5. Registration of the present application : At the time of the execution by the Secretary of the Minute withdrawing the case of the specific name /atipes Pennant (Cancer) from the scope of the proposals relating to the specific names of the type species of genera of Decapods to which reference has been made in the opening paragraph of the present Direction, the problem so withdrawn was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)1031. 6. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion together with Mr. Hemming’s supplementary note were sent to the printer on 29th February 1956 and were published on 20th July of the same year in Part 4 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Holthuis, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 99—105, pl. 2; Hemming, 1956, ibid. 12 : 105—106). DIRECTION 84 385 7. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th July 1956 (a) in Part 4 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which the application by Dr. Holthuis and the supplementary note by Mr. Hemming were published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, such Notice was given to four general zoological serial publications. 8. Support received from four specialists: As explained in Dr. Holthuis’s application (paragraph 14) the proposals submitted in the present case were supported by the following specialists :— (a) Dr. J. Forest (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris) ; (b) Dr. I. Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) ; (c) Dr. Th. Monod (nstitut d’ Afrique Noire, Dakar) ; (d) Dr. R. Zariquiey (Barcelona, Spain). 9. No objection received : No objection to the action proposed in the present case had been received from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(57)11 : On 15th February 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(57)11) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “‘ the proposal relating to specific name depurator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer depurator, as set out in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 15 on pages 103 to 104 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ {i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 3 of the present Direction]. 386 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th May 1957. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)11 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)11 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-two (22) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma; Mayr; Lemche; Hering; Jaczewski; Prantl; Holthuis; Mertens; Bonnet; Dymond ; Vokes ; Bodenheimer; Bradley (J.C.); Key; Stoll ; Esaki; do Amaral; Hemming; Kuhnelt ; Cabrera ; Tortonese ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes, two (2) : Riley ; Sylvester-Bradley ; (c) Prevented from voting by interruption of postal communica- tions consequent upon political disturbances, one (1) : Hanko ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th May 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (57)11, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in DIRECTION 84 387 the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 11th September 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(57)11. 15. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— depurator, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)1 : 627 holsatus, Portunus, Fabricius (J.C.), 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 366 latipes, Cancer, Pennant, 1777, Brit. Zool. (ed. 4)4 : 3 Platyonichus Latreille, 1818, Nouv. Dist. Hist. nat. 27 : 4 Platyonychus Voigt, 1836, Cuvier’s Thierreich 4 : 104 variegatus, Portumnus, [Leach], [1814], Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. T= 391 16. Family-Group-Name Aspect : As explained in paragraph 16 of Dr. Holthuis’s application no action in the present case is required at the family-group-name level, such action as was required having already been taken by the Ruling given in Opinion 394. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commis- sion by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 388 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 18. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- Four (84) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Eleventh day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & Cooper LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.22. Pp. 389—402 DIRECTION 85 Determination of the dates to be attributed to the several portions of the Crustacea volume written by de Haan (W.) in the work by P. F. von Siebold entitled Fauna Japonica {/ LONDON : Aa a Printed by Order of the International Tr fo LORARY ARY Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 gt Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 85 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum yan Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Heong LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLkEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HErInG (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President ) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum y Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiwHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Brolesset F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 95 Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 85 DETERMINATION OF THE DATES TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE SEVERAL PORTIONS OF THE CRUSTACEA VOLUME WRITTEN BY DE HAAN (W.) IN THE WORK BY P. F. VON SIEBOLD ENTITLED “ FAUNA JAPONICA ”’ RULING :—(1) It is hereby directed that for the purposes of zoological nomenclature the dates to be attributed to the several portions in which the Crustacea volume written by de Haan (W.) in the work by Siebold (P.F. von) entitled Fauna Japonica was published be the dates severally specified in the last column of the table given below :— Dates to be attributed to the several portions in which the Crustacea volume by de Haan (W.) in P. F. von Siebold’s ‘‘ Fauna Japonica ’’ was published Text Date of Plates publication Sheets Pages ar . 1-8, A, B, circ. 2 DG Ane G92 15 eae 1) 65-72 16, 18-24, E, F 73-108 | 25-32,G,H 109-164 | 33-37, 39-42, 47 VI (first portion 38, 43-46, 48 VI (first Bn f portion) / VI (second | 165-196 portion) f VII (second | 197-243 ( “portion) f J oi Ne Es i-xxxif vii—xviit 49, 50, O-Q * De Haan’s “ Praemissa ’’ and “ Expositio ” ~ De Haan’s “ Praefatio ”’ t Von Siebold’s ““ Commentatio ”’ AN 1 . 1958 392 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) The title of the under-mentioned volume is hereby placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Avail- able for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Number BQ: de Haan (W.), [1833—1850], Crustacea volume in Siebold (P.F. von), Fauna Japonica, subject to the addition of an endorsement as to the dates to be accepted as the dates of publication of the several parts in which the above volume was published as prescribed in (1) above. (3) The under-mentioned corrections are hereby made in entries made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in respect of the names specified below :— (a) In the entry regarding the specific name haematocheir de Haan, as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir (specific name of type species of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853), made on the Official List by the Ruling given in Direction 36, a reference is hereby inserted to plate 7 of de Haan’s volume and the date ‘‘ [1833] ” is hereby substituted for the date, SN Saoin + (b) In the entry regarding the specific name compressa de Haan, as published in the combination Ephyra compressa (specific name of type species of Paratya Miers, 1882), made by the Ruling given in Opinion 470, the date “ [1844] ” iS hereby substituted for the date “ [1849]” there attributed to this name, as published on plate 46 of de Haan’s volume. (4) It is hereby directed that the corrections specified in (3) above be made also in the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic names Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, and Paratya Miers, 1882, respectively at the points in those entries where the names of the type species of the genera concerned are cited, DIRECTION 85 393 (5) The under-mentioned correction is hereby made in the entry on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Direction 37 in respect of the generic name specified below :— In the entry regarding the generic name Acanthopus de Haan a reference is hereby inserted to page 5 of de Haan’s volume and the date “ [1833]”’ is hereby substituted for the date ‘‘ [1835] ”’. (6) It is hereby directed that in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the entry in respect of the Name Number 336 made by the Ruling given in Direction 37 be amended as follows :— (a) The entry relating to the name granulatus de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus, and there incorrectly stated to have been published in [1835], is hereby deleted. (b) The under-mentioned entry is hereby substituted for the entry deleted in (a) above :— granulatus Audouin, [1826], as published in the combination Cancer granulatus (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer granulatus). Pere SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ST OtCRePtON * In June 1957 Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) drew the attention of the Office of the Commission to a paper published in 1953 in which he had established the dates of publication of the several instalments in 394 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS which the text and plates of de Haan’s Crustacea volume in P. F. von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica had been published. Dr. Holthuis pointed out also that in one case the date attributed to a name of de Haan’s in the recently published Opinion 470 was incorrect. This communication led to correspondence between the Secretary and Dr. Holthuis which culminated in an arrange- ment under which on 5th July 1957 Mr. Hemming submitted to the International Commission the following paper in which he recommended that the Commission should give a Ruling as to the dates to be accepted for the purposes of zoological nomenclature as the dates of publication of the several portions in which de Haan’s volume was issued. Further, Mr. Hemming recom- mended that the Commission should at the same time make certain corrections in entries previously made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology that were now seen to be required :— Proposed addition to the ‘* Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature ’’ of the title of the Crustacea volume by W. de Haan of P. F. von Siebold’s ‘* Fauna Japonica ’’, with an endorsement regarding the dates to be accepted as the dates of publication of the several portions in which that volume was issued and certain matters incidental thereto By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to bring to the attention of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature a matter on which a decision is needed in connection with the preparations now in hand for the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book-form and to seek a decision on the issue in question. . 2. The question concerned is that of the dates to be assigned to the new names published in the Crustacea volume by W. de Haan in ‘P. F. von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica. By reason both of its early date and of the large number of new names included in it,this volume of DIRECTION 85 395 de Haan’s is of outstanding importance in carcinological literature. The dating of the portions in which this work was published has always been a cause of difficulty and through lack of authoritative information on this subject there has been considerable lack of uniformity in the dates assigned to particular names published in it. This has been particularly serious in those cases where different names are applied to the same taxon on the plates and in the text respectively, there having been hitherto no sure means of determining which component of any pair of competing names had priority over the other. This situation, which is one which should certainly be cleared up as soon as possible, is of direct concern to the International Commission, for already a considerable number of names published in this volume have been placed on the Official Lists of Generic and Specific Names in Zoology and it has so far been possible only to assign provisional dates to those names. 3. The difficulties involved in the dating of de Haan’s volume have, however, now been resolved in a paper in which Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) has brought forward important new evidence which has enabled him to assign a definite date to each sheet of text and to each plate included in this volume (Holthuis (L.B.), 1953, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 3 : 36—47, 1 pl.). In this paper Dr. Holthuis reviews the evidence hitherto available, e.g., that provided by published sources (e.g., Erichson (1842) ; the abstracting part of the volume of Oken’s Jsis for 1842 ; Peters (1851); Sherborn & Jentink (1895)) and supplements this by the very important information provided by a copy of de Haan’s Crustacea volume which was formerly the property of Professor J. O. Westwood of Oxford, to whom it had been presented by de Haan himself. This copy is bound up in the original wrappers (covers) and is enriched by numerous annotations written (in red ink) by de Haan and (in pencil) by Westwood. Full information regarding the data so assembled are given in Dr. Holthuis’s paper. 4. It must be noted at this point that de Haan’s volume, which contains 243 pages of main text numbered in Arabic numerals and 55 plates similarly numbered together with 17 plates distinguished by letters, was issued in seven “‘ Decada’’. In addition, there were four subsidiary items of text which were published in three series of separately numbered sections, each of which was numbered independently in small Roman numerals. First, there is the “* Praemissa’’ and the “‘ Expositio’’, which appeared as Sheets “c” and “‘d’” and bore the page numbers ix-xvi. The second instalment ‘consists of the “‘ Praefatio’ ; this was issued in sheets lettered “‘ a” to “h’’ and bore the page numbers i-xxxi. The Praemissa, the Expositio and the Praefatio were all written by de Haan. Finally, there is the 396 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ‘“¢ Commentatio ’’ which was published in three sheets lettered ““ A ”’ to ““C” and comprised pages numbered vii to xvii. This concluding item was written by von Siebold and not by de Haan. The dates of publication ascertained by Dr. Holthuis for each of the foregoing portions of de Haan’s volume are set out in the table annexed to the present note as Appendix 1. 5. Now that the long-standing doubts as to the dates of publication of the several portions of de Haan’s Crustacea volume have been cleared up by Dr. Holthuis, it is recommended that this matter should formally be set at rest in the same way as has been done by the Commission in the parallel case of the dating to be attributed to the several portions of the equally fundamental work (on butterflies) published by Hiibner (J.) under the title Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic] in Opinion 150 (1943, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 161—168), as supplemented by Direction 4 (1954, ibid. 2 : 629—652), under the Rulings given in which the dates to be attributed to Hiibner’s Verzeichniss were prescribed and the title of that work, so endorsed, was placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Ayailable for Zoological Nomenclature. 6. It is desirable that the present opportunity should be taken to correct the dates assigned to names for genera and species published by de Haan in those cases where in the entries made on the Official Lists or in the Official Indexes incorrect dates were assigned to the names concerned. Particulars of these cases are given in Appendix 2 to the present paper. 7. It is accordingly recommended that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) give a Ruling that for the purposes of zoological nomenclature ~~ the dates to be attributed to the several portions of the Crustacea volume by de Haan (W.) in the work by Siebold (P.F. von) entitled Fauna Japonica be the dates ascertained therefor by Holthuis (L.B.) as set out in Appendix | to the present paper ; (2) that in the case of three names published in the above volume specified in Appendix 2 to the present paper, the incorrect dates attributed thereto at the time when the names in question were placed on Official Lists or Indexes be replaced by the dates found under (1) above to be the correct dates for those DIRECTION 85 397 names and that in the case of the fourth of the names enumerated in the above Appendix the further correction there specified be made. APPENDIX | Crustacea yolume by de Haan (W.) in P. F. von Siebold’s ‘* Fauna Japonica ” Dates of publication of the several portions as ascertained by Holthuis (L.B.) (1953) Text Date of Plates publication Sheets Pages ascertained cd iX-xvi* | \| 1-8, A, B, cire. 2 [1833] 1-6 1-24 | 25-64 Velo Ig cee ID [1835] 65-72 16, 18-24, E, F [1837] 73-108 | 25-32,G,H [1839] 109-164 | 33-37, 39-42, 47 [1841] VI (first portion) 38, 43-46, 48 VII (first Piss IAN portion) [1844] a VI (second | 165-196 } portion) \ . VII (second 197-243 | portion) | J —XEXI | — A-C vil—xvilt * De Haan’s “ Praemissa ’’ and “ Expositio”’ t+ De Hann’s “ Praefatio” £ Von Siebold’s ““ Commentatio ” 398 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS APPENDIX 2 Proposed correction of entries on ‘* Official Lists’ and ‘* Official Indexes ”’ relating to certain names published by de Haan in the Crustacea volume of von Siebold’s ‘‘ Fauna Japonica ”’, for which incorrect dates were assigned at the time when the names in question were placed on the ‘‘ List ’’ or ‘‘ Index ’’ concerned At the time when I formed the conclusion that it was necessary as part of the preparations for the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book-form to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to give a Ruling as to the dates to be assigned to names published by de Haan in von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, it appeared to me to be desirable to take the opportunity so presented to examine all the entries regarding such names so far made on Official Lists or Official Indexes in order that any incorrect dates which might have been assigned to such names might be immediately corrected. In view of his specialist knowledge of the Crustacea and of the detailed study which he had made of de Haan’s work, I invited Dr. L. B. Holthuis to carry out the proposed examination and to report to me any cases where he might find that incorrect dates had been assigned to de Haan names. Dr. Holthuis very kindly consented to undertake this investigation and he has now informed me (in Jitt., 3rd July 1957) that in four cases only were incorrect dates assigned to such names. In the same report Dr. Holthuis drew attention to a further error associated with one of the names referred to above. 2. The names in respect of which corrections are required are the following :— (a) By the Ruling given in Direction 36 the specific name haematocheir de Haan, as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir (specific name of type species of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) was treated as having been published in [1835] at the time when it was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 871. The date so assigned was incorrect, since, in addition to being included in the text, this name appeared on de Haan’s plate 7 which was published in [1833]. (b) The generic name Acanthopus de Haan, when placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 465 by the Ruling given in Direction 37 was incorrectly treated as having been published in [1835]. This name appeared on page 5 of de Haan’s text and the correct date for it is [1833]. (c) When the specific name granulatus de Haan, as published in the combination Cancer (Actea) granulatus, was placed on the DIRECTION 85 399 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 336, it was incorrectly cited as having been published in [1835] instead of in [1833]. In this case there was, it now transpires, a further error, for it was published by de Haan not as a new name but as a later usage of the name Cancer granulatus Audouin, [1826] (in Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Hist. nat. 1(4) : 87) a name which is invalid as a junior homonym of the name Cancer granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 627). What is required in this case is therefore the removal from the Official Index of the specific name granulatus de Haan and the insertion in its place of the invalid name granulatus Audouin [1826] (Cancer) discussed above. (d) By the Ruling given in Opinion 470 the specific name compressa de Haan as published in the combination Ephyra compressa (specific name of type species of Paratya Miers, 1882) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1177, this name being there treated as having been published in [1849]. This is incorrect for this name appeared on de Haan’s plate 46, which was published in [1844]. 2. Registration of the present application: Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the dates to be accepted as the dates of publication of the several portions of de Haan’s Crustacea volume in von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1239. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11 : On 16th July 1957 a Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11 was issued in which the 400 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, ““the proposal relating to the dates to be assigned to names in de Haan’s Crustacea volume of von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica and to matters incidental thereto, as set out in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7 of the paper submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper” [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 16th August 1957. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Holthuis; Hering ; Mertens; Vokes; Mayr; Cabrera; Jaczewski ; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.); Stoll; Prantl; Boschma ; Hanké6; Key; Bonnet; do Amaral; Tortonese ; Dymond ; Hemming ; Lemche ; Kthnelt ; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Riley ; DIRECTION 85 401 (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 17th August 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 12th September 1957 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(57)11. 8. Original References : The following is the original reference for the name placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— granulatus, Cancer, Audouin, [1826], in Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Hist. nat. 1(4) SHO 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 402 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- Five (85) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 V OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.23. Pp. 403—412 DIRECTION 86 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the specific name convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 85) ee ena LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 86 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. ee U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMa (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Caprera (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secredary) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILeEy (British Museum (Natur. al History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HottnHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comaaeive Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “G. Doria’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 86 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘‘ CONVEXA”’? DE HAAN, [1833], AS PUBLISHED IN THE COMBINATION ‘* OCYPODE (CHASMAGNATHUS) CONVEXA” (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (‘* DIREC- TION ” SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘“‘ OPINION ”’ 85) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the specific name convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, as published in the combination Ocypode convexus, is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1465 :— convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa, and as validated under the Plenary Powers in (1) above (specific name of type species of Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833)). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is_ hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 488 :— convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, as published in the combination Ocypode convexus, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers in (1) above. JAN 1 406 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT DIRECTION © In the course of the preparation of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for publication in book-form it was found that the specific name of the type species of the genus Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833], a name which had been placed on that List by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, was invalid as a junior homonym of a name which was not in use, the name in question being regarded by specialists as a nomen dubium. On 7th January 1956 the Secretary submitted the following application to the Inter- national Commission asking that the nomen dubium referred to above should be suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the specific name currently used for the type species of the genus Chasmagnathus de Haan :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the specific name ‘* convexa ’’ de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination ‘* Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa’’, the name of the type species of the genus ‘*‘ Chasmagnathus ’’ de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 85 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to validate the specific name currently used for the type species of the genus Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 (1925, Smithson. misc. Coll. 74(No. 3) : 13—18). 2. The existence of the present problem came to light in the early part of 1955 when proposals were being formulated for submission to the International Commission for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of the genera of Decapoda, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. The facts of this case are set out in the following paragraphs. DIRECTION 86 407 3. The name Chasmagnathus was introduced by de Haan in the Crustacea Section of von Siebold’s Fauna Japonica for use as the name of a subgenus of Ocypode Fabricius, 1798. This name occurs twice in the Crustacea Section, first on page 5 and later on page 27. These pages were published in Parts 1 and 2 respectively, the first appearing in 1833, the second in 1835. On page 5 the name Chasmagnathus was given only in a key without any cited nominal species ; on page 27 the subgenus was more fully diagnosed and one species, the new species Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa, was cited as belonging to it. This species is therefore the type species of Chasmagnathus de Haan by monotypy. 4. Reference to Sherborn’s Index Animalium (Pars secund. (7) : 1505) disclosed the existence of the name Ocypode convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Voy. “Uranie”’ (Zool.) : 525). Since for the purpose of deter- mining whether any two specific names are homonyms of one another the only relevant consideration is whether the generic name and the specific name employed is the same in each case, the name convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chas- magnathus) convexa, 1s a junior primary homonym of Ocypode convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, and is therefore invalid. 5. Clearly the first matter to be investigated was the present status of the name Ocypode convexus Quoy & Gaimard, a name which had apparently escaped the sharp eye of the late Miss Mary Rathbun when she drew up the application upon which the Crustacea section of the Ruling given in Opinion 85 was based. On this subject I first applied to Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) who, after checking the literature, informed me that the foregoing name did not appear to have been used by any authors since Quoy & Gaimard. I thereupon extended my inquiries by seeking the advice of the following specialists :—(i) Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) ; (ii) Dr. John S. Garth (Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) ; (iii) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) ; (iv) Dr. M. W. F. Tweedie (Director, Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore). 6. The advice received from the foregoing consultants showed a high degree of agreement. Dr. Fenner Chace replied that the name convexus Quoy & Gaimard did not appear to have been in use, specialists regarding it as a nomen dubium, but that the name convexa de Haan was in use for the species concerned and that there was no other name available for that species. Dr. Garth replied that the name convexus Quoy & Gaimard had appeared sporadically in the literature, various authors synonymising it with other species such as Ocypode kuhlii de Haan, [1835], Ocypode cordimana Desmarest, 1825, and Ocypode pygoides Ortmann, 1894. Dr. Holthuis took the same line as Dr. Chace, 408 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS stating that, so far as he knew no attempt had ever been made to replace the name convexa de Haan. He added that he himself had little doubt that convexus Quoy & Gaimard represented the same species as pygoides Ortmann but that no modern author had attempted to substitute Quoy & Gaimard’s name for that of Ortmann. Dr. Tweedie, after discussing Ortmann’s tentative identification of convexus Quoy & Gaimard with his own later pygoides, stated that the name convexus Quoy & Gaimard was not in use and had disappeared in the literature not as a synonym [of pygoides| but as a nomen dubium._ 7. In view (a) of the unanimity of the Decapod specialists consulted that the name convexus Quoy & Gaimard-is a nomen dubium and (b) of the fact that the later name convexa de Haan is in use for the species concerned and that that species possesses no other name, I recommend that the Commission should validate the action taken at the time when the name Chasmagnathus de Haan was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by :— (1) using its Plenary Powers to suppress the specific name convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, as published in the combination Ocypode convexus, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) placing the under-mentioned specific name, as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa (specific name of type species of Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833]) ; (3) placing on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the specific name specified in (1) above as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers. Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the validation of the specific name convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 984. DIRECTION 86 409 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 20th February 1956 and was published on 30th November of the same year in Part 12 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1956, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 11 : 362—364). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the present case was given on 30th November 1956 (a) in Part 12 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published), and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition such Notice was given to four general zoological serial publications. 5. Support received from four specialists in the group concerned : As explained in Mr. Hemming’s application (paragraphs 5 and 6) the action recommended in the present case was supported by the following specialists in the group concerned :—(a) Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) ; (b) Dr. John S. Garth (Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) ; (c) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ; (d) Dr. M. W. F. Tweedie (Director, Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore). 6. No Objection Received : No objection to the action proposed was received from any source. ll. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE “7, Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(57)45: On 3rd June 1957 a Voting Paper (V.P.(57)45) was issued in which the Members of 410 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the specific name convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa, as set out in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 7 on page 364 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ” {i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 3rd September 1957. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)45 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(57)45 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- three (23) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Hering ; Vokes ; Jaczewski ; Lemche ; Boden- heimer ; Boschma; Key; Mayr; Prantl; Dymond ; Riley; Bonnet; Hanko; Esaki; Sylvester-Bradley ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Tortonese ; do Amaral ; Stoll ; Hemming ; Cabrera ; Kuhnelt ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, two (2) : Miller! ; Mertens. 1 After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period a late (negative) vote was received from Commissioner Miller. > After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period a late (affirmative) vote was received from Commissioner Mertens. DIRECTION 86 . 411 10. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 4th September 1957, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(57)45, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present °‘ Direction ”’ : On 12th September 1957, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(57)45. 12. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— convexus, Ocypode, Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, Voy. “ Uranie” (Zools) =: 525 convexa, Ocypode (Chasmagnathus), de Haan, [1833], in Siebola, Fauna japon. (Crust.) : 5, 27 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behaif. 412 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 14. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eighty- Six (86) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Seven. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & COOPER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.24. (Concluding Part) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1958 Price Two Guineas (All rights reserved) Issued 28th March, 1958 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION E. Part E.24. Pp. 413—460 (also published with this Part : T.P—XV) CONTENTS Corrigenda ; Subject Index ; Particulars of the dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published; Instructions to Binders. Also published with this Part: Title Page, Foreword ; Table of Contents. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1958 Price Two Guineas (All rights reserved) Issued 28th March, 1958 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) 9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DymMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (42th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. VoxKeEs (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (MezGgazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HottHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Cae August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miter (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Ee S. BODENHEIMER (Zhe Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAyr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) page 26. page 29. page 33. page 50. page 57. page 65. page 79. page 92. page 98. page 106. page 107. page 116. page 125. Corrigenda Col. (1), third entry : substitute “1838” for “‘ 1833’. Ruling (17)(b), first line : substitute ““ Linnaeus, 1758 ’’ for ‘“‘ De Geer, 1776’. Ruling (18)(xxvit), first line : substitute “‘ Kiritshenko ”’ for ‘* Kiritschenko ”’ Col. 1, last line but one : substitute “1838 ”’ for “‘ 1833’. Footnote 5, line 6: substitute “(: 22)’’ for “ (: 32)” Ruling (3)(d), line 3 : substitute “‘ Periplaneta’’ for “‘ Periplanata”’ Line 5: substitute “ emendatam’’ for “‘ emendatum’’. Last line but one: | Line 9: Line 9: First line : substitute ““ von Heyden” for “‘ van Heyden ”’ s\- | Last line but one: | Col. (3), last entry : J pages 168—169. Ruling (16)(iv) to (vili) : substitute ‘‘ Gaertner ”’ for “‘ Pallas ”’. page 186. page 196. page 230. page 231. page 236. page 244. page 250. page 269. page 282. Paragraphs 2, line 2, and 3, line 2: substitute ““ Gaertner ”’ for “‘ Pallas ’’. Ruling (1)(h), last line but one: substitute “121” for “119”. Ruling (3), line 5: substitute “ Tennent, 1859” for “ Tennant, 1861’. Ruling (9), line 4: substitute ““ Neosporidia’’ for ““ Nematoda’”’. Ruling (15)(xi), first line : insert ““ Subsequent’ between “ Erroneous’ and ““ Spellings ’’. Paragraph 7, first line : substitute “1859” for “ 1861’. Paragraph 17 (4), last line: substitute “1859” for “1861”. Ruling (1)(x), line 2 : substitute ‘“* globi punctata [sic|”’ for “‘ globipunctata”’. Col. (2), last entry but one: substitute “‘ globi punctata [sic]”’ for “ globi- punctata’’. Volume 1, Section E SUBJECT INDEX Acanthia Fabricius, 1775 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index oF gece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 904 af ; Acanthopus de Haan, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in Direction 37, correction of date of, from [1835] to [1833] acarus Benson, 1856, as published in the combination Pupa acarus (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1329.. actinioides Diesing, 1835, as published in the combination Thysanosoma actinioides (Class Cestoda), placed o on the nO Feta! List eh Bee Names in Me Oey, with Name No. 1398 .. aegyptiaca Cobbold, 1866, as published in the combination Heterophyes aegyptiaca (a junior objective synonym of heterophyes Siebold, [1852], as published in the combination Distomum heterophyes), placed on the Official Index of Fics and Invalid Specific Names in HODES with Name No. 463 : aegyptiacum Cobbold, 1876, as published in the combination _ Diplostomum aegyptiacum (Class Trematoda), places on ie ay Ceca List Bek Boer Names in Zoology with Name No. 1424 .. Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Ancylostoma), placed on the Official Index Ds Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in wv Zouley with Name No. 997 .. albidus Henle, 1837, as published in the combination Enchytraeus albidus (Class Chaetopoda), placed on the Osa List Mu pecans Names in eee with Name No. 1421 .. Amblyomma Koch, 1884 (Class proeiuide); gempleven of Say relntie to BRS species of, given in Opinion 73. americana Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blatta americana (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the kOiciaD List oF Specie Naines in Zoology with Name No. 1284 .. americana Stiles, 1902, as published in the combination Uncinaria americana (Class Nematoda), placed on the peices List bh poeensionn Names in tied ag with Name No. 1409 . 417 Page 30 393 167 269 238 273 234 65 271 418 Opinions and Declarations Anas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective synonymisation of Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, with name of type species of (correction of Opinion 67). . Pe ie Ne Ke confirmation of position of, on the Official List oe Generic Names in in Zocloey and substitution of revised entry for anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lepas anatifera (Class Crustacea, Order Cirripedia), plete on the relat List oy) SPECS Names in Zoology with Name No. 1305. Anchylostamum Moehlau, 1897 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Oiicat Index oe Ree and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 998. Anchylostoma Pruner, 1847 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Cre Index a Ree and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 999. Anchylostomos Wucherer, 1868 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Official Index oF Re and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1000.. Anchylostomum Diesing, 1851 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the CHa Index on Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1001. Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 (Class Nematoda), insertion of notation, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, that above name is an Emendation of the Invalid Original Spelling Agchylostoma (completion of Opinion 66).. ie completion of entry relating to type species of Ancylostomom Molin, 1861 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Official Index os Releaee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1002.. Ancylostomum Diesing, 1851 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Oficial Index ay Ree and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1003. Ancylostormum Schifone, 1908 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Chae Index of Eee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1004 Ankylostoma Lutz, 1885 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchylostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Opicial Index on faeces and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1005. Ankylostomum Bugnion, 1881 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ancylostoma (emend. of Agchlostoma) Dubini, 1843), placed on the Official Index of ma and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1006 , Page ay, 318 114 234 234 234 234 231 232 234 234 234 235 235 Volume 1, Section E Anodonta Saunders, 1843 (a junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799), placed on the Official Index oy gorse and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 960 .. Anodonta Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855 (a junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799), placed on the Official Index oy Gs and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 961 58 Anodonta Rambur, 1858 (a junior homonym of Anodonta Lamarck, 1799), placed on _the eae Index ee Bee and Invalid Generic Names in in Zoology with Name No. 96 Antedon Fréminville, 1811 (Class Euinerdea)s complenion. of cuits eelatine to ype species of, given in Opinion 73. : : . Anthocoris (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), correction of attribution of, from Rodhe to Fallén, 1814 (correction of Opinion 104).. if aa : deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective Srey msatOn of Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, with name of type species of : completion of entry relating to type species of appendiculata Rudolphi, 1802, as published in the combination Fasciola appendiculata (Class Trematoda), place’ on the Oscial List ey paccncs Names in EDIE with Name No. 1402 .. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gordius acquaticus (Class Nematomorpha), placed « on the eee! List oF DaSENe Names in Zeal), with Name No. 1416 .. Arcella Ehrenberg, 1838 (a junior homonym of Arcella Ehrenberg, 1830), placed on the ean! Index os ie and Invalid Generic Names in ZOONOEYS with Name No. 1007 argo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Argonauta argo (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Chaat. List of of apeniies Names in Mewes with Name No. 1344 .. Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class pronplopeda), scompleuon of fenty relating, to tyBe species of, given in Opinion 94 ; armifera Say, 1821, as published in the combination Pupa armifera (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1330 Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Newated?); coup leHou of Hen fepalnes to ue abeeies of, given in Opinion G6 3c atlanticum Péron, 1804, as published in the combination Pyresoma atlanticum (Class Urochorda), placed on the c Oita List oe) Specie} Names in ne OC es with Name IN@s USS" ae aureus Hablizl, 1783, as published in the combination Vultur aureus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1442 419 Page 168 168 168 163 - -28—29 28 26 270 272 197 164 167 229 199 319 420 Opinions and Declarations auricularia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Forficula auricularia (Class Insecta, Order Dermaptera), Blaged on the Omen! List Yoh Species Names in Zoology with ‘Name No. 1285 . Avicularia Gray (J.E.), 1848 (a junior homonym of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818), placed on the Official Index oy Reieeted and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 950 a avium Bloch, 1782, as published in the combination Ligula avium (Class Cestoda), Page 65 90 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1401 269—270 avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Aranea avicularia (Class Arachnida), placed on the Om Gel List 0h Bpeeiicy Names in in Zanes) with Name No. 1319 .. barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, Vultur (Class Aves), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of reference to in entry relating 1 to type Spaces of CYDCERS Storr, 1784 (correction of Opinion 67). . placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1443 Bathycrinus Thompson, 1872 (Class Crinoidea), completion of entry relating to type species of, given in Opinion 73 .. au ti a ee me Ps bicornis Nuttall & Warburton, 1908, as published in the combination Rhipicentor bicornis (Class Arachnida), placed on the rea List ooh SpeeS Names in meee with Name No. 1313... bifida Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Asterias bifida (Class Crinoidea), placed on the ORE List cD, DCE Names in in Zoey with Name IN@s ISS oe : Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Cabopict), complcicy of out relate to type species of, given in Opinion 104 a j ‘ boschas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas boschas (Class Aves), acceptance of First Reviser selection of, by Lénnberg (1906) as a name taking precedence after platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas platyrhynchos, a name published in the same work and on the same date.. Bothyllus Hesse, 1864 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Gaertner, 1774), placed on the Official Index ar Reieged and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 963 Botrillus Oken, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryl/us Gaertner, 1774), placed on the Official Index es paced and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 964 Botryllis Porro, 1841 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Gaertner, 1774), placed on the Official Index a Roan and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 965 .. 116 317 319 163 115 200 25 awe) 168 168 169 Volume 1, Section E Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 (Class Upoehords); compiler of pe Beir to las species of, given in Opinion 94. Botryllus Oken, 1815 (a junior homonym of Botryllus Gaertner, 1774), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology with Name No. 967 .. Botrylus Koelliker & Loewig, 1846 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Botryllus Gaertner, 1774), placed on the Official Index of Boected and Anvaligi. Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 966.. bovis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus bovis (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed « on the pe as List ea SBORC Names in naopte. with Name No. 1277 .. Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gestopods): COME eD of ay see to De species of, given in Opinion 94.. Bursaria Miller (O.F.), 1774 (Class uaa), coumplenon of oy ee to tyBE species of, given in Opinion 104. . cajennensis Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Acarus cajennensis (Class Arachnida), placed on the =: OMteia! List 4 Secures Names in "op leey with Name No. 1310 .. camelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Struthio camelus (Class Aves), completion of entry jolatine to, made on the Ome] List os SEecuEe Names in Zoology in Opinion 413 ‘ ‘campestris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus campestris (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), Biaged on the Crees) List Oi pRECUIC Names in Zoology with Name No. 1283 canina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Taenia canina (Class Cestoda), placed on the namical List eh SEeG Names in n fools with Name No. 1400 .. capistratus Bechstein, 1811, as published in the combination Psittacus capistratus (Class Aves), placed on the Ofielas List aed special Names in aad with Name No. 1449 .. carteri Hall, 1857, as published in the combination Spirifer carteri (Class Bracmionad:), placed on the "Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1359. castor Jurine, 1820, as published in the combination Monoculus castor (Class Crustacea, ‘Order Copepoda), pied on the ee List ah Specie? Names in Zoology with Name No. 1306. Cephalemya Rondani, 1856 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818), placed on the Official Index ida Reece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 906 421 Page 165 169 169 64 164 233 115 218 65 269 338 200 114 30 422 Opinions and Declarations Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818 (a junior objective synonym of Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758) placed on the Official Index a, Roe and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 905 i Cephalomyia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818), placed on the Chiat Index F eh Rocce’ and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 907. Cephenemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818), placed on the Official Index of ROREE and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 908 oe Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), deletion of incorrect entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 106) and insertion of only that Oestrus trompe Modeer, 1786, is type species of. . ; ie Soe : deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective synonymisa- tion of Oestrus nasilis Linnaeus, 1758, with name of type species of se Cephenomyia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818), placed on the Crag t Index oh Roeercd and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 909. ceylanica Blainville, [June] 1827, Hirudo (Class Hirudinea), insertion of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name of rpre Spscica of Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 (correction of Opinion 104) .. : : A placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1420 Cheylatus Mégnin, 1878 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cheyletus Latreille, 1796), placed on the Official Index a foncna and donald Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 951 .. Cheyletes Sundevall, 1833 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cheyletus Latreille, 1796), placed on the Official Index iw) Rolee ied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 952 .. Cheylutus Oudemans, 1906 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Chelyetus Latreille, 1796), placed on the ene Index oy Boece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 953. chinensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Patella chinensis (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Cet List eer pucencs Names in 0 Zoey with Name No. 1333 .. Clavelina Savigny, 1816 (Class Urechorda): semplenon of ae TEES to type species of, given in Opinion 94.. Clinocoris Fallén, 1829 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rgeried and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 910 .. Clinocoris Hahn, 1834 (a junior homonym of Clinocoris Fallén, 1829), placed on the eirca Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. Page 30 30 a1 28 28 Si 230 272 90 90 90 195 165 31 31 Volume 1, Section E Clinophilus Blanford, 1903 (an Invalid Emendation of Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899), ee cE ae Official Ind Index HO Bee and Invalid Generic Names in Be ZGHEY with ame No ns complanatus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Julus complanatus (Class Diplopoda), placed on the ica List age peenG Names in A ADOIIEY with Name No. 1309 .. compressa de Haan, as published in the combination Ephyra compressa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from [1849] to oe (ee tion of Opinion 470) : : ihe as ae § f ae concinna Koch, 1844, as published in the combination Haemaphysalis concinna (Class Arachnida), placed on the eNO Gi List eh mpecricd Names in neooley with Name No. 1312 .. Conochinus Dohrn, 1859 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]), placed on the Official Index igh Reicuiedee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 913 .. Conorchinus Spinola, 1852 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833]), placed on the Official Index of Ae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 914.. Conorhinus Laporte, [1833] (a junior objective synonym of Triatoma Laporte, [1832], placed on the Ome D Index oh, Romi and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 915. Conorrhinus Jeannel, 1919 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Conorhinus Laporte, [1833)]), placed on the Coes Index of Boereg and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 916. convexa de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Ocypode (Chasmagnathus) convexa (Class Crustacea, Order Deeapods), validation of, under the Plenary Powers By ve ct oe : ats oe ae = a placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1465 convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, as published in the combination Ocypode convexus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the opicial Index FOF, sESeEtES and Invalid mosey Names in n Zeoloey with Name No. 488. Cyclosiphon Ehrenberg, 1856, suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion P27 placed on the Official Index ef erected and a dmualia Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1008 _ ... Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Amphipoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the Sted both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy bs a aE ty. ar hae placed on the Official Index of Merced and Invalid Generic Names in ie with Name No. 1044.. 423 Page 31 114 392 115 31 31 31 31 405 235 295 2o7 424 Opinions and Declarations Page Daira de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), validation of, under the Plenary Powers, and substitution of revised entry for, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, in place of that given in Opinion 73 .. ai 295—296 Daira Gistl, [1847] (a junior homonym of Daira de Haan, [1833]), placed on the Official Index of ROC and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology \ with Name No. 1045 297 Dairilia Dana, 1853 (Clas Crustacea, Order samphipeda): validation of, under the Plenary Powers .. 295 gender of name .. ae is ae ae = ae ae ee on OG placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1223, with Daira gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as type species ay 296 Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dairilia Dana, 1853), placed on the Official Index oe Roeetee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 297 .. 297 Davaenaea Cohn, 1900 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891), placed on the Official Index of ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1009 .. 235 Davaenea Cohn, 1899 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891), placed on the Official Index of FO and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1010 a2 235 Davainaea Diamare, 1893 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891), placed on the Official Index of Reged and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1011 .. 235 Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 (tds Cestoda).. compen of se) eae to type species of, given in Opinion 84. 233 Davainia Cohn, 1899 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891), placed on the Official Index of Re and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1012 Me 235 de Haan (W.), [1833—1850], Crustacea volume in Siebold (P.F. von), Fauna Japonica, determination of dates of publication of the several portions of. . Spor ol addition of title of, on the Official List of Works cable? as Available Heh Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 32 a 392 dendriticum Rudolphi, 1819, as published in the combination Distoma dendriticum (Class Trematoda), placed on the oO era List es ve Names in » Zooey with Name No. 1425 .. ; 273 Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 (Class Arachnida), correction of reference for selection of type species of (correction. of Opinion 104).. of a ae a. is 88 Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Seapopec): ‘Soule ee of ena eae to type species of, given in Opinion 94. 164 Volume 1, Section E Dentalius Forbes, 1841 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of fieiested and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 968 depurator Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Senet a under the Plenary Powers, of neotype for, by Holthuis 956) . placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1462 Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Class eee gui) completion of cuy relating to type species of, given in Opinion 73. Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 (Class Crustacea, Order Copepoda), compton of Eee) relating to type species of, given in Opinion 104 Diazone Usov, 1875 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Diazona Savigny, 1816), placed on the Official Index oe moected and Invalid Generic Names in pias with Name No. 969 : Dicrocoelium Dujardin (Class decode), correction of date of, from 1845 to 1844) (correction of Opinion 84) Lig x2 completion of entry relating to type species of. . diffractum Zenker, 1833, as published in the combination Ofariun diffractum (Class Trilobita), placed « on the Oe erel List 1h paaeuie Names in miZovesy with Name No. 1304 .. Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Class oe eonpleuon of cay PLU | to pie species of, given in Opinion 84 . Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 (Class Urochorda), correction of entry relating t to deter- mination of type species of (correction of Opinion 94) : domestica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca domestica (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), pled on the OHS) List oF Specie Names in Pooley with Name No. 1275... duodenale Dubini, 1843, as published in the combination Agchylostoma [sic] duodenale (Class Nematoda), placed on the ORG List EOF Sogciie 2 Names in ZOEY with Name No. 1406 .. Dysdera Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida), correction of guihorsiye attributed to name of type species of (correction of Opinion 104) a deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective synonymisa- tion of Aranea erythrina Walckenaer, 1802, with name of type species of : echinodiscus Diesing, 1851, as published in the combination Echinorhynchus echino- discus (Class Acanthocephala), placed on the wOiiaial List call Spenitie) Names in Zoology with Name No. 1415 .. 425 Page 169 373 373 88 88 169 230 233 113 233 165 64 270 89 89 426 Opinions and Declarations echinopus Fumouze & Robin, 1868, as published in the combination T- yroglyphus echinopus (Class Arachnida), placed | on the ORES List as Dales Names in Zoology with Name No. 1324 .. Ectobius Stephens, 1835 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), correction of date of selection of type species of (correction of Opinion 104) : completion of entry relating to type species of Elasmucha Stal, 1864 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1 188, with Cimex A Ser Fabricius, 1787, as type species , oa ah gender of name elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Dentalium ele- Phantinum (Class Scaphopoda), Dae on the 2 Offical List ae SPECT Names in Zoology with Name No. 1340 .. Enchytreus Udekem, 1854 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Enchytraeus Henle, 1837), placed on the Official Index of ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1013 eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo (Class Pisces), designation, under the nay Powers, to be the type species of Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 .. : ar - placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1326 equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Oestrus equi (a junior objective synonym of nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Oestrus nasalis), selection of lectotype for, by Hemming (1957) ae A - placed on the Official Index os Rejected and Invalid mouecuie Names in ee with Name No. 391 .. equi Clark, 1797, as published in the combination Oestrus equi (a junior primary homonym of equi Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Oestrus equi), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specie Names in ee. with Name No. 390 Sc equi Raspail, 1834, Sarcoptes (Class Arachnida), ruled to be the es Specie of Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 (correction of Opinion 104).. placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1317 equinus Miller (O.F.), 1780, as published in the combination Strongylus equinus (Class Nematoda), ae on the eOaicial List As Paceee Names in in ey with Name No. 1413 .. : eruditus Schrank, 1781, as published in the combination Acarus eruditus (Class erachnies) placed on the orcs List be ope och Names in usr with Name OB UISIS) ac Page 117 24 26 29 29 196 235 139 139 42 33 33 89 116 271 115 Volume 1, Section E erythrina Walckenaer, 1802, Aranea (Class Arachnida), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in "Zoology of reference to, in entry meaty to type Sea of Dysdera Latreille, [1804] (correction of Opinion 104).. erythrozonias Gmelin, [1790], as published in the combination Cimex erythrozonias (a junior objective synonym of rubrofasciatus De Geer, 1773, as published in the combination Cimex rubrofasciatus), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 392 a te ae europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio europaeus (Class Arachnida), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy.. : Ae Bi placed on the Official Index of eee and Invalid nbecie Names in Opes. with Name No. 381 .. expansa Rudolphi, 1828, as published in the combination Taenia expansa (Class Cestoda), Biaeee on the Official List op BPERUEE Names in FOO Ey with Name No. 1395 .. falciformis Eimer, 1870, as published in the combination Gregarina falciformis (Class Sporozoa), placed on the paar! List bB Specific Names in Wii ce with Name No. 1392 .. fallax Say, 1825, as published in the combination Pupa fallax (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1335 .. Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Class deers oda co apreuen of cay cee to BES species of, given in Opinion 84 Fasciola Linnaeus, 1761 (a junior homonym of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index jor, Rejectedian and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 1014 .. Fasciola Miller (O.F.), 1774 (a junior homonym of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of, Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in in A0niGs) with Name No. 1015 Fasciola Goeze, 1782 (a junior homonym of Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index or Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in poe? with Name No. 1016 .. ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the combination Accipiter ferox (Class Aves), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy be ae As placed on the Official Index of elected and Invalid Linccine Names in Goology with Name No. 486 .. ferrugator Fabricius, 1794, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugator (an Invalid Emendation of ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugatus), placed on the Gia ‘Index of Rox and Invalid Spec Names in Zoology with Name No. 393. 427 Page 89 33 268 196 233 235 235 235 363 363—364 33 428 Opinions and Declarations ferrugatus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cimex ferrugatus (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the 2 Offre) List st Bpecyic Names in Boney with Name No. 1270... ferus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex ferus (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), pled on the BO! List oe speeiets Names in in Oe with Name No. 1290 .. Filaraia Rudolphi, 1809 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Filaria Miller (O.F. )e 1787), placed on the Official Index of Reece” and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1017 .. : Filaria Miller (O. F.), 1787 (Class Nematoda), complehen of rentty, relate to ke species of, given in Opinion 104 Fumbriatus Sowerby, 1817, as published in the combination Ammonites JSimbriatus (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Ocal List of, Specuig Names in Oey with Name No. 1346 .. folliculorum Simon, 1842, as published in the combination Acarus folliculorum (Class Arachnida), placed on the sco oe List gs esa Names in ae’ with Name No. 1316 .. Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Dermaptera), correction of Se relating to determination of type species of (correction of Opinion 104) 5 completion of entry relating to type species of gabertii Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, as published in the combination Daira gabertii (Class Crustacea, Order Amphipoda), place on the Ofea! List oh Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 1428 gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Falco gallicus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1461 an aa ae by be an ae a he nee ne Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea, Order pnphipoday completes of entry relating to type species of, given in Opinion 104 Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective synonymisation of Oestrus intestinalis De Geer, 1776, with name of type species of (correction of Opinion 106) Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1200, with ae acarus Benson, 1856, as type species ; Q or on #5 ae: gender of name Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 (Class Premios): compicuien of ony Tele to type species of, given in Opinion 84 é : Page 30 66 235 234 197 116 24 26 296 363 87 28 167 167 232 Volume 1, Section E Gastrodiseus Kowalewski, 1899 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877), placed on the Geeta Index ar Reedied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1018 Gastrodiskus Schneidemuehl, 1896 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gastro- discus Cobbold, 1877), placed on the Official Index oF Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1019 3 Gastrophilus Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Gasterophilus Leach, -1817), placed on the Official Index of pulgcred and A dayaha Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 917... Gigantorhinchus Weinberg & Romanowitsch, 1908 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892), placed on the Official Index bh Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1020 j -Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 (Class Boe ocep hale) COMIDIE HON of Henity tlaung to type species of, given in Opinion 84 . glauca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Notonecta glauca (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), place on the Oficial List Hon BEC Names in nZonlogy with Name No. 1273... globator Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Volvox globator (Class Mastigophora), placed on the Orage List of SHeCiicK Names in nz eOloEy with Name No. 1391 .. globipunctata Rivolta, as published in the combination Taenia globi punctata [sic] (Class Cestoda), determination of bibliographical reference for, and date to be 429 Page 235 236 31 236 234 63 268 attributed to (completion of Opinion 77) os ye Be < - 230—231 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1397 Guathosoma Kreft, 1871 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gnathostoma Owen, [1837]), placed on the ORat Index a Baciied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1021. Gnathostoma Owen (Class A remarods),. correction of date of, from 1836 to eee (correction of Opinion 66) ; ; a ee ad ae : completion of entry relating to type species of Gnathostome Ward, 1903 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gnathostoma Owen, [1837]), placed on the Oncol: I Index oy Relea and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1022. Gnathostomum Blanchard, 1896 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gnathostoma Owen, [1837]), placed on the Official Index on Reletiets and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1023 Os Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematemeraue): pconip ton of holy aaa to type 269 236 230 232, 236 236 species of, given in Opinion 66. 232—233 430. Opinions and Declarations Gordius Slabber, [1769—1778] (a junior. homonym of Gordius Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index a Reece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1024 .. gracilis Thomson, 1872, as published in the combination Bathycrinus gracilis (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Oe List me mec Names in in Pore with Name No. 1348 .. granulatus Audouin, [1826], as published in the combination Cancer granulatus (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer granulatus), substitution of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology in place of granulatus de Haan, NS be as ae in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus.. 5 granulatus de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus, removal of, from the Official Index of piled and Invalid pees Names in Zoology, on which placed in Direction 37. grisea Boddaert, 1783, Tanagra (Class Aves), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of reference to in aa tne to Wee specigs of Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (correction of Opinion 67). . Bes = placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1447 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order eee hemes of ony relating to type species of, given in Opinion 104 y.. guttula Donovan, (1804), as published in the combination Reduvius guttula (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), Dlaced on the e ORG List nee Specie Names in Zanes with Name No. 1268 .. Gynaecophorus Diesing, 1858 (a junior objective synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858), placed on the Official Hadley of Rerected and intala Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1025. Gypaetos Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1797 (an Invalid Emendation of Gypaetus Storr, 1784), placed on the eee! Index oor RCC and droga Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1059. Gypaetus Storr, 1784 (Class Aves), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of subjective synonymisation of Vultur barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, with name of type species of (correction of Opinion 67) . ee - ah smnbrmenion of position of, on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology.. Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 (Class Hirudinea), correction of entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Haplosy Felating to type Spesics of ‘(correctic® of CDM 104) i ” se ; Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Class eeachuida), completion of nena relate to type species of, given in Opinion 73. Page 236 198 393 395 318 319 26 30 236 320 317 318 230 88 Volume 1, Section E haematobium Bilharz, 1852, as published in the combination Distoma haematobium (Class Trematoda), placed on the er Oieeat List bi Sa gh) Names in cya with Name No. 1403. haematocheir de Haan, as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), insertion of reference for, and correction of date of, from [1835] to [1833] (correction of Direction 36) a haematod. Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod. (Class Aves), a name published i in an abbreviated form, ruled to be written out as - haematodus as of he ae ; : placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 476, as an Invalid, because abbreviated, Original Spelling haematodes Shaw, 1811, as published in the combination on Psittacus haematodes (an Invalid Emendation of haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviation haematod.) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod.), placed on the Official Index ig eee and Invalid pres Names in iT Zoclesy with Name No. 47 cad haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviated form haematod.) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod. (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1448 .. ae : haematopus Stephens, 1826, as published in the combination Trichoglossus haematopus (an Invalid Emendation of haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviation haematod.) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod.), placed on the Official Index ae Bereta a and Invalid area Names in in Zogtoey. with Name No. 479 .. haematotus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus (an Invalid Emendation of haematodus (spelling-out of the abbreviation haematod.) Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Psittacus haematod.), placed on the Official Index ig ae and Invalid precise Names in ie Fooley with Name No. 447... haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination O6estrus haemorrhoidalis (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed on the heats List oF Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1266 .. hastatus Clerck, [1758], as published in the combination Aranea hastatus (Class Arachnida), placed on the Orie List yer specu ls Names in BARE with Name No. 1322 .. Helix Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastroneda); oe ee of Renu cole to SEF SPECIES of, given in Opinion 94. Helix Férussac, 1821 (a junior homonym of Helix Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index a foe and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology \ with Name No. 970 .. Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Class idem ta comp lrhen of oy. rac to OBE species of, given in Opinion 77.. 431 Page 270 392 Seif 339 339 338 339 339 29 116 164 169 233 432 Opinions and Declarations Hemiurus Gervais, 1855 (a junior homonym of Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809), placed on the Official Index bis figiesteds and Invalid Generic Names in nLOology with Name No. 1026 .. hepatica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola hepatica (Class Trematoda), placed on the BO mcial List es, Specttic.n Names in eZ OglOEy with Name No. 1404 .. Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 (Class Trematods); completion of cnt) relating to ‘ype species of, given in Opinion 84.. heterophyes Siebold, [1852], as published in the combination Distomum heterophyes (Class Trematoda), placed on the e rae List Do azcane 2 Names in in Zot with Name No. 1405 . ; Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Picudined), complenen of us) pele to ee Specs of, given in Opinion US 6 : Hirudo Miiller (O.F.), 1788 (a junior homonym of Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid ea Names in n Zoology with Name No. 1027 .. Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Deco correc- tion of date of name of type species of (correction of Opinion 85).. Holopus @Orbigny, 1837 (Class arose) Saye ae of yi iS. to yee species of, given in Opinion 73. holosericeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Acarus holosericeus (Class Arachnida), placed on the OENeia! sae i SPEC eN Names in eo! with Name No. 1318 .. Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 80), placed on the Official Hed oy ROSE al and Invalid Generic Names in oc with Name No. 971 Be holsatus Fabricius (J.C.), 1798, as published in the combination Portunus holsatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Placed on the Opie List neh Specie’ Names in Zoology with Name No. 1463 . humanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pediculus), (Class Insecta, Order Anoplura), correction of entry relating to interpretation of, in conformity with First Reviser choice by Page 236 270 232 270 234 236 392 163 116 169 Sits Latreille, [1803—1804] (correction of Opinion 104) . : Se ae . .24—25 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1286 Hylophila Kirby & Spence, 1828 (a junior objective synonym of Anthocoris Fallén, 1814), placed on the Official Index os Roeched and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 918 .. Hypoderma Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1.), 1828 (a junior homonym of Hypoderma Latreille, 1818), placed on the Official Index BAO elects and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 920 : 66 32 32 Volume 1, Section E inguinalis [Leach], [1815], as published in the combination Prhirus inguinalis (a junior objective synonym of pubis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pediculus pubis), placed on the Official Index x of ROEIEE, and vane SPA Names in Zoology with Name No. 394 : intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fasciola intestinalis (Class Cestoda), placed 0 on the Orpeial List wy ADEEIC Names in fn AOolsy with Name No. 1423 .. f intestinalis De Geer, 1776, Oestrus (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), deletion of reference to in entry relating to type sree of f Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (correction of Opinion 106 : By 5% io placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1292 irritans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pulex irritans (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera), placed on the Opiciay List oii Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 1288 _... Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899 (a junior objective synonym of Cimex Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index fof Bera and Invalid Generic Names in Booey with Name No. 921 lanceolata Rudolphi, 1803, as published in the combination Fasciola lanceolata (a junior primary homonym of Janceolata Schrank, 1790, as published in the com- bination Fasciola lanceolata), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 464 BS : id a 4 Laporte (F.L. de), Essai d’une Classification systématique de Ordre des Hémiptéres (Heteroptéres), determination of date of publication of the several portions of addition of title of, to the Official List ae eds eporoves as Available me Z Do Nomenclature with Title No. 28 ; lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blatta lapponica (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), place on the le Ociat List as pace Names in cea losy with Name No. 1282... latipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the sel List oe SPS Names in Zoology with Name No. 1464 .. ; Latrodectes Canestrini & Pavesi, 1869 (an Invalid Emendation of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805), placed on the Official Index ois BIECIEe and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 954.. Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1905 (Class pone, completion’ of ges genes to Gee species of, given in Opinion 104 433 Page 34 273 28 66 66 32 238 27 27 65 373 90 87 434 Opinions and Declarations Laurenti (J.N.), ruling that name of author of Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium austricorum to be cited as, and not as Laurentius or Laurentus Li Ae title of the above work by the above author published in 1768 placed on the Official List of Works eee as Available e AGe BoeaetG) Nomenclature with TMS INO, 2D se Laurentius, possibility that the name of Laurenti (J.N.), the author of Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium austricorum may occasionally have been Latinised as, not excluded, though no evidence available to show that this author ever did use a Latinised version of his name .. 4 ae uA 24 Es Lp ae Laurentus, an incorrect version of Laurentius, a Latinised form of the name of Laurenti (J.N.), the author of Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium austricorum Laverania Theobald, 1902 (a junior homonym of Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889), placed on the Official Index of esa and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1028 ... lectularius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex lectularius (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Cree List er Suecite Names in Zoology with Name No. 1271 .. lepadiformis Miller, 1776, as published in the combination Ascidia lepadiformis (Class Urochorda), placed on the G Ome List a SPecvicy Names in 1 LOC with Name No. 1353 .. Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea, Order Cimipediay, compen of en relating to type species of, given in Opinion 77 5; Lepas da Costa, 1778 (a junior homonym of Lepas Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 955 Lepisina Radermacher, 1779 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Re ecied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 922 .. Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order EDysauucay coma of epuy relating to type species of, given in Opinion 104 a6 : determination of gender of Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Class Gastropoda), entry relating to sien in Opinion 115, to be endorsed as being so entered only for certain purposes . Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] (Class Gastropoda), incorrect attribution of, to von Martens, 1881, in Opinion 115, correction of .. : ae o Ne aR suppression of, under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 115, ruled to 9 apply to uns Law of Homonymy as well as to the Law of Priority placed on the Official Index A Reiceed and Invalid Generic Names in ey with Name No. 972 .. Page 77 78 as cal 236 63 199 87 90 32 25 153 166 166 167 169 Volume 1, Section E Leucochilus von Martens, 1881, citation of, in Ouner l15,a gaosus for Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] .. ae : A ae Fa Leucochilus Kraatz, [1897] (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1201, with Leucocelis notaticollis Kraatz, [1897], as type species .. : a at oe BY oe Ar gender of name Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Class Cestoda): cenupigHen:s of ent Panny to TES species of, . given in Opinion 104 2 Ligula Montagu, 1808 (a junior homonym of Ligula Bloch, 1782), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1029 vt ae a mS ae a a A Ms a a Ligyrocoris Stal, 1872 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name: No. 1185, with Cimex sylvestris Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : ai a. af a a ma gender of name Limax Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda); coppicuon of ay Ses | to ee species of, given in Opinion 94 . Limax Pallas, 1774 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 973 Limax Martyn, 1784 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 974 Limax Férussac, 1819 (a junior homonym of Limax Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 975.__ Lithostrotium Agassiz, 1864 (an Invalid Emendation of Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828), . placed on the Official Index Oe ce and dnyald. Generic Names in Aockgey with Name No. 1030 oa lofotensis Sars (M.), 1865, as published in the combination Rhizocrinus lofotensis (a nomen nudum), placed on the ogee? Index of Raced and Invalid Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 420.. lofotensis Sars (M.), 1868, as published in the combination Rhizocrinus lofotensis (Class Crinoidea), placed on the , Oficial List aA Specie fi Names in in ooloey with Name No. 1351 .. lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ascaris lumbricoides (Class Nematoda), placed on the os ie List Bes Bnecticrs Names in si rete s with Name No. 1407 .. Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 (Class EeleoPod ey eempieton of entry nla to type species of, given in Opinion 94 . 435 Page 166 168 16, 233 236 29 23 164 169 169 169 236 198 271 436 Opinions and Declarations Page magnilarva Della Valle, 1881, as published in the combination Distaplia magnilarva (Class Urochorda), placed on the ae id List sot mpecie D Names in in Zookegy with Name No. 1355 .. 199 mantelli Morton, 1883, as published in the combination Nummulites mantelli (Class Rhizopoda), placed on the COE. List eer opecyic Names in HL OOHREY, with Name No. 1389 .. : 267—268 ‘ martis Gmelin, [1790], as published in the combination Filaria martis (Class Nema- toda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1411 271 maurus Linnaeus, 1758, Scorpio (Class Arachnida), designation of, under the > Eee, Powers, to be the type species of Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 .. 3 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1151 .. 3—4 medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hirudo medicinalis (Class Hirudinea), placed on the COC List ce aia Names in n ZOO with Name No. 1418 .. 272 mercatoria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Voluta mercatoria (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Oaielal List sek DREGE Names in 0 Looe with Name No. 1334 .. 196 meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, as published in the combination Gypaetos [sic] meridionalis (Class Aves), placed on the eOrietal List pes Species Names in Zoology with Name No. 1444 .. 319 Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 (Class MerinoiteS) Sorat oe of penta tele to pie species of, given in Opinion 73 . 163 Metastemma Amyot & Serville, 1843 (an Invalid Emendation of Prostemma Laporte, [1832]), placed on the Official Wide of ba ae and toa Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 923 : 32 miescheri Lankester, 1882, as published in the combination Sarcocystis miescheri (a junior objective synonym of miescherianum Kuhn, 1865, as published in the combination Synchytrium miescherianum), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 465 3 238 miescherianum Kihn (J.), 1865, Synchytrium (Class Neosporidia), to be cited under Declaration 21 as type species of Sarcocystis Lankester, 1880 : 23 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1393 .. 268 Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda), confirmation of position of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed in Opinion 94, and substitution of revised entry for He Be i a ns af Ns Sree OTT, MOLGULIDAE Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.D. de), 1877 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in eanieey with Name No. 197, with ‘Mateus Forbes, 1848, as type genus ae 307 Volume 1, Section E moluccanus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus haematotus [sic] var. moluccanus (Class Aves), ples on the taco List om Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 1450 ‘ Monietia Diamare, 1900 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Moniezia Blanchard, 1891), placed on the Official Index op Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1031 .. Monieza Smith, 1908 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Moniezia Blanchard, 1891), placed on the Official Index oh Boleetee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1032 .. Mya Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Peleeypoda), completion of eentey relating | to te Sneciks of, given in Opinion 94 Mya Rondani, 1850 (a junior homonym of Mya Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 976 myoti Kolenati, 1856, as published in the combination Pteropus myoti (Class mee ice), placed on the gee List bok Specie Names in UA eney with Name No. 1323 .. : Nabis Latreille (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), correction of date of, from 1802 to [1802—1803] (correction of Opinion 104) A ar : si Kee completion of entry relating to type species of. . nasalis Linnaeus, 1758, Oestrus (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), deletion from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of reference to, in entry felaeing | to Bee Species of Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (correction of Opinion 106) . placed ‘on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1265 navalis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Teredo navalis (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the Omficia! List Le Specie Names in LP oglegy with Name Ne 1342 .. Necator Stiles, 1903 (Class Nematoda); completion of ent pelle to one SEecies of, given in Opinion 66 . nemorum Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Cimex nemorum (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Oil List of SBeewic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1272 . Neophron Savigny, 1809 (Class Aves), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, completion of entry relating to type species of.. Neritina Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Oficial Index oF Ropes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 977. Neritina Lamarck, 1816 (Class Sestevedae correction of date of Ope aaeae of (correction of Opinion Ke) ape at : ‘ 437 Page 338 237 237 164 170 116 27 26 28 29 196 232 63 217 170 166 438 Opinions and Declarations nilotica Savigny, 1822, as published in the combination Bdella nilotica (Class Hirudinea), Bleed on the OIG List ges Specie Names in pases: with Name No. 1419 .. nitidulus Pfeiffer (L.G.C.), 1854, as published in the combination Pupoides nitidulus (Class Gastropoda), ee on the Oneal List Hes BEC Names in n Zac with Name No. 1328 .. notaticollis Kraatz, [1897], as published in the combination Leucocelis notaticollis (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), plas on the Cie! List wes Speci Names in Zoology with ‘Name No. 1331 .. Notonecia Fabricius, 1798 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for MNotonecta Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Reece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 924.. Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order eae colmplcuone of cnt relating to type species of, given in Opinion LOA : : : Nyctea Stephens, 1826 (Class ues) correction of se) elaine to “Whe sper a) (correction of Opinion 67) : confirmation of position of, on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. . nyctea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix nyctea (Class Aves), acceptance of First Reviser selection of, by Lonnberg (1931) as a name taking precedence after scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Strix scandiaca, a name published in the same work and on the same date Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), correction of date of specific name of type species of (correction of Opinion 128).. oculata Forbes, 1848, as published in the combination Molgula oculata (Class Urochorda), placed on the 6 Oca List es aueuiCd Names in 1 COONEY with Name No. 1441 .. Oedemagenus Berthold, 1827 (an Invalid Emendation of Oedemagena Latreille, 1818), placed on the Official Index a Rdected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 925 .. Page 272. 167 168 32 27 318 318 319 Patt 307 32 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology, names placed on : SCORPIONIDES [Leach], [1814] Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections and additions to entries concerning : Acanthopus de Haan, [1833] 4 393 Volume 1, Section E 439 Page Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, name’ placed on : Acanthia Fabricius, 1775 ses we be ae 7 es 0 ae 30 Agchylostoma Dubini, 1843 os Ah sit Se ie < prem) eV Anchylostamum Moehlau, 1897. ae ae S. es ‘e oe at 234 Anchylostoma Pruner, 1847 Be Ap int i ae we ae “eu 234 Anchylostomos Wucherer, 1868.. an Ae 5 Ave a Bee Beueas Ft Anchylostomum Diesing, 1851 .. a ae a mr es cf We 4 Ancylostomom Molin, 1861 ere a Ay, Me a i aut siete) BOM Ancylostomum Diesing, 1851 .. Be His a :. me sip a Vey Ancylostormum Schifone, 1908 .. sis es mh Ey othe ys ean DOE Ankylostoma Lutz, 1885.. ae a oP, a BRS oe Ve as 235 Ankylostomum Bugnion, 1881 .. Rte ie ae a3 ue si aemas)s) Anodonta Saunder, 1843. au ae ie Re Se Se or 168 Anodonta Herrich- ‘Schaeffer, 1855 x on ae 2 i bi at 168 Anodonta Rambur, 1858. *: zs a we a Be oe 168 Arcella Ehrenberg, 1838. ae ae ay! Be ae ie ae Parane2855) Avicularia Gray (J.E.), 1848 ye oe ue ae 7" 5% Bi te 90 Bothyllus Hesse, 1864 .. es Lip on ae Ae we ay oe 168 Botrillus Oken, 1829 Shs i a Ae a sh a utr A 168 Botryllis Porro, 1841 ae ye a ae ie “8 hy Ae 34 169 Botryllus Oken, NSIS) se ae a! jy Re sie of: 7 169 Botrylus Koelliker & Loewig, 1846 he a ia a: bes Rss in 169 Cephalemya Rondani, 1856 He aft at: of ie ae ae ne 30 Cephalemyia Latreille, 1818 ae By Up: a bp of: os ot: 30 Cephalomyia Agassiz J. L.R.), 1846 i a af Be ts - Mi 30: Cephenemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 on ae mA 7 of ae 31 Cephenomyia Agassiz (J.L. Se 1846... ie a x # is a 31 Cheylatus Mégnin, 1878 ae a A ae a Pe a ‘90 Cheyletes Sundevall, 1833 So an ee ba Es os oe be 90 Cheylutus Oudemans, 1906 ae ug Ae Le Rs ye as fe 90: Clinocoris Fallén, 1829 .. ae hs as ad Ad Ba pe t5 31 Clinocoris Hahn, 1834 .. ae ht. 5G $3 ae As it ae 31 Clinophilus Blanford, 1903 is ae ef he Ae =e Lt 45 31 Conochinus Dohrn, 1859 Ae oy Me vk a aE aie oe 31 Conorchinus Spinola, 1852 ed bis ite aS # ms te se 31 Conorhinus Laporte, [1833] ee Be oe at De ae ae ae 31 Conorrhinus Jeannel, 1919 ne ae se Ms ve a Re 31 Cyclosiphon Ehrenberg, 1856 .. aN Be ae * Mp pe APA P35 Daira Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 oe we a: ae Ws Bs BAe Oe i) Daira Gistl, [1847] tes ne eS ike ms ie Ei ie pDOUL, Dairinia Bate (C.S.), 1862 ae ae ae ae ke e Be. See Meh Davaenaea Cohn, 1900 .. hi ae ™ af: ae “ a Siw L239 Davaenea Cohn, 1899 _ .. Mi ass ae ee ac ae oy ae 235 Davainaea Diamare, 1893 oe es ls 56 as 4 ot pees Davainia Cohn, 1899 ws ae te At ae a eee ae a 235 Dentalius Forbes, 1841 .. ae ae i i: fee Hee oe pas 169 Diazone Usov, 1875 a0 ae we a ne a As oe Ei 169 Enchytreus Udekem, 1854 Be ne a ED ae ste yes aat235 Fasciola Linnaeus, 1761 . Be iis aes us Be im A: ee SS, Fasciola Miller (O. F.), 1774 is ae _ vs a wn 4: ies 5 Fasciola Goeze, 1782 ae a a A ds ae ey same Filaraia Rudolphi, 1809 . Ae as 6 ae ae ae ie hee Gastrodiseus Kowaleweki. 1899.. an Ee ae ate a ae scweae235 Gastrodiskus Schneidemuehl, 1896 ue vs ae ae ae en sa) W286 Gastrophilus Agassiz (J.L. Roe 1846... ® AP sm Pi ye 31 Gigantorhinchus Weinberg & Romanowitsch, "1908 .. si = de sete236 Gnathosoma Kreft, 1871 an LS ae Bi Ln My eke Gnathostome Ward, 1903 : i Ae B- ae Aa cf une 236 ae ale Blanchard, 1896 Py fe Pe Ei es a er 236 440 Opinions and Declarations Page Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : Gordius Slabber, [1769—1778] . a ue WM 50 og Be Pye 275) Gynaecophorus Diesing, 1858 . Me a a fi Ne “99236 Gypaetos Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie °(E. 1797 ae oe A i ea 1 B20 Helix Férussac, 1821 ne : of oe ae AE My ca 169 Hemiurus Gervais, 1855 be ae tne Oe ae aA ue as) 236 Hirudo Miller (O.F.), 1788 ae ae a - bie aa Ne M286 Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758 : Be a bic Bi Be 2. 169 Hylophila Kirby & Spence, 1828 Be Es os Ee ay Mc 32 Hypoderma Geoffroy St. Hilaire ce ), 1828. a Ae A ms A 32 Klinophilos Kirkaldy, 1899 : we an Ae a A Lp 32 Latrodectes Canestrini & Pavesi, 1869. be Be Re Se Bt sh 90 Laverania Theobald, 1902 ae He Se se ah a ale Pela 2815 Lepas da Costa, GS ee ie te BA = ate a a ee 90 Lepisina Radermacher, 1779 ... i Ae eae ey - Be Be 32 Leucochilus Boettger, [1880] .. ae ue ve as os age fy 169 Ligula Montagu, 1808 .. it an ats a ae Se te Se ZAE Limax Pallas, 1774 ay: ate ae is Be Be: ys is py 169 Limax Martyn, 1784 iis as ae te a MF ae oe es 169 Limax Férussac, 1819 .. ae Ke 4: be oe pe ne se 169 Lithostrotium Agassiz, 1846 Sh ae oe ahs as se ee OO Metastemma Amyot & Serville, 1843 i oe sus ae a ap at 32 Monietia Diamare, 1900. . ae ae m be 5 ate Hee 728) 7/ Monieza Smith, 1908 ae ae we ai a si Lie ats Se 237 Mya Rondani, 1850 ve os a of si bee oh sr as 170 Neritina Rafinesque, 1815 Se ese ve ue Sc oe He Beale | 1740) Notonecia Fabricius, 1798 St ae - co as ne B.: hs 32 Oedemagenus Berthold, 1827 .. ne se “A me ae ve a 32 Phthirius Burmeister, 1835 we ar oN ba ae ait a4 bs 32 Phthirus Leach, 1817... nee oe aa af Bi ne Bi the 32 Phyllocoris Costa, 1847 .. ae ae a Be Ae ie ae ae 32 Physa Raffray, 1890 ae Aye ne ote BS aga at He He 170 Physalia Langerhans, 1884 we aa ae bis ss A ba eh 2 17/ Physalis Lamarck, 1816 .. a at te Bes Ae As -_ Be tele 657/ Platyonichus Latreille, 1818 ie Be ae aaa ne iy we ee Te: Platyonychus Voigt, 1836 ae a a ae io a we 36) ey OE Postemma Dufour, 1834 : os Me 30 a Si AA A 33 Prostremma Kiritshenko, 1909 . a be iv = Be, ae ee 33 Pupa Lamarck, 1801 ie ae ee ae ae ae a Ss He 170 Pyrosoma Dahibom, 1854 ae oy Se Re ae ie a 170 Pyrosoma Smith & Kilborne, 1893 55 Be ae ae BE a oa 170 Rhizocrinus Sars (M.), 1865 $3 ae Me Su ae Me es Selo Ryparocoris Schummel, [1827] .. an Ae ab a ass a 56 32 Schistosoma Brady, 1877 os ee an oe Ak wre _ SSW O23 7) Schistosoma Hansen, 1916 ; ee a ag Le Bia SUB 7) Schistosomum Laveran & Blanchard, 1895 Re 5. a 2 x. seR238 7) Sclerostoma Rudolphi, 1809 _.. ase Ae te te Be at XS) 2a23 7) Sphaerium Charpentier, 1825 .. ae BE at: nes “8 a, eo ZO) Spinturnia Van der Hoeven, 1849 os be ae ne us 2% a 90 Spirifera Murray, 1831 .. Be aK a a a ts os Ne RLZO Strongylus Herbst, 1792 oe ae on oe Ae He oh we h237, Taenia Pallas, 1766 id oa i: ae ae ae Re a8 e237 Taenia Walker, 1866 a ae Ke a an oe o of eeu e Si: Teredo Hiibner, [1809—1813] .. ae coe e m3 Xe ts so TO Thecosoma Moquin-Tandon, 1860 a a AR a a oe van eZ Se Thysanosomus Galli-Valerio, 1897 : ar i _ ae B.S + 237 Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 an on Se 5st ¥ Sebi Trombidion Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1845 aM ES a Be ee Rs wie 90 Vitria Hall, 1867 a ae a Be a a od 170 Vitrinus de Montfort, 1810 a5 Re a ys eA ai By oF 170 Volume 1, Section E Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on : aegyptiaca Cobbold, 1886, Heterophyes convexus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825, Ocynode equi Fabricius, 1787, Oestrus equi Clark, 1797, Oestrus : erythrozonias Gmelin, [1790], Cimex europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Scorpio ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, Accipiter ferrugator Fabricius, 1794, Cimex granulatus Audouin, 1826, Cancer _haematod. Linnaeus, 1771, Psittacus haematodes Shaw, 1811, Psittacus haematopus Stephens, 1826, Trichoglossus haematotus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, Psittacus inguinalis [Leach], [1815], Pthirus lanceolata Rudolphi, 1803, Fasciola lofotensis Sars (M.), 1865, Rhizocrinus. . miescheri Lankester, 1882, Sarcocystis. . pelagica Lamarck, 1801, Physalia platyrhyncha Lonnberg, 1906, Anas rufofasciata Van Duzee, 1917, Triatoma trachealis Siebold, 1836, Syngamus variegatus [Leach], [1814], Portumnus .. vespertilionis Linnaeus, 1758, Pediculus vespertilionis Schrank, 1803, Hippobosca vespertilionis Hermann, 1804, Phthiridium vespertilionis Dufour, 1832, Pteroptus .. vespertilionis Dugés, 1834, ‘Dermanyssus vespertilionis, all usages of, with Acarus Linnaeus, 1758 ste vespertilionis, all usages of, with Acrocholidia Kolenati, 1857 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Celeripes Montagu, 1808 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Diplostaspis Kolenati, 1857 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Gamasus Latreille, [1802—1803] vespertilionis, all usages of, with Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Liponissus [sic] Kolenati, 1858 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Listropoda Kolenati, 1857 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Megistopoda Macquart, 1852 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 .. vespertilionis, all usages of, with Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863 vespertilionis, all usages of, with Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857 ae vespertilionis, all usages of, with Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] vespertilionis, all usages of, with Spinturnix von Heyden, 1826 oe vespertilionis, all usages of, with Strebla Wiedemann, 1824 volutata Roding, 1798, Oleacina gs zeylanica Moquin- Tandon, [July] 1827, “Sanguisuga a Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, names removed from : granulatus de Haan, 1833, Cancer (Actaea) Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology, names placed on : MOLGULIDAE Lacaze-Duthiers (F.J.D. de), 1877 OSMERIDAE Regan (C.T.), 1913 3 SCORPIONIDAE (correction of SCORPIONIDES) [Leach], [1814] 393 442 Opinions and Declarations Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections . and additions to entries concerning, exclusive of determination of gender of names placed on: Amblyomma Koch, 1844 ye Ah uy ae ike Ge bi rh 88 Anas Linnaeus, 1758 Ae ay ue ae ae ue Bis be aioe 217) Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 ais Wi A ut a Me Ay. 231, 232 Antedon Fréminville, 1811 ae Be hs 3 Be: st 3 pesianllan! ((3}3) Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 .. om iM es ah ie sy .. 26, 28—29 Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 Bd a at a us ahs Be sae 164 Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 .. Bs ae ees Fi ie, a “if peta 2228) Bathycrinus Thompson, 1872 .. rc ae af a ae Se 163 Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 .. ae an ae an ne se ay way 25 Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 pe = Hie si Me at oe de 165 Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 re ie 7 ae er. a = io 164 Bursaria Miller (O.F.), 1774 .. ae ae Ais a uA Hg et mS Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 .. ue un ie a0 us ang Be 28 Clavelina Savigny, 1816 . ie on Be Ae aN oe aie bee 165 Daira de Haan, [1833] .. Me at wy 3h fe ae 295—296 Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 die a a 3 fee a Bee e315) Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 on Se aye ne oe a a3 Ae 88 Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 ie Ht le uh Bh oe a: bs 164 Dermacentor Koch, 1844 oi 2 ee he 50 HA he Be 88 Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 ue a a ie we be 5 Ai 88 Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] .. ie ae Ae Re Ay, ae 230, 233. Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 ae a Is bat a ay ee rie SB Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 is ats » aes = 3 a et MelGS Dysdera Latreille, [1804] a ae ae a bY bit 2 ro 89 Ectobius Stephens, 1835 uh WA Be Se ae Me ae .. 24, 26 Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 wd a a a a is Bi Resi 23)5) Filaria Miller (O.F.), 1787 eh iy ye the as ig Hi Pei 9 28¥41 Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 a ay e fi ss Me ae .. 24, 26 Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 Be mC - 3H Ss Bt et Be 87 Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 ae 63 bs af fe is AF ae 28 Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 .. ie EY te 56 “jh se te S2) Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 ae 3 a ce Me A 234 Gnathostoma Owen, [1837] me ae es 3a ae a8 of 230, 232 Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 .. We ee A Bie ue at = 93033 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 .. ts ane oe ie es ne BS fi 26 Gypaetus Storr, 1784 .. an ie a ae ae nes BY eens) 7/ Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 a6 sy He on ae ne a8 e. 1 230 Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 ots ie ie ie a be hs ay, 88 Helix Linnaeus, 1758 .. Ee on is