UC-NRLF B 4 Dfll ORANGE CTJ-LTTJRE TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY, BY GEORGE GALLESIO, ATDITOl? OF THE STATE COUNCIL, AND SUB-PREFECT OF SAVONA. TRANSLATED Fl'.OM THE FRENCH, EXPRESSLY THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST." Jacksonville, !lfhi. : 1M I'.USIIKI) MY ('II \ltLES II. WALTON Jb CO, 1876. or***: FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST. $3 A YEAR. EIGHT PAGES. THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST ia the only agricultural paper in the State, and the best in the South. If you wish to get reliable information about Florida, its climate, soil, and capacity ; accurate details as to the cultivation of the Orange and Tropical Fruits, and the profits to be derived therefrom, subscribe to THE FLORIDA AGRICUL- TURIST, an 8-page weekly paper, 32 broad columns. Opinions of the Press. THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST comes to us regu- larly, and is full of useful hints as well as personal experience in the culture of Florida's fruits arid vegetables. 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TREATISE m THE CITRUS FAMILY, BY GEORGE GALLESIO, // AUDITOR OF THE STATE COUNCIL, AND SUB-PREFECT OF SAVONA. \ TUANSI,.\TKI> KllOM THK tKKNrii, I', V I'UESSI.Y F<)1{ FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST." I'lMVI'Kl) AT Till-: OKKK'i: OK -TIIK PLOBTDA ACUK TI/IT !{IST.V 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by CHARLES H. WALTON, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. fc • sg PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. While bringing before the public this learned work of M. GALLESIO, the transla- tors were impressed with the fact that in some parts it might not be clear to the unscientific reader ; they have, therefore, ventured to simplify and to explain botan- ical terms, and in some few cases geographical names. The translation of this work was begun by Prof. S. D. WILCOX. His death occur- ring when but one-fourth of it was accomplished, we are consequently indebted to a friend for the completion of the task. Any discrepancy in the style of writing may be thus accounted for. AUTHOR'S PREFACE Of all the plants spread by Nature upon the surface of the globe, there are none more beautiful than those we know under the names of citron, lemon, and orange trees, which botanists have included under the technical and generic name of Citrus. These charming trees are both useful and ornamental. No others equal them in beauty of leaf, delightful odor of flowers, or splendor and taste of fruit. No other plant supplies delicious confections, agreeable seasonings, perfumes, essences, syrups, and the valuable acid so useful to colorers. In a word, these trees charm the eye, satisfy the smell, gratify the taste, serving both luxury and art, and presenting to astonished man a union of all delights. These brilliant qualities have made the Citrus a favorite in all countries. In warm climates it is the object of careful culture, and in more temperate climes it is the necessary ornament of country-seats and villas, while, still further north, it has originated those inventions in building designed by luxury to make a summer in the midst of winter. Writers upon agriculture have occupied themselves with the culti- vation and description, and with all tending to the preservation, propagation, and uses of these t rees. Ktienne, iSerres, and others in France; Gallo, Tanara, Trinci, and Ferraris in Italy; Herrara.in Spain; Miller in England ; Commelyn in Belgium; Volcamerius and Sicler in Germany, have all written upon these plants. Volcamerius and Fer- raris have added to their books numerous drawings of the varieties known in their time, thus seeming to leave nothing to be desired on this subject. But, after close study and thought, I have found great con fusion and want of method in their classi- fication. This is owing to the prejudices among writers concerning the nature and origin of vtn'taffcx. I have, therefore, devoted myself to the close observation of these plants, examining their caprices from their birth to their fruiting, and. seconding *., Mature by culture1, not forcing her by the graft, I have been able to obtain many results, and to compare them with preceding phenomena, I have, also, attempted experiments in order to find the secret cause of these results. I have operated upon the flowers of the citrus, watching them from the moment of conception, in their development, in their fructification, and in reproduction from their seeds. Upon observations and their consequences I have based a theory by which 1 have arranged my classification, definitely fixing, by decisive experiments, the species, the chief varieties, many hybrids, and nearly all the monsters. This theory I have elab- orated in the first chapter of this work, and in the second I have shown its applica- tion to the citrus. The third chapter offers a comparison and description of all these beings. The monsters of the genus citrus have also furnished me an article in this chapter, to which I have added remarks upon the species of India. Finally, the history of the citrus has been the subject of my fourth chapter. My chief design has been to throw light upon the physiological problems that I have tried to solve. To this end I have sought to determine the different climates in which these species were placed by Nature, and to discover by what degrees and in what manner they were spread, mingled, and naturalized in the countries where we now see them. I have endeavored to spy out the circumstances and causes which gave birth to the crowd of varieties, or which have made them disappear. For the title to my book I have preferred the botanical name of this genus, discarding, as savoring of the fabulous, the term Ilesperides, so often used by my predecessors. I also use, in the course of this work, the ancient Italian word Ayrwni, which comprehends all the species of this family. It is thought that this word was borrowed by the writers of the sixteenth century, from the Arabs, who called their fruits by a term denoting their acidity. It is certainly a name well chosen to dis- tinguish this genus. A TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY BY M. OEOKGE GALLESIO, Auditor of the State Council, and Sub-Prefect or Suvomi. CHAPTER I. T1IEOKY OF VEGETABLE RErilODUCTKXX. AiiT. I.— Of the Citrus—Of its species— The inter- mediate races which unite them — The researcJies concerning the formation of new plants— The discovery of hybrids — The uncertainty respect- ing the nature of varieties. The Citrus proper lias been for a long time the only species of Agrumes known to Euro- peans, and has thus furnished botanists the name of the genus to which they have referred all the species, and consequently the varieties also with which our gardens have progressively been en- riched. But among all these different races there have always been distinguished four, whose physiog- nomy is so marked, and whose characteristics so distinct, that it is impossible to regard them as other than the principal species into which the genus is naturally divided. The first is the Citron, which has preserved the generic name of Citrus. The second species is the Lemon, wrongly called Citrus medico,, but properly Citrus limon. The third and the fourth are commonly known as the Sweet and Sour (Bigaradc) orange, and have been united by botanists under the com- mon name of Citrus aurantium. These four species have been almost infinitely multiplied by a chain of varieties, and have been crossed and confounded in such a manner that at the present time they are so united one to the other by an insensible and continuous gradation that it is very difficult to distinguish them. They are also multiplied in appearance more than in reality by the different names which these varieties have received from the botanists of different countries, as well as by the disappear- ance of several varieties once known, and the for- mation of several new ones. In the midst of this confusion, which would very naturally exist as to the varieties, they should nevertheless have agreed concerning the species, which has always presented characteris- tics not to be mistaken. " But botanists have never occupied themselves carefully with these secondary divisions, and sat- isfied with having classified the numerous genera of vegetables, they have regarded the different races sometimes as species and sometimes as va- rieties, without even determining the character- istics by which nature has distinguished these two analagous but different classes of the vege- table kingdom. They long di^mloil ID usa-rlain \vholliei1 tlm earth has produced new species of plants since the creation, or whether all which now exist were created at the beginning of the world. This question, discussed with so much erudition and sagacity, appears to have been decided since we have discovered the secret of the combination of the species by means of the fructifying pollen which passes from one plant to the others ; and it is no longer doubtful that nature, rich in her productions, has arranged a kind of marriage between plants differing a little, from which it results that a new plant is produced, distin- guished by the name of hybrid. The discovery of these vegetable mules, which form in nature a class not originally existing, has thrown much light upon and infinitely facilitated the classification of species. But it still remains to determine the nature and discover the origin of the third race of vege- tables, which cannot be ranked among the hybrids because they belong only to one species, but are nevertheless so different from each other and from the primitive type that wre must regard them as distinct beings, having their own peculiar char- acteristics. It is principally upon these numerous races, known under the name of varieties, that the opinion of botanists and cultivators is still divided. The hypotheses hitherto formed con- cerning their nature and formation are so vague and unsatisfactory that it is important for sci- ence that light be thrown upon this mystery, and that an explanation of it be given more in har- mony with the principles of vegetable physiology. We will begin by examining the opinions held upon this subject. AIIT. II. — Opinions of botanists and ayricuUtH'- ists respecting the origin and cause of varieties ami monsters. When we regard the variety always reappear' ing in the productions of the vegetable kingdom, and observe the innumerable multitude of new beings by which the surface of the globe is con- tinually enriched, w'e are tempted to believe that nature has abandoned to a number of external agents, either natural or artificial, the power of modifying her productions and infinitely varying them. But when we study vegetable life, and examine closely all its changes and mysterious reproduc- tions, we are persuaded that nature, always regu- lar in her operations, always grand in her results, has abandoned nothing to chance, and that she has (IrtPrminod from tile moment of creation all 6 GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CXTEtS FAMILY. the details of existence, and cast inflexibly the mold in which all beings must bo modeled. This great truth, which cannot be hidden from the view of the careful observer, nevertheless seems to be with difficulty reconciled with a number of phenomena which are every day pre- sented to view. On the other band, we are reassured in these principles by the example of all the primitive species of plants, which are always met with on the earth in the same form under which they have existed for many centuries; we are con- vinced of this fact, by the bringing together and comparison of those remains of plants found in excavations, and by the models which have been transmitted to us by painting, sculpture, or de- scriptions of the ancients. On the other hand, we know not to what should be attributed all those new species or va- rieties, of which, it beeuiti, our ancestors had no idea, and still more those sub-varieties and those monsters which arc daily developed under our own eyes, cither by the seed, or some chance, of which we as yet know not the principle. It is already half a century since we succeeded in establishing order in the multitude of these new races, which have been divided into two classes. The first is the hybrids ; the second, the varieties. Linnaeus has wrung from nature the secret of the formation of the first ; it remains to seek the principles according to which the second are pro- duced. I will call the hybrids by the name of the species entering into their formation, because it seems to me that every individual which deviates partially from the characteristics of its type, and participates in the properties of another species, is something more than a variety, and I will re- serve this last name for those new plants whose secondary characteristics are modified by any cause whatever without departing from the species. Without this distinction I would be embar- rassed in determining, for example, to what species, in quality or variety, the hermaphrodite orange belongs (Cifrus aurantium indicum Umo- citratum folio ct fnictu mixto), which partakes of the lemon, the orange, and the citron, aud it would necessarily follow that this pretended va- riety would be found ranked in the same line as the blood-red orange \iee(Cit-ruti&arant£um8inen86 Meroclmnticum fructu sanguineo) wjiidi has only the characteristics of the single orange of which it is a variety I will not stop to trace the theory of the hy- brids. This system is already so well known that I can add nothing to its development. I shall occupy myself in seeking tbo cause of the formation ot varetiee, and will present my theory as the result « f mnny experiments and much ob- servation, which I invite botanists to repeat in order better to determine their phenomena and their consequences. In all times it has been observed with aston- ishnieut that nature appears more inclined to give us wild than fine varieties. It is rare that a choice fruit is reproduced from the seed ; and we see, for example, that the seed of the most delicate butter pear regularly gives us only wild fruit, whose acrid fruit, without juico, in no way resembles the species from which it is descended. Even when chance procures us somo ftie variety, it is nevertheless not always equal to the fruit that has produced it, and as this chance seldom occurs, and as it is very difficult to estab- lish such recurrence, because it is not foreseen, and because it has fallen but little under the eyes of enlightened cultivators, it has generally been believed that these varieties are due ouly to the graft, to cultivating, or to the climate. Some- times, indeed, botanists have allowed themselves to be imposed upon by superficial and deceitful gardeners, who, seeing themselves the possessors of several of these new species without knowing their origin, have imagined and believed that some marvellous operation has taken place, and supposed them due to grafts, which existed not in nature, aud which would not give such a re- sult if they did exist. Heiicc the different agri- cultural systems which have reigned for several centuries, and of which a part reigns still to day, even among enlightened agriculturists. There are, for instance, few cultivators who arc not convinced that the sour orange is the type of the species, and that all seed from an orange tree, even though it be a sweet one, gives only sour orange trees. This pretended phe nomenou, which has beeu believed on the laith of the cultivators, without ever being determined by exact experiments, has been generalized re- specting almost all fruit-bearing plants; and it has beeu established, as was supposed, in prin- ciple, that the wild fruit was the type of the species, and that fine fruits, being only individu- als improved by art, could produce by their seeds only the type of which they arc the conservators, or, in other words, individuals in a. state of nature known under the name of wild plants. Other agriculturists have imagined that the seed of the sweet orange produced sour or bitter orange trees only when taken from a graft of the sweet prauge placed upon the sour orange tree, and this system has been extended to the other species of fruit, such as the apple, peach, pear, and other trees. They have, perhaps, been forced to this modification in the theory of artificial im- provement by the example of some individuals of choice fruit which they have soon to be pro- duced from the seed, and as they could not con- ceal the truth of these accidents, and as they saw, moreover, that such a case but rarely occurred, they imagined that those fruits which reproduced without degeneration when taken from a seed- ling, lost that property whenever they were taken from a graft on a wild tree ; and they even de- luded themselves so far as to believe that the pericarp followed the nature of the graft, while the seed followed the nature of the tree receiving the graft. All these prejudices have prevented cultiva- tors from adopting the method of multiplication offered by nature, and, persuaded that the seed could give only a wild product, they have con- demned all seedlings to be grafted. * , But these artificial methods ouly preserved the species already acquired. They multiplied the individuals but never renewed the race, and con- sequently it still remains to be discovered in what manner those varieties were obtained, which they could not deny were unknown to our an- or? tor*. In order to pfUWv thi* nntnrnl inquir- 'S TltLATibi; ON T1IK dTJ'iltf FAMILY. hide of human curiosity they sought in cultiva- tion the solution- of this problem. In vain did experiencq disprove this system. They went be- yond our record and remembrance, and hid in the obscurity of antiquity the ignorance of an origin which they were forced to admit must bo sought after the creation. t This theory, nevertheless, could not be suffi- ciently satisfactory to explain the origin of some new races which they had seen appear in gar- dens under the eyes of their contemporaries. The graft and the slip (cutting) then came to The assistance of cultivators. They commenced by believing that the subject or stock grafted can sometimes influence the grafted bud in modify- ing its juices, and they imagined the existence of extraordinary grafts which, uniting very differ- ent species, seemed destined to produce new rares having the characteristics of both. Others attributed these marvellous fruits to some capricious combinations formed by the union of. two buds. Others finally established, in substance, that by the single fact of the graft being repeated several times on the same indi- viduals an improvement in the plant was ob- tained. There have been agriculturists who thought themselves able to change or modify the taste of vegetable productions cither by infusing the seed in substances sugared or aromatic, or by the introduction of these substances into the pith of the plant ; and the ill-success of those operations was always attributed to a defect in the manner of proceeding rather than to an insufficiency pf the means employed. It is to these different methods that have been attributed all the phenomena of the vegetable system, of which the cause was not understood. Thus it has been believed, and is still believed perhaps, that the absence of spines and down be- longing to certain vegetables is only the effect of, the change of climate, of long cultivation, or of the graft. In like manner, to the multiplication by slip or by layer, the loss of the pistils of certain plants, and the sterility of certain fruits have been attributed, in which fruits it was believed that, th's method of multiplication nets' to obliter- ate the female parts and to increase the volume of the fruit, The lack of proofs was hidden in the necessity of following those methods during a succession of several generations, and the sys- tem was supported by the example of several sterile plants, such as the Persian lily, the snow- ball, the syringa, and many other ornamental bushes; and on that of the barberry bush, the medlar tree, without seeds, &c. This theory could not, it is true, be extended to annual or bi- ennial plants which the seed produce every y«-:ir, and in which we so often see examples of sterile flowers. But they found in their principles a very plausible explanation of sterility, -and they attributed the double and semi-double flowers fo the force of cultivation, imagining that this agent, aided by surrounding substances, occa- sioned the transformation of the fructifying parts into petaK Finally, wishing to give an explanation of those monstrosities which the vegetable world con- stantly presents, they regarded them as diseases produced by exterior causes -which they have never determined, and they attributed to these unknown causes the variegated coloring of flow- ers and the diversified foliage of trees, together* with the extraordinary forms of those fruits which offer excrescences in the pericarp, or other similar phenomena. All these opinions have reigned for centuries among agriculturists, and it is but re- cently that they have begun to forsake them. It is certainly interesting to discuss them, and im- portant to establish or refute them. This is the task which I have undertaken. I have employed my leisure in examining them with the principles of a severe philosophy, and submit them to the analysis of observation and experience. The first fact which it was necessary to examine waR to know if wild trees existed which the graft or culture has changed into fine varieties. This question holds the solution of a problem of vegetable physiology which appears not to have hitherto occupied the learned, viz. : What is the influence of these agents (ihc graft and cultivfi tion) on vegetables ? ART. Ml.— Influence of the graft upon vegetable*. It must certainly be acknowledged that the graft as well as the cultnite and soil may influence the development of vegetable organs. * A grafted . » tree is an individual forced to live upon a stock not its own, but from which it must draw its nourishment, so that only the subject of the graft can be assimilated to the soil. If its or- gans are adapted to furnish the graft all the ali- ment of which it can make use, then the graft, will take on an extraordinary growth, which it; would not have equalled on a less thrifty stock. If the stock which bears it be unable by its or- ganization to supply the food it needs, then will it remain meagre and" spindling. These different circumstances, as well as the culture, may produce the phenomena presented by the wild service tree (Sorbna Avcuparia), which, grafted upon the hawthorne, (Mexpyhtx Oxyacantha) grows, it is said, with more than usual rapidity, and attains more than its wonted height and fruitfnlncss. Also that of the wild apple, which, grafted upon the paradise apple, becomes a slender shrub whose branches grow hardly ten feet high. These phenomena are due only to the abun- dance or lack of nourishment, and present no other effect than a greater or less development of the different parts of the plant. We remark one thing still more striking in ordinary grafts. Every grafted plant- appears to display, at least for a time, a luxuriance of foliage more marked than the seedling, for instance, ff the graft has been put into an individual of thfa nature, butihis is due to a very simple cause. The seed- ling d» -velopa many branches. It gives fruit gen- ernlly once in two or three years, and when it does bear, the tree fa so loaded down that it can only nourish them all with difficulty. From tho time it is grafted several changes" nro effected. Ita plump and bushy top disappears and is re- placed by a single brunch, which has for its own nourishment all the sap which supported that, large quantity « f foliage. To be sure the graft may enlarge afterwards, but it never replaces i he quantity of branches whicn crowned the original tree. • A grafted tree h always lesi large and GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITIU'S FAMILY. bushy, and hence the foliage is better nourishcc •tfind more beautiful, and its fruits, which are less abundant, are of greater si/e and more agreeable flavor. Another circumstance also influences, perhaps the greater elaboration of fruit in the grafted tree. The graft unites a branch of one variety to a stock of another variety. This union, which i not natural, forms always a kind of knot at the point of insertion, which may check the rapidity of the flow of sap ; and we know that on account of this slowness in the current of the sap, buds fed by it produce fruit rather than branches. A tree which bears but little may be rendered fruitful by rubbing off the bark at its foot. The cultivators of vineyards bend the vines or break them a little at the place where they wish the fructification to commence ; and I have several times obtained oranges of extraordinary size by twisting the branch which bore them. All these means have been long known to cul- tivators, and it is no longer doubtful that this effect is due only to the great slowness in the flow of the sap, which thus influences the quan- tity and quality of the fruit. But such are the limits which nature has fixed to the influence of the graft upon vegetables. It facilitates or improves their development, but never changes or modifies their forms, juices, or colors. Never has the wild pear been trans- formed by the graft into the butter pear, nor the butter pear into the muscat pear ; never has the bitter orange been so improved as to lose its bit- terness by grafting. I have a stock of this species which I have grafted three times upon itself, graft upon graft, but it gives me only larger fruit, differ- ing in no other way from that of the plant which furnished the bud. The graft is nothing more than a kind of slip. It transfers the bud of one plant to the stern or body of another ; and this bud, which encloses within itself the rudiments of the vegetables des- tined to grow from it, draws from the stock on which it is placed the juices necessary for its nour- ishment in the same manner as the slip draws them directly from the earth. It is possible that, from the passage which these juices are forced to make through the roots and trunk of the plant, they reach the fibres of the bud more elaborate*} than if drawn more directly from the soil ; but what- ever may be their condition when they enter the bud, they are there always modified by its organs as are those elements drawn from the air, and as those taken from the earth would be, if it were placed with its own roots directly in the soil. Experience has confirmed these principles, and it is now established that the graft is useful only in perpetuating species or varieties without im- proving them. I have made constant observa- tions on this subject during more than fifteen years, by keeping beside the grafted plant the plant which furnished the bud. I have grafted oranges upon lemons and lemons upon oranges. I have grafted sweet oranges upon bitter oranges and bitter oranges upon sweet ones ; apricots on prunes and peaches upon apricots ; and I never could recognize the least difference between the fruits given by the plant which furnished the graft and those of the plant which received it. I never obtained from these operations anv other result than that of preserving rare varieties, which could not be propagated by seed, for the double reason that they but rarely contained any, and that when they did, we could obtain from them usually only degenerated varieties. The theoretic principles which prove the in- sufficiency of the stock and of the sap to effect changes in the product of the graft, can not be equally applied to those remarkable grafts formed by the union of two or three buds, the manner of which occurrence is described in the works of ancient writers upon agriculture, and to which it is still pretended mixed species arc due, such as the orange de buarrerie, which partakes of the character of the orange, the lemon, and the citron. We have great difficulty in conceiving how two half buds, applied the one upon the other, can amalgamate and form one single bud par- taking of the nature of the two. I would not dare cite my experience to prove that two dif- ferent buds united together inserted upon an analogous stock, or even placed in the earth, perish if too much mutilated, or develop, each one separately, its scion. The ill success of these operations would be on- ly a negative proof, which could not destroy the facts if any existed ; but I challenge the gardeners to cite me an example, supported by impartial observations, whose exactness they can guaran- tee. Moreover, if in presenting me such an ex- ample they offer me only such individuals as those I possess, and such as I have seen in Liguria, in Tuscany, and such as are known in France under the name of orange de Mzarrcrie, I would venture to contradict them respecting it. The anatomy of the tissue of these individuals would furnish me an irresistible argument. This tissue does not present traces of three buds to whose unions the hybrid is pretended to be due. It shows only a branch which bears at one time, but isolated under distinct leaves, buds of three species and buds which give mixed fruit, without, however, enabling us to recognize in these spe: cies of embryos anything announcing this mix- ture. I will not speak of those imaginary grafts by . which some have pretended to make branches of the fig, grape, rose, and jasmine grow on orange and lemon stocks. I have several times seen such phenomena in Tuscany and Milan, and confess to have been deceived by them ; but having been a long time cheated by those gar- deners, who sold at exorbitant prices ridicuTous recipes for obtaining these extraordinary unions, and after having lost, by making trial of them, several orange stocks, I finally succeeded in dis- covering the fraud, and am convinced that these lietcrogenous unions do not exist in nature. I bought a vase containing an orange stock on which a fig scion seemed to be grafted. As soon as 1 got possession of it I opened the stock' where the fig branch was inserted, and discovered that this stock was hollowed out inside, and that through this hole in the interior the would-be ojraft found its way to the soil, thus living upon ts own root instead of that of the orange tree. This discovery completed my conviction that a difference really exists in the organs of different vegetables as well as in the organs of animals, ind that from this difference of organization the .lifference of products results. I know that in GALLEBIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY l he vegetable kingdom details escape the obser- vation of the physiologist, and it is extremely difficult to give some of the comparative anato- mical appearances of vegetables, but it is for this reason no less true that differences may ex- ist and be as unchangeable as In the animal king- dom. Every species has its determined forms, which may be destroyed but not modified, and whatever the nature of the stock which nourishes the plant, it will always give the product proper to its species. ART. IV. — Influence of culture and soil on plants. Culture and climate have appeared to many writers more powerful than the graft, and they have attributed to them the very decided changes in the secondary characteristics of trees. It is principally to the force of culture that they at- tribute the sensible difference existing between the wild and cultivated trees. But it is easy to see that this is a mistake in their judgment, and that they attribute these differences to culture or the graft, merely because these are the processes which always accompany the individuals— which undergo a change and become improved fruit, and because these are the means of multiplying the number of the improved individuals. Where- as these are mere accidents ; they have, because constantly used, been considered the causes of the changes in the fruit. Nature gives some trees which bear ordinary fruit and others which bear fine fruit. The first, always being grafted when in our gardens, bears its own peculiar wild fruit only when found in the woods; and the cultivator who sees them there in a degraded condition concludes that this degeneration is due to the want of cultiva- tion. The trees bearing fine fruit, being seen only in a state of cultivation, and multiplied by the graft only, the cultivator, ignorant of the origin of their ancestors, judges that they owe their improvement to the graft and the culture which they have undergone. I say the cultiva- tor judges in this manner on account of this ig- norance of the first original tree which gave these different results which he observes; because there has never existed a writer, to my knowl- edge, who has carefully noted how one of these changes has occurred. They all speak of the changes and note the difference which exists be- tween those individuals found in the woods and those found in the gardens, but no one has seen this change take place on one and the same in- dividual. I say all see it through the dimness of ages, and their conclusion is the result of con- jecture rather than of observation. But a close and continuous attention to nature will show that these differences, which exist in two distinct individuals, as, for instance, the pear of the forest and the pear of cultivation, never appear successively on the same individual. I call an individual the plant which exists on its own stock, and which enjoys the life given it by Nature, and I also term an individual the collec- tion of all the plants which proceed from a single germ, and consequently form only one single plant, which may be multiplied without changing its character, either by passing successively on to an infinite number of stocks as a graft, or by form- ing by means of slips an infinite number of stocks of its own, having a root in the earth, and pro- longing in this manner its own life, as well as that of the species, and thus varying infinitely (he places and modes-of its existence, but always bearing in itself the principles of organization received in its conception. The individual which perished on the root where it germinated, and that which renews for the millionth time, it may be, its life, in a graft or a slip, have a single and common origin, and hence are one and the same individual. ^This in- dividual, though infinitely multiplied, will always bear in the numberless subdivisions of its being the same characteristics and the same aspect which it had in the beginning. To illustrate, take the sugar-cane. In India, beyond the Ganges, there are several varieties of this plant which are propagated by seeds, but in -San Domingo, where it is reproduced by slips, only one variety is known. It has been cultivated there since 1606, with different methods and a variety of soils, and still remains unchanged. Neither the processes of cultivation nor the difference in soils have im- proved it in the course of two centuries, and the only reason why it has not degenerated is be- cause it has always been multiplied by cuttings. This fact is perfectly in harmony with the theory of the manner 'in which culture affects- vegetables. Nutrition is the most powerful mean? by which they can be influenced in cultivation. The nourishing juices, of which the earth is the principal vehicle^ are everywhere of the same na- ture; chemistry has proved that the same ele- ments unite to form, the acorn in the oak tree^ and the orange in the orange tree. It is in the" different organs of the diverse genera of vege- tables that these same principles are decomposed, elaborated, and finally acquire forms and prop- erties widely different from each other. Now, can we suppose, without wounding the principles of sound philosophy, that this passive material, which is designed only to receive modi- fications from the different agents by which it ia elaborated and used — that this can react upon those organs or agents and change their exist- ence, a work so marvellous that Nature only can perform it ? It has been held that th'e multiplicity of petals, which form double flowers, and the certain lusti- ness of some varieties arc due to a superabundance of nutrition. But this formation of petals is not the simple development of a principle pre-exist- ing in the flower. It is a real change of the male and female parts into corollas ; andihe lux- uriance of these beautiful varieties bears in the leaf and in the fruits new forms, which distin- guish them from others and constitute them dis- tinct races. Nature has fixed for all races a maximum and a minimum of development which no cause can surpass. When a plant has little nutriment it becomes feeble and languishes, but it will die before departing from the characteristics of its species. If well nourished it attains the max- imum of its growth, but if engorged it refuses the superabundance, or, if forced to absorb, it is injured; its canals are blocked up, its organs affectecl, its vital functions changed, and it per- ishes. The facts wo possess are in harmony with these principles. We find double flowers only in species which are multiplied by seed. Thosf LI) (JALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY propagated by slips or the grai'L never present this phenomenon. We never find it in the jas- mine, the horteusia, nor in any of those exotics which in our climate yield, no seed. Bat they are certainly cultivated with as much care as roses, hyacinths, or carnations ; but they never present the caprices of these beautiful varieties, which reappear every day in our gardens under new forms and with a mixture of the most charm- ing colors. The error of these cultivators has been still more extraordinary iu regard to steril- ity of plants, which they have attributed to the mode of propagation by slips or by layers. All these opinions could result only from erroneous reasoning. TVc have already seen that — having observed that plots of ground were covered with choice va- rieties while the woods were full only of wild ones —it was inferred that it was culture which had changed the savage varieties to fine ones, so that these last are now called domesticated varieties. In this case of the sterile plants — having ob- served that they were multiplied only by the slip and the layer, it has been inferred that it was the mode of propagation which effected in the plant subjected to this operation for several generations, the insensibly gradual los.s of its stamens and pistils, and finally produced sterility. Here it is easy to see the effect has been taken tor the cause. These plants have been considered sterile because propagated by the cuttings, where- as the contrary is true, and they are propagated by the cuttings because they are themselves sterile ; otherwise" it would follow that all plants multi- plied by the slip would be wterile, which is not the case. Examples might be given in abun- dance of plants bearing fertile seeds, which have long been multiplied by the cuttings, as the olive and the grape ; and a great number of superior varieties'are produced by the slip only to keep them from degenerating. But the most conclusive proof of the futility of this belief is the fact that these plants of sterile flowers all have their type, which is not sterile, and whose seeds have probably given the sterile variety which has been multiplied by cuttings. Indeed, we sometimes find this variety in the woods, where nature certainly ha? used no graft- ing knife, as, for instance, in the sterile snowball (viburnum opulus sterilis) beside the viburnum opulus or snowball of fruitful flower. I shall not occupy my time in discussion upon the influence of infusions of sugary substances and other similar processes by which all the an- cient writers pretend to change the taste and color of fruits ; all these notions are now relega- ted to the books on agriculture of the seventeenth century, and there is no cultivator, however lit- tle enlightened, who is not convinced of their nselessness. Besides, these errors cannot but disappear from the moment that we arc convinced that nutrition (by which means the cultivation of the soil acts upon plants or trees,) influences only their sim- ple developments, but that forms, colors, proper- tics, can only be changed by the seed. Such is the march of nature in all the chain of organized beingo. Generations vary infinitely, but individuals never change. The negro and the white man give rir-e to numerous mulattoes. but the negro transported to the eternal snows of the North will suffer no change any more than will the white man under the burning sun of Af- rica. The giant will procure his stature amid the most cruel want, and the dwarf will never change his proportions, though supplied with the most nourishing food. Nature has determined the forms of all beings ; she has fixed the principles of their organization iu the embryo, and nothing can alter them. They resist every force that sur- rounds them, and ever preserve, amid the contin- ual variation of nourishment and soil, the original impress received from the hand of Nature. ART. V. — The reproduction of pltinl* by Iliczecti. The seed is the only source of varieties in vege- tables. It is only by this means that nature ef- fects those wonderful transformations every day witnessed, but too little understood. The major- ity of cultivators acknowledge this fact ; and even those who attribute beautiful varieties to culture also agree that many are furnished by the seed. Wo propose, by the following experiments TO corded by a French naturalist of great experi- ence, to show the results of reproduction by seed. Experiment L — I sowed, during several years, seeds of the china orange (citrus aurantium si- neme\ of a fine shining skin. I always obtained sweet orange trees, of which a part bore oranges of a thick, rough skin, and a part beautiful fruit of a skin still finer than the original which fur- nished the seed. The same thing occurred in the sowing of ordinary oranges of thick and rough skin — there grew up several trees of beautiful fruit, and one stock, whose leaves were like «hells in shape, but the fruit very ordinary and seeds few, and even those very poor. I made the same experiment with the peach tree ; seeds from peaches borne on the same tree gave several varieties, for tho most part of ordi- nary fruit, but a few finer than the original planted ; but the stones never gave a cling-stono peach, nor a cling-stone tho ordinary fruit. Tho almond gave the same result. Sweet al- monds produced only sweet almond trees. There was some difference'in the hardness of the shell, but I never obtained a single bitter almond. Experiment II. — I sowed seeds of the red orange (citrus aurantium nncnse^hwrocJiuntwum, fructu sanguined). The trees which came from these produced only ordinary fruit of orange color. Experiment III. — I sowed lemon seeds taken 'from fruit gathered in a garden where lemon and citron trees grew together, and obtained many trees, whose fruit presented a series of varieties, from the lemon to the poncire, but the larger part of them were simple lemons. Those having the characteristics of the poncire produced no seeds. Experiment IV.— During a long series of years I sowed seeds of the sweet orange, sometimes taken from seedlings, sometimes from seedlings grafted on a sour orange stock or a lemon stock, but always obtained sweet oranges. This result is confirmed by all tho gardeners of Finale (a small town in the north of Italy) for more than sixty years. There is no oxample of a sow orange produced from a sweet seed, nor of M sweet orange produced from a sour seed. OALLESIO'S TREATISE 0^~ THE CITRUS FAMILY. 11 are obtained the fol- From these experiment: lowing conclusions: Consequence I. — The seed perpetuate., the bpe cics and is tho source of varieties. It produces | mind! sterility, ami illume modifications ul leaf known as curled or streaked. more' frequently varieties interior to the mother plant ; sometimes, however, those superior to it. It never departs from the species unless the fecun- dation of another species gives it tho germ of a hybrid. (Exp. 1 and III.) This occurs equally in the seed of the seedling and that of the grafted tree. The trees which come from them repro- duce the same species which gave the seed, aside from the modification of varieties noticed above. (Exp. IV.) Consequence 11. — The seeds of monsters, when they arc found, produce only ordinary fruit, which indicates that this extraordinary fruit is only a variety, and that the variety returns to the type in the seed. (Exp. II.) Consequence III. — The seeds of the ^weet orange produce only sweet orange trees ; sour orange seeds produce only sour orange trees. These two orange trees arc preserved and perpetuated by the seed, and are, therefore, distinct species. A crowd of reflections were presented to my It is recognized, I reasoned, that two dif- ferent principles must co-operate for the repro- duction of all organized beings. We know that when these principles belong to different specieo monstrosities result, such as rnules among ani- mals, and among vegetables tho mixed plants known under the name of hybrids. Why may not this principle, which effects so many phenomena, be the cause of monsters and varieties V These, it is true, do not prove the mixture, lor they arc produced even from the seed of isolated trees ; but is it necessary that the principles of two different species unite in fecundation in order to change the physiognomy of the product ? Cannot this be as well accom- plished by different properties of the two agents in the same species, and perhaps also by a differ- ence in the force of their action, or by a defect in tho uimlofiry in their principles? Is it not from the different proportion of these two agents of organic reproduction, that results this mar- peculiar physiognomy? There is no fruit in the same plant even which is exactly like any other. The ordinary peach never produces the cling- , } ^ . ^ distinguisbiug all animal8 by a *tone, nor the cling-stonc the ordinary peach, | ..._„,._„ _,._/•? °o rru°,_: ,„„.-. .•„•;,.,. and hence they are two distinct species, and can | not degenerate from the one to the other. The • same is true of the sweet and bitter almond. \ (Exp. I and IV.) Consequence IV. — The seeds of lemons grow- \ ing in a garden where lemon and citron trees | rew together, produced poncires. This fruit is, therefore, probably a hybrid of the citron, the absence of seeds showing that it is due to a for- eign fecundation. (Exp. III.) AIIT. VI. — The theory of vegetable My experiences as a whole sufficiently sub- stantiated the most of the phenomena presented by the multiplication from seed. They deter- mined the origin of varieties in plants. But it remained still to know the secret causes of these results — why nature departed in some cases from the system generally followed in reproduction. Every seed in nature is only the germ which is to renew the individual which produced it ; but some vegetables we have seen depart from this system. What is the cause of these exceptions ? I ob- served that these phenomena took place from pref- erence in the seeds taken from plantations where there was a mixture of species or varieties ; that lemons gathered in the garden where there were citrons gave more varieties than those from trees standing alone ; that the seed of the black cabbage which had flowered in the midst of many cabbages of different varieties, produced frequently cab- bage remarkably well headed, much sought for its j Might not the inequality which exists among the fruits of a single tree, as we observe it among the children of the same father, exist still more pronounced between tho fruits of two different plants, although of the same species ? Should not the pollen of the flower of one peach tree have a family likeness which would make it different from, that of the flower of another peach tree, and if these two peach trees, modified in their conception by fecundation, were already marked by those differences which constitute varieties, would not the reunion of their flowers produce a new combination which would constitute a variety still more irregular V Finally, what might not the difference in the proportions and the mixture of several pollens produce ? Would iiol a forced fecundation act upon the ovary in an extraordinary manner, and changing tho natural relations of the principles, form heterogeneous combinations incapable of bearing sexual organs ? All these queries were presented to my mind in a manner so favorable and seductive that I made no delay in preparing experiments to throw light upon them. Their results have been so satisfactory that I have been able to draw therefrom a theory which has served as the basis of my classification of orange trees. I shall give an explanation of them. AKT. \LL—fcrpci'intcnts in artificial fecundation,. Experiment V. — I chose a number of plants of delicacy and whiteness ; that the seed of the ' the Asiatic, ranunculus, of simple flower, and of crowfoot of several colors, which I cultivated in quantity in plots of my garden, gave very often double flowers, while this did not happen with the seeds of the same flowers which I had culti- vated in vases, each by itself, before the estab- lishment of my flower garden. All these observations presented a certain anal- ogy between the hybrids and the monsters, and i suspected that the influence of the pollen which rfl'pptod Ihe mix'lurp in hybrids might also ciui^c different colors. I put each one in a vase, and placed them in as many different windows, sep- arated from each other. I fecundated the flowers of ouc-hnlf these slants with the pollen of each other, but left the other half undisturbed. The following results were obtained : The seeds of the flowers fecundated a.s albrcstated produced roots of which some gave double flowers, others semi-double, and the greater part only Hewers. Thr plants not fecimanted jrnvo only GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILt. plants willi single ilowcrs. This experiment was continued in the i'ollowing manner: I chose plants of semi-double llowers. and fecundated them with the pollen of other semi-double llowers. Several others of semi-double llowers were left untouched. The seeds from the fecun- dated flowers produced roots bearing for the most part double llowers, crowned often in the middle by a tuft of green leaves which rendered them very pretty. The seed from the Ilowcrs not fecundated, although already semi-double, gave only plants bearing single flowers. I re- peated this experiment for several years, but always with the same result, and a similar ex- perience with other llowers gave also the same. Experiment VL—L fecundated the llowers of the orange with the pollen of the lemon tree, and I obtained a fruit whose skin was cut from end to end by a stripe yellow and elevated, hav- ing the characteristics of the lemon. The taste of the fruit was entirely that of the orange. It had few seeds, and these small and poor. Experiment VII. — I fecundated the flowers of an orange tree with the pollen from several other orange trees, and obtained several times fruit whose pericarp had an irregular form, containing few seeds and those very defective. Experiment VIII. — I sowed orange seeds whose flowers had been fecundated, and whose pericarp had suffered no change ; and obtained plants which do not yet bear fruit, but one of them is devoid of spines, and another displays a very vigorous foliage, which distinguishes it from ordinary orange trees. METHOD PURSUED IN ARTIFICIAL FECUNDATION. The procedure which was employed in the ar- tificial fecundation is simple, and indicated by na- ture herself. I chose the ripest and most highly colored pol- len from the most thrifty flowers, and those most nearly ready to bloom, and applied it to the pistil of the flower which I wished to fecundate. In order to render the operation more exact, I de- tached the flower from its stem, and having de- spoiled it of corolla,! rubbed the anthers without touching them, upon the stigma to be fructified. This operation was repeated with several differ- ent flowers, without depriving the flower sub- mitted to thQ operation of its stamens. I took care to repeat it several times each day for sev- eral days. This precaution was necessary in or- der not to miss the moment of "blooming in the pistil which was to receive the pollen, and to as- sure myself by means of a quantity of this pollen taken from different flowers, respecting its dis- position to exercise its fecundating dualities. In the flowers of the orange tree the moment of maturity for fecundation seems to be an- nounced by the appearance of a honey-like drop which forms on the stigma of the pistif,aud serves to retain the dust applied to it ; and the same maturity in the pollen is indicated by the deep yellow color it then assumes, and by its quality of adhering to the finger when touched ; but it is also necessary to be careful to multiply the exper- iments, because often after having fecundated several flowers as one may suppose, none, or but lew, may be successfully operated upon. But success is more certain with the ranunculus and carnation. CONSEQUENCCS. itcel. — Mixed fecundation operates in various ways upon vegetables. It may act upon the ovaries or upon the ovules. (Exp. V., VI., VII., and VIII.) When it acts upon the ovaries the pericarp of the fruit which has been fecun- dated receives modifications, and bears but few if any seeds. (Exp. VI. and VII.) When the ac- tion is upon the ovules the fruit which encloses them does not seem affected by it, but these ovules grown into seeds give sonic trees which do not resemble the parent tree, and most fre- quently have a tendency to sterility. This tendency to sterility determines itself in different ways ; sometimes upon the flower, when we have plants with double, or semi-double, or possibly with simple and sterile flowers ; some- times upon the fruit, when we have plants with sterile or semi-sterile fruit, for these fruits either bear no seeds, or very few, and those badly nour- ished. In all cases these species of mules or hy- brids show unusual vigor in the thrifty branches free from spines, or in the better nourished leaf, or the flower with multiplied petals, or the fruit of more beautiful pericarp. These characteris- tics especially distinguish the greater part of the beautiful varieties ; hence the varieties are due only to an extraordinary fecundation which acts upon the seeds and modifies them at the moment of their conception. ART. VIII. — Phenomena observed in hybrid plants. Observation /.—There is a species of Citrus known in Italy by the name of bizzaria, and in France by that of the hermaphrodite orange (aurantium limo titratum,fplio etfructo mixto), and which bears at the same time sour oranges, lem- ons, citrons, and mixed fruits. I have observed upon this hybrid that the same branch bears at the same time" leaves and flowers, of which some announce the sour orange tree, others the lemon, and still others the citron tree. They produce fruit which belong sometimes to one of these species, at other times to two or even three of them mixed. A scion which springs up violet often devel- ops a branch, some of whose flowers are violet, others white, and the buds of this branch grafted upon another stock sometimes produce there the caprices of the variety, and sometimes perpetu- ate a simple sour orange, although they may have been taken from the axil of a citron leaf; and reciprocally a simple citron, though taken from the axil of a sour orange leaf. This caprice has forced the gardeners to mul- tiply it by the layer. It is thus that this hybrid is perpetuated without degenerating. Observation II. — I fecundated white pinks with red pinks reciprocally The seeds thus produced gave pinks of mixed flower. Several of these plants presented the following phenomena : The same plant which gave mixed flowers gave some flowers entirely white, and others entirely red. One .year it gave only red flowers, and the next mixed flowers again. Others, after having pro- duced mixed flowers two or three years, subse- quently produced only red ones ; they seemed entirely to have returned 1o the species. GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. .— Similar to the bizarrerie is the violet sour orange, which is cultivated at Paris, (citnts aurantium indicum fructu violaces). I have noticed in the specimen growing in the Jardin des Plantes that of the flowers springing from the same branch— some were white, like those of the orange tree, and others violet, like those of the lemon tree — a variation appearing equally in the fruit. Others have observed in individuals of this race that this caprice may ap- pear one year, be wanting the second, and reap- pear the third year. Observation IV. — With the pinks, of which I spoke above, may be compared the streaked orange trees (citrus aurantium folio et fructu va- rief/ato). I have seen some of them which devel- oped branches in no way affected by that yellow- ish border which marks the foliage of these trees ; and I have seen this caprice reappear. in others after it had been almost lost for years. Observation V.— The gardeners of Liguria have a practice of separating from other cabbages the cauliflower, destined for seed, by transporting them into isolated gardens, and surrounding them by a sort of enclosure of branches or straw in order to preserve them from the influence of the other species. Owing to this precaution vegetable gardens present only plants of the ordinary form. I have seen plots of cauliflowers (brassica olcracea botrytix) and of'brocolis (brassica vulgar is witiva), whose seeds had been gathered from plants of these two species, which had been sown pell-mell in the same bed, and almost every head had curled and streaked leaves. CONSEQUENCES. The pollen of one species acting upon the ovary of another, produces a modification in the seed which results from it. This modification is sometimes uniform and constant, and some- times variable and inconstant. It offers most frequently the example of a mix- ture in the substance of the germ, which is iden- tified with it and affects all its parts without un- dergoing afterward any change. It offers sometimes the example of a principle which circulates in the essence of the vegetable and sometimes affects its products, and which sometimes, without affecting them externally, passes, nevertheless, into their essences, to reap- pear in succeeding products, as well as some- times abandoning one part of the vegetable to concentrate itself in another. These caprices appear in hybrids but not in varieties. In these last the principles which are blended have among them considerable analogy, while those united in the hybrid are by nature heterogeneous. The hermaphrodite orange is due to the seed. This is an ascertained fact, established in a dis- sertation by a Florentine naturalist, published ' in 1644. It is owing to fecundation ; it is a fact which results from its forms, from the nature of its productions, and from all the phenomena of its existence. The pink of mixed Mowers, giving red and white flowers, is due to the seed, and to a seed proceeding from a fecundated flower; it is a physical lact, since it results from an operation made with the greatest exactness. The phenomena of these two hybrids have a groat analogy with the phenomena of the streaked plants. We remark in these hybrids this same incon- stancy in the accidents which gave rise to the belief that the streak is only a disease. If the heterogeneous mixture in fecundation is the cause of the mixture which affects the fruit of the bizar- rerie and of the colors which appear and disap- pear in the pink, it may be equally the cause of the streak. The streak offers no other circum- stance which it might be difficult to reconcile with these principles except the inconstancy of its phenomena. The example of the orange and the pink prove that it is not incompatible with this cause. If this streak be a disease, it origi- nates in the germ and affects the substance of it in the fructifying principle, and in this case can be due only to fecundation. But this phenome- non of streaks seems to be rather a monstrosity than a malady, since it has uniform and regular forms which affect all the leaves alike. If it were a malady, the individuals affected by it would not possess the vigor and health which usually characterize them. It would not be produced by preference from seeds gathered from plants mixed with other varieties, and a whole plot would not be affected by it, as hap- pens in the cauliflower, but they would appear isolated among healthy individuals, and might be produced by any seed whatever. ART. IX. — Theories respecting vegetable reprodiiC' tion — Corollaries — Conclusion. These experiments, facts, and analogies, taken as a whole, necessarily give rise to principles which form so many theories in the system of vegetable reproduction. 1. Nature has created the genera which form so many families distinguished from each other by peculiar marks. 2. Nature has created the species also which form so many branches in these families to which they belong on account of common char- acteristics. 3. The mixture of these species in the union of the sexes has given rise to hybrids. 4. The mixture and proportion of the produc- tive principles of several individuals of the same species have produced the varieties. 5. The irregular and forced action of one princi- ple upon the other in the act of fecundation, either in the same or in different species, has given rise to monstrosities. 6. The varieties are, therefore, due only to the seed. 7. The seed originates equally the varieties called choice and those growing wild. 8. Cultivation has destined the first to furnish the graft and the second to bear it. 9. The graft and the slip only can perpetuate these varieties in their natural condition. 10. The seeds of these varieties are also sub- mitted to the influence of fecundation and sub- ject to give new varieties by it, sometimes better, sometimes inferior, in quality. It gives types when the fecundation takes place according to the laws of nature. 11. Monstrosities arc individuals whose organi- zation has undergone an alteration by the fact of fecundation. 12. If this alteration occurs in the ovary the 14 GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. monstrosity is in the fruit which results from it and perishes with it. If this alteration be in the ovules, the monstrosity is in the germ, and this germ sown produces a variety which bears only monsters. 13. Every monstrosity regularly is sterile, either from the nature of the flowers which are without sex, or whose sexual parts become petals, or by the nature of the fruit which has no seeds. It must be multiplied by the graft or slip. Corollary I. — The species form many branches in the families known as genera and to which they belong by common ties or characteristics; | these are disiinguished from each other by pecu- liar marks or features. These features or characteristics are constant, and distinguish the type from the varieties. The types are always fruitful. They are reproduced by their seeds unless these seeds are modified by fecundation. They are also reproduced by the seeds of the varieties. Thus the seed-beds offer the surest means of distinguishing the species from the varieties. Every tree which is perpetuated by descent and preserves its forms, characteristics, and prop- erties is a type. It can undergo no changes ex- cept by fecundation ; but those changes which are made in the germ do not extend to the re- productive principle. The sexes disappear in these individuals, or pass intact througli the modifications of the flowers and the ovary. They bear in them the principles of the type. Among peaches I have verified three types, the peach, the cling-stone, and the nectarine peach. Among cherries I have verified two, the white-heart cherry, and the round or black cherry. I have data which leads me to suspect that there is a third type. I have not yet determined the types of the apri- cot, the apple, or the pear. My experiences are not yet sufficiently advanced respecting these species. I have, however, determined to a cer- tainty that the Citrus has but four species. Corollary //.—The blending of species in the reunion of the sexes has given rise to hybrids. The hybrid partakes of the characteristics of the two species of which it is composed. Thus its exterior physiognomy reveals its origin. It has a tendency to sterility. The hybrid presents phenomena which are very singular. The mix- ture sometimes affects the substance of the vege- table, and we have then a mixed fruit whose forms are constant, but which is generally un- fruitful. Such are the poncire, the double mixed pink, and the double flowered ranunculus. At other times the mixture seems to be, as it were, wandering in the vegetable, and then it affects isolated parts of the plant capriciously, and dis- appears sometimes, to reappear in the products even of those parts which did not seern before to be affected. Such are the orange de bimrrerie, the violet orange, and the variable-flowered pink. In these cases the fruits affected are sterile, or semi-sterile, and the fruits not affected produce seeds. Cwollary III— Varieties.— The mixture and proportion of the reproductive principles of sev- erarindividuals of the same species have given rise to varieties. Varieties are only aberrations or departures from the type. They are of two sorts : Varieties from excess, and varieties from deficiency. Varieties from excess are due to a superabundance of the masculine part, and still more to the mixture of the pollen of several flowers. Varieties from deficiency are due to the lack of proportion between the sexes, or the weakness of the masculine part. They are also sometimes due to a defective organization of the ovary. Varieties from excess most frequently tend to sterility. They are marked by a striking thrift and a lack of thorns. Their seeds, when they have any, reproduce the type, unless a foreign fecundation has acted upon the flower and formed a new combination. Thus, every sterile or semi-sterile fruit is only a variety. Its seed, in the state of nature, will return to the species. It is, therefore, by means of the seed-bed that we are enabled to recognize the species to which varieties belong. Stoutness and the loss of £horns always accompany the absence of seeds. It is, therefore, at the expense of the generative parts that vegetables acquire marked development in the leaf, bud, or fruit. Nature seems to have assimilated them to animals which acquire volume and lose the hair when they are barren. Varieties from deficiency deviate from the type for reasons directly opposite to those which cause deviation in varieties from excess. The imperfection of the fecundation affects the germs which bear in their principles a defect of organization. These germs produce only wild plants, as we call them, which are degenerated individuals, whose products are badly organized, and whose seeds are poorly nourished. These seeds, which often perish, still ordinarily gene- rate feeble and languishing plants, but sometimes they give types. It is to the accidental vigor of a branch bear- ing well-formed flowers that we owe this return to the species. Thus, varieties by deficiency are due often to climate and culture, but these influ- ences act only indirectly. They facilitate or re- tard the development of individuals, and, conse- quently, the perfection of the reproductive prin- ciples ; but every change is operated in the germ and only as the effect of fecundation. Every variety is a monster to nature, and some varieties are so regarded by men, such as the va- rieties from deficiency. But varieties from ex- cess ordinarily form the delight of the table and .the ornament of the garden. Nature aims at only the production of seed, and when fruit bears many seeds, it is perfect in the system of Nature. Man seeks only pleasure in Nature, and hence judges differently of vegetable productions, on account of the advantage to be derived from their use. He, therefore, prefers, in certain fruits, those varieties whose pericarp is more developed, tender, and juicy. He is thus opposed to Nature, as in the case of the apple, pear, and peach. In other fruits he prizes the cotyledons or seeds, and regards the pericarp as useless, the more so in proportion to its development ; and in this he approaches the plan of Nature, as in the almond, chestnut, the bean, and the pea. Others still are prized for a portion of the peri- carp, and a variety is considered choice only when this part is developed at the expense of^ the pulp, as in the melon and citron. Other fruits are valued for the pulp only, as the lemon and orange. There are also vegetables in which the flower alone is esteemed, and then that va- GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. 15 riety has the preference in which this part is de- veloped at the expense of the generative parts, as in double and sterile flowers. Others are sought only for their aroma, as the sour orange. Finally, capricious man attaches value to monsters even, which are useless to him, and seeks for ornament odd and rare forms, such as shriveled leaves, leaves developing out of pro- portion the yellow streak which borders the leaf, a tendency of the branches to descend to the soil, and other monstrosities of this nature. All these caprices form the ornament of our gardens and the delight of our tables ; but to Nature they are departures from the object she has proposed to herself. She repels them and condemns them to perish. But man has succeeded in preserving and multiplying them. The seed refusing to give germs capable of reproducing them, he has propagated the individual he possesses by divid- ing it into a thousand parts, and thus by grafts and scions preserves it without change. Thus these adulterous sons have filled our gardens, and the types have been banished to the woods. MONSTEES. According lo the fifth theory monsters are only individuals whose organization has undergone alteration by fecundation. If this alteration take place in the ovules the monster is in the germ, and this germ sown, produces a variety bearing only monsters. We have already analyzed this phenomenon. If this alteration take place in the ovary, the monster is in the fruit which results from it and perishes with it. This phenomenon is so extraordinary that I hesitated a long time to believe it, but the experiments which I made respecting it have convinced me of the truth of its existence. It presents three kinds of facts. The first is the alteration of the forms of the ovary. This part acquires a partial and irregular growth, which develops the pericarp on one side, and im- presses upon it very singular forms, such as linear, depressed or curved prolongations, which often contain in their interior a pulpy principle or a unilocular pulp. This phenomenon often appears in the orange and lemon. I have some- times seen it in peaches. The second fact is the change of nature in a part of the ovary or of the pericarp resulting from it. This exterior body sometimes bears a binding or stripe of the species witli which it has been fecundated, as the orange, whose flower has been fecundated by the pollen of the lemon. It is difficult to harmonize such phenomena with principles well understood; but a fact is a fact, and Nature is sometimes as impenetrable as mar- vellous in her operations. The third fact is : One flower fecundated by a quantity of dust from several other flowers offers the phenomenon of a fruit containing in itself a second fruit of the same nature. This phenome- non is frequent in oranges. Rumphius says that at Amboine there are species which present many such instances, but cease to give them if trans- planted to Banda. This has always been attri- buted to fecundation, and my experience goes to confirm this opinion. The fruit which presents this appearance is often ruffled, or in a manner folded inwards ; at other times the ruffling resem- bles a second fruit which proceeds from the inte- rior of the first, but 'always ruffled in form. If we cut these fruits we perceive a mixture of peel and cells, the one in the other, which creates confusion and announces superfetation. These monsters rarely bear seeds. They fre- quently occur in certain species, are rare in oth- ers, and never appear in the larger part of our indigenous vegetables. These differences are due. perhaps, to the dif- ferent dispositions of the sexual organs and their relative conformation. They are, perhaps, due to difference in climate, which may favor or in- jure them at the time of flowering, and to other circumstances which Nature conceals from the eyes and researches of man. CHAPTER II. THE GENUS CITRUS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NEW THEORY OF VEGETABLE REPRO- DUCTION. ART. I. — Tlte Citrus — Divisions of Botanists and Agriculturists — Division^ adopted in this work — Primitive species — The species of the Indies. The Citrus is a genus whose species are greatly disposed to blend together, and whose flower shows great facility for receiving extraordinary fecundation ; it hence offers an infinite number of different races which ornament our gardens, and whose vague and indefinite names fill the catalogues. It is the multitude of tliese beings which we propose to describe. We shall endeavor to clas- sify them according to the principles already ex- plained. We shall describe species, hybrids, and varieties, and endeavor to establish their identity. This is, perhaps, one of the most difficult portions ,of our work, first, because the botanists or agri- culturists who have described the varieties have not always done so with the exactness requisite to enable us to recognize them among so many different names ; and, secondly, because in the course of centuries several of these varieties have disappeared, from frosts or other influences, and been replaced by a quantity of new varieties which resemble them, and which, by means of some slight differences, create confusion in the application and comparison of these descrip- tions. It is only with the aid of knowledge which I have acquired of these varieties in our gardens, where I have cultivated them for a long time passionately, and in those of several semi-tropical countries which I have visited for this pur- pose, that I venture to undertake the task of re- conciling this numerous and perplexing nomen- clature. I will begin by examining the species. Some authors have regarded the citron alone as the original species and the type of the other species. Tournefort, with most botanists of the six- teenth and seventeenth centuries, has recognized in the lemon and sour orange the characteristics of types as well as in the citron, anjihas consid- ered the sweet orange as a variety*1^ the sour orange. The Arab agriculturists have ranked Adam's apple (la pomme dAdam) among the species, which they have designated by the name of lay- 10 GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. saniou or zaiiibau-; and being acquainted with the sweet orange only, they divided the genus into the citron, lemon, sour orange, and zambau. The Italian and French agriculturists have added to these four species the sweet orange and a multitude of varieties known by the names of limes, lumies, poncires, &c. Linnaeus, attached to the artificial system which he had just established, placed the Cit- rus among the polyadelphias, referring to the union of the stamens in several bundles; and he ranged it in the order of icasandrias, referring to the number of organs which he supposed, in all the species, to be twenty, although we find in the lemon and citron as many as thirty or forty. He also fixes the accidents which "determine the form of the petiole of the leaf, and not hav- ing remarked that the petiole of the citron tree is not articulated like that of the lemon, he has made of these two races a single species, distin- guished by the characteristics of linear petioles (petiolis Hnearibus.) The winged form of the petiole has been the characteristic which has determined his second species, and as this accident distinguishes equally the sweet and sour orange, LmnEeus has re- garded the latter as the type and the former as a variety, and united them under the name of Oitrus petiolis alatis, or Citrus, with winged petioles, Finally, he has made a third species of a Japan orange, described by Ksempfer, refer- ring to the ternate leaves, and called it Citrus trifoliata. The later editors of Linnaeus augmented the number of these species by one called Citrus de- cumana, which Linnaeus himself ranked among the varieties. They thought that its obtuse and scolloped leaf (foliis obtusis emarginatis) was a sufficient characteristic to constitute it a type, and did not observe that this peculiarity is neither general nor constant, and that in consequence it is rather a monster than a characteristic feature. They have also added the Citrus angulata or limoneUus angulosus of Rhumphius, and the Cit- rus japonica of Thumberg, whose characteristics are, without doubt, top different from those of our specimens of the Citrus family not to consti- tute distinct species. We have followed a new method ; we have begun by seeking the species among all Eu- ropean specimens of the Citrus, and arranged around these their hybrids and varieties. We have also presented some reflections upon the species of the Indies, of which we have given only an idea, leaving to more enlightened bot- anists the task of examining and classifying them, as we have those of Europe. The seed-beds have been the principal means made use of in our search for species. We have seen the citron tree of the Jews (Cit- rus medico, cedra fructu oblongo crasso eduliodora- tissimo, GALL. SYN.,) reproduced constantly from the seed. It has many seeds, the greater part of which always give citron trees having constantly the same characteristics in aspect, form, and prop- erties ; itjij therefore, a type. All orafer citrons are sterile or nearly so, and hence are only hybrids or varieties. Such are the Chinese citron, (Citrus medico, cedra fructu maxvmo aurantiato, GALL. SYN.,) the cedrat of Florence, (Citrus meclica cedra Florentine frucfu \ parro, GALL. SYN.,) and several others which re- | semble them. The common lcnion(C$^'«s mcdica Union fmctu ocato, G. S.,) also contains many seeds. It is re- produced constantly from the seed, and its pecu- liarities are perpetuated in its descendants. It is, therefore, a species. It produces hybrids and va- rieties, but they are found rarely, and only among many types. They have few seeds, and these re- produce most frequently the type. Sometimes they contain no seeds, and it is always in those deviating most from the type that we remark this sterility. The poncire or cedrat lemon (Citrus 'mcdica Union fructu citrato, GALL. SYN.,) is of this number. The sour orange also produces many seeds, which always reproduce sour orange trees. Hy- brids are met with only among a great number of types. Varieties are found more frequently, but these deviate very little from the characteristics of the type, and their seeds always reproduce it ; hence the sour orange is a species. The sweet orange has many seeds, which al- ways reproduce sweet oranges. They give rise to varieties, and we often remark in the same sowing, orange trees of ordinary fruit and others of superior fruit, but there is no single example in which these seeds have produced a sour orange tree. The sweet orange is, therefore, a species. When it gives monsters they have no seeds, or very few ; such are the seedless orange (auran- tium semine carens, FER.,) the red orange (auran- tium hieroclmnticum, GALL. SYN.,) and the small China orange (Citrus aurantium caule etfntctu, pumilo, GALL. SYN.) These four species are, therefore, certainly types. They do not, perhaps, present all the exterior characteristics which the botanists have adopted to distinguish species ; but in the study of natural history it is necessary to guard against forcing nature in order to make her conform to various systems. She is not confined to constant forms and de- terminate modification in order to distinguish vegetables. She is pleased to vary those distinc- tive signs by which she has marked these divis- sions. She has, from preference, fixed them in the fructifying parts and the form of the leaf, but has not, on this account, renounced less general peculiarities. 1 1 is sufficient that a characteristic be constant, or unalterable, or pronounced, in order to be distinctive for nature. Thus the acidity and bitterness of the pulp of the sour orange, the aroma of its peel, its leaf and flower, being qualities constantly attached to this plant, altered neither by culture nor climate, nor even by the seed, may and must be distinctive char- acteristics of this species. These are the principles which have guided us in the classification of the species of the Citrus of Europe. We have been able to recognize only four of them ; all the others are only hybrids or varieties. They all present the mixture of these four mother-species, and their characteristics, confounded and combined in a hundred different ways, never depart from the model of these four types. Such is evidently the nature of all the races seen in the gardens of Europe. It is only in the Indies that we meet with a great number of oth- erR whoso physiognomy assimilates them to our OALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. 17 species, without, however, manifesting exactly i their peculiar features. Such are most of the races of Amboiue, of which Rumphius'has given us the description ; such are some races of the •Cochin China and China fruit, described by Lou- veiro ; and such, finally, are some races from Ja- pan, reported by Ksempfer and Thumberg. The most of these races not only cannot be re- garded as varieties of our Citrus family in Europe, but they cannot even be considered as species be- longing to our genus Citrus. They differ sensi- bly from them, considered either with reference to the conventional features established by artifi- cial systems, or the natural features presented by the structure of their trunk, the form of their leaves, the character of their flowers, the proper- ties and modifications of their fruits. Their physiognomy, as a whole, announces that they belong to the same natural family as the Citrus, but that they form another branch or genus of it which has its- own species, varieties, and mon- sters. Perhaps among those which have more rela- tion to the Citrus, there may be some which unite these two analogous genera and form a transition by which nature passes from one genus to the other; perhaps also this transition is apparent in some other species deviating more from them, and approaching more to the orateva marmelos, the murraya exotica, and the limonia. We will leave to botanists the examination of this conjecture, which demands profound scien- tific knowledge, experimental observation of those plants which we at present are acquainted with only from descriptions, and which no one probably has as yet studied in all the details of their vegetable life. We shall confine ourselves to a general view of the species arranged by bota- nists under the genus Citrus, and the varieties which belong to them. ART. II. — Order of divisions followed 1>y Nature — First division— Second division— Characteristic features which determine them. These principles fixed, it is easy to classify in a natural order the Citrus family of Europe. Nature, which never proceeds by leaps, but al- ways gradually and insensibly in her operations, has commenced by dividing this genus into two sections, of which one is formed by the citron and the other by the orange. She has marked these two species by several pronounced and constant characteristics, which form their physiognomy. The citron tree has always a leaf with a linear petiole, a scion or young shoot of a violet red, (lowers partly hermaphrodite and partly dioe- cious, the corolla white within and shaded with violet red without, stamens to the number of thirty or forty, the fruit oblong, yellowish, with a tender peel, adhering to the pulp. The orange tree, on the contrary, has constant- ly a leaf with a winged petiole, the scion of a whitish green, the flower hermaphrodite, with flu entirely white corolla, and stamens to the num- ber of twenty, the fruit round, golden, and having a peel interiorly cottony or downy, and not at all adherent to the pulp. But this first division was not sufficiently adapt- ed to the infinite combinations with which Nature wished to enrich this beautiful genus. She has, therefore, subdivided these two species into as many sub-species, which have also received their character from the hand of Nature, and are, con- sequently, equally invariable. The citron has beenjfftivided into the cedrat and the lemon. The orange has been -divided into the orange and bigarade. % The cedrat tree has been distinguished by short and stiff branches, green and oblong leaves, whose petiole is smooth and continuous with the central vein which divides them, and by its ob- long fruit, formed of a thick, tender, and aro- matic peel. The lemon tree, on the contrary, bears long, pliant, and flexible branches, with large and yel- lowish leaves, whose petiole is raised on the sides by a kind of jutting out, and articulated at the point of its union with the disk »of the leaf; it bears fruit with a smooth, thin, and bitter peel, and an abundant pulp, full of an acid but agree- able and piquant (sharp) juice. The sweet orange differs from the bigarade by its appearance or bearing, which is more vigor- ous, by its flower, which has less aroma, and by its fruit, whose peel, which is thin, contains a more feeble essential oil, and whose pulp is full of a sweet and agreeable juice. A less majestic bear- ing, an infinitely more odoriferous flower, and a fruit whose peel possesses a bitter and piquant aroma, mingled also with the acidity of the pulp, are the distinctive characteristics of the bigarade tree. These four species have been the elements for forming all the races we now possess. The3r have been subdivided into various generations, which have been modified by fecundation with- out altering the characteristics of the species, and have given rise to varieties. They have been subsequently crossed among themselves in a great number of different proportions, and have given birth to hybrids which are as numerous as the gradations or variations of which these com- binations are susceptible. Nevertheless, all these different races always, by their peculiarities, an- nounce either one or several of these types, and we find everywhere either their isolated mark or the mark of the reunion of several of them. We will commence^by giving a representation of the species. THE CITRON TREE. The citron tree is an arborescent plant. It does not bend like the lemon tree. It does not grow high like the orange tree. Its branches are short and stiff. Its leaves are violet at first, but afterwards green, alternate, simple, oblong, den- tate, and sprinkled with an infinite number of little points, which are so many vesicles contain- ing the aroma. The petioles are nude, and only a continuation of the central vein of the leaf. The bud is large, conical, and guarded by a soli- tary spine. It puts forth, during almost the whole year, flowers in bouquets or clusters, each borne on a pedicel resting on a peduncle, some- times axillary, but regularly terminal and multi- florous. The flowers, in part hermaphrodite and partly dioecious, are formed of a mono- cephalous five-pointed calyx, which contains a corolla whose petals, five in number, are enlarged at the base, inserted around a hypo- gynous disk, white within, and shaded -with- out with a violet red; the stamens, thirty or 18 GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. forty in number, have the same insertion as the corolla; the filaments are brought together in cylindrical form, crowded at the base and polyadelphous ; the anther is yellow, linear, and divided in the middle By a hollow ; the pistil is composed of a simple ovary, ovoid, sur- mounted by a single, fleshy style, and a simple globular stigma, the pistil covered with a viscous substance like honey. The fruit is capsular and multilocular. It is formed of two skins, of which the outside one is rough, yellowish, thin, sown with an infinite number of globular vesicles ap- pearing like little points, and full of a very aro- matic oil ; the interior skin is thick, white, tender, fleshy, and forms the most considerable part of the fruit. Under this interior skin is a mem- brane which envelops the pulpy part, and which, penetrating the interior, forms double partitions converging to an axis, where they divide the fruit into nine or ten sections. These sections are polysperrnous. They are filled with a pulpy flesh formed from a quantity of oblong vesicles full of au acid juice, and containing cartilaginous seeds in indeterminate number. THE LEMON TREE. The lemon is a tree, but its pliant branches show a preference for an espalier. Its leaves are ovoid, large, dentate, of a clear green, tending to yellow. They are borne on a petiole, articulated at the point of its union with the disc of the leaf, apd guarded by two projec- tions on the sides. Its shoots while tender are of a purplish tint. Its flowers are larger than those of the orange, and a little smaller than those of the citron tree, and partly hermaphrodite and partly dioecious. The corolla has five petals, col- ored "red without and white within, set upon a green five-cleft calyx, in the midst of which in the hermaphrodite flowers rises a pistil smaller than in the citron, surmounted by a stigma cov- ered also with a viscous humor and surrounded by from thirty to forty stamens united into several bodies and " bearing a yellow anther. The fruit, almost ovoid, is nippled, or pointed, at the summit. The exterior skin is thin and of a very pale, clear yellow tint. The inte- rior skin is thin also, white and tough. The first is formed of a quantity of little vesicles containing a very penetrating aroma, which vanishes in a great degree when the fruit reaches excessive maturity. The pulp is en- closed in nine or eleven sections, which form the most considerable part of the fruit, and are composed of an infinite number of oblong ves- icles of a light yellow, containing a sharply acid juice, abundant and very agreeable. The paren- chyma or pellicle which covers these sections is so adherent to the skin or peel that it can not be separated without being torn. It is thin, trans- parent, and without bitterness. THE ORANGE TREE. The orange is more vigorous than the citron and lemon trees. It forms a full and majestic tree. Its leaves are oblong, pointed, slightly den- tate, and winged in the petiole, and of a very deep green, which distinguishes them at once even to the sight from those of the lemon and citron trees. The constantly hermaphrodite flower has five petals, and is distinguished from those of the citron and lemon by its whiteness and the grate- ful odor emanating from it. The stamens, twenty in number, are divided into several bodies, and bear an oblong anther, whose pollen is of a deep yellow. The fruit of the orange tree is spherical, and sometimes flattened. Its peel is more or less thin, according to the kinds ; its interior part is light, stringy, and tasteless ; its exterior is thin, colored a golden yellow, which distinguishes the orange from the lemon and citron, and is com- posed of a quantity ef vesicles containing an agreeable essential oil. The sections, nine in number, which form the larger part of the fruit, are enveloped in a trans- parent membrane, which is with much facility detached from the peel, to which it clings only by the white, cottony substance forming the in- terior skin. The pulp contained by these sec- tions is formed of a quantity of oblong vesicles of deep yellow color, full of a sweet and refresh- ing juice, and contains oblong, cartilaginous, and yellowish seeds. THE BIGARADE TREE. The orange tree having sour fruit, or the bigarade, does not grow so high as the sweet orange ; its leaf has the heart of the petiole more pronounced ; its flower has vastly more aroma, and is preferred for perfuming waters and essen- ces ; its fruit is somewhat rough and of a deeper reddish tint, and the vesicles contained in the exterior skin have a stronger aroma, indicating also the bitterness of the interior peel and the parenchyma which covers the sections of the fruit. Its juice is sharp, and also slightly bitter from the membrane forming the vesicles in which the juice is contained. THE CITRON FRUIT. The citron is eaten only as a comfit. The quantity of juice in its pulp is so small that little account is made of it ; it has the properties of lemon juice, but is less acid and has less perfume. The peel of the citron is the part most used ; the essential oil which it contains in the exterior part is in a liquid state in the prominent vesicles, which give to it the tuberosities which charac- terize it. This oil is often pressed out, and, mixed with sugar, is soluble in water, and used tor giv- ing an aromatic flavor to liquors. The interior part of the peel, or the'white, is agreeable to the taste when its aroma is corrected by sugar ; it is especially delicious when preserved, and in this form it is generally found in commerce. THE LEMON. The lemon peel contains also an essential oil full of aroma ; but this fruit is used only for its acid and agreeable juice, which is very abundant, and serves for seasoning animal and vegetable substances. From it is also made, with sugar and water, a drink beneficial to persons suffering from inflammatory and putrid fevers. It is the principal specific in scurvy, and the best antidote against vegetable poisons. The lemon contains citric acid in a perfect 'state, only mixed with water, from which it can be easily separated. It furnishes to the art of dyeing a means of enlivening red colors taken from the vegetable kingdom, and especially the color of the carthamus or saffiower, which by this means becomes so brilliant in silks. It has a similar use in China and India, where the juice is also used in order to prepare metals for gild- GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. ing, in the same manner as Europeans employ aqua fortis. THE OKANGE. The sweet orange is one of the most delieious and refreshing of fruits. It is antiscorbutic and very useful in bilious maladies. Its peel has an essential oil full of aroma, which at maturity loses its biting and bitter quality ; the peel may then be eaten. In the finest varieties the peel is very thin. It is thicker in others, but the white part, instead of beiug fleshy as in the citron, is always cottony, light, and tasteless. Orange juice is extremely sweet and agreeable. The sweet orange is eaten in its natural state, and this is almostf its only use. THE BIQARADE. The bitter orange is not eaten. Preserves are made from them, which are very agreeable. The peel is more aromatic than that of other species, and the essential oil it contains has always a bit- terness and caustic taste which distinguishes it from the sweet orange. The juice of the bigar- ade is sharp and bitter. It is used in the same manner as that of the lemon, as an agreeable sea- soning for animal and vegetable substances, and especially for fish, whose tendency to putrefaction is thus greatly diminished. But the principal of the bigarade tree is that of its flower. This is exceedingly sweet-scented, and from it are made perfumed waters and essences, which surpass in gratefulness those of the lemon, sweet orange, or citron. This finishes the description of the four primi- tive species into which the numerous family of the Citrus is divided. Before undertaking the description and identifi- cation of their derivatives, it is necessary to estab- lish the acceptation of several terms which have been adopted by botanists, agriculturists, and gar- deners to designate some different races whose characteristics have not been well determined. We will examine the meaning of the words lime, lamie,aud poncire. It is difficult to determine with exactness the idea attached to each of these terms, and still more difficult to follow out all their application to various races by different writers ; but we shall not have much trouble in recognizing that all these names have only been invented in order to designate the hybrids which we meet with every day in our gardens, and which could not be called by the names already in use, be- cause these names belonged to the species and their varieties. As, however, the origin and na- ture of these fruits was little known, they were unable to employ systematically the names which they have assigned indefinitely to individuals of very different nature. Ferraris seems to designate, under the name of lime, nippled fruits derived from the orange and the lemon, and under the name of lumie, hy- brids of large, round fruit with a yellow, thick skin, and a very sour thin pulp. But in practice he does not always make this distinction, and, for example, places among limes the lemons called sweet as well as those of an orange pulp ; and after having classed among the lumies the Ad- am's apple, under the name of lumia mlentina, and other hybrids of several forms, and having a citron peel, he describes, under the name of limes, orange-lemons, of which several resemble and are confounded with his lamics, such as the lima dulcis, which he puts in the same class as the Citrus aurantiqtum, or cedrat of China, which he calls lima citrata scabiosa et monstruosa. He subsequently confounds these same races of fruits with lemon-cedrats and poncires, which he regards as different species, although these terms are also considered as only synonyms represent- ing equally the same hybrid. In the midst of this confusion, however, we find that all writers have recognized iJnder these same names of lime, lumie and poncire, the hy- brids of the Citrus family, although each one has had a separate definition for them. These are the terms appjied to hybrids in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal. We shall, therefore, follow this nomenclature, and in order to give to it more precision, we will designate the poncire as the hybrid of the lemon and the citron or cedrat ; the lime as the hybrid of the orange and the lemon ; and the lumie as the hybrid of the citron and the orange. We shall subdivide these three races of hybrids into two classes. The first comprises hybrids which have pre- served all the physiognomy of the principal spe- cies, from which they are distinguished only by very slight modifications hardly affecting any part of the plant. The second class comprises those hybrids in which the mixture is so pronounced that they cannot be confounded with any of the varieties of the primitive species. • We shall retain for the first class the name of the species to which they belong, accompanied by an epithet indicating the modification which distinguishes them ; such are the Chinese citron, which we will call the monstrous citron, and the cedrat of Florence, which we shall still call the citron of Florence. The second class will preserve the names of lime, lumie, and poncire. We shall, however, be careful to arrange the different varieties under the species which predominate in the mixture, and to which they seem most to belong. This is the method I shall follow in the following de- tailed descriptions of species, varieties, and hy- brids. CHAPTER III. IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION. ART. I.— The Citron Tree. The citron tree was for several centuries a con- stant species, preserved in Europe without hy- brids or varieties. Thus Theophrastus, Virgil, Pliny, Palladius, Crescentius, &c., represent it. As soon, however, as its cultivation was extended and it was multiplied by seed, it gave varieties ; and it produced hybrids also so soon as it was placed in the same" soil with lemon and orange trees. Hence the three varieties of Mathiole and Gallo, and the more numerous ones of the Arabic agriculturists; hence also the infinite races of later writers, who have classed among the species of the citron tree the multitude of monsters which reappear every day without ever resembling each other, and which are hardly ever perpetuated. Ferraris reports eight species of this tree, and GALLESIO'S TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. gives plates of five, of which three arc monsters. Comrnelyn gives four species of it, of which two are only monsters. Volcainerius gives ten species, of which sev- eral are only monsters, and others are sub-va- rieties or varieties represented tvyicc. The plan we shall follow simplifies this nomen- clature, and causes the most of these above-men- tioned races to disappear. There is only one type ; but hybrids are num- berless, wm'ch it is impossible and useless to fol- low, and which must be reduced to those whose peculiarities are most remarkable. The citron of Media, known in Liguria as the citron of the Hebrews, or the Hebrew citron, is certainly the type. There are only three varieties deserving men- tion : the citron of Genoa, which surpasses the type in size, but is inferior to it in taste and deli- cacy ; the citron of Salo, which surpasses the type in delicacy and aroma, but is inferior to it in volume ; and the double-flowered citron, re- markable for its double or semi-double flower, and so prone to irregular fecundation as often to produce monsters. The hybrids seem innumerable, because they present a gradation of shades of difference in their phjr8iogrioiny, which is as varied as the combinations from which they result ; but when accustomed to seeing them, one easily perceives that there is a determinate number of mixtures, to which all may be referred. I will begin by dividing them into two classes — hybrids and semi-hybrids. I understand by hy- brids those in which the mixture has sensibly altered the natural physiognomy of the species, and by semi-hybrids those in which this mixture is so" slight as to be determined only with great care. I will place in this article only the last class, and discuss the first class under the articles concerning the respective species which predom- inate in the mixture. The semi-hybrids of the citron tree are only three : the citron of Florence, the citron of China, or the orange-citron, and the sweet citron. All the other citrons with which the Hesperides of Cornmelyn are filled are only sub-varieties dif- fering only by insensible peculiarities, which ap- pear and re-appear successively, or else isolated monsters, which are only fruits of which every tree produces some annually in the midst of or- dinary fruit, but which are not perpetuated by their seed. Among the first, the sub-varieties, are the citron of Corfu, whose fruit is so small and ordinary that it is called in the country the cedro mazza-cani. The cedrat of Holland, the ce- drat bergamotte, the cedrat oviform, the cedrat of Garda^the cedrat musciato and the dorato, names given by Volcamerius, are only lemon-cit- rons, whose family is so numerous and varied that I might easily describe twenty varieties of them now growing in my garden, produced from seed, and which I regard as unworthy to be perpetu- ated by the graft, because they possess no char- acteristic rendering them extraordinary. *The species with monstrous fruits completes the list of the Hesperides. At the present time I know of but very few *Up to this point Prof. Wilcox had translated this work at the time of his death. The translation has been com- pleted by Mrs. C. A. Cowgill. of Tallahassee. Fla. among the citrQii trees which form monstrous varieties. The lemon and the orange present plants, of which the fruit is striped, starred, &c., but the citron produces no other than fruit which is tuberculous, a form peculiar to this species. The fruits shaped like a hand, or crumpled around the nipple ; those which enclose within themselves another fruit with its rind, or only a multitude of cells crossed and confounded one with another, all appear upon ordinary trees only in the midst of other fruits ; and, far from owing their form to the nature of the plant which bears them, they are the result of an extraordinary and irregular fertilization, which has acted upon the thin skin (pericarp) of the individual fruit. Thus it becomes necessary to place in the class of monstrosities the five varieties spoken of in the Hesperides by Volcamerius, on pages 41, 45, 65, 116, 117. These extraordinary fruits appear more fre- quently among certain varieties, yet but a few of these monsters are found, in the midst of a great number of fruits whose forms are unaltered. VARIETIES — NO. I. Citrus medica cedra fructu oblongo, cras^o, eduli, odora- tissimo. Citronier des Juif*. (Cedrat.) Cedro degli Ebrei, vnlgo. (Pitima.) Malnni citreum maximum Salodianum : Cedro grosso bondolotto. (Vole.") Ceclrato ordinario. (Ib.) Citreum vulgare. (Tournef.) Limonia cedra fructu maximo. conico, verrucoso, sapore, et odore insigni. (L. B. Calvel.) Citrus medica : cedro : cedrato. (Targ. Inet. Bot.) Citrus medica cedra. (Desfont, Tab. de FEcole de Bot.) The cedrat, properly speaking, or citron of Media, is a tree of medium height, with a root greatly branched or ramified, yellow outside, whitish within. The general appearance of the tree is irregular and scattering. The trunk is of a greyish green, striped with white. The wood is hard, and branches tough, short, and well grown. The buds are large, prominent, and furnished with a single thorn, short and thick. The shoots, or scions, violet at their budding, change finally to green. The leaf is long, regularly pointed, and almost as large near the extremities as in the middle ; it is of a beautiful green, bitter to the taste, and odorous. The flowers are in clusters — cup-shaped, large and full — haying five white petals shaded on the outer side with purple, and thirty or forty stamens ; the anther oblong, and clear yellow ; the pis til, large and long, rests upon the ovary. Some of the flowers, lacking this part, fall off. The flower has a feeble odor, and yields very little essence. The fruit is large and oblong, carrying some- times the pistil upon its point. The rind is yel- lowish, thin, glossy, a little uneven, and contains delicious aroma. The inner skin is thick, tender, aromatic, rather sweet, and may be eaten with sugar, or made into conserves. This skin ad- heres very closely to the pulp, which is thin, com- posed of an infinity of whitish vesicles, contain- ing a slightly acid, yet somewhat insipid juice, and enclosing a great number of oblong seeds covered by a reddish skin, and formed of a whit- ish and bitter kernel. The citron tree of Media is grown in Liguria only from slips ; these root very easily. It is sometimes grafted upon the bigarade (sour orange). It bears but little fruit, and fears extremely the GALLESIO'ti TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY. 31 cold, it blossoms almost continually, and cbiclly iu "winter. The fruit is sold in autumn and in winter for conserves, which are delicious. It is bought in summer by the Jews, who use it in August for their Feast of Tabernacles. This tree is cultivated largely at San Renio, San Steffano, and Taggia (Department of Mari- time Alps), and there is a line tree in the Jarclin des Plantes, Paris. VARIETIES — NO. II. citrus medica cedra fructu maximo Ceiiucnsi. Citronnier a gros fruit. Cedrone. Maluni citrum C.i'iiuciisc vulgaiv. ( Vole, t Citruni Geuueiisc magui increment! . (For. llesp. i The citron of Genoa differs but little from the dlrou of the Jews, except in its fruit, which is extremely developed, and of which the flesh is tough and less delicate. This variety is cultivated for Its beauty, rather than its use to the confec- tioner, at Tazzia, St. Remo, and at Mcnton. VARIETIES— NO. III. Citrus inedica ccdra frnctu parvo Salodiauo. Citronier de Salo : Petit cedrat : Ccdrino : Ctdratello. Citnun JSalodianum parvuin, bonitate i)rimum. (Fer. Hesp.) Ccdrato di Garda. (Vole., part 2.) The small citron of Salo is a very line fruit, sought after for the aroma of the outer and for the delicacy of the inner skin. It originally ap- peared at Salo. on the Lake of Garda, where its culture is very extensive. It is also cultivated at Nervi, at Pegi, and at Final, where it is called cedriuo. It differs from the citron of Florence only in the leaf, which, in the latter, resembles that of the lemon, while that of Salo has an entirely cit- ron leaf ; and in the form of the fruit, which is a little more ovate. Some pretend that this is in- ferior in tiistc and perfume to the citron of Flor- ence. VARIETIES— NO. IV. Citrus medica ccdra flore scmi-plciio. ( 'itronnier a neur double. Cedro a fior doppio. Malum eitreiuii ilore plcno, et fruelu proIi!Vn>: Cairo di iior c frutto doppio. (Vole.) The double-flowered citron is a variety due to a superabundance of fructification, modifying the germ in its formation. It is improperly called a double flower, as it j is seldom that these flowers are truly full and without stamens. They are usually but semi- double, and often yield monsters, having inside a second fruit. We shall have occasion to observe that this phenomenon is very frequent in the varieties having semi-double flowers. HYBRIDS— NO. V. Citrus medica ccdra frnctu monstruoso aurautialo, ror- tice crat^o nmcronato, medulla exL'ita. seminibus curcnte. Cedrat monstreux, ou cedrat de la Chine. Citrus- inedica tubcrosa: I'oncire. (T)csfonf.) Lima cttrnta monstttiosa sire scabios-i. < (•Yr.'i Lima Humana. (Miller.) The large orange citron is a plant having short and stiff branches, llaltrned at tlie axil of the leaf. These branches have many knots or joints closely placed, bearing large buds, which 'often develop into many shoots. The leaves, based upon a large nnd ecoop-simpod petiole, are fleshy 4 and of a deep green color; they are ovate in shape, without points, and are often quilled at their edges like the lip of a vase. The flowers arc in clusters, their corollas being red on the outside. Its fruit is of the size of the largest citron, being often seventy centimetres (nearly twenty-eight inches) in circumference. Ordinarily they are nearly round, somewhat pointed at the apex, where the rind forms itself into a fold, and pene- trates to the middle of the inner skin, and even to the pulp. The outer skin, or rind, is of a pale orange color and very uneven, being covered with large bunches. The inner skin, which forms the body of the fruit, is white, coarse, and leathery. Its pulp is thin and acid, and never contains seed. This citron tree is multiplied by graft, and also grows very easily from layers, but is seldom, cul- tivated in Liguria, except by amateurs and nur- serymen. A plant may be seen in the Garden of the Museum of Natural History, Paris. HYBRIDS — NO. VI. Citrus medica cedra aurantiata, folia oblonga, petiolo undo, flore candidq, fructu medio sub-rotundo, cortice crispo, crasso, exterius croeeo, intns albo, satisque tenero et in cibatu gratissimo: medulla colore anranti, jucundre, dulci. Cedrat a fruit doux. Cedrato dolee. Maluni citreum dulci medulla. (E'er. Ilesp.) The sweeltfruited citron is a genuine luinie, uniting many of the characteristics of the citron to those of the orange. Its leaf is citron, its flower orange. Its fruit has the form of the cit- ron, and the color of the orange, having a thick yet delicate skin which may be eaten with pleas- ure like that of the citron, and a juice which, modified by the influence of the orange, has a sweet and very agreeable taste. This plant often bears monsters, enclosing within themselves a second fruit about the size of a walnut, and covered with a golden skin like the other fruits. This phenomenon is due to ex- traordinary fertilization, and occurs more fre- quently among hybrids than in the ordinary va- rieties ; most often in varieties having semi- double flowers. HYBRIDS — NO. VII. Citrup medica ccdra limoni folia Florentinum, fructu parvo. ad basim lato, in papilla desinente, odoratissimo, cortice flavo, intus albo tenero, in cibatu gratissimo; me- dulla acida. Cedrat de Florence: petit poncire. Cedratello di Firenzc. Limon citratus Petnv sanetso. (Fer. Ilesp.) Citrum Floreutinum odoratissimum. (Mich. Cat. Hoft. Flor.) Malum citreum Florentinum. (Vole.) Citrus medica Florentine : citrouierdc Florence. (Desf., Tab. de 1'Ecole Bot.) The citron of Florence has been placed by Ferraris among the lemon-cedrats, and has, iu truth, characteristics proving a mixture of citron with lemon. Its general appearance is that of the citron tree, though growing only to a shrub, and its tough branches can scarcely be made to submit to the espalier (trellis). But the leaf is as large as the leuioo, and simi- lar to it in form and color. The leaf is remarka- ble because of the yellowish spots upon the clear green, peculiar to this species. &ALLESICT8 TREATISE ON THE CITRUS FAMILY Its flower has a smaller corolla than that of ' the ordinary lemon and citron, and is shaded out- I side by a brighter red. Its fruit, of the size of an i ordinary lemon, is covered with warts or tuber- \ cities; it is flattened on the end next the stalk, i and pointed at the other end. The rind is thin, of a clear yellow, and full of a delicious aroma. The inner-skin is thick, white, and very delicate, having a pleasant taste, and may be made into ' delicious confections. The pulp, enclosed in nine very thin sections, is greenish and acid. This variety, which appears to be a hybrid of the lemon, is highly esteemed. It will not endure cold, and is cultivated but little in Liguria, though freely distributed through Tuscany. I have never seen it multiplied but by grafting. AHT. II. — Of the Lemon Tree. Citrus medica limon florc polyandrio, eoepe agynio, co- rolla intus alba, exterius rubea, folio in summa teneritate violaceo, petiolo articulate, fructu flavo, obovato, cortici tenui, medulla ampla, grate acida. The limonier (or lemon tree) is a species rich in varieties, and still richer in hybrids. The type is an oblong fruit, of which the rind is glossy and yellowish ; thin, and full of a caustic aroma ; the inner skin, nearly useless, is white, leathery, and very adherent to the peUcvle or thin skin which covers the sections. Its pulp is a yellow- ish white, abundant, and encloses a quantity of j acid juice, agreeable and aromatic. It is this' which makes the value of the fruit, It being use- ful in cookery and iu the making of drinks. This type is most often reproduced from seed, though it is very frequently modified by fertili- zation, and the result is an innumerable crowd of varieties, which are mingled and confounded with the hybrids of the citron and the orange. In proportion as the skin thickens, the Iem7>n removes itself from its type and approaches the citron. I do not, however, establish upon this fact the principle that all lemons whose fruit lias fleshy skin must be hybrids, for this pecu- liarity may reach a certain point independently of the influence of the citron ; and there are lemons whose skin is thicker than the type, and yet they have not the slightest indication of the citron. These are varieties due to accidents of fecundation. The Lemon tree attaches itself also to the bigar- ade and sweet orange trees by a very great num- ber of hybrids, which form the numerous class of limes. On this side, however, the line of divis- ion is more marked, and it is difficult to confound the mixed species with the varieties. We will commence by a description of the type, choosing afterwards those varieties sufficiently marked to show their difference with their model. We will then speak of the hybrids which attach themselves to the citron tree, called poncires, and finally of those attached to the orange tree, called lumies. To reduce them to their natural order we must place in the centre the type or model, which leans, on the one side, towards the citron, on the other, towards the orange. In passing, we take up, first, all varieties which may be remarkable ; afterwards, the hybrids, which, like a chain , tie all these races together. Turning towards the citron tree I find a large number of lemon trees Whoso fruit has thick, uneven skin, nearly always oblong, and differing among themselves"only in size. Of these I sec but three varieties: 'First, the lemon, of semi- double flower, whose fruit is regularly indiffer- ent ; second, the lemon, of sour juice ; and third, the lemon of sweet juice. Their sub-varieties being innumerable, I pass them by in silence. Passing on from the varieties I come to ihe hybrids of the citron. I recognize but two races among them, of which each has sub- varieties, distinguished only by the size of fruit, and by insignificant changes of form. The first of these hybrids is the lemon-citron, with oblong, tuberculous fruit, called poncirc, a fruit ordinaire. The second is the lemon-citron, having egg-shaped, smooth- skinned fruit, called pondre, a fruit fin. The most remarkable variety of this is the Pomme dc Paradis (Paradise-apple). Starting again from the original type I meet varieties which improve upon the principal spe- cies by the delicacy and odor of the skin, and by the abundance and aroma of the juice. They all have fruit nearly round. The first is the limonier a fruit Jin, or lustrato, of Home. The second is the limonier liyurien, or bugnetta. The third is the limonier a petit fruit, or balotio, of Spain. I come finally to the hybrids of the orange, which are so numerous that it is impossible to follow them into all their modifications. I shall, therefore, divide them into two classes, hybrids of the bigarade, and hybrids of the sweet orange. At the head of the first I place the bergamot lime, and lime of Naples. I put at the head of the second the sweet lime, or the orange-colored lemon of sweet juice. All other races of this nature are but modifications of these. Thus is shown the entire ramifications of the limonier, or lemon tree. Having closely exam- ined the crowd of varieties spoken of b}r Fer- raris and Yolcamerius, and by many other wri- ters, I find them all in those I have named; therefore I think it useless to make isolated de- scriptions, as they would be but a repetition, under different names, of the same objects, diver- sified sometimes by slight accidents unworthy of note. VAKIET1ES — .NO. VIII. Citrus medica limon frtu-tu ovatu, cni>^>, H ^mtr- nri. Limonier de Genrs. Lirnone Gennvesc. Limon Ligurise ceriascus. ( Kn . ) Limon vnlgarie. (Tournef. Hist. K«J. lin-b.t Mains limonia acida. (G. B. Pin.) Limonia mains. (.1. Bauh.) Limon vulgarls: Witte limocn. (Comirietyn. llos)>. Limon vnlgaris: Limon vol^aiv. (Yok-.i Citrus medica ucida: Citronicr ai^rc. (De-font. Tab. <]•• 1'Ecolc de Bot.'i The lemon of Genoa is a vigorous tree, which will also extend itself en, espalier (on a trellis), and bears an abundance of fruit. Its trunk, branches, leaf, and flower are like other lemons. It has no thorns, and blossoms continuously from spring till fall. The fruit, usually egg- shaped, has a skin a little thick— sometimes smooth, sometimes uneven— and an abundance of sharp, acid juice. It is very generally culti- vated upon the coast of Liguria, from Spez/ia to Hyeres. It is the fruit of commerce by reason of its thick skin protecting it in its transit. It is multiplied by graft, but may be raised from seed. GALLKSIO'S TRKATISF, TII.K CITRIC FAMILY. These trees (from seed), however, \vill nearly always have thorns. VARIETIES— NO. ]\. Citrus medim Union fractu ovato, eortico gtebro, temii, mrdnlhi :iddis>ima. Limonicr a fruit ftn : lu>tnif. Limone lino: lustra to. Union acris: ]\hilns limonia minor ;U'ida. (II. I'. I'MI. Tmmu'f. lust. ]{<•!. llt-rl),) The lemon of delicate fruit is the favorite among lemons. Its tree resembles the ordinary lemon, but its fruit, which is ovoid and large, has a remarkably smooth, glossy skin, so thin that one can scarcely distinguish the white part. Its pulp is very delicate, enclosing a large quan- tity of acid, agreeable juice, full of a delicious aroma. It is asserted that this fruit, coming from Rome, where it is known by the name of Instrato, bears a liner perfume than when culti- vated elsewhere. At Liguria there are many va- rieties of it, called St. Remo, Bugnetta, and Span- ish Balotiu. The last has a very small fruit, having all the peculiarities of the Instrato. The balotin seems to be a product of the lustrato and lime of Naples— a lime a trifle smaller, and surpassingly rich in delicacy and fragrance. This balotin is entirely different* from that which is cultivated under this name at the (iarden of Plants, Paris. The former seems to be a lemon with round fruit, di tiering from a lustrato only in size of fruit, while the one at Paris appears to be a lemon -citron or poncire. VARIETIES — NO. X. Citrus medica limon medulla, aoido cnrento. Limonier a fruit cloux. Limone dolce. Union peculiar to it. Rumphius, like Sloane, confounds j them in his herbarium, amboincnsc, and these ; writers have been imitated by Linnanis and the ; botanists who have followed him. Adam's apple is one of the hybrids earliest known. We find a description of it in the His- ! tory of Jerusalem, by Jaques deVitry, and in the < greater part of the works by Arabian authors, who knew it under the names of laysamou or ~< unban. Marco Polo found it in Persia in 1270. It was known as Adamo by the ancient Italian writers upon agriculture, such as Gallo and others, and by the Spaniard, Herrera, under the names of toronjo or samboas. Mathioli calls it lomm ; Fer- raris calls it lamia valentina, a name also given it by Volcamerius. This fruit is known in Liguria under the dif- i'erent names ofpo/nod'Adanw, oi pompoleon, and of dccumano. At Versailles it is called pvmpoleon ; also by the gardeners of Paris. Adam's apple is reported under the name of Citrus aurantinm maximum, in the Table of the Botanical School, belonging to the Museum of Natural History at Paris, where are cultivated several fine and vigorous trees. It appears to be a lumie, or a hybrid of orange and citron. (I have placed this among the luniies, because it shows traits of them ; but I own that I have never tested it by the seed-bed, as I have done with all other races which give seed. I pro- pose to try it at once, and shall not be surprised if the result shows, in this plant, a fifth species of agrume. I have already many reasons for supposing so.) The tree resembles the Chinese citron. Its branches short, often flattened, bear large leaves, which are sometimes lanceolated, sometimes notched at their edges (crenated), some- times quilled. They are of a very deep green, and have two very prominent wings to the pe- tiole. The flower, arranged in large clusters, is very large and fleshy, like'that of the citron, and entirely white like that of the orange, having thirty or forty stamens. The fruit is round, and four times larger than the common orange. Its rind, smooth as an orange, is green at the com- mencement, and lit maturity is a pale yellow. It is thin, and marked in places by slight clefts, as if it had been bitten. To this peculiarity it owes its name of Adam's apple. Under this skin, which is insupportably bitter, one finds a second, like the citrons, thick, white, leathery, and bitter. This encloses a pulp divided into eleven very small sections, which contain an insipid, slightly acid- ulated juice. The seeds arc covered by a reddish pellicle, and are formed by two whitish cotyle- dons. This variety is cultivated in Liguria only l»v amateurs and seedsmen, and is multiplied i>y grafting upon the bigarade. At Salo it is grown from seed, but is used only as a subject upon which to graft the orange. There are many plants of it at Versailles, at the Jardin des Plantes, aud in the gardens of Paris. The fruit is good for nothing, and is sought for its beauty only, as it is neither edible when raw, nor agreeable'for confits. HYBRIDS — NO. XXVII. Citrus aurantium Indicum folio petiolo alalo, &uppe in -umma teneritate violaceo ; flore hinc albo, iiide extcriu - rubente, fractal violaceo, medulla acida. Bigaradier a fruit violet. Arancio forte a frutto violetto, Citrus aurantiura violaceum : Granger violet. (Desf out , , Tab. de 1'Ec. dc J3ot., p. 138. The violet-fruited Bigarade is a singular va- riety, and very little propagated. It is not spoken of by Ferraris or Volcamerius, neither is it in the works of botanists who immediately fol- lowed or preceded them. We find it described only by a few modern writers. 1 have seen the fruit only in a painting owned by M. Michel, (editor of the "Treatise upon Trees,") who obtained it from the heirs of the celebrated Duhamel ; and the plant in the or- angery of the Museum of Natural History, Paris. This, which is a flue plant, has the appearance of the ordinary bigarade, haying the same leaf. One would not notice anything remarkable, un- less that the top is a little more bushy. I should have classed it among the varieties of the bigarade, had not the spring growth revealed to me a phenomenon, which convinced me that it was but a hybrid. Its shoots are of two kinds ; the one are whitish as those of the orange, the others are of a very deep violet color, as those of the lemon. This violet color characterizes also a part of its (low- ers, which grow upon the same branches with those entirely white. Its fruit is likewise shaded with violet in the same way in which the red orange is shaded with bloo"d color. I do not know the nature of its pulp. I am told that it ia yellow and sharp, as in the bigarade. It is easy to conceive that this variety owes its origin to the influence of the pollen of the lemon tree upon the seed from which it has come. It is one of the most singular results of impreg- nation. It is desirable that this hybrid be multiplied, on account of the beauty of both fruit and llower. CilniN ;im,.jnimn Indicum frudii stellate. Bigaradie* ••> fruit Huilr. Arancio inrlarosa. Aiirantimu stclliitinn <•( ro-rmn. (Frr.. \>. :','.<•'.. > Aranzi stellati.