January, 1915 5. Cents Per Copy ORCHARD AND FARM The 1915 Maxwell is an"Easy Keeper" — and the wonderful easy-riding and sturdy qualities of the 1915 Maxwell make it the favorite in districts where roads are rough When fou buy a horsf you always en deavor to get what is known as an "easy keeper." You do this for reasons of econoniy, knowing that an "'eaay keeper" does more work for less cost. It is so with the Maxwell ■"WoiuKt L'ar The economy of the Maxwell extends lievond its first rost, whioh is remarkably low. h is the day in ami day out eeonomy of the sturdy Maxwell that has made il the popu lar »ar for eountry use. Ask any Maxwell owner what his ear in^ta him to operate. Me will tell you that it requires less gasoline, less oil, and fives greater mileage to eaeh set of tires than any other real, f\ill sizeil five- passenger automobile. Here at last >s a light car that reallv holds the road. Holds the Road at 50 Miles an Hour The Maxwell has a very powerful motor. It is one of the greatest all-round hill climb- ing tars in the world. Many of the nu>st enthiusiastic Maxwell owners are those who live in a mmuitainous eounlry. The pure streamline body design of the Maxwell appeals to the eye of those who want a car of aristocratie appearanoe. This has given it an unusual sale in the big cities of the country. The liU5 Maxwell has 17 new features. It is a powerful, beautiful family automobile. Every dollar that you invest in the Maxwell will buy more automobile than you can possibly get by buying any other make of car— and the Maxwell "stands iii> " Electric starting and lighting system $55 extra See the "Wonder Car" at the Maxwell dealer nearest you Write for illustrated catalogue, address Dei ORCHARD^AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII JANUARY, 1915 No. 1 ,7] The Market Outlook for Fruit Varieties The beginning of the new year is a fit time to look forward to the proba^ ble futurrf of the different fruits. While no one can read the future of the markets more than his own it still is true that there are certain facts and conditions which indicate the proba- ble course of events and enable a person to adjust his programme ac- cordingly, so here will be given a brief glance at the conditions sur- rounding and apparently affecting the leading kinds of fruits of commercial importance on the coast. The opinions expressed will have to be taken at their face value. They are based on a study of conditions as a whole, information being gathered from various sources. They thus may be of more value than conclu- sions based merely upon local con- ditions, or prices for only one or two years. Almonds. Alphabetically almonds are leaders. Looking into the future they stand close to the front also. The acreage is not large, prices arc good and have been good since the Almond Growers' Exchange got on its feet. The market is only a fraction of what it can be with development, the demand such that the crop is sold almost as soon as it is ready for the buyer, everything is progress- ing to develop the market as fast as the almonds are produced. Out- side of portions of California and one or two other very small spots in neighboring States the almond will not apparently do well, so there is a limit to possible production and an immense market to take what are produced. Get where almonds will bear consistently enough to justify bothering with and the outlook seems just as near safe and bright as could reasonably be asked for with any fruit. The thermal or citrus belt of Central and Northern Cali- fornia looks especially oromising. If a person is inclined to plant almonds, he should not hold back for fear of the markets. They seem safe for years to come. Apples. Apples have had their troubles re- cently and the outlook is uncertain owing to heavy planting. The apnle is the king of fruits. The East has always had a reputation for finely flavored apples. Now they are pro- ducing apnles scientifically almost all over the East and getting a oroduc- tion and a quality not thought pos- sible a decade ago. They have a bif new acreage and markets at their doors. People are eating far more apples, of course, to take care of in- creased production and apples from the Northwest have a fine quality and reputation, apples of California have often either carliness or heavy and uniform production to commend them. Unless one is in a very favor- able location or can gain an advan- tage in variety he is likely to wait to see what the aople future will be before going ahead much. There is, of course, always a fine chance to supply local markets with apples in districts where apples are not grown. That holds true for host every- thing. Apricots. Where apricots are most at home, that is, in the San Francisco bay dis- trict, the southern coast counties, and a few other spots, the fruit is taking up nearly all available good land, which is pretty nearly all the proof of its fine standing tiiat is needed. The quality and demand, canned or dried, justifies heavy production. There seems no danger wiiatever of overproduction, especially with such a high flavor to create a demand and rather limited area of satisfactory production. The limiting feature is its frivolous, unreliable, tantalizing behavior over those areas where it hardly does good enough to increase much in acreage, or acts badly enough to be rooted out. It is quite certain that there is room for im- provement in growing methods and the market, looking well ahead, seems quite certain to be very favor- able. Where a person can produce apricots well he will find it profitable to do so. Figs. Although figs can almost be con- sidered a minor fruit only, they de- serve special notice, more than they are getting. A minor fruit here, they are, with the olive, date and raisin, a leading food and fruit product of Western Asia and the Mediterranean. There is every possible reason why they should attain some such stand- ing in the San Joaquin valley, where they are perfectly at home. Sold fresh the demand has increased won- derfully of recent years. Dried, they are paying so well that planting is now in blocks rather than borders. Hardly a fruit has equal flavor or richness, hardly a fruit will pay so very well at such low prices. They will pay well at present prices and prices should advance, if anything, rather than decrease for years to come. Prophecy is a risky business, so we won't do it, but figs do look to have a promising future. It is un- fortunate they are so neglected. Cherries. High commendation of the cherry is only prevented by the difficulty of finding good cherry land. This and the rapid deterioration of old orchards more than takes care of the problem of overproduction. The problem is more how to sustain production. If cherry land is available, hardly any fruit on any location looks better. Most certainly plant cherries if you have the location for it. Early mar- kets for California, unsurpassed, un- equaled quality, for all the Pacific Coast cherries, a fine call from the canner, makes cherries more than good. Peaches. People with freestone peaches do not need to have anything said about them, the facts are pretty apparent as they are. An unpromising feature is that an immense acreage is com- ing into bearing throughout the East, close to the markets, which gives California peach growers hard competition, in spite of which fact California peaches more than hold their own in Eastern markets. A favorable feature is that California is the only producer of dried peaches, of which far more could be used than are, if they only would be. Also, the best time to go into a business is usually when others are going out of it and a big peach acreage is this winter being uprooted. The argu- ment is against the freestone peach now, but probably not as much against it as it seems to be. A couple of years ago orchardists were wondering whether clingstone peach planting had not been carried to an excess. It is noticeable that planting is still going on and the market is still flourishing. California is the only producer of clingstone peaches and their quality canned is so far beyond rivalry that the more produced, the more seems to be wanted. While the acreage can be extended in time to create an im- mense production, the end is far from being in sight yet and the planting is hardly great enough to cause worry, although it will not be very difficult to create an over-sup- ply. Clingstone peaches appear to deserve the favor they are meeting, with the future more or less of a gamble. Bartlett Pears. The blight has settled the pear outlook by making the market firm and secure. In climates where the blight is bad pears are not holding their own and have to fight against such difficulties that a big acreage is not to be expected, leaving a fine demand for pears from those dis- tricts where the blight is not trouble- some; the coast countries and the Sierra foothils. Pears are so good for either canning or fresh shipment, and the dried pear prices are gener- ally so satisfactory, that no one should hesitate a minute in planting Bartlett pears if he has good pear land in a blight-free district. Many do appreciate the fine pear outlook, a lot more should appreciate it. Fruit growing would be fine if every fruit was oh as favorable basis as the pear in a good pear district. Plums. As far as plums are concerned, people that know the fresh fruit busi- ness are planting plums and people outside of shipping districts are not, which is a wise proposition both ways. Whatever else happens the welcome for the California plum in Eastern markets seems to continue with increased production. There is every reason for believing that pres- ent conditions will continue, that the demand will increase with the sup- ply.' Prunes. The prune continues to be our main deciduous fruit, but it seems to be a rather foolhardy man who would attempt to prophesy their fu- ture. Prunes were apparently in a bad way half a dozen or so years ago but things have improved and con- tinued to improve. California is the big producer of the world and can produce far more than she has in the past. The acreage is extending in the Sacramento valley, formerly thought to be a poor prune section, but now thought to be excellent, and in the San Joaquin and coast coun- ties too. Meanwhile old orchards are getting older. Bosnia and Servia, big prune producers, are having trouble enough to put prune produc- tion in a bad way, and the last few years California prunes have been used aiul sold in far greater quanti- ties tiian ever before, especially in luiropc. The outlook for prunes eight or ten or more years hence is hard to foretell, owing to the possi- bility of an immense production. Prices of course have been extreme- ly high the last ^car or so and should not be hoped for, but prospects are extremely favorable for the future when reasonable profits only arc sought. Grapes. Concerning wine grapes nothing is to be said. Concerning table grapes it can be said that the moderate prices of the year, not enough to cause wild speculation and heavy planting, yet averaging quite satis- factory, permits a moderate increase in production to keep pace with steady increase in consumption. A basic fact in the table grape business is that once it was its own enemy, but now is acting right again. Sea- son after season the market has been badly hurt by shipping green gsapcs to get the early market. Only in 1914 has the sugar test been fairly well used, so instead of discouraging the consumer, we have been pleasing him, which is a fine thing for the grape grower. The demand increased when grape quality was not what it should be. With grape quality right, the probable future is corresponding- ly improved. Raisins. The fact that a good marketing system is more responsible for a good demand than any other single thing except the closely related one of quality, is fundamental. Raisins were in a bad way only two years ago. The California Associated Raisin Com- pany cannot be said to be fully out of the woods until it has weathered several seasons and marketed several very heavy crops, but it has done ex- cellently in cleaning up the crop, al- most eliminating the holdover. Good selling means big use. America could eat many more raisins than she does, the advertising programme cannot help but sell an immense tonnage, and although the acreage will advance it cannot be said whether it will sur- pass the demand or not. The Muscat area is limited to the present raisin district. The seedless varieties may be planted over far more of the San Joaquin and Sacra- mento valleys than are now given to raisin production, and seedless varie- ties are coming ahead rapidly. Tliosc who fear future marketing difficulty do so largely through memory of for- mer trouble. There is still ground for worry if heavy planting continues indefinitely, but the outlook is very favorable just the same. Oranges. It looked last season as if there would be difficulty in selling all the oranges produced, especially since people are eating more apples and bananas. However, they also are eat- ing more of all kinds of fruit, includ- ing oranges. The standardization of ripeness before shipment already has made a big change in prices, and ex- (Continned on Pngc 10) 4 ORCHARD AND FARM The Best Roots for Citrus Trees California's Need for the Belgians To "Orchard and Farm": — Several foothills, wherever shelter is good, months ago a man in the Santa Clara soil satisfactory and water available, , J ^, , _„ . _ and not only in a few known places, Valley asked the editor where he ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ district Faii^ could get lemon seeds and he was told Oaks, and Butte county. It is also a that he should not use lemon seeds, fact not yet well appreciated that this but sour orange. so called citrus district is admirably Now I wish to tell you what I am adapted for many deciduous fruits, doing with Japan or Mammoth lemon mild frost conditions being particu- seeds (I raise them by the million), larly valuable. All of my navel oranges and Eureka Stocks for Citrus, lemons are budded on these lemon The University of California at the stocks. I have seventeen navel orange Citrus Experiment Station at River- trees, all budded. Some of them were side has had some striking results four inches high just four months with citrus trees on different roots, from the day I put the seeds in the which everybody contemplating citrus ground and big enough to bud. I planting should look into. The above am not telling this to boast, but I letter brings up the subject. At the can prove that I can get a bearing Citrus Experiment Station they raised tree in three years from the time I Washington navel and Valencia or- plant the seeds, which any one can anges and Eureka lemons on four do if they will try. kinds of roots — sweet orange, sour or- This six year wait which the ange (which is what is usually recom- Orchard and Farm tells about does mended now for citrus trees and con- not work on the Mocking Bird Ranch sidered the standard) pomelo and tri- in Amador county. T plant my Mam- foliata. The trees budded to these moth lemon seeds just the same as 1 were grown on deep sandy loam, deep do a bed of radishes in April and bud clay loam and shallow clay loam. They them in July and September. This were measured for growth and pro- Santa Clara man can do the same duction in pounds of fruit. As the in his county with my lemon seeds. trees are still young, the experiment They will grow wet, just from the is not as valuable yet as it will be fruit, or they will grow dry. later on. My lemons are large, about the Here is what was found. The sweet size of a five pound lard bucket, and stock was far more susceptible to g:um each fruit contains 70 to 100 seeds, disease than sour orange and much I will gladly furnish the man in stock was lost in that way. When it the Santa Clara Valley with four or comes to resistance to gum disease, five hundred of these seeds if he the sour has a big lead over sweet wishes, with no cost to him except stock. postage. Best Growth on Sweet Stock. My ranch is situated half way be- Provided the gum disease and some tween lone and Jackson in Amador other troubles were survived and the " PLOT A. DEEP LIGHT LOAM. Sweet Stock Sour Stock Pomelo Trifoliata Size Yield Size Yield Size Yield Size Yield Navel 1061 35 — __ 695 22 Valencia 1128 57 788 41 1112 64 818 51 Eureka 1434 11 1032 17 1270 28 199 15 PLOT B. DEEP CLAY LOAM. Navel 583 22 551 30 625 24 Valencia 790 28 592 33 730 34 786 49 Eureka 998 7 610 8 693 6 164 7 PLOT C. SHALLOW CLAY LOAM. Navel 420 12 440 18 341 14 Valencia 676 25 499 22 677 18 335 16 Eureka 807 7 713 5 378 5 167 6 county and contains about 100 acres in all. The fruit department con- tains about six acres and is planted to peaches, apricots, nectarines, cher- ries, Bartlett pears, lemons and oranges. The deciduous trees yield $400 to $600 per acre. I have one hundred orange trees from five months to six years old. There is a good -crop on at the present time (November 20, 1914) with some ripe fruit here and there. I have a navel orange tree two years old from the bud with fourteen large oranges on it. A neighbor of mine has 500 acres joining me. He is starting in the fruit business, citrus mostly. He is not as far advanced as I am but will get these soon on a larger scale than I am. — ORRIE JONES, Amador county. Such information as this is highly appreciated and it is needless to say that if we could find every experience such as this among our readers it would be a big help to agriculture. Then each person could act on the knowledge of others. The profits you tell in deciduous fruit are quite surprising and we can guess that it is because you have a mixed orchard and sell locally in a country not given to fruit. Money making on a small farm often comes by raising what is not usually raised in the district and so having a home market. Could you tell us how it happened that you could make these profits. Incidentally, your letter indi- cates what some people have not realized — that the thermal belt of the big valley extends all along the Sierra trees got a good start on the various roots, the sweet stock almost invari- ably surpassed the sour in the size of tree. This was so on both soils and with the different varieties. Further- more, the sweet orange usually pro- duced heavier than the others. The record given below will show accurate figrures. When the trees are older they may give diflfercnt results. Pos- sibly the sweet stock would show up still better, possibly the sour and other stock, which in comparison with sweet usually seemed to dwarf the trees. Dwarfing trees often in- creases yield in comparison to size, but California practice seems to re- quire size for big acre production. The numbers given for size are the contents of cubic feet of a tree as determined by a fumigating tent. The numbers in yield are average production per tree in pounds for five years, the trees being young and the 1913 freeze getting in its work. There were some combinations, it can be seen, which were not tested. Some striking differences as to the result of using different stocks on different soils will be discovered if one examines the table carcfuly. Re- membering the susceptibility of citrus trees on sweet stock to gum disease and the fact that gum disease is worse usually on heavy than light soil, the fact is pretty clear that the lighter the soil, the more favorable results with sweet stock. In Florida, a damp climate, with water near the surface as a rule, rough lemon is recently considered the most favorable root for citrus trees. This is being tested in California, but the To "Orchard and Farm'": — The ques- tion of introducing Belgians as colo- nists into California seems to be draw- ing attention just now, also from some sources, objections. Having lived on the borders of that country for some years I would like to advo- cate it strongly. California is the El Dorado of the small farmer if he only handles right- ly the enormous privileges offered by land and climate. The Belgians are a race of exceptionally fine physique and their simple, economical habits of life and persistent industry qualify them specially as workers of the soil. We, here, who think we do so well on our small farms, are far off from competing with them as to what we can produce and live upon, also what we can save to start our children out in life with and keep ourselves in our old age. The daughters of this people as do- mestic servants would alone be a boon out here. We always employed Bel- gians and as a sample (one of many I met) of their inborn thrift and in- dustry, I would like to quote one case: Marie, our cook, was going to be married. Her parents had a five-acre farm out of town. From her wages of $8 a month she saved and made herself a very nice trousseau. Her father gave her 2,000 francs ($400) dot or dowry, a chest full of good homespun house linen and a set of substantial bedroom furniture. She married a small farmer and soon they were coming into town and sell- ing their produce, making a nice little living and so founding another family of industrious, independent citizens. The market of that old town was en- tirely supplied by the small farmers and never have I seen such fruit, vegetables, flowers or dairy produce! If the Belgian is brought here and given the smallest chance or start, I believe he would rise from his mis- fortunes and become a citizen of the most worthy and independent type. One of their special traits is their habits of permanence, i. e., living from one generation to another in one home, and the introduction of this entirely unnomadic tendency into California, would, I think, militate against one of the fatal characteristics of our cosmopolitan population in re- lation to agriculture, namely, the in- cessant moving around and selling and setting up of homes. Who can make a success of a small or large place unless he stays right in it for a period of years? As far as ousting the native from his own, let the native fight the Bel- gian, as he can fight other worthy colonists, with their own weapons, in- dustry, thrift and persistent endeavor to make pood. There is room for us all. BLANCHE KNIGHT, Meadow Brook Farm, Santa Rosa. The person who would object to the coming of any persons who would have in them the desire and ability to be good American citizens, like us In race and ideals, would be short sighted indeed. No one is made poorer by persons who are industrious and productive. They simply add wealth to the country and so benefit others as well as themselves. Per- sons who wish to move to town or give place on the farms to others will welcome any people who will work well and to whom they can finally sell their places at profitable nrices. Even that is a very selfish way of tests have not run long enough to be conclusive and the experiences of our correspondent are a valuable addition to our knowledge of the matter. It is not the same lemon Mr. Jones is using. Seedlings of the ordinary l^mon arc not used now for citrus stock. looking at it. Europe is being devas- tated by war. Most other people at least have their homes, but the Bel- gians are homeless and impoverished. Humanity and common decency calls for all who can to heli share the bur- den imposed by war and disaster. Whether they would make the finest citizens imaginable, or whether things will be so settled that not one Bel- gian will ever come to California, we owe it to our consciences and to the country in which we live, uncursed i war, to do, at least in part, as we would be done by in such circum- stances. We owe it to the future of the world to save these people as well as we can by providing them food and clothing until they can find some way to get a footing again, and if we could bring many of them to California and put them where they could become good citizens, we should be glad enough to do so at the price, or privilege, of much self-sacrifice. There is a Belgian relief fund to which money or supplies can be sent. California has almost a surplus of some kinds of food stuffs. It would be an inexpensive but effective method of contributing to the suffering ones in Europe to send what we can to them. This is perhaps wandering from the subject spoken of in the let- ter, but it is a subject we should take to heart just the same. — Editor. CAROBS FOR SANTA BARBARA. The carob is one of the most wonderful and useful trees of the Mediterranean countries. It grows, or at least produces profitably, only where there are mild winter temper- atures. The tree is beautiful and a fine grower, but its great value comes in the fact that it produces large pods, like a bean, in enormous quantities where conditions are favor- able. These beans provide a very large part of the stock feed of the Mediterranean. They are very nutri- tious, contain much protein, and a very large amount of sugar. Some trees are very much better than others in this particular, just as standard varieties of fruit trees are superior to seedlings. In California practically all carob trees have been seedlings which could produce only poor quality pods and that in very small amount. Budded varieties can produce many times as much as most of the seedling trees, of a quality immeasurably superior. Trees bearing well are said to rival alfalfa in the amount of food pro- duced per acre, and besides this they can grow in poorer locations and with much less moisture. Good trees will produce half a ton of pods per tree or at the rate of five tons per acre. On account of temperature con- ditions it seems that only in parts of California will the carob be profit- able and one of the most favorable situations is Santa Barbara. C. W. Beers, county horticultural commis- sioner of Santa Barbara, announces that Peter Bisset. in charge of plant distribution for the United States Bureau of Plant Introduction, has been with him over the parts of Santa Barbara county where the carob will thrive and has been so favorably impressed with the prospects that he is to send the county 300 to 400 seed- ling trees, also a lot of seeds to plant, and a number of Portuguese trees which produce pods of the best kind. The seedlings will be grafted from these. Commissioner Beers states that there are 40.000 acres in the county on which carob will thrive, but which now is only hilly pasture of little value. Quite a number of seedling trees are already growing in the county and prove the adaptability of the carob to the location. ORCHARD AND FARM 182263 A Comparison of Raisin Varieties -By F. H. Wilson • Reasons for the Small Gas Tractor By W. H. Kritzer (With the renewed popularity of the raisin, due to the successful opera- tion of the California Associated Raisin Company, we felt that some statement should be given the public by an authority on the subject, as to the standing of the different raisin varieties and particularly as to the area in which they could be profitably produced, so requested Mr. F. H. Wil- son, proprietor of the Miramonte Vineyard at Dinuba, and president of the Fresno Nursery Company, for what he considered to be the facts of the case. In return we have received the following valuable communication. —Editor.) To "Orchard and Farm": — In re- sponse to your inquiry for a short article on the raisin grape in Cali- fornia and its adaptability to the dif- ferent soils and climatic conditions for successful growth and maturity, I would say: I realize my inability to intelligent- ly and accurately present these facts to your readers, though I have long felt that a treatise on this subject by some of our eminent viticulturists would be of great value to planters — indeed I feel that all lines of the fruit industry should be individualized in articles written by recognized special- ists. It is an acknowledged fact that the territory in which the raisin grape is adaptable is limited, this being es- pecially so with the Muscat of Alex- andria, which until recent years has been the most extensively planted raisin grape. Fresno county seems to be the natural home of this particular variety, the pivot as it were, around which more or less planting has been made with varying success. True, other counties adjacent grow this variety successfully and profitably, yet from this center one soon reaches a radius where this grape does not prove profitable. This is not so with the Sultanina (Thompson's Seedless), which has proven its adaptability to almost every interior county of the State, from Tehama to San Diego. This grape, like the Muscat, should be planted only in good deep soil. The future of the Sultanina, considered by many fruit men the most popular of all the raisin varieties, seems assured. Its early ripening qualities make it an attractive grape to plant in our northern counties and the same quali- ties make it profitable for green fruit shipments in the southern and early sections of the State. Markets for this type seem to be developing in equal ratio to the production. I think I can conservatively say that during the past five years fully three-fifths of all the acreage planted to raisin grapes have been of this variety. The plant, for the season at hand, prom- ises to exceed that made in any one previous year. The Sultana, while in my judgment an inferior grape in some respects to the Sultanina (Thompson's Seedless), is a valued sort and a close second as a seedless variety. This grape is about two weeks later in maturing than the Sultanina, a consequence which makes it less in demand in sections where early ripening qualities are sought after. This variety, however, has cer- tain qualifications and merit which must not be overlooked. It is a con- tinuous and an abundant producer and can be planted on a much weaker soil than either the Muscat or Sultanina and has proven to be a vine of greater longevity than either of the above mentioned varieties. It is a source of gratification to know that, like its sister grape the Sultanina, the demand for the product is keeping pace with the production. Little can be said of other varieties for raisin purposes, the three men- tioned in this article being the only ones worthy of consideration. A hopeful outlook for the industry, in my judgment, to a very large ex- tent, is based on the success of the present organization of grape growers, "The California Associated Raisin Company." It is to be hoped this or- Only a few years ago there was not such a thing as a gas tractor for the small farmer. Only the big tractor, which was primarily built for the prairie pioneers who had a hard task to perform in turning over the sod, was available. Considering the heavy A Snitanlna (Thompson Seedless) Viae Properly Prnned and Bearing HeavIIr. ganization will be strongly supported by the grape growers that it may live and prosper and make profitable this great and rapidly growing industry. WINNERS AT POULTRY SHOW, Three of the prominent winners in the San Francisco Poultry Associa- tion show are connected with the pub- lishing of the "Orchard and Farm." George F. Buker made a clean sweep of the awards with White Indian Run- ner ducks two silver cups coming to him in addition to the ribbons. G. S. Hopkins of the Bancroft Lofts took something over half the awards for White King pigeons in the face of hard competition, and Dan. Charles, with three White Plymouth Rock fowls, received two seconds and a third to celebrate his first experience in exhibiting at a poultry show. The California production of cotton for 1914 was 37,000 bales as com- pared with 22,838 bales in 1913, ac- cording to official report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The price per pound December 1 was 7.0 cents and 13.0 cents a year ago. The price for the country at large was 6.8 cents this year and 12.2 cents a year ago. Cotton prices in Florida, 12.2 cents, and Virginia, 7.3 cents, only are higher than California prices. The poor market for cotton is due to the war. It is as foolhardy to starve the soil as it is to starve that carload of steers with which you hope to top the market. Feed the soil a balanced ration. work they had to do and the high cost of horses, manufacturers had a wide latitude in the matter of price. The prairie farmer wanted service and was willing to pay and pay well, and the early tractor builders devoted their energies to the development of the heavy outfit. As a country becomes populated and the land is subdivided, the necessity for big tractors declines and the de- mand also declines. There is still a considerabe call for the large tractor, and it will continue for many years to come, but a new demand has arisen much greater than anything we have seen in the past. This is for a medium or light weight machine, and the de- velopment of this small, general pur- pose machine is now the interesting topic in power farming communities. It is not a problem of providing a ma- chine and creating a demand, but of supplying a demand which economic conditions have forced upon agricul- ture. The problem facing the tractor builder is to satisfactorily meet exist- ing conditions, as the market is made ready to his hand if he can meet its exacting requirements with a low- priced machine. There has been quite a little space devoted by the agricultural press of late to gas tractors, and the statement has been frequently made that the light tractor has not come to stay and the field in the future will again give way to heavier machines. I can- not agree with these writers, and, in fact, I am of the opinion from my own observations that the light gas tractor is more popular to-day than ever and has a wider field of utility and for general farm purposes. Every manufacturer of light gas tractors in this country is doing a reasonable business, which is rapidly on the in- crease, and the reports that are be- ing published from all parts of the country prove that the small farmers are constantly purchasing light trac- tors, and from the present outlook the crops this coming year will be the largest in the history of the United States, which means further business for the builder of the light gas tractor. Reasons for Demand. The economic conditions which un- derlie the situation can be given un- der four principal headings: The increasing cost of hired help. The high first cost and high cost of keeping work animals. The necessity for better tillage methods. The necessity for a larger farm unit for the most economic production. The problem of farm labor is al- ways troublesome, for the reason the farm cannot profitably employ the same number of laborers all through the year. The result is the ambitious laborer seeks employment in the fac- tory where he can obtain steady work. These conditions are not likely to get better. They are much morg liable to De worse, at least if the European war continues, as the thousands of laborers that come every ^'car from Europe each spring will ti6t come. American industries will be running full time, and next season farm labor- ers will be very hard to obtain. This condition will, in all probability, con- tinue for a nu'r.ber of years, because all signs point to a revival of manu- facturing in this country unprece- dented in our history. Every farmer krovs the ^Cf st cf a good draft horse is much higher, ranging from $150 to $300. The aver- age annual maintenance cost is about $120. In some localities it is less, in other localities it is more. This estimate includes general care, food, shelter and veterinary attendance, but does not include the losses due to death or accidents. Farmers are using automobiles instead of driving horses, and the use of the automo- bile in this country is increasing rap- idly. The reason is perfectly evident. The cost of horse, harness and buggy is as much as an automobile, and it has less than one-fourth the range of action. A horse cannot work at full capacity more than eight or ten hours a day, and then only in favorable weather. In the hot summer months there is a considerable period during which horses cannot be put to heavy labor. Added to the general main- tenance cost of horses there is the cost of harnesses which must, be added to the initial investment and entail a further charge for mainten- ance. Horse labor is very expensive per unit. Not only that, but each farmer is obliged, depending upon his kind of farming, to maintain a certain number of extra animals to enable him to get through his work during the rush season of plowing, planting and harvesting. This extra equip- ment required is particularly ex- pensive and cannot be avoided with the most careful devised plan of non- overlapping crops. As long as horses remain high priced, and they will continue to be high, tractors are bound to be popu- lar, and especially light weight ma- chines that are low in first cost and that are universal in their adaptability. The Boer war in Africa took many horses out of the country. The Russo-Japanese war took more; the present European war will consume still more horses, and it will be im- (Continned on Page 8.) e ORCiiARI) AND FARM Starting on a California Fruit Ranch In the spring of 1902 my brother, James Gray, came to California with a small amount of capital and a large amount of inexperience. He spent six weeks visiting the most fertile agricultural parts of the State and then he combined the results of his investigations with his previous knowledge as a dealer in Eastern farm lands, and he drew two con- clusions in regard to the Pacific Coast— first, that the great tide of immigration had set into Cali- fornia, and that the newcomers for the most part were looking for srnall ranches which should be worked with- out a great outlay of money or time and which would yield a fair profit. Second, that the best California land is in large tracts, and in many cases is in extensive ranches which have become too complex to be profitable. With this in mind, he set about to find an improved ranch suitable for subdivision. He was attracted to Sonoma county, about sixty miles north of San Fran- cisco, by its rich valleys, prosperous mountain vineyards and the diversity of productions. He saw infinite pos- sibilities in this region and decided to locate there. He and his wife went to Santa Rosa, the county seat, rented a room in a private house, pur- chased a horse and runabout and pro- ceeded to "see" Sonoma county with- out the aid of a real estate agent. They spent the month of April in search of a golden opportunity and at last they found it — a beautiful fruit- ranch, highly improved and exten- sively equipped, was offered for $31,- 000. My brother and his wife drove over the ranch from one end to the other, and then they made a second tour of inspection with the owner, a business man in San Francisco, who was most anxious to rid himself of an expensive piece of property so far from his business. No land agent could do justice to the beauty of the place that April day, a mile driveway through a fairy- land of pink and white blossoms, promising a bountiful harvest, a great meadow covered with tender green grass, and broad acres of rich, moist earth, turned upward to the sun. There were spacious barns and outhouses, a packing-house full of fruit trays, a flock of white chickens, a stable full of strong work-horses, a spraying plant, a prune dipper and grader and all the machinery necessary to the Califor- nia fruit industry. The ranch had cost the owner al- most $100,000. It had been on the market for some years for $50,000, but it was too large to be profitable un- less the owner lived on the ranch and made it his entire business to over- see it. The packers and canners of- fered facilities for handling the fruit much more profitably than could a private rancher, and the present owner was willing to sell at a great sacri- fice in order to get it off his hands that he might devote his time to his city business. My brother inventoried the land, machinery and stock as follows, giv- ing a conservative estimate to the price of the land: 81 acres prunes, $16,200; 8 acres apples, $1,600; 90 acres oats, $9,000; 20 acres pasturage, $2,000; 10 acres barnyard, $1,000; 2 acres homegrounds, including house. $2,000; 20 acres peaches and plums, $2,000; 39 acres pears. $3,900; total, $37,700. It is interesting to note that at that time pear land in California was very low-priced. Within the last ten years shipping and canning facilities have made the pear a very marketable fruit, and the price of pears and pear land had increased so that orchards such as were on this land are now worth $500 an acre. There were also on the ranch the following buildings: Seven-roomed ranch-house, dairy, two stables, over- seer's cottage, live chicken houses, two-story fruit-house, tool-house, tank- house and wind-mill, blacksmith shop and fruit evaporator. Of machinery there was: Spraying equipment, cultivators, dipper and grader, plows and fruit-drying equip- ment. The stock consisted of 100 chick- ens, six turkeys, one cow, three pigs, eight work-horses and three hives of bees. When the inventory was complete and my brother had formed some idea of the expense of harvesting his crop, he decided that the ranch was a bar- gain at $31,000. The sale was made and he entered into the ownership of a California ranch. He sent East for his household goods and immediately took posses- sion of the quaint, rambling, rose-cov- ered ranch-house, which stood at the end of the spacious yard around the fruit buildings. He decided at once that he was too inexperienced in the handling of fruit to attempt to harvest the entire crop, and re-engaged the family, but as well try to coop in a flock of pigeons that strutted about the ground in feeding time, as the hens could fly over a ten-foot fence as easily as birds; they stole their nests under haystacks and barns, and brought forth broods of tiny chicks to be worried over and cared for by their mistress. She found the fresh eggs and young chickens most ac- ceptable additions to her table. She took great pride in her flock, fed them regularly till they ran from all cor- ners of the barnyard when she ap- peared. "But, as a means of profit," said she, "I refer you to my husband. He paid the bills for feed and fence." By brother had a busy summer. He had judged rightly that small ranches were wanted in that vicinity. He platted "Roscland" into divisions of from five to fifteen acres each and put the entire ranch on the market. The fruit land sold rapidly, small houses were built and new roads were cut through for the convenience of the buyers. He found that he had more buildings on his place than he needed to handle the smaller crop he would harvest after selling off part of the A Typical and Profitable Apple Orchard In Sonoma Connty. former overseer and took him upon a tour of inspection and asked his ad- vice on many matters pertaining to the disposal of unnecessary machin- ery. At his advice he sold 6,000 su- perfluous fruit-trays at 25 cents a piece, two sets of work-harness, a team of work-horses and a spraying plant. He realized $1,775 from the sale. The pigs he consigned to the care of his youngest son, the cow was the eldest's charge, the bees he gave to his daughter and the chickens to his wife. As the cash returns from these charges became the personal property of the owners, I shall not try to trace their history, but the chickens were the subject of family debate through- out the summer. !\Iv brother's wife buried herself in poultry literature and convinced herself that there was a fortune in the chicken business for her. The hen-houses had been neglected and were dirty and insanitary, so they were pulled down and an effort made to keep the chickens in an inclosure. Yards of wire netting were purchased and a big pen built for the feathered ranch. He pulled down a fruit-house, an enormous two-storied wooded building, and turned the lumber into dwelling houses for the newcomers. Autumn came and the entire family were busy and happy in their new life. I visited them along in August, when the meadows were covered with the trays of sugary, purple fruit, and when the evaporator was kept busy with its cargo of sliced apples and when my sister was steeped to her elbows in spicy, sweet jam and pre- serves in the kitchen. California had come up to all their expectations. They were happy and healthy, the home life was easy and pleasant and the new business, man- aging a fruit-ranch, had netted my brother the unexpected profit of $30,- 000. The land was rich and highly improved, and he was able to sell at a great advance on the buying price. No mention is made here of the ex- penses of labor, living, etc. The liv- ing was procured almost wholly from the place — milk, eggs, chick- ens, fruit, vinegar, vegetables, honey were all raised at home. The entire family worked with a will, and the receipts given below are ex- clusive of money paid out to prune- pickers and laborers' hire for cutting roads, plowing and handling fruit. But after all the expenses were met there was a profit large enough to satisfy the most hopeful amateur ranchman. Income was received in the follow- ing ways: From sale of 6,000 trays at 25 cents, $1,500; lumber from fruit-house, $500; two sets work-harness, $50; one team work-horses, $150; spraying plant, $75; 120 tons prunes (from 81 acres), $9,600; 157 tons pears (from 39 acres), $2,355; 2,250 sacks of oats, at $1.25 a sack, $2,812.50; total, $17,042.50. From real estate sales there was re- ceived as follows: Fifty acres, at $500 per acre, $25,000; 20 acres, at $425 per acre, $8,500; 20 acres, at $300 per acre, $6,000; 10 acres, at $200 per acre, $2,000; 70 acres, at $150 per acre, $10.- 500; 40 acres, at $170 per acre, $6,800; 20 acres, at SlOO per acre, $2,000; to- tal. $67,842.50. There remained unsold 40 acres,, valued at $6,000. The subdivision recorded here was made by James H. Gray in 1902. Since that time the land has risen in price,. due to the further cultivation of the smaller ranches thus created, to the- building of an electric line along the edge of the land and the erection of a number of attractive small homes on the ranches.— EUNICE T. GRAY. Note — The subject of getting back to the land is a matter that is of ex- treme interest to many persons and' provided the reason for the above ac- count. Although the experience giverv is somewhat unusual, it is valuable in several ways, one of which is that it depicts the viewpoint of the person who comes to California without ex- perience in search for a home. — Editor. SUBSOILING ALFALFA. -Among the different kinds of win- ter cultivation for alfalfa subsoiling: is one of the most interesting and profitable, though little known of oi used. Subsoiling is an excellent thing to loosen up the soil, whatever crop- is grown, and in alfalfa fields it has the advantage that the soil stirring- is accomplished without disturbing the plants, whereas the thorough movement of soil particles given by plowing would mean the end of the stand, and cultivating with discs, re- novators, spring tooth harrows and such tools is verv shallow though valuable. The standard of the subsoiler moves through the surface without injuring the crowns, merely pushing them to- one side if it does anything, but the shoe, going along about eighteen inches below, pushes the soil aside and cracks it a foot and more in each direction in such fashion as a charge of dynamite would crack soil without shooting it out above the surface. Most subsoiling for alfalfa has been done in the Imperial Valley on very heavy, compact soil, and that by only a few ranchers, but its benefits would' be marked wherever it is don«. The growth of alfalfa is determined large- ly on the way the field takes water, and the opening up of the soil by subsoiling. not only aerates the soil and performs the advantages con sequent upon cultivation in general, but it makes the stand take water more readily. Subsoiling generally is done about every thirty or thirty-six inches, the cracking effects in the soil meeting at this distance. One Imperial farmer, not knowing anything about distance or perhaos merely wanting to try the plan and not havine time to do the work thoroughly, subsoiled thirty feet apart last winter, and when sum- mer came his alfalfa grew in waves. ORCHARD AND FARM r Constant Cultivation for Crop Insurance f. o. 6. Columbus Ohio Light Powerful The UNIVERSAL Motor Cultivator Equipped -nrlth Extra «et of Wide Tires for Work in Soft Meadows or Mnck Land In Your Orchard TELE ideal tool for orchard cultivation. With one of these tools the boys can keep the grou^ stirred in the orchards, preserving the moiSTOi-e in the ground for the tree roots and in- creasing the yield enough to pay for the machine in a short time. The Only Motor Cultivator The Universal is developed from the light, modern automo- bile rather than the heavy, crushing traction engine. It is ready to do any kind of light field work and makes an Ideal power plant for sta- tionary jobs. It does not matter what kind ni.Trge Catalosiie. Illiutrated and Full of Information, mailed a\x>a request Frw. Addroa THE FRESNO NURSERY CO., INC., Box 61.">, Fresno, Cal. fertilized trees, but there was more nitrogen in the fruit. This fact was very clear from different tests and ap- parently shows conclusively that nitrogen not only is good for growth, but encourages fruiting, if properly done. On the other hand, fruit from trees fertilized with phosphates con- tained no more phosphates than trees not so fertilized, showing that the nitrogen results were significant anl^Ddi'l. worth in.-; Oat«n worth 2m:— fl& varictieH ia ttUARANTECD TO ^LEA«K. Write today; mention thta paper. SEND 10 CENTS r ('0*taRf an'l r'ar^l"nB .-in.l i hi« **lfl«M* rollrrtlos 9I 1, toiifthpr with my bitt ivu. b#ft>gUI Hard Md Hmi kB««h. teH» all about Buckb«ouluy in the world United Poultrr Karma, Uoz 7. Bope,lod. We find that many fail in the farm business because they never adopt ' new methods and never get out of | the old ruts. ' par. Money in Honey"'" I..iTes. mrthnda o 1 1**- • - — ^ ..jr H't PnmCT.-- H . I., rll,r l.,K.k anl ■ n- . " AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL.BOK I HunUton.IlL ORCHARD AND FARM 11 Crop Experiments in the San Joaquin Filbert Growing in Nevada County -By D. F. Norton, Horticultural Commissione. An experiment station is main- tained by the Summitt Lake Invest- ment Company on the Fitzwilliam Ranch, near Burrell, in the Kings River delta country, described several months ago in these columns. C. E. Pilley, in charge of this ex- periment farm, sends us the following report of yields of various crops for Flowing Well Near ISxperlment Farm. the season of 1914. Some of tliis in- formation will be found very valuable. Alfalfa was sown March 7 at the rate of 15 lbs. per acre. Cut four times, the last two cuttings weighing at the rate of 3,900 and 3,500 lbs. of cured hay per acre respectively. Cotton with four irrigations yielded at the rate of 1,847 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. Blackeye beans yielded at the rate of 950 lbs. per acre. These were hand picked; machine handled, the yield would be a little higher. Lima beans were a fair crop, pro- ducing at the rate of 500 lbs. dried beans per acre, besides several pick- ings of green pods. There may be some question as to whether the pods would shatter in handling in this lo- cality. I hope to try them out fur- ther next season. Feterita yielded at the rate of some- thing over 3,000 lbs. of seed per acre and was harvested 56 days before Kafir corn, which when cut on Oc- tober 22 was not all mature, although the yield promised to be not far short of feterita. Roth were sown May 1 and could with advantage be planted earlier. Mile maize was so badly eaten by birds that it was impossible to esti- mate yield although it certainly was below that of either of the former crops. Rice headed out splendidly with fine heads of well filled grain, but damage done by birds prevented making of an estimate. Early amber sorghum grown for fodder prnduced from two cuttings at the rate of 31,000 lbs. of cured hay per acre. Note by Editor. The yields quoted above are natural- ly larger than would ordinarily be ex- pected on similarly good soil under normally good farming conditions, but quite typical nevertheless of what should be secured with such cro^s on good soil in the San .Toaquin valley under crood commercial conditions. Although the soil is well filled with humus, being reclaimed from the tules, and well supplied with moisture, our observation makes us believe that similar results with these crops could be obtained over wide areas, which is our reason for reporting this. Note particularly the yield of feterita, which there is good reason to believe will surpass in popularity the other kinds of grain sorghums in interior California. On the occasion of our visit to this farm this summer, it looked much superior to other sorg- hum varieties. In addition to the grain yield, it makes good fodder. Owing to the apparently well founded belief that lima beans re- quire a climate like that of the South- ern California coast — from Santa Bar- bara to Orange counties — to do well, the fact that it would do as it did in the hot interior valley is interest- ing. On a sediment soil in the Tulare citrus district this fall we saw lima , beans apparently doing fairly well, though we know nothing of the yield. Certainly if it would do this well, the plant could get adjusted to the cli- mate and thrive if seed were grown and selected for a term of years. Prices on wharf in San .Francisco early in December were $5.15 per hundred and for blackeye beans $3.75 to $3.85. Counting one-third of the cotton as seed, there would be 1,250 pounds of lint, or two and a half bales, an enor- mous yield. The average production of Imperial county is a little less than a bale to the acre, ordinary farm basis, and about as above on correct farming basis. The San Joaquin val- ley can do just about the same as Im- perial in cotton production, and it is quite possible that, labor conditions Dermitting, Central and Northern California will ultimately be great cotton producers. An industry that is going to figure largely in the future of Nevada county is nut culture. The experi- mental stage has long since passed. Walnuts and chestnuts have been grown in the county since 1860. These trees were grown from seed planted by the pioneer miners as early as 1851. These trees have attained immense size. On the San Juan Ridge there is a cluster of walnut trees of the Eng- lish variety, one of which has a spread of branches of 75 feet and is as many feet in height. Something over twenty-five years ago Felix Gillet, who up to the time of his death was the acknowledged authority on walnuts in the United States, began experimening with fil- berts. At one time he had thirty- seven varieties growing in his Barren Hill Nursery at Nevada City. As the result of his experiments becoming known, a number of people planted a few filbert trees until at the present time there are a great many bearing trees in the county. Within the last two years quite a number of commer- cial plantings have been made. The filbert comes into bearing early and is a steady cropper. Frost never seems to afTcct it in the least. The tree (or bush) will do well on almost any kind of soil, but succeeds best on clayey loam, and like the wild filbert (hazel nut) likes a rather moist situ- ation. About the right degree of moisure can be kept up by using a mulch of leaves of straw. A great many people have an idea that filberts can only be grown on a northern slope. This is not true, as they will do well on any slope if there is a sufficient amount of mois- ture. It is true that a south or south- eastern exposure dries out more rap- idly than a northern slope, but this can be overcome by cultivation or mulchin.g. The filbert is a rapid grower and commences bearing when two years old. The tree throws up numerous suckers from the roots. From three to five of these should be allowed to grow so as to form a good sized tree. The others should be removed. Filbers are propagated by layering the suckers. That is done by bending the suckers down to the ground and covering a portion of them with earth. They will take root where covered and the following year can be removed and planted. Some of the commercial varieties are: The Cobb Daviania, Barcelona, Giantess De Hales and Brunswick. These are all large nuts. The Chile Du Cobb and English Cobb are both .good sized nuts and are planted quite extensively. The White Avelins, while not so large as the above named varieties, is a splendid nut. Filberts should be planted as early in the fall as dormant trees can be ob- tained. TRACTOR SAMSON SIEVE-GRIP 2 WHEEL DRIVE SIEVE-GRIP WHEELS DO NOT PACK THE SOIL NOR SLIP ON WET GROUND Clutch for each wheel to enable tractor to turn short under a load. The general construc- tion is Samson quality. The strength of Samson in every part. Two-Gear Drive Transmission, from a pinion to an internal rim gear on the Sieve-Grip wheels, giving highest engine efficiency at the Draw Bar. Gears are of crucible steel. 4 TO 5 HORSE DRAW BAR PULL 8 to lO Horse Power for Stationary Ptirposes Engine is Slow Speed Samson Tractor type enclosed and is equipped with Moisto-Rizer, preventing any dust entering the cylinder. It will do your pumping and otHer similar worK Tractor will Haul on improved roads witHout marking tHem Write or see us immediately for detailed information, because this is the Tractor you are looking for. It is the result of years of successfully building tractors for orchards and small farms. It is produced to fill a long-felt want for a strong, reliable tractor suitable to Cali- fornia conditions of 4 Horse Pull, at a reasonable price. DELIVERIES BEGIN IN JANUARY OUR NEXT SIZE 8 TO 10 HORSE DRAW BAR PULL with 16 to 20 Horse Power Engine for Stationary Work $1,100.00. You are acquainted with our regular 12 to 16 Horse Draw Bar Pull 30 Horse Power Engine all enclosed type Samson Sieve-Grip Tractor, price $2,000. SAMSON IRON WORKS ^^°c^a"J°'' 12 ORCHARD AND FARM "Orchard and Farm's" Puzzle Contest Handsome Cash Prizes Offered by "Orchard and Farm" to New and Old Subscribers. Tlie announcement in the December number of the Big Problem Contest in which "Orchard and Farm" pro- poses to distribute fifty cash prizes to subscribers has aroused much in- terest and there is evidence that this novel competition will provide a great deal of wholesome fun for those who try to reach the correct or best solu- tions to the puzzles, to say nothing of the possibility of gaining one of the many rich rewards. The first puzzle, as will be seen by reference to the chart, is very sim- ple, consisting of a number of com- plete and distinct circles, printed so as to partially overlap each other in an almost endless chain. To obtain the correct answer all you have to do is to count the circles. Just as soon as you begin you will find that there is a good deal of difference between simplicity and easiness. As a matter of fact, this problem is not very hard. Any one who really possesses the virtue of patience, per- sistency and, above all. accuracy, or wants to acquire these virtues, can solve it, if the person will only give a reasonable amount o£ time and thought to the puzzle. The innate simplicity of the thing is a challenge to every alert mind. This is not a puzzle for children, al- though they will delight in it and can solve it. It makes a strong appeal to men and women as a means of rec- reation, who tackle it in the same spirit as they would a game of cards or chess and find as keen a zest in the game. Many methods are being employed to count the circles that are contained in the chart. Some contestants cut the chart into squares, using care not to eliminate any of the circles, and count each square separately. Others use red ink in their efforts to get the e.xact number, while others use pin points as an aid in reaching the cor- rect solution. One contestant writes that he expects to send in several so- lutions, as he gets a different result each time; that he knows one of his estimates is right, but is not sure which. Remember, that if you want extra charts they will be sent on request to the Puzzle Manager. Unlike the usual voting contest, when the hope of winning narrows down to only a few contestants, this competition is open to all alike, and every reader of "Orchard and Farm," either old or new subscribers, can send in a solution to the puzzles and each has the same chance of winning one of the awards. Another good feature is that all of the prizes are cash — fifty of them — for the fortunate winners. The First Prize is $100 in cash, to which win be added one hundred times the amount paid with the win- ning solution. Thus, if the subscriber sends in the sum of $3 with the win- ning solution the total cash prize would amount to $400. If the amount was only for a 50-cent subscription, the value of the prize would be only $150. After a solution has once been sub- mitted it cannot be changed. A con- testant can, however, send in as many solutions as he or she desires pro- vided the amount paid on each solu- tion does not exceed the limit of $3. Read carefully the rules and condi- tions printed in this issue before sub- mitting an answer and write to the Puzzle Manager if there are any points in doubt, who will be glad to explain anything you do not fully un- (lerst.md. NITRATE FOR SPRAY. Most fruit men now know that nitrate of soda applied as a spray just before the buds open has in a number of instances made a wonderful im- provement in the production and vigor of deciduous trees. Kenneth MacRac of Rialto now reports that it has apparently worked very well as a method for controlling the black scale on citrus trees. Tlie trees were sprayed the middle of October, 35 pounds of nitrate of soda being used in a 300-gallon tank. The spray ap- parently spreads out over the leaf, covering the scale and smothering or otherwise killing it. During each night the nitrate apparently would at- tract the moisture of the air and spread out over the leaf again, ac- cording to Mr. McRae, making a new coating over the scale, the moistening of the leaves on account of the nitrate lasting for about two weeks. George M. Turner of Rialto also used the nitrate following this experi- ment, but used soap with it to hold the nitrate on the leaves, thus in- creasing the effect. It should be un- derstood that one test of anything like this is not conclusive and that many trials over a long period are necessary before it is known that an effect is due to a certain treatment or to other causes entirely. The California Commission of Im- migration and Housing has recom- mended to Governor Johnson and the Legislature the establishment of labor exchanges, unemploj^ed insurance, ru- ral credits and a State Land Bureau. In establishing relief measures for un- employment it would insist that only workers and not professionally unem- ployed be given relief, so that wan- dering citizens of other States will not be attracted to California by pros- pects ov living easily with little work. CALIFORNIA SORGHUM SYRUP It is a big thing for a section of country to find another product which can be successfully raised, or suc- cessfully sold once it is raised, which is really the important matter. We raise the grain and fodder sorghums all right in California, but nothing is done with the sugar, or syrup, sor- ghums, although every climatic fea- ture points to special advantages for California with plants containing large amounts of sugar. D. L. Wray of Woodlake, Tulare county, tried some sorghum to see what the prospects were for syrup manufacturer and found prospects so favorable that last summer he made a commercial planting, purchased equipment for making syrup and has turned out a fine product which the writer can testify to, having sampled some. Mr. Wray came from North Caro- lina, where they make sorghum syrup, and sent back to his folks for some seed of Sugar Drip sorghum and found it better and with a sweeter juice than back home; so last sum- mer put out fifteen acres, ten of which met disaster, five making good. From this five 900 gallons of syrup were made. The quality is excellent, the producer claiming that the quality of the finished product in California is better than that of the svrup of the East. The juice as it comes from the cane is much thicker than it is in the East. Back in North Carolina it often took twelve to fifteen gallons of . juice to make one of syrup and here some of the juice went only five to one. The long, hot, dry summer naturally de- velops a high suear percentage. This is the case with beets, as California sugar beets test higher than those of any other State, and the climate of interior California is even more adapted to sorghum varieties than to beets. The sorghum for syrup i^; cut after KIRRMAN'S RELIABLE TREES Trees that grow and bear true to name. Now booking orders for next season. Write us now about what you will want. KIRKMAN NURSERIES 2027 Tulare St., Fresno, Cal. Costa only «30 nnd OV- FrelRht paid One IVIan Stump Puller One man does the work — no horses needed. You can clear your land easier, quicker and cheaper than by any other method. Send for folder. Live a.?ents wanted. W. E. MORRISON. 821 Riverside .\ve.. Dept. H. Spokane. Wa.sh the heads are matured, so the grain is saved for poultry or stock feed, having a food value like Milo and the other sorghums. The stalks are run through rollers to extract the juice and the juice is evaporated. The equipment costs for making syrup are $500 and upwards, though the process of manufacture is simple. According to climate and soil theories Cal- ifornia should be able to produce sor- ghum syrup very cheaply. Sorghum syrup is something for which there is a big demand and this California trial seems to be very much of a success. — Editor. The colt that is kept fat from babyhood will be easily kept. his SEEDS Six packajtea of our dfppndable northern arrown seeiU sent absolutely Fr** to thoM who Bend for our handsomely illustrated and deacn(>- tive seed catalogue. All we ask is that you Send 10 Cents tocovercostof packinKsndmailinK HiirhMt qual- ity seeds; prices rcaaonut)le; tlie collection follows: RADISH, Seariel Beauty . ValM 10 ett. TURNIP, PurpI* Top Whil* . " Sett. ONION, Lar«i R«d " lOeli. SPINACH, ■road Lnt " 10 ctl. LETTUCE, Dew Droa . . " 10 oil. MIGNONETTE, Colonial MUtw* " 10 eU. Write today and rereive one of the l".0«O flfty-fivecent colltrtions. whicli we are iri^inK away to set our catalogues into new territory. CHAS. J. CHERRY & CO. 13(Vlne Street Rockford, III. ORCHARD AND FARM 13 Little Stories of Farm Success Imperial Valley Pears. The statement in a summer issue of "Orchard and Farm" that winter Bartlett pears were a great success in the Imperial valley was demonstrated this fall on the ranch of Fritz Kloke at Calexico, close to the Mexican bor- der. Although normally everything is extremely early in the Imperial valley on account of the intense heat of sum- mer, Mr. Kloke had a few pears at the Fruit Growers' Convention at Los Angeles early in November that were barely ripe and yet most advanced of all his crop. The winter Bartlett is a very uneven looking fruit, being shaped something like a quince, but more uneven, but the fruit was of very smooth, even texture and delicious in flavor and the fruit fine and large. As stated before, the reason for late ripening in that climate, also for the fine quality, seems to be that the fruit sets without pollenizing, and there are no developed seeds. The trees grow vigorously, produce heavily, and the fruit carries extremely well in ship- ment, which together with the late- ness gives Mr. Kloke a very fine orchard. Selma Cling Peaches. C. H. Schmidt of Selma has an orchard of cling peaches, a little less than nine acres in extent. The trees are on soil that was good naturally, improved by a stand of alfalfa, and fertilized well and handled well other- wise since the trees were planted in 1908. Through rich soil, pruning of a kind that forced them along quickly, and the kind of care that kept up their vigor, they have borne abundantly. Mr. Schmidt writes us that they have produced up to this time 400 tons of fruit, for which the Libby, McNeill Cannery at Selma has paid $10,000. This is only five years' production and the trees are in fine condition at present. Value of Navel Grove. The S. G. Winch Washington Navel orange grove near Porterville was told of in the December issue of "Orchard and Farm" as being a heavy producer of fine fruit. Since then a new comer to Porterville in search of a home and a grove offered Mr. Winch, through one of the realty companies, $70,000 for the 35-acre grove. Tlie offer was refused and the would-be purchaser added $5,000 to his offer, which was also refused. Three years ago Mr. Winch paid $50,000 for the place, $25,000 down, the rest on time, and it has paid him $25,000 in crops in the three years, demonstrating that a good location and good care will bring good profits. Fruit from the grove is to be shown at the National Orange Show at San Bernardino. Some Potatoes. Not many potatoes are grown in the San Joaquin valley, except around the Delta country, which means profits to the man who does raise and sell them right. B. E. Moore of Chow- chilla planted potatoes in April this year and averaged and sold 160 sacks to the acre. They were irrigated from a flowing well. He took pota- toes from his first crop and planted them for his second crop. In the let- ter telling us of this it is stated that this second crop is estimated at from 75 to 125 sacks to the acre. Frost prevented their full maturity, or the yield would have been heavier. He will receive, it is said. $.300 per acre from the potatoes. The acreage is not given. Reservoir Big Help. S. A. Sexton of Exeter has greatly increased the value of his pumping plant and gotten a fine stand of al- falfa on 35 acres and a good yield from it by using a reservoir and so securing a big head of water, instead of distributing the water directly from the pump. The alfalfa is on hog wal- low soil, well leveled and checked up. There is a SJ/a-inch vertical centrifu- gal pump run by a 5.72 horse-power electric motor and throwing a 16-inch stream. It is 36 feet from the pump to the top of the discharge pipe and the water drops 27 feet when the pump is in operation. The reservoir is 150 yards long by 75 yards wide and holds or 4 feet of water. It is filled by 18 hours' pumping, or from 6 p. m. to 12 noon, and is emptied, with the pump still running, in six hours, which means much less work than if the irrigating were continuous. It also means a much more even distribution of water and much less loss by seepage. An- other similar pumping plant without a reservoir has only irrigated half the amount of alfalfa. This has been suf- ficient to irrigate the whole 35 acres, though water was a little short for a time while the ground was dry and so sucking up more than normal amounts of moisture. It also, though, supplied water for 10 acres of Egyp- tian corn. Checks are 22 feet wide and 880 feet long. It was formerly thought that hog wallow land, which is normally un- derlaid by a layer of hardpan, would not produce alfalfa well, but experi- ence the last few years has shown that alfalfa does excellently on it. The tonnage is not as great as on sandy loam, but the yield is very good and the stands usually very even and uni- form, which naturally increases the total production. The stems also are thin and fine and so have more than the usual digestibility and food value. Furthermore the alfalfa and moisture in time breaks up, or at least pene- trates, the hardpan and supplies the soil abundantly with the nitrogen and vegetable matter which is the only kind of plant food not plentiful in such soil in its natural condition. Humus is sadly lacking in natural hog wallow soils as a rule, and it is said that the value of the land for fruit after several years of alfalfa is at least $100 more per acre than if al- falfa were not planted. Fruitmen Get Creamery. Exeter residents are laying the foundation for success by bringing in dairy cattle to help along the district, heretofore given exclusively to fruit and some field crops. They are one of the first districts to deliberately do this, and they are right, for in time for full fruit success it will be neces- sary to have plenty dairy stock. Cat- tle bring in a steady income and also provide fertility for the soil, especial- ly when there is alfalfa as the basis for feeding. In a fruit district, dairy- ing diversifies industry and the com- bination is ideal agriculturally and economically. Exeter formerly did not have enough hay for its own use, so a number of ranchers planted al- falfa. Then the wet winter of a year ago covered the State with hay. There was the hay, raised to sell, but no stock, to eat it, except the horses on fruit ranches and a few family cows. The Exeter people formed a co-operative creamery, men without a cow or without expecting to ever own one, put up the money for their share of stock (one share only per person) and built a plant that is a model, which was opened November 3d. The capacity is 1,000 pounds a day, but this can be increased easily when business demands. The coming of the creamery has brought cows into the district, a lot more will come and much more alfalfa will be planted on account of the market being provided for the cream. There is also to the west much alfalfa country given to dairying naturally belonging to the district. This success is in wise fore- sight. It is not even expected to pay quite running expenses for a while, but it brings in dairying, diversifies the farming, and adds fertility to the fruit land. Made of Vismera Iron STANDARD WATER GATES 99,86 per cent Pure Made by the Standard Corrugated Pipe Co., are made of the purest commercial iron known, Vismera Iron, 99.86 per cent pure. They are not only right in material, but are equally per- fect in design and workmanship. The fact that Standard equip- ment is in use throughout Calfornia in the biggest irrigation and power projects is proof of their value. No matter how small or how large — Standard Gates and Standard Corrugated Pipe and Flume will fit the job. In the large picture below is shown 3 large gates we have just completed for R. W. Van Norden, Consulting Engineer for the Mountain King Mining Company. This is only part of a large number to be used in connection with No. 120 Flume carry- ing 100 second feet of water. The installation is in Mariposa county. Standard Drop and Flood Gates for use with our Standard Corrugated Pipe and Standard Flume are known throughout California wherever water is used or handled. They are known for efficiency and long life because their material and design is right for agricultural or commer- cial needs. Gate on the right is automatic in operation — controlled by pressure on the front or back of valve. Gate on left is drop pattern, adjustable to quarter-inch openings — can- not jam or stick. Can be - locked in position. You cannot equal these gates for practical permanent use. (Made of Vismera Iron 99.86 per cent pure.) We will gladly quote prices, etc., on these Gates, or Cornigrated Pipe or Finnic. Let our engineers help solve your water distribution problems, whether large or small. Address STANDARD CORRUGATED PIPE CO. 516 Rialto BIdg. San Francisco 737 Lawrence St. Los Angeles 14 ORCHARD AND FARM Farms Plans and the World War To "Orchard and Farm": — The De- cember number of "Orchard and Farm" contains so many interesting articles and helpful suggestions that it should be possible for us to remedy a great many of our former mistakes along the different branches of farm- ing. I have read with interest the arti- cle headed "War Doubles U. S. Ex- ports," and it must be conceded that just now there is a great demand for some of our agricultural products and it is hard to conceive why the boom ihpuld not last as long as the war lasts. But unfortunately for some of us, we are not producing the things which seem to be in demand. Take, for instance, the prune crop. Last year we did not have an average crop and it is not any better, if so good, this year, yet because of the war there seems to be no movement of the crop. A great many of the pro- ducers have simply stored the fruit in the packing houses and are patient- ly, or otherwise, waiting for a market that will justify letting go. If a great part of the crop should be carried over and we should have a bumper crop next year, it is safe to say that the American consumer will be eating some pretty cheap prunes, but what of the producer? I should like very much to see a digest of the situation in "Orchard and Farm." J. W. WINFREY. Napa county. ' When there is anything you don't know and want to know, just ask "Orchard and Farm" and find out. That is the right idea, but "Orchard .and Farm" will have a big job on its .hands to give a proper digest of the 'situation. We went around to many of the big handlers of the leading agricultural products produced in the^ West to see what they could say .iSn' the matter. Like wise men, they , mainly sidestepped the problem las much as possible, since there is little one can be sure of. Those most sure and definite quite surely were poor sticks to believe, and apparently the wisest plan would be for us to be non- icommittal also. However, there are 'soipe indications of value in forecast- ing developments. Fruits. Prunes and apricots are sold ex- tensively in Europe, Germany being the biggest customer. Germany finds it difficult now to get what dried fruit she needs, and prunes and apricots being luxuries she wants and evi- dently will want less than the usual amount. For the other side of the shield, Bosnia and Scrvia, being heavy prune producers, have other things than prunes to look after, curtailing greatly the world's supply. There thus apparantly will be both a small- er demand, a smaller supply of prunes and also apricots. The outlook is not bad at all. If the fears of our cor- respondent of bedrock prune prices jnext year were well grounded, prunes would be away down now instead of away up, for present prices are fine for the grower. Peaches are not sold to Europe, so the European war will not have much influence, so it is thought, though it may depress prices slightly by throwing more prunes, pears and apricots into consumption in America. It is difficult to say whether there will be any great effect on canned goods or not. Germany buys little canned fruits, and the other nations are able to import what canned fruits they need. The market for canned goods is straightening out. and for that matter things are looking much brighter for dried fruits recently also. Altogether conditions are uncertain in the canning business, but not un- promising. One possibility of importance to the canner relates to canned vegetables, of which an immense amount are normally produced in Europe. It may be possible, though no one says so, that much of this demand will have to be filled from America, thus stimu- lating production. Perhaps so, per- haps not. The deciding point is whether the women of Europe, plus the men out of the army and not at- tending to army needs, will be able to produce nearly the normal amount of food. Our exports should prove that they cannot. The vegetable can- ning business at least looks capable of development. Fresh fruit seems to be little af- fected by the war. The war will not help it apparently except by stimulat- ing American industry and so increas- ing buying power in this country. Whatever the situation with fruits, we cannot influence production ma- terially as we can with annual crops and so cannot set our sails to the wind. Cereals. The class of goods most affected by the war are the cereals, especially wheat, which is certain to continue very high. Other cereals are affected ■less, but all are pulled upward either directly or by the wheat market. Even barley is being and will be pushed up greatly. Prices now are very high considering the immense production of the past season. "The cereal which gives the best op- portunity for the farmer in the arid West to grasp is Egj'ptian corn and kindred grains. These grains have been raj)idly gaining in the mar- kets of recent years. For poultry they are a substitute for wheat, conse- quently are being forced into the place of wheat by high wai" prices and will be while the war demand lasts. .They are certainly a fine proposition for next summer. In fact, the out- look is most excellent for all kinds of cereals, and it is well to produce as much as possible. Beans, Potatoes, Onions. Beans are among the cheapest and most substantial foods known. They do not seem to have been materially affected by the war, but the unanimous opinion- is that they will be an excel- lent crop because of the war on account of their high food value. The potato outlook is governed al- most solely by -domestic conditions, a big acreage and fine yields meaning low prices, the contrary high prices. There will be, however, no potato im- ports from Europe and probably some demand from Europe. As standard footstuffs all have an upward ten- dency, things are at least promising, though a big crop would depress prices. About the same rules hold for onions — the tendency is toward more of an Eastern movement than usual and toward better prices, but the determining factor will be size of crop. Sugar Beets. The sugar business, of course, is rosy. The disaster prophesied to do- mestic sugar through present tariff is the exact reverse of what has hap- pened, thanks to the war, but not to the tariff makers. The big sugar pro- duction of Europe is almost elimi- nated, Europe has become a big con- sumer, not an exporter; America has been made an exporter, not an im- porter. There is big money to come to some quarter from as big a sugar acreage as America can put in. Meat and Livestock. Next to wheat and other cereals, the product most affected by the war is meat. Exports have been enormous. The best way to take advantage of war conditions, which are reinforced by domestic conditions, is to promote TV rTkDD Famous Ball 1 I LUDD Player, says: "Tuxedo is a good, pure, mild tobacco and makes a wonderfully pleasant pipe- smoke. " The World's Greatest BaliPlayerSmokesthe World's Best Tobacco There isn't a cross-roads village in theentire country that doesn't know and re- spectthe n£UTieof TyCobb. This man has aroused the admiration of an entire sport-loving nation by his wonderful mental and physical alertness in the cleverest outdoor game man has yet devised. Ty Cobb has the two quedities most highly prized by Americans — Brains and Speed. He leads his league in batting; he is the champion base-runner; and all the time his wits and muscles work in perfect co-ordination. ^•^^ The Perfect Tobacco for Pipe and Cigarette Tuxedo has made thousands of men happy, tem.perate and comfortable converts to the pipe, because it has made pipe-smoking not only possible but pleasant to them. There are plenty of imitators of Tuxedo, singing out loud all about their "ho-bite" tobacco. But just remember this — Tuxedo was b.bm in 1904. Tuxedo is the original. The famous >Tuxedo Process" is a secret known only to the makers o^fi'uxedo. it was the first process of this kind; emd it's jH^ best. Tuxedo absolutely will not bite your tongue. YOU CAN BUY TUXEDO EVERYWHERE CoDTeaient, glasfine-wrappcd, ^ moittare-proof poDcb . . vC Famoat (reen tin, witb gold ^ lettering, carred to lit pocket In Tin Humidors, 40c and 80c In Glass Humidors, 50c and 90c THE AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANY meat production of all kinds as great- ly as possible. If heavy winter rains continue, making feed abundant, this will be all the more reason for in- creasing supplies of cattle, sheep and swine. Expectations are that the dis- couraging cotton prices and fine meat prospects will force the South strong- ly into meat production, one of the finest things that could happen. Cause and Effect. The general condition on account of the war seems to be about like this. Europe has ceased to be a producer of much of anything. Millions of men have been removed from productive effort and sent to war. Millions of others are engaged in producing war supplies, not food or living supplies, so profitable production has been im- mensely curtailed. These warring nations now are being fed far more than usual by America, and will con- tinue to be so for a year after the war stops. Even those goods not exported are divertea in part to take the place of goods sold in Europe. In other words, as long as a certain amount of food is eaten, the sending away of one product will mean that persons consume another in its place; when prices of some things improve the tendency is toward helping everything There is a natural increase in demand for all of the foodstuffs produced. Fruit and Oniuniental For tills season's planting "we ofter an unequaled col- lection of all that is best in citrus and deciduous fruit and evergreen trees, plants, vines, etc. We grow every- thing tliat grows and guar- antee all stock to be true to name. Write us about your plans and let us advise with you as to the most profitable sorts and those best suited to your locality. Our 30 years of experience will be of value to you. No charge for consultation. FANCHER CREEK NURSERIES Inc. Geo. C. Hoedinr. Paid rp fUnltaJ Pres. and Mgr. $200,000 Dox 41 FRESNO, CAL. ORCHARD AND FARM IS Answers for Farm Problems SEEDLING WALNUTS — I would like to amk a few queMtionft about walnutH. Will a Franquotte seedlin); come into bearlns on mood as a budded or grafted freer W'lil it come true? Which would you advijie me to plant, a budded or a Krafted tree? — J. H., Sonoma, Cal. Beginning at the middle of your questions, we will say that the seed- ling nut will not come true to variety type, or probably will not, for trees in a seedling walnut orchard vary in vigor, earliness or production and quality of nut one from another and from the parent form. Seedling Fran- quette and other French varieties, however, do come pretty close to type and the standard method of re- production in France, as we under- stand it, is by seedlings. As to earli- ness of production we cannot say whether budded or seedling trees would bear first and would like in- formation. Our guess would be that the more vigorous, stronger growing tree on black walnut roots would bear sooner than the seedling, or at least come into full bearing sooner. It certainly would make a better tree. We have been informed by walnut specialists that by proper bud selec- tion some budded trees come into tearing much earlier than others, so there is another direct answer unre- liable. We certainly advise planting the budded or grafted trees. Results are so far superior to seedlings that no seedlings are now being planted by experienced walnut growers on a commercial scale, unless it be when alternating with the budded nuts with the idea of taking out the seedlings as soon as the others began to crowd them. A black walnut or hybrid root is the only thing to advise. SIERR.\ FOOTHILL FILBERTS— Would the rnislns of filberts be likely to prove a success here in Nevada county, nine miles west of Grass Val- leyf — C. B. C, SmartvlIIe, Cal. Your county horticultural com- missioner, D. F. Norton, Grass Val- ley, has discussed this subject with ;us and stated tliat he considers the 'filbert a fine proposition for Nevada •county. If you will communicate with him, he will give you the names and addresses of several persons who are making quite a success with fil- berts, and you can call and see them yourself. After seeing their trees you can know far better than we could ad- vise you whether filberts would do well or not in vou situation. MEDICIN.\L PLANTS — What market in there for wild sunflower roots or the Toot.t of the Wild Oregon Grape, also ■for the Prince pine grown here? I am told they are used for medicinal pur- im.ses. — C. H. W., Josephine county, Oivgoa. Professor Albert Schneider, editor of the Pacific Pharmacist and an authority on pharmaceutical matters, informs us that there is no market for wild sunflower roots, or that the price is too low to justify bothering with them. There is a fair market for the bark of the Wild Oregon Grape, and for the needles of the Prince pine, but you will have to com- municate with wholesale druggists for both the price and for information as to the method of handling the products. Your local druggist can give you the names of most con- venient wholesale pharmacists. PEA WEEVIL — Enclosed you will find a few peas known as the .\l.-iska Extra Early, which I planted last Feb- ruary and which were all ripe In May, when I threshed them, and In the be- Kinnlng of June I noticed where these small flies had come out of them. Can you tell me what the insects are and If I can do anything to prevent them from getting In the peas? I expect to plant some this season immediately after New Year's. — T. S., Santa Rosa. This is the pea weevil, one of the varieties of beetles. Their entrance into the pea is made in the spring while the pods are soft on the vine, the females piercing the pod and lay- ing the egg inside of the growing pea. , Under these conditions control meth- ods are practically impossible. The egg develops gradually, the mature weevils finally emerging after the peas are ripe and dry. The best you can do is to prevent the presence of adults as much as possible in the field by seeing that as few peas are left as pos- sible in the field after harvesting and by planting clean seed in the spring. The weevils can be killed in the seed by fumigation in air tight receptacles with carbon bisulphid. About three pounds of bisulphid are used for a thousand cubic feet of space. The bisulphid is put in dish on top of seed, not over the seed itself, and top closed tightly, being left so for 48 hours. The bi- sulphid is inflammable, so do not smoke while handling it.' Such fumi- gation is used for the killing of all in- sects attacking foodstuffs, when same can be kept in tight bin. The seed or food is not injured by the fumigation. CHEAP FENCE PAINT — Please give me a formula for a cheap fence and bam paint containing distillate or crude oil and to make a dark brown color. — Subscriber, Sebastopol. You can use about 10 pounds of dry metallic paint to a gallon of crude oil and then add sufficient distillate to reduce it to the consistency of cream. The amount of distillate to be used would depend altogether on the heavi- ness of the crude oil, which varies in weight. The only feature of this paint that would recommend it is its cheapness. Dry metallic mixed in fish oil would be more satisfactory, though more expensive, as fish oil would cost about 50 cents a gallon. FEATHER EATING — I have been In the habit of plucking n chicken in the hen yard and I noticed that the hens ate a great many uf the pin feathers. I thought nothing of it until a man passing advised nie not to do this, as the hens would lay no more eggs. Is this true? I have not had an egg for nearly two months and I usually get three or four a day during this season. How can 1 help matters^-J. R., Miller, Nevada. Feather eating indicates an abnor- mal appetite. Improper methods of feeding, insufficient exercise and idle- ness are some of the causes producing this habit. In some instances it may originate from irritation of the skin caused by parasites. As preventive measures the birds should be given large range and made to scratch for all of their grain. Exercise improves digestion and keeps the fowls busy. In some cases the habit is due to insuffi- cient animal matter in the ration. Give a well balanced ration and give variety by feeding skim milk, green bone and vegetables at intervals. Also give plenty of grit, examine for worms and season the mash for a time with equal parts of gentian and ginger. Egg production is always checked by an abnormal condition, such as that indi- cated by feather eating. This habit is a result, not a cause of anything. PRESERVING FENCE POSTS Please tell about the use of creosote for preserving fence posts, method of applying it, cost of creosote, amonnt required for 100 posts, amount It would add to life of a post, etc. — C. C, Nevaew York Middle AVest Office, James A. Buchanan, Marquette Bldg., Chicago SUBSCRIPTIO.\" RATES. By subscription 50c per year, three years for $1.00. To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 24c per each year. Foreign, by subscription, 36c extra per each year. 5c per copy of all newsdealers. Kntered as second-class matter at the Postoffice of San Francisco, Cal., under the Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Publishing Company, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. The dawn of a new year is the time for turning over a new leaf and for starting out again with better spirit, more wisdom and greater de- termination for a right future. As December 31 draws to a close the decrepit Old Year vanishes from be- fore the presence of the lusty young- ster coming to supersede him. Hence it is that the personification of the New Year is a sturdy infant. Thus the youngsters on our cover are em- blematic of the coming agriculture — pure bred calves from one of Cali- fornia's dairy herds. Both could not be first at the last State Fair, so one was first and the other second. Be- fore them and the hundreds of other pure bred dairy cattle of the coast and the thousands of high grade stock the scrub is vanishing as 1913 "vanished from before the presence of 1914, and 1914 is giving way to the great Exposition Year of 1915. Un- like most folks, "Orchard and Farm" is not going to turn over a new leaf, though it will continue to improve with age, for the old way proved so good that the new way will be like unto it. Renewals of subscriptions from old subscribers have been more than encouraging and new subscrip- tions every month are being counted by the hundreds rather than the scores. In the December issue, to get our hand in, we blossomed forth in new apparel. This month we re- tain our fresh and beautiful appear- ance, but have increased in size and plan in February to be larger yet. A Good Year — The year itself is starting well, for rains have come warn and pleasant, and much rain means much growth and much feed for stock. Much rain means a warm, open winter — a dry winter is a frosty winter. Each storm is not a thing by itself; its nature is governed by the nature of the whole season. This season the rain, once it started, came down on the slightest excuse, with- out demanding a big storm to start the drops falling. So most probably it will be the rest of our winter, and without hazarding a prophecy from weather rules we hazard the guess that the winter will be up to stand- ard in moisture and the year more than up to standard in production and prosperity. European Sufferers — While pros- perity is knocking at our doors, our hearts are saddened by the suffering and privation coming from the Euro- pean war, or the world war, as it should be called. Our duty here meets with our pleasure. W e should produce to the utmost of our ability fruits, grains, meats and dairy prod- ucts, foodstuflfs and wearing apparel. Nations are warring, not producing, but yet they must be fed. The more the unwarring nations can produce, the less suffering by the afflicted. It seems woeful that some people could think of too much of any product being produced here while poverty is so dire elsewhere. Better by far put the surplus into a relief fund than let them lay in the bins idly and un- profitably waiting for a market. This sounds a little like the kind of char- ity which consists in giving away clothes we no longer can wear, but being wise as serpents is part of the Christian duty. The fact that the market for a product is not brisk will not make it less welcome to the war sufferers, and if by relieving a dull market of a surplus the market is improved, so much the better. From England the plea comes for even the raw wool, if growers have it, as it will give the suffering Belgians both the work of making clothes to pro- tect them from cold and the clothes themselves. While you have the im- pulse, do not let it be fruitless. Pass the goods or the cash along to the Board of Trade of your town or county, or to your newspaper, or whatever organization has charge of gathering material and help for the war sufferers. and forty pounds the next year. Get the whole country eating raisins and a 300,000,000 pound raisin crop could be disposed of nicely. The effect on the consumption of raisins by this advertising will be worth watching. Incidentally, if it works, there is a big future for other California prod- ucts, for without counting large ex- ports there is only about a pound of prunes produced for each person in America, about half a pound of dried peaches, a third of a pound of apri- cots, a quarter of a pound of wal- nuts and so much less of other dried fruits and nuts that they do not fig- ure. We know the immense diflfer- ence in the use of citrus fruits re- sulting from the work of the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' Exchange. It can readily be believed that adver- tising and good selling will help the raisin industry still more. Time will tell and tell something good. And so we wish you all the thing that seems to be coming: A HAPPY NEW YEAR. A Market for Goods — At almost every farmer's gathering some one can get up, and frequently does, and say, "It is all right to tell us how to grow more, but if you want to do some- thing worth while tell us how to sell what we do grow." Then there will be loud applause and everybody will look interested. For this reason the results of the advertising campaign, or splash, by the California .Associ- ated Raisin Company, for whether the advertising will be steady or spas- modic we do not know, will be looked forward to with interest. There is and was no real overproduction of raisins, the output, after exports were made, being about 100,000,000 to 120,- 000,000 pounds per year, a very little more than a pound per person for the whole United States. Perhaps you all know — you would if they had advertised in Pacific Coast farm papers — that a Christmas box of seven and one-half pounds of raisins could be sent to any address in the United States for $1, containing rai- sins prepared in several different ways. As an easy means of saving trouble with Christmas presents, we (as an individual, not officially) sent off more boxes than we ever sent of anything before, congratulating our conscience that by so doing we were promoting the interests of one of the leading industries of Pacific America, as well doing our Christ- mas duty. And incidentally we will remark to the California Associated Raisin Company, a growers' organi- zation, that the best results will be secured by calling on Californians in- terested in a California industry, that more raisins will be sent all over the United States by Californians than by New Yorkers, and that some fu- ture advertising had better be in Cal- ifornia farm papers. If every reader of "Orchard and Farm" would do as we have done, the whole crop would have been sold already. A Farmers' Bulletin on "Breeds of Draft Horses" has just been issued by the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. Only the four leading breeds, Percheron, Shire, Belgian and Clydes- dale, are described, and the Suffolk Punch. There are some good illus- trations and the bulletin is well worth writing for, being sent free on application to Bureau of Documents, Washington, D. C. Built by YOU With Our Plans Our satisfied customers prove that it is possible for any one, no matter how inexperienced, to build their own home. The house we sell you from $196 and up comes to you with the parts numbered and sawed to fit. The plans that accompany the ma- terial are numbered to correspond. A hammer in any one's hands, and the result is a complete substantial house. Yonr home B.nd one yoa will be proud of. The pioneer "knock down" house company of the Pacific Coast guarantees that you will be satisfied. To-day send for our free catalogue. Ready Built House Company 084 nronil»n>, Portland, Ore. PRICES IN (BFlFlEWl 2 H P $3495 4H P$69Z5 / 6H P$9775 8 H-P$I5965 " I2H P $21990 0,t he rS izes Pro p o r "11 III I \> ^trlf W' hi WITTE Engines i ne LET me send you a WrrXE ENGINE to cam Its cost while you pay lor It. It's cheaper than doing wllhoat one. Ed. B. Wltte. CASH OR EASY TERMS Kerosene, Gasol Sold Only Direct from Factory to User. No matter where yoa live or what work you have that can be hitched to a belt, you can own a WITTE to better advantage than any other engine. Sizes are 2, 4, 6, 8. 12. 16 and 22 Horse-Povrer. Styles, Stationary. Portable, Skidded and Saw-rigs. Over 27 years in the lead in engine-QuaUt; Better now than ever, with prices that can't be beat. No need now to do without a good ensrine. or to take chanee on S poorer unknown one, to get a low price. The WiTlE fills the bill. VImi FivAA RAAk ' furnish highest standard engines for niy 1 1 CC uwn prices less than asked for rattle-traps My Free Book explains the inside of engine ••Ming as well as manuracturing. Write today for my Sales I'liin with Easy Terms, Ed. H. Wltte. Wltte Iron Works Co, How It Helps — The proposition as we understand it is this: that the selling of thousands of boxes of rai- sins as a result of the advertising is only a part of the good. The boxes are advertisers, too, as they contain raisins prepared in different ways, and people will eat more, and the more they eat the more they will want, so the easier to sell the crop and the greater the amount than can be profitably sold. Seven potinds of raisins in a family will quickly go. We got rid of twenty pounds of seedless raisins one year in our home s^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirmiiiiiiir.:: I REGISTERED HEREFORDS I i WHITEHALL ESTATES INC. has at all times a splendid i E lot of Registered Hereford Bulls for sale. These animals are e.x- = = cellent individuals, true to their breed type and worthy of addition E E to the herd of any Hereford Breeder. Can supply Service Bulls, = E Yearlin<:;^s or Weanlings. Correspondence and Inspection invited. E I WHITEHALL ESTATES INC., Tracy, Cal. | E Or >EW C.VLL BUILDING, SAX FRA>CIS( 0. | nlllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllMlin ORCHARD AND FARM 17 Answers for Farm Problems COXCRKTE IRRIGATION PIPES — I ' would like to know if the method of irrlKation by iiulpe wltli a stand pipe and valve syatem? — D. K. S., Stockton. Underground irrigating systems of all kinds have been tried out exten- sively here and elsewhere and in- variably found unsatisfactory. The idea is so attractive in theory that more than enough time and money has been wasted upon it. Irrigation by concrete pipe is becoming more common all the time. It is the stan- dard method of irrigation through the citrus districts and is very satisfac- tory where water is very valuable, waste is to be avoided and an even distribution is wanted. The cost of piping an orchard for irrigation in this way, having a stand pipe at the head of every row of trees, is close to $25 per acre. Piping for irrigating other crops will vary with distance between standpipes, etc., and will usually be much cheaper. BOURBOIV RED TURKEY — Please give us general descriptive information pertaining to the Bourbon Red Turkey. — C. C, Nevada county. Full descriptions of all breeds of fowls can be found in the American Standard of Perfection, which can be secured through any farm paper for $1.50. The Bourbon Red Turkey is derived from the wild yellow turkey found in Bourbon county, Kentucky. Standard weights are: Cock, 30 pounds; cockerel, 23 pounds; hen, 18 pounds; pullet, 14 pounds. The head is a rich red and the plumage in gen- eral a deep brownish red, with tail and primary and secondary feathers of wings white. FEEDING AND HOUSING FOWLS — Plen.se tell us the proper way and size to build a hen house. Corning style, for ."SOO hens, and liow to make liens moult early in the season in a foggy climate, and a good ration for layers, also for the moulting season— D. P. K., Areata, California. The article by Prof. Dougherty in this issue will cover the feeding ques- tion very liberally. Owing to the moulting season being over, it would hardly be profitable to discuss the subject now, but it will be attended to in the proper season. Space un- fortunately prevents going into detail on housing also and Prof. Dougherty suggests that it would be far more satisfactory for persons wishing in- formation in considerable detail to write for Poultry Correspondence Course 14 offered free by the Univer- sity of California. This covers the poultry business, including housing, very thoroughly and will be found very interesting and profitable for all persons interested in poultry raising. RATION WITH BARLEY — Will you please give formula for balanced ra- tion for dairy cows wherein barley Is a faetor, with or without silage? Where ran I obtain bulletins giving the analysis of all grain feeds and cactus H. H., LodI, California. Your tjuestion is very vague, as you have not given sufficient data on which we can figure a balanced ration for your individual case. There are manay balanced rations with barley as the chief ingredient. Feeding with or without silage would make but lit- tle difference in balancing your grain ration. A ration of 200 lbs. ground barley, 100 lbs. bran, 20 lbs. linseed meal and 6 lbs. salt would be ap- proximately correct. Feed 3 to 10 pounds of this mixture per day ac- cording to the amount of milk the cow gives. If fed with silage, give 40 pounds of silage per day, 20 pounds at a feeding. If fed without silage, give the cow all the roughage she will eat up clean. Henry's Feeds and Feeding, or al- most any other good book on feeding will give the composition of the va- rious grains, milled feeds and fodders. A bulletin of the California Experi- ment Station, Berkeley, Cal., on Com- mercial Feeding of Fowls, gives an excellent list of the composition of feeds of the Pacific Coast, together with their digestibility. Although the latter is calculated for fowls, not cat- tle, it can be applied to cattle quite accurately. The composition of cac- tus as determined by Professor M. E. Jaffa of the University of California, is as follows: Water, 94.46 per cent; ash, 1.22 per cent; protein, 0.63 per cent; fiber, 0.61 per cent; carbohy- drates (starch, etc.), 3.26 per cent; fat, 0.04 per cent. As far as the an- alysis shows, the cactus should have approximately the same food value as pie melon. SPACE NEEDED PER HEN — How many bens should be kept In pens 1.*! by IS feet? — A. N. V., El Monte, Cal. The general rule for keeping fowls, when the greatest number is to be kept that profitably can be on a given area, is to have four square feet per hen for the heavier, less active breeds, and two and a half feet for the light- er, active varieties. The larger the pen, the more fowls can be kept in proportion to area, as each fowl will have more territory to roam over, and the smaller the yard the fewer fowls per square foot. That is, a large yard or a yard of moderate size will keep more fowls in proportion to area than a very small yard. A yard 10 by 20 feet will hold 50 fowls prop- erly with right care and accommoda- tions and a yard 15 by 15 a few more. Equipment and care are the impor- tant factors in determining what space is needed. CONCRETE FENCE POSTS — Would you please tell me the way to make the best cement posts? How much sand or gravel should be used; how long should the posts be kept wet or damp; and what else should be done to make a good post? — F. A. R., Paskenta, Cal. You can get Farmers' Bulletin 403 on the Construction of Concrete Fence Posts free on application to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, which will give you more complete information than we possibly could. This bulletin as- serts that concrete posts often are cheaper than wooden posts and have many advantages and are very de- sirable. The proportion of cement to sand and gravel vary with kind of gravel and other conditions. For crushed rock or screened gravel, the concrete should be used in proportion of one part of cement, two parts of sand and four parts of gravel. "Bank run" gravel needs half as much again cement as the above. It is well to keep the posts moist for about ten days and to let them season for about three months before using, but for such details consult the bulletin. During the fiscal year 1913-14 2,- 549,923 acres of California land were treated for squirrels by State, U. S. Government and individual land own- ers. Most of the treatment, particu- larly by individuals, was by poisoned grain, that State and Government are specializing on the waste ball and de- structors, whereby carbon bisulphid preparations like Kilmol is the de- structive agent. The State Board of Health claims to have particularly sat- isfactory results with a waste ball method of destruction, of wliich is given in the last bulletin, which can be had on application to Sacramento. The Secretary of Agriculture has issued an order prohibiting the im- portation of citrus nursery stock of all kinds from foreign countries in order to prevent the introduction of citrus canker and other citrus dis- eases. Like the profits in any business, fruit profits depend on quality of equipment and quality of product. Trees must be right in order that the fruit they produce will be right. For this reason Silva-Bergtholdt Trees are offered you as the trees you ought to plant for best results and best profits. Consider the importance of this fact : Silva-Bergtholdt Trees are more than the product of skilled California nurserymen — they are more than merely strong, vigorous tree stock — they are tried, proven stock and varieties propagated and grown by the Silva-Berg- tholdt Co., who are not only successful nurserymen, but success- ful fruit packers and shippers. They produce and offer for sale only those varieties that their years of commercial fruit-selling experience have proven right for California. Not only are these trees right, but more, the varieties are what you should plant for best fruit profits. OLIVES Olives worked on Picholine Root have stronger growing and deeper feeding root systems than those grown from cuttings. Our Olives are worked on Picholine Seedlings, the wood being cut from trees having a record for productiveness and size of fruit. They are prize winners — the kind you want. PEARS Plant Pears for profit. California Bartletts ripen earlier than Eastern and Northwestern grown pears. During their season they monopolize the markets of the United States and Canada. Silva-Bergtholdt's Foothill Grown Pear Trees have strong, hardy root systems — the foundation of all successful trees. We have a fine block of Bartlett, Comice, Winter Nelis, Anjou and other varieties. Our buds are cuts from selected parent trees. WALNUTS $200 to $300 an acre from a Walnut Grove in full bearing is not unusual, and many groves are producing even more. There's money in Walnuts. Mayettei True Wiltz Strain! For productiveness, freedom from blight and wonderful quality the Wiltz strain of Walnuts has no equal in any other of the standard varieties. Late bloomer. Franquette: True Vrooman Strain! Next to the Wiltz Mayette, the best Walnut for Northern and Central California. Late bloomer. Our Scions of Franquette and Wiltz Mayette, cut by R. Wiltz, a pioneer Walnut grower, are not only absolutely true to the strain, but are from selected trees. They are the best. CHERRIES Cherries are the first, the most attractive and the best fruit of the summer season. This, together with the fact that they are very profitable, yiielding from $400 to $600 an acre, makes them a good "buy" for any fruit grower in position to raise them. Our block Includes Bing, Black Oregon, Black Tartarian, Burbank, Royal Ann and other good varieties on Mahaleb and Mazzard Root. CLING PEACHES Tuscan: Ours are the improved round Tuscans — firmer, more sym- metrical and uniform, finer grained, less subject to windfall and split-pit, and preferred (to the extent of $2 to $5 more a ton) by canners to the oblong Tuscans commonly propagated. Phlllipsi We cut our buds from a block of trees that have proven an exceptionally good strain of this variety. Peach trees are always a safe investment — the demand is large, the price firm, and the profit good. What more can you ask? PRUNES If in doubt — Plant Prune Trees. The demand for Prunes is constantly increasing and California must supply this demand. With a cheap water rate through to the Eastern States, giving California growers control of this market, prune trees become Staple Money-Makers. In the export market they compete successfully with European grown varieties. Our parent trees of French, Imperial, Sugar and Robe de Sargent have been carefully selected from trees having the best record of Quality, Productive- ness and Size of Fruit. PLUMS Get in on a rising market. With the demand rapidly increasing, mak- ing them most profitable, there is no better investment for the wide-awake fruit grower than shipping plums. We have a complete assortment of all the good varieties on Myrobolan, Bitter Almond and Natural Peach Seed- ling Root. ALMONDS On this continent Almonds are grown only in California. The Ameri- can market alone demands four times the present supply. With practically an unlimited home market and a monopoly of the product, plant Almond Trees if you are seeking a real money-making investment. We have an extra fine lot of trees growing on Bitter Almonds, Peach and Myrobolan Root, but as there is usually a shortage of trees on Bitter Almond, place your contract immediately — don't delay. BUYING CHEAP TREES IS FALSE ECONOMY Don't be satisfied with just trees, or even good trees — plant our prize winners. They cost no more and must be better, otherwise they could not have won first prize in competition with California's best stock in 1914. Write us first. Silva-Bergtholdt Co., Box A, Newcastle, Cal. CLIP THIS COUPON Check the trees you are interested in, and full information will be sent. Pears Walnuts Olives Almonds Plums Prunes Cherries Peaches Name Address r 18 ORCHARD AND FARM $ ORCHARD and FARM'S $ $$-$ 1 ,385.00 IN GOLD ;big problem ^ CONTEST $ No Trick or CHance Involved m an Endeavor |1 $$$$$$$$$ of tHe Two Prolle PROBLEM No. l~Count the Circles The Conditions Read Carefully This contest is open to any man, woman, boy or girl. A payment on sub- scription to Orchard and Farm of from 50 c to $3 entitles a contestant to submit a solution of the puz- zle on the conditions stated. No employee of Orchard and Farm or member of his family will be al- lowed to participate in the contest. The first and pre- liminary problem is to count the circles in the chart. All those who do this correctly will be re- quired to submit a solution to Problem No. 2, to determine who are entitled to the prizes. However, should there be less correct solutions than there are prizes, only as many prizes will be re- served as there are people tied and the rest of the prizes will be awarded to those submitting respectively the next best solutions. The second problem (with conditions and illustrations as printed below) is to draw a continuous chain of circles across the chart and back again so that the numbers within the circles will total the great- est number of points. The chart of Problem No. 2 will not be changed either by the elimination or addition of any numbers, but to prevent contestants working out a solution in advance of the proper time, the numbers will be transposed and so rearranged that regardless of the time a contestant enters the contest he will stand on an equal footing with those who have preceded him or who may enter the com- ptition later. In other words, the second problem will be composed of the exact numbers now appearing in it, but rearranged after all solutions of the first problem have been received and when the an- nouncement is made that it is time to solve Problem No. 2. In the event of ties on Problem No. 2 as rearranged, a second rearrangement will be made of the numbers, and those tied will be required to submit another solution of the problem to determine who are entitled to the prizes. Should ties ensue a third rearrange- ment of the numbers will be made to decide who is entitled to first, second, third, fourth prizes, and so on down the list. Should ties still ensue the contestants so tying shall receive the full value of the prize for which they tied, based on payments made, but under no circumstances will there be more than three transpositions of the numbers. No money can be paid and only one solution of Problem No. 2 as it is presented, may be submitted. In case of ties resulting from persons working together, only one prize will be awarded jointly. All those entering the contest will be required to abide by the rulings of the Contest Manager. In the event of any questions aris- ing, the Contest Manager may appoint a committee to assist him in deciding them and those entering the contest do so with the under- standing that such decision will be final. In order that the Contest Manager may be in a position to judge whether a solution was actually worked by the person submitting It, all papers and data used in arriving at a solution must be carefully preserved and if called for submitted to the Contest Manager. Do not send papers unless called for. The problem is to count the circles. Every cl There are no parts of circles or shams or decepti requisites for arrlTlng at the correct count. Copyright. 1914. relc Is complete and Interseots or touches one or more other circles, ons of any sort in the puzzle. Accuracy and [lalience are the malu HOW TO ENTER A payment on subscription of from 50 cents to $3.00 for Orchard and Farm, by mail, entitles a contestant to submit a so- lution of the Circle Puzzle. As many different solutions as a contestant may desire to register may be submitted to Problem No. 1 upon the same terms. Not more than $3.00, however, can be paid with any one solution. As the main prizes have a greatly increased value, according to what is paid on subscriptions with the solutions winning them, all contestants should familiarize themselves with what these values are before they determine how much of a subscription to send. For instance, if you paid 50 cents, one year's subscription to Orchard and Farm, your prize, if you were the first, would be $150.00. If you paid $3 it would be $400.00. No contestant will be permitted to send the same solution more than once. A contestant may pay $3 with each different solution, whether he pays all at the time he submits his solution or pays the balance before the contest closes. To insure safety, subscriptions should be either registered or sent by money order or check. If stamps are sent, send either one or two cent denomination. Whatever is paid on one or more solutions will apply on a continuous subscription to Orchard and Farm. EXTRA PUZZLE CHARTS SUBSCRIBB NOW, SEXD YOUR SOLUTION LATER. [n order to get all the puzzle information published and extra puzzle charts, we suggest you send in your subscription NOW, your solution later. Date Sent 1914 ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst Bldg.. San Francisco. Cal. 1 enclose t for years' subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM. It is agreed I am to receive extra puzzle charts by re- turn mail, and that I may submit my solution on or before March 10th. NAME ADDRESS A $ T _ First Prize— $10(lt 5p the amount paid in \v Ih $$3.00. This prize ma I - Second Prize — A amount paid with th «P Third Prize— $50. times the amount \r.i\ii may be $125. Fourth Prize — $2 la amount paid with tlie iu Fifth Prize— $20, amount paid in on s^ijip mav he worlli $50 ' TEN PRIZES— MO the amount paid on these prizes mav be FIFTEEN PRiaf^ the amount ])aid with ,S 11.00 each. TWENTY PRi: ii w innins^ solution. Ti pi On the FIRST PRIZE $1 Wins $200! $2 Wins 300 *3 Wins 400 I Solution to Pro IT Lit All solutions to the not later than March 1 in the next issue of Orel in which to solve it. 43 SI 17 35 7.! 00 40 07 71 I 91 73 40 01 40 14 00 04 87 II i 81 56 10 71 21 38 09 13 71 V. 1 73 81 13 25 01 12 33 24 5: 1 62 63 90 52 30 21 0-1 81 45 r I 77 72 35 28 19 71 OS -'3 41 90 99 65 43 51 8(1 21 73 98 83 14 70 lb 46 IS 55 88 28 S6 90 51 ft) 99 79 70 90 87 85 42 OS 31 37 14 23 61 59 90 17 57 87 18 82 43 78 75 97 04 93 74 29 73 67 69 % 19 .38 58 52 59 98 89 53 Oi 42 99 51 47 81 31 38 02 49 12 77 31 54 39 6« 33 03 24 S3 70 43 79 28 6 8G 99 39 48 89 41 M 88 51 41 17 42 37 21 67 98 40 38 71 OS 51 09 SO 51 29 71 61 32 OS 10 42 G 99 83 61 49 81 13 39 09 07 74 55 44 71 53 OS 73 3 79 08 13 10 74 13 70 3 19 00 13 87 2 51 00 80 12 SO 00 ; 3 30 21 73 33 44 55 00 32 HI 31 01 14 S7 93 80 2S 00 13 88 39 80 70 08 94 73 73 37 71 18 71 S7 99 OS II IS 4 77 40 :;s ss 47 73 S7 5 73 70 3c; 87 04 18 SO 53 0 87 72 30 97 2 0-1 84 49 7S 83 R ■10 S2 28 so yi 07 10 37 07 30 70 19 81 90 58 70 30 70 74 Oil 90 9 14 S3 11 40 II 22 70 7 30 S7 70 01 S.1 13 12 50 IN 03 S5 73 80 23 43 47 70 SO S", SI 07 42 2 98 11 5 43 90 IX 73 87 40 40 07 03 S7 30 SI SO 82 S 01 07 S3 07 74 SO 79 9 95 8 10 21 OS 87 80 70 73 OS 81 3 00 73 SO 07 72 95 10 07 49 C3 99 55 90 05 08 54 95 85 11 42 3 SO 55 9 00 83 00 73 53 04 OS 90 03 30 71 80 47 10 SS 3S 74 20 37 70 5 50 S5 99 SI 84 5 78 IS 18 37 ■ftS 67 SO OS 75 99 81 72 II 37 34 09 30 30 11 07 3S OS 9 17 77 ■44 82 3 91 23 00 18 17 15 02 47 19 28 13 35 II 47 20 CO 27 5 73 71 79 15 13 47 31 14 15 8 97 73 82 70 07 98 13 84 30 00 S7 91 .30 64 81 73 22 28 33 91 22 38 14 82 10 70 58 08 37 95 73 24 12 01 08 23 00 3 07 IG 55 II 39 28 17 25 19 74 88 27 33 25 50 58 33 90 95 20 30 OS 02 20 43 09 32 94 85 5 86 46 87 00 67 90 0.' 54 1,0 35 01 5S ,32 99 81 48 99 38 23 29 10 91 3S 07 45 77 25 80 0 98 10 08 90 74 78 80 6 85 18 81 53 79 28 14 53 73 13 34 10 37 87 50 98 14 43 92 48 70 57 00 78 9 90 8 77 85 02 11 89 80 » 81 18 95 81 70 38 50 10 81 35 09 07 74 19 35 08 71 37 03 87 89 29 07 5 10 07 24 2S 47 04 24 iS « 73 15 51 00 35 25 04 OS 31 80 01 00 18 80 70 44 13 95 87 10 30 04 10 25 82 13 08 98 2 44 OS 04 77 :i 71 52 09 27 09 44 81 40 52 10 99 30 51 14 73 41 07 31 OS OS 09 55 05 11 87 02 3 77 87 30 01 25 35 38 19 57 31 33 03 00 45 19 24 0 SS 94 13 81 20 0 3 30 73 88 00 63 50 15 88 08 72 19 43 Draw a eontinuous chain across the chart from left to right and back agaiti so that the numbers within the circles will totdl the errcatest number of itelittt, Start at any number you wish in the left-hand column. The progress of the chain in crossing the first time may be up or down or to the fight, btit not to the left. In coming back it may be up or down or to the left, buf li<»t to the rl^ht. Each section must be at a right angle with the preceding and succeeding section, and must contain either three, four or five circles, not le«* than three or more than flve. When working back to the left, the chain must not cross itself, and no circle shall be drawn in a square which touches at right angles or obliquely any square which contains a circle that was drawn when going toward the right. By section is meant a series of three, four or five circles in a straight line. The circle at the angle where the chain turns is to be regarded as the end of one section and the beginning of the next. This, however, does not mean that the numbers in these circles are to be counted twice, or that the circles themselves count two when adding up the number of points encircled or the number of circles which form the chain. The numbers in each square, where there are two figures, are to be re- garded as double numbers, as ninety-nine, sixty-flve, eighty-seven, etc. The circles do not have to be perfectly round or artistically formed. Con- testants, however, should be careful to draw them so they will not obliterate the numbers. Circles can be drawn with either pencil or ink. THIS ILLUSTRATES HOW TO WORK IT The first section in the chain in the adjoining chart begins at number sixty-six (66) on the left-hand side of the chart and ends at thirty-nine (39) in the upper left-hand corner. Beginning at sixty-six, the first section consists of five circles, the second four, the third four, the fourth six, the fifth three, and so on. Added together, the numbers in the circles total 5,631. 12LE MANAGER, ORCHARD AND FARM ?AT/R\Src Copyright, 1914. W 2 8 98 2 <7 67 0 99 2 33 k 3 99 2 27 IS 94 36 E3B ID 93 6 6t n »J 3 ® @ ® 76 f>a I 73 87 37 59 3 8 6 96 47 119 18 31 ID 3 QS 5 38 3 95 9 86 97 D T 57 3 32 QEa 97 1 d s ® @ © a ® 18 42 70 S 2 70 0 43 37 @ ® ^1 ® ■27 & 87 72 ® ® ® 29 39 g 6C 98 3 79 © 07 ESQ 68 ® 2 @ 82 5 H\ 97 0 53 5 S3 3!) 2 97 gl 95 81 BQ ® 3 ® 47 38 98 39 © fi S 2 9S 13 Gl 59 79 37 2 mm 13 19 CI 70 25 13 IS a7 49 m 10 ® s B S S 2 IS 22 48 •yj S7 3 38 [Tl IE lES 1§ s m 1 B i 3 1 y 1 g a B 1 a g 1 & f Q B i Q DO Notc^ — In this i]histratii>n chart llie t'onrth change should have been only Ilv'» circles inste:ui (if six. The purpose of the adjoining chart is to furnish an example how to form the chain of circles. Any combi- nation under the above conditions is permissi- ble. The problem is to secure the greatest number in the CJrand Total of figures within the circles. CAL. so ORCHARD AND FARM The Outlook for Coast Live Stock -By W. M. Carruthers As 1914 passes out and 1915 comes in, the livestock men of the State are prone to inquire what is in store for us in California during the new year, the Panama-Pacific year. We expect to feast our eyes on one of the great- est exhibits of pure bred livestock that has ever been seen west of the Rocky Mountains. Many of our stockmen who live in California and have never been out of the State will be wonderfully sur- prised when they look upon this stock. We will see the fruits of generations of our best stockmen along all the different respective breeds and the wonderful development which has been made in this country in the last fifty years. We will see the Short- horn cow which was picked up in skeleton form, devised by the great Amos Cruickshank and brought for- ward with its great thickness and covering of flesh. We will see where America has developed the Hereford until to-day he is much superior than in the home of his nativity. The Aber- deen-Angus and the Galloway have made wonderful strides in the last twenty years until they are now prac- tically a finished product. The dairying industry, which science has put on such a high plane, will be demonstrated to our people here by many of the great dairy cows of the Middle West and Far East. Hogs and sheep of the best specimens will also be seen here, as well as the marvelous draft horse which it has taken ages to develop. All these will be .American or Canadian bred stuff, as the warring nations in Europe will not send us any of their at this time. Effect on Pacific Slope. What effect should this great arrav of pure bred livestock have on this Pacific slope? Let it be a stimulant to us here and encourage new men to start in the livestock business. Let it be an inspiration for men to start in the business who usually have looked other ways to make their fortunes and special life's work. Educational publicity and financial assurance are surely the two greatest necessities for placing the livestock industry on a proper basis. It is clear that a vast educational work is necessary before the live- stock industry can be placed in a position to meet the emergencies raised by the European war. This educational campaign deserves the best thought, most earnest attention, and trongest endeavors of all public spirited business men. The first step is financing and an assurance of the necessary capital to enable farmers to turn from the less important agricultural schemes to the production of beef animals and liv-e- stock generally. There will be the work of the producer, and he can only gain best results by using the me- dium sized beef herds on the thous- ands of farms throughout our great valleys, and in fact all over the Fa- cific Cosst. Are we aware that this nation has ceased to be an exporting nation? It is authentically reported that as an agricultural people last year we were obliged to import thousands of tons of meat from countries able to meet out deficiencies. If our business men will study this situation they will find a splendid opportunity to improve the economic conditions on the Pacific Coast. The world of commerce has been crying out against our wasted opportunities. The great war has brought our industry possibilities into plainer view, and the whole civilized world is ap-^ealing to us for a larger production of the great staples of life. Plans for Progress. In a recent interview with one of our leading range men, the writer was informed that new and more practical methods were being devised amongst our larger stockmen to meet the fall- ing off of the production of meat which is confronting our State. Should this method be worked out, and there is no reason why it should not, there will be three distinct ways in which the beef industry of the Pa- cific Coast can be improved. In California many of the ranges in the higher altitudes are not properly equipped for the producing of the ma- ture animal for the block. These ranges should be handled more as breeding grounds and the young stock disposed of when the yare one year or eighteen months old. There' are other ranges in the State which can handle this class of stock to a much better advantage than to breed them. This second class of range could be used as a feeding ground and handled for this purpose altogether. The lower, or alfalfa and meadow grounds, could be used for, strictly speaking, intensified beef production. The every day farmer could then keep twenty or thirty good cows of any of the beef breeds which have had their milking qualities developed, produc- ing a calf each year, raise it on skim milk, sell the butter from the cow, and have a steer at from twenty to ] twenty-four months old, weighing 1,200 lbs., which will bring the top of the market. This plan is the way our older countries are getting their usual beef supply. As we grow older we will have to follow their method, as there has been no other ever in- vented that can fill the gap. A year or so ago we heard the great cry to stop sacrificing the calves. This has passed, conditions having regulated it. It was always (Continued on Page 29) PlanetJr.c'iiJi^^r For the fruit-grower who wants maximum profits this No. 41 Pleuiet Jr Orchard and Univerial Cultivator is an absolute necessity in the orchard, vineyard, or hopyard. Its strong, durable construction and last ing service make it the most economical orchard cultivator you can buy This No. 41 has strong, light frame, low wheels, and tongue, all of steel. Is equipped ^^^^with fruit-tree shield and side-hitch for low trees. It carriestccth. sweeps, furrowers, plows, and spe- cial weeder attachments. Works deep or shallow, and cuts from 4 to 6'A feet wide. Convertible into disc- barrow and alfalfa cultivator. Can be 6tted with fore- J. E. NUh. Rialto, Cal.. writes : "Have used your Planet Jr Orchard Cultivator for 1 5 years. Remarkable what a machine it is. To my mind it has no equaL'* carriage; also spring-trip standards, and irrigation steels. New 72-page CaUlog(168 ilIustrations)free! Describes over 55 tools, including Seeders, Wheel Hoes. Horse Hoes, Harrows, Or chard- and Beet-Cultivators. Write postal for it today. S L ALLEN & CO Boxll06D Phila Pa Established orer 40 yc-ars. "Wc carry stock In f>an Fnndsco aod Los Anirclcs. Azcndes In principal P^cil'ic Coast cities -Farm Account Book Know How Much You Make This Year No one shall pay a cent for Bickmor*'* Farm Aeeouni Book, Mr. Parmer, simply send ua your Dame and address. Business (armine puts money In the bank. This book Is arranged to keep all accounts In simple form — more simple, and certainly more practical than trying to remember them; shows what to charge against crop preductlon; has a laborer's time record; and section for personal accounts, ^4 paaes; tor Imk •r »*mIU Not a cheap affair. Its quality Is in keeping with BICKMORE'S GALL CURE Asoothing. healing salve, the old*time reliable horse remedy. Horses are now too valuable and too high priced to take chances of losing their services. Get full value out of yuurs. Blckmorc's Gall Cure heals and cures Earneis and Saddle Galli, Rope Bam, Cvta, Scratches. Grtaae Heel, etc. Keeps them sound and in condition for work. Vou don't have to lay the horse off. Blekaort't Oall Cart cores while the horse works. Great thing for sore teats in cows. Look out lor substitutes and cheap Imitations. Be sure to ask for Blckmore's Gall Cure at the store. Tt9 work- horse trade mark on every box. Farm Account Book is ready. Send today. BICKMORE CALL CURE CO. Boi 71. OU T«wn, Main* Our New Year's Announcement A Mogul Orchard Tractor for $675 We announce for 1915 an all-purpose orchard tractor, with 8-H. P. at the drawbar and 16 on the belt An Easily Handled, Short Turning, All-Purpose Tractor This new Mogul 8-16 tractor will do the work of eieht horses in the orchard. Being a four-wheeled, all-purpose tractor, you can use it every day. It will do plowing and seeding as well as orchard cultivating. It will draw manure spreaders, mowers or binders. You can t ake it into a hay tield to draw a wagon and hay-loader. Any farmer can buy this new Mogul 8-16 tractor for $675.00, cash, f. o. b. Chicago. The man who can use one of these Mogul tractors pays, at this price, the least for which a good, reli- able, all-purpose 8-16 tractor can be sold. If you want to use a Mogul 8- Hi tractor for spring work, your order should be placed now with the 1 1 1 C dealer. Write us for full information. International Haui^ester Compzmy of America San Francisco, Cal. (Incorporated) Spokane, Wash. Denver, Colo. Chicago USA ^'^'^ Lake City, Utah Portland, Ore. Helena, Mont. ORCHARD AND FARM 21 AMERICA'S LEADING HORSE IMPORTERS WAYNE, ILL PercKeron Horses Oakland, cal All of our exhibit at the recent California State Fair, which included EVERY FIRST PRIZE WINNER in EVERY OPEN CLASS, and EVERY CHAMPIONSHIP, have already been sold. TWO CARLOADS OF PERCHERONS were just received at our stables in Oakland from the farm in Illinois, which we had been conditioning for the great International Livestock Ex- position, Chicago. We have more Imported PERCHERON stallions on hand at our Oakland stables than can be found in all other stables of importers on the Pacific Coast combined. WE IMPORT MORE, SELL MORE than any other firm in America. Cut above, from left to right, shows MAKO, rising three years old; MERCURE, rising three years old; LAZZI, rising four years old, and J USQUE, five years old, all weighing over a ton each. The business of DUNHAMS was established in I 866. WILLIAM McLaughlin was in the importing business with McLaughlin Bros, from 1893 to 1908. Between them, DUNHAM and McLAUGHLIN, have imported more PRIZE WINNING PERCHERONS from France, and have sold more stallions to head pure-bred studs in Amer- ica, than all the other firms in North America combined. During the past twenty years we have sold more than 3 1 2 imported stallions in California, and we do not know of a dissatisfied customer. THE UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS OF OUR BUSINESS IS DUE TO THE SUPERIOR QUALITY OF OUR STOCK; CAREFUL, CONSERVA- TIVE MANAGEMENT, AND THE PERFECT FULFILLMENT OF OUR OBLIGATIONS. The way to pet to our extensiTe stables in the Emeryville Race Track: The Main Entrance at the Hollis Street Gate can be found one block from the Hollis Street Station on the Key Route. Hollis Street Station is the first stop on the Oakland side from San Francisco. Hollis Street Entrance is also one block from the end of the Oakland Hollis Street street car line and two blocks from the Southern Pacific EmeryTille Station (trolley) from the Southern Pacific Mole. DUNHAM -Mclaughlin company Western Stables, Emeryville Race Track, Oakland, Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM Ice Cream and the Dairy Industry By T. H. Collin The frozen pudding industry is in its infancy throughout the United States, although its total product for 1913 was $200,000,000, using annually 637,000,000 pounds of dairy products, and is, therefore, of the highest eco- nomic importance to the farmer as well as to the manufacturer. Dairy products rose in value 109.9 per cent between the last two census takings and still continue in the as- cendant. Since 1900 statistic compilers have probed to the dullest depths for the wherefore of the 20.4 per cent increase of dairy cattle in the United States from 1900 to 1910, and, metaphorically, torn their hair in an effort to deduce why it was, that notwithstanding this fairly normal increase of stock, the dairy products, in general, have far more than doubled in value. If they had stopped to consider the ubiquit- ous small boy and his sister, they would have found that 2,000,000 of Young America were nibbling ice cream cones. Influence on Values. The ice cream industry has exerted its influence upon the value of dairy products in four ways, viz: 1. It has equalized the dairy prod- ucts during the season of the year when the absorption of the milk sur- plus would otherwise be at a stand- still. In other words, it has steadied the milk market clear around the cycle, stabilizing values and putting them on a substantial economic basis; 2. By affording a new market for great quantities of milk and cream, it has raised the value for the remainder products; 3. The industry is an enormous user of condensed milk; and, 4. Because milk and cream used must be absolutely sweet and, there- fore, of high grade, there is a higher standard of quality created for the entire dairy industry. Makes Uniform Demand. One does not have to look very far back, when during late spring and early summer, a great surplus of milk existed. The dairy market could not £are for the surplus, so there was al- ways a slump in prices, from which ■there was a slow recovery. The ice cream and cold storage industries m»6t divide honors as the co-elimin- ators of this condition because the country no longer considers a milk surplus. The great bulk of ice cream is com- mercially made from milk and cream and whole milk condensed. Figuring in terms of these commodities, the ice cream industry used last year 30,000,- 000 gallons or 2.50,000,000 pounds of cream; 255,000,000 pounds of whole milk and 15.000.000 gallons or 132,- 000,000 pounds of condensed milk. Figuring on a basis of whole milk, the cream represents 150,000,000 gal- lons of raw milk, the condensed milk represents 4,t, 000,000 gallons and these added to the 30,000,0000 of whole milk used to mix with the cream and con- densed milk makes a t.otal of 225,000,- 000 gallons. Taking 14 cents as the average price paid per gallon, the ice cream manu- facturers paid the producers of milk $31,500,000 for the raw materials dur- ing the year 1913, and, besides this sum, paid several million dollars to the condensaries and middle men and creameries for the assembling and pre- liminary treatment of the raw mate- rials. There is an organization called the National Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, which holds an annual convention at Chicago, at the time of the Dairy Show. The papers read at the convention show the full apprecia- tion by them of the inroads they have made upon the available supply of dairy products and addresses were made which demonstrg,te a willing- ness to co-operate with the dairymen in increasing quantity and bettering the quality of milk and cream. Interior of Factory. What do you see when you visit a large ice cream factory? First of all, the mixing rooms. Here there are large cylindrical vats called mixers, insulated with cork and cooled by cal- cium chloride brine which circulates through coils around the outside, thus keeping the ice cream cool until the mixers are empty. Heavy dashers driven around by motors accomplish the mixing. The largest of these vats will mix several hundred gallons of ice cream mixture an hour and a large ice cream plant will have three or four of these mixers in its mixing room. After the mix is ready, it is frozen, not by ice, but entirely by calcium chloride brine cooled down to almost zero temperature. The ice cream freez- ers are big fellows, holding forty quarts each and a battery of them looks like the armament of a fortress. Each freezer is a cylinder surrounded by two jackets. Between the jackets is cork insulation and a space through which the brine coils pass. The ice cream rtlix goes through sanitary pip- ing into hoppers on top of the freez- ers, a valve is turned and the freezers are filled, rapidly revolving dashers with knife-like edges beat the mixture thoroughly and prevent it from freez- ing to the sides. It requires six to eight minutes to freeze forty quarts and one of the large freezers will freeze 10,000 gal- lons of ice cream in a ten-hour work- ing day. Ice cream is not frozen hard in the freezers, but what you might call semi-hard; a valve is opened at the bottom of the freezer and the ice cream flows out into cans of one, two, three or five gallons capacity and is then "bulk ice cream." Should it be run into long flat forms holding eight quarts, it is destined to become ice cream "bricks" and in this type where the layers are each of a different fla- vor, it is frozen one layer at a time. Hardening Process. When a can is filled with ice cream, a parchment paper is placed over the top and over this is placed an iron lid. A man picks up the filled can and thrusts it through a small revolving door in the side of the wall back of him. This door leads into the "hard- ening" room and is used to prevent loss of refrigeration. The hardening rooms are large rooms with cork in- sulation as thick as a battleship's ar- mor. Air circulates through them of zero temperature under forced draft. This cold air for hardening the ice cream is produced in bunker rooms located above the hardening rooms and containing a large number of re- frigeration coils — some contain five to eight miles of piping in a single room. In these pipes ammonia circu- lates and expands, producing a temperature of ten to fifteen degrees below zero. An immense blast fan draws the cold air through the coils and forces it through chutes into the hardening room. Local shipment of ice cream made to city retail dealers is carried out in large wagons or auto trucks packed with ice and salt and on arriving at the retail store is placed in an insulated cabinet and again packed with ice and salt to keep it hard until used. To out-of-town customers it is shipped in tubs or packers. The present per capita consumption in the United States is one and one- half gallons per annum. So healthful is it as a diet, and so palatable to all, that this consumption is but a modi- cum of what it will be. Cocoanut Oil Cake Meal CPofO Purest Form WW^^ Be Sure the Copro Brand Is Stamped on Every Sack Copro contains 16.4% Protein, practically all digestible, consequently the percentage of waste in assimilation is small. Because of this fact it is the most economical food to buy for Dairy Cows, Hogs and Poultry. Place your order now. PRICES 20 Ton* lO Tons 5 Tona Less Quantity Per Ton 923 $23 $23.50 $24 f .o.b. Southern Pacific cars in 20-ton lots. Cartage In lest than ear tots: 1 Ton or more. 75c per Ion; Half to 1 ton 7Sc; Half Ion 5<)c: 1 or 2 jacks 2Sc. Terms: Net cash, immediate payment. Prices subject to change without notice. When Ordering Jtddress Dept. C-1 Free Sample PACIFIC OIL ^ LEAD WORKS Sent on JH anufacturers Request 155 Townsend Street, San Francisco, Cal. For Sale Shropshire, Rambouillet and Cotswold-Rambouillet Rams. 1,200 Head These rams are splendid types of their respective breeds. Their sires are imported rams from the best flocks in England, Canada and United States. They are priced right in any quan- tity to suit purchasers. For particulars address D. C. Wheeler, Inc., Reno, Nevada OVER-FEEDING SOWS. It seems almost natural for the pur- chaser of his first pure bred sow, in his desire to give her extra care, to over-feed, her to keep her away from the other hogs, put her in a close pen, where she is petted and fed at regular meal times, and lunch between in some instances, in their anxiety to do the very best for her possible. This method of treatment is .lure to ruin the sow, both in the feeding and in the close confinement, preventing her from taking the necessary exer- cise, so needful to the proper strength- ening and building up on a soliJ foundation and to harden her in de- veloping her, giving her a good con- stitution, broadening her and strength- ening her with the exercise, which is also imparted to her coming litter. The parlor sow, with her pettings and care, is nearly always a failure, and the party is wondering why it is. It is the wrong method throughout. It is unnatural and almost certain to re- sult in failure of the sow. Feeding when properly done, com- bined with exercise, is the proper idea. Feeding of the right character is es- sential; it needs to be regular, at uni- form times, with plenty of water and lots of exercise, is the power that is depended upon to develop and im- prove the breed. The feeder is an im- portant man in the destiny of the hog and should understand the business and act according to reason and the experience that is taught from those who have made a success of it. — W. M. CAR RUTH ERS. QUALITY BERKSHIRES OUR BERKSHIRES ARB NOW BETTER THAN EVER. They arc bred right, fed right and priced right. We have all the promi- nent blood lines, and always have (our to six herd boars in use. Try us the next time you want Berkshires. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm \VOOni,A>"n, C AI.IFOR!"!!.*. jr^PUMP Sa] YOUR WATER PrORNOTHIIKi WHY PAY FOR GASOLINE WHEN WIND IS FREEI Gat a eig, Pow«r1vl. Llahl- Running. Ooubl«-G««r«d SAMSON WIND MILL admitt«d by all parfaction in W)nd Mill Conanir- LFJL^AVn prlce.l. tmh. nllnble: prWcrmI by Western stockmi-ii. because thay m pratect wtiara other vualnaa fall. ■ M . W » Wrll.- for iHK.kli t iiml trstlmnnlal-. ■ ■ « , lO-dote pkge. Blacklcf Pllli $1 no ■i^J^^^^ft 50-doM pkic. Blackleg Pilli 4.00 Cutter'i Blacklcf Pill Injector I. SO DIteounts: 2.10 di-srs, lii p. ci . .'.mi Unsps. ^'n [, cl I'Sa any injector, but Cuttt-r's slmi,it>st and stniri,(«.9t. Kvery paekaKO dat^l. unuswl pills csrhinccablo fur "nah after dat« on packas*'. Do not uw old vaccine (nun or any other), as it affortbi less |trv>lfcllon than fresh, Intllt on Guitar's. II unnl'talnable. nrdrr Olm-L Send cheek or \L O.. we pay eharfes and sblp promptly. THE CUTTER LABORATOAY, Bsrkalay. Callltrsl^ ORCHARD AND FARM 23 Feeding the Ewe After Lambing By W. M. Carruthers The month of December will bring many new-born lambs into California, and as it is at the time of he year which we term the California winter, it might be well to keep in mind a few of the best ways to handle the ewe which is producing the early mar- ket lamb. If the ewe has been well nourished during her pregnancy she comes in with her lamb strong and has a well filled udder. At once when the lamb is born she must be turned away from the flock, and if the shepherd will give her the trifle of care that she really needs then, he will keep her by herself or in a pen with other ewes in her condition for a few days. Dur- ing this time she should be somewhat sparingly fed with grain, or it may even be best to give her none at all, depending upon her condition. It is unwise to early force her to a milk flow in excess of what the lamb can consume. In a few days, however, she will need good food in generous amounts, for the lamb will draw heav- ily upon her system for nourishment. She cannot keep up her milk flow by eating alone if she is a large milker, but will decline somewhat in condi- tion, even when well fed, showing that her flesh also turns to milk. Bear always in mind two facts. Sheep are ruminating animals, accus- tomed by nature to eating bulky foods of moderate nutritive properties, and not accustomed to eating grain. Next, sheep have delicate digestions, easily disturbed by improper feeding, exces- sive feeding or sudden changes in the amount of feed given. Therefore make no sudden changes, and least of all make at once a large addition of grain to her daily ration. In England ewes seldom taste grain at all, but eat instead grass, hay and roots, mainly swede turnips. Here, where roots are not so easily grown and fed (excepting in Canada and northern America), more reliance is put upon grain, and with care in feeding it may take the place very well. A sensible treatment of the ewe that lambs in winter is to keep her mostly on clover or alfalfa hay until after her lamb comes. There will be no need to limit the amount of hay that she consumes after lambing and then when her lamb takes all her milk and wishes more, begin feeding her a little wheat bran. For a week bran will suflnce, gradually increasing the amount fed, then there may be added to it a little chopped corn or barley and a little later some oil-meal. A pound a day of this mixture will keep her in good milk flow and it must be gradually led up to for about ten days. About the right proportions of this mixture are 100 pounds of wheat bran, 100 pounds of chopped corn and 20 pounds of oil-meal. This with clover or alfalfa hay will push her to a very heavy milk flow. If she is a large ewe she may consume more than a pound to advantage, as much as two pounds being consumed by some large Dorset ewes. If this feed is so gradually intro- duced to the ewe that her digestion is not disturbed nor her milk flow stim- ulated too much at first, there is small danger of overfeeding her, suoposing that the lamb is to be pushed for early market. Her unselfish nature turns the feed quickly into milk and little of it goes to nourish her own body. It is much easier, however, to keen her in large milk flow if we provide succulent food at this time. Corn silage is easily provided and is as good for the ewe as for the cow. It should be made from well matured . corn so as to develop its sugar and prevent an excess of acid from form- ing. Some complaint has been made of the effect of corn silage upon sheep, but usually the trouble has been that the feeders have tried to make it the main part of the ration. It should always be fed in connection with good sound, dry hay and some grain. As corn silage from well matured corn has in it a good deal of grain when it is fed, the rest of the ration should be of wheat bran, oil-meal and clover or alfalfa hay. The use of roots is productive of great food to the ewe flock. They are succulent and start a natural milk flow, whereas grain naturally goes more to producing flesh and fat. There is no danger of the ewes con- suming too many roots. They push her easily and naturally to a strong flow of milk that has very healthy properties. Ewes highly fed on grain often give milk that is injurious to their lambs. Of this there is no dan- ger when roots are substituted in large part for the grain. The shepherd who can readily grow roots has a distinct advantage over the one who relies upon dry hay and grain for wintering his ewe flock. Most of the best developed sheep, the ones seen at our fall shows, come from root-growing regions. Swede turnips form the bulk of the roots grown for sheep. They should be sown on productive soil, well pre- pared. The time of sowing varies with climates, but usually early in July the seed should go into the ground. It is well to have the land ridged nicely and to sow the seed on the top of the ridge, which makes much easier hoeing and thinning or "singling." In dry climates, of course, ridging must be attempted with caution not to get them too sharp and tall. Mangels are more productive than swedes, but are not so rich and are unsafe to feed to rams. Carrots are more trouble to grow than either, but are the best when grown. Many distressing troubles come from sudden increase in the grain ra- tion of the ewe after lambing. It is a very inducing cause of garget, or it may stop the milk flow altogether, or it may cause founder, stiffness of .'oints and great lameness. "Casey," said Pat, "how do yez tell th' age of a tu-u-rkey?" "Oi can always tell by the teeth," said Casey. "By the teeth!" exclaimed Pat. "But a tu-u-rkey has no teeth." "No," admitted Casey, "but Oi have." Farmer: been used farm?" The New Hand: "So I have. Farmer: "What! and you milk a cow?" New Hand: "Course I can't; all I done was to pump." 'I thought you said you'd to working on a dairy can't No other farm animal requires such kin.Ii7ess as the dairy cow. Handling the heifer roughly is an excellent way to make an unruly, nervous cow. juicy tickling tobacco satisfac- tion and joy just sink your teeth into a plug of "PIPER" and bite off a good generous chew. Keep some in your southwest pocket; it will always raise you a good crop of tobacco-happiness. PIPER Heidsieck Chewing Tobacco — Champagne Flavor The greatest distinction about "PIPER" to a man who likes a smacking good relish to his chew is the famous "Champagne Flavor. " The Piper taste mingles on his tongue with the natural, mellow sweetness of the ripest, richest, carefully selected tobacco leaf. **PIPER" is the highest FREE gh( type of chewing tobacco in the world — wholesome, healthful and satisfying. Send lOc and your to- bacco dealer's name, and we'll send a fuU- size 10c cut of "PIPER" and a handsome leather pouch FREE, any- where in U. S. Also a folder about "PIPER." The tobac- co, pouch and mailing will cost us 20c, which we will gladly spend — because a trial will make you a steady user of "PIPER." Sold by dealers every- where, in all size cuts from 5c up — also in handy 10c tin boxes. THE AMERICAN TOBACCO CO. Ill 5th Avc^N- Y. Room j'g'j^ HOWARD CATTLE COMPANY Breeders and Importers of SHORT-HORN CATTLE 55 New Montgomery Street San Francisco CAN HELP IN MEAT PRODUCTION Exports of meat to Europe on account of the war are enormous. American meat supply has been short before, it will be shorter than ever now and prices will be higher. Heavy rains mean a surplus of feed, so get all the good live stock possible. Now that the foot and mouth disease is controlled and eradicated I will make a trip East soon and will import to order the best bulls, bucks, boars and other fine breeding stock, male and female. Correspondence invited. WM r* n rri if li^^rc ^^1 Hearst Building . iVl. V^arrilLnerS San Francisco, Cal. 24 ORCHARD AND FARM The Dairy Products of California For the lirst time in several years the figures for the dairy production of California as given in the annual re- port of the State Dairy Bureau showr very little relative change in the standing of the various counties. Some years ago Stanislaus county first started to rival Humboldt, then to ex- ceed it in amount of dairy products; next, Imperial county seemed likely to rival Stanislaus as the leader, while other counties also made big gains. The production for the year ending September 30, 1914, is greater than that of the previous year by nearly four million pounds; Stanislaus coun- ty continues to make a big gain, some others moderate gains, but a com- parison with previous years suggests that future dairy development will be uniform and steady, rather than more rapidly by far in some districts than others. A statement of the butter production of the different counties for the last two years, also of cheese for the last year, as given in the re- port of the Dairy Bureau, F. W. An- dreasen, secretary, will show condi- tions in detail. Butter, County. 1913. Alameda 300.330 Alpine 30,000 Amador 142,208 Butte 769.740 OalaveiM 161,666 Oolusa 443,069 Contra CosU . . . 502,163 Del Norte 746,637 El Dorado 145.786 Butter, Cheese, 1914. 1914. 316,912 25.000 140,000 10,272 024.616 93,000 155,000 473,938 25.944 545,095 664,186 125,660 Fresno 3.878.289 3.282,372 169,546 Glenn 580,365 770,202 Humboldt 5.168.990 5.251.887 386,000 Imperial 5,398,228 5.710,287 185.600 Inyo 217,595 171.241 Kern 566.965 986.457 38.275 K'ngs 2.313.963 3,164.620 54,750 Lake 54,420 114,124 I^»»en 208,000 202,200 115.519 Los Angeles 311,437 534,180 55.050 Madera 156.606 162,636 Mann 2,119,071 2,046.325 658,630 Mendocino 462,061 447,049 Mereed 3,910.815 3,876,875 190,020 Modoc 30.000 25.000 70,394 Mono 10.800 10.000 8,000 Monterey 589.467 660.715 728,111 Napa 624,273 605,1,'>1 28,000 ?;"«da 63,554 162.920 Orange 75.000 75.000 Pl»«r 93.554 105,000 Plunaaa 243.965 295,598 Riverside 1.104.770 141,720 Sacramento 1.936.560 1.649,1,53 642.330 San Bemto 249.000 275.857 269,577 San Bernardino. . 95.866 105,000 .... San Diego 411.888 570.929 San Francisco 6,600 15,750 San Joaquin 1.215.644 1,292.474 lOS 747 San Luis Obispo.. 1.846,828 1.909.176 246'090 San Mateo 207.S29 211.000 204.175 .Santa Barbara .. . 269.262 331,248 10,000 Santa Clai-a 375.91* 299,750 768.101 SjnUCruz 23.3.1.36 183.902 218 292 |P»rta 90,804 91.620 45.407 f>«na 140,000 145.000 ...... Siskiyou 566.309 798.975 26 89 4 Sonoma 2,478.008 2.449.695 206 7.36 go'ano 1.102,756 1.464,4.';« Stanislaus 7,541.900 8,1S4..390 71 500 S?}^r 842.417 SSI, 80.1 ,368 860 Tehema 321,165 .''104 !>T,-. 2799' Tn'are 3.971.217 4..3«2,2!)0 .54 100 Ventura 62.887 .56 937 Jolp 1,034,902 l,0fi1>0S Ynba 118,310 198,.309 lisiooo 55.542.709 .59.286.400 6,016.815 In spite of somewhat increased pro- duction the value of dairy products in 1914 was said in the report to be a shade under the value in 1913, owing to lower prices. Secretary Andreasen states that dairy methods are improving rapidly, also the quality of dairy cattle, the cow testing associations in operation being especially valuable in encour- aging progress. The Ferndale Asso- ciation has 3,800 cows under test. Eight others are in successful opera- tion in different places and still others will be started soon. The work of the State Dairy Bureau is going along in excellent fashion. There are 11 inspectors at work besides the chemist of the Bureau, Chester F. Hoyt. .A-lthough it is the policy of the Bureau to improve dairy methods by assist- ing dairymen rather than punish- ing them, as much as possible, ar- rests have often to be made. In the two years covered by the report .514 ■cases were taken to court, practically all being decided in favor of the Dairy Bureau. The report contains much informa- tion of value to dairymen, including designs of dairy barns. It can be se- cured by request to F. W. Andreasen, Secretary State Dairy Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. HOW TO MANAGE BROOD SOWS. When sows are separated from their pigs about the last of June they should be placed in a good alfalfa pasture where they have an abundance of pure water and shade. They should be fed sufficient soaked barley night and morning to keep them gaining nicely until the breeding season opens, about October. It should be the purpose of the breeder to have them at that time in nice, smooth flesh, gaining right along, and not excessively fat. This should be continued until the pastures fail and the winter season comes. From this until farrowing time they should be fed warm slop at noon, con- sisting of two bushels of alfalfa and molasses meal, three pecks of shorts and four quarts of tankage to a bar- rel of slop. This should be fed luke warm and makes a feed for 20 sows. Continue the barley ration night and morning, feeding it if possible at a point a quarter of a mile from the pens. This insures an abundance of exercise, as the sows will make quite a few extra steps each day. The amount of barley fed depends on the weather and the condition of the sows, the object being to have them in good strong flesh at farrow- ing time. It is well to build largely on the slop ration at noon. It not only furn- ishes the necessary protein to balance the barley fed, but enables the sow to mature a good strong litter. It also supplies an abundance of water, which is absolutely necessary to keep the bowels in proper condition during the winter. To obtain best results the alfalfa meal should be free from stems and ground very fine. It will then incorpo- rate readily with the slop and not come to the top and require constant stirring, as where a coarser product is used. If this feeding plan is carried out successfully, litters will be strong- er and the sows will always have milk enough to take care of them. — W. M. CARRUTHERS. FEATURES OF U. S. DEPART- MENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT. The annual report of Secretary D. F. Houston of the U. S. Department of Agriculture issued during Decem- ber contains matters of great signifi- cance to the American farmer. One of the_ most noteworthy features is "the rise of minor crops to larger proportions," in other words, the di- versification of crops, which is one of the most hopeful signs possible. The rise of the dairy industry to 1,- 500,000,000 pounds of butter a year, 500,000,000 pounds of condensed milk, and 300,000,000 pounds of cheese, all with a value of about $600,000,000, is particularly promising. Orchard fruits exceed in value $140,000,000 and vege- tables $400,000,000, hay and forage more than $800,000,000, The poultry output is valued at half of that of the cotton crop. The crops for the past year were with few, and mostly minor, exceptions among the largest ever produced. The meat supply still remains the hard problem to solve, as in spite of all efforts it continues to decrease or to barely hold its own, although the demand continually increases. The condition calls for an increased meat production from the farm instead of merely from the range. There is room for progress, which is rapidly being made, in the national forests, which are supporting more animals better than they formerly supported fewer STEY BRAE STOCK FARM KUKKST UltOVt. Lai u BERKSHIRE: HOGS My IndiTidual herd of Berkahires &re I'Mder) by Bandmaster 2d. Junior 4'haiupion — Iowa and Minnesota Stat« Kairs. 1914. Tlie females were flrat prize win- ners at WL^cxmsin. Iowa and Minne- sota StAte Faii-s. They compriae the blood of Black RobiD Hood. Mditer- piece, Berrj'ton Duke and Rivaln, Champion's Best (Grand Charopinn of America 2 years ago). Three of my «oW3 are daughters of the Ajnerica'B Grand Champion last year. Pncen rery reasonable wlicn quality ii c^^usidered. For particui.*!9 and pri-'c*. addrw^ W. M. Carrutheni, 721 Hearnt HldK., S. F., or E. B. MoFar- laiid, San Mateo, California. BERKSHIRE HOGS FOR SALE 10 Sows and 6 Boars Ages Syi to 13 Months. In Good Condition and True to Type. Prices Reasonable For Particulars Address HOPLAND STOCK FARM, Hopland, Cal. Farmers Orchardists are making jVlonCy California No land like its valleys for successful farm- ing and fruit growing. A cultivated acre will produce more revenue than any elsewhere. No place like it for outdoor and country home life the year around. The Pajaro, Santa Clara, Salinas, Sacra- mento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys, and 400 miles of Coast country, traversed by Southern Pacific lines, offer fertile lands to thousands. Markets for every product of Farm, Orch- ard and Dairy. Opportunities for Homeseekers and Settlers worthy the most careful investigation. For particulars address Chas. S. Fee, Passenger Traffic Mgr., Flood Bldg., San Francisco SOUTHERN PACIFIC and improving by so doing. There is also much room for progress in in- creasing production in settled farm areas, particularly in the South; in the control and eradication of diseases and pests, like cholera, tuberculosis and the cattle tick; and in the produc- tion of more poultry and swine. The Department of Agriculture has found that co-operative marketing is much more extensive and successful in the United States than was sup- posed and a record of over 8,500 mar- keting associations has been made. The Department has found opportu- nity for much feasable improvement in marketing methods. /% n Reasons Wh» You Shoui.i y II Investigate tho SANDOW faU Kerosene siai'onir, ENGINE II niBi oa k«r«»tM (mcI •li>« fitnltaa, dUtnUU aad Bleok*! wlthoal ckaaf* la •qnlpM*at — ■t«rU wKksal ■nakisf^ rou Ib •l(h*r dlr*«lioD— tkrolll* f«T- •rB*4 — kepp^r and Uah-*— Ud ipwd •oDtroll»d wkll* roaatmv— ■• fi ■■ valrM— fMra — a* tprMkata — raly lbr*«MeTtB( parte— llKkl w*ltki— Mlly portabl*—tr«atMw«r— Maria tailf al tmif 6«l«w »m^-mmftalmtmij to ~~ ruB~«Uldr«s epama tktm^Um tMtory priMt tea«d «B MOTwai aot pat-lO dky ntM. 81ia«,ll-SUl«kotwpe»«r. •D d • pMul today 9m Im «».«i«f «ktafc t*:ii b«« 8tit4«v will U wafalUjMi. n»r-i««»MM. fmkwt mto* aad DtlJUtMB*! aoaWlHlMMliy llMllM dirwl «ltk fkrt«fy. (tOI) ORCHARD AND FARM 25 How LRaised My Prize-Winning Hog -By David Snyder, Esparto High School- Thls Is the story of the ralHlng ot the prize pig of the Esparto A^Icultural Cluh. Members of the elub each raised a pig and were required to tell how they illd it. David Snyder won the prize In his club and here is his story. Chang- ing up Initial cost of the pig, cost of labor and feed, the net profit was V38.70, the animal naturally being bought and sold on a pure bred basis. These Agricultural Club contests for the boys and girls are wonderful things to teach good agricultural methods and to develop line qualities as well. This will be one of the most valuable articles in this "Orchard and Farm." In later Issues stories of winners In other contests will be given. When hog raising was first pro- posed in our agriculture club at Es- parto High School I did not pay much attention to it. I had never taken much notice of hogs and how they were raised and therefore was not interested in hog raising. But -after thinking the matter over a lit- tle, I thought it would be rather an interesting experience, and also one that a person might profit by; so I entered into the contest. Mr. Niles P. Searls, our assistant county farm adviser, and two Other members of our club, went together to Mr. Armstrong of the Oak Grove Dairy Farm at Woodland and bar- ways ate with heartiness, and would look up at me in a way as much as to say, "It's fine, you had better have some," but I don't think it is a hog's manners to divide what belongs to him, and they seem to think every- thing belongs to them in the line of food. In regard to the food that I fed him; it was nearly the same from the beginning to the end, with the excep- tion of a slight increase in the last month, and also an addition of cracked corn once a day towards the last. At first he got a quart can two- thirds full of middlings and bran mixed with enough skim milk to make it into rather a mushy mass. With this I fed a double handful of rolled barley, dry, in a separate pan. At first I would mix the food just before feeding, but later I was told that it would be much better to let it soak for a while, so that it would swell and be wet through and through, before feeding. When I got the cracked corn, I fed it once a day, in place of the barley. When the figs became ripe, I would throw him a few figs. These, of course, he liked very much and every time he saw me, he wished for figs. I was told that they are very good to fatten a hog on, and I regretted that I did not have more for him. While the pig was in the transport- able pen, it was very easy to keep a Uavld Snyder and His Prize Berkshire Hog. gained for the pigs. I was sick at the time and could not go. This was on the 30th of May, but we did not re- ceive the pigs until the sixth of June. Mr. Searls brought all the pigs to my place, and left them. We boys drew straws to decide which one each boy would get. My draw gave me the choice of the males. Although I received my pig on the 6th of June I was not able, on ac- count of school duties, to start in earnest to rear him until the 14th of June. First of all I built him a movable pen, 16 feet square, which I placed in the alfalfa field. I made it transport- able, so that as soon as he had cleaned up one patch of clover, I could move the pen to another, there- by always having a clean and fresh lot of clover for him. I was told that it did not make a great deal of difference whether he was fed twice or three times a day, so long as he was fed the same amount in three feeds, as he would have been in two. I chose to feed him three times a day. I think it is better than to feed twice a day, giving the same amount of food because feeding three times in smaller amounts is more uni- form. I never gave him enough feed at a time to stuff him and at each feeding time, he was always on hand and ready to enjoy his meal. He al- clcan place for him, but when it be- came warm I had to move him into a pen 2ox45, under some trees in order to get shade. This pen could not be moved, and therefore I had to clean it out once a week. After cleaning I always sprinkled it with sheep dip, diluted with water. This acted as a disinfectant, and kept away the flies and it also always left the pen with a clean odor. I used sheep dip in other ways also. I always kept a small amount of it in his drinking water and I gave him a wash-off with sheep dip diluted with water once every week. This he learned to like very much. In fact, he was always ready for his bath. By laying a couple of sacks on the ground I could make him lie down on them while I gave him his bath. I used a scrub brush and the more I rubbed the better he liked it. When I first got him he was rather wild and did not like to be approached or handled, but he gradually became tamer and it was only a short time before he was a regular pet. By scratching him on the sides a little he would be a "dead hog," that is, he would fall down and go to sleep. This was the method I used in getting him on the sacks when giving him a bath. Unfortunately when I first got him I had no scales with which to weigh (ContlnucI on Page 28.) RUBY & BOWERS 242 Washington St. Portland, Oregon. Olive St., Davis, Cal. Breeders, Importers, Exporters Percheron Belgian, Shire, Clydesdale German Coach and Hackney Stallions and Mares We are also establishing a sales stable at Davis, Cal., where we can handle from one to one hundred head of horses. We charge 50 cents per day and will sell for the customer's price — no commission. Correspondence Invited. Ruby & Bowers Davis, California Portland, Oregon HALLWOOD SHORTHORNS Bulls for sale — any number from one head to a carload. Heifers' for sale, either open or bred, in lots to suit purchaser. I am in touch with breeders in this locality, and will attempt to fill any order that you may wish E.M.HALL, Carthage, Mo. ATTENTION! HOMESEEKERS AND INVESTORS INVESTIGATE The Opportunities for the Homeseeker and Business Man in the New Territory Along the WESTERN PACIFIC RAILWAY IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH 1,500,000 ACRES OF GOOD IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED LANDS AWAITING SETTLEMENT WRITE FOR A FREE COPY OP OUR "HOMESEEKERS" and "OPPORTUNITIES" LISTING AND EXPLICITLY DESCRIBING OPPORTUNITIES IN THIS NEW COUNTRY WESTERN PACIFIC RY. BODE K. SMITH ASST. GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT MILLS BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO 26 ORCHARD AND FARM California Aspects of the Breeds -Aberdeen Angus Cattle, by W. M. Carruthers. ■ Aberdeen-Angus cattle originated in Scotland and got their name from the county of Aberdeen. This article would be too long if the origin of the breed was written up in full. Sixty years ago in Scotland Aber- deen-Angus cattle were crowding the Shorthorns at the fat stock shows so that they attracted the buyers from England and Ireland. Although their merits were very evi- dent in Scotland, they were very un- welcome intruders into England, and for a while they only had an occa- sional nibble at the big things at the fat stock shows. The crowning vic- tory of this occurred in 1861, when exceeds any of the other big breeds. The preference for Aberdeen-Angus cattle in the feed lot seems to be gaining all the time. This article is not written to discourage any of the other beef breeds, but the doddies are always equal to a feed lot perform- ance possible with no other. They are not only "good-doers," but can be put on feed at any age with prof- itable results. Take an Aberdeen-An- gus calf at weaning lime and he may be converted into a choice yearling, or if market conditions necessitate it, he may be carried along another year with good results. These black cat- tle never get coarse or gobby, which Champion Herd of Polled Aaienm at a BIk Kastern Stock Show, Sir William Gordon Gumming of Al- tyre, with a pair of Aberdeen-Angus cattle, a little more than two and a hah years old, carried off both the male and female championships, the heifer at last being awarded the high- est honors and the steer standing re- serve to her, at England's greatest fat stock show. Up to thirty years ago Aberdeen- Angus cattle were hardly known in the United States, in fact there was no Aberdeen-Angus association. The inquiry from America for these cat- tle began after the Paris Exposition in 1888. About that time J. J. Hill, the great railroad magnate, tried to benclit the farmers oi the Northwest by spreading good Aberdeen-Angus bulls in that territory. Mr. Hill was an extensive importer and a success- ful exhibitor at many of our great fat stock shows. He sent several car- loads of these cattle to Montana and to the Dakotas to help build up the cattle industry of these States. Perhaps the greatest achievement that the Aberdeen-Angus cattle ac- complished was when T. W. Harvey of Chicago started the Turlington herd at Turlington, Neb. He was fortunate in enlisting the services of William Watson, son of the late Hugh Watson of Keillor, and if there was ever any one who would have gone through fire for the breed, it was "Uncle Willie," as he was af- fectionately called. His assuring "Yes, yes" still rings and vibrates in the minds and hearts of those who have grasped his hand and listened to his eloquence. William Watson lived in an early paradise when he was amongst the Turlington doddies. In 1887, known as Turlington's year, that king of doddie-men made a fight for the breed that has never been forgotten. Aided by "Uncle Willie" Watson, the doddies were brought forth in grand style, bearing the black standard aloft in the thickest of the fray and carrying terror into the ranks of the other contending breeds. This herd was known as the "Black Watch." It won the glorious victory by being made grand champion herd over all beef breeds. All the years along the line down to the present day since Turlington made her great winning have been banner "cars for Aberdeen-Angus cat- tle. Their record at tiie fat stock shows in the Middle West as single bullocks and in carload lots by far accounts for their popularity on the market. They are ideal in type, tem- perament, quality and gain-making capacity. The average market top prices es- tablished in the past by Aberdeen- Angus at international and other leading shows clearly and very forcibly demonstrate the degree in which the doddie leads all other breeds. The Aberdeen-Angus hold the record for top prices by a mar- gin of 81 cents per hundred-weight more than the Herefords and 66 cents per hundred-weight more than the Shorthorns, covering a period of four- teen years. This is an average of progress, and it can be truly said of the Aberdeen-.\n- gus breed that it is keeping pace with the rapid development of agriculture. The sphere of Aberdeen-Angus cattle operations has been greatly enlarged the last few years. In addition to the unequalcd laurels the breed has won at the International Livestock Exposition, Ghicago, and its growth in popularity in the leading cornbelt States, the breed has conclusively demonstrated its ability to adapt it- self to every condition that has been found jn the various cattle districts of .America. The substantial manner in which the breed has popularized and forti- fied itself in the most fertile cornbelt States is borne out by the records of the -Aberdeen-Angus Association and the daily receipts of the leading mar- kets. The dissemination of the breed and its rapid growth on the ranges of the North, West and Southwest have been forcibly illustrated to the public by the achievements of the breed at the W'inter P'air, Brandon. Manitoba. Ganada; Western Stock Show, Denver. Colo., and the National Breeders' and Feeders' Show. Fort Worth. Tex. Since the Aberdeen-Angus breed has been ex- hibited in the West and range coun- try, it has been greatly in the minor- ity; nevertheless, it has won the fat steer, fat carload lot, feeder carload lot and carcass, etc., championship honors a greater number of times than any other breed. This is a feat worthy of careful consideration by range men because these shows have been conducted along practical lines, thus their results are entirely prac- tical. The universal superior merits of the Aberdeen-Angus breed give it a coveted position of prestige, thus it behooves every Aberdeen-Angus ad- vocate at this particular time to lend his enthusiastic efforts in order that the doddie may accomplish greater achievements. The cornbelt States have been lib- eral importers from Great Britain since the introduction of the breed to this country. During recent years the cornbelt has been an exporter to Canada and during the past year more Aberdeen-Angus cattle have been shipped to Southern States from the cornbelt than during the entire his- tory of the breed in America. The population of this country is constantly on the increase and the demand for beef becomes greater every year. The constant change from careless, slipshod methods of farming to a systematic intensive form presents a very favorable con- dition for the Aberdeen-Angus breed because it not only thrives under rather adverse conditions, but re- sponds most favorably to those in- tensive and ideal. Every condition is ripe for an unprecedented revival in the beef cattle business. The milking qualities of the Aber- deen-Angus cattle have never been demonstrated in this country, but when intensified beef raising has been more developed in California the de- mand for the Angus cattle will in- crease materially. The writer re- members at his own home in Scot- land where twenty Angus cows were used in the dairy. These cows were very high in butter fat, which was made into butter, and the skim milk used to raise the calves. These calves were a cross between the Shorthorn and the .Aberdeen-.Angus and are rated in Great Britain to-day as the greatest beef cattle on the market. On the range, generally speaking, the Angus cattle have not always had a fair chance. Angus bulls shipped to the Pacific Coast have mostly been of an inferior lot and results have not been satisfactory. Wc have a few men here who are raising Aber- deen-Angus very successfully and are using them on the range. These cat- tle arc not without a record in the United States under grazing condi- tions as they have existed and exist now west of the Missouri river. A story regarding the experience with the X. I. T. ranches in Texas with Aberdeen-Angus cattle may be interesting to some of our readers. Up to and including 1892 there were purchased for X. I. T. ranges not far from 5,000 bulls, of which Aberdeen- Angus comprised not quite 14 per cent, Herefords about 50 per cent and Shorthorns not quite 30 per cent. The small proportion of Aberdeen- Angus was due to the fact that until a few years previous it was a breed comparatively little known in this country. Its numbers were inconsid- erable and bulls were hard to get. selling at much higher figures than those of any other breed. The own- ers and managers of the property were favorably disposed toward the breed and have continued in that at- titude. Originally the X. I. T. ranch com- prised 3.000,000 acres of land in the Panhandle of Texas. The cattle with which it was stocked came largely from the country tributary to the Texas and Pacific Railway and were of better average quality than those common to the country. About the early nineties most of the bulls pur- chased were pure-brcds. and after 1892 nothing but purc-breds were bought. The range, averaging about 200 miles north and south and 25 miles cast and west, and being all fenced and cross-fenced, offered good opportunities to test the three breeds under practically similar conditions and after a few years the pastures in which each were kept began to show the respective breed charactr- istics. Every vear. bv careful selec- tion of breeding bulls and careful culling of undesirable females— unde- sirable owing to color or quality — the herds rapidly assumed, to all appear- DIG WELLS^^f For Profit With a STA.NUAUD Outttt you can dig wells to 40 feet de«p tuiousb any soil in a day. J. ([. Warren. County Sdirreyor. writes; "I completed my 40-foot well in ten hours." Bores like an auger. Dunii.ii li»e « ouuieL STANDARD EAKTH AUGER is the moat useful implement on many farmj- Diin holes for fence posts, caissons, foundauons pierg piling, supports, or to set out trees and shrubs. Also welf.i for vertical drainage or irriga- tion- Nine augers in one — adjustable by Inches til nine sizm. VVill not spill sand nor clog with clay — one blade opens wide to empty. Our No. 1 Well Boring Outfit ^ ^ for well up to 40 ft includes one No. 10 Standard Bnrth Auger, two expansion blades. 40 ft. of connecting pipe 12 .Standard malleable couphniis with bolts, one Standard Internal Grapple. Price, delivered east of Missis-sippi. $12.00 — west of Mis- sis.iippi. X13.00. (We guarantee our No. 2 outnt ti< dig wells up to 100 ft. deep.) Yon Can Hake Moner boring wells. K. L. Latham bad orders to bore 8 wells before he had finished his own. Our Illustrated booklet explains the many uses of tlie Standard Auger and shows how you can pay for the out- 6t twice orer on your first well. 8end 2c stamp for booklet BTAND.\Rn AUGER CO.. 58-M. W. 34th .St. Chicago. LigM Weighi- Cushman Engines FopAllFai'mWork This Light , Wei g h ti Cushman Truck is so I handy for all power work. . So light a boy can pull it around from job t job, yet it easily handles all work up ^Hil to 4 or 4>.i H. P. Runs at any speed desired, speed changed while running. Pump circulation to water tank prevents overheating, even on all- day run. All Cushman Engines are Throttle Governed— Steady and Quiet No jerky, explosive hit-and-miss running. They are the most useful engines for farm work, as they do everything the big fel- lows do and so many joba big engines cannot do. May be attached to binders and other machine:; as power drive. Equipped with Scheblcr Carbur- etor and (''riction Clutch Pulley. Not a cbaap m- g g Sine, but cheap in H. p. the lone run. Sizes Crllnd.r 4 to 20 a. P. Iba. Engines Distrib- uted from Pacific Coast centers. Write for free En- jdno Book. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS Cut^w^v Eine weighs only 190 lbs. BUSH AND BOG PLOW does work no other machine can do. It cuts down bushes, demolishes bogs, and docs all kinds of hard plowing and disking, ll io big and strong and withstands terrific strain. Ask your dealer about it. If he doesn't sell Cutaway (Clark) implements, write ut at once lor free catalog. There arc no substilules. THE CUTAWAY HARROW COMPANY Maker of the arieinal CLAKK Juk harrms and pivus yau MAIN STREET I IIIGGANllM. CONN. Four-horse hiuk Weight 660 pounds 24- inch disks forged sharp ORCHARD AND FARM 27 anccs, the quality and character of pure-breds. When this experiment was begun the Shorthorn breed was well known by reputation in the Southwest. They had been tried previously in the sec- tion from which the foundation she- stock had been purchased and their reputation at that time was, whether deserved or undeserved, that they were good cattle, but not sufficiently hardy for the climate of the Texas Panhandle. At that time Herefords were be- coming introduced and had no preju- ■dice to contend with, as few of the people there knew anything about them as ranging cattle. They were readily adopted by ranchmen seeking something to improve their herds and were extensively introduced into flic Panhandle. The Aberdeen- Angus came in after the Herefords, but at this time they •were few in number in the United States and it was impossible to se- cure them to the number required at prices range men could afford to pay. Herefords were being pushed by a coterie of breeders exultant over con- flicts from which they had emerged with Shorthorn sponsors and were claiming "the earth and fullness thereof" for their breed. As nothing succeeds like success, the Herefords soon became the dominant breed in 1he Panhandle. It was diligently published by interests antagonistic to the Aberdeen-Angus, and actuated either by ignorance or jealousy of the breed, that it was not suitable for range purposes, that the bulls would hunch together and stay away from the she-cattle, consequently that they would not .get the percentage of calves possible with other breeds. Al- legation was also made that the stock they did get did not exhibit sufficient improvement and that they could not stand the heat of summer or the rig- ors of winter. Thus it will be seen that the Aberdeen-Angus came into that territory at a rather unpropiti- ous time and had to fight against ig- norance, prejudice and jealousy for its foothold there. These sentiments were not lacking on the X. I. T. ranch, but after the adoption of the three breeds, each was given a fair trial and the result there demonstrated that no breed was better adapted to range conditions than the Aberdeen-Aneus. They proved themselves prolific, hardy, ^ood rustlers, early maturers and good sellers, the steers of this breed heing usually the first to be sold off the ranee and invariably commanding a premium over the others. With these results it is logical that as the land comprising the ranch was sold off, over 2,000,000 of the original 3,000,000 acres having now been dis- posed of to Northern farmers, it necessitating selling much of the cat- tle also, the owners decided to close out the other breeds and retain only the Aberdeen-Angus herd. At the present time that range carries no breeding cattle of any other breed. This policy, shaped after probably better facilities for testing the breeds than have ever been afforded any- where else, speaks more for the mer- its of Aberdeen-Angus cattle as a range breed than columns of theory and argument. Had the Aberdeen- Angus not given satisfactory results, they would have been the first to go. Actual results furnished convincing evidence that there is absolutely noth- ing to the claim that .M)erdecn-An- ffus are poor breeders on the range. In 1S89 there were practicallv the same numbT of cows in the Alamo- sitas X. T. T. pasture, in which Aber- deen-Angus bulls were placed, as in +hc I^Tinneosa pasture where Here- ford bulls were used. In 18!)0 the calves branded in the Alamositas pasture numbered .3.004. those in the Minneosa n-istnre 2.6R8. and there were brnnded in the pasture in which black bulls were kept in the years im- mediately following a greater number of calves than in the other pastures. Satisfactory results were also reached with Aberdeen-Angus cattle in Montana, where they grazed on open range, and among X. 1. T. own- ers and managers there exists no doubt regarding the fecundity of black bulls. Mr. A. G. Boyce, man- ager of the Texas ranch, reporting on the best results, said: "The more 1 see of the black cattle, the more I like them, and think they are the cattle for this country. "It may be of interest to those seeking information regarding Aber- deen-Angus cattle on the range to know that we have always consid- ered steers of this breed — both as feeders and beeves — quickest and best sellers, and when time and condi- tions permit, we have always found it to our advantage to ship Aber- deen-Angus beeves by themselves, as there seemed to be a wider market for them at the stockyards and they have almost invariably realized bet- ter prices than the others." Probably 75 per cent of all the fat steers reaching market nowadays are without horns. Even on the ranges many dehorn their bulls. This de- horning practice is one of the strong- est tributes to the value of the polled character of the Aberdeen-Angus that can be conceived. BIG MONEY PRIZES. More different States of the Union have appropriated money for the live stock exhibits of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition than at any previous exposition and a larger sum of money has been appropriated by the different breed record associa- tions, to be used in supplemental pre- miums and in the maintenance of view herds, than was ever done before. The total amount appropriated by the pure-bred record associations now amounts to $103,450, with a strong probability that this will be increased in the immediate future by the action of other associatons. The States which have appropriated money specially for live stock in the Exposition are as follows: New York $2.5,000 Ohio 25.000 Oregon 15,000 Missouri 12,000 Wisconsin 10,000 Indiana 35,000 Washington 10.000 Idaho 4.000 Massachusetts 2,000 Illinois 19,000 Nevada 5,000 Utah 500 These amounts, with the $175,000 appropriated by the Exposition foi cash premiums on live stock and the amounts given by the several breed record associations, makes a grand to- tal of $429,950 in cash to be distrib- uted in premiums and for the pay- ment of freight on live stock. In ad- dition to this there is a total of $227,- 000 in stakes and purses that will bt offered on two race meetings for light harness horses, to be held in June and October. This aggregate is the greatest amount of money that has ever been offered on live stock in any exposition and will be the means of affording the millions of visitors from all parts of the earth a series of ob- ject lessons in the accomplishments of the breeders' art. ONE ON "ANDY." During a visit to Florida Andrew Carnegie attended a service in a little negro church. When the contribu- tion plate came around he dropped a five-dollar bill upon it. After the con- j tents of the plate had been counted, j the clergyman arose and announced: "Brethren and sisters, the collection this evening seems to figure up $6.44; and if the five-dollar bill contributed by the gentleman from the North is genuine, the repairs on the sanctuary will begin immediately." Call each colt by his name. This early education goes a long way in making a valuable and trusty horse. SILOS BUILT FOR YOUR PARTICULAR NEEDS. EXACTLY AS YOU WANT THEM. ALL SIZES AND DIMENSIONS 16 X 36 Redwood Stave Silo inanuafactured by us for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco. 1915 TANKS Built to order, to suit all uses and users. Cheap- er than metal tanks, last longer. Won't rust. Can be taken down and re-crected without damage. Capacities. .500 to 500.000 Gallons. Towers in. eluded it you want them. PIPE MACHINE BANDED OR CONTINUOUS STAVE For water supply— irrigation or power. Cheaper than any other pipe of equal size or capacity. Longer lived than any metal pipe except cast iron. All our silos, tanks and pipe are designed by engineers to meet every condition. Made in our big factory from CLEAR. AIR DRIED REDWOOD. Selected from a stock of 4'^ million feet which we carry at all times. ASK US FOR PRICES REDWOOD MANUFACTURERS CO. 813 KOHL BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO Anybody has the right to be homely, but some people abuse the privilege. Increased Separator Efficiency The best cream separators often fall below expect- ation simply because they are not properly lubricated. The separator is your most delicate farm machine. It demands an oil especially made to suit it Standard Hand 5eparaior Oil is just such an oil. It is made for separators and it is of just the right body to quickly reach those finely ad- justed, close fitting bearings. It protects them from wear. It enables your separator to deliver all the butter fat. It eliminates unnecessary repairs and lengthens the life of your machine. There is no better oil made for your separator. Ask your dealer for it. Standard Oil Company (California) 28 ORCHARD AND FARM News in the Live Stock World has been no trouble in Washington since the one consignment of animals affected with the disease has been killed. English Boost Holsteins. The standing of Holstein-Friesian cattle in England has been given an enormous impetus by a sale held in Surrey during Xoveniber, when in spite of the war, 39 bulls and 20 heif- ers sold for an average of more than 253 pounds, about $1,260. The whole proposition was unique. A quarantine on all cattle from Europe on account of the foot and mouth disease exists, but the English Holstein Cattle So- ciety induced the British Government to permit the importation of this stock under strict regulation. The Society sent a buying commit- tee to Holland to purchase the cattle. On landing in England they were kept in quarantine in a specially construct- ed barn for several months to insure their freedom from foot and mouth disease and were then permitted to be offered for sale. No one was per- mitted to bid at the sale except mem- bers of the Holstein Society and no one could purchase more than two bulls and one cow, or sell a female progeny to any one but another mem- ber for five years. The purchase price of each animal was published at the time of the sale as a partial guide to the value of the animal and the auc- tion price of the animals averaged more than three times the purchase price in Holland. The animals like- wise were among the best to be found in the latter country. The dearest bull sold for 400 guineas, the dearest heif- er for 300, a guinea being something over $5. Draft Horse Sale. At the University Farm, Davis, Cal- ifornia, on the 26th day of February, 1915, there will be held the first an- nual public sale of registered draft horses. This is the first big work which the California Draft Horse Breeders' Association has done to advance the breeding of draft horses in California. Henry Wheat- ley, president of this association, told the writer that this sale would be comprised of clean regis- tered mares and stallions of all the different draft breeds. Many of the leading draft horse breeders in this State are putting in some of their best young things. J. I. Thompson of the University Farm, who is secretary of this association, is receiving entries for this sale. All those who expect to sell should at once notify Prof. Thompson what they expect to dispose or. This is the first of a series of sales which the Draft Horse Association expects to continue to give to the breeders in the State. There is no reason why sales of this kind should not be a success. There is one held annually at Moscow, Idaho, where all breeders of draft horses from the Pa- cific Northwest contribute, and every year this sale seems to improve. Wm. Bond Buys Shorthorns- Through a call in our office Decem- ber 4th by William Bond of Newark, California, we are informed that al- though it had been his intention to await the arrival of Eastern herds of Shorthorns for the selection of a herd bull, for fear of delay in the same hy foot and mouth restrictions, he, upon secondary thought, decided to cast around in California for suitable ma- terial, and during a visit, the latter part of last month to Pacheco Cat- tle Company's ranch at Hollister, was fortunate enough to secure exactly what he was looking for — Pacheco Lad 46th. No. 408746, and now that he is landed and on his ranch he ex- presses himself as more than satisfied, as he considers Pacheco Lad an ideal, well-bred Shorthorn and worthy of the mating of a very select bunch of yearling Shorthorn heifers, sired by Greenwood Perfection, No. 353208, and out of King Edward, Noble Knight and Hillcrest Hero dam. Later in the spring as this fellow ages and grows he will be mated with the matrons. Another purchase on this same date was Pacheco Lad 27th, No. 385429. He is a very deep fleshed, well-turned Red, one year and ten months old, and is of the blocky order. He is now being bred to three or four cows, after which he will be disposed of. In his breeding you will note Choice Goods figures closely upon both parental sides. The Hopland Stock Farm have re- cently sold to the Rindge Estate of Los Angeles all the serviceable Berk- shire boars. The Rindge Estate is in Southern California and is a large producer of pork for the Los Ange- les market, having 600 sows which they use to produce this pork. Their sows are made up of different breeds such as Poland-Chinas, Duroc-Jerseys and Berkshires. A late news bulletin from the Uni- versity of California states that Mich- igan and Indiana, where the foot and mouth disease first appeared, are prac- tically free from the disease. Condi- tions are hardly as favorable in Illi- nois and Ohio, though only in Ken- tucky is the outlook worse than to- ward the beginning of the outbreak, through scarcity of State funds. There HOW I RAISED MY PRIZE PIG (Continued from Page 25) him. He was about three months old then. However, 1 had three or four different men estimate his weight and each told me that he would then weigh between forty-five and fifty pounds. At four months he weighed ninety pounds, at five months 140 pounds, and at six months 210 pounds. His weight at the time of judging was 210 pounds. Therefore his total gain during the period of the contest was 160 pounds. Between the fourth and fifth month he gained fifty pounds and between the fifth and sixth month he gained seventy pounds or an average of two and a third pounds a day. During one week he gained seventeen pounds and a half, making over two and a half pounds per day. These weights and gains surprised me as I never thought that a hog could be made to gain that much in a day. I am glad that I entered into this contest because I found it to be a very profitable experience. I believe it pays to raise only "blooded" stock and thereby to "retire the scrub." Note: The Agricultural Club con- tests, such as David Snyder took part in and won, are organized by the Uni- versity Extension in Agriculture, co- operating with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The boy making the best showing in his club is given j some award. This year a party of i winners were sent to Washington and to other interesting point in Eastern States. The contests take various forms, such as potato, tomato and vegetable growing contests. — Editor. The young colt should be taught to eat grain with his dam as early as possible. The horse with a sloping shoulder can not work with any ease or profit in a collar made for an upright shoul- der. MUSIC FREE! r.%;r atemt aonica and inrulal pieeen. Send us &n order for music amounting to 1!jc or t>Ter. together with the names and addresses of THREK musical friends and we will send you hy return mail a rocal or instrumental number (state which you desire) FREE OF CHARGE. Popular Music Distributing: Co. 1-7 MuDt^mery Street, San Francisco. Cal. $25.00 A WEEK TO STUDENTS We have several hundred posi- tions for high school or college stu- dents, who can devote all or a part of their spare time this winter to representing Orchard and Farm. Appointments are being made now and any young man or woman stu- dent w"ho wishes to make money and at the same time enjoy the work should apply at once. Address: ORCHARD A>D FARM, HE.4RST BI.DG., S.\N FR.*.\CISCO Everyone Uses Arithmetic-Study Short Methods LEARN TO FIGURE FAST The demands of the day require it. Do not drive the out-of-date ox-cart when a modem automobile will do the work better, (luiclter, cheaper. It is jnst as easy to learn the new way as to dra^ along in the old. Be an up-to- date calculator and "gret there first." THE OLD WAY. 68 989 53 775 136 340 THE NEW WAY. 68 989 52 775 3536 4945 6923 6923 SEE THE SAVING OF TIME AND FEWER FIGURES. YOU CA> LEARX HOW TO MULTIPLY SUCH NUMBERS IN FIVE MINUTES. Rules Easy Enougb for a Child to Learn. Would You Like to know how to add from 200 to 500 solid figures per minute with perfect ease, or To multiply any two numbers together, placing the answer underneath the line mtbuut the use of other fljoires in a manner that is bewildering to the spectators, or To divide numbers in one-half the time you now consume, and To prove such work without making a single figure, or To compute interest in leas time than it would loquire to look it up in interest books, or To handle fractions in a practical and rapid manner, or To compute nil kinds of measurements, such as Log and Lumber. Com. Hay, etc.. with less than one-tenth the fipiires you now use in atich work To tell the day of the week of any date for a period of 3.000 years more quickly than you could turn to it in the calendar. We positively exj>lain how these results are accomplished in C. W. Prewett's PRACTIOAL CAL- CULATOR and BUSINESS AJIITHMETIC. revised 1914 edition, now nnt. containing the most exclu- sive and comp'ete set of rules and methods ever published on thin subject. These methoti^i are carefully explained and outlined so they may be learned by the Busy Business Man. Bookkeeper. School Teacher or Student without the aid of a Teacher. Everyone should study these methods. The author of this work has taught hundreds of people the methods contained in this book for prices ranging from $5. IX) to $25.00. There are dozens of methods you will learn for which you would not begrudge $1.0(i each were you unable to sectire them move cheaply. Every person except the idiot or the indolent uses arithmetic. It Is the fundamental principle of Business the world over. It is difficult for eome and easy for others to comprehend the common rulea of arithmetic yet equally important to all. There have been changes made for the better in nearly ererj-thir.g else in daily use. then why not improve arithmetic, the most imiiortant branch of learning? Tliis we claim has been done in the Little Book we offer herewith. It is the Electric Ga* Engine Arithmetic of Modem Time*. H. C. .MEYER. SecreUrj-. Farthing Lumber Company, savs: "It certainly is a grand thing and it is a shame that it was not introduced years and years ago. No man can afford to be without one. Addition alone is worth more than the coot." PROFI-:.SSOR McCALLU.M. Teacher of Mathematics, says: "It is a grand work and I want every teacher under me to have one." P. M. MAR.SHALL. Expert Accountant, says: "It is the best thing I ever saw." M. R. MARTIN, with Nelson. Cheeman & Co.. St. Louis, says: ' We believe that you have a national proposition." E. S. WALSH. Little Rf>ck. says: "I have never seen anything to equal it." The size of this book is 5x7 in. and contains fifty pages of boiled-down practical matter neatly bound with Embossed Leatherette cover. Now. don't contintie to handle figures by the old laborious methods that have been in use for centuriea Time is money. Add to your store of Practical Knowledge by learning these labor-saving methods. THEY ARE EASY TO LEARN. You will be MYSTIFIED with their simplicity. Tliis little Booklet is easily worth tl.OO to everyone who will study and practice its simple rules. It may be the means of helping you into something higher in life. Order the book NOW. Don't wait till to-morrow. Book sent prepaid upon receipt of $1,00 with order, or sent via parcel post collect on deliven' $1*10. E. C. ROBERTSON, General Salesman, PBEWETT INSTITUTE 1408 Prairie Arenne. HOUSTON, TEXAS The Book You Ought to Have ORCHARD AND FARM The Outlook for Coast Live Stock (Continued from Page 20) the belief of the writer that when beef on the hoof was sold for 7 cents, or better, the sacrifice of the calf crop would take care of itself. Dairy Development. It is hard to estimate what attain- ment our dairy herds will reach in the next two or three years. Recently a Pacific Coast Holstein cow created a new world's record. The other dairy breeds have been importing some high class individuals for the last year or two, price not being considered. Any day we may hear of animals of one of these breeds breaking a world's record, as our feeds, climate and en- vironment out here are unequaled in the United States and are as good as the fens of England and Southern France. use their expensive feeds for making milk alone, and the filling in of the dairy herd will be supplied from the parts of our State where grass is cheap and the climate is more in- vigorating. Sheep. The sheep men have not sufifered much by free trade; in fact, wool has been higher this year than for many years past. In years to come the gen- eral sheep men will realize — in fact, they are realizing to-day — that mutton must come first and wool second in a country which is steadily increasing in population. California has re- ceived in the last year more regis- tered rams and ewes than in any year of its history. They have been im- ported from Great IJritain, Australia and New Zealand. In fact, the Rom- One of (he Fine Grude Dairy Herdtt in Stanislaus County, Near Denalr. Our dairymen are now busy organ- izing the respective breeds, so it will not be long before every dairy breed will have its own association in Cali- fornia. This is absolutely necessary if we are to continue the advance- rnent of our dairy interest. Organiza- tion and co-operation are tht two strongholds on which we should build to secure legislation for the cause. Dairymen are also realizing what tuberculosis can do to a dairy herd if no means is tried to eradicate it. The fight on this dreaded disease seems to be settled and all are working for the same end. It is only through or- ganization that this end can be ac- complished and a means devised to work it out. A cutting short of winter dairying may have to be used to help eradicate this, which may be a drastic means, but it would be an enormous financial saving to the cleaning up of a disease which is surely dreaded amongst cat- tle. Housing of our dairy cattle through the winter season and a good deal of our fall season, in barns not suflficiently ventilated, thus rendering them unhealthful, foster this disease right along. Open air is the only real remedy and protection we can expect. Our young dairy stock should be raised on cheaper lands and under different climatic conditions than our great alfalfa belts aflford. Young calves, after they arc four or five months old, should practically never he inside a barn again until they freshen, and only after that when they are being milked. A wet day does not hurt them if there is no wind with it. Could we but raise these young dairy things along the coast range where the grass is green eight or nine months in the year, and where the strong vigorous sea air is prevalent! This section of California is more or less timbered and these woody groves afford enough protec- tion for any animal if it is raised from calfhood along these lines. The dav will come when our great valleys will ney Marsh is going to play a great part amongst the California flocks in the next few years to come. Our large breeders are this year growing the milk lamb to supply our great cities. Prior to this time these lambs have come from the East. In the next few years our State will supply this demand altogether. Swine. As cholera grows in California, so will the hog industry. Iowa loses three million hogs every year through cholera, and still she supplies more hogs for the big livestock centers than any State in the Union. Hog breeding establishments containing six hundred to one thousand sows each are rising up in all sections of our great State. Immunizing these herds of sows is becoming cutomary amongst our hog men. Experience is teaching us that the cost of this work is becoming less every year. More registered hogs are pouring in here all the time; in fact. Eastern breeders are advertising in our Western papers, as they realize the shortage of hogs in the West in years gone by. Draft Horses. A brighter day is here for the draft horse man. The warring nations of Europe have shut off all the importa- tions of draft horses from these coun- tries, so that the American farmer will have to look to his own re- sources for the future stud horses of our country. The California Draft Horse Breeders' Association, com- prised of energetic live men, have seen this ray of hope dawning on the horizon and inaugurated their first annual sale at Davis, on February 26, 191.5, A new era in draft horse breed- ing will be started. Altogether the Pacific Coast should enjoy years of prosperity along live- stock lines. The past year has been a successful year, and with brains, money and energy combined there is no need for anything but success ahead for our Western stockmen. Some of the Things this Book Tells About: Yon should have this book and study it. Ton can't just read it and get the facts be- cause the information it con> tains is too valuable for a casual reading. Send for Booklet — to-day. It is free for the asking. Ton will be surprised at the wealth of information it con- tains for you. About the 14 elements neces- sary to sustain plant life. The 10 necessary food plant elements which must be in the soil. What lime is for. The effect of iron upon the color of the vegetation. How potash produces starch in plants. Why phosphorus is necessary for plant-life to live. Necessity of nitrogen in the soil. How plant-life cannot utilize the elements of the air if there are not sufficient mineral elements in the soil. How plants feed. What humus is. The theory of cultivation. Bacteria in the soil. What available soil fertility is. Maintaining and increasing fer- tility. And 100 other points not men- tioned in this list. The PaciBc Guano & Fertilizer Company. &o,^& "Sprayed 16,000 Trees— No Repairs so says one of our thousands of satisfied customers. Mr. J. A. Bingaman, Piliow, Pa. He did the work with a Goulds "Pomona" Sprayer, shown below. This two- hose, four-nozzle sprayer can't be beaten for use in smalt orchards, and where labor is cheap, is used in large orchards— several machines taking the place of a large power outfit. Wearing parts arc of solid bronze. Large steel air chamber gives uniform pressure. Easily adjusted and cleaned. Fits any barrel. It's only one of SOstylcs and sizes of hand, barrel and power sprayers, made at the largest pump works in itie country. 99 RELIABLE \ are guaranteed ; backed by 65 years* pump- making experience. Write our nearest office for valuable 44-page book, "How To Spray." It is free. Send for your copy today. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Main Office and Works : SENECA FALLS, N. V Branches : , New York Atlanta Chicasoi Houston Boston Would $25 a Week Interest You? Would you like to be free to do your own bidding, and earning $25.00 a week or more, as you ciioose? Your own boss? We seek a representative for Orchard and Farm in your locality. We do not wish a canvasser. We seek the clear-eyed, energetic type of man or woman, the aggressive person, who will represent our publications with credit not only to themselves but to us. Acting as the representative of this Company you are assured a business training that will broaden and develop you, besides paying you handsomely. We allow a stated commission on every subscription, whether new or a renewal. You can find no work that is more remunerative than acting as our representative all or part of your time. You will agree with us after you have learned of our plan. We will explain this when you assure us of your interest. It will not obligate you in any way. AddrcfiN ORCHARD AXD FARM, HEARST BLDG., SAN FR.\XCISCO 30 ORCHARD AND FARM Rules for Feeding the Laying' i Hen ■By J. E. Dougherty There can be no hard and fast rules laid down as to the amount to feed fowls except this: feed all they will eat up clean at each meal. Hardly a week passes that the writer is not called on to tell how much grain or mash should be fed per hen per day. The quantity of feed eaten depends on breed, age, vigor, housing, range allowed, season of the year and many other factors which the ordinary man does not always consider and appre- ciate. The heavier breeds will eat more than the lighter breeds. Heavier layers will eat more than poor layers. The feeder must study his fowls con- stantly and regulate the amount fed at each meal in accordance with the appetites of the fowls. A little study and experience will soon enable one to become quite expert in feeding provided he really is interested enough in his task to watch and study his fowls closely. There is a saying among stock men that good feeders are born and not ■made. Be that as it may, we are sure that anyone with an instinctive love for fowls, a willingness to learn and good common sense can soon develop into a good feeder and a successful poultryman. It will take, on the average, about seventy-five pounds of feed per year per hen. This amount may vary a lit- tle either way depending on the breed, but is a good average figure on which to base calculations as to the cost to feed a hen per year and the approxi- mate amount to feed per day. If a daily feed consumption curve were drawn, we would find that the daily feed eaten would vary during differ- ent months, the winter consumption being heavier than that of summer. The hen herself must be the gauge by which to determine the amount fed from day to day. The Dry Mash. Since the introduction of the dry mash method of feeding fowls, there has been a great deal of discussion among poultrymen both for and against this method of feeding. Many have combined the good points of both the wet and dry systems by keeping a dry mash before the fowls at all times and giving a noon feed of wet mash, especially in winter. A noon feed of warm wet mash is bene- ficial when fed in small amount at noon on cold, or wet days in winter when the fowls are kept confined in the scratching pen, but at other times of the year it would hardly pay for the added trouble where fowls are ac- customed to the dry method. Dry Mash Advantages. The dry mash method is being more widely adopted from year to year be- cause of the following points in its favor : 1. Sufficient dry mash can be mixed at one time to last a couple of weeks or a month. The wet mash must not only be mixed dry but the amount necessary at each feeding must be again mixed and moistened just be- fore feeding the fowls. Dry mash re- quires less labor. 2. Sufficient dry mash can be put in each hopper to last a pen of fowls a week, so that the dry mash need be fed but once per week. Here again is a saving in labor. 3. There is less waste with dry than with wet mash. The birds scatter the wet mash a great deal, and pick out choice morsels and carry them off. whereas dry mash hoppers can be built that are practically non-wasting. The dry method is more economical. 4. Dry mash is more sanitary be- cause there is no wet feed to adhere to the sides of the mixing box. shovels, pails, feed troughs, etc., to sour and draw flies in hot weather. To keep the utensils used in wet feeding sweet and clean requires a lot of extra labor. 5. Fowls accustomed to the dry mash will lay just as well and give fully as high a percentage fertility and hatchability in hatching eggs laid as fowls fed on and accustomed to wet mash, and at a much lower labor cost. It is true, however, that fowls that have been used to a wet mash will fall off in egg production for a time imtil they have become accus- tomed to the change. The value of the dry mash as compared to the wet mash has been amply proven not only by the experiments stations but all the egg laying contests also have found it best. Balanced Ration. A well balanced laying ration hav- ing the proper nutritive ratio as well as possessing correct physical quali- ties as variety, palatability, suitability, bulk, digestibility, etc., has the fol- lowing formula: Grain — 75 lbs. wheat. 50 lbs. barley (rolled or whole). 25 lbs. corn (cracked Eastern or whole Eg:yptian). Dry Mash — 25 lbs. bran. 25 lbs. shorts or brown middlings. 10 lbs. meatscrap. 5 lbs. soy bean meal. 2 lbs. fine charcoal. 4-10 lbs. fine salt. How to Feed. The grain mixture should be fed in a deep straw litter about one hour after daylight in the morning and an hour before dark at night. The morn- ing feed of grain should be a light one, for if the fowls are fed too heavily in the morning they will sit around on the roosts and in sunny spots after filling up instead of scratching and exercising in the litter. By keeping a slight edge on the birds' appetites during the day they keep exercising and working; the phy- sical exercise stimulates the whole system and keeps it in tone and di- gestive disorders are prevented; on the other hand egg laying is stimulated. The night feed should be a good full one so that the fowls can go to roost with full crops of grain that will di- gest slowly throughout the night. The dry mash hopper should be so constructed that it can be closed up if necessary. There is a tendency for the heavier breeds especially to get overfat as they get older, and in such cases it is necessary to cut down a little on the grain ration and keep the dry mash hoppers closed till noon each day to prevent the fowls eating too much of the easily digested mash. Greens, Bone and Meat Scrap. In addition to the above mash and grain, where poultry do not have free range or runs in which fresh, crisp, tender greens are kept growing for them to eat freely of, fresh cut al- falfa, clover or other tender green stuff should be fed at noon, giving the birds all they can eat. If green bone can be secured fresh daily from the butcher it may be ground fine and fed as a substitute for the meat scrap in the mash. This may be fed at 10 o'clock or at noon, giving the birds all they will clean up in about 15 min- utes. Where buttermilk or sour skim milk is available it can be fed also as a substitute for meat scrap in the mash and is best fed in pans or foun- tains, allowing the fowls all they will drink. Milk is undoubtedlv one of the very best animal feeds that can be fed to laying hens. Grit and shell should be kept before the fowls at all times that they may help them- selves at will. THE MOTTLED ANCONAS. By Mrs. M. N. Wilcox. I have often wondered why the mottled Ancona fowls were not men- tioned oftcner in the various farm and poultry papers. I am sure they are far superior to the famous white, or brown leghorns as egg producers. The mature hens will average a lit- tle more than a pound heavier, and will pay for their keep for five years; something no other hen will do, and they will mature a month earlier than the other breeds. They are beautiful to the eye, the perfect type having black feathers, with a greenisli sheen, every fifth one having a pure white tip, the ear lobes usually creamy white. The cockerels have an erect comb, but in the hens it is somewhat drooping, which gives them a cute, saucy look. They are a hardy bird, very active, great foragers, and on free range will pick up a great por- tion of their living. They lay large white eggs, their meat is sweet and juicy, the chicks are easy to rear, they lay almost the year around and do well in confinement. There is a poultry fancier here in Orland, who has been keeping ten varieties of birds, and when I called there this fall for a few more hens, had to refuse me. He said his An- conas were the most profitable breed he had, having sold every one of his surplus stock he could spare. Feed of all kinds can be kept be- fore them and they will never become too fat to furnish plenty of eggs. MEYOl/GEWffG- lOTSOffGGS?^ Or, do your hens lay only when eggs are cheap? Get ihe CEs;; ihiswinterbystartingtofeed CONKEY'S POULTRY TONIC now. It doesn't force the hens but makes them w rnt to by because they are well r.ounshed end slrong. Conkcy's Poultry Tonic ia an all round tonic that ht ll*si\:itiiro doi'.a work-Kor tl is r< :ison it is line for t vii-y Li-ck, niohio^ fowls or layinK ht-ns. Toll your Dealer you mast have Omker's— and write us if he cannot Bupply f'ou. Rcmcmbor, Money back f a Conkt y Homcdy or Tonic ever f iJla lo satisfy you. GET THIS BOOK-and loam to lauch nt poultry diseases. It uill mitke you an expert. S«-nd iOc iuT a copy and we will m enclose oil r Cash vaJuo Coupoa ■ — something new. » THE G. E. CONKEY COMPANY ^ 102 CO\KEY BLDG., CLEVELAND, 0. A NEW BROODER. One of my neighbors had five hun- dred chickens delivered to her soon- er than she was looking for them, so she used an old comfort for a hover. It was suspended from the ceiling by four stout strings, attached to the corners, so it hung within two inches of the floor. She scattered wheat chaff liberally for them to warm their feet in. It has proven such a success that she has decided to use no other brooder in the future.- — MRS. M. W., ORLAND. Fifty-one Kansans have obtained State permits to run skunk farms. They will have some scents when they get through. SECOND HAND PIPE Very best quality of selected sec- ond-hand water pipe and standard screw basing' pipe. For quality and low price you make no miatake when buying water pipe of the Weissbaum kind. Largest pipe works in the West. >VEISSBAIJM PIPE WORKS 105 Eleventh St., San FranclMCO. HOPLAND STOCK FARM Registered Shorthorns, Shrop- shire Sheep, Berkshire Hogs, Hol- stein-Frieslan Cattle, Hungarian Ponies, Poultry. HOPLAND, CAL. PATENTS That Protect and Pay Send Sketch or Model for FBKE SEABCH Hooka, Advice, Searcher and Hooka, Advice, Searcher and C*D|7|7 Kig List of InTentions Wanted. rRriCi WatsoQ Y.. Coleman. I'atcnt Law)'er. Wash., D. C. Hen's Heat Is Moist Heat So Is the X-Ray's X-Ray Incubator, X-Ray Vapor Generator A Great New Heating Principle At last the conililions umlcr the motlior hen are ex.ictly Oiiplicated! The X-I^y does it. No other machine has the principle. No other machine can have it X-IJay Radiator and .X-ltay Vapor Gcntrator are compUttly covered by patents They produce natural m«ia( heat exactly like the mother hen. That's why the X-Ray makes world record hatches That's why X-Ray chicks «Jor4 strong and b™lthy and make finest poultry Getthefacts! Send for new X-Bay cataloK No. 66, picturing and describiniiyi/'een erclumoe X-Ray ftaturtn. Get oor direct-lo-yoa factory prices freitjht prtpaid. No agents. Brooders too. This is the greatest of all years for poultry. Write today. Address X-Ray Incubator Co. Des Moines, la. If you find 12 gauge guns and loads too heavy and a bit slow in an all-day hunt, just gfet this splendid new Tnarlin Men do not realize how great a revenue thrift is. ^ The Safest Breech-LoadinK S Gun Built. %iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiT For snipe, quail, partrulKf. woodctick, squirrels, rabbits, etc., it has the penetration and power of the 12-gauge without the weiglit. It's a lipht. quick eun of beautiful proportions, superb- ly balanced, with every up-to-date feature: Hammerless; Solid Steel Breech, inside as well as out; Solid Top; Side Ejection; Matted Barrel; 6 Quick ShoU (5 in 20-Ka.); Press-Button Cartridge Release; Automatic Hans-Fire Safety Device; Double Extractors; Take-Down; Trigger and Hammer Safety. It's just the gun you want ! T^az/lJl 12ii>>>iii>><^ ORCHARD AND FARM Leg Color Shows Egg Production The Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station has been noted for some striking facts regarding egg production, and a new bulletin just issued is particularly interesting in showing that with many breeds of fowls the color of the shank indi- cates the amount of eggs that the fowl has been laying. Practically, the investigation is especially valuable on strated that this pigment is chemical- ly the same as that which gives the yellow color to the common carrot. This coloring matter is known by the name carotin. In the white skinned breeds of poultry this yellow pig- ment is very nearly, or completely, absent, with the result that while the skin fat is there just as in the yellow skinned breeds it is not colored. Also BnS Wyandottea of W. H. Pearson, Winners of Napa Egg Laylns Contest. account of the fact that the Amer- ican custom has been such, as far as selection through leg color is con- cerned, as to choose the poor layers rather than the good ones. This ap- plies naturally more to practices with heavy breeds than to Leghorns. An abstract of the bulletin will explain the matter in detail. It is a well known fact to every poultryman, and every visitor to a poultry show, that difTerent breeds of fowls have characteristically different colors of the skin. In the United States generally yellow skinned birds are preferred over white skinned ones for market purposes. As conse- quence of this preference nearly all of the so-called American breeds such as, for example, Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, etc., have a distinct yellow color to the skin. Correlated with this general yellow skin color these same breeds of poultry have characteristic yellow shanks. This color of the shank is one to which a good deal of attention is given both by the judges in the show room and by the expert poul- tryman in picking out stock for his pens. A clear, bright yellow leg is always preferred in these breeds by the show room judge. In the matter of this preference for yellow skin color in its poultry the United States stands practically alone. Nearly all of the European countries prefer a white skinned bird for tabic purposes. In consequence the birds for table uses on the continent of Europe and in England belong to breeds characterized by white skin color, and usually by white shank color, such as, for example is seen in the White Orpingtons. The cause of the yellow skin color of birds is really a layer of colored fat which lies in and below the skin. This fat in the American and other yellow skinned breeds is colored by a particular kind of yellow fatty pig- ment known as a lipochromc pig- ment. While the matter has not yet been completely investigated it is very probable that the yellow color of chicken fat which gives the color to the skin is due to the same pig- ment which gives the yellow color to the milk of the Jersey or the Guern- sey cow. Recent experiments on the color of milk in cattle have demon- probably this same coloring matter gives the yellow color to the yolk of the egg. This last consideration is one which calls attention to the practical bearing of these results on shank color. It is a well established fact, both in cattle and in poultry, that when the food does not supply a sufficient amount of this yellow color- ing matter carotin for the product, whether milk or eggs, the animal then draws on its own body fat for the further supply of this coloring matter. This results in a bleaching of the body fat of its yellow color while keeping up the color of the milk or the eggs. From this fact it results that the general skin color, and particularly the shank color, of a hen having naturally yellow shanks is much bleached out after the hen has been laying heavily, and further- more the heavier the laying has been the greater will be the amount of bleaching observed. , Consequently it is possible to go through a flock at the end of a laying year and pick out at once by the color of the shanks those birds which have been extremely heavy layers from those which have been drones. The drones will be the birds which at the end of the season have bright yel- low legs, such as one is accustomed to see in pullets which have not yet begun to lay. On the other hand, birds which have done a hard year's work and produced many eggs will have shanks completely white or nearly so. Examination at this sta- tion of many hundreds of birds, whose trap nest records are known, makes it possible to say positively that no bird which has been a high producer will have bright yellow legs at the end of the laying season. "Two hundred egg" hens always have white legs at the end of their pullet year. This point is one which may be of a great deal of value to the poultry- man when he is culling his flock in the fall and deciding which of his pullets he will keep over to use as breeders the next year. If he has no trap nest records the color of the shanks furnishes him one of the best indications he can have as to the way in which these pullets have laid dur- ing their first year of life. His first selection should always, of course, be Why You Should Buy ^TtLlTTO tools are keener and better tem- pered, '»4^K£FT0- tools work better and last longer, Snimo garden and farm implements are longer lived, run easier and more satisfac- torily, '^TILCTTO ' paint goes farther and wears better and that word -Stiletto-" spells qual- ity and confidence, first, last and always. If you do not know where ^-^ulctto ■ goods are sold write us and we will give you the name of the nearest —tTiLCFf- dealer. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Townsend St. SAN FRANCISCO, CALl Every dsKy tnadc^ sttttiiy No chilly days in a home warmed by the cheerful Mothers and children appreciate its pleasant warmth. Dealers everywhere Write for booklet, "Warmth in Cold Comers." Standard Oil Company (CAUFORNIA) San Francisco on the strength and constitutional vigor, but after having picked out the good strong healthy birds he should then choose from among those the ones which show the whitest legs. If the mane of a horse is cut the col- lar presses on the stubby hairs and causes irritation and sores. When writing to advertisers who use this m a g: a z i n e PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD AND FARM FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE Orchard and Farm nlll Insert jour advertiKFmrnt under the proper claaal- eration for three eents a >iord for earh InMertlOD. POULTRY Baby ChtckJi — S. C. White LeBhorna from tested hens of proven merit, mated to our pure blooded Wyckott cockerels; bred for heavy laying for more than 30 years and universally recognized as the best paying strain of fowls ever produced. If you would have the highest quality at moderate prices, place your order with G. & C. Poultry Farm, Rural Xo. 1, Soaoma, CaL Goldea Feather Ponltrj- Yarda and Hatchery, Amoa Bowler, Prop, — Breeder and exhibitor of heavy laying trapnested BufT Leghorns exclusively; eggs and chicks from Buff and White Leghorns, Barred Rocks, etc.: prices reasonable: price list free. Route 5, box 31, Petalnma, California. Barred Plymouth Rocka — Winners at New York. Kansas and California shows. Eggs for hatching and choice stock for sale. Eighteen years breed- ing Barred ftocks exclusnely. Write for folder. **Vadden'B Hockery," Loa Gatoa. Cal. All the Rhode lalaad Red Baby Chlcka Yon Want — Best all-round chicken there is; good winter layers and the only kind for broilers; special rates by the 1,000; order now at the only ex- clusive Rhode laland Red Hatchery, S162 48th aTe„ Oakland. Cal. Phone Merritt 2172. Order Now: Thoroughbred bronze tur- keys from largest turkey ranch in Stanislaus co. ; large spring gobblers and hens for breeding stock. Address Crowa Landing; Turkey Ranch, Crowa LandlnB, Cal. Box SS7. Hart's !>traln of Bronse Turkeys; laree vigorous slock for sale. Eggs by the setting or by the hundred. Lim- ited number of eggs from special matings. Orders now being booked. Albert M. Hart, Clements, Cal. 4Suc- cessor to Ed. Hart). Rhode Island Red Chicks and UatchlUB EIBBs — Hundreds or thousands; 1,600 heavy layers. Settings from exhibition ptns.' Kinest plant in California. Peb- blealde Poultry Farm and Hatchery, SnuMyiale. Pine Tree Poultry Farm, LfM Gatoa, Cal. — Hatching eggs from S. C. White Leghorns; selected stock; »6 per 100; $50 per 1.000; order now. No baby chicks^ Incnbatora — The Gc*. H. Croley C*.. Inc., largest Poultry Supply House of the Coast, 631-637 Brannan street. San Francisco, is making attractive prices this season. Write for book. ders for December and January. Early chicks bring big money. Send for circular. l~ W. Clark. Petaloma, Petalosna Hatchery — Now booking or- Cal. For Sale — Exhibition single comb Brown Leghorn cockerels, $2 up; two firsts. Los Angeles Incubator eggs *" hundred, others fZ setting. Rev. Wol- ter. 114 F St., Freano, Calif. Red Bonrbon Tnrkeya for sale; first prize winning birds; 3 pairs breeders 1^ and 2 years old and younger stock; some fine vuung toms and pullets. A. E. Baimer, Alhambra Valley, Martlnea. LiKht Brahmas from prize winners. Oakland, San Francisco shows; Bel- gian hares: berry plants; send for cat- alogue. Old Hickory Supply Company. Department 5. Capltola, Cal. Stlrllns Farm — Incubator chicks and hatching eggs from fully matured S. C. White Leghorns, Wyckoff's strain; also S. C. Brown Leghorns. Route 2. Box 1416. Sacramento, Cal. White Mlnorcas exclnalvely — A few pood cockerels bred from new East- ern stock; eggs for hatching from spe- cial matings. T. H. Bowem, Route *, Santa Ana, California. Baby Chicks (White Leghorns) shipped on arproval before remitting No wf-ak onef charged for. SchellTlIle Hatrhery, Route 1, Sonoma. CaL Incubators. Brooders. Supplies, Smith's Universal Chick Feed. Hogan's "Call of Hen." S2. prepaid. F. F. Smith A Co.. lOOe J St., Sacramento. Circnlara. Trapnested 'White and BuflT Lesrhoraa— Great winners and layers Egrgs. chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroeder. Alta Mesa. Mountain View, Cal. I'henitRutK. RlncTDerk and C^lden — R♦?»d^■ for l'r»-edin? r»en; eees in sea- son. T. n. Morris, Aena f alirntr, Cal. ThorouKhbred White Holland and Bourbon Red Turkeya. E. K. McKln- ley, Uktah. Cal,, R- F. D. POULTRY— Continued. 33S Ekks Year Each Hen, Guaranteed, feeding cheap home-made stimulant. Shorting Moulting; full instruction $1, or send 25c, stamps, coin, to cover postage on strictly free package, guar- anteed enough for two months' feed- ing your unlaying hens, fully convinc- ing you before sending Jl. (BUY HENS, MAKE EASY MONEY.) J. Da- creat, 1112 Jndklns St., Seattle. Waah. Uulf Lcehorn, White Minorca Chicks, Esbs and Ktoek: ijuiiliiy guaran- teed; prices reasonable; choice strained honey t3li i>uunds for $3.50. Saadridse Hatchery, Herman, Cal. Bnlf OrpluKton Eggs $1.50; special matings J3.00; runner duck 11.00; 2J'.'-egg strain, baby slock. Gieadalc, FIcmlUB ave.. San Joae. Calif. Baby Chicks (White Leghorns) shipped on approval. Examine at your home before remitting. Schell«ille Hatchery, Route 1. Sonoma, Cal. Giant bronse turkey toma from prize- winning stock; weigh over 20 pounds at S months; write for prices. Mm. Mellic Hart. HoltYllle. CaUf. ABdalnalana— If you want eggs get Andalusian. Eggs and stock for sale. Daniel Calbrcath, Monmouth, OrcBon. For Sale — Prize winners. Bonbon red turkeys, just a few left. Wta, S. tel- ler. Escalon, Cal. REAL ESTATE REAL ESTATE — Continued. LIVESTOCK For Sale— Guinea pigs 50c each. All sizes Belgian Hares and Flemish Giants, sieel grey, black and silver grey. My price ranges from $1.00 up. according to size. My stock is the I best. H. Gnlbor, 1314 Plnchot at., Stockton, Calif. RcBlatered Poland Chlaaa, young stock, for sale; both sexes; dams all sired I by first prize and grand champion, Ida- ho State Fair, 1912; boar prices reason- I able; satisfaction guaranteed. A. J. , Rol>inaon, RoHte 4, box 125, Modeato, ' Cal. Pure-Bred Ijuroc- Jersey swine; prize winners; limited number only; $10 each f. o. b. \%'ealern Hob and Land Symdltrate, 919 Hearst bIdB-. San Fran- dseo. Prtze-W InnlnB stock of Poland-Chlnaa aad -Mulcfoot Swine — Fine boars of service age for sale. Mulefoot pigs, both sexes. RlTcrBardea Stock Farm, Grafton. Cal. I CalTca Raised Without Milk — Cost less I than half as much as the mllk-ralsed 1 calves. Write for free book to Conlaon Co., Petaluma. For sale — Ayrshire cows and heifers; bulls of serviceable age a specialty; I I pay express. Walter Domes, McCoy, OreBOB- EiBht pare-bred Berkahlre iMMira, the I short nose kind, from 4 to 6 months old, $10 each, f. o b. Petaluma. L. W. 1 Xellsen. R. D, 2, box 1, Petaluma. Cal. I Saanyslde herd — Registered Holstein I cattle R. F. Gueria, R. S. Im>z 68, , Viaalla. Cal. I Duroc Jeraey Boara — All sizes, ready for delivery. Address Liadqndat Bros., Turlock, Cal. Several pair BreedlUB Foxea. Write for circular. Reld Broa., BothweU. Oa- tario, Canada. FROGS FroBa— Investigate breeding big East- ern bullfrogs; unusual possibilities west of mountains. Tremendous de- mand. Aqnalifcco, Seymour, Coaa. PHEASANTS Chlaeae RiaBneck Pheasants, 92^10 each, either sex Powars' Pbeaaantry, 985 So. Tenth St„ San Jose. Cal. BEES AND HONEY BeekeeplaB Pays BiB — Price list, bees, instruction l^ooks, etc., free. Speacer I Apiariea Co.. Box 1(1, N'nrdbolf, Cal. RABBITS I Caldwell's Royal Red .Vew Zealaads — , Prize winners: catalogue on re- quest, faidnell Bros.. Los AaBcles, Cal. Box ni3F. HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES "SMITHS PAY THE FREIGHT." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our Wholesale to Consumer Cat&logue. Smith's Cash Store, IM Clay atre«t. Saa Fraaciseo. Bueaa Viata Ranch. 4,100 acre* — This famous rancho being subdivided; railroad through property; depot on , ranch; good schools, fine roads; best ' class of progressive and successful neighbors: unexcelled climate and I cheapest irrigation system in State; I deep, rich red leaf mold soil; popula- I tion in vie. 12,000; big pay-roll and fine I market for all products; packing plant. I cannery, creamery; five improved home I places on ranch of from 40 to 120 acres at exceptional price and terms; fine ' level cleared pieces, any acreage, prices I $40 to $75 per acre, terms; perfect for I Bartlett pears, prunes, cherries, Eng- lish walnuts, market gardening, ber- ' rles. bogs, poultry and dairying; early buyers will have unlimited choice: I above Is without exception the great- | I est value ever offered In California; i 1 splendid demonstration farms on prop- erty; deal direct with owners and save commission; investigate this at once; priced for quick action. Buena Vista Farms Co.. 309 Balboa BldB- 5»S Mar- ; ket St.. S. F. ' Victoria. Auatralla, V*aats Settlers — | Special inducements; Government 1 land, railways, free schools; cheap ir- rigation; 31 years to pay for farms: ^ ' adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fruit, ^ etc.; climate like California; ample markets: reduced passages; special ex- cursion being arranged. Free particu- lars from F. T. A. Fricke, Govcrnmeat Representative from Victoria, 6ST Mar- ket St.. Saa Francisco, Cal., Box T. A barBain if taken soon — Good farm and stock ranch, 416 acres; plenty of | good valuable timber, abundance of i grass: springs and running water the year round; close to school, church. I town and railroad; cash or terms. Ad- dress owner. A. S. B.. 400 North Second j atreet. Corral I la, OreBOa. Calif oraia Al Rice Farma for Sale or trade; finest irrigated dairy farms for sale- prune or almond land: two [ fine stock ranches: business opportuni- ties. Write me for particulars on any proposition. Wm. H. Braylea, BIbb*. cal. Walaat Laad — I want two or three re- liable people to Join me In planting 60 acres to English walnuts: to reduce expenses, one pumping plant will do for all: I can arrange to care for the trees till bearing. Nelle I. Comptoa, box 142, Oaklaad. Cal. SelllaB Improved Stocked Chiekea Raacheo a Specialty — 2-acre, price i $2,200, cash $1,200; g%-acre, price | $6,500. cash $3,000: 10-acre. price $7,500, , cash $2.00(1. house and mrtg. bal. Chaa. | E. Genasxi, Real Estate, room 7-8, Miller bIdB-. Petalaata. Cal. Forced Sales — I specialize In finding owners who are forced to sell on account of heavy mortgages: property j in all part of (California. My system brings in some great bargains in land. Send for my lists; tell me your wants. Victor Barkc, Los Gatoa. Cal. For Sale— 40 acres good deep rich soil; i first water right : suitable for Thomp- son seedless or alfalfa; If you have a little money and want to make a start see me. or write me. W, M. Bacoa, R. R. 7', box I06A, Fresao, Cal. Goverameat soon to open 1,000,000 acres In Pacific Northwest. Would you like 160-acre home free? Send 50 ' cents for booklet of particulars to Col- vllle Reacrvatloo lafonaation Bureaa, a07 ElaBle, Sftoitaae, Waah. j Waated — Homeseekers: land with per- ' petual water right, only $50 per acre; ten years to pay; $2.50 per acre down ' and balance five per cent Interest. Ad- I dress N. C. O. By., ColoaUatlon Depart. ; meat, 4S1 Phelan BIdB-, Saa Fraadsco. ' 2ao acrea in frost protected region In | Fresno county, suitable for oranges, ) lemons, figs, olives, grapes and alfalfa; water plentiful, electric power avail- able; cut by spur of Santa Fe; station 1 ^ miles. L. C. Martla. Fowler, Cal. Are yon thialclnB of moviaB to Bay Cities? We have some beautiful homes that can be bought cheap and on easy terms. Ask us about them to- day. John E. Drendel Compaay, lac, 212 Hearst BldK- San Fraaciseo, Free — 'True Blue" 1915 Booklet. Tells the •■How," "Why" and "Where" of overlooked State and Government land bargains. Write Callforala State Laad laforamtloa Bureau, Sacrameato, CaL Monatala raachea, general farming; deep sandy loam; pure water; almost frostless: Ideal climate: $5 to $20 per acre. Information cheerfully furnished. L. G. TUaUc, Maripoaa, CalUorala. For Sale at a Barsala — An improve 32"-acre farm in Adams count Washington; half in crop. Price $17 per acre. Address Box 953, Great Falls, Moataaa. al f tlo Oakdale IrrlBatfoa DIatrict — D rich soil: sacrificing alfalfa 1 .VIexander Stoddard, owner, Oakdal Stanislaus County, Cnl. • 15,000 — Easy terms: C50-acre cattle rancli; house, barn, cattle, horsi - hogs, tools. Sam Hex, MIddletowrn, Cal For Government land locations call t ■ or write Smith & Baird, ReddinB, Cal. ~ REAL ESTATE WANTED Wanted — To buy or lease, with buyi; privilege, ranch for dairy and bi ■ stock breeding with a little diversifl' farming, alfalfa land and pasture wii: some shade trees necessary; not too far from railroad station and within driv- ing distance of a school; am an in prover of property, have a little mon> and only want a square deal where can make a living; have a half doz- friends wanting to live where I deci ; to locate: want to get Into a commur ty where things are honestly repr- sented, and to ascertain this prefer • lease first and buy later; land witho buildings considered: give full deta. of property, location and nearest rai road station, also distance to tow also rental, with sale price and term price must be on rock-bottom basi> Address F. Martin, 777 IV. MIcklBan avc Paaadeaa. Cal. We have parties that want farms a' ranches, improved and unimprove If you want to sell or exchange your place list your property with us once for quick results. Write for list- ing blank and other information. Joh- E, Drendel Company, lac, 212 Hea~ BIdB., >«an Francisco. Farma waated — We have direct buyer»" don't pay commissions. Write ds scribing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable prop- erty free. Amerlcaa Investmeat Asso- clatloa, 8 Palace BldB,, Mlaaeapolta, Mian. REAL ESTATE EXCHANGl E^zchaaBc— 10 acres unlmprored two miles from American city, Cuba: American farming colony; no taxe^ United States and Cuban deed; a kinds of fruit and vegetables grow a the year; healthiest climate knowt What have you, value $1,000? Box 314. Tracy, CaL Scad for my iiata of Santa Clara V'a ley. San Joaquin Valley and Norti ern California exchanges. What ba- you? Victor Burke, Loa Gatoa. Cal AGENTS WANTED will pay RelUMc Maa or Womaa 912J'><> to distribute 100 FREE pkgs. Per fumed Borax Soap Powder amoi friends. No money required. L. Wani Borax Co., 210 lastitatc PI., ChlcaBO. ABcata— Country automobile owne'- appreciate advantages of quick r< pairs with my improved specialty; pa- ticulars free. S. P. Polaad, 697B Mi> aloa street, Saa Fraadaco. I auide 950,000 In five years in the ma order business; began with $5. Se' ' for free booklet. Tells how. HE.4 COCK, 1096 Loekport, W. Y. C. Reynolds Darla — Agents' high-grad- specialties. PoatoBcc Box 4431, Saa Fraaciseo, Calif. SALESMEN WANTED Salcamea — Eara •2,000 to •4M9 a year new combination, 12 tools In on' sells at sight to contractors, farmer teamsters, fence builders, thresher- miners: weighs 24 pounds, lifts 3 ton^ stretches wire, pulls posts, hoists, et' chance for men wno want hone- money-making proposition. Harrni ManufaetariaB Co., box M, Bloomllel, Mnrysvllle. Cal. 15,000 Loganberry Plants from vigor- ous yearling vines, $10 per 1,000. H. Porter. Sebastopol, Calif. PATENT ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us; established fifty years. Send tor free booklet on "Patents." Pacifle Coast Patent Agency, Inc., Stockton, California. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement In ORCHARD AND FARM FARMING IN SOUTHERN ORE- GON. This description of farm conditions from southwestern Oregon,, taken from a letter from one of our sub- scribers in Coos county, cannot help but be interesting. Most readers know that all along the Pacific Coast there are two different climates — the more humid climate along the coast, mild in summer and winter, and the drier climate, with more variation in tem- perature, behind the Coast Range and Cascade mountains. This is from the mild, rather rainy, district of south- western Oregon. — Editor. The people here mostly turn their attention to dairying or stock raising. A great many live in town or rent their ranches. Men that have land here that is cultivated or in grass don't have to work. Of course, the more work the more money. The grass is green the year in and the year out. The weather is never very cold nor very hot. We can have fruit and vegetables all the time. People say the land in Oregon and California is too high. It is not nearly as high as it will be, for this country has just started to develop. In ten years from now the people that think that prices are high will be greatly surprised. Men that live in the north and have to make a road in the snow six and eight months in the year come down here and see everything growing all winter and cannot help but like it and they are going to own prop- erty here at some price. I will soon renew my subscription, as I think the information that a man can get out of "Orchard and Farm" in different lines is well worth the money.— A. H. SMITH. LADY BIRDS LITTLE USE. Ever since the canteloupe industry of the Imperial Valley started and was found to be seriously affected by the melon aphis there have been great amounts of ladybirds shipped down every spring in order to eat up the aphis. The number actually shipped amounted to millions per season, the number slips our memory, and yet the aphis continued to do lots of damage, though the melon growers have called upon the State Insectary for all the ladybirds they could get. In spite of the general and strong belief in the merits of the ladybirds in checking the aphis there has been in certain parts the firm opinion that the shipments of these ladybirds, hip- podamia convergens, were of prac- tically no use and after the experi- ence of the last season it appears that this view is correct, for the aphis was worse than ever this year and the ladybirds had a better start, being sent down much earlier than usual. Other varieties of ladybirds are working in the valley each season before the hippodamia arrives, out- numbering the hippodamia ten to one or more, and if any ladybirds were going to be effective those in natur- ally would be, yet the aphis continue to be bad. All who ought to know now seem unanimous in the opinion that the hippodamia does so little good that it should not be bothered with after this. The State Insectary, which gathers the ladybirds and sends them to the Imperial alvley and elsewhere, has been getting some excellent results this season with insects imported from elsewhere to prey on injurious insects now in California and money now spent on the hippodamia evi- dently would be more profitably spent in introducing new parasites and pre- dacious insects. Whether it is one or the othe wrill largely be decided bv the popular demand. If ladybird shinments are again demanded, tests will be made to determine their actual value, so that they can be continued or discontinued, as proof of results shows.— D. J. W. 3S GROWING OLIVES WITHOUT IRRIGATION To "Orchard and Farm":— Permit me to make a remark or two relating to olives. It is generally conceded that the olive must be irrigated in order to do well. Now I want to say that this is not the case, as an olive tree is exceedingly hardy and re- quires no irrigation. I have given this tree a great deal of thought dur- ing the last ten years, and I know u n will do well on hillsides and with ordinary cul- tivation. In order to get the best re- sults would advise dynamiting before placing the tree. W. E. SPEER. Amador County, Cal. Such communications are not only permitted, they are welcomed. While It IS true that the ability of the olive to endure drouth has made many per- sons neglect it to its own misfortune It IS also true that with sufficient rain- fall and good care, it will both en- dure and produce well. The impor- tant thing to know is, in what locali- ties It will do well without irrigation. The above communication will give some light on that subject.— Editor AFTER THE XMAS. CAMERA. A dark room lamp can easily be made by using a small wooden box about 6x8x8, a piece of window glass of suitable size, and three or four pieces of red and orange tissue paper. If electricity is convenient bore a hole in the top of the box just large enough to receive the lamp socket In a face perpendicular to the top of the box make an opening about four inches square; cover this, on the in- side, with the glass securely fastened in place. Fasten the sheets of tissue paper— a little larger than the open- ing—in front of the glass allowing them to hang as a curtain; by so doing the intensity of the light may be regulated as wished. Leave the bot- tom of the box open, simply matting the edges with heavy cloth or felt to prevent the leakage of light when the latnp is in use. This makes a very efficient lamp. If electricity is not available a can- dle or lamp may be used by taking a little larger box and boring small holes near the top and bottom of the back side for air supply. Any light coming through' these holes can be guarded against by using a piece of black cloth — Colorado Agricultural College. THE HEREFORD ASSOCIATION. At the annual meeting of the Here- ford Breeders' Association, just held in Kansas City, Overton Harris of Harris, Mo., was elected president. Mr. Harris is one of the great Here- ford men of this country and it is very doubtful if there has been any breeder ever equaled him in the advancement of the Hereford breed. His show yard record for the past twenty years stands without a parallel. His elec- tion means a great boom for Here- fords at the Panama-Pacific. As Mr. Harris has always been broadminded in his views toward the expansion of the breed, ever looking for a new field, so California can ex- pect a great exhibit of white faces at the Panama-Pacific next year. The association also passed resolutions making liberal appropriations for the maintenance of a view herd during the entire year of the Exposition. R. J. Kinzer, secretary of the asso- ciation, leaves in a month for Califor- nia to look over the field. The better boy you are, the better man you will be. The Western Meat Company in the endeavor to encourage meat produc- tion in the West has issued an inter- esting and instructive pamphlet on hog cholera. It is written so that a person will understand the causes, symptoms and cure of this disease and is of vital interest to anyone rais- ing hogs. It is sent out free on re- quest. r 94 ORCHARD AND FARM Pin Money From a One-Cow Dairy The Big Exposition -By Mrs. R. S. Knight, Meadow Brook Farm, Santa Rosa- Tlie nioiillily suKtii-'sliuiis of the household departmcnl arc Koing to have a long vacation, although a nuniher on hand too Kood to neglect will be used. Instead, we wish some experiences wiiich will be '■••Ipful for the farm home on various tor-i'^s. The author of the December expe- rience said: "You hardly ever see ways or means by which a real coun- try woman can earn real pin money." Is this true? Long before her storv appeared in the paper the following story on making money on a one-cow dairy was received. We are iticlincd to believe that there are lots of ways to earn pin money and we will print SHCkr It INCMCS wiot MODtL DAIRY C HAtM I O o PAILS o e dentin poo« one or more, depending upon the number and value of those Sent in, and pay $5 for each story written. Length is no factor, provided it is not excessively long, but it must be actually instructive and contain some- thing which the farm woman reader will say is worth while. And we wish to say this: Inexpe- rience in writing is no hindrance to writing when a person has something to say. Frequently the people who use a pen most, judging from their handwriting, write so easily they can't say anything worth while. People with the worst handwriting usually say what is most worth while, be- cause writing is so hard that they only say what they have to. and that moans that is worth something. We 'arc not anxious for a flood of manuscripts bv any means, blut if vou have something to write about, just write it in. especially if you have not written before. It has to be for the farm household, though, and something which the reader will at once feel is interesting and of real value. Other tonics will follow. The pres- ent tonic is about wa"s of niakin pin money. Five dollars will be paid for each contribution used. The ac- companying story and the one given in the December issue will show about what is wanted. — Editor House- hold Department. Much criticism is often passed upon the butter which the ordinarv rancher or small one or two-cow people bring into town and sell to the grocer. I think there are two crood reasons why the butter is not of better qual- ity: First, because people do not know how to make reallv good but- ter; second, because they have not the proner outfit. The family cow can be made a verv naying part of the home if she and her nroduce are handled right. I would like to tell those interested in the subject of my six years' experi- ence. We have an excellent cow whose average butter nroduction is one pound a day for the whole year, also supplying three of us with milk and cream. 1 always make the butter and look after the dairy produce gen- erally. We have a separator. This is rather a large expense to begin with, but amply pays for itself with even the one cow. You have clean milk, sweeter cream and more of it, and, last but not least, have less work and less space. We bought the smallest size separator of one of the leading makes and it is a dandy, has never been out of order, and all the expense we have been put to in the six years is one other float and some rubber rings. Then I have a good ten-gallon bar- rel churn, a butter worker, the "V" shape, standing on three legs with a four-sided cutter to work the butter, a four-gallon stone jar to keep the cream in, and a good pair of scales, the balance k.nd. My dairy is 12 by 8 feet, the ac- coni|)anying sketch showing its ar- rangement. My husband built the dairy and cemented the floor. The dairy is on the shady side of the house and covered with vines. I bought an iceless cooler this year, which 1 kee|) outside. It is called the "Gem" (I think 1 saw it adver- tised in Orchard and h'arm). It is entirely of galvanized tin, so can get no musty snjell like those with wood in them. 1 keep my cream in it and the night before I churn I put two pails of water in it so as to have the same temperature. I sell my butter to several friends for 30 cents a pound all the year roimd and I can always get more customers than 1 need. I did not write this little article with a view to teaching how to make butter, so will pass on. Suffice it to say, I follow the exact rules in an ad- vanced butter book recommended me by "Hoard's Dairyman," also other instructions they gave me. When the cow is dry for six or eight weeks we always have our own butter to use, as gradually, about a month or so before, I put away in a brine strong enough to float an egg so much butter a week till 1 have about ten pounds. I tie the pieces of butter up in mus- lin which has been thoroughly ster- ilized. We do not like salt butter, and kept this way the butter tastes as fresh as the day you made it. Now as to the cost of setting up a little dairy, not counting the sepa- rator, wliich costs about $47, my ex- penses were as given below: Churn $•» 85 Worker 5.00 Four-gallon stone crock .80 Scales 3.60 Thermometer .50 Spade butter pats l.oo Iceless cooler 10. .SO Total $26 25 I have heard since we bought ours that you can get a cream separator on time, which might put one within the reach of people of small means. I do not mean to criticise the man who does not set up a proper dairy for his wife, or the woman who goes on making butter in a slovenly man- ner, heating the cream up in a pot, washing hardiv any of the butter- milk out, stuffing it into a mold, and selling it for a small price in town. I want to try and spur them on to make a better article and get more monev for their labor, and have nicer butter to eat themselves. Creamerv butter is verv good, but I will back mv home butter against any of it for having a richer, more creamv flavor, for keening, and also not shrinking in weight. I do not work it fidl of water and can make a v'ood profit without doing so and «n can anyone else who goes the right wav to work. Yes, \vc- talk of San Francisco And tlie Nineteen Fifteen Fair, There'll be beauty on the campus. There'll be music in the air. All the joys that are allotted On this happy mundane sphere To the oplmistic mortal May be found unrivalled here. Life is more than mereW living On the great Pacific Slope, And this California climate Is just certainly the "dope." And the girls of California! They arc certainly worth while. It will drive you optimistic Just to see our lassies smile. And the hills of San Francisco, And the bay with glories spread. Golden-gated, happy haven. Cradled from the ocean bed. Now, mv friend, (I mean the fellow To whom Fate has been unkind. Who was born beyond our border And has never changed his mind). You have certainly done penance Till no more could be required. And you'll find in San Francisco All your soul has e'er desired. If you hail from "Old Missouri Then, of course, you must be shown. And wc joyfully assure you We are here for that alone. Or from any other section Lucky mortal never stay. But just grab your grip and ramble Out the Exposition way. Take Old Tempus by the forelock. Never, never let him go Till your plans are all perfected For the San Francisco Show. "Get there, Eli," be your motto. And your watchword "Kelly slide." For you've learned that not for any Ever waifeth time and tide. And we send a friendly greeting To our neighbors o'er the sea; And a token of our friendship Shall this Exposition be. Help us make this Exposition What it will be, sure as Fate, Biggest thing in all creation Nineteen Fifteen, get the date? There'll be beauty on the campus, "There'll be music in the air When vou come to San Francisco And the Nineteen Fifteen Fair. —By J. W. Winfrey, Napa, Cal. MAKING A RIGHT ANGLE. In the construction of corrals and in many other of the simpler prob- lems of farm construction or survey- ing it is often desirable to lay off a right angle. It is a well known fact that in a triangle whose sides are in the ratio of three, four and five, the angle opposite the longest side is a right angle. This triangle may be very easily constructed by tying knots in a striuK at intervals of three, four and five feet, yards or any convenient unit of measurement. Tlien the string may be closed into a triangle with the three knots at the three corners. The larger the triangle the smaller will be the probable error. This method was used bv the Egyptians many thousands of years ago. — Colorado Agricultural College. A right angle can also be made by nailing three straight sticks together, following the principle outlined above, having one side six feet long, another eight feet, and the third ten feet The angle opposite the ten-foot side will be a right angle. "Wear-Ever" Aluminum Roaster anil anvo liitwr and expense. "Woar-KvL-r" hcutd morw tiuickly and re*afnfi h.i.t louitor than other wurc. CaTinut ru.'I, chip or Bcuu . Replace utciuil* that wear out with uteuiU that "Wear-Ever" WriU /or ft ■Mrl, "The UVnr-t'irr Ai Ir'ici" wAwA IIS how to iffiproLf v<.ur fi'.'fci "f7. WANTFO- M.n to dtmoniilnitf anil Bell "Wesr- l^vrr" Speriallics. Only tboM who can furniiih accurity will he conaiderctl. Tbtt Alumlntllll < i okin;; I (rii«ll ( . New KenainKiun. I'u.. «r ( il y.'U I ^■ NorUiem Aluminum Co., Ltd., '1 ■ Send pn'paid 1-qt. "W™r-Kv P.\Y YOU to lii^. gate our building; plans before ><• i build. If you desire that yom home be substantial, comfortabli- and attractive, we can please you. If money Is an Item, we can save you half of the ordinary bulldlnic cost. There la two to one grreater value In our buildings than you can obtain In any other way. Per- manent or portable. Our new Book of Plans will Interest you. Write or call. KKMOX PACIFIC CO.. No. 3 Krnnkllu St., S. F. 'Sisj In TheWest^ Contra east of In Eastern Costa county, Mt. Diablo. 63 miles from San Francisco. Soil and climate un- excelled. Suitable for alfalfa, fruits, nuts, dairying, poultry and hogs. Price $300 an acre, including water right. Write to-day for Illustrated folder, map, etc. LFOURGUTHRIEACd; 350 California St. San Francisco When writing to advertisers who use this m a g a 1 1 D e PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD AND FARM 35 My First Dinner for Company -ontributed- When I was a little girl 14 years of age I was left at home one day to keep house while my father and mother went to town. As it was a drive of eight miles it usually occu- pied a day's time. I was beginning to wonder how I would pass the time away, when who should drive in but my uncle and aunt, expecting to spend the day, and before I thought what I was doing 1 began to help unhitch the horse, in- sisting on them staying for dinner. Then I began to get weak in the knees t the thought of preparing dinner for company — something I had never done before. Now, what was my menu to consist of? — that was the question; and before I had made any preparation whatever it was 10 o'clock. As farms are usually well stocked poultry I decided a hen should foi ish the main part of my company ■ !• al. I spied a nice looking one, li as I could run about as fast as 5>i<- could, I soon had her in my 1. nds, and my uncle saved me the f ouble of using the axe. After I had the feathers removed came the problem — I had never pre- pared a chicken for the pot — knew nothing about how the cleaning op- eration was accomplished- — but I ex- cused myself, took Mrs. Hen on the back porch on a bench and with a not too sharp knife proceeded to solve that problem. That happened tv;enty-nine years ago, and I cannot repress a smile as I recall how that bench looked when I was through wrestling with that chicken. I noticed a peculiar green pouch on the liver, and as I supposed it was an abnormal growth of some kind decided to throw the liver away, but in cutting it loose I ruptured it in some wav, which caused a peculiar odor, so the hen was given a thor- ough bath, such as I myself had been taught to take, with a rag, soai and plentv of water. Even after that I had my doubts about iier cleanliness, so that poor hen was parboiled in soda water, changing it twice. It was Jl o'clock before I got that hen on the stove for the final stew, and as she was at least 10 years old you may imagine how tender she was after an hour's cooking. On inspecting the bread box T found the supply too low for a com- pany meal. I had never been taught how to make biscuit and was afraid to tackle that job unless forced to, so I slipped in the other part of the house, where a maiden lady and her brother, who worked for my father, lived. I requested Alice to- save my reputation by baking a mess of her nice biscuit, which she was only too glad to do. I won't mention all the good things we had for dinner that day, but how my aunt did brag on my (?) lovely biscuit! They didn't seem to care for chicken that day; the-- both took a generous portion, but I noticed it was left on their plates. When my mother inspected that chicken later she discovered that the windpipe and craw were still there, and the gizzard was cooked with the contents still intact. But who could blame me? I had done the best I knew how. T hope the mothers who read this, whether living in town or country, will sec to it that their little daugh- ters are initiated in the mysteries of the culinary department of their homes, so they will be able, should necessity arise, to prepare a whole- some meal, even for company. Every word of this is true. A CURE FOR TATTLING. A mother who was very much grieved over her little daughter's habit of tale-bearing at last adopted a sersible way of dealing with it. She had tried various punishments and had found out that she could not make the child see how disagreeable the habit was, so she turned directly about and sympathized with the little girl every time she came with a dis- mal tale of woe. "Mother is very sorry the children are so naughty," she said with kisses and comfort in the way of sugar lumps. You must not play with Mary again. I do not want her to be rude and unkind to my good little daugh- ter." In a very short time the little girl's circle of playmates narrowed down to herself, and she soon grew weary of playing alone. She coaxed and begged of her mother to let her play with the other children, only to hear the same words from the mother, "They are too rude and unkind for my little girl to play with." It did not take very long for the child to think it all over and one day she confessed with a burst of pcni- ■ tears that she was more to blame ^ the others. Then the mother erly explained the evils of tatt- and always making one's self out •cent while the others were al- s in the wrong. The penitent lit- sinner in her arms was tired of ig the only "good" child in the ntiithborhood, and the little lesson brought forth good fruits. CHEMICALS AND ICE. Several issues ago there was an in- quiry regarding methods of making ice by the use of chemicals. For practical purposes this cannot be done, as was stated, although it is true that it is possible, if not profitable, to make ice in a number of ways by chemical action alone. Mix some sal ammoniac with double its weight of saltpeter. Take an equal amount of sal soda, or washing soda, and mix the two, packing them around a tin bucket as ice is packed around an ice cream freezer. When the two diflferent mixtures meet cold is de- veloped so that ice will form. By placing some Glaubers salt in a crock containing some weak sul- phuric acid, cold also is developed. Another refrigerant is made by mix- ing two pounds each of potassium nitrate and a like amount of amoninm nitrate and a like amount of ammo- nium-nitrate with five pints of water. Except in very rare cases these methods of making ice are more in- teresting than useful, for the cost of the chemicals is many times as much as the normal cost of the ice made. GASOLINE IRON. In using any of the gasoline irons on the market, I would suggest that the gasoline be strained when filling the tank, A piece of chamois skin large enough for that purpose can be procured for a dime, and it will eliminate the danger of any minute particles getting into the supply pinf therebv putting the iron out of com- mission.—READER. The social center is a great aid to farming communities everywhere. It is the get-together place where the young and old can get together and pull together for the uplifting of the community. Love may make the world go 'round, but what keeps most small towns go- ing is curiosity. Curiosity killed a cat, but the cat didn't come from a small town, or it would have thrived upon that kind of diet. , T/re Woman 0/^Experience' The vvonian who knows what's what always demands Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate, because she knows and appreciates its true worth. In addition to its value as a temptinjT and strengthening beverage, it can be serv ed and used in many practical ways. As a flavoring for puddings, ice cream, candy, cake, icing, sauces, etc., it is without an equal. Begin using it to-morrow. /// licrnietically sealed cans. Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate is the only original ground chocolate. It has been used in Western homes for over a third of a century and its popularity is growing day by day. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Sinc« 1852 San FrancUco The same high quality at the same low price you have always paid. GHIRARDELLIS GROUND CHOCOUTE III San FiiAitix't" Don't be Defrauded — get the Genuine. Take no substitute — there's only one real comfort shoe that gives perfect foot-ease and lasting wear — Martha Washington Comfort Shoes itching, burning These wonderiul shoes afford positive relief for aching, tired, sensitive, feet. Martha Washington Comfort Shoes will give you genuine comfort and a perfect fit. WARNING: — Always look for the name Martha Washington and the Mayer trade mark on the sole. If dealer cannot supply you, write us. No buttons or laces — they slip on and off at will. We make Honorbilt shoes in all ■tylcs for men, women and children; Dry Sox wet weather shoes; Ycrma Cushion Shoes. F. MAYER BOOT & SHOE COMPANY Milwaukaa Clean ud the rubbish in the garden and burn or put in compost heap. Trouble is about the only thing that is easy to borrow. When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm NCWT0MK.U.3JU Get a Big New Overland For the Big New Year Nineteen fifteen is going to be the best year of your life. The most conservative estimates promise the biggest and most pros- perous year you have ever had the pleasure and privilege of living through. So now, as never Ijefore, you need a car. And wliat is more — you need an Overland. Here's why. The Overland offers the greatest intrinsic value for the very least amount of actual money. Regardless of price — it is one of the handsomest cars ever built. The beautiful full stream-line bodv is one of the most admired designs of the season. Regardless of price — it is one of the most comfortable cars ever built. The long underslung rear springs make it ride with absolute ease and smoothness at all times. So do the large tonneau, deep and soft upholstery and large tires. Regardless of price — it i.s one of the most convenient cars ever built. It is electrically started and elec- trically lighted. All of the electric controls are conveniently located on the steering column. You can oper- ate every button without changing your driving position. Regardless of price — it is one of the most complete cars. There are demountable rims, with one extra, a high-tension magneto, built-in ventilating type windshield, mohair HPIEF srECU'lCATIOSS top and boot, magnetic speedometer and curtain box. In fact every mod- ern improvement. Then remember this — The first cost is not only con- siderably less, but so is the operat- ing cost. In both directions you save money. Also remember that every Over- land is backed by a world-wide service. So by all means get an Overland — and get it now. Then, and only then, you'll make 1915 just that much bigger, better and more delightful for your whole family. Act to-dav. Motor 85 h. p. New tail atream-llne body Tonneaut longer anti wider Vpholsteryi deeper and softer. Model 81 Prices: Ti f'assenger Tourhig Car 2 PoKsenffcr RoaifKtcr windshield; raln-vls- lon, ventilating type Bullt-ln Electric starter Electric lights Theniio-Hyphon coolinu; — no pump needed HlRh-tenslon magneto; no dry cells necessary Five bearing crankshaft Rear nxle; floating type Wheel base, 114 Inches 34x4-tnch tires Demountable rIniM — one extra I, eft-hand drive Center control Body— beautlfnl ueiuul cur, MttwvfU uwners* iii> i>«>i put vvimci uu>ull>s. Show, sIusIj, i>r uuul iu'\»i vlosf n>i»iU a|i»iust tl»c powcrhil. It »s ai\ all vvi-alhfr oar The Ma.wvcll is one of tlic yrcalcsi lull cliutbiit^ cars in thf world. Its womUi I'ully lle\il>le motor, which may he throt tleii lUnvu to 4 u\iles an hour on high uear. ami nuu klv pii kcil up to AO nulcs an hour, makes it the uleal lar (or use on rou.v;h roails or in traffic. Holds the Road at 50 Miles an Hour \UUou>;l» (Ik- piKv' ot lli^- ' Ma\ will l>a> been re^Uuevl to $tlS>A. seventeen new leat\ues have been aiUleil. I'.specially notable >s the avijustable ln>ut seat, whicli n\ay be moved iovwarvl or backward thrte \nches to smt the le^; length ol the driver. This is an iiiipu»ve iiient not tound in any other automv>bile ure-spective \»f price. It is typical ol the advanced design of the Maxwell car Th$ Matuftll D$aUr ntartMt you wtll »hoW you th* "19/5" Maxwell HawwW Kl^e-rnsfteuser I'ouriuic r«r, lN*&< l« r«u»a«, $ Wl M«i\nell KiM»a-.tof •J*'- iu<»4«>l «>MHl)>|H>a with «>l«>il(-at»r(«>r, IU e\lrM. lu ('iiH«a«, «;u «>\tr«. \\ utv' ivM bc.iutiuil HM> Maxwell Catalogue -\ddress Dept. B. K. riic vlouble shell radiator ol the Max well is eiiuippevl with a shock-ab.sorbing device. This relieves it of jolts aiul jars, and makes the Maxwell famous for its freedom from radiator leaks. The fifteen other new feature* each show that the Maxwell is a thorvnighly up-to-date car containing every high- grade impivnemeut known to the auto- mobile industry. MAXWtU MOrOR COMPANY. Inc.. IVlroil. Michigan i ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII FEBRUARY, 1915 No. 2 The Exposition and Pacific Coast Agriculture -By the Editor of "Orchard and Farm"- Bcfore another issue of "Orchard and Farm" reaches its readers the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion will have opened wide its doors and begun the wonderful educational effort which will be a great feature of Pacific Coast history for 1915. As a world exposition it takes in all features of the life of the nations: historical, industrial, social and other- wise, but in many ways agriculture, which is the foundation for all human existence, will be the subject most emphasized. As a world exposition, no effort is made to use the exposi- tion to favor the Pacific Coast, but the presence here of the exposition lends an influence to Pacific Coast agriculture which will be far reach- Agriculture in its broadest sense is divided into three divisions at the exposition: agriculture, horticulture and livestock. Over the first is Thomas G. Stallsmith; the chief of the department of horticulture is George A. Dennison; D. O. Lively and his assistant, I. D. Graham, pre- the livestock show is on. The great opportunity of the Coast from the exposition is in the pur- chase of breeding animals of the finest quality and breeding. Of the thousands of pure bred animals at the show the large majority will in all expectation change hands, many going to the far East, hundreds more to Latin America and many more to the Pacific Coast States. That, in brief, seems to be the great opening of the exposition for Pacific Coast livestock — it offers the greatest op- portunity of a lifetime to see animals of the highest quality together and then to select from the thousands present the foundation animals for new herds and sires and dams for the improvement of those already established. Of cattle alone 1,500 are expected. Horses the war has greatly affected and only 600 or thereabouts will probably be shown, plus the running horses, polo ponies and other ani- mals of little use to the farmer. Peculiarly, the sheep show seems here. The result of placing several thousand head of the finest stock in the world in Pacific Coast herds will surely be great. It will serve in time to make the Pacific Coast, with its wonderful climate and great natural advantages, noted as a country to which all can come for fine cattle. It will raise the standard of livestock methods all along the line. There will also be, as in other de- partments, a continuous livestock ex- hibit, including view herds of all the leading breeds; modern dairy equip- ment in use; a milk condensary in full operation, and such features, which naturally will promote the in- terests of the livestock industry among ordinary visitors. An im"-^'-tant feature of the dairy exhibit will be a grade dairy herd, since grade herds for practical uses will always far outnumber pure bred herds, the cows being supplied by a number of the different California counties, and being fed the ordinary feeds of those counties, giving thus the visitors a clear knowledge of the public the effect should be marked. Horticulture. George A. Dennison, chief of the department of horticulture, has been connected with several other great expositions, and in this has developed as the dominant feature the economic side of horticulture. Horticultural displays heretofore have consisted largely of beautiful displays of flowers and of fruits of brilliant color modeled into wonderful shapes, so that the eye has been blinded by the striking effects, the mind confused and vis- itors have gasped in amazement, hurried along and spent their time in other places. The effort in Panama- Pacific horticulture will be to instruct and compare, to show processes, to let the fruit grower know what is done elsewhere, to show the casual visitor what to look for in the market, to attract him to use more fruit than ever before and to use it with dis- cretion. The horticultural department with its facilities for beautification with Panorama of Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Taken from Center of Great Live Stock Stadium. side over the department of live- stock. There is one definite and marked effect which the exposition is exert- ing over the livestock of the Pacific Coast; that is, it is stimulating to an amazing degree the desire for high quality pure bred livestock. The ef- fect in certain ways is being more strongly felt in California than in the Northwest, owing to the fact that the pure bred herds of the Northwest are as a rule longer established than those of California and they are built up more to a permanent working basis, while with few exceptions the pure bred herds of California are on the build and have not the size nor the standard which the breeders hope to attain after a few more years' work. However, the breeders of the Northwest are eoing to show and buy much stock and Chief Lively expects from the State of Washington alone 14 cars of show animals for the live- stock competitions in the fall and a special train for the stockmen, of that State who wish to come down while probable to be strongest of all, con- sidering the importance of this kind of livestock, while swine exhibits are also to be very heavy. This will establish mutton production on a new basis and give swine breeders a chance to catch up with the demand for fine stock. The reason for say- ing what will be done is that the real livestock show, with ribbons and heavy financial awards, is to be held in the fall and definite statements of numbers of animals entered cannot be given until entries close. The numerous classifications and special awards offered by different States and by the breed associations justify the entrance by any breeder of ani- mals of quality which he owns. Merely as an indication of the heavy prospective buying at the ex- position it can be mentioned that in a recent letter to Chief Lively an Illinois swine breeder stated that he had inquiries from California for 500 Berkshire swine. These inquiries had no reference to the exposition, though they indicate the amount of buying of stock which will be done dairy methods and costs under Cali- fornia conditions, thus helping the home seeker to know what to look for. It will thus build up Pacific Coast dairying. Poultry is a very important class of livestock, one in which everybody is interested. Poultry shows here- tofore have catered to the fancy side of poultry production, while after all, the egg and not the feathers or form is the great thing. Egg laying con- tests have not attracted great per- sonal attention or attendance. Al- ready a great year long egg laying contest is on, giving the visitor an opportunity to see utility fowls at work along with records of laying. All of the eggs produced can be pur- chased, either from owners or the exposition. The attention of the pub- lic thus will be attracted to laying qualities while they are given the opportunity to purchase eggs from the finest stock for hatching. Clearly, exactly the same effect on the poul- try industry of the Coast is possible as with the other livestock depart- ments. Being a new proposition for growing things has with trees, shrubs and gay flowering plants been the greatest agency for the natural beautification of the exposition grounds themselves. It has likewise nine acres for horticulture as horti- culture. It has the great horticultural building, covering five acres, to de- vote to horticultural displays, and in addition States and nations in State and national exhibits will give horti- culture a prominent part. There are thus many sides to the horticultural exhibits, too many to permit much detail concerning the effect on Pa- cific Coast horticulture. To the fruit grower and intending fruit grower nothing could be more valuable than to know what is being done elsewhere. State displays in the horticultural building will intention- ally show the standing of fruit grow- ing in those States. The Northwest- ern apple grower will have a chance to compare his apples with those of the many Eastern States entering ap- ple growing on an extensive scale. He can judge competitive merits by appearance, quality and flavor. Spe- 4 ORCHARD AND FARM cial attention here will be given to variety comparisons so that each dis- trict can grow the varieties in which it excells competitors. The citrus growers of California, Arizona, Louisiana, Florida and else- where can without prejudice compare their different fruits, as can the peach growers of the various peach sections. America will learn of the wonderful Southwest date. Few persons can personally visit all fruit growing sec- tions, but the nature of the horticul- tural exhibits is such that they can do the next best thing, they can get a clear idea of fruit growing else- where. Every one likes to "see the wheels go round." They will watch a moving exhibit ten times as long as a fixed exhibit, which is one reason why a canning plant in operation will be a great feature. There will be three canning exhibits. One by the Na- tional Canners' Association, an asso- ciation of all leading American can- ners, should be of far-reaching in- fluence on the canner and the con- suming public. It will be in charge of Dr. A. W. Bitting, a leading au- thority of the United States Depart- ment of .\griculture. It has long been his idea that each can of fruit should show what was in it, so that the buyer would know whether to buy a can of the largest fruit, with con- sequently only a few pieces of fruit, or whether, having more mouths to feed, to buy a can with smaller fruit, which would serve twice as many people. The ordinary can does not tell this. Those put up at this plant will, to give the advisability of adopt- ing this system generally a good test. Visitors can see the whole process of fruit canning in continual operation and buy cans showing just what is inside — the number of pieces of fruit and the strength of the syrup — and on the popularity of the plan with the buying public will depend the adoption of that policy by the can- ners to the consequent greater use of canned fruit and the development of markets for the producer. The visitor will see a citrus packing plant in operation, a raisin seeder; he will watch them carefully; he will see the commercial packs of all States and sections. • The exhibit of orchard tools is to be large and instructive, as will be the exhibit of pest control work. The California State Commission of Horticulture is to have a special ex- hibit of this feature. To encourage the use of dried fruit the family package containing five pounds of dried fruits to be delivered without being opened from packer to j consumer in any part of the United States is to be given a prominent place. This proposition has been worked upon carefully by F"rank B. McKevitt, the noted fruit grower and shipper of California, and has been taken up by Wells Fargo. An immense increase in the use of dried fruit is possible if the consumer can be in- duced to think about the subject. This will help him to learn of fruit and help the fruit grower. More and better flowers will be brought to the visitor by the exhibit of C. C. Morse & Co., who have been given much of the land of tlie horti- cultural department. An expert has been brought from Scotland to de- velop their horticultural exhibit of seeds and flowers. The subject of horticulture at the exposition is too large to be covered in any limited; amount of space, but when one says that the economic side | of horticulture is the dominant note, | he has said the most important thing. It should help the Pacific Coast fruit grower to know of the fruit of else- | where and to know of right methods everywhere. Things done to promote fruit consumption should affect the pocketbook, the receptacle lying closest to the affections. Agriculture. To tell briefly what the Division of Agriculture at the Panama-Pacific In- ternational Exposition is to do and its probable influence on Pacific Coast agriculture (aside entirely from the work with horticulture and livestock) is too big a problem, for too much can be said. Fortunately there will be much time in the months coming in which to do this division partial justice. As an example of its import- ance, five of the buildings on the grounds will be conducted under the direction of this division, two of them main buildings — the Palace of Agri- culture and the Palace of Food Products. Both will be filled to ca- pacity in the most effective way pos- sible. Thomas G. Stallsmith, Chief of the Division of Agriculture, has for all his life been engaged in agricuKure, particularly with agriculture machin- ery. In his work he has visited and worked in every country of the globe with any pretensions to an agriculture. This has enabled him to appreciate what could be done with foreign ag- ricultural exhibits and his connections with those countries has enabled him to secure exhibits that would other- wise be unthought of. Much stronger foreign exhibits are thus being made than otherwise would have been made, and those exhibits are emphasizing agriculture to a marked degree. America is new, we have lots to learn agriculturally and otherwise. One of the best things for everybody who is farming would be a visit to the leading agricultural countries of the world, getting a close apprecia- tion of their agricultural methods, and that in a way is just one thing that agriculture at the exhibition will do. If that will not help Pacific Coast agriculture, what would? And it is just a small part of the work of this division. After only one or two centuries of farming the fertility of many Amer- ican farms is temporarily ruined- Chi- nese farms after forty centuries of farming are more productive and the soils stronger than they were to be- gin with. China is to have a strong agricultural exhibit. The Japanese exhibit is wonderful for its display of intensive farming methods, but even so it is rivaled and possibly sur- passed by the intensive farming dis- play of the island of Java, about as long as California, 150 miles wide at the widest point, and yet supporting a population of 35,000,000, all well nourished and prosperous, and having enough surplus to make Holland rich. Such an exhibit as that ought to have some effect, to put it mildly, and that is only part of the foreign exhibit. The Argentine Republic, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippine Islands, and others besides those previously mentioned are all going to have ex- cellent agricultural exhibits and the foreign agriculture is just a part of the whole. The whole development of the Di- vision of Agriculture has been along practical lines, so that they will do the most good to the farmer, the man who should get the most good from them, less regard than usual being paid to the effect upon the distinter- ested observer, who might be aston- ished by some spectacular display, but would get no real good from it. Mr. Stallsmith, having given his life to the agricultural machinery business has gone after the subject in a prac- tical and experienced way, rather than along the lines followed in many fairs by persons with no practical ex- perience in what they were handling, but endeavoring to make a wonderful spectacle to look at. This will indi- cate what can be expected from the greatest gathering of agricultural im- plements, products and processes ever assembled in one place. The work of the Division takes in whatever pertains to agriculture, not included in the Divisions of Horticul- ture and Livestock; crops and proc- esses of handling crops, farm ma- chinery and implements, fertilization, irrigation, dry farming methods, for- estry and so on through the list. A process will be indicated, and the results obtained from it shown. Objects lessons carry weight that written accounts never can, that photographs themselves would be far from having. Persons at the expo- sition can appreciate modern (or ancient either) agricultural processes of all sorts, learning things that otherwise they would not think of. The exposition is far from being merely a place for amusement, though concessions for amusement purposes will be important, or a place to find what things arc like in other coun- tries and other industries — kind of a liberal education, so to speak — it is all that, but it is also being made in the three divisions relating to agri- culture, a place of high educational value in dollars and cents. The exposition is still young — at the time of writing it will be more than a month before the doors are opened to the public and few exhibits are even partly installed, but there is more than enough to impress upon the visitor the great influence for good that the Divisions of Agricul- ture, Horticulture and Livestock, arc going to have on Pacific Coast Agri- culture. That influence will be exerted upon the farmer, and upon the consumer also (both through the exhibits of the Palace of Pure Food-s and otherwise) in a way that will make him appreciate the position of the farmer in production, and teach him things which will be of value to him as a consumer of farm product-, and develop consumption along profit- able lines for the producer. LINT IN COTTON. In reference to the yield of cotton from the Fitzwilliam ranch, told C'f in the the January issue, it should be stated that seed cotton yields one- third lint and two-thirds seed, in- stead of the opposite proportion. This would give the yields on the ranch at the rate of 615 pounds of lint per acre, something less than n bale and a quarter, which is an ex- cellent yield. The United States Department of Agriculture states that the California orange output of 1914 was 96 per cent of a full crop, which is better than 1912 and a big improvement over 1913. The quality was also superior to that of the two other years. Lemon qual- ity was also superior, though the size of the crop fell slightly below that of 1912. The yield of grapes per acre was said to be 7,000 pounds, against 5,800 pounds in 1914 and 4,800 pounds in 1912. A matter of vital consideration in a successful home is the color of the rooms. It should be simple and rest- ful always, because home is a place of refuge. SAMSON SIEVE-GRIP TRACTORS ARE BETTER Do the Work of Four Good Horses Raise 600-700 Gallons of Water Over 25 Feet One Price to All $575 PACK LESS, SLIP LESS, TROUBLE LESS, COST LESS, LAST LONGER SAMSON IRON WORKS, STOCKTON, CAL. ORCHARD AND FARM 5 Dddbe Brdtherb Motor Car A Moderate Priced Car of Unusual Qualifications Dodge Brothers have manufactured the vital parts for more than 500,000 motor cars. They have manufactured as many as 225,000 sets of motor car parts a year. Tnis means millions of pieces, large and small. They have established costs on ever}' piece, every part, every operation. They know to the fraction of a cent, the most and the best it is possible to get out of men, material and machinery. Naturally, therefore, the element of experi- ment does not enter into the construction of Dodge Brothers' car. It is reasonable to suppose, for instance, that Dodge Brothers, ac- customed to cutting as many as 34,000 gears a day, should know how to pro- duce good gears. A plant accustomed to heating and forg- ing 300,000 pounds of steel a day should certainly know something of the science of handling steel. They have brought to bear upon the con- struction of their car everything that tends to produce value — extraordinary ex- perience; immense production capacity; complete financial independence. Unerring Accuracy Characterizes Dodge Brothers' Work. The car is marked by that rigid insistence upon unerring accuracy, which is recog- nized as the chief characteristic of all Dodge Brothers' work. Ordinary good practice has not been good enough — in every detail you will find the exceptional. You will encounter many features which ex- ceed your expectations — never one that falls below them. Your enthusiasm over one feature has scarcely subsided before you discover that another, and then another, reaches the same high plane. Not a detail in the car was determined simply by precedent or custom — the one thought was to see how much value Dodge Brothers could give by getting the utmost out of their manufacturing experi- ence and equipment. You are almost sure to ask yourself how it is possible to incorporate such quality at so moderate a price. The answer is furnished by the extraordi- nary experience and equipment enjoyed by Dodge Brothers and to which we have just referred. Examine The Car Item By Item It will interest you to scan the specifica- tions, item by item, and see if you can conceive how the material, the design or the manufacturing practice could be im- proved. You will find such vital parts as the springs and the gears made from chrome vana- dium steel. This has several valuable results. Because of the strength of chrome vana- dium steel, the leaves in the springs are thinner than those ordinarily used, and it is possible to use more of them. These leaves are self-lubricating. The net result is maximum strength, with maximum resiliencv. The whcelbase is 110 inches Tlie mice of tlie cnv com plete is *"85 f. o. b. Detroit Again, this generous use of light, strong, costly steels makes unusually light weight — the shipping weight being approximate- ly 2,200 pounds. General Specifications UNIT POWER PLANT— .^l\uninum Coue Clutch — l>eather-faceri- cating. FENDERS — Exceptionally handsome oval design. RUNNING BOARDS AND FOOT BOARDS — Wood. Ilmoleum covered and aluminum bound. WHEELS — Hickory, de- demountable rims; '6'2 by 3 ^ inches. TIRES— Straight side tme— Non-skid rear. BOD lES — Five passenger toiuing and two-passenger roadster: all steel, includ- ing lx)dy frame; special enameled finish ; upholster- ed in genuine grain leather, WHEELBASE— 110 inches. WINDSHIELD — Rain vision, clear vision and ventilating. TOP — One-man tyiie, mohair covered; JifVy curtains and boot. LIGHTS— Electric; two head lights with dimmer, tail lamp and dash light. EQUIPMENT — Elec- tric horn, license bracket*, robe niil, foot rail, tools, demountable rim mounte Angelet Salt Lake City EQUIPMENT FOR EVERY ELECTRICAL NEED When the farm is in such a paying condition that the city man can afford to leave his city job and live on the farm the man who has run it for him ought to have en.jugh saved up to be able to go it for himself, or do the same thing for another city dweller with country land. The city is full of men who would jump at the chance to get a capable, reliable man to work their place properly. Could such a plan possibly be a chance for the subscriber now playing in hard luck, but deserving of better things? .■\ man with a family of six must be a good fellow, a square fellow and capable of doing good work. Bolton OrcHard Heaters 27c eacK V. O. p.. Your Station FROST DAMAGE Write for Booklet O. F. The Frost Prevention Co. MER( HAM S' >AT. BANK BLDG. San Francisco. Cal. K small booklet describing many essentials of almond culture has come to hand from T. W. Ilcnry of Paso Robles. The object is to impress upon readers the value of the Paso Robles country for almond produc- tion, although the booklet also con- tains some good almond instruction. Theo. K. Peiser has become farm manager of the Montezuma Moun- tain Ranch School near Los Gatos, Santa Clara county. EGGS WANTED EGG EGG PRODUCERS SHIPPERS Stop! Look! Listen ! Highest market prices paid for frt'sh-iiatliercd eirirs iit all times. Address E. F. ZUERN 3o4 Fourth St., Oakland, Tal. WIIOI.KS AI.K PHODICE Iliiltrr. KarKB, <'hc«-»c. Poiilfrj- \\ hrn aniinrrlnK advert InrmrBta, please iiirntloD "Orchard and Farm." o ORCHARD AND FARM Safety on the Road — is assured when you drive the Oakland — whether the road be rough country highway or paved street in the city. There is lower weight suspension — a low center of gravity that removes dangers of sidesway, skidding or turning over. Yet this SAFETY is made possible without reducing the car's road clear ance — which is the usual ample clearance. This makes the Oakland the car for lany road, therefore Die Car for (he Farm Oakland safety is increased by marvelous strength — coupled with reduced weight. And in this strong, light car there's a high- speed motor that will make 2,500 revolutions per minute with constantly increasing power. This means speed when you want it — power to Write for Catalog and watch for the next Oakland Ad Fours and Sl.ves — SpecdnterH, H o n d- Ktem and Touring Cars — «110O to i|ll«85 f. o. b. factory. climb the steep hills — and the ends of economy served by Flying Wedge Body Lines which lessen wind resistance. Get in an Oakland and see it perform in a way that proves its points of superiority. Your Oakland dealer is ready to give you a demonstration, on a subject of vital interest to car purchasers — ECONOMY Write for the Oak- land ontalosue, slv- nis IIIUMtrations and drxerlptlonK, Oakland Motor Co. Pontiac Mich. 1 1 1 X ""sturdy as the Oafc' 10 ORCHARD AND FARM Methods of Orchard Dynamiting By Prof. Elmore Chase First, there is the method by hand labor with soil auger. The following is the one employed during the last four years by a contractor for agricultural dynamiting. His contract calls for surveying the land, placing the stakes for the tree centers, boring the holes four feet in depth, dynamiting with 25 per cent dynamite, using from two to six sticks per hole; cleaning out the holes after blasting by removing hardpan, lumps of clay and adobe, and guaranteeing every hole ready drainage. For surveying, the tools required are a two strand twisted galvanized wire fencing, 670 feet long, a little longer than the distance across a ten- acre square tract, and materials for stakes, which arc usually common lath cut in proper lengths. The wire should have a small ring attached to each end to throw over an iron stake. If the trees are to be planted twenty- four or thirty feet apart, or whatever the distance, 660 feet of the chain should be divided into spaces equal to the distance the trees are to be planted apart by parting the twisted wire and inserting a stove bolt be- tween the parted wires with a washer on each side. This belt screwed down tight remains fixed against any rough handling. Its Position Can Be Changed. The first thing determined is how wide a margin between trees and edge of field shall be left on each side. At 24 feet apart the margin will be 18 feet wide. This can be made nar- rower (10 feet) by planting the trees 24^ feet apart. Now lay off on one side of the tract on the border line a row of stakes driven firmly into the ground at the distance indicated on the wire. On the opposite side on the border line, another row in exactly the same posi- tions. The number of stakes will show the number of rows of trees. Now commence at one corner and drive an iron pin firmly into the ground just behind the first stake. Place one ring over this stake and carry the other across the tract to the opposite side, here using a similar iron pin driven behind the first stake so as to draw the wire tight. Be sure now that the line is perfectly straight, then drive in small stakes at every tree center as indicated on the wire. In like manner treat every row. This will generally occupy two men one day. Making the Hole. The blasting is done by boring holes with a ^-inch carpenter's auger with the boring end modified for pene- trating soil and hardpan and welded to a stem four to six feet long with an adjustable handle. The cutting end is untempered and kept in con- dition for work by means of a file and a small forge in the field. Dur- ing the process of boring a small Tree In Dog Hole. Same Age ax Otber. Tree in Dynamited Hole. quantity of water is poured into the hole in order that the soil can be easily removed by withdrawing the auger. The regulation depth in soils free from hardpan is four feet and the charge is two sticks of 25 per cent dynamite. But if sandy soil is found at that depth, the hole is filled up and tamped and the charge placed so that the force of the charge will blow up instead of down. If hardpan is encountered, the auger should go through the hardpan and the thickness measured. Then the hole should be filled up and tamped so that the powder shall be in the center of the thickness. The blast will then shatter the hardpan as shown in the cut. After the tract has been blasted, all the lumps of clay, hardpan and adobe should be cleaned out and thrown upon the surface and the holes may be filled up with sur- face soil so as to leave no cavities below. If any of the holes contain con- siderable clay, it is a good plan to leave the holes open till spring, since heavy rains during the winter are liable to wash down much of the clay and fill up the seams in the shattered, dry soil and thus prevent what other- wise would be good drainage. The contract price for such work, using a two stick, four-foot basis, is usually 45 cents per hole accompanied with a guarantee that every hole shall have good drainage. A greater depth and more powder would cost more. Some contracts are made for 30 cents or 35 cents a hole, but as a rule 45 cents is the cheapest. One is likely to get a larger area of soil moved for ,:naintaining a uniform supply of ma- terial for plant growth and for fruit- ing. The plowing, whether it is sub- soil or soil plowing, should be done in the fall and cross plowed in the spring before planting, the deeper the better, always remembering that this is the last opportunity for deep plow- ing for the entire field. Dynamiting With a Drill. This is the best method where soil is of uniform character and inter- spersed liberally with gravel. Such soil is owned by the Natomas Con- solidated on the south side of the American river and includes many thousand acres of superior olive land as well as orange land. This method is employed by E. K. Games in orchard dynamiting. The tools con- sist of two heavy sledge hammers, an inch and a quarter steel drill with a tapering point and a shoulder welded on the upper end, a rectangular piece of cast iron with a hole drilled in the center a little larger than the size of the drill, and two holes in each end for inserting small chains. This iron weighs about forty pounds. Tliis block is placed over the place for the tree center and the drill placed in the hole. Two men with sledge hammers quickly drive its length into the ground. With one or two sudden jerks on the chains, the drill is thrown out of the ground. In this way in such soils two men can make 350 holes in ten hours ready for dynamit- ing. By this method with skillful dynamiters, the cost of the dyna- miting is 11 cents a hole. In such soils the depth is not so great and less powder is required. Tiiis method was described and illustrated in the July issue of "Orchard and Farm." The third method is with pile driver and drill. When this is worked on hardpan soil or on lands with obdurate subsoils, it requires a great deal of skill on the part of the oper- ator of the drill to enable him to ascertain whether the hole is in proper condition for blasting so as to secure a large area of dynamited soil and drainage. It requires a gasoline engine to lift the heavy pile driver and a horse to move the machine from hole to hole, and two men. The number of holes varies from 150 to 300 holes a day, but that does not include the cleaning out and re- blasting the holes that have failed to give proper drainage. The cost is about 40 cents a hole on the average. By the first method, or hand method 50 holes a day for each man is a heavy day's work under favorable soil conditions, but 40 or even 30 holes under other conditions is a good job. Undynamited Spaces. If the work has been done thor- oughly and the holes for the trees properly treated, they will stand from four to six feet deep and from ten to twelve feet in diameter. This gives for the first few years ample space for the growth of the trees and w» can depend upon this loosened space being occupied by an abundant root system. If the plowing between the trees has been only a soil plowing, we shall have areas on the line of the trees of soil impervious to water, 12 feet wide and much wider between the rows of the trees. This will greatly interfere with proper irriga- tion. It would be very diffcult to distribute the water uniformly over the subsoil of such uneven depths. This can be remedied largely by dynamiting between the rows at such distance apart that nearly all the areas unblasted will be disturbed by these between-row charges. These charges should be placed deeper than the tree hole charges and no attention need be paid to the pot holes or clods left in the hole. Indeed where the soil is very shallow a pothole is an advantage provided it is deep down, since they will drain the saturated surface and retain the moisture down in the ground. Such moisture will never injure a tree on the principle that while you may drown a tree, the tree will not drown itself, and since these pot holes are filled only during the rainy season or during periods of irrigation, they serve to supply moisture from below between these periods of irrigation. It will be noticed that all this blasting between the rows can be done at any convenient time when soil is dry and only portion.s of the grove will require it, while at the same time if the whole orchard were dyna- mited it would be an advantage. As there seems to have arisen quite an amount of inquiry as to "where, oh where, is my little dog gone!" it might be well to inform those interested that Farmer Brown has had several sheep killed lately. Ignorance is usually the mother of fool arguments. empties itself on one air cBarge. It throws a fine spiral spray with up to 60 lbs. pressure behind it. Seamless brass pump ei- ther in or outside the 3'/i gallon galvanized tank — just as you prefer. Non- corroding, non-clogging nozzle. You can make planting easier and surer, too, by using this ACME PLAN Automatic, rotary, either handed, absolutely sure in its action, one of 400.000 ACME Planters in use on American farms. Send for Acme Catalog There are many styles of ACME Sprayers and Planters. You can see some at your dealer's, but get the catalog and see them all. If you are not near a dealer, we will send you what you order from our catalog. Send for it today. POTATO IMPLEMENT CO. 324 Front St., Travirse City Uckiiu LiqW Weight- Cushman Engines ForAUFaumWork This Light Wei g h t Cushman Truck is so handy for all power work. So light a boy can pull it around from job to job, yet it easily handles all work up , to 4 or 4'i H. P E"*'"* *••«'«»"'» »»»■)•. Runs at any speed desired, speed changed while running. Pump circulation to water tank prevents overheating, even on all- day run. All Cushman Engines are Throttle Governed— Steady and Quiet No jerky, explosive hit-and-miss running. They are the most useful engines for farm work, as they do everything the big fel- lows do and so many job.s big oniirines cannot do. May be attached to binders and oiher machines as power drive. Equipped with Schebler t'arbur- etor and Friction Clutch Pulley. Not a dMip en- gine, but cheap in 8 H. P. the long run. Sizes 2Crllnd.r 4 to 20 H. P. |Wt.320lb*. Engines Dintrib- utod from Pacific Coast centers. Write for free En- gine Book. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 880 Narlh 21bI ttr««l LINCOLN, NCBRASHA ORCHARD AND FARM 11 Answers for Farm Problems COTTON SEED MEAL — Can you tell nie the price of cotton seed meal In the Imperial valley— C. S.> Fresno county. A little time ago cotton seed meal was quoted at $22.50 per ton f- o. b. EI Centro. Cotton seed cake is quoted at the same price. Freight rates to nearest station you can get from station agent- The meal is to be highly recommended as a stock food and is probably the most import- ant concentrated food used in Eastern States in making up rations for dairy cows and other live stock. From some of the Imperial valley mills you can probably get a booklet telling of its •uses. Readers will remember an article last spring on cotton growing and the uses of cotton seed products in the Imperial valley. Horticultural Commissioner F. W. Waite of El Centro writes us that they now have a refinery in the valley to pre- pare the oil for table use as a salad oil. The meal is the main food used for fattening stock in the valley. With the rapidlv increasing cotton acre- age it is likely to become much more important all over California than it has been. KANSAS CROPS FOR CALIFORNIA — I came here from weJitorn KanNati a little over a year afto anti found every- thing "O radically different than in the central West that I don't knoiv how to adjust myself. Seeing the December number of "Orchard and Farm" In the home of a friend, I write to ask a few questions. I do not find the gooseberry or the red currant growing here. If tliey do grow, where could I get cut- tings, or starters of each? What are their enemies, or neecfsltles of soilf I have not seen any cherry trees here and that is a puzzle to me. I have seen a few of the Concord grape vines. I woniler if they do not tiirlve here gen- erally.— B. A. M., Chula Vista, Calif. Neither the gooseberry nor the cur- rant are grown much in California, though in a few places, mostly around San Francisco bay, the currant is pro- duced quite successfully and profit- ably. Under proper conditions both might be grown in greater amount and fairly profitabe, especially for home use- The greatest trouble with both is usually too much heat and too dry air and soil. With the gooseberry this makes mildew very bad. Near the ocean as you are, you can try them with fair expectation for suc- •cess, giving them a shady location, if possible, rather a heavy soil, if that is available, and keeping the ground rich, well mulched and not too dry. You can get cuttings from any of our nursery or seedmen advertisers. Cali- fornia stands very high as a cherry State, with the quality exceptionally Tiigh, but locations for it are rather limited. It takes a deep, rich, well drained sediment, well supplied with moisture. Or it can grow fairly well for home use on adobe hillsides, the adobe being underlaid by a yellow clay containing plenty of moisture. A location by the side of some stream "bed is usually selected and a rather heavy soil is best. In poor locations the trees early begin to die back. Tbe Concord grape is not a success in Cali- fornia. Its near relative, the Isabella, is more popular. It is often known in your section as the California Con- cord. Soil and climate do not appear to suit Eastern varieties of grapes well. They do best in the coast ■counties, or in sections naturally •wooded- If you like them you can prow them successfully for home use. Ask all the other nuestions you wish. BOnniSAUX mixture — niense give me the formula for mixing up Bor- deaux mixture for spraying in small quantities, two or three gallons.— J. M,. Oakland. A common formula for Bordeaux mixture, which you can alter to give you the amount you wish is: Blue- stone ,or copper sulphate. 5 pounds; quick lime, 6 pounds; water, 50 gal- lons. Put the bluestone in a sack and hang it just so it will be sus- ! pended under the surface of a barrel j of water over night or dissolve in hot! water. The latter will be most satis- factory for you. Use a gallon of water for a pound of bluestone in dis- solving the latter. Do this in wooden vessels only. Slake enough lime in a separate vessel, making a clean, smooth, thin whitewash. Mix in spraying tank, stirring vigorously while so doing. The amount of water will vary with conditions of spraying- You will have di — culty in properly making and mixing the solution, especially in such small amounts. Would advise using lime sulphur so- lution. This you can make, but will find it better to buy same from seeds- man or elsewhere, as it is manufac- tured and sold in cans, and it will be as good or better than Bordeaux in most cases. Reader. — Very probably the book referred to in story of a "One Cow Dairy" in last issue was "Principles and Practices of Butter Making," by McKay & Larson, price $1.50, pub- lished by Hoards Dairyman, Fort At- kinson, Wisconsin. There are a num- ber of "Gem" coolers, also a number made entirely of galvanized tin and so not getting musty- We can give you names of manufacturers on re- quest. M. L. — The address of Orrie Jones of Amador county, who told of the large lemons in the January issue, is lone, Cal. A. R. B.— The address of the Western Meat Co., who has issued the pamnhlet on hog cholera which you wish, is San Francisco. Thev are large meat packers and the ob- ject of the -^amohlet and of other pamphlets issued by them is to en- courage meat oroduction on the Pa- cific Coast. We omitted the address as we thought everybody knew it- J. A. R. — Quite, certainly you could get seed for sorghum used in syrun making from D- L. Wray, Wood- lake, Tulare county, Cal., whose syrup is told of in our January issue. The leading seed companies will carry seeds of sweet sorghums and the Bureau of Plant Introduction, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C, would send vou seed enough to plant a small plot of the variety which they consider would give best satisfaction in your dis- trict. MRS. W. W — We are sending you the names of several Ancona breed- ers, who should have wisdom enough to carry notices in our classified columns. We hope this hint will be suflficient. Often also, persons write in asking for the addresses of breed- ers of certain varieties of fowls,' when they would not need to do this if they looked over our advertising columns. We have a fine large list of poultry breeders, who say they are much pleased with results. The list is growin? raoidly and requests such as you make should be unnecessary if poultry breeders would see that their names were where desiring pur- chasers could finu them- Mrs. J. T. — We are sending you name of breeder of guinea fowls. What we said about some poultry breeds being too short sighted to put names in our classified columns ap- plies here also. A. N. L. — In the January issue there is a review of opinions regard- ing the outlook for various crops. If you want more information on any one crop, let us know and we will try to help you out. Keep the collars of the horses clean. Keep the neck clean, and the long hairs of the mane well brushed and free from tangles. If a hill is so steep that its sides gully badly, plan to set it in forest trees of good hard woods. ^385 F. O. B. Columbus, Ohio With Standard Cultivator Equipment The Universal Motor Cultivator The Machine That Is Taking the Drudgery and the Risk Out of Farming By combining in one motor-driven farm tool more pos-sibilities of farm work than yon could get out of three teams the Universal half solves the whole farming prob- lem. It insures the quick dust mulch after rains. It permits longer and better cul- tivation of all row crops. It hitches to most any light draft farm tool. It does dozens of stationary jobs on the farm. With a headlight it works 24 hours when necessary. Study These Uses It Cultivates corti, cotton, potatoes, kaffir, sorghum, sugar canp, federita. tobacco, tomatoes, garden truck, orchards, vineyards, etc. It Pulls mower, rake, spike tooth harrow, drag, rollers, small disk harrow, cultiva- tors of various kinds, weeders, etc. ' It Plants corn, cotton, sorghum, clover, alfalfa, potatoes, garden truck, etc. It Operates pump, wood saw, feed grinder, corn sheller, washing machine, churn, electric light plant, or any other light appliance of the modern farm. The Strength Is There f" type, two cylinder, water cooled motor has 'S',i inch bore and .5 inch matic plunger pump lubrication, thermosiplion radiator, Hollc y Carb Vtwater-Keut ignition, autom.itic governor, controlled from the seat while machine is in motion, worm drive running in oil bath, expanding ring clutch, one speed forward and reverse, gear r.itio to 1, weight 1,01)0 pounds, speed 1 to 4 miles per hour, nuHor develops 10 horsepower on brake test, pulling horsepower equal to team of medium size horses. Get This Book Let us jro carefully into the details construction witli you and sliow you h l)iis,icnlly this tool is built to do tho work tell you of the wonderful work it in doiiiK soils, all kinds of crops and nil kinds of i lions. The hook will be sent free, poslpnid addrcs.l i f you send your name. Address The Universal Tractor Mfg 2028S. Hish Street Columbus 12 ORCHARD AND FARM lAlmond Exchange Marketing Meats By T. C. Tucker, Manager. The California almond meat busi- ness is yet in its infancy; in fact, the sale of this product is confined almost entirely to the Pacific Coast. Since the organization of the California Al- mond Growers' Exchange, which is a growers' marketing agency, we have developed the Pacific Coast ter- ritory to the fullest extent, but, of course, the total amount supplied in that territory is only a very small portion of the amount of almond ker- nels consumed in this country. There was some attempt, prior to the organization of the Exchange, to market almond kernels, but it can- not be said that these people were successful in their undertaking, for the reason that the supply was some- what limited and the means of pre- paring them for market very crude. Since the growers have organized, however, the means have been avail- able; both by goods and ample fin- ance, to materially develop the ter- ritory on the Pacific Coast, and in this we have been successful, as the Exchange has marketed as high as $125,000 worth of almond ker- nels in that territory alone. A small quantity has been shipped to New York by water, but not enough to scarcely make it worth mentioning. The lack of fair and adequate freight rates has made it to date im- possible to market this commodity throughout the East, but we hope SUGAR 2 C alb. CALL FOR COMBINATION ORDER >'0. 10 -Our Best Seller- 20 lbs. Sugar (fine dry srraDulated) 40c J cans of Oysters or 2 lbs. of Prunes 25c 1 sack of Rice or 3 cans Carnation Milk 25c 3 cans Com, Tomato Puree or 6 bars best Laundry Soap 30c 3^ lbs. nnaU White or 3 Ibsi Lima Beans 25c 2 lbs. Tea, any flavor, or 3 lbs. fancy Coffee. .$1.00 1 large bottle FJaToring Extract, or 2 lbs. best Coffee 75c 2 Seeded Raisins or 1 bottle Tomato Catsup... 25c 1 lb. Mixed Nuts or 2 cans Maine Com 25c 3 lbs. Macaroni, Tapioca or Rice 25c 3 pkgs. WasbinfE Powder or 3 cans Cleanser 15c Vz lb. square best Butter or 1 No. 5 pail Pure Lard e5c 1 lb. Prunes or 1 pkff. Liza Pancake Flour. ...15c 1 bottle Vanilla or Lemon 10c Total for all unchanged $5.00 Send for Our Money Saving Price List A Free Trial Order will make yon one «f onr many well-iiatiHfled cnstomem. free: delivery across the bay. mail orders a specialty, projipt shipment. FREESE ® CO. Phone Weat 25. 1260-66 DIvlsadero, Corner Ellis, San Francisco. Buy it now Don't buy what you don't need, but buy what you do need, now. It will put thousands of idle men at work who are suffering this Winter. for adjustment of this condition soon. The Exchange has been working on this subject for some little time and we expect that for another season we will be in a position to load mixed cars of almond kernels and almonds in the shell, which will permit us to supply the large bakers and manu- facturers of the East. The Exchange readily recog- nizes that this is one large ave- nue of ditsribution that has not at all been exploited. For three years we have been working slowly but surely towards getting our share of this business by acquiring buildings and suitable machinery and other needs for properly handling a business of this nature. This year the Exchange has completed the erection of a modern, fire-proof nut-shelling plant at .Sacramento, which as it stands to-day represents an invest- ment of $12,000. The building has been erected with every idea of the future needs and its foundation and present walls are capable of carry- ing a four-story building, and we con- fidently believe that within another twelve months there will be added to the building a second story, as al- ready we have found need of larger quarters than we now have at the present time. This would not have been possible had the growers not been organized, as there is no individual or locality in California producing enough al- monds to enable them to properly equip and maintain a suitable Duild- ing and machinery for the purpose of developing this business. Therefore, the plant at Sacramento is the property of the growers of the State represented through the medium of the associations constituting the California Almond Growers' Ex- change. The trade of the East claim when the subject has been brought to their attention, that the European product is superior to that of California. We do not agree with them on this ques- tion. We believe that the California product is equal to and better than many of the imported varieties of almonds. It is true that California does not produce anything in size that compares with the famous Jordan almond imported from Spain, but it is simply so because of the lack of attention to this particular nut. We do not advocate the planting of Jordan in California, as it is a hard- shelled nut, and we have not yet found a machine suitable for handling this variety of almonds. We do earn- estly recommend to our growers that where Nonpareil almonds are profit- able and crops average well, that this variety be planted, for it is an ex- cellent shelling nut and one that meets with favor with the trade. With adequate freight rates, which we confidently expect for the 191.5 season, we shall solicit the almond kernel business of the East and we know that we will get our share of the same. California produces almonds as successfully as any other part of the world, and the opportunities for the successful distribution of our product are exceedingly good, providing, of course, that the growers continue to support their great co-operative or- ganization— the California Almond Growers' Exchange. Poor success until recently has been obtained with English walnuts in ,'\rizona. but the grafting of Eng- lish walnut scions on the native Arizona black walnut has recently proved such a success that it is believed that walnut production will prove very profitable. It is thought that only Arizona black wal- nut roots will succeed in Arizona con- ditions. The work was started by C. R. Biederman of Tucson. Our Fruit, Nut and Olive Trees and Grape Vines were awarded the First Prize and Gold Medal at the ST WHY? want Because we liave ahvay been striving for the best and consequently have produced the best. It was not luck — To >;et that jtri/.e we had to work hard and con- scientiously to produce just what you — the growers — Into the growing of each one of our trees go .science, care, and ev- perience. By the intelligent selection of buds and parent trees, by ev|>ert application, and because we are located in a foothill district- free from pest.s — we produce hardy, well rooted — good bearing — disease free — trees — Better, stronger trees — Larger, finer fruit — and Bigger crops. All our trees are prize trees — profitable trees, the kind you want. Buy foothill grown trees. We iin« the circles. Every circle is complete ami InterMects or touches one or more other circles. There are no parts of circles or shams or deceptions of any sort In the puzzle. Accuracy and patience are the main requisites for arriving at the correct count. THE PRIZE LIST First Prize — $100 cash, to which will be added one hundred times the amount paid in with the winning solution, payment not to exceed $3.00. This prize may be worth $400. Second Prize — $75.00 cash, to which will be added fifty times the amount paid with the winning solution. This prize may be worth $22."). Third Prize — $50.00 in cash, to which will be added twenty-five times the amount paid with the winning solution. Value of this prize may be $125. Fourth Prize — $25.00 in cash, to which will be added fifteen times the amount paid with the winning solution. Value of this prize may be $70. Fifth Prize — $20.00 in cash, to which will be added ten times the amount paid in on subscription with the winning solution. This prize may be worth $50. TEN PRIZES— $10.00 in cash, to which will be added five times the amount paid on subscription with the winning solution. Each of these prizes may be worth $25.00. FIFTEEN PRIZES— $5.00 in cash, to which will be added twice the amount paid with the winning solution. These prizes may be worth $11.00 each. TWENTY PRIZES — $2.00 in cash, plus the amount paid with the winning solution. These prizes may be worth $5.00 each. On the On the On the FIRST PRIZE SECOND PRIZE THIRD PRIZE $1 Wins $200 $1 Wins $125 $1 Wins $ 75 $2 Wins 300 $2 Wins 175 $2 Wins 100 $.3 Wins 400 $3 Wins 225 $3 Wins 125 HOW TO ENTER A payment on subscription of from 50 cents to $3.00 for Orchard and Farm, by mail, entitles a contestant to submit a solution of the Circle Puzzle. . As many different solutions as a contestant may desire to register may be submitted to Problem No. 1 upon the same terms. Not more than $3.00, how- ever, can be paid with any one solution. As the main prizes have a greatly increased value, according to what is paid on subscriptions with the solutions winning them, all contestants should familiar- ize themselves with what these values are before they determine how much of a subscription to send. For instance, if yon paid 50 cents, one year's subscription to Orchard and Farm, your prize, if you were the first, would be $150.00. If you paid $3 it would be $400.00. No contestant will be permitted to send the same solution more than once. A contestant may pay $3 with each different solution, whether he pays all at the time he submits his solution or pays the balance before the contest closes. To insure safety, subscriptions should be either regristered or sent by money order or check. If stamps are sent, send either one or two cent denomination. Whatever is paid on one or more solutions will apply on a aontinuous subscription to Orchard and Farm. SUBSCRIPTION RATES ORCHARD AND FARM One Year $ .50 Three Years 1.00 Six Years 2.00 Nine Years 3.00 NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR ENTERING This contest is offered as a means of entertaining our readers and to induce those who are not regular readers to become permanent subscribers. No ex- tra charge is made for participation in the contest. The regular subscription price of Orchard and Farm is charged and every subscriber, old or new, can participate in the contest on this basis. It you are already paid In advance, your time will be extended. Solutions unaccompanied by money for subscriptions will not be registered. The Contest Manager will not be re- sponsible tor money sent after solu- tions have been forwarded or in sep- arate envelopes. Everyone entering this contest will be treated with equal fairness, and as there is no charge made for participa- tion in this contest beyond an ordinary subscription to Orchard and Farm, all those entering will, as a condition, be required to abide by the ruling of the Contest Manager on any and all ques- tions that may arise. All solutions must reach this office not later than March 10. The Conditions— Read Carefully This contest is open to any man, woman, boy or girl. A payment on subscription to Orchard and Farm of from 50c to $3 entitles a contestant to submit a solution of the puzzle on the conditions stated. No employee of Orchard and Farm or member of his fam- ily will be allowed to participate in the con- test. The first and preliminary problem is to count the circles in the chart. All those who do this correctly will be required to submit a solution to Problem No. 2, to determine who are entitled to the prizes. However, should there be less correct solutions than there are prizes, onlv as many prizes will be reserved as there are people tied and the rest of the prizes will be awarded to those submitting respectively the next best solutions. No money can be paid and only one solution of Problem No. 2. In case of ties resulting from persons working together, only one prize will be awarded jointly. All those entering the contest will be re- quired to abide by the rulings of the Contest Manager. In the event of any questions arising, the Contest Manager may appoint a committee to assist him In deciding them and those entering the contest do so with the understanding that such decision will be final. The second problem or the puzzle to decide ties has been eliminated from this adrertisement through lack of space. HowcTcr, full details re^rding the second problem will be mailed to all those making application. SOLUTION BLANK CUT OUT THIS BLANK smoothly around the border and send it with your solution and money. Date Sent 1915. ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. I enclose $ for years subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM. NAME ADDRESS SOLUTION AND PAYMENTS (The following spaces provide for three solutions, with the payments you desire to make with them. You may submit one or as many different solutions as you wish to Problem No. 1. You can pay from one year to nine years' subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM. The total will apply on one continuous subscription.) My Count is $ My Count is $ My Count is $ Are you now a subscriber? Answer If you want paper sent elsewhere than above address give Name and Address below: 16 ORCHARD AND FARM anh T As. R M I RRIGA.TION VOL. 27 FEBRI ARY, 1915 Issned 9IonthIy at Hearat Bnlldlns* San Francisco, Cal. Conntrr Life Pnbllshlng; Co., Publishers D. J. Whitney Editor D. W. Hill Advertising Manaser Wm. Tyler Smith.. Circniation Managrer Eastern Office. Wallace C. Richardson (Inc.), 41 Park Row, New York Middle West Office, Jamea A. Buchanan, Marquette BIdK., Chicago SUBSCRIPTIOX RATES. By subscription 50c per year, three years for $1.00. To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 24c per each year. Foreign, by subscription, 36c extra per each year. 5e per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the PostofiBce of San Francisco, Cal., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Publishing Company, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. There is one thing which is pretty certain and that is that farm readers would much sooner read what a farmer thinks worth while to write about than what an editor or a hack writer writes, and by the same token "Orchard and Farm'' is pretty well filled up with letters from readers, or information called out by letters. This being so, we had to chuckle at a postscript to a letter which said, "I suppose you get so many letters like this that this is likely to go into the waste basket." Set your mind on the fact that anything which a farmer or a farmer's wife will go to the trou- ble to write about must be pretty good, or they would not go to the trouble of writing it, and it is precious few letters that go into the waste basket. Half a thought will show that anything that is worth telling your neighbor about is worth while telling readers of farm papers about, and it does not matter a particle whether spelling is bad, grammar worse and writing worst of all. The worse these three things are the bet- ter the idea is likely to be, for peo- ple who write few letters and so have little use for spelling, writing and penmanship, are pretty sure to have something worth saying w-hen they do write. It is the man who keeps his mouth shut whose words are worth noting, and it is the man who is always talking who says noth- ing worth saying. A\'e have no desire for anything from anybody who merely writes to fill up space, but people who want to tell us, or an- other contributor, that we are wrong on some point, or have missed the point, or can give a little side light on some statement, or will volunteer anything that they know ought to be known, are the best sort of friends a paper can have. It is funny how letters run in streaks. Amador is a small California county, and yet three difTerent people, none having any connection with the others, sent in some of the finest matter for the January and February issues that has appeared. Amador county is achieving considerable agricultural fame in the process, which of itself is worth a bit. If from all sections of the Pacific Coast information came in proportionately, the paper would have to be immensely enlarged, or some really fine stuff would have to go into the waste basket. However, precious little volunteered information goes into the waste basket now. A CORRECTION. In telling of the reservoir of S. A. Sexton last issue we inadvertently used yards instead of feet in stating its size. The reason was that in pacing it off, paces were counted as yards, which were converted into feet 75 feet and 150 feet. Absent minded- ly in stating size the idea of yards was substituted for feet, which made the reservoir three times as long and wide as it actually is- Slips of the pen are like slips of the tongue quite frequently and are usually known to be such by the reader and so are not misleading. "The fool shooeth his neighbor's hens from his back yard, but the wise man fixeth up a snug place for them to lay in." TKeUi ?e Of \ DvnaiTii'te OnFai "m,Orcha rd and Ranch THE series of bulletins on dynamite which will appear in this publication are published with one aim in view — to give you intelligent and accurate information with regard to the large place dyna- mite can be made to fill in your work. Every statement made with regard to the use of Hercules Dynamite will be absolutely accurate and based on results obtained in actual field work. The various diagrams and plans will show the best methods of using dynamite. The illustrations showing the results obtained from the employment of Hercules Dynamite will be copied from actual photographs. We are always glad to give any information or assistance to those interested in the use of dynamite. Thousands of men whose interests are the same as yours are saying time, labor, and money by its use. What is equally important, they are getting better results. We urge that in justice to yourself and your work, you send for a book which we have published, entitled, "Progres- sive Cultivation." Use the coupon in the 'corner of this announcement. HERCULES POWDER CO. Chronicle Bullilinpr. SAN FRA\CISCO, CAI». Fleaae send me ■ free copy of your book, "Pro«ret«ive Cultivstioa." lam iatereated in DynsmiM for Tree Planting The two illustrations above show fully the value of using dynamite in planting trees. These drawings are exact copies of photographs of two trees planted at the same time and in the same orchard. The one on the left was planted in a spaded hole, the other in a dynamited hole. The growth and development of the latter is almost twice that* of tho.fprmer. This difference always shows when Hercules Dynamite is used. The ground is thoroughly broken up. The roots have a chance to sp'read in a natural manner. Also the work of planting is done more quickly and at less expense. In "Progressive Cultivation" are given interesting details with regard to the use of Hercules Dynamite for tree planting. Are you familiar with the method and its results? Stump Blasting Every man who has had experi- ence in pulling stumps without the aid of dynamite knows only too well the amount of labor and time involved. When you have land to clear, use Hercules Dynamite. You not only save labor and time — and, as a result, money — but you also thor- oughly break up the subsoil and very effectively prepare the land for cultivation. The diagram given shows the best way of removing one kind of ^tump, that with matted, spreading roots. When dynamiting a stump with a tap root the charge should be placed differently to get the best results. Progressive Cultiva- tion" tells just how stumps of vari- ous kinds can be most readily removed. cu.y F.SE lliliiif TAMPING I 'IjlW'i'-,- Drainage Work The draining of swamps and ponds can be done better with Hercules Dynamite than by any ot^er means. There are several ways in which dynamite may be used. We have room to illustrate only one of them — the crater method. By this method the hard soil forming the bed of the swamp is broken up and the water drains off through the loose stratum below. In "Progressive Cultivation" full details with regard to drainage work with dynamite arc given. PEPVIOUS STRATUM ] BIASTU CMTLR FOT ORAINme. SWMrr«.ANO ORCHARD AND FARM 17 Olive PleklinK — In pickling some olives I had notliing but a five grallon oil can to pnt them in. To about tliree grallona of water I put one-tblrd of a can of lye; after a week changfed the water, put in the same amount of lye and after another week they were still bitter BO put them in n third solution of lye of same strength for iinother week. When I took them out the can hud changed color from bright tin to a dull color something like zinc. Do vou think lye diHMOlvcd some of the tin and that It soaked Into the olives? If so, win that poison them, or make them Injurious to the health? How long will It take to soak the lye outf W. C, Snnta Clara county. We submitted this question to Prof- Bioletti of the University of Cah- fornia, an authority on olive hand- ling, who says, "1 have consulted with Mr. Cruess (a food chemist at the University), who thinks that probably the lye would have no ef- fect on the tin, but it might have some on the zinc or solder. If you will send some of the solution down, we will have it tested. Some ot these metallic salts are quite poison- ous and if any appreciable amount of metal was found in this solution it would be unsafe to use the olives. As a rule wood or earthenware should be used with chemicals of all kinds, as neither wood nor earthen- ware is normally affected by the com- mon chemicals, or, if affected, the re- sults would not be injurious, while most chemicals, especially if they «tand for some time, are likely to dissolve metals. Lye is usually re- moved from the olives in two or three days, if water is changed suf- riciently- Our opinion from knowl- edge of chemistry is that the com- bination of lye and zinc, or what- ever makes the zinc color, is in- soluble in water and can be washed off in the regular process of remov- ing lye from olives and that there is not the slightest danger of injury from the olives. However, a test by Professor Cruess would make it more certain. Bees on City Lots — I read in the .Innunry "Orchard and Farm" how to make pin money on the farm. I am going to get a couple of hives of bees to make money on a city lot. Kindly tell me the best kind of bees to get and advise on them, as I do not know anvthlng about bees, only through reading about them. — Subscriber, San Francisco. You can have success with bees on a city lot provided you are out a bit where there is considerable vacant space and gardens. Quite often neigh- bors object to bees in town, and again others keep them and have no trouble. \Vould hardly advise trying thern in town without experience in handling. .\ practical course in bee keeping is given at the University of California, which would help you greatly. Would advise trying to get in it, also would advise extensive reading . Look through our advertising columns for things which will interest you in bees. Italians are probably the most prac- tical bees to get. Carniolans, a rarer variety, are more gentle and a fine variety. We believe that bees would be a fine thing for many ranches more so than in the city, both for pin money and otherwise. Grubs Under Skin — My stock are bothered with grnbs in their backs, burrowed In Just under the skin. They are so numerous that they are prac- tically sucking ail the vitality out o« the cows and young stock. Do you know of any remedy for them?— .\. .V. S., Los Gatos, Cal. These grubs are called Warbles. They develop from the eggs of small Hies. These eggs are laid on the skin of cattle in summer and the cattle lick them off. They hatch in the mouth or in the paunch and the larvae burrow through the walls of the throat and gradually work out under the skin, where they form the swellings j'ou speak of. The grubs emerge from the swellings some time in spring and fall to the ground and by summer the grubs change into the mature flies, which are ready to lay eggs as the previous generation did the summer before. They do, as you say, considerable injury to cattle. The best thing to do is to press out these grubs and destroy them, using a knife, if necessary, to enlarge the opening, or inject a drop of kerosene through the opening, using a ma- chinist's oil can for the purpose. If all are destroyed in this way, there will be no flies to infect the cattle during the summer. The probability of trouble therefore, lies largely in the amount of warbles in a place, and what is done to control them. For the sake of the cattle already affected as well as for the cattle on pasture next summer, the grubs should be squeezed out, or killed. When flies are already in a pasture, fly repellants should be used to keep them from laying eggs on the stock. Questions on Mules — Can you advise me wliere and how I can obtain In- formation on breeding, care and mark- eting mules on the Pacific Coast?— H. .1., Monrovia, Cal. There is to our knowledge no sys- tematic discussion of this matter pub- lished, hut if you will write stating just what points you wish to know, wc can see that you get authoritative information on the subject. There seems to be no question but what under many conditions it is more profitible to raise mules than horses, which in certain respects is un- fortunate, though true. State exactly what information you desire and it will be easier to get it for you than it would be information in reply to a general question. Gopher Poisoning — Can a poisonoua preparation be made in which to soak peas liefore planting, which will not injure the peas and which will help exterminate gophers? Any information on tile subject will be greatly appre- ciated.— E). C. P., Sonoma county, Cal. We do not know of any such preparation, do not believe that any exists and have always heard that the idea was not feasible. Think that the right idea is to exterminate them with poisonous fumes, as described in May. 1914 issue of "Orchard and Farm;" by trapping, or by straight poisoning. Some poison methods were told of in April, 1914 issue. Powdered strychnine is the standard gopher poison. It is inserted in a slit or cavity in the bait. An effective plan is to use fruit syrup with some baits along with the strychnine to disguise it and render it more at- tractive, though this depends upon the kind of bait used. Carrots are ex- cellent. Raisins are are fine also, and pieces of sweet potatoes or other at- tractive foods. The bait is put in the main runway of the gopher. This will be known on account of it having an opening on each side of the excava- tion made by the shovel. Poison is put in each hole and the hole covered to shut off all light. If the hole is left open, the gopher will fill it up and most likely ignore the poison. A good bait is composed of a few alfalfa stems about old enough to cut for hay, doubled over into a loop and all leaves removed except the loop. These are poisoned with strj'chninc in fruit juice and the loop inserted in the hole. Then there are traps and preparations with carbon bisulphide for fumigation which are very ef- fective, so it is difficult to know how much to say or not to say. When a dish is over-salted in cook- ing the unpleasantness may be reme- died by adding a teaspoonful of sugar dissolved in a teaspoonful of vinegar, or a smaller quantity in like pro- portions. Providence never sleeps- covers a ■5rkth»n>r,r<.f' - i' > rUvicinr whwl Iw.; rii>k< l>Jl'l wlrtlh. ' 72-pass Catalog i : u free n,.* .Li,., V. ti-l». (n.-lndiDf V^Un, VImwI H . . Horvr Xlo^^. Harr m Orrhan]-ftn,l Ifavl .<>ilb < a l- - Writs postal for it. S L ALLEN * CO kx HMD Pkil. Pa irrr alnrk In N»n True i» ft n 1 b«Aii^L«. AcrtiTM lu aJI principal y»c\^' i.««tc.t>r* ORCHARD AND FARM SI Recent Live Stock Happenings On January 19 E. W. Howard, president of the Howard Cattle Com- pany, passed away in San Francisco, from the effects of the accident which occured through the fall of an ele- vator in a San Francisco office build- ing. The Shorthorn men of the West can ill afford to lose Mr- Howard. He had been appointed on the advisory committee of the Short- horn Association during the Panarna- Pacific year and this association looked to him to take care of the Shorthorn work in general, both in tlie way of view herds and also of the large show exhibit to be made in October at San Francisco. Since 1900 Mr. Howard had had charge of the Howard Cattle Company, with its headquarters at Newman, Cali- fornia. Being an Englishman by birth, though for several generations his family have had California inter- ests, he always had a love for the Shire horse, and the Quinto Farm was famous all over this State for the production of heavy draft horses. For years many of these horses were sold to the Fire Department of San Buy it now There is 40.000,000 farm population in the United States. Their 1914 crop was worth i $9,872,936,000.00. If only $10 were spent for ] each person on the farm now. instead of waiting till Spring, it would put $400,000,000 into cir- culation and give em- ployment to thousands whose families are suffer- ing where factories are idle. Cooked in a "Wear- Ever Aluminum Double Boiler Give your boys and ffirls all the Tapioca ruddinsr they want. But be sure to cook it in a "Wear-Ever" Double Boiler. You can cook the most delicate sauces and puddinffa in the Double Boiler without fear of burning. "Wear-Ever" Aluminum Utensils are stamped from thick, hard sheet aluminum, without joints, seams or soldered parts. Cannot rust or form poison- ous compounds with fruit acids or foods. Send for booklet, "The Wcar-Evor Kitchen". Replace utensiU that wear ou{ with utensib that "Wear-Erer" W&NTFn Men to demonstrato and sell "Wear- Ever" Specialties, Only those who can furnish security will be considered. The Alumtnum Cooklns Vtenatl Co. Dept 63, New Kcnsin^n, Pa., or Northern Aluminum Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ontario Send prepaid l-on request I-Yec, Addrwi THE FRESNO NURSERY CO., INC.. Box 616, Fresno, Cal. F. Curtiss' herd at Ames, Iowa; also a carload from C. A. Corsa, Whitehall, Illinois; another carload from Love- joy & Son, Roscoe, 111-; and still an- other from the lowanna Farms, Davenport, Iowa. In the lowanna car will be the boar which has been win- ning for this company all over the East last season. Auk Your Dealer for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Milch Cows and Ohlckens and Tonne Plw and Hogs. Cheapest food In the market to-dar. If your dealer doesn't carry it. addresa EI, DORADO OIL WORKS HO Cnllfoniln St San FranclBCO 23 ORCHARD AND FARM Dairy Profits by Direct Selling Next to lenrnlue from th<'lr farm paper hovr beat to make money, farm reatlem want moNt to read of NueeeNNeN iitlierw are making. Thia account Nhould be doubly appre- ciated on account of tellluK of auc- ceaa In making money In a way ■eldom practiced. We hope to have many other atorlcs of farm aac- eeaa later on, nincc frienda have Klven iia the namea of peraona In their locailtIrN whoac experlencea would be of value to othcra. How- ever, the I'aclllc t'oaat la ao bin that It would take many montha to do half of what mleht be done and w-e hope that aome of onr readrra will thcmaelvea tell of their own experieucca. That would be better even than for aome one elac to tell about it. It commonly happens that the per- son who gets off the beaten path and profits thereby does so on account of financial difficulties, or on account of being forced into it by circumstances, to his own ultimate advantage. There are exceptions, but the rule holds 1 retty good. That is the way that J. E. Thorp of French Camp, near Stockton, came to start making butter and selling direct to the consumer. Circumstances made it necessary so to do and events proved the great but undeveloped possibilities of the business. J. E. Thorp has been known by those who attend the California and Nevada State Fairs as a rising and very successful Jersey cattle and Duroc swine breeder- Those who have known him personally have known that he, like very many other pure bred dairy and hog men, started without capital and was earning his way along. Avoiding details for the sake of space, it is enough to say that the burden of paying for his ranch, building up a herd and getting ahead otherwise without funds or good equipment and with too small a herd of cattle to make much progress, was so great that he saw in the fall of 1913 that he would have to make more money some way or go out of business, and making and selling but- ter seemed the only way out. Beginning Butter Making. Previous experience in creamery work gave knowledge of butter mak- ing. Friends in Stockton said they would buy their butter from him, so he purchased a barrel churn for $4.50, churned the cream from his dairy, as well as some purchased from the neighbors, and once a week put the mare in the bun'"'v and drove to town. That was a little more than a year ago. By this fall he was going to town in an auto three times a week and selling in the week 300 squares or 600 pounds of butter, 200 dozen eggs, about 20 nints of sweet cream, 20 o^allons of buttermilk, and a few dressed fowls. The 20 gallons of buttermilk a week is winter delivery. During the warm weather that amount is sold each delivery. The work of running the farm (40 acres, 20 planted to alfalfa, the other 20 now leased), caring for about 20 pure bred Jersey cattle, five Duroc brood sows and corresponding num- bers of pigs and boars, collecting cream and eggs from other farmers, churning and packing butter in car- tons and delivering goods in town is done by Mr. Thorp with the help of a boy from another farm. Sometimes it means 16 hours' work a day, quite often a few hours less, and some- times more. There is no great amount of waste time anywhere- As customers increase more cream had to be purchased till just now, early in January, the product of the home herd, most of the cows being dry, is only about enough to supply the sweet cream demand. A few months after starting the work the barrel churn was kept so busy that most of the time was taken churning, which would not do at all, so a 150- pound power churn was purchased. The banks would not lend money to get it, but the creamery supply house obligingly gave time on it. The horse and buggy proved inadequate for the task of greater deliveries and a small passenger automobile was secured and a box built on behind in which eggs and butter were kept, with some ice in summer to keep them cool. The business has paid well, but the big trouble has been that the profits have all been used to provide facilities for handling the business and the golden day when there will be an unused surplus is still in the future. The more one does, the hard- er to get the equipment for so doing. Quality Principal Feature- Quality has been the keynote of success. The barn and milkmg shed on the Mossdale Ranch, as the Thorp place is called, is of the most primi- tive and inexpensive kind and will be until there is a chance to improve, but the milking is done so that the cream is sweet and pure. Mr. Thorp pays four cents above quotation and gives a cream test that makes the neighbors anxious to sell their cream to him, which gives him the oppor- tunity to get clean cream of fine flavor. The butter making does the rest and among his customers are grocers' families, who handle what is supposed to be the best creamery but- ter made, yet they use his butter instead. The . creameryman's profit comes from the overrun — the in- creased weight of the butter over the fat, which overrun is in most butter due to the presence of nearly 16 per cent moisture in the butter, plus salt and curd. Thorp makes no moisture test of his butter, but makes a dry butter, or one with much less than the 10 per cent allowed by law. As a result one lady said, "I like your but- ter because it does not jump out of the frying pan, like creamery butter, which has a lot of water in it." Another talking point, which really influences quality very little, is that no artificial coloring is used- Jersey and Guernsey cows give a yellow cream, making a yellow butter, and most of the cream is bought from high grade Jersey or Guernsey herds. A third point is that the cream is from tuberculin tested herds. That might not matter much in butter qualitj% but it matters some and it has improved the herds of dairymen to clean out the few cows that had tuberculosis. Gain in Price. The financial standing of the busi- ness is about as follows: Mr. Thorp pays four cents over quotation for butter fat, which also means that he pays himself that for his own cream. At a San Francisco quotation of 30 cents, the day we visited the place and made the rounds in town, a two- pound square would cost Thorp, not counting overrun, 68 cents. It was sold at 75 cents, an advance of seven cents for two pounds. A fair amo.unt was sold in pound packages at 40 cents, an advance of six cents for one pound. To pay for trouble and expense of manufacturing and de- livery he has the overrrun, five pounds of fat making, we should judge about six pounds of butter. To get these returns he has the cost of collection in earlv morning — all cream is col- lected in early morning and so is of better quality than if it had a half day ride in ordinary cream wagon — also the cost of manufacture, and cost of delivery. The butter is churned three times a week, in the evening after supper. Churning takes about two hours, plus about half an hour or so to clean up and put the equipment in order. The delivery takes something more than half a day for two men, though on Become Our Factory Agent IN YOUR OWN LOCALITY AND SELL 9h.p. Two Speeds. Direct Starter. 1915 Twin Cylinder Models ^200I2$260 We Will Appoint One Agent in each town or rural community where we are not already represented, to ride, to exhibit and sell the new 1915 Flying Merkel. Our proposition is entirely new and is open to reliable hustlers who want to start a paying business of their own; no previous experience and very little capital or backing is required. We give you exclusive territory and show you how to make sales; you control all sales in your territory. You put in your spare time and make handsome profits with practically no selling expense. The Flying Merkel is easy to sell because it is universally known as "The World's Best Motorcycle;" it has a dozen exclusive features that make it easy-riding, durable and speedy; it takes you any- where and back quicker and cheaper than any other way; it is always on the job, always ready to speed up to sixty miles an hour or check down to five. Gel the agency in your territory before someone else J gets in ahead of you. WRITE US TODAY i THE MIAMI CYCLE & MFG. CO. "America's Greatest Cycle Manufacturers" 1010 Hanover St. MIDDLETOWN, OHIO HOWARD CATTLE COMPANY Breeders and Importers of SHORT-HORN CATTLE 55 New Montgomery Street San Francisco Thursdays Mr. Thorp makes the de- livery alone, and the machine usually gets back to the farm about 2 or :! o'clock. The delivery is made with no waste of time, too. The farm work is all in addition to the butter business. One of the best features of the business is the call for buttermilk. People, as a ruje, like buttermilk, but do not buy it because it usually is not very palatable when they get it. Through having pure cream, by di- rect selling and good care, there has developed a fine demand for butter- milk, which is sold at .'> cents a quart, or more than most dairymen get for whole milk (wholesale price) and this is nearly all velvet. Of course what is not sold makes valuable hog feed. The egg business is nearly as big as the butter business, though not as profitable. Customers asked for eggs and so he had to supply them. The Mossdale Farm flock, which lives well on what it picks up, was too small to supply many eggs, so eggs are bought from dairymen with hens, no difference being made between white and brown eggs by either town customer, or farm producer- Cartons are delivered to the farmers and they fill them with eggs on their own re- sponsibility, but they have to be full sized eggs and of good quality. Pay- ment is made on San Francisco quo- tation, but retail prices in Stockton are not always based on quotation. There is an average margin of profit of about five cents a dozen, which is about as small as it should be- Some patrons also want a chicken QUALITY BERKSHIRES oi'R bf:rksiiikcs .\re: now BETTER THAN EVER. They are bred right, fed right and priced right. We have all the proml- rient blood lines, and always have four to six herd boars in use. Try us the next time you want Berkshlres. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm WOODLAND, CALIFORNIA. BLACK LOSSES SURELY PREVENTED hy Cutler'l Blackleg Pllli. Ix>»- prtr,(l. fivsh. reliable; preferred by Western stoclanen becuae thay pro* V taat whar. othar •aeaiaaa (all. ■ # Write for booklet and tMtlmonlals. I r S « lO-dota pkge. Blacklag Pllla $1.00 ^^JL^^^ :0-daa« pkge. Blackleg Pllla 4.00 I'we any Injis-tor. but Cutter's The superiority of Cutter products Is due to over 15 yoarv of speclallzini; In vaoetnea and aaruma only. Inalat on Cutter'a. " If unobtainable, onler dlrtn.!. THE CUTTER LABORATORY, Barkalay. CalKaralik When writing to adver.tisers who use t ti 1 s magazine PLEASE mention that you gaw their advertisement In ORrir.^RD .\ND FARM ORCHARD AND FARM 23 on Saturday and give their orders on Tuesday or Thursday. Mr. Thorp gets the chickens usually from the neighbors and dresses them himself the evening before, selling a fowl at an advance of 25 to 30 cents. He pays full wholesale prices for the chickens. The business as a whole has ad- \ anced rapidly, as one can see, and it has developed by delivering a good product direct from farm to consumer, or consumers would always get farm ;)roduce direct, if it is good and they can get it regularly. Customers have I ome on the recommendations of satisfied customers and there has never been a surplus of either butter or eggs to Iiold over or sacrifice. The supply has been made to fit the de- mand by calling on neighboring farmers for more butter or eggs when they are needed. It has helped the neighbors by giving them a fine price. and raised the standard of quality of what they have produced. In most ways it has been a return to the fundamental original method of mak- ing a finished product on the farm and selling it to the ultimate con- sumer. In these days of a highly developed system of distribution the creamery waeon collects the cream, the cream- ery makes the butter and ships it to distributor, who sells it to retailer and retailer to ultimate consumer. There are many steps ■ and many profits, all small except that of re- tailer. All the handlers can handle the products efficientl-- throusrh hand- ling large amounts, but what is gained in that way is more than lost by the many expenses and profits be- tween producer and consumer. The growth of this business shows the possibilities of direct dealing in a quality product. Assorted Dairy Suggestions When to Dry a Cow. As a usual thing it is best to give a cow a rest of a month or six weeks before freshening, but there are ex- ceptions. Often heavy milkers refuse to go dry and in these cases the only thing to do is to keep milking, al- though for the sake of the cow it is well to leave all the milk in the udder that can be left there without dan- ger so that the cow can have a chance to build up her strength as much as possible in preparation for the next lactation period. Another class of cows have a tendency to go dry too soon. Frequently these are of a beefy type and may be good milkers for the first month or so after calving, but have a great ten- dency toward stopping the milk flow €arly. Particularly after the first calf with such cows it is advisable to en- courage the milk flow as much as possible and to keep the milking to within just a week or so of calving, in order that the tendency toward sustained milking be developed for subsequent milking periods. Stringy Milk- Stringy milk occasionally comes for no apparent reason. A common cause is the swallowing of germs found in stagnant pools of water. A few days after the germs are swallowed it will be found that the cow's milk is curdy and stringy and comes out in jerks when milking. After a few days the trouble may disappear, only to de- velop again after a week or so. If the cause is drinking stagnant water the first thing required is to drain off or fill up the pools, or to prevent the cow's access to them. Give also two drams, or one teaspoonful, of bi- sulphide of soda in a mash and this will overcome the difficulty if the drinking water is kept pure. Bull Ideas. 1. Put a ring in his nose because bulls like jewelry. 2. It is better not to tie him by the ring as it will toughen his nose so he will not act so dignified when you lead him out on dress parade. 3. To make him ugly just keep him in solitary confinement, out of sight of the cows. A. view ol his family might make him forget the line of argument he intends using on you the next time he gets you alone. 4- Have a small yard connected ti his box stall where he rnn run in and out to get exercise and fresh air. 5. He will pet lots of exercise and amusement in bunting a strong cmptv vinegar barrel around his vard. It will help to keep him good natured and legthen his breeding days. — Hoard's Dairyman. Good Care for Good Stock. The common saying that it costs no more to keep a good cow than a poor one. is common because it is easy to sav and sounds like a con- vincing argument, but the saying is all wrong. The facts of the matter are that the better the animal as a rule, the better the feed and care that has to be given — the better also the results from the amount of feed. A mustang is the best horse in the world to live on hard fare and work on it too, and a thoroughbred would starve on range and food which the mustang would find entirely suitable for continued and healthful existence, but the thoroughbred is more of a horse any day than the mustang. Similarly a fine pure bred bull on the range will go poor where a scrub will be all right, but where the pure- bred is fed properly, his calves will be worth far more than those of the scrub. The scrub cow will not eat as much by a great deal as a heavy milker and can get along on poorer feed as well. Where the good cow shines is in consuming a large amount of food and turning it into some valuable product- She not only gives more milk but she makes a much bet- ter use of the food she does consume. It is true that she occupies only as much space as the scrub and needs only a little more care, and then she far outclasses the scrub in acre pro- duction and in net profit, while the value of her progeny is still greater in comparison with that of the scrub than the value of the milk she gives- And what is true of the good cow is true of every other good animal. Constitution. Many dairymen and farmers fail to appreciate the fact that the true dairy cow is one of the hardest worked ani- mals on the farm. We often com- plain that dairying is too confining; it calls for sorne work every day in the week, Sunday included. We might get a lesson here from the dairy cow that works day and night, every day in the year from the time of drop- ping her first calf throughout prac- tically her entire life and this calls for a strong constitution, as does any other hard long sustained work.. The indications of constitution are large nostrils for taking in large quantities of pure fresh air for keep- ing the blood pure; large chest for the full development of the heart and lungs. In the draft horse and the beef ani- mals the size of the chest is secured largely by breadth, while in the dairy cow and race, horse size is secured more by denth. The dairy cow should be extremely deep from top of shoul- ders to bottom of chest- Bright, clear and prominent eyes are also indica- tions of a good constitution. "Oh, Mr. Smith," cried the young lady, as she greeted her caller, "so you have been making friends with Fido! And do you think he likes you?" "Well," said Mr. Smith, grimly, "I don't believe he's ouit€ decided yet — he's only had one bite of me, but he seems to want another." SILOS BUILT FOR YOUR PARTICULAR NEEDS. EXACTLY AS YOU WANT THEM. ALL SIZES AND DIMENSIONS 16 X 36 Redwood Stave Silo manuafactured by us for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco. 1915 TANKS Built to order, to suit all uses and users. Cheap- er than metal tanks, last longer. Won t rust. Can be taken down and re-erected without damage. Capacities. 500 to 500.000 Gallons. Towers in- cluded if you want them. PIPE MACHINE BANDED OR CONTINUOUS STAVE For water supply— irrigation or power. Cheaper than any other pipe of equal size or capacity. Longer lived than any metal pipe except cast iron. All our silos, tanks and pipe are designed by engineers to meet every condition. Made in our big factory from CLEAR. AIR DRIED REDWOOD. Selected from a stock of if' million feet which we carry at all times. ASK US FOR PRICES REDWOOD MANUFACTURERS CO. 813 KOHL BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY OAKLAND, CAL. WAYNE, ILL. PERCHERONS At the GREAT CALI- FORNIA STATE FAIR last September we WON every FIRST PRIZE competed for; also won CHAMPIONSHIP FOR BEST STALLION any age; also Premier Honors for the best group of five stallions any age. Our November consignment of Percherons is now at our Stables — the best that France produces. The unprecedented success of our business is due to the extraordinary quality of our stock ; careful, conservative manage- ment and perfect fulfillment of our obligations. STABLES: EMERYVILLE RACE TRACK OAKLAND, CAL. DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN CO. u ORCHARD AND FARM |Thc Poland China Breed of Swine By W. M. Carruthers. I n I M P CUT MM tUltNINa Pl»t ONI CMAMTTi re»*cco Get Next To This Inside Stuff There are thousands of men, pipe-stung and toHRue-sore, who love a pipe, but have had to chuck it because the tobaccos they've tried have left their tongues as tender as though they'd been chewed. You fellows who have bitten at and been bitten by tobacco full of rough edges come on in and get next to the joy of smoking fragrant tobacco that's had its teeth pulled. The goodness of 1>RINCE Albert the national joy smoke Much discussion hns (akcii place in earlier years as to the origin of this breed and the proper placinR of credit for its iipliitihlin)ir. Tliis has resulted in sevcr.il I'olanil-Chiiia associations. It is nn<|neslioiicugb at the jiresent writing the Poland-China hog has again been brought back to where he was when these breeders started this fad. When the Poland-China Record .As- sociation was first formed they aver- aged nuich larger, were much coarser, and the bone was more spongy and heavier than at the present day. Their color was black and white, and some of them were spotted. Since then the tendency year by year has been to breed them .solid black, until to-day their white markings are much like those of a Berkshire — siilid black with white feet, while lip of the tail, and a little while about the face and jowl The ears are medium or small in size, drooping, and of a silky nature. One of the ilrawbacks aiiainst the increase of Poland-Chinas in the West has been a common cry that they lack prolilicacy. Their litllers are often said to be too small. If in- vestigation were carried along tliis line in other breeds it might be found that they also were lacking in prolificacv when raised in the same way an can be ranked among the few breeders of the State. His methods in the production of pork should be followed by others who fancy the Poland-China for his early maturing qualities. Many peoi)le who know ,'inything about hogs have a preference as to breed, and this preference sliould de- cide which breed they will handle. This article has endeavored to pre- sent the real merits of the Poland- China hog in such a way that pros- pective breeders or farmers wanting to breed belter hogs will come to view this favorable breed with that degree of admiration In which it is now held by its most ardent support- ers. With this decision, a well out- lined system in mind, and a herd of your chosen type, one is on the liighway to success. There is room for all breeders and all hogs. A breeder of Poland-Chinas has a right to that personal prefer- ence as to type; in fact, he should have, but he should have no preju- dice. What he should strive for is more Poland-China hogs, better Po- land-China hogs, and to aid in every possible way to increase a healthy demand for this breed; not any spe- cial animal or style, but the entire breed, believing that this is the best general purpose hog in the world. The man who successfully inter- mingles and combines animal flesh anil blood so as to make it produce more ponncctor on the ground passing on horses to be used by it in France. The hVench government is also busy at work locating and buying horses to be shipped to France, its is all in the tobacco and the won- derful patented process that takes out the bite, leaving a cool, com- fortable, free-burning, fluffy smoke that you can hit as hard and as often as you feel that impulse. Meanwhile Mr. Tongue lolls around as happy as a clam at high tide. When we say we control this patented process exclusively and that no one else can use it. we're handing you strictly inside stuff. There isn't another tobacco in the world just like good old P. A. There never can be. So, if you've canned that good old jimmy pipe, get it out and give it a new lease of life. You can buy P. A. at any store that sells tobacco, either in the tidy red tin, 10c; the toppy red bag, 5c; in pound and half-pound tin humidors; or in the crystal-glass P. A. humi- dor containing one pound, the dan- diest kind of a container for home and office use. R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Win«ton-Salem, N. C. STEY BRAE STOCK FARM RKKKSHIKK HOC!* M> indlridunl hrnl of B«r1t>hlr«« >rt by BandmftstM' M. Junior n — lov* and MiniiMota Sut* 'M. 1 • ■ ■ ■ nm, flt Si I V. v'. <.i.tii.L i lirtiiipi. r. Li-vt .v<'*r, rn.",'» rrxonaMe wlirn qiuUtr i> CMUldtnO. t>>r i«r1tc\iUni and prior*. addrM \\ . M. (•«rrnthn-m. Tit Mr«r»i lllilK.. S. F.. or K. M. McFBr- iniKl. >nn Mutrii. < .Hlfnrnl.i. contracts calling for 6,000 horses. S. S. Southworth. who recently purchased a farm in the Kapa Valley. California, has decided to breed Duroc-Jersey hogs as the main busi- ness on his farm. Last fall he received four or five splendid sows from one of the best breeders in Wisconsin. These sows now have pigs and most of them are weaned and ready for sale. He has st.irted a liner advertisement in "Orchard and Farm" this month. Some folks make a specialty of see- ing and reniemberirg gloomy things nixiOKM) \orii K The German Savings and Loan Society KM raUfarnlii Strrrt, •«■■ Fraarlsro. For tlic half \ o«r enilInK liec^mb^r 31, a (llvldond lias been declared at the rate of tour t4> per c«nt per an- i n\mi on all deposits, payable on and after Saturday. January I. 1»15. Dlvl- dend.< not called for are added to tht- deposit account and earn dividends from .Innuary 1. ISK,. OiEOKOK TOfRNT. Manaitrr. ORCHARD AND FARM 25 The Shire Horse -By Henry Wheatley The Shire, or as he was formerly called, the English Cart Horse, is the •urvival of the British war horse, '.hose strength, courage and activity -0 surprised the Romans when they nvaded Britain. Since the foundation of the Shire lorse Society, the breed has been luich improved by careful selection, and very strict veterinary examina- ion at the society's show has helped o reduce the percentage of unsound- itss, and last year they took another up forward by issuing board of trade ertificates, which are an absolute guarantee of soundness. The policy of the Shire Horse So- iety of England is guided by men of iie very highest repute, and they will lot tolerate anything but absolute inesty in the pedigrees registered. This endeavor to eliminate the un- - jund, and the honesty of all regis- trations has helped materially to place 'he Shire horse in the proud posi- ■ion which he occupies to-day — the ;ing of heavy draft horses. However, he does not occupy this isition simply on the strength of his laindness; it is his enormous bulk 11(1 great muscular development, com- iiiied with activity and a disposition well suited to the heavy work for which he is largely used which is most responsible for his excellent standing. There seems to be an impression in this part of the world that the Shire is not an active horse, but any one who has stood by the barrier at the Shire Horse Society's Show and seen stallions weighing 2.500 or 2,600 pounds come down the ring like a steam engine (no whips are allowed in the ring there), knows that this is a wrong impression. Even at our own State fairs Shires have always excelled in this particular. The type of the Shire horse is now so firmly fixed that he transmits his character with great regularity to his offspring, and for this reason grad- ing up may be accomplished to a greater size more quickly with a Shire than with any other breed. Evidence of this is to be seen on the streets of San Francisco, where about 80 per cent of the heavy drafters show a preponderance of Shire blood, while probably not 10 per cent of the stal- lions of the State are Shires. In conclusion let me say that there is good and bad in every breed, and a horseman to be successful must be a good enough judge to discard the bad ones and appreciate the value of the good ones- Xapa, Cal. LIVE STOCK NEWS NOTES. C. A. Thayer of the Wood Lumber Company has just purchased four young Berkshire sows from Steybrae Stock Farm to be placed on his ranch at Willits. Mr. Thayer has now on hand at this ranch a herd of pure bred Holsteins, also a herd of Shorthorns and a herd of Duroc- Jersey hogs, and he has now started in the Berkshire business. Willits being centrallj' located in Mendocino county seems to be a good center for the pure bred business. Through the work of the Yolo County Farm Bureau a new cow testing association was formed late in December. It is in the Courtland- Clarksburg section and there are 900 cows entered. F. A. Edinger is presi- dent and J. M. Stephenson secretary- treasurer. The other association in Yolo county is a marked success. The United States Department of Agriculture has issued a small but very instructive special bulletin on "Conveniences for Handling the Farm Cow and Her Products." It has excellent illustrations of stalls and milk room equipment and is well worth writing for, J. L. Slater has branched out in the The Greatest Grass Grown for Profit Grows North Great Hay Grain Forage Silage Plant Grows East Grow Sudan Grass THE MOST WONDERFUL GRASS OF THE AGE. Intro- duced and endorsed by the U. S. Agricultural Department as no other grass has erer been before. Produces more grain and better hay than any other forage plant knoi^n. Under ordinary conditions yields 300 to 600 pounds of seed and three to six tons of choice hay to the acre the same year. Grows whercTcr sorghum does. Never a pest All liyestock prefers it to alfalfa. RESISTS DROUGHT. QnaUty of hay equals timothy. Sow it annually where desired in rows or broadcast. It takes two to six pounds of seed to the acre, in drills, and 10 to 30 pounds broadcast Last spring the seed sold for $2 to $1 per pound. It is now selling for $1 per pound, and is sure to go higher before spring, as the supply of seed is limited. We will send, prepaid by parcel post, one pound of genuine Sudan seed, free from all other seed, for $1; in lots of 50 pounds or under; not less than one pound considered. Larger lots shipped by freight, cheaper price. Better order now and be sure of get- ting your seed, and sare money besides. All who sow Sudan grass seed another year will make big money. Instructions how to plant with order. Circular free. Address ELLAGENE FARM, Box 15, Aldine, Harris County, Texas. More Sudan Grass Means More Money Gained Grows South Makes Money Where Other Crops Fail Grows West Laughs at Drouth Smiles at Rain farming busines and has recently purchased two Berkshire sows and a boar from the Steybrae Stock Farm. Mr. Slater seems to be quite an en- thusiast in the hog business, and as his farm is located in Happy Valley, Shasta county, no doubt he will find a ready market for what he can pro- duce in that country. C. N. White has recently branched out in the Poland-China business on a farm near Modesto. He has taken for his partner in this work Mr. Hale Marsh, and the two expect to go ex- tensively into the Poland-China busi- ness. Steybrae Stock Farm has sold off its Poland Chinas to these gen- tlemen. White and Marsh have also made several purchases of high class Poland-China sows from Eastern breeders, but are unable at the present time to get them home on account of foot and mouth disease in the East. C. N. White informed us that it was their purpose to show some Poland- Chinas at the Panama-Pacific and that the Eastern hogs they expect to re- ceive later in the year will be used for this purpose. There arrived in San Francisco on January 7 an importation of sixty or seventy head of Corridale sheep from Australia. These sheep are now un- der quarantine in San Francisco. Af- ter they arc released they will go to their owners, part of them to King Bros., Laramie, Wyoming, and the re- mainder to the United States Govern- ment Station in Montana. Upon in- specting these sheep one would be apt to say that there is a cross of Leices- ter, Romney Marsh and Rambouillet. It remains to be seen whether this class of sheep will do well in the States they are going to. They have been raised and bred in a land where there really is no winter. Their new home is in two of the States w.hich have about as hard winters as any place in America. King Bros, of L-aramie, Englismen by birth and born sheepman, undoubtedly know what they are doing, so this experi- ment will be watched with interest by the range sheep men of the Pacific Coast. E. B. McFarland, who owns one of the most select Ayrshire herds in the West, has recently sold to a firm in Shasta county one of his very best Ayrshire bulls. This young bull is from a dam which was being put in the advanced registry when she was bought. Her milk tests 4 per cent, which makes this young bull a very valuable asset to the dairy he is go- ing to. Mr. McFarland also sold four yearling registered Ayrshire heifers to go to a party in Napa county, where they will be used as a founda- tion for an Ayrshire herd. He is now negotiating with a firm in Canada to supply him with a car of good regis- tered Ayrshire cows, some of which he will show at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. "Laboratory Exercises in Farm Mechanics" is the title of a new bul- letin of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture which may be interesting to many persons. .Among other things it tells of tying knots and making hitches and sulices, fitting collars, re- pairing harness, handling gas engines and many other topics. The Real Estate Educator Containing inside infor- Imation not generally known, "Don'ts" in Real Estate, "Pointers," Spe- cific Le^al Forms, for Sale, Exchange, Building; aud SuretyHliip Contracts. Bonds, MorteaKcs, Pon- crs of Attorney, Leases, Landlord's Agreements, Notice to ^ult. Deeds, Chattel Mortgrages, etc. It gives in the most con- densed form the essential Knowledge of the Real Estate Business. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW — WHAT YOU OUGHT TO KNOW — WHAT YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT IT — PLACED AT YOUR FINGERS' ENDS. HOW TO BECOME A NOTARY PUBLIC OR COMMISSION- ER OF DEEDS. This book is an in- spiration to the indifferent and a stim- ulus to the ambitious. Apart from the agent, operator or contractor, there is much to be found In Its contents that will provo of great value to all who wish to be posted on Valuation. Insur- ance, Contracts, Mortgages. Leases and Evictions. The cost might be saved five hundred times over in one trans- action. Z-MI paKCS, clotli. This book retails for $1.00. By special arrange- ments we have arranged to give it free, postage prepaid, with a new or renewal subscription to Orchard and Farm for 3 years at $1.00. state sizo on postal and 1 niicther you want collar like | cut or low turaoTer style. REVERSIBLE COLLAR CO., Dept. .S. Boston. .Mass. ORCHARD AND FARM < Planet Jr> Wheel HoerHorse Hoe Odds and Ends on Swinc Raising Gathered trom Here and Ttacre. Hopi Feed Chickens I hn r «rr two ot comhinmR the hoR and i-lii(-krr luisinrss ll toi-iri is not pl; cat the happens I • - ,1 with chirkrn killing sii«s is very riimnion (^n tlir fn-ir o"' T. Tlio-f the \i he chickciLs whii li puk.v up ii,v own liv- inR. and :i c-oofl livinc too for the>- holhrr the i-hn-kcns. ^ hoc CTis a moiiilifnl prrain. or 'llCtl iii< motr. whole lot more This Pm Slept Soundljr. A fnnr' •f.-u'ivi - ...-.■n-":-,' time of oi ^^ r vrn; 1, , . , iiiiii hei •r nip wii rtie niil> It must take « .-f tr slfrr sound'' that permits, it is well to *c«ttCT around ovr-. c lil, so lh«l thej will have r and there in searrh of v ; , i at Value of Milk Products ni; ti >>iie-tiaU a.v much a> Milk rame< the hon: sir... . ..,( I. thirty cents pei pound Feeditjg Coirihi'irv.^' .Its will . : ^.^ilv ii » well r cost thi lirii.v are likely to gr.l some tood aie lai' trom whni the hops ■wasteri TIk • ^ . Tho •1'^ ... . ■ ... - , , . r\\ on pie melons. The ■r Tii->! thoiic'lit t.-- he x-rrx oil Brrnuiiiii yiasture unri xo I turned into s field a.,.s w given « little com <■ qualit:^' oi the pork is very he .\meriraTi Swrne- 'rr nnf? frlr' pen? nre h: nil. Iipciiiifs ill: .sc'lliiii, .Ik ic x "1^ Their Tails Behind The- 'le .SS. causes lilt loss damp hrtldinp St; es|>r trim. «nd ir o;l Scmw Runts . Some pips are hort wtt* cater» i han not nnri rtrjnt, < (ill r heddr The shed was nu ■;rr.i\< Thnrt> |,„,, tps: nnri Tiwjrcise ■fer- ns thi rrs, lliui art sense vnr v look her square in the all the narrow hr.u ; those that are li hvoad tr.iiiirs an. eye- Turn in them well Cause and Remedy for Seours The cause of scours whirh oftrr is r.niised siomacli ;tnd howcis- K- is to pive each pic * TV C ESS OF CRESINUS. s!ni!s r 'reedman wh..'' a small ."I d upon A Pasr brir ! •rr sent c«Ot from E lakes alwt eiMer is no« Retitinp is pnying for mjothrr man's nnd doinp wtthotrt thinps yonr- ratinp the crawfl w^jen yoo t. out a tiill. is stc&Unir the «t3>cr maoi'V :T A money. rn li is not ■necessary to 1»e a hop to 1 raise hn|rs. You can't afford to farm with- out Pianet Jr. Took They do the work of three to six men — do it better, piix bicper results, and last a lifetime. 0\er rvro miflnn farmers and pardcncrs are ^em. Join their ranks no\r and share dicir success. Fully C"»nuitecd. No. 16 PluMt Jr. SinrW >^l><>el Hf>e. C>)t>- rat or, R^kc iknd Plow .UJTi « CO W IMSD PUU I i.flTertj»*Ts w • uac T.tUc macacia* PLEASE fwr m With Power - Save the Cost of tlorses and Men tBayasassi use Ccisi.^ ..llv ■lit' iinii (lu'\ ifi.'ii. 1)1 II thoii luuli u. nl « kiiui have u kiiiii. nnuhnrU mok u'licn yoi utu 1.1. il' iu / " • '.^ t'Unf '"--Ml! Farmers Orchardists are making JVloilCy California No land like its valleys for successful farm- ing and fruit growing. A cultivated acre will produce more revenue than any elsewhere. No place like it for outdoor and country home life the year around. The Pajaro, Santa Clara, Salinas, Sacra- mento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys, and 400 miles of Coast country, traversed by Southern Pacific lines, offer fertile lands to thousands. Markets for every product of Farm, Orch- ard and Dairy. Opportunites for Homeseekers and Settlers worthy the most careful investigation. For particulars address Chas. S. Fee, Passenger Traffic Mgr., Flood Bldg., San Francisco SOUTHERN PACIFIC this is one of the reasons why this kind of milk is so valuable and health- ful as a food, particularly for infants, as the smaller the fat globules in milk, the more easily it is digestible. The Third Annual Farmers' Fort- night, or short course, of the Arizona College of Agriculture was held at Tucson, January 4 to 16, inclusive. A number of leading authorities on agricultural subjects were present from outside the State and one of the leading features of the gathering was the inauguration of Dr. R. B. von Klein Smid as president of the University of Arizona. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM 2S ORCHARD AND FARM Circle Puzzle Grows More Elusive The "Orchard and Farm'' puzzle appears to be growing more elusive every day. A contestant who evi- dently counted the chart each day since its first appearance writes us that she gets a different number with each count and wants to know if it is the same chart that appears in each publication. The contestant writes: "I liave been studying your puzzle very care- fully and seem to get a different re- sult each time. I have counted the circles many times and have arrived at different solutions. I am still not satisfied, so will go over it again to- morrow and send you my final count." Unless the chart is a "spook"' and has the faculty of assuming differ- ent forms at different points, the puzzle editor can assure this con- testant that we have only published one chart- Despite the fact as stated by her "that the way I have been Irrigation Machinery Pumps- Motors -Engines Fampior^ Flants Installed and Gnaranteed for One Tear Send for Our FREE 72-Pagre Book on "Irrigation." Expert EnKlneerH. Three Stores to Serve Tou. CALIFORNIA HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING & SUFPLY CO, 72 Fremont St., San Francisco. 3!> S. Briar St., Lindsay. AMERICAN PUMF C0„ 137 ]Vo. Los AdkcIcs St., Los AuKeles. Prize Winning Orpingtons Bnff nnd White, Black Minorcas and ^^at^ Carneanx Pieeons. Stock. Chicks and Ems. Write MRS. SUSAN SWAYSOOOD. Route 2. Pomona. Cal. ELECTRIC LIGHT oiirratcil hij ELECTRIC UGHT PLANT l3 Best for the Farm on Long Winter Nights When Father or Mother Reads, When the Big Children SHidy. When the LitOe Children Play, When Company Calls. The Edison Storage Battery makes electric light easy to install and economical to main- tain. A trouble-proof battery and the ONLY one guaranteed to be capable of dereloping fnll rated capacity at the end of four years. It will long outlive this guarantee. Send for Catalop R iioir. EDISON STORAGE B.\TTERY SUPPLY CO., Distributors 441 Golden Gate Ave., S.\N FR.*NCIS( 0 Los AnKeles, Seattle. Portland. O. A. F. Bxlison Storage Battery Supply Co.. •141 Golden Cate Ave.. San Franci'co. Send me Catalogue R. If information regarding comi)lete Tilanta is wanted, CHKOK HERE. counting is very simple and it is almost impossible to make any mis- take," the contestant is no more con- fident than hundreds of others who have it just right, but different, and the puzzle editor's advice to her is to count again, because the great varia- tion in the answers of those who "cannot possibly be wrong" shows plainly that there are a great many who cannot possibly be right." How to Enter. Remember that it costs notliing to enter the contest beyond a subscrip- tion to "Orchard and Farm" at the regular rate. Nothing but gold will be awarded to the winners. The value of the prizes ranges from $5 to $400. A feature is the dividend plan under which contestants can grade the value to suit themselves. For in- stance, the first prize is $100 and a dividend of one hundred times the amount paid by the winner on sub- scriptions. Study the prize list care- fully and note that the value of the prizes largely depends upon the divi- dends paid with the winning solution. Contestants may secure subscrip- tions from their friends if they so desire and have the solutions regis- tered in their own names. Tn case of ties there will be as many prizes reserved as there are people tied before any prizes are awarded for less correct answers. If there should be more ties than there are prizes offered, those who tie will solve the second puzzle according to the rules, and all who sent in less correct solutions will be eliminated. When "Orchard and Farm" sought to further the interests of its readers and increase its circulation, it decided to adopt something that offered an equal opportunity to all who entered the competition. The charts have been prepared by a student of mathe- matics with care and accuracy, but it takes no great mathematician to solve the problem pre.'sented. There is a correct solution. It can be ob- tained. .Somebody will find it and receive a splendid reward. Things to Remember. Letters have been received from people who evidently have not read carefully the conditions of the con- tost. No answer to the puzzle will be registered unless accompanied by money for a subscription and the coupon properly filled out. Remember you cannot enter this competition unless you send at least 50 cents for one year's subscription to "Orchard and Farm" at the time you forward a solution to the puzzle. If you arc already a subscriber, "Orchard and Farm" will credit you with the amount from the date of ex- piration. Send in your count now and if later you think you have made a mistake you have the privilege of sending another in accordance with the conditions of the contest. LIME AND LATE PLOWING HELP GRAPES. It has been the practice in the ma- jority of vineyards in most places to plow as early as possible in order to save trouble with weeds. This prac- tice has depleted the soil of vegetable matter and injured its productivity. W. W. Henderson of Acampo a year ago on his Tokay vineyard applied a ton of ground limestone to the acre at a time when most plowing was going on and then plowed as late in the spring as possible, late in March, and had very striking results on the vineyard. The lime was applied in February. His vineyard of 20 acres was half of a vineyard on uniform soil which had previously been plowed early every year, like other places in the locality. The treated portion could thus be compared with the has just the right ' 'body' ' — body enough to keep the metal surfaces apart — but not Z E ROLEN E to be a drag on the power — light enough to reach the places where {he S'iandard Oil /or Mofior Carj* needed— and quickly. And it maintains body at cylinder heat. Dealers everywhere. Standard Oil Company (California) part handled in the old way and different results were therefore proved to be due to lime and late plowing. To distribute the lime evenly he loaded the lime on a grape truck with a low bed and distributed the lime by means of shovels. One shovelful went in every square, so it was known that the distribution was very even. It improved the te.xture of the soil and helped vegetation- The growth of weeds was heavy and plowing was done eight inches deep, putting the vegetation down deeply- Former plowing had been shallow — about four or five inches. The yield was very good and the grapes colored up two weeks earlier (if the writer's memory serves him right) before the grapes on the other half of the vineyard were ready to ship. They were sold at $20 per ton, Mr. Henderson to stand loss from culls, which were very small. This was higher tlian the ruling price and was due to superior qiiality. At the time of the writer's visit there, when the crop had been picked, though picking in other vineyards was still going on, hardly a sunburned grape was to be found on the vines and there were very few grapes left, and those were in small bunches. Those still on the vines were of fine qual- ity, showing that the loss was small. On the adjoining half of the orig- inal vineyard (untreated) the loss from sunburn was heavy and the grapes were not well covered by the leaves. The difference was due to the better foliage of the treated vine- yards, which was more plentiful and greener, shading and protecting the grapes. Unfortunately we have been unable to get report of yield with comjarisons with untreated portion, but results were very marked just the same. Whether results were due to lime, or to late and deep plowing, which supplied humus to the soil, or to the combination of the two, the results were certainly there. The Texas Industrial Congress an- nounces its fifth annual prize offer of SlO,000 in gold to the farmers of Texas who secure the largest yields, cost of production considered, of specific crops is 1915 and for the best steers, baby beeves and hogs produced under certain conditions. In 1914 the average yields of contestants for the prizes were: Corn. 60,90 bushels; cot- ton. 1.33 bales: cowpeas (peas and vines), 3.79 tons: kafir. milo and feterita in heads, 3.10 tons, peanuts (nuts and vines), 2-80 tons. These yields are three to four and over times as great as the average for the State. It is the fickle-minded person who easily becomes discouraged and rare- ly meets with success. Don't get into a slipshod method- Do everything in the bcit possible way. POULTRYTONIC Makes Chickj Hea/t/iy Qll Investigate the SANOOW LU Kerosene Slalionar, ENGINE ud aleok*) wKhoBi ckftaf* ta t— lU-rta Ktlhoal «r»BklBf — lth«r dlr««tloD— throltl* pp<>r ftad Uak-«MUd — mp—4 biU rasBlBf — ■• mmM — b* • KtBrv — BO tprMkvte — •■'7 B|r pftrt*— llirht w*l^bl— maII^ -ItrMt pow< Mi UMd**' .B«r-b*ek trlBl-lOjMn limclftd fwr* b«tidBpMUltod*j 9m fN«w-*]a|vhUk Itlli b«« BtOfUrw wtn W OMfsl U jvu W»fo-hinriMa Poakit mmmtt' bb4 dlTMt with Hettrj. (ttOI) DttnUUtmCmSmhU. PLANT BERRIES Alfred Mitling haa had 47 yearj experience with berriei from all over the world. Hi» new berry. Macatawa, is the wondrr, to all that Bce it In fruit. It ia inches one way by 8^^ inchca the other way. Send a postal card today for hia 1915 catalogue with I color*} plate, including the cream of all bt-rricf from a commerriaj stand- point or for home requireinents. ALFMO sirmifo • N«< , SITMl Ummtm Ci FOR BULBS HOGA>, KOOYM.i> & CO. Wholmalr Klorliita 2" ST. A>NK ST, SA> KR\\<'l>'«0 ORCHARD AND FARM 29 Building Up a Choice Flock of Layers -By J. E. Dougherty- PART I. The hen that lays is the hen that pays, and one of the questions that looms large in the mind of the com- mercial egg producer is how to most successfully and economially build up a strain of superior layers. The egg producer is constantly striving after ways and means to increase (1) the annual egg yield, (2) the fall and win- ter egg yield, for this latter period is the time when eggs bring the highest prices. Every added egg produced per hen per ^ear means added profits, and those added profits vary according to the time of year those extra eggs are produced. What are the important factors that have to do with the securing of better average yields from the layers? Just how is a poultryman going about it to secure the results he desires? Beginning with the foundation stock on which we are to build, let us first consider the utility value of standard- bred stock as compared to mongrels or grades. We want to know if it will pay better to buy high-grade stand- ard-bred stock at standard-bred prices or will the saving in first cost of the stock if cheaper stock is purchased more than oflset the advantages to be gained in buying pure breds. With pure breds, we are able to take advantage of the advanced breeding work done by the breeders that precede us and start where they have left oflf. If we wish to develop a strain of layers that produce a large percentage of good sized eggs of uni- form shape and color, and good shell texture, we would he foolish to start right at the bottom with mongrels th^t possess no uniformity of egg characters whatever, or even with pure breds that have not been care- fully developed for such qualities as we desire. We will look around for Sweat and dust are two of leather's worst enemies. One eats the leather fibre while the other cuts it with every move- ment the horses make. EUREKA HARNESS OIL saves the life of your harness. Leather is fairly honey - combed with pores. Eureka fills them, keeping out dust, sweat and moisture. It keeps your harness nezv. An occasional ap- plication does the busi- ness— an easy task, but one that saves you the cost of many a good set of harness. Deal- ers everywhere. Standard Oil Company fowls that have been "bred up" for egg production in order that we may take advantage of the other fellow's breeding and start our own work with the best stock obtainable. We will have to pay more for the pure bred egg strain, but they are worth it. The other breeder did not secure his im- provement for nothing; nor did he work for his health. The bred-to-lay fowls will produce more eggs per hen per year at a less cost per dozen in feed consumed than a poorer grade of stock and the uniform, good sized, even colored, attractive looking eggs will sell for a better price because of the added attractiveness secured by the uniformity of the product. Further, birds of the same variety and strain are quite similar in their habits and temperament. They have about the same notions and habits, and respond about equally to uniform treatment. Hence in methods of management birds of a variety can be treated to all intents and purposes as a unit, since the effects of certain feeds or environmental conditions on any one fowl will be just about the same on all of her sisters. With mon- grels the same ration or management would not be suitable to all the dif- ferent types and temperaments to be found in a mongrel flock. Again in marketing surplus stock, in the case of mongrels, the birds would sell at a mediocre price to the butcher on ac- count of the lack of uniformity of tiic carcasses in appearance and fleshing and none could be disposed of as choice breeding stock at fancy prices. Whereas, with pure bred-to-lay stock the surplus can easily be disfJosed of for breeding and as choice table fowls if properly handled. Last but not least worthy of con- sideration when weighing the merits of the pure bred fowls is their great advertising value. People love to look at uniform flocks of sleek feath- ered, vigorous looking fowls. Visitors come from everywhere to see sucii a flock. The word is spread that Mr. X has a fine, well bred lot of birds. Breeders who are in the market for fine stock visit the farm, are prepos- sessed in favor of the stock, and, where quality of performance is there to back up appearances, sales are eas- ily made. That there is an egg type and meat type in poultry is just as certain as that there is a dairy type and beef type in cattle or a draft type and speed type in horses. The breeder who is keeping fowls for egg produc- tion wants a breed that posses.^es to a high degree the ability to produce .1 large number of eggs. He wants a highly bred egg type. What are the external indications of prolificacy? Health, vigor, full breast, legs set well apart, rectangular body, wide back, well-knit frame and nerv- ous activity are all indications of pro- ductive ability. Health and vigor are the first es- sentials. Without health and vigor, the rest is impossible; one cannot build well on a shaky foundation. High production requires smoothly running machinery; health is perfect physical condition in which every part of the bodv machinery is in perfect working order and running strongly. A full breast and legs set well apart indicate good laying development with fullness in front and good width across the chest floor. Oxygen is ab- solutely necessary to the digestion of the food eaten and heavy egg produc- tion requires a rapid digestion of food and its transformation into eggs. Such rapid digestion necessitates an abun- dant supply of oxygen to carry on the process and to do this requires large, strong lungs in a roomy tho- racic cavity. The wide back and long rectangul.y body indicate a roomy barrel, in which to develop digestive and egg machinery of large capacity also. If heavy production demands the con- sumption and manufacture into eggs of a great amount of raw material by the body, that body must possess ma- chinery of large enough size to han- dle this feed— it must have capacity. Again, the nervous energy so essen- | tial to a good layer may be likened to the dynamic power that incites the big machinery to revolve at a high enough rate to manufacture the feed eaten rapidly into large, marketable eggs. Feeding, comfortable quarters and intelligent management of the flock have plaj'ed a large part in improv- ing egg production up to a certain point, but if this improvement is to be continued past the point reached by the above factors, it must be done by skillful breeding. The character of high egg production must be intensified and strengthened from generation to generation by breeding from hens and males that not only possess the char- acter of high egg production with all that this stands for, but are also ca- pable of transmitting the character of high production to their offspring. Disk Before Plowing and after plowing. This method of tillage leaves no clumpy strata under the seed bed to cut off subsoil connec- tions— to cut oE crop yields. With Double Action Disk Harrows you can prac- tice this method without extra cost. They double cut every inch; they leave the land level; they are light draft; they saveat least one horse and one ..Ricijfm man; they cost sur- vi/ prisingly little; and there's a size for every Ask your dealer to show you COTAWAY (Clark) Double Action Harrows. If he doesn't sell them write us. Where we have no aeent we ship direct. THE CUTAWAY HARROW COMPANY Maker et the orieinal CLARK disk harrows and plows !I96 MAIN STREET HIGGANUM. CONN. CARUSO World-famous Tenor, aays : "Tuxedo completely satis- fiea my tobacco taste. It ia mild and has a delicious flavor. Most important of all, from a singer's stand- point. Tuxedo does not irri- tate my throat." "Tuxedo Does Not Irritate My Throat" The non-irritating quality of Tuxedo which Caruso praises is due to the original "Tuxedo Process" by which the tobacco is treated. This process refines the tobacco and absolutely removes all bite and sting. Many thousands of men think they cannot smoke a pipe, for fear the tobacco might burn or parch their mouths. Tuxedo has absolutely done away with any such possibility. You can smoke Tuxedo all day long, pipeful after pipeful, without any irrita- tion whatsoever — indeed, with increasing pleasure. The Perfect Tobacco for Pipe and Cigarette is made from rich, mild, fragrant Kentucky Burley — acknowledged to be the finest pipe-tobacco in the world — aged until it is pipe-perfect and smokes coolly and slowly. No pains, brains or money is spared to make Tuxedo the best of the best. Beyond the shadow of a doubt it stands at the head of them all. You just try Tuxedo a week — and begin today. YOU CAN BUY TUXEDO EVERYWHERE CoDTcnient, gliiiine-wrapped, C Famoai green tin, with gold 1 A moiilore-proof pouch. . . . vC lettering, curved to fit pocket In Tin Humidors, 40c and 80c In Class Humidors, 50c and 90c THE AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANY When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm 30 ORCHARD AND FARM How to Hatch Chicks Artificially -By Hugh G. Asselstine, Eureka- The following is a thesis prepared by Hugh G. Asselstine, a student in the University Farm School at Davis. It is highly commended by Prof. Dougherty, head of the poultry de- partment and special contributor to "Orchard and Farm," and should be day and its top the next so that the eggs are turned a little each day. Do not keep hatching eggs over two weeks before setting; the sooner they are set after the animal heat has left them the better. Locating the incubator is also im- Whlte Rocks, owned by A. A. Bamford of Gardena, Snreepatake Winnem. of special value just at this time. The hatching of eggs by means of artificial heat is by no means a new art. Early travelers in Egypt gave ac- counts of ovens that were used for hatching eggs. In the fifteenth cen- tury heat was supplied by wood fires and fermenting manure, but not until the latter part of the eighteenth cen- tury was hot water use- Since 1870 many improvements have been made and a large number of incubators have been placed on the market. In selecting an incubator an inexperienced person should exercise the same care and judgment as when purchasing any other expensive im- plement; no longer is there one kind of machine far superior to another, as it used to be, for there are many good incubators on the market, and while there is much to be learned about artificial incubation by experience, yet the beginner cannot afford to ig- nore the knowledge which has been gained by the experience of others. Manufacturers of incubators have studied their own machines more or less carefully and are therefore able to give some valuable information and those buying an incubator should make the most of this information. It is always advisable to buy a standard make machine and nothing less than a one hundred egg capacity machine. Smaller than one hundred eggs are only toys- How to Select Eggs. In selecting eggs for hatching you should select the kind of eggs that you want the chicks hatched to pro- duce. They should be selected for first, size; second, uniformity of size; third, shape; fourth, uniformity of shape; fifth, color; sixth, uniformity of color- seventh, shell texture. Eggs with weak shells break easily when turned and irregular size makes turn- ing more difficult. Brown eggs hatch approximately 24 hours later than white eggs. The larger the egg the heavier the chick. In saving eggs for hatching they should be kept in a dry place and at a uniform temperature of about -yO degrees. Above 70 the embryo be- gins to develop. Eggs should be turned once daily. .\ simple scheme is to pack eggs in a 30 dozen egg case as they are gath- ered and selected each day- This case may be turned, laid on its side one portant and in doing so four essen- tials should be kept in mind, namely, ventilation, even temperature of room, which is about 60 degrees; conveni- ence and freedom from danger of fire. The ideal conditions for operating incubators are found only in a well ventilated cellar where the air is pure, cool and moist- Having located the incubators, level it and see that all parts are in satisfactory working order. Before and after every hatch the incubator should be thoroughly washed and sprayed and the movable parts placed in the sun to dry. Cleanse every part with a good scrubbing brush and plenty of soap and water. A few hours before putting in the eggs spray all parts of the interior, using some good disinfectant such as cresol or a 5 per cent solution of pure carbolic acid. Principals of incubation and prob- lems to consider are: First, tempera- ture; second, ventilation; third, mois- ture; fourth, cooling; fifth, turning. Starting the Incubator. Start the incubator a few days be- fore putting in the eggs and after the machine is thoroughly heated up ad- just the regulator until the tempera- ture remains steadily at 102 degrees for 24 hours with the center of ther- mometer bulb on a level with top of eggs. When regulation is correct the eggs may be put in. Usually this is done in the morning so that the eggs may become warmed up and the tempera- ture returned to 102 degrees again be- fore night. The temperature will drop after eggs are put in machine and return very slowly, but do not touch regulator as the temperature will readjust itself to 102 degrees again in a few hours- After careful adjustment of regu- lator before putting in eggs, it is not necessary nor advisable to touch it ,Tgain until the second week, when temperature should be raised to 102'/4 or lO."? degrees. Do whatever daily regulation is required by raising or lowering the flame of lamp. . The temperature the first week should stand at 102 degrees, the second week at 103. and the third week at 103. While the chickens are being hatched the temperature can and invariable does run up to 104 degrees without doing any harm. The thermometer should be tested every season by checking up with a clinical thermometer, which may be purchased at a local drug store for 50 cents. Place both thermometers in warm water and while stirring add hot water slowly until clinical ther- mometer registers 103 degrees and observe whether the incubator ther- mometer gives the same reading. If not the operator will know that the incubator thermometer is wrong and must allow for error in running the machine. Faulty thermometers have I aused much damage in the way of poor hatches. During the growth of the embryo it has for its food supply the food within the egg. In the digestive and assimilative processes through wliich this food has to go while being changed into body tissue, heat and energy oxygen is absolutely neces- sary. Without oxygen these processes could not go on and the embryo would die. The blood vessels carry oxygen to the body cells of the grow- ing embryo and carry away the in- jurious carbon dioxide which the em- bryo throws off; therefore plenty of fresh air is essential to the produc- tion of strong, vigorous chicks. The embryo breathes same as a human being, exhaling carbon dixoide and inhaling oxygen. To carry off the exhaled carbon dioxide and supply fresh oxygen a good system of ven- tilation is necessary- Where improper ventilation exists the embryo will suffer and the chicks lack vitality. In better types of incubators the venti- lation systems are good and work automatically. Moisture. In taking up the moisture question one has first to consider the kind of incubator used, whether it is a mois- ture or non-moisture machine. A non- moisture machine will work success- fully iri a cellar flooded with water- Vaporizing water is a cooling process and when the vapor changes back to water or liquid it gives off heat. Hydrometers are sometimes used to measure the humidity of the air in a machine. Warm air will take up more moisture than cold air, therefore the top of egg chamber is best place for the moisture nan in a moisture machine so warm air will pass down over the eggs. A necessity in governing the mois- ture in an incubator is that the ven- tilation in the machine be correct. Give all moisture you possibly can without causing perspiration on the inside of egg chamber. If running a non-moisture machine keep floor wet down well, especially through the hottest part of day. If running a moisture machine, keep the moisture pan full of warm water. Cooling. The purpose of cooling is to thor- oughly air the eggs and strengthen the embryo. The incubator door should not be left open while cool- ing, as the aim is to cool the eggs, not the incubator. In cooling do not allow part of the tray to project be- yond the table or the eggs will cool unevenly- Begin cooling the seventh day and cool every evening when eggs are turned. Cool a little at first and gradually lengthen time of cool- ing as the hatch advances. A good way to tell if eggs have cooled suf- ficiently is to hold the small end of egg against the eye. Eggs want to be fairly cold, but not chilled, iust so one can feel a slight warmth. The actual heat of the embryo is located in the small end of the egg. The em- bryo needs more air than can get in the incubator, therefore it has to be cooled outside the machine. In the operation an entirely new supply of air is taken into the air cell and all carbon dioxide is expelled. Two purnoses accomplished in cool- ing are: First, supplying air cells with fresh air: second, hardening the embryo. If the eggs stayed in the same position all the time the em- bryo would break away, rise to top and stick to shell, thus ruining the egg for hatching In order to over- Radiatot- and Vapor Generator X-Ray System pro- duces the natural, moiet heat juMtlike the mother hen. Greatest _ triumph of our incubator construction, ln^'urell you airninst dead-in- I shell chicks. Makes record hatches. Giv<'8 chirk-i good, strong, healthy start. Send for the fact:,. Get New Free Book Na. 66. Fiaest We Erer luncd Fifteen Sprrml KrrluMve Featurea of the \'eu' X'Ray -.all jijH lis far iihi'ad of the ordinary itn theX-Kay liadialins System. Get oilrdlrcct-tc. yoQ Factory pric«e. t'reifffat prepaid. Nc> acenta. Act nowt X-Ray Incubator Co. Des Moines, Iowa HOPLAND STOCK FARM Rejristered Sliortlionis, Shrop- shire Sheep, Berkshire Hoirs, llol- stein-Friesian Cattle, lluni;ari:iri Ponies, Ponltry. HOPLAXD, CAL. SUCCESS WITH POULTRY. Ou^ on how to feed for protic has deacripti PoaltrrHouHeRand I'lans; ptctareB of farmiiaDd fowlH. Itiaworth dollant<^ Sant for ten cenU canh or Htanipa. ^^ the largest breedersof ponltry in the v^ United Poultry Farma. Box 7, Hope, : Good CIDER ^ \\ ill make yon }>'nr, profits. I Mount Gilead Cider and Grape Juice Presses produce 10 to 400 barrela daily. All sizes, hand or power. AU power presses have steel oenms aod silU. Fully Guaranteed We make cidor evapomton, apple-butter cookers, vioosar goDcratorw, cider and vine- sar filters. Write for cataloc. HYDRAUUC PRESS MFG. CO. ai Lincoln Are., Mout GUeed. OUsu . Paciflc Coast ReprwentatiTea Berber A Carter Co., S04 Mlaaloa St. San Francisco. CaJifomia. A. WOMAN FLORIST 6 Hardy Everblooming ^ Oo tbelr own roots W Koses ^ikifyi^^-^O Sent to any address post-paid; guaranteed to reach you in good growing condition. OEM B08E COLLECTION Ladv Quart ai Ewart, Sdow Wbit« FaiMnkoal^lB, Urnadott Tink Edward UawUy, D«iilin« l^nr LadjFliTls, Yellow sad Fink Margaret, Dchci>t« Illaih Melody, Golden Velluw SPECIAL BASOAINa 6 Cara*tion9,the"Dirina Flower," all eolorf, 2jc. t Priie- WianlDs Chrye- anthemums, - - 26c. « Beautiful Coleot, - 8 Klowerins CaDDU - ' 3 Choice Double Dahlia«, 3 Choice Hirdy Irie, - 10 UtelyOlsdloli. • ■ 10 Superb Peoiy Planta, 16 PkU. Flower Seedi, all dlfferaol,26c. Any Fin C«UMtloB> tat Om Dollar, Feat-Fald. OnarulM iati>fnction. Once a euetoni«r. alwaja ooo. (^Uloff Pra.. MISS ELLA 7. BAIHES, Box 94 8pilll(*«ld, Obis $25.00 A WEEK TO STUDENTS We have several hundred posi- tions for hlgrh school or college stu- dents who can devote all or a part of their spare time this winter to representlnfc Orchard and Farm Appointments are being made now and any young man or woman stu- dent who wishes to make money and at the same time enjoy tli'' work should apply at once. Address; OKCIIARD .*\n FARM. HKAHST ni.nO.. SAN FU A <> ORCHARD AMD FARM 31 ome this eggs have to be turned wice a day. Begin turning after 24 lours and turn morning and evening intil the 19th day if eggs are not lipped. Otherwise do not turn on the 9th day, but leave machine closed nd do not disturb again until after atch is finished. In turning roll eggs lowly with the palms of the hands. Vll that is required is that the eggs le shifted around a little. Fill amp always after turning eggs and ot before, so as not to smear oil or rease on them- Test on the seventh and fourteenth ays at time of cooling. The first test till remove all infertile and dead erms up to that period. The dead ;erms at seventh day test contain ither blood clots or blood rings while nfertile eggs will be clear. On the ourteenth day the strong eggs will e opaque or nearly black and if uch an egg be held before the tester he embryo can be seen to move- Dead germs at this period contain either blood rings or blood streaks, are perfectly translucent and cloudy. After the hatch is over and as soon as chicks have dried ofif, open wide the ventilators, remove the egg tray and all egg shells and wedge open the door with a match so as to gradually harden the little fellows. Darken the chamber by hanging a cloth over the glass door to keep the chicks from picking at the droppings and each other's toes. Remove the chicks to brooder after 24 hours in flannel lined and hooded basket. Care should be taken to prevent draft from chilling them, and after removing to brooder place a fountain of warm water where they can have full access to it but do not feed them until they are 60 hours old. During the first 60 hours the chick lives on the unabsorbed yolk which its body still contains. Owing to this fact it has been possible to ship day old chicks a great distance. Seasonal Hints for Poultry Raisers Boys' Poultry Clubs. A recent inquiry regarding poultry ontests for boys' agricultural clubs is irought to mind by the announcement hat the Colorado Agricultural College as 300 boys and girls enrolled in a oultry club in Logan county, Colo, -essons in poultry raising are sent to hem monthly and it is thought that nany successful poultry raisers will be eveloped as a result of the club work. Careful records of food cost, labor est and egg production are to be ept. No bad eggs, small eggs or irty eggs are to be sent to market, nd an important aim will be to get ncreascd prices for a good product. The college at Fort Collins, Colo., will end information on the subject to lersons especially interested in other kates. What Eggs Hatch First. It lias been known that in every latch some eggs hatch first. The iniversal opinion, considered not an )pinion, but a fact, has been that the reshest eggs hatched earliest, but a orrespondent of the American Poul- ry Advocate states that he has found ust the contrary to be the case. He rap nests the liens from whom he ecures the hatching eggs, stamps the lumber of the hen laying each egg ipon the shell, and also stamps upon hem the date of putting into the in- :ubator. Last season, a little before filling the incubator, it occurred to him to (Hark the eggs laid that day so as to :est out the theory of early hatching. The specially marked eggs received sxactly the same care as the others, but the surprising thing was to find that the early chicks came, not from the marked eggs, but from the others, and to cap the climax the percentage of eggs hatching from the last laid eggs was far below that of the earlier laid eggs. Tf the late hatched eggs had been laid by hens deficient in vitality, there would have been a reason for this, but the hens were all tested breeders and this explanation could not hold. For a further test eggs were dated and it was found either that the date of laying made no apparent difference, or that eggs laid ten day or so before setting were slightly more likely to hatch early than the latest laid eggs. Gr«en Cut Bone for Poultry. One of the very profitable feeds for fowls is green cut bone, and whether a person has many or few fowls, he will find it well to have this on hand. Dry bones will be eaten, but are much less relished and of much less value than fresh bone ground into small pieces. The green bone is a great help to growing chicks and to laying hens, but the best results of all are in the colder seasons of the year. All fowls will eat readily of it, and there is consequently some danger of over- feeding. There are two very valuable food substances in green bone: protein, such as is contained in meat, milk curd and all animal products; and phosphorus. Fowls find animal protein a necessity if they are to lay more than a few eggs and the protein in green bone is one of its most important advan- tages. The other great food substance, phosphorus, is one of the leading sub- stances in blood, nerve tissue and in the egg itself, and in all seeds or ma- terials, such as eggs and milk, related to the devcloprrient of new life. Through the amount of phosphorus contained in eggs, the phosphorus, which is abundant in all bone, is espe- cially valuable, and is healthful for the fowls. The lime of bones, also a necessity to fowls, and the fat like- wi.se help to give green bone the great value that it has- Dry bone has lost this protein and fat and is of less value in other ways than green bone. When bone is burned, much of its value is destroyed, though it is easily broken up. It can also be softened by steaming, which does not injure it, or a bone cutter can be secured which will more than pay for itself in the improvement of the flock and some money can be made from it by grinding bones for others. Get Rid of Lice. Nature's way of ridding poultry of lice, is a frequent dusting of light, dry earth. Chickens seem to enjoy noth- ing better, and certainly nothing does them more good. Birds are some- times yarded on the farm to prevent their getting into the garden, but i wherever they are they should be pro- vided with some sort. of a dust bath. In the summer the best dust baths are made by spading places in the yard, each about a yard square and ten inches deep. If there are any stones in the dirt, it should be sifted. Care must be taken to have the dirt fine and free from pebbles, or the hens will not use it. Make the place where the sun can shine on it, so as to keep the dirt dry, and after every rain the dirt should be turned over with a spade or fork. If they can have such a place to dust themselves, the fowls will easily Iceep their bodies free from lice. Hens produce so many eggs during the heavy laying season that a large amount of lime is necessary to pro- duce egg shells. Nature furnishes some of this, but nature did not in- tend the hen to lay more eggs than the pheasant, so those who have nature-faked her into an egg machine should see that she has plenty of the article, which is best provided in the form of cracked oyster shell. The Telephone Unites the Nation AT this time, our country L looms large on the world horizon as an example of the popular faith in the underlying principles of the republic. We are truly one people in all that the forefathers, in their most exalted moments, meant by that phrase. In making us a homoge- neous people, the railroad, the telegraph and the telephone have been important factors. They have facilitated commu- nication and intervisiting, bringing us closer together, giving us a better understand- ing Eind promoting more in- timate relations. The telephone has played its part as the situation has re- quired. That it should have been planned for its present usefulness is as wonderful as that the vision of the fore- fathers should have beheld the nation as it is today. At first, the telephone was tne voice of the community. As the population increased and its interests grew more varied, the larger task of the telephone was to connect the communities and keep all the people in touch, regardless of local conditions or distance. The need that the service should be universal was just as great as that there should be a common language. This need defined the duty of the Bell System. Inspired by this need and re- peatedly aided by new inven- tionsandimprovements,theBeII System has become the welder of the nation. It has made the continent a community. American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One Policy One System Universal Service Costs only $30 and up. Freight paid. One IVIan Stump Puller One man does the work — no horses needed. You can clear your land easier, quicker and cheaper than by any other method. Send for folder. Live agents wanted. W. E. MORRISON, 821 Riverside Ave., Dept. H, Spokane, Wash. Shoot the Model 27 Tllarlin Repeating Rifle ^5 Rim-Fire, eight shots, 24-inch round barrel, $13.15; octagon .25 Rim Fire— for all game smaller than deer. Uses cartridges of sur- prising accuracy up to 200 yards; powerful and reliable: and cheap because rim -fire. .25-20 and .32-20 use regular =..d high velocity cartridges. Powerful enough for deer: excellent for target work, foxes, geese, woodchucks, etc.; safe for settled districts. You will like the quick, smooth-working " pump-action;" the wear-resisting Special Smokeless 5(ee/ barrel ; the modern joW-(op and side elector lot rapid, accurate firmg, mcreased .atety and convenience. It has take-Jown consUuction and Ivorv Bead front lighf, these cost extra on other rifles. Send 3 stamps postage for ^ TUca/ot /eiVeirmS Co., 128 page catalog of all ^y£tr .mmm-^m^^ i Marlin rifle, and .hot- vVillow Street, New Haven, Conn. 32 ORCHARD AND FARM FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE Orchard and Farm nlll Initert yonr advertittement under the proper classi- fication for three cents a Mord for each insertion. POULTRY ~ Somctfains Better than Common— that'i what yon want — Our Qnallty chicks fill the bill; but price doesn't bust your pocketbook. White Leghorn babies, hatched right, shipped right, and from breeding stock that is all right — hardy, pure-bred, heavy layers. Price depend- ing on month and quantity, 10 to 8 cents; hatching eggs, $4.50 hundred; 140 thousand February. Our R. I. Reds are top-notchers in utility stock, the meat and egg combination — hard to beat. Circular gives prices eggs and chicks. Roofden Poultry Ranch, Camp- bell, Cal. Make Money vrlth Poultry — European war means higher prices for eggs and poultry. You can make big money with our superb White Orpingtons — best breed for every need. Lay most eggs when prices highest; make finest eating. Largest Orpington ranch In West; 1,000 grand range-raised birds, trapnested and bred tor heavy laying. Eggs, chicks and stock at reasonable prices. Send for circular. Whitten Ranch, R. 5, Box 646, Los Angeles. Baby Chicks — Thoroughbred S. C. White Leghorns from healthy, vigor- ous, heavy-laying hens and selected cockerels of the pure bred Wyckoff strain. Bred for heavy laying for more than 30 years. Why not get the best when our prices are no higher than are asked for ordinary stock. Cor- respondence promptly answered. G. & C. Poultry Farm, Sonoma, Cal. All the Rhode Island Red Baby Chicks You Want — Best all-round chicken there is; good winter layers and the only kind for broilers; special rates by the 1,000; order now, February, March and April. Rhode Island Red Hatchery, 2162 48th ave., Oakland, Cal. Phone Merritt 2172^ Baby Chicks — Varieties from our Santa Clars. Valley Ranch; pullets. Incuba- tors, brooders and poultry supplies. Globe Hatchery and Feed Co., 1378 Market »t., San Francisco, Cal, Stlrllns: Farm — Incubator chicks and hatching eggs from fully matured S. C. White Leghorns. Wyckoff strain; also S. C. Brown Leghorns. Roote 2, box 1416. Sacramento. Cal. Incubators — The Geo. H. Croley Co.. Inc.. largest Poultry Supply House of the Coast, 631-637 Brannan street, San Francisco, is making attractive prices this season. Write for book. For Sale — Exhibition single comb Brown Leghorn cockerels. $2 up; two firsts. Los Angeles Incubator eggs $7 hundred, others $2 setting. Rev. Wol- ter, 114 F St., Fresno, Calif. LiKht Brahmas from prize winners, Oakland. San Francisco shows; Bel- gian hares; berry plants; send for cat- alogue. Old Hickory Supply Company, Department 5. Capltola. Cal. Indian Runner nucks — Prize stock: laying ducks, fine drake, $9. Baby ducks, $10 for 50. Hatching eggs, $.t per hundred. Also Muscoveys. 2»5 Page Street. San Jose. White MInorcas exclusively — A few good cockerels bred from new East- ern stock; eggs for hatching from spe- cial matings. T. H. Bowen, Route 2, Santa Ann, California. Black MInorcas and White Leghorns — excellent stock. Write for particu- lars. Eggs $6 per hundred. Chicks $15 per hundred. George A. Edgar, San Leandro. Cal. Thoroughbred single comb White Leg- horn eggs for hatching that will im- prove your flock; descendents of D. W. Young's strain. Hens 220 egg type. ■fay Maxwell. Madera. Cal. Daniel's Famous 'White Rocks and Mot- tled Anconas, trapnested continually. We feed no drones. Catalog free. Ideal Ponltry ITards. Hoqniam. Wash. The Bull Orpingtons you want — Prize- winning strain, matured dark cock- erels and eggs for sale. Ernest L. 'Wilder. Los Gatos. Cal. Howard's Ancona Royal Strain — World beaters for laying. Hatching eggs, 15, $1.50; 100. $6.50. Mrs. C. M. How- ard. Otay, Cal. Barred Rock Cockerels, also Barred Rock, R. I., Red, Burt and IMilte Or- pington day-old chicks. Enoc. Crews, Santa Cruz, Cal. POULTRY— Continued. Barred Plymouth Rocks— Winners at New York, Kansas and California shows. Eggs for hatching and choice stock for sale. Eighteen years breed- ing Barred Rocks exclusively. Write for folder. "Vodden's Rockery," Los Gatos, Cal. Hart's Strain of Bronse Turkeys) large, vigorous stock for sale. Eggs by the setting or by the hundred. Limited number of eggs from special matings. Orders now being booked. Albert H. Hart, Clements, Cal. (Succeaaor to Ed. Hart.) Baby Chicks and Hatching Eggs; twenty varieties; breeeding males; almost all varieties Pullets in Reds, Rocks and White Orpingtons; 90 sec- ond-hand incubators, $4 upward; 20 second-hand brooders cheap. Stans- fleld, 3303 E. 14th, Frultvale. CaJ. Turkeys — -Bourbon red, white Holland, mammoth black and the new blue; in wire-covered yards; range alter- nately; won 13 prizes from 13 entries at Los Angeles Poultry Show, now on; 9 firsts; winner of firsts past 5 years. Mrs. B. Hocking. Guastl, Cal. McFadden's "Vitality" Day-Old Baby Chicks of Quality — Write for free lit- erature— actual FACTS you should know before buying Petaluma chicks (whether you buy from me or not). R. G. McFadden, box 81. Petaluma, Cal. Rhode Island Red Chicks and Hatching Eggs — Hundreds or thousands; 1,800 heavy layers. Settings from exhibition pens. Finest plant in California. Peb- bleslde Poultry Farm and Hatchery, Sunnyvale. Baby Chicks — Eggs for Hatching — Pure Bred— Booking orders for Feb- ruary and later hatches; R. I. Reds, Buff and White Leghorns. Black and White Minorcas, White Wyandottes. Gem City Yards, Los Gatos, Cal. Pine Tree Poultry Farm, Los Gatos, Cal. — Hatching eggs f rom S. C. White Leghorns; selected stock; $6 per 100; $50 per 1,000; order now. No baby chicks. Fox's S. C. Rhode Island Reds; big boned; dark rich red: correct type; heavy layers and win wherever shown. Mm. J. Fox, Burllngnme, Cal. 1D15 mating list free. Giant bronse turkey toms from prize- winning stock; weigh over 20 pounds at 8 months: write for prices. Mrs. Nellie Hart. Holtvllle, Calif. Petaluma Hatchery — Now booking or- ders. Early chicks bring big money. Send for circular. L. W. Clark, Peta- luma, Cal. Day-Old Chicks, White Leghorns, good stock, selected for eight years. Cir- cular free. White Plumage Ponltry Farm & Hatchery, Exeter. Cal. Trapnested White and Buff Leghorna — Great winners and layers. Eggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroeder, Alta Mesa. Mountain View, Cal. Pheasants. RIngmeck and Golden- Ready for breeding pen; eggs in sea- son. T. D. Morris, Agua Callente, Cal. Buff Leghorn, White Minorca Chicks, Eggs and stock) quality guaran- teed; prices reasonable; choice strained honey, 60 pounds for $3.50. Sandrldge Hatchery, Herman, Cal. Buff Orpington Eggs 91JS0| special matings $3.00; runner duck $1.00; 220-egg strain, baby stock. Glendale, Fleming ave., San Jose. Calif. Baby Chicks CWhite Leghorns) shipped on approval. Examine at your home before remitting. Schellvllle Hatchery, Route 1, Sonoma, Cal. Incubators, Brooders, Supplies, Smith's Universal Chick Feed, Hogan's "Call of Hen," $2, prepaid. F. F. Smith A Co., 1006 J St., Sacramento. Circulars. Andaluslans — If you want eggs get Andaluslan. Eggs and stock for sale. Daniel Calbreath, Monmouth, Oregon. For Sale — Prize winners. Bonbon red turkeys. Just a few left. Wm. S. Zel- ler. Escalon, Cal. Carneau I'lKeons- Mated and unmated. Rice strain. Prices very reasonable. H. Tarratt. Corning. Cal. Cup Winners — White Indian Runner ducks, drakes and eggs. G. Buker, 2004 Bancroft Ave.. S. F. Thoroughbred 'White Orpingtons and Plymouth Rock roosters for sale. R. s. Arnold. Corcoran, Cal. 100 pair big splashed Carneaux, fine squab breeders; $1.25 a pair and up. G. Vickerson, Corte Madera. LIVESTOCK REAL ESTATE For Sale — Guinea pigs 50c each. All sizes Belgian Hares and Flemish Giants, steel grey, black and silver grey. My price ranges from $1.00 up, according to size. My stock is the best. H. Guibor, 1314 Plnchot St., Stockton, Calif. O. I. C. swine ^ the big white breed; entire herd immunized against hog cholera; nothing but immune stock sent out; a few weaned pigs, both sexes, for shipment during Feb. and March; all Jtock crated and registered free. C. B. CnuBlngbam, Mills, Cal. For Sale — Very handsome bay gelding, years old. 15 V4 hands high, sound, gentle, thoroughly broken to saddle, ideal for ladles: good weight carrier. Apply Colmar, room 1204 Alaska Com- mercial^ Prise- Winning stock of Poland-Chinas and Mulefoot Swine — Fine boars of service age for sale. Mulefoot pigs, both sexes. Rivergarden Stf>ck Farm, Grafton, Cal. . — - " Calves Raised Without Milk — Cost less than half as much as the milk-raised calves. Write for free book to Coalson Co.. Petaluma. For Sale — 2 Tamworth boars; about 6 mos. old; ready for service; $15 and $20 each; also Gilts and Bred Gilts rea- sonable. L. J. Archer Jr., R. F. D., Antloch, Cal. For Sale — Ayrshire cows and heifers; bulls of serviceable age a specialty; I pay express. Walter Domes, McCoy, Oregon. Sunnystde herd — Registered Holstein cattle. R. F. Gnerin, R. 3, box 58, VIsalia, Cal. Duroc Jersey Boars — All sizes, ready for delivery. A.'.dress Lindqolst Bros., Torlock, Cal. For Sale — Milch goats, two young ones. One bred — $20 for both. Geo. Lang- lols. Sebastopol, Cal. Duroc Jersey hogs from Eastern sows: both sexes. S. S. Southworth, Rural Ronte 1. Xnpa, Cal. Polaufl China hogs of best strains. >. C. White, Phelan BIdg., San Fran- clsco, Cal. Several pair Breeding Foxes. Write for circular. Reld Bros., Bothwell, Oa- tario, Canada. HELP WANTED Wanted — Ambitious workmen. Your work on actual Jobs pays for teach- ing trade of automobiles, plumbing, bricklaying, electricity. Only few months required: 700 students last four years. Write for Information Brnns Contracting Trade School, Los Angeles, cal. Wanted — Single man with office train- ing for large ranch, one having some knowledge of farming operations re- quired. Answer In own handwriting, stating age. experience, references and salary commanded heretofore. Box 2062, Orchnril and Farm, San Francisco. SITUATIONS WANTED Flrst-ClasB Foreman open for engage- ments; good on grain, alfalfa, dairy and stock, modern feeding methods and testing; best references. Box 8947, Or- chard and Farm. AGENTS WANTED Will Pay Reliable Man or Woman $12.S0 to distribute 100 FREE pkgs. Per- fumed Borax Soap Powder among friends. No money required. L. Ward Borax Co., 210 Institute PI.. Chicago. I made 950,000 in five years In the mall order business; began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. HEACOCK, 16«g Lockport, W. Y. SALESMEN WANTED Wanted — Responsible party to take charge of business In each county. New Automatic Combination Tool, combined wire fence stretcher, post puller, lifting Jack. etc. Lifts or pulls 3 tons, weighs 24 pounds. Sells to farmirs. shops, teamsters, etc. De- scriptive cataloKiie and terms upon request. Harrah Manufacturing Co., box M, Bloomllold. Ind. PATENT ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us; established fifty years. Send for free booklet on "Patents." Pacific Coast Patent Agency, Inc., Stockton, California. 925.00 Per Acre, on E>uy Ternui — Grea est bargain In Sacramento valley, miles from Marysvllle. on good roa 894 acres suitable to the growing oranges, lemons, olives, figs, grag and alfalfa. Excelsior Ditch on land, also creek running through middle of the property. Land adjfl Ing Is planted to the above mentlo|| fruits. This is an exceptionally subdivision proposition or stock ran Well fenced and good set of fa buildings. For particulars write L| Land Co.. 307 D Street, Marysvllle, ^ Vlctorta. Australia, Wonts Settle Special Inducements; Governs land, railways, free schools; cheap rigatlon; 31 years to pay for far adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fr^ etc.: climate like California; an markets; reduced passages: special curslon being arranged. Free parti^ lars from F. T. A. Fricke, Govers Representative from Victoria, 687 ket St., San Francisco. Cal. Box T,j For Sale — 480 acres in best gr growing belt of Alberta; all fenc 7 miles to shipping point; 270 acreS cultivation, ready for crop next y« granaries holding 12,000 bushels; holding 12 horses; chicken houses:] room house: W6ll: $35 an acre, InclJ Ing 12 horses. 3 milch cows and all plements. Write John H. Robli Ensign, Alberta. California Al Rice Farms for Sale trade; finest irrigated dairy farj for sale: prune or almond land: fine stock ranches; business opportti ties. Write me for particulars on proposition. Wm. H. Broyles, Bli cal. Forced Sales — I specialize In flndll owners who are forced to sell account of heavy mortgages; property In all parts of California. My system brings in some great bargains In land. Send for my lists; tell me your wants. Victor Bnrke, Los Gatos, Cal. Are you thinking of novlag to Bsy Cities? We have some beautiful homes that can be bought cheap and on easy terms. Ask us about them to- day. John E. Drendel Company, Inc., 212 Hearst BIdg., San Francisco. 5 Cents an Acre, Cash — Texas scl land for sale by the State. You v buy good land at $2 per acre; pay .'.c per acre cash and no more for 40 years but 3 per cent Interest; send 6c postage , for further Information. Investor Puh. Co., Dept. 88, San ■\ntonlo. Texas. Best Alfalfa Land In Kings County— 83 1-3 acres. 80 of whjch in alfalfa one to three years old: plenty of water; 6 miles from railway station: worth $12,500. For sale for cash price or on easy terms to right party. Write At- torney L. E. Petree, San Jose, Cal. County Sectional Maps, showing va Government land. $2.50 per coui VERY PLAIN. Easy to see and se vour choice. Booklet and circul FREE. Write Joseph Clark, Sa mento. For Sale— 2441- Acre Ranch, southwe ern Utah; fine climate, excellent so all land tillable, level; flowing wells vicinity and can be secured on land. $35 per acre. W. T. Smith, 86 F at.. Salt Lake City, Utah. For Sale — 40 acres good deep rich soil: first water rights; suitable for Thompson seedless or alfalfa; If you have a little money and want to make a start see me. or write me. W. M. Bacon, R. R. 7, box 108A. Fresno, Cal. Wanted — Homeseekers; land with per- petual water right, only $50 per acre; ten vears to pay; $2.50 per acre do'wrn and balance five per cent Interest. Ad- dress N. C. O. Ry., Coloalsatlon Depart- meat. 451 Phelaa BIdg., Saa Francise<> 11 e il e so Is For Sale — 40 acres one mile from An- derson. Shasta county: 20 acres full- bearing prunes: 7 acres family orchard. House, barn, packing house, water. gravelly soil: fenced. Price $3,200. Terms. C. B. FItts, Aadersoa. Cal. For Sale — 20-acre Improved. Irrigated alfalfa and spineless cactus farm. Biggest bargain In Sacramento valley. Water free. No agents. Write M. Wilcox. Orland. Cal. Free "True Blue" 1915 Booklet Tells the "How." "Why" and "Whore" of overlooked State and Government land bargains. Write California State Laa* Information Bureau, Sacramealo. Cal. Mountain ranches, general farming; deep sandv loam: pure water; almost frostless: Ideal climate: $5 to $20 per acre. Information cheerfully furnished. I> G. Thistle. Maripoaa. Califom 1 a. 10 acres — Near Lodl. M mile traction line. Deep sandv loam; fruit, alfalfa etc. Owner, W. \. Brawn, Jackson Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM 33 FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE REAL ESTATE— Continued. Acrea In San Benito County — A real bargain. Fine for dairy, hogs and cattle; 150 acres in level flats, suit- able for apricots and prunes. Plenty of water. Three miles from town and railroad; seven miles from county seat. Price $10,000, on easy terms. Come see it. Gary, Cox & Luther, JHoUUter, Cml. Small DepoHlt Give* Deed — Five houses and five sections from which to se- lect 20-acre home; best Sacramento valley alfalfa soil; level; every acre tillable; plenty water; $60 to $135 per acre; terms, TEN years. Write or see the sole owner, T. Wright Co., 734 Pa- clllc bldg., S. F. Ovrner Will Sell Direct — 40 acres full bearing Thompson Seedless, Feher- zago vines and Muir peaches; first wa- ter right; $275 an acre; easy terms; two miles west of Biola depot, 14 miles ^^. W. Fresno City; good roads, schools, churches, telephone. Address J. P. Bol- ton, Forthcamp ave., Fresno, Cal. A bargraln If taken noon — Good farm and stock ranch, 416 acres; plenty of cod valuable timber, abundance of irass; springs and running water the year round; close to school, church, town and railroad; cash or terms. Ad- iress owner, A. S. B., 400 North Second •treet. CorvalllH, Oregon. For Government land locations call on or write Smith & Baird, Redding;, Cal. OREGON REAL ESTATE Rogue River Valley Advantages — Beau- tiful scenery, an ideal climate, fish, same, camping places and healthful re- orts within easy reach; no cyclones, no earthquakes, no cold weather in winter, and as near perfect all the time can be found anywhere on earth. Come, or write us for fuither informa- tion. Central Point Realty Company, C, S. Sanderson, manager. Central Point, Oregon. A. void Speculation — Invest in land; no better time than the present; no bet- ter security than the soli; our prices re the lowest; good land in the fa- nous Rogue river valley at from $10 to $200 per acre; climate unexcelled, oil can't be beat. Wire or write your irants to the Fehl investment Co., Med- 7«rd, Oregon. We have the very beat property for sale or exchange in the famous Sogue river valley; large and small anches, with or without irrigation, at )rices that cannot fail to appeal to nyone looking for a home or an in- irestment city property in live, grow- ng towns. Address Wood & Clilldcrs, I Sonth Central Ave., Medford, Ore. lognelands, Incorporated, Medford, Ore. — Over 6,000 acres Irrigated fruit, >erry. garden and farm lands for sale on easy terms lo desirable settlers; abundant water supply: transportation nd surroundings Ideal; in the incom- parable Rogue river valley. [ am the man who sells dirt. The best and most productive dirt in the fa- mous Rogue River Valley. Orchards, farms, irrigated tracts, large and small. City property in growing towns. For particulars write to Joe Brovrn, No. 1 Sparta BIdg.. Medford, Oregon. REAL ESTATE EXCHANGES Send for my llsta of Santa Clara Val- ley, San Joaquin Valley and Northern California exchanges. What have you? Victor Burke, Loa Gatoa, Cal. REAL ESTATE LOANS 6% Money, 6% Money, 6% Money — Loans may be obtained for any purpose on acceptable real estate security; liberal privileges; correspondence solicited. A. C. Agency Company. 758 Gaa. Electric BIdg., Denver, Colorado; 446 Pierce Bldg.. St. L,ouIb. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS Gold, amalgam, rich ore bought; cash; assaying, 50c. Pioneer Aaaaying Company. 4S0 Market at., San Fran- claco. Cal. BEES AND HONEY BeekeeplBg Pay* Big— Price list, bees, Instruction books, etc., free. Spencer Aplarlea Co., Box 16, Nordhoff, Cal. REAL ESTATE WANTED We have parties that want farms and ranches, improved and unimproved. If you want to sell or exchange your place list your property with us at once for quick results. Write for list- ing blank and other information. John E, Drendel Company, Inc., 212 Hearst Bldg., San Francisco. Farma Wanted — We have direct buyers; don't pay commissions. Write de- scribing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable prop- erty free. American Investment Aaso- clatlon, 8 Palace BIdg., Minneapolis, Minn. Wanted — To hear of good farm or un- improved land for sale. Send de- scription and price. Northwestern Busi- ness Agcnc?', Minneapolis, Minn. Wanted — To hear frorn owner of good farm for sale; send cash price and description. D. P. Bush, Miuucapolls, Minn. Wanted — To hear from owner of good farm or unimproved land for sale. C. C. Buckingham, Houston, Texas. RABBITS RIchey's Reds won again at L. A. show; fine bucks ready for service; does bred to prize winners, $3 to $5; 3 months, $1.50 each. Rosselles, the fa- mous jelly plant (annual) seeds, 10c per packet; 3 for 25c. Prize winning Barred Rock eggs for hatching, $1.50 per 15; utility pen; special cockerel, mated, $2.50. C. A. RIchey, R. F. D. 8, Box 557, Los Angeles. Caldwell's Royal Red New Zealands won 15 prizes at Los Angeles show, January, 1915. Catalog on request. Caldwell Bros., Box OlSF, Los Angeles, Cal. Wilson's Mammoth Flemish Giant Rab- bits. Prize winners at late Los An- geles and Pasadena shows, $2.00 and up. Wilson Bros., 302 West Manches- ter ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Flemish Giants, "the real giants" — Why not raise the big kind? Some fine youngsters ready now, from $1.50 to $3.50. J. H. Stubbe, Campbell. TREES OSTRICHES Your only opportunity to get a start in a most interesting and profitable industry. Ostriches are no care, harm- less, perfect pets, and increase rapidly. No stock 01- poultry more profitable. One acre of alfalfa maintains 4 os- triches entire year, and the income from $200 up. California climate ideal. I have a limited number choice stock, also have ostrich farm concession in Idora Park. Oakland, fully equipped, which I will sell very reasonably. 1915 is the le and of surpassing lirilllan ucT II »ill bi IIS over the world as quickly as the others did and take lis place eveiywherc as tlie foremost (rarnen annual. The Chinese Woolflower Is a Celosia of now form and easy prowMh, two fcpt hiKh with a scorf of bran< hp» pach crowned with n Kreat crimson hjill of w-ooly Biibalance which holds Us coloratid l>e»iilv all thr.itiKh the season maklnK It the itiost Inicrestlnu, novel and showy of all garden or pot annuals Price aO ets. ppr pkt. of 40 to 50 seeds: St phtR, for SO eXa., together with New IlI.tJE PHTl'NIA and GIANT SUMMFR COSMOS freefor trial and Cauloi: Our Bis Catnlnv'in of Klower'and Vee: Seeds. Bull«i. Plants and rare new Fruits /rfe to all who apply. We are the largest growers in the world of r.ladioliis. Cannas, I>.,hllas, Lilies. Iris, etc., and our stocks are l<.st and chraiest, JOHN LEWIS CHILDS. Floral Park. N. Y. SEEDS Six packaces of our dcppndable norihern UrowTl sefdd sent ab3oliit4-Iy Wrmm to those who Bend for our handsomi-ly illustrated and descrip- tive seed catalogue. All \vv. &»k is that you Send 10 Cents tocoverco?tof packinjr anii mailmK Hiehest qual- ity seeds; prices rca:fonai)ic-; Uiecolle»-tion follows: RADISH, Searltl Btauty . Valua 10 ets. TURNIP, Purpla Tap Whit* . " Sett. ONION, Urge Red . " 10 ett. SPINACH, Bread Uaf . " 10 ett. LETTUCE, Dew Oreo . . " 10 ett. MIGNONETTE, Celonial Mixture " lOeto. Write today and receive one of the 10.000 flfty-Mvecent colic, tinns. which wo are nivinjj away to get our catalofrues into new territory. CHAS. J. CHERRY & CO. usvine Street Rockford, III. Money in Your Pocket Are you intending to build? Our portable bunKalonn are as any well-built buildinff should be — nub- ■tantlal, comfortable and attractive. Our method of building aaTrii piirchaserB one-half. Are you going to pay double without getting value received? It lit all to your advan- toKe to Inveiitleate. Call or write. KEWOX PACIFIC CO. No. 3 Franklin St.. S. F. Made of Resist© Veal, the new leather that withstands the alkali of the soil and ammonia of the bam yard. HONORBILT WORK SHOES Stand the hardest kind of wear but are not heavy or clumsy. Resisto uppers, double stitched heavy oak tanned soles — solid counters — double leather toes — the greatest leather combination put into work shoes. WARNING— Atways look for the Mover name and trade mark on the sole. If your dealer cannot supply you, write to us. We make Mayer Honorbilt Shoea in all stylei for men, women, children; Dryeax, wet weather ehoes; Kcrma Cuthion Shamm, Martha Wamhington Comfort Shorn*. F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Co., Milwaukee ORCHARD AND FARN. THE LEGEND OF THE COWSLIP There was a time, long ago when he Cowslip had no golden blossoms. To be sure she wished to have them, 3Ut as she did not know how to bloom, she contented herself for one summer, with her rich, dark leaves, and in autumn fell asleep with her Feet curled close and warm under jround, and her head tucked beneath the cover which her mother had pro- vided. But one night she awoke with a shiver, and said: "Mother, I'm cold"; and her mother hastened to cover her with a gayly colored blanket of leaves, after which she slept many days and nights, until a frosty, starry hour came, when she stirred a little, and whispered: "Mother, I'm cold." Then her mother covered her with a white blanket, soft as down upon the mother-bird's breast, and our Cow- slip slept softly but soundly many weeks. One May morning she heard a de- lightful rustling all around her, where- upon she nestled in her bed, not knowing that the rustle was caused by her companions under ground, who like her, were just awakening from happy dreams, pushing out their white feet and stretching up their tiny hands, as you have seen waking babies do. Then she heard a robin sing; but as the earth still covered her, the song was but half undertsood, and to hear better she lifted her head high enough for a yellow sunbeam, who had been looking everywhere for her. She remembered both the sunbeam and the robin, and so glad was she to see them both, that she laughed a low, sweet, "Ha, ha, ha, ha!" and there she stood in full bloom, every ha, ha! having become a smiling, sunny- hearted blossom. Of course she was amazed and hung her head in a sweetly modest fashion, as cowslips do to this day; for since that happy spring time, not one of the family bas forgotten to laugh itself into golden bloom, when it hears the robin and sees the yellow sunbeam of merry May. DUSTLESS DUSTING. The method used in doing our dust- ing determines to a great extent how frequently we must repeat the opera- tion, or how satisfactory the work may be in its final effect on the finish of floors and furniture. Many kinds of dustless-dust-clothes and mops are o the market but, while each is good, none are more satisfactory in actual service than those that may be quick- ly, and much more cheaply, prepared at home. When it comes to a final analysis, few thinps, regardless of name, fame, or price are better than a very soft cloth wrung as dry as possible from a warm suds preoarcd from any alkali-free soap. When the cloth has gathered enough soil, wrinse it out in the suds and wring dry as before. For a genuine dustless-duster put a few drops of kerosene oil on a soft cloth and roll it tightly until the oil permeates every thread. Treated in this way, the cloth gathers and holds the dust without injury to the high- est polish. The market is flooded with special oils for this purpose and the writer has tested many of them without finding one that is ibetterthan the one made by putting equal meas- urements of linseed oil, turpentine, and cider vinegar together and shak- ing well before using. Brabrant Potatoes. Force eight medium sized boiled po- tatoes through a potato ricer and add four and one-half tablespoonfuls of butter, one and one-half teaspoon- fuls of salt, one-half of a tahlespoon- ful of finely chopped parsley, one half of a cupful of hot rich milk, and paprika to taste; beat with a fork un- til creamy, reheat and pile lightly on a hot dish.— MRS. ALFRED L. RATY, Cedarville, Cal A MODERN KITCHEN As the kitchen is the most impor- tant room in the house, so a satisfac- tory kitchen arrangement is essential for everybody concerned. Here is how one good housewife described her kitchen for a southern farm paper; My answer to your question of what is my most convenient thing about the home, I will describe my kitchen and wash room. My kitchen is 7x14 feet; my range stove in one corner, and over my reservoir is my kitchen sink, made of heavy galvanized sheet iron and painted with white enamel, above which is a hydrant for water supply. About four feet from my stove is my kitchen cabinet, which contains all of cooking utensils, together with flour, meal, sugar, lard, meat and flavoring of all kinds. About four feet from the cabinet in the other corner of the room are corner shelves, under which I store flour, meal, dried fruit, etc. The shelves are used for storing canned fruit and various articles for immediate use, so I take but few steps in preparing a meal. My wash room joins this and is screened in, with curtains to lower in case of rain or high wind. I have a small gasoline engine, 1 3-4 horse power, which runs my washer and wringer; cream separator and small mill for grinding chicken feed and meal for family use. In the same room is my milk cool- er; it is made same as kitchen sink, with frame about 20 inches high, with screen wire over the top to hold a flat pan, which I fill with water same as the bottom pan, over which I spread a clean cloth, letting it fall in the bot- tom pan, which keeps the cloth wet and milk and butter keen nicely. The cooler, sink, cabinet and mov- able corner shelves are home made of my designing. Of all these con- veniences the kitchen sink comes first; it saves me more steps than all. If this will help some tired house- keeper I will be repaid for my time. FAVORED RECIPES Traymere Timbales. Traymere Timbales are an appro- priate entree for the Christmas din- ner. Line slightly buttered tin molds with canned pimentoes and fill with chicken forcemeat. Set in a pan of hot water and cover with a but- tered paper; bake until firm; remove from molds to a hot serving dish, inserting a sprig of parsley in each and serve with brown sauce. To make the chicken forcemeat, cook two tablespoons of butter, one-quar- ter cup of stale breadcrumbs, two- thirds of a cupful of milk and cook five minutes and then add 1 cupful of cold cooked chicken forced through a sieve and 2 eggs slightly beaten; season with salt and pepper. For the brown sauce, cook two table- spoonfuls of butter with one slice of onion and one slice of carrot until butter is well browned; remove the vegetables and add three tablespoon- fuls of flour, one-quarter teaspoon of salt, a few grains of pepper and con- tinue the browning by putting in a cupful of brown stock of the chicken meat. — MRS. THOMAS LEWIS, Bozeman, Mont. Tasty and Decorative Salad. Take medium sized bright red ap- ples, cut tops off below lower end of stem. Take out center with a spoon, leaving just the shell. Remove core and seeds from what was taken out and chop the remainder very fine, then add the same amounts of the tender portion of celery and English wal- nuts chopped fine. Mix thoroughly with any good salad dressing, then refill shells with this and return tops as lids. Place on a lettuce leaf and set at each plate, you will find it adds greatly to the attractiveness of the entire table as well as being a fine ad- dition to the Christmas goose or tur- key.—MRS. W. A. ADAMS, Clio, Cal. If It' s It's All O. K. You don't need to ask a question — your dealer need not even talk — the name upon a farm implement of any kind — a razor for yourself, or a kitchen knife for your wife — or any piece of cutlery or hardware — is all the assurance needed that it is absolutely right. A great deal of time, money and skill have been expended so as to make every article stamped ■ $TILliiO" the very best of its kind. Write us and we will give you the name of dealer in your locality. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Townsend St. San Francisco, Cal, WW HEG. U.S. PAT OFF. YOUR CROP Limitations Your crop yield will be lini- ited by one particular plant "~" food element which may be de- ficient in the soil. You may know that such conditions as temperature, lack of moisture, excess of moisture, poor drain- age, alkali or acid conditions and soil texture, as well as poor cultural methods such as lack or excess of pruning and impor- tant cultivation, any or all of which, or all of them will limit your crop. But there is still another big factor which is being taken into consideration by the progressive farmer and orchardist. It is soil fertility. Soil fertility depends upon the supply of available plant food. Notice, particularly, the word "available." And when we talk about plant food we are talking about six important factors or food elements which make up an available plant food. These are only a few im- portant thoughts necessary for any orchardist or farmer to get the most out of his land. There are a great many other thoughts which are as important and as valuable to you. Send for This Free Book It contains 64 pages of vital (acts — information condensed into this simple form which is ordinarily contained in two and three volumes on the sub- ject; and all condensed so that you can get the infor- mation readily and easily. Remember that if you get this book any questions that you would like to ask about soil fertility will be gladly answered by our experts free of charge. And it doesn't make any difference whether you write one or a dozen let- ters for this Information. Write to-day — because you might forget it if vou put It off. The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Company 805 Security Bldg., San Francisco, CaL ^ When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm New undersluDj ihock-absorbing rear ipringt All iastnimeaU in plain si^t All electrio buttons on steering column The Season's Greatest Car Has All the Latest Improvements A great many people have the mistaken idea that in order to get the very best and latest automobile it is necessary to spend a whole lot of money. Nothing could be further from the truth. The 1915 Overland has all the very latest improve- ments, comforts and conveniences. Yet it costs but $1,075.' The illustrations above are typical of the up-to-date features of the entire car. In one is shown the simplicity, compactness and com- pleteness of all Overland controls and instruments. The complete set, of electrical control buttons, is located on the steering column. With just a slight pressure of your finger you start the car, operate the elec- tric head, side, tail and dash lights or sound the electrical signal. Here also is the high tension mag- neto button and a patented device for locking all switches, in or out, so that no one can tamper with the controls. Could any other method be better or more satisfactory? Now take the cowl dash. Here are four instruments — a high grade electric- ally lighted magnetic speedometer, an ammeter, a carburetor priming button and the oil sight feed. $1,075 Model 80 5 Passenger Touring Car Other Model 80 Prices; 2 Passenger Roadster- $1,050 4 Passenger Coupe $1,600 Model 81 Prices: 5 Passenger Touring car $850 2 Passenger Roadster $795 Delivery Wagon with closed body $895 DeliTery Wagon with open body $850 Model 82: Overland Six $1,475 AU prices f. o. b. Toledo, Ohio Some higher priced cars have neither speedometer nor ammeter! The Overland type of rear springs is still another im- portant and high priced feature. See how the springs are placed under the axle; that they are long, have a very wide opening, and are of generous dimensions. Notice that the frame is dropped, which makes possible a much lower hung and more graceful body. The road clearance is not affected. The wide opening of the springs permits great up- and-down play — the maximum of flexibility. These springs are unusually long ; in fact are longer, in proportion to the wheel base, than the springs used on almost all of the highest priced cars. The Overland swivel seat gives absolutely free movement of the springs, prevents binding and reduces possibility of breakage. There is not a car on the market, regardless of price, that rides smoother or easier. And these are but several examples of Overland superiority ! So don't you, Mr. Buyer, feel obliged to buy an excessively high priced car. An Overland gives you every practical improvement at an exceedingly moderate price. Place your order to-day. Catalogue on request. Please address Dept. 180. The Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio i 1 March, 1915 5 Cents Per Copy COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO., HEARST BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 2 ORCHARD AND FARM The Car that Laughs at Hills The Maxwell is the car in which "Wild Bill" Turner made the world- record climb up Mt. Hamilton to the famous Mt. Lick Observatory. The Maxwell is the car that Billy Carlson drove 9 miles up Mt. Wil- son, Cal., over snow and ice, around sharp, dangerous curves, climbing 6,000 feet in 29 minutes and 1 sec- ond, breaking the previous record of 42 minutes. These are but two of the Maxwell stock car hill climbing records. Every man that owns a Maxwell is able to laugh at hills. The "191o" Maxwell has 17 new features, and it is a beautiful car — a powerful car — an easy riding car — and a car that is fully equipped. Its light weight makes it very eco- nomical to operate. The "1915" Maxwell is one of the easiest cars to drive. It has an adjustable front seat which may be moved three or four inches back- ward to suit the driver's leg length. If you want a car of ample power to climb hills with speed and pull through heavy going, this is the car. The Maxwell Dealer nearest you will show you the "1915** Maxwell Maxwell FtTe-Pasaenger Toarimgr Car 9685. In Canada $025 Maxwell Roadnter 670. In Canada 900 Maxwell Cabriolet 840. In Canada.. 1,105 Any model equipped with electric self-s tarter, $55 extra. In Canada, $70 extra. Write for illustrated Catalogue. Address, Department B. F. The Maxwell will be exhibited at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. MAXWELL MOTOR COMPANY, Inc., Detroit, Mich. "Every Road is a Maxwell Road" ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII MARCH, 1915 No. 3 The Time of Year When Prices Are Highest By R. L. Adams, Department of Farm Management, University of California" People can raise oropn, but they are far more Interested In knovrlng honr to sell than how to produce them. IVo Infallible mie can be given for rigrht selllnK, but when a man knows what time of the year the price of a prodacrt will PROBABLY be hiKhest, he at least knows something of value, and the following analysis by Professor R. L.. Adams of the relation of prices of several leading Western crops to the season gets at the problem from the right angle. When one makes a study of the rise and fall in prices offered for farm 170 \ 167 r \ IS<3 K — 1 \ 1 — IS 7 Iff ISO m Mrs 'W7 ASS '909 - «0 lis JAN FEB MAR APR nxf JUN JUL AW Sir OCT NOV PEC products he will soon find that farm goods fall into two general classes. One class includes those things which year in and year out fluctuate with unvarying regularity— such, for instance, as eggs and butter: while the other class in- cludes less perishable goods subject to irregular fluctuations coming at dif- ferent seasons of the year and in varying degree. Such things as beans, Egyp- tian corn, barley, oats, wheat, hay and the like go to constitute this second class. Leaving out of consideration those things which do not deviate greatly one year from another in the period or intensity of their variations, but turning rather to some of the products which go to make up the second class, it is interesting to note the degree af variation which has taken place on the San Francisco market during a short period of five years. And since local quota- tions are an index to the general prices paid to the producers they are indi- cative of the returns secured by farmers. Five selected articles show for 1909-1913, inclusive, a general average price during five vears as follows: General Average Commodity — Prices Per 100 Pounds. 5 Years. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. Barley (shipping) $1.42 $1.34 $1.53 $1.19 $1.49 $1.52 Oats, white 1.56 1.78 1.60 1.58 1.84 1.68 Beans, pink 3.19 3.33 4.65 1.84 2.99 3.81 Wheat, northern bluestem 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.75 1.99 1.73 .Mfalfa hay (ton) 11.04 11.90 8.12 8.45 11.18 10.17 Now suppose we look -over the three consecutive months in each year ■when the highest average and the lowest prices are paid. I suggest a three months' period in order to avoid any unusual condition such as might obtain for a single month. We then find, for the products just given, that the three ■consecutive months in which prices were the highest in these five years were as follows: Commodity— 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. October May February August February Beans, pink November June March September March December July April October April April January October February January Barley May February November March February June March December April March May January October April Mav "Wheat June February November May June July March December June July Oats February January October March April March February November April May April March December May Jufte April January October May April May February November June May June March December July . June The period of lowest prices for these products in the San Francisco He 1 s lor ho a -t 4^ > 19 ice 5 Fli ict lOf 3 c f / Jfa fa Hi \x IS( )0 Id 13 ^h Av er -» / >^ \ 5 an Tf Of ICI. * ) \ -\ —7 t — IS 12 ^ * \ \ > \ -f V \ *^ cr 19 3 — 1 / ^, 5.3 "> T \ / « \ 191 0 1 >ri / j- 19 II 1 -i —7 / 0 \ V- -4 h- f :b A >R M Jl) JU .Y m SI f 0 :t )V DE c market for three consecutive months was as follows: Commodity— 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. January September October April August Beans February October November May September March November December June October August September January September October Barley September October February October November October November March November December August October January October January Wheat September November February November February October December March December March October October January December October .Alfalfa hay November November February January November December December March February December October October January October October Oats November November February November November December December March December December From a study of these results it is evident that, based on only one year's findings, no accurate deductions can possibly be drawn as to when it will best serve the farmer to dispose of his goods. But if the results of the five years are averaged a fairly good rule can be worked out for the farmer's guidance. With the products selected the average monthly prices per hundred pounds for the five years will be found to be as follows: Northern Bluestem Alfalfa Beans. Barley. Oats. Wheat. Hay (ton) January -r-$3.59 $1.50 $1.64 $1.73 $10.17 February 3.85 1.48 1.68 1.75 11.05 March 3.92 1.70 1.64 1.74 11.25 April 4.04 1.57 1.73 1.79 11.60 May 4.15 1.63 1.85 1.81 10.60 June 4.33 1.57 1.81 1.77 10.20 July 3.99 1.54 1.68 1.79 10.20 August 3.77 1.37 1.72 1.74 9.66 September 3.58 1.39 1.66 1.68 9.55 October 3.62 1.41 1.60 1.66 9.l4 November 3.38 1.47 1.59 1.66 9.20 December 3.51 1.59 1.58 1.69 9.43 Based on the workings of the law of average, if the past history of crop (Continued on Page Fourteen.) 4 ORCHARD AND FARM Farmers' Experiences With the Tractors There in too mach writing in farm papers by edltora, pro- fessors, uericultural engineers and otiiers and too little by farmers tliemselves, tliough "Orchard and Farm" is rather an exception to this. Partleulary when it comes to handllnB machinery are the views of farmers sadly lackJnK, so the following ought to be wel- comed by open arms. We heard that Mr. Rlcck did well with his tractor and wrote him about It. Here Is his answer. Of course, although he did this with one kind of tractor. It la an equal recom- mendation for all kinds that have made good with buyers. To "Orchard and Farm": — Your letter is at hand and I am glad to hear from you. Will give you as good a list of uses to which I have put my caterpillar as I can. It:' must be remembered this list does' not contain all the uses 1 can think of — it is only the actual uses I have put my machine to. My machine is a Holt Caterpillar, 60 horse-power, and the following is the list of uses that I think wouW interest you most: Pulling harvester. ' Pulling plows. (Stockton gang and Davis disc are the kinds we use.) Pulling disc harrows. Pulling drills and harrows- Pulling road grader. Pulling road digger. Pulling excavator. Pulling land leveler. Pulling scrapers. Pulling up trees. Pulling stumps. Pulling up fence posts. Clearing weeds off land. Clearing brush off land. Hauling grain. Hauling hay- Hauling lumber. Hauling logs. Hauling ore- Hauling crushed rock. Hauling sand. Hauling cement. Moving house. Moving feed racks. (These are built on ground and slide on runners.) Moving dead steam engine. Sawing wood. Pumping water. Grinding feed. Threshing. We have used our caterpillar for replowing summer fallowed land, pull- ing 18 feet of Stockton gang plows and 18 feet of iron harrows, for erect- ing derrick, for pulling a horse out of a well, for stretching fence wire- This is all that I can think of at present and hope it is sufficient to supply your wants. Practical Advice. 1 find that experience is the only reliable teacher, although an experi- enced person can save beginners lots of trouble by advice- 1 advise new beginners to consult tlicir company as to how much their machine can and should pull. 1 also advise people running ma- chines not to try to run their ma- chine when it is not in good condi- tion. Fix it up first, then you can do more and better work. Cheap grades of oil should not be used, as they do not give the service high grades do, even if they do give satisfaction. It is more profitable to do a small machine's fault, because it is not. It is the man who operates it that is to blame- FELIX A. RIECK. Delano, Cal- Well, what do you think of that? Who else can give us profitable ex- periences? Anything that is worth Caterpillar Uses on O'Brien Brox.' Itanoh, W llliur. Wash. amount of good work than a larger amount of poor work. Beginners should not buy a tractor if they have not more than enough money to pay for it. Remember it needs fuel. Beginners should not buy a tractor unless they have plenty of work to do with it. Beginners should not try to run a machine without first learning all about how to care for a tractor. Don't try to run a tractor without oil and grease, because grease is cheaper than machinery. People should not think because the tractor does not pull, it is the telling your neighbor is worth telling all the readers of a farm paper. Send your letter in, do not worry about grammar, spelling, writing, wording or anything else. If there is any- thing worth telling, tell us and it will go into the paper in a form to suit us and, we hope, to suit the readers also. Some Oregon Uses. From Salem, Oregon, Charles Enners writes his views of tractor farming, his letter being received after the above was all in type and ready for the printer: "I believe most of our modern farming will he done in the course of time by tractors, whether bv round wheel machines or by cater- pillar. I put my caterpillar to plow- ing, harrowing, discing, baling hay, drilling, grubbing hazels, pulling stumps, moving houses and so many more things I could sit and write for hours telling of uses to which I put my machine. "I own a thirty horse-power cater- pillar and pull a five bottom Oliver Gang plow of seven inches. I have a drag harrow attached to roller be- hind the plows, so one operation leaves the ground in fine condition. I then use a ten and a half foot double cutaway harrow, with two five foot spring tooth harrows attached t" same, which absolutely makes a one cultivation for a summer process." KAFIR WITHOUT inRIOATION — Will yon please advise me ooncemlnir the sorghums ns a forage and grain crop for this section f Is It probable that either kafir, mllo, Egyptian whriit or feterlta iiould prove sallsfactor?' without Irrigation? Would It be nrre>- sary to get seed produced In this State f Would also like advice concerning cow peas and soy beans. I have raised some of these crops In the southern States along the Atlantic coast, but have not seen them growing here .1. A. M., Petaluma, Cal. If anyone who has tried the above would tell methods and results we would be very glad to hear from them. Our opinion is. based on some experi- ence and observation, that you can grow niilo or other of the grain sor- ghums in your location on winter rain- fall alone, though we believe that the seeding should be light and that the yield will be considerably below that of an irrigated crop, which is true with almost everything. In order to retain moisture for these grains cultivation to kill winter growth and prevent evaporation should have to be prac- ticed, since you have no summer rain- fall. However, especially if you have a clay subsoil which holds moisture well, there ought to be a good growth secured. More or less milo maize and Egyptian corn is raised in Sonoma county, how much without irrigation we do not know. Horticultural Com- missioner O. E. Bremner of Sonoma county informs us that cow peas and sov beans grow satisfactorily in con- ditions similar to yours, but for tlic first year it is necessary to inoculate the soil with the proper bacteria or the plants will not do well, nor gather nitrogen from the air as they should. Seed would not have to be grown in California. CACTUS HELPS SPRAYS. It has long been known that cactus was a great help in making white- wash stick. Now it is found that it is an excellent thing to use with many poison sprays for the same reason. By using cactus in the spray material the poison stays on the foliage much longer and adds much to its value. The cactus is sliced to expose alf the interior to the action of the water and is soaked over night. About 15 pounds of cactus to 50 gallons of water is about right. Cactus grown on dry soil is better than that grown on moist. The cactus has about the same spreading power as wh^Ie-oif soap, but the lasting effects arc mur'' greater. By the use of cactus spray powder can be used with bette' effect than a spray preparation ir, paste form. Better results have beer obtained in using one pound of zini arsenitc in powder form with cactu' than by the use of three pounds ii; paste form to the same amount r>- water. The cactus solution has a tendcnc^ to ferment, but this can be preventeiF by the addition of a little coppe-- sulphafc. salicylic acid or benzoate nf soda- ORCHARD AND FARM 9 Letters and Hints for All Readers PROTECTION BY POISONING SEED. To "Orchard and Farm": In the last issue of "Orchard and Farm" E. C. P. of Sonoma county, Cali- fornia, asks about soaking peas in poison before planting to kill squir- rels. I planted a piece of corn and the squirrels took every kernel. I then soaked some seed in strychnine water for an hour, planted it and not more than two or three hills were taken and the corn grew to maturity. The hogs broke in and ate the whole patch and it did not seem to harm them. [ should like to know from one who knows if any poison would go into the stalk or ears, or in case of pease, if any would go into the pease from using this process? I have also soaked corn for a short time in crude oil and the squirrels let it alone. I think dipping pea seed in it would be effective. M. H. CUSICK. San Joaquin county, Cal. We arc as certain as we could well be about anything that no poison to be noticed would be absorbed from the seed by the plant and that there would be no danger whatever from poisoning. The amount on the seed in the first place would be infin- itesimal when distributed through a whole plant; for another thing very little would be absorbed; and for a third reason, all poisons of a veget- able or animal origin that would be absorbed would be transformed in the plant to harmless substances. Trees are drenched with poisonous sprays and the fruit is not harmed Tlie one point to fear would be that the application of poison to the seed would kill its germinatin'T power. That was why we were doubtful of the possibility of poisoning seed, but your experience puts a new light on the subject. CROPS FOR UNDRAINED SOIL. will you pleiiMe let mo know iht- relatlve vnliie of nifnifn nnd rod clover hnyt AlMo, ivhioh do yoii think monlrt KTOW boxt nndor the foIIOHlnjf oondl- tlonR? I have n piece of land on the en»t slope of a hill, very wprlncry, water HtnndinK In npots on It nioMt of the year. I have ralfied potatoes on It, bnt always KOt a poor stand. The ground Is too steep to check It for alfalfa. Have thought some of sowing: It to alfalfa, trylniur to grow It without Ir- rlicatlon, bnt have been told It would drown oat and that red clover would not. The soil Is four feet or more ileep. There Is couNlderable fog; all suiiiiner. — G. P. P., Sebastopol, Calif. From your description we should imagine that the ground was water- logged and swampy and that neither red clover nor alfalfa would prosper under those conditions, nor very lit- tle else. Certainly alfalfa cannot stand continually wet feet, and al- though red clover can grow where the water is only down a little dis- tance, we do not believe that there is any chance of having it succeed in soil continually wet and with the poor drainage that this soil seems to have. Likewise, springy soils such as you describe usually are sour, which ruins their chances with clover. We would say to put a drain in and you will have a very fine piece of soil. After that, if it is still moist, though well drained, plant red clover, first applying a ^ood dressing of ground limestone or other form of agricul- tural lime, and the clover should do excellently. Red clover hay is near- ly as good as alfalfa, but not quite- The difference is small and red clover is well worth growing. Plant rye grass with it, if you get the soil in shape. We really do not believe you can do much with that land with any crop without drainage. Soil must have air before good bacterial action is strong and before crops will do well. If you do drain it you may find some good use for the water de- veloped and so kill two birds with one stone. ADVICE FOR THE BLUE FARMER. To ''Orchard and Farm"; — Being interested in the story of tiie blue farmer in the February issue of "Orchard and Farm," I will offer you a few cominents and suggestions, and possibly start a fight in the dark clouds which seem to have en- veloped Mr. Man. In the first place a progressive farmer has no time for the blues. If things don't seem to be coming your way, blame yourself and no one else. To be a successful farmer you need in addition to be a good man- ager, and if not the latter, success is out of the question. And again it might be possible that the products of the farm lacked merit. Frequent- ly it happens, and that class of goods goes begging. This may well be ap- plied to all farm products. .'\s you seem anxious to unload a losing proposition and let the other fellow hold the bag, it may have been the same with the fruit and nuts. Now, old fellow, just a word of friendly advice, jerk off your coat, roll up your sleeves, spit on your hands and go to work with a full de- termination to grow the very finest nuts to be found in the State, and the same is to be said of the fruit. Keep an eye on your trees continu' ally through the day. Do not neglect the most insignificant detail and you will produce something that people will fall over each other to buy and )'ou will find better marketing con- ditions and not be compelled to "turn your stuff" over to the slow packing house. Portervilic. Cal. .-\. A. Jenkins. Effective February 1 Reduction No. 3 On Goodyear Tires Making Total Reductions 45 Per Cent inTwoYears To Give Always the Most for the Money We are glad again — for the third time in two years — to announce a big reduction on Goodyear tires, effective February 1st. Goodyear policy on price is to give the utmost in a tire at the lowest possible profit. Our reductions are made to that end, with- out ever reducing the quality. That always means, with our matchless output, more for the money than any other maker can give. As rubber came down our prices came down. As our output multiplied, reducing factory cost, our prices came down with it. In two years our reductions — including the present — have totaled 45 per cent. Last year we increased our output 2G.G per cent. .\ few days ago the embargo on rubber was modified so that supplies seem assured. The market price for rubber seems for a time established. I'abric costs less than last year. So, under our minimum profit policy, we announce this new reduc- tion. Only Fair Basis We consider profit margin on a tire the only fair price basis. We keep that margin just as low as our line allows. While we do that, Goodyear tires will al- ways undersell any tires that compare with them. That is because we have the largest output. We have a new factory, modernly equipped. And we have world-wide facil- ities for buying rubber, of our extra grade, at the lowest market price. For a long, long time most tires have sold much above Goodyear prices. .Some have sold one-third higher. A few have sold lower, as some always will, because of less rubber, less quality. But we can and do, under all conditions, give more for the money than any rival tire can offer. The Best We Know Goodyear Fortified Tires offer the best we know. They are built to give you the lowest cost per mile. They minimize tire trouble in five costly ways employed by no other maker. And they are always the same, regardless of price reductions. Most tires will always sell higher, because of smaller output. Some tires will always sell lower because of lower standards. But we promise you that none will ever give bet- ter than Goodyear value. This policy has made Goodyears the largest-selling tires in the world. It will make them more so as more men find them out. .A.sk your Goodyear dealer for our new price on the size you buy. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio Makers of Goodyear Tire Saver .\eeeMsorle» and Goodyear Wing Carriage Tires and Other Type.o G OOD^YEAR AKRON. OHIO Fortified Tires Fortlticd Agalnat KIM-CI'TS -by our No-Rlm-Cut feature. BLOWOrTS— by our "On-Alr" cure. LOOSE TKEADa— by many rubber rivets. INSEt'FIlITY— liy 12fi braided piano wire.r PUNCTURES ANn SKIDDING— by our clou- ble-tliick All-Weather tread. ORCHARD AND FARM CULES 'DEJ{S Tested for Uniformity IF you have handled a shotgun much, and have studied the question of shotgun powders, you know that uniform quahty in the powder you use is absolutely essential for consistent shoot- ing either in the field or at the traps. You get this uniformity when you shoot shells loaded with InfaLUible Smokeless Shotgun Powder Day after day, in the bal- listic house of the Hercules Powder Company, at Ken- vil, N. J., Infallible is tested for uniformity in velocity, uniformity in pattern, and uniformity in recoil and breech pressure. As a result every grain of Infallible is just like every other grain. You know that there will be no variation in your shooting due to a var- iation in powder. Infallible Smokeless Shot- fun Powder gives unusually high velocity, even patterns, and light recoil. Further- more, it is absolutely un- aflFected by water. If you have ever had a box of shells fall overboard or have shot in a pouring rain you know what this means. The next time you buy shells ask for those loaded with Infallible. It is sup- plied in all standard makes. If you are a trapshooter write us for a book called " Trapshooting. " It may give you some pointers even if yot are an old hand at the ga ne. BBUPULES POWDEH^ CO. Chronicle OtilldlnK, San Francisco, Cal. Working Back From City to Farm Or, "Up Against It. What Shall He Do?" To "Orchard and Farm": In the February issue of "Orchard and Farm" I was very much interested in "Up Against It.- What Shall He Do?" and also in other very interest- ing articles. it seemed to fit my case so nicely that 1 am going to take a few minutes of your time, and if you can make any suggestion or find a way to solve the problem I will be thankful to you. 1 am an electrician and also what you may term a handy man, one who can do and has done other things be- sides the electrician's trade. My salary and wages have been from $100 to $175 monthly and from $4 to $6 per day. For ten years I have been deluding myself with the idea that some day 1 would have that 20, 40 or 80 acres and have an ideal ranch or farm. I have not had any steady position for more than two years at one time, this not being through any fault of my own, except in the first change, and that I choose to make for good reasons, but not financial ones. To make it clear, one case will suf- fice for all the others, as they are the same. Change No. 1 was to get where I could get good schools for the children and it cut my wages from $150 to $100 per month, but only for a few months, as I gave good satisfac- tion to my employers, and, what is more, I am sure that they were well satisfied with me. I was here two years, saved up a few hundred dollars and before I knew what was in the wind 1 was let out by the often used phrase, "to cut expenses," and I know it was so, for three officers besides myself were looking for other posi- tions. In my case it took me four months to get located again, with the expenditure of a few hundred dollars and miles of railway travel, and I had to start all over again. This has happened to me so often that I came to the conclusion that I had better keep away from industrial life or some concerns will run two years too long. In one case our pay day was over three months due. When paid in full you can figure what happened — only those who could not get away stayed on, and later the company was forced to cut down from 500 to 150 men and again it was up to me to hunt another job and I am still on the lookout. This last time I have not been able to get anything for more than a week or a month at a time, with an interval of rest for longer periods than a month and that 20 acres is a very long way from me just now. I was raised on a farm in Vermont and Massachusetts and have always wanted to get back. Tlie trouble has been with me, as I see it, that I was looking in at the front door when I should have been knocking in the rear. 1 am up against with a family of four all told, a good strong boy of 15 with no bad habits and a daughter of nearly 17 years, both attending high school. How long I can keep them there I do not know, unless the times change and that soon. The boy is anxious to be a stock raiser in time and I am wanting to get back to the soil, but how to do so is the question with me. I am not an ex- perienced farm hand, not being al- together green, but some years be- hind in experience, but have always kept in touch with the farming in- terests through farm papers. I would like to operate or get a ranch to put on a paying basis for some city owner who does not want to or cannot leave his business in town, but here I am not familiar with farming conditions, and lack of re- cent experience is not in my favor of getting this kind of a job, as the saying goes. I am to be trusted and can give Al references as to character, integrity and also to ability to do things, but that is not saying that I am a good farmer. Although I can run a farm for myself, it is somewhat different when you are trying to do the best thing for another. The next thing is, where can I get some one who is willing to give the boy and me a trial for what we are worth to him and furnish us a house to live in? What I want is to get practical experience, so that I can go ahead for myself and if possible a place to run for other parties until they wish to operate it or sell. It seems to me there must be a number of city men who own ranches and would like to get a good, reliable person to run one for them or under their supervision. — G. H., San Dictro Cal. ' POWD. Last month we had the story of the man who was up against it after having tried to get a start at inde- pendent farming by going at it from the farm, but from the wrong angle. Now we have a far more doleful situation of a man who wanted to get an ideal farm by the city method, who was trying to get in at the front door when he should have been knocking at the back.'" And just on the side, the farmer who complained in the February issue had the better of the argument. He at least had a grip on the farm; he knew farming, and if indications are to be believed he is not half as much up against it as he made out. A sec- ond letter recently arrived, as cheer- ful as can be, and from outside sources it seems probable that at least i some of the money for fruit and nuts had been paid, although even at that he was in a pretty tough position. The moral of the letter above is: Don't try to get to be a successful farmer by going to the city for your start. The only way to do a thing is to do it, and a city job is not farming. In a few cases it is true that a man with lots of brains may make so much money in the city that he can buy a farm and learn farming and so (possibly) get ahead quicker than if he had started with nothing and earned his way in farming alone, but that is open to question. Even if he did win out, he would have put the best years of his life in at the city, started farming without experience, and wasted much of his money in gaining that experience. The greater probability is that, like G. H. above, a man will get ahead little if at all by trying to earn money in the city and buy a farm and to boot spend the best years of his life away from the city and have no farm experience when he does make the plunge into farming. Do not make the mistake of the February writer and try to get started on land that will burden you with debt, and above all do not make the mistake of going into city work in order to learn or start farming. Here Is a Situation. Here is a situation. Farmers every- where claim it is impossible to get good, reliable help, men on whom they can depend, Avho will be interested in their work, who will take hold as if they meant business and do what the owner himself would do if he had the time and ability to do all that ought to be done. Everywhere is the claim that satisfactory farm labor is so scarce that things are left undone that ought to be done, and so on. That statement is largely right as it applies to the floating farm laborer, but is it all right, or is there an opening for men like the above, or the number of (Continued on Paire Fourteen.) 1 ' Farming with the Help of Dynamite ON the modern farm, and by progressive farmers, dynamite is used to serve a multitude of purposes. Whenever it is properly used it increases efficiency, increases crops, decreases labor, and de- creases expense. It has proven its ability to do these things in almost every field of agricultural labor. HEJ{CULES DYNAMITE is used extensively for sub- soiling, tree planting, stump and rock removal, ditch run- ning, the blasting of cisterns, and other work of a similar nature. Probably the results pro- duced by sub-soiling and in tree planting are the most interesting because they are the most remarkable. Very often the crop yield from a sub-soiled field will more than double that from the same field before sub-soiling was done — an increase of 100 per cent. This has happened with corn, wheat, rye, hay and other crops. When trees are planted in a dynamited instead of a spade dug hole they develop more rapidly, are stronger and bear more heavily. Sub-soiling gives new life to the ground. It breaks up the hard sub-soil thereby improving drainage and gi\- ing the crop new and un- touched plant food. You should write for the book, "Progressive Cultivation." It tells how, when and why to use dynamite on the farm. To many, it has proved an eye opener and a money saver. BBUpULBS PGWDEH^ CO. Chronicle BalldinKi San Kranciaco, Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM 7 Leading Oakland Superiorities Great Strength with Light Weight High Speed Motor with Great Power Low Center of Gravity with Usual Road Clearance. Flying Wedge Lines with Least Wind Resistance. Economy with Luxury id Each e Spells con Economy is a result of the Oakland's great strength with light weight — economy in fuel, in tires, in upkeep. EconomX) is a result of the Oakland's high-speed, balanced motor with great power — economy in the even flow of gases, in reduced wear and strain, in added effi- ciency. Economy is a result of the Oakland's low center of gravity with usual road clearance — economy in sure, safe, steady going and the sturdy, compact construction of every unit of the C^r. The Oakland dealer near );ou will lake you for a ride. Economy is a result of the Oakland's flymg wedge body lines — economy in the reduction of wind resistance and decrease of fuel consumption. Economy is an ever-present feature of Oak- land service; and Oakland service is complete, as a demonstration will show you. E.conomy in upkeep throughout — but luxury in appearance, in appointments, in ridmg qualities. Write for his name and address. Illustraied catalog free. Oakland Motor Company, OeJd Pontiac, MicH. Fours and Sixes — Speedsters. Roadsters and Touring Cars — $1,100 to $1,685 f. o. b. Factory '^Stttrcfe as the Oak" 1 1 1 v; -J ORCHARD AND FARM The Modern Farmer Way of Going to Town No LONGER does the farmer dread the necessity of making long trips to and from the city. Where such trips formerly meant wasting a whole day, a 25 or 50-mile journey now can be made in one or two hours on a 1915 &nd(m Motocycle Comfort and speed come with the ownership of an Indian. TTie Cradle Spring Frame — found only on the Indian — makes rough road riding smooth and enjoyable. It is but one of the exclusive mechanical features. The Indian Side-Car serves a double purpose. It makes it a simple and easy matter for the farmer to deliver perishable goods and other merchandise from farm to city, from city to farm. It can be used for two-person touring, giving, at small cost, all the com- fort, ease and luxury of ridmg afforded by an auto- mobile. It can be adjusted or detached from your Indian in a few mmutes, no expert mechanical skill being required to perform this simple operation. Behind every Indian is the guarantee of a company whose product, owing to its marked supremacy, is favorably known in every civilized country in the world. Indian-buili means absolute perfection in strength, service, stamina. A chain of Indian factory breuiches, large distributors and 2,800 dealers from whom adjustments and parts for any type of Indiian ever built can be had, assure OVER- NIGHT service for Indian riders— ANYWHERE. Beautiful 1915 Indian Catalog sent to any address on request HENDEE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 749 State Street, (Largest Motorcycle Manufacturers in the World) Branchen and Service Statlonai ChlcaKo Atlanta Kaniias Clty Mlnneanolix Melbourne Springfield, Mass. San Kranclnro l^ondon ORCHARD AND FARM MAMMOTH LEMON IN ARIZONA To "Orchard and Farm"; — In the February issue of your valued maga- zine is an illustration of a mammoth lemon grown in Amador country, Cal., and I wish to add my experience with a similar lemon that is sold by Eastern seed firms as the "American Wonder." We grew it in a tub for a number of years as a dwarf, as the winters are a little too cold to grow lemons in the open. Then we set it out in the garden and it grew in two years to about 12 feet in height. We kept it from freezing down by building a log house around it in the fall and taking it down in the spring. The second year it had nearly five d6zen lemons on that weighed from V/z to two pounds each. The winter following the thermometer dropped to 12 degrees above zero and the tree froze in spite of the protection. Then it sprouted from the root and last summer we had a very high and 'long continued overflow from the Colorado river and as the tree was just inside of the levee, the subirri- gation raised until the tree stood in vater about 10 inches deep for three weeks and the water was so impreg- nated with alkali that it looked as brown as coflfee, but the tree was not aflfected by it in the least, so it looks as if it would be good stock to bud on to. LEO FRANKENBERG. Cibola, Ariz. Mr. Jones has also written regard- ing the vigor of his trees and there- fore their probable value as a stock saying. "The mother tree of seeds and young trees is 14 years old and i> getting larger every year. There 1ias never been one of these trees die yet and I have three that are seven years old. One of them I am trying to kill just to see if it can be done. T chopped it off three years ago and it came up; then I built a fire on it and it came up again. Last year I built a 10 by 12 woodshed over it and it is doing fine this year. Now I am going to dig it up and plant it my orchard and take good care of it and if this does not kill it, it will be a good test of the strength of this stock." The lemon is listed, as Mr. Frank- enberg writes, in Eastern catalogues as the "American Wonder." sold to he grown in tubs, and though not much of a success there, a wonderful grower out of doors. ORANGES SHOW QUALITY. Readers will remember during the last few months some articles on sys- tematic orange pruning methods. A. A. Jenkins of Porterville has sent us a box of oranges from four trees in the Winch orchard properly pruned oranges from the rest of the orchard liaving been picked and shipped at the usual time. The oranges were not selected for quality, having an occasional scar or thrips mark, though thrips do insignificant damage in this orchard, but were extraordi- nnrily heavy for their size, of ex- tremely thin skin, and very fine tex- ture. Three "horrible examples" from a neglected orange orchard were enclosed in the box. For flavor they were totally outclassed by the others and there was more fiber in one sec- tion than in the whole of a good orange. Tt is a known fact that heavy or- ange production usually means fine orange quality. These trees demon- strated that proner pruning, plus proper soil handling to support the resulting crop, means very heavy pro- duction and surpassing fine quality. The picking time is also signifi- cant. These were left on the trees vntil fully ripe and were picked about January 20, though a first picking had been taken ofT some time before. In- asmuch as they were in a very early situation and orange shipping was in full blast before the first of Decem- Save Tire Motiet| ly/f AKE them show you the "inside facts." Then compare prices. You'll see that 40 cents more for a Firestone 30 x 3 inch, for example, gives you dollars more in extra material, with a saving of still more dollars by the Mileage Test Fig. 1. 4 plies of fabric instead of the usual 3 plies — more endurance. Fig. 2. Extra coat- ing of finest rubber between fabric plies — not in others. No fabric separation in Firestones. Fig. 3. 1-16 inch cushion layer of most expensive rub- ber to protect fabric — none used in others. Fig. 5. Extra thick- ness of tread, 1-4 inch instead of 3-16 inch. Toughest, most resilient rub- ber— extra mileage. Fig. 6. Extra thick, tough side wall, gives extra protec- tion against rut wetu'. Fig. 7. Extra large, strong bead, afford, ing firm hold, firm foundation — extra mileage. Tircstonc TIRES AND TUBES in Any Size at Prices Below Must Appeal to Your Buying Judgment Ask your dealer if he has cross sections of different makes of tires. They tell the story. Or ask any neutral repair man. He cuts into all makes and knows Firestone superiority. Keep in mind the Firestone *'two-cure'* process — more expensive than the *'one- cure"— but permitting inspections that eliminate fabric buckles. How can Firestone give these EXTRAS for the money? Because Firestone is the largest organization in America specializing on tires and rims alone— volume of output, economy of manufacture and marketing methods. Get the benefit of these savings by demanding Firestones. Write for Book No. 37 FIRESTONE TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANY ' America* m Largest Exclusive Tire and Rim Makers'* Akron, Ohio Branches and Dealers Everywhere Firestone Net Price List to Car Owners 1 raM 1 f>"J 1 Rrd I Ronnd Tread | Kon-Skld I Tube 1 Tabo 30x3 1 $ 9.40 1 $10.55 1 $2.20 1 $2 JO 30x35^ 1 11.90 13J5 1 2.60 1 2.90 32 x3!^ 1 13.75 1 15.40 1 2.70 1 3.05 34x4 1 19.90 1 22.30 1 3.90 1 4.40 34x4 "4 1 27.30 1 30.55 1 4.80 1 5.40 36x4 '/^ 1 28.70 1 32.15 1 5.00 1 5.65 37x5 1 35J5 1 39.80 1 S.9S 1 6.70 ber, it is an excellent indication that Northern oranges all go of? before they are anywhere near their best. The quality of these would strongly suggest big profits to owners of fine groves to leave their oranges on the trees until at their best and shipping them only when fully ripe, when they would have competition only from immature fruit, and should command bonanza prices. POULTRY FEEDING PROBLEM. POTATO PEELINGS FOR FOWLS Will potato peclingrs, cooked or raw, keep chlekenM from laying;, or delay pullets from Inyine? Do pullets make Kood setters f — Reader, Jenny LInd, Cal. Answer by Prof. Dougherty. As a rule potato peelings would better be cooked and fed mixed with the mash, unless they are only fed in small quantities in connection with other kitchen refuse. Such materials are succulent and very beneficial where fed moderately in connection with a good ration. Pullets do not make satisfactory setters; use year- lings or two-year hens for this pur- pose. Now, boys, if you intend to set the world on fire, don't use up all your matches lighting cigarettes. Levi Strauss & Co's Two-Horse Brand Overalls for Boys are the best that have ever been made and cost no more than inferior kinds. Look for this label Anew pore if they Made of highest grade denims, brass buttons and fasteners that will not rust or corrode In the wash; every button-hole corded to prevent pulling out; large white drill swinging pockets (not the old style patch pockets that so quickly wear through). Best-looking, longest wearing overalls. ItTanufactured and guaranteed by LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francisco THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD RF.AD THEM FOR PROFIT. ORCHARD AND FARM Grown ike Gasoline or Qudtii)r Mzde up to a stand- ard— not down to a price. We make the best gasoline that our experience and re- sources enable us to produce. The qual- ity of the gasoline determines its price — not the price its quality. Dealers everywhere. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) mm The New Home Our modern bungalows are de- signed especially for comfort. Cost less built on your ground than you ordinarily would pay for material. Moreover, they are bigger and more substantial. WHY? Write us for our free Book of Plans. Permanent and portable bungalows built to order. KENYOX PACIFIC Coi Designers and Builders of Comfort- able Homes at Moderate Prices. No. 3 Franklin St.. S. F. More CIDER from leas apples can be produced with Original Mount Gilead Cidt^ and Grape Juice PrMie* than any other. Thia press is a BIG MONEY MAKER We can ehow jou hc-w $1200 a Tear can bo made in the cider business. Sixes 10 to 400 bar- rels daily, itand or power. All sUls. We Duke clier mporekn, apple- batter oookm, Tlii«f»r ftaenum. fltten, etc PiiUt rQftnnteed. \Vrtt« for r^uiog, HYDRAUUC PRESS MFG. CO. 81 UncslnATe.. Mt. GOewl, Ohio. Pacific Coast Kepresentativea Bergrer & Carter Co., 504 Miiialon St. San Francisco. California. Stat« size on postal and i whether you want collar like ciit or low tumoyer style. RBVER.SIBL,K COlCak CO., Dent. S. Boston. Must. Added Information About Filberts Replying to Questions from an Inquirer To "Orchard and I'arni"; My article on "Filbert Growing in Ne- vada County" in the January number of "Orchard and Farm" has certainly had surprising results. I now begin to believe in your veracity. You know that I have told you that I questioned your extravagant asser- tion, "That Orchard and F^arm has a larger circulation than any other publication in the world ! I" But verily I am beginning to be con- vinced, for I have had inquiries from almost every county in the State and every State in the Union for further information of filbert growing. Each correspondent begins with. "I saw your article in "Orchard and F'arm,' etc." I have tried to answer each communication, but the drain on my salary for postage stamps has seen so great I have had to cut out the moving pictures altogether. I do not know what might have happened had you printed all the voluminous manuscript I sent you (We did, except two lines, removed because the story was two lines too long to fit the space that otherwise seemed to be made for it. Print takes up so much less space than handwriting that everybody gets fooled about length. Editor.) but perhaps my carnly training had some- thing to do with your free use of the blue pencil. As you know, my father was an undertaker and a part of my limited education was to write funeral notices and obituaries, and my system naturally being satur- ated with gloomy thoughts, some may perchance have crept into my writings, so 1 forgive the elimination. You can tell your correspondent that the following varieties do well in California, at least in the red clay loam of the Sierra Nevada foothills: Barcelona. White .'V valine, Brunswick, Giantess dc Hales and Chili du Coob. There are dozens of other varieties, but these are good enough. As to the distance apart that they crowded, 12 to 15 feet is ample. If we study the natural habitat of the fil- brct (hazel nut) we find it growing in clusters in the forest where there is more or less shade and where the fallen leaves from the forest trees and other decaying vegetation form a mulch and add humus and plant food to the soil. And so. after the filbert tree has grown large enough to shade all the ground the better will the soil moisture be conserved. Unlike the fruit tree that requires an uninterrupted sunlight to color the fruit, the filbert succeeds best in partial shade. As to pruning, the filbert needs none, except to head back to twelve inches when the bush is first planted. We do not prune nut trees for the reason that the object in the life of a tree is to grow seeds. We prune peach trees, not to increase tlie size of the seed, but the pulp surrounding the seed. If you have to prune nut trees to remove dead branches caused by die back, you have selected the wrong place for your orchard. While the filbert will stand a great deal of abuse and still oersist, they will respond wonderfully to good treatment. The bush succeeds best in a deep, rich, clay loam soil, with an abundance of humus in the form of decayed leaves or straw and plenty of soil moisture. A partial shade is desirable. The accuracy of vour "guess" in answer to the questions of your in- quirer stamp your birth place as being not over forty miles from Bos- ton. As to Western Oregon being favorable for filberts. I am unable to say, but I know this: we imported several hundred young trees from the Oregon nurseries last season. D. F. NORTON. Horticultural Commissioner Nc vada county, Cal. Our "guess" in forwarding inquiry to Mr. Norton was that filberts re- quired rather shady location, more often on north slope than any other, in natural wooded country with rather plentiful rainfall, that bushes needed no pruning outside that given first two seasons, and that 15 feet apart would be liberal distance for planting, that moist soil with plenty of humus was desirable, and usually a rather clayey soil. We believed that Western Oregon, perhaps Wash- ington, would be an ideal filbert country and asked for information. And now. since this conjecture seems well founded, we hereby request readers in the coast district anywhere from San Francisco north to Puget Sound, who have experience with filberts, to please tell us something about yield, cost of production, usual price and commercial success gen- erally. Furthermore our opinion is that where these would do well, thev would be a wonderfully fine crop to grow in wooded hilly country far from the railroads, where hauling charges are heavy. Nuts keep well, labor charges are low, hauling ex- pense small and price high. Few- money crops suit such locations, but nuts, if they do well, are good. .\nd the Angara goat is still a better pros- pect, and a proven one, for such situations. TREE WASH FOR RABBITS Squirrel destruction by poison, fumigation and otherwise has often been told of. Rabbits also do much damage frequently to young trees by gnawing the bark and whitewash con- taining tallow can be used against them. The following wash is also recom- mended by the United States Depart- ment of .Agriculture as being very ef- fective aerainst them. Unslaked lime. 20 pounds; flowers of sulphur, 15 pounds; wafer, 50 gallons. Tree wounds should be covered by wax or paint. If the trees are girdled, bridge grafting can be done to make con- nection between upper and lower barks. Poison for rabbits has been pre- pared by the Colorado Agricultural College as follows: Cut a slit in an apple and insert powdered strychnine, the right amount being what the tip of a knife blade will hold; close the slit and wine the apple to remove the bitter drug on the outside. Scat- ter the poisoned bait through the orchard at the base of the trees. HOW TO SHOOT GOPHERS One way to kill gophers which is not bad at all is suggested by a reader. It consist fundamentally of a boy, a shotgun and a shovel. The proposition is to go around with the shovel and uncover all the gopher holes that can be found, digging them back a foot or so. The gopher soon finds that the hole has been disturbed and comes back to fill it up. The boy. or man. meanwhile is making the round of the field, giving the gophers at each hole, or set of holes, time to find out what has been done. When he makes the rounds a second time, he is pretty sure to find some of the gophers at work filline up the holes and can shoot them. Those that have been filled up in his absence he can open aeain and either take his chance at catching the gopher the next round or wait a few minutes until the ponher comes back a second time. The plan is said to be verv effective, qs is noison and poisonous fumes, when rightly operated. IrrigationMachinery PUMPS-MOTORS^ENGINES Pumping Plants Installed and Guaranteed for One Year. Send for Our FREE 72-page Book on "Irrigation." Elxpert Engrinecra. Three Stores to Serve You. CALIFORMA HYDBAULIC ENGINEERIPiG & SUPPLY CO. 72 Fremont St., San Francisco. 38 S. Briar St., Llndaay. AMERICAN PUMP CO., 1S7 No. iMm Anicclea St.. L.oa Anicclcs STRAWBERRY PLANTS Sturdy, strong and larffe bearine pUnta, only healthy vari^ea aolo. ready market. Millions o( plants, every plant suaranteed true to name. NEW CAT;y.C>GUE FREE J. A. Bauei J .1 Judionia, Ark Strawberry Spec>«liM--E«. I860. Hammond's — 1915 Comprehensive Atlas of the World Follow the Krcat armlcn— keep pouted on the war nltuatlon— every home ahoald contain one of thenr wondcrfnl ready reference atlaae*. 260 pages containing four color maps of every nation — every State In the Union — a complete History of the Panama Canal — latest censu.-; report of Cities in the United States and the World, etc., includ- ing statistics of Nations not pub- lished in any other atlas — hand- somely cloth bound on a heavy grade of flrst-class book paper. Re- tails at book stores for $2.00. OUR OFFER — For a limited time, or while the present supply lasts, we win mail this wonderful atlas, including a year's subscription, to any address for }1.00. MAII, THIS COUPON TO-UAY. ORCHARD AND FARM. HKARST BLDG.. SAN FRANCISCO CAt..i Enclosed find $1.00. for which mall me one copy of HAM- MONDS COMPREHENSIVE AT- L.AS, including one year's aub- scrlptloji to ORCHARD AND FARM, and oblige. Yours truly. NAME ADDRESS Orchard and Farm Hearst Hidtr., San Franrhro. ORCHARD AND FARM 11 How I Grew My Prize Potatoes By Wilbur Purrington, Sebastopol Agricultural Club The foIIOTrIng; aconnt is a com- panion story to that of last month by David Snyder of Esparto, who obtained best results In the pin; Krowlne contest of his high school ag^rlcnltural club. Wilbur Purrlnie- ton had the best results in ^on-ing potatoes In his clnb, eettlng «HVx bushels from a quarter acre, mak- Ingr 9«6.73 net profit. Perhaps still better results mli^ht have been secured nith slightly differ- ent methods, and E. H. Grnbb, the potato authority of the United States, now a resident of Califor- nia, obligingly suggestM some of these methods. Other potato growers please note. tatoes that were ill-shaped or slightly scabby went in a pile by themselves- There were very few small ones- Out of 4,100 pounds only 240 pounds went for the pigs. I sold about 650 pounds of the ill-shaped or scabby ones to the merchants at different times and therefore got different prices for them. My entire crop amounted to 4,110 pounds- I sold my entire crop for $75.25. Out of this I cleared $66.75. Early in February, my father plowed an acre tract of land lying somewhat on the side hill, intending to plant cherries in it. It had been Comments by Eugene H. Grubb. Your young potato grower should have used formalin to germicide his seed potatoes and the seed should have been planted whole. Mr. Osborne was wrong about the best kind of seed. Potatoes should Boys In Potato Growing Contest In Fort Bragg Potato Field. cleaned of redwood, tan oak and pepper wood. I informed him that I wanted some land for a club con- test of the Analy Agriculture Club. I did not know what it was to be. Father said that I could have part of this for my plot of land. About the 10th of March, I was informed that we were to grow pota- toes. I got a sack of Sunrise po- tatoes from my father. He was go- ing to plant the rest of the acre in potatoes for himself. He mixed up a half barrel of bluestone in water. I dipped all the potatoes for the privilege of dipping my own. He had plowed and worked the ground, once in the middle of February and again on the 10th of March. The potatoes were somewhat shrunk, so I cut them in half, cutting the blossom end in half. On the 14th of March I rowed off the ground and planted my potatoes between the tree rows. In about three weeks they were about two inches high- 1 went oveV the patch with a hoe and repfanted the missing hills. In this way I got a perfect stand. I then cultivated them and hoed them at short periods after school and on Saturdays. Early in July I dug a hill and took them to try to sell my entire crop. Mr. Os- borne, who was the first person to bring the Sunrise seed into the Graton community, advised me to wait until the vines had died down and then dig them for seed, as there was a large demand for the Sunrise seed last year. He agreed to take the seed potatoes for two cents a pound. On the 20th and 21st of July I dug the potatoes out of the soft earth with my hands. In this way I didn't bruise any and cause them to rot. In the soft earth it was no trick at all to dig them. The only trouble with this way was to cause my finger tips to become sore. As most of the hills were large and the potatoes nice, smooth potatoes, most of them went for seed. The po- not be fully ripe for seed. They should be harvested when they begin to ripen- Master Wilbur Purrington should be very higlily commended for his persistence and success. The boys and girls so often excel their parents in all endeavors. (Through conversations with Mr. Grubb, through the study of his book, and by observations and study else- where, we have been much inter- ested in the possibilities of improve- ment in potato culture and oppor- tunities for profit, and hope before long to give some interesting potato facts, though we will not promise to do so. Other winners in Boys' Potato Growing Contests in California last year were: Grant Cornell, VVatson- ville, one-quarter acre early potatoes, 31 bushels, $38.65 net profit; Harry Huffman, Chico, one-quarter acre po- tatoes, 71.7 bushels, $41.17 net profit; Alfred Jackson, Morganhill, one-quar- ter acre early potatoes, 750 pounds, $20.55 net profit; Harold Longe, Ne- vada City, one-eighth acre potatoes, 1,950 pounds, $32.32 net profit; Will- iam H. Martin, Grass Valley, one- tenth acre potatoes, 1,950 pounds, $36.75 net profit; Oscar Olsen, For- tuna, one-eighth acre potatoes, 3,017 pounds, $38-45 net profit; Raymond Walsh, Fort Bragg, one-quarter acre potatoes, 2,722 pounds, $30.99 net nrofit. — Editor.) Land that is rolling is better for grain farming than level. The drift- ing winds seem to suck along the ground and a knoll or hill will inter- rupt this suction and cause the snow and soil to lodge, thus leaving a mulch which is very beneficial to the next crop. While if a field is level it will be swept clean all the way across. Neither will land that is roll- ing burn or fire a crop as quickly in seasons of extreme heat and drought. — .\ Wyoming Farmer. SPRAYER Plant Right— Spray Right These are two-thirds of success. Whether spraying potatoes, vegetables, fruits or a small orchard, use an Acme Compressed Air Sprayer. This 3-gallon galvanized, riveted and double soldered ACME Compressed throws any spray in a mist-like spiral. Has a sulid brass, non-corroding, non-clogging nozzle. Empties on ^ one charge of air. Brass extension ■- ' ' ' rod for tree spraying. Tested to 6o ft , pounds pressure. U Send for Acme Catalog The Acme Hand Potatc H the labor of planting:. It is one style o( the 400.0 0 0 Acme Planters now in use. Many other .Acme „ Sprayers and ' V. -"- Planters are shown in our catalOK. If you can't sec Acme Koods at your dealer's, pick out what you want and we will supply you. Get catalog today. POTATO IMPLEMENT CO. 324 Front St.,Traverse City.Mich. yt^JBEI^^BLE lighting "i^^i|Si The Thomas A. Edison Electric House Light Plant will make your home more comfortable, safer, more attractive to your friends — will keep the young folks at home — will operate many other utilities and utensils, as well as the lights — and the cost is much less than you have imagined. In fact, the cost per candle-power hour is less than that of any other reliable sys- tem. If you use the MARK ELECTRIC UGHT PLANT The Edison is not only the most reliable of all house- lighting systems, but it is AB- SOLUTELY reliable and re- duces Fire Hazard. The Edison Storage Battery is guaranteed to be capable of developing full rated capacity at the end of four years, and in actual expe- rience it will exceed and out- live this guarantee. The Edison is the only nickel-iron, alkaline battery (no lead or acid). Five simple rules are all you need to fol- low. No complicated instruc- tions because there is no ne- cessity of periodic testing, no taking to pieces for cleaning, no annual renewal of plates and parts, etc. It has no "bat- tery troubles." Write for Catalog R EDISON STORAGE BATTERY SUPPLY CO. 441 Golden Gate Ave. SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES SEATTLE PORTLAND jj FILL OUT AND MAIL ii THIS COUPON. TO-DAY g I Ekiison StoraCT Hattery Supply Co., 441 GoldeD Gate Ave., San Fr&acisco. C^. Send me Catalog R. O.A.F. If information regarding complete planta » wanted, CHECK HERB ir7 □ rLigM Weight 1 Cushman Engines ^ForAllFamWork . 12 ORCHARD AND FARM A Review of Grafting Methods I wonid like to know something about grraftlng in general; of vine* aa well aa cltrtiM and deciduous trees. There neeniH to be a difference of opin- ion among men In the same locality aw regards the different methods and time of year of doiuRT the work. Can yon give nie any Information on the sub- ject, particularly on grape vinex, as I wl«h to make a change to avoid dig- ging up vines, if grafting can be done auccessfully} — G. F., Loomis, Cal, The subject of grafting has been so often written about and described that it is difficult to know where to , begin or where to end with such a subject (except root grafting of vines, which makes a very definite thing to describe.) Grafting, of course, is a bringfing together the parts of two plants so they will unite and become one, the top, or producing portion, being usually of one variety, and the root or branch supplying food to the top, another. Grafting ordinarily is done early in Root Graft for Vine. Two Cleft Grafts. spring, or soon before the sap begins to flow and leaves and blossoms break out. It can be done either earlier or later. That answers one portion of your question. Generally the scions, or the portions to be grafted on roots or branches, are re- moved from parent plant when very dormant and kept in damp sand, or other material, so that they will re- tain their vitality, until the time for grafting comes. There are a number of ways of uniting scion and stock. All call for the bringing into contact the cam- bium layer, as it is called, of both stock and scion. This cambium layer is the inner and growing part of the hark, close to the wood. Sap flows from stock into scion, the wounds heal and the two become one. Graft- ing is done in such a way that scion and stock are brought firmly into contact, the union usually being covered with cloth, wax or other ma- terial so that it will not dry out, be caused to decay by standing water, or broken off or otherwise destroyed. In some kinds of grafting the union is made in such a way that stock or scion need not be tied together or otherwise protected, but in most cases wax, string and cloth are needed as protection from air and moisture. There are many kinds of grafting wax. Two pounds of mutton tallow, two pounds of beeswax and four pounds of resin, melted together, make a good wax. This is applied warm enough to be handled nicely and hardens when cold. To keep the wax warm in the orchard, the vessel containing it can be kept in hot water. One of the common grafts, es- pecially when the stock is of fair size, or larger than the scion, is the cleft graft. It is made by slitting the stock and inserting at the edge a scion cut wedge shape so that the barks of the two will come in con- tact all along. Remember that the point of contact desired is on the inner edge of the bark, not the outer edge, and to insure contact some place, it is often advisable to slant the scion somewhat so that the cambium layers of the two will cer- tainly come in contact some place. As an insurance two scions are usually put in, one on each side of the cleft, and if both grow, the weaker can be removed. The cleft is then usually covered with wax and the scions tied in place. The scion is usually about four inches long, containing three or four buds. There are also whip grafts, wedge grafts, saddle grafts, bark grafts and side grafts and other kinds, some of which are explained bv the illustra- tions. A very sharp knife is needed for grafting, and clean, straight cuts. By cutting a few sample grafts, as shown in the illustrations, proper methods can be soon understood. Whip grafts and wedge grafts are used when stock and scion are of a size. Working Over Grape Vines. Grafting over grape vines at the roots to change varieties is often done, and grubbing up vines and re- planting them to change varieties is not thought of this grafting is done in early spring, March being one of the best months, though the scions should be cut earlier. If a graft fails, another attempt can be made in lower, sound wood early in .August when the sap has ceased flowing, or in the following spring. The earth is removed from the vine down to the lateral roots and the top sawed off squarely a few inches up, preferably when the grain of the wood is straight. The cleft in which the scion in inserted is often made so that it will not extend clear across the stump and the scion is inserted in the usual way. It is better to cut off the top of the vine some time before, and not immediately before, grafting. The scion in this case is cut long enough so that the top bud projects above the surface of the Shield Graft and Whip Graft. ground. More care is needed in this grafting to see that barks of stock and scion make a good, smooth, clean union than in grafting deciduous trees above ground, as the wood of the grape root is usually rather un- evenly grained. The cleft and cut surface of stock and scion can be covered with a mixture of clay and cow manure and if they unite well the wounds will heal over soundly, or only good, loose soil can be used as a covering. It is rather difficult to get a good stand and there are a number of details to be careful about. A circular on the subject by Pro- fessor F. T. Bioletti can (we believe) be secured on request from the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, Cal. This Light Weight Cushman Truck is so handy for all Eower work, o light a boy can pull i around from job job, yet it easil_ handles all work up r_ri_,_^-^.,«o„„ to 4 or 4>^ H. P. »»<>»». Runs at any speed desired, speed changed while running. Pump circulation to water tank prevents overheating, even on all- day run. All Cushman Engines are Throttle Governed— Steady and Quiet No jerky, explosive hit-and-miss running. They are the most useful engines for farm work, as they do everything the big fel- lows do and bo many jobs big engines cannot do. May be attached to binders and other machines aa power drive. Equipped with Schebler Carbur- etor and Friction Clutch Pulley. Not ■ chup en- gine, but cheap in 8 H. P. thelonrrun. Sizes 2C»ll»d.r 4 to 20 H. P. [WLSaoiba. Engines Distrib- uted from Pacific. Coast centers. Write for free En- gine Book. CUSHMAN MOTOR WOUKS Buy it now Don't buy what you don't need, but buy what you do need, now. It will put thousands of idle men at work who are suffering this Winter. SAMSON SIEVE-GRIP ARE BETTER TRACTORS Will do more work than four good horses and costs less to maintain. Just Think What You Can Do with our 4-horse pull tractor. It plows. It cultivates. It will raise 600-700 gallons of water per minute 25 feet. Ask us all about it. Samson Iron Works Stockton, Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM 13 BEES ARE NOT POISONED BY SPRAYS There has long been a belief, that spraying blossoms with arsenate of lead or other poisons would kill the bees that visited the blossoms after spraying in their search for honey. Professor C. W. Woodworth of the University of California has con- ducted some careful investigations in the Pajaro valley, which are related by him in "Gleanings in Uec Culture," showing that this fear is groundless, that the spraying can be done at the time best for codlin moth control, and that the bees can visit the blossoms without injury. A colony of bees from the univer- sity at Berkeley was shipped to Wat- sonville and placed in the midst of a 40-acre apple orciiard at Watsonville just before a heavy spraying with ar- scnlcals was given. After being kept there for some time without appar- ent injury to the bees, the hive was shipped back to Berkeley and kept closed until a number of the bees were dead. These were taken out and a considerable amount of arsenic was found upon them, but it was all on the outside, coming there by con- tact, as would dust or powder of any kind. No internal arsenic was found and the arsenic apparently had noth- ing to do with their deaths. There was likewise no trace of arsenic in the honey gathered by the bees from the blossoms sprayed with arsenicals. The right idea is to spray when the blossoms need it. Keep bees if con- venient to poUinize tlie blossoms, but do not worry al)Out the effect of the spraying on them. WHITEWASH FOR TREES. Whitewash is an excellent protec- tion to the bark from both sunburn and borers. It is particularly valu- able for young trees, as after trees reach a good size the branches gen- erally become sufficiently large and the foliage sufTiciently thick to shade the bark and prevent the injury that the h«t sun would otherwise do. The best time to apply the white- wash is in the early spring, or be- fore the sun has become too hot and yet at a time when the danger of heavy rains washing off the lime is passed. It is not well to delay too long or the sunburn may occur in clear wether between rains. There are dozens of whitewash re- ceipts, all with merit, some more durable than others, and a durable whitewash is generally to be desired. For fruit trees a whitewash can be made by the addtion of tal- low, which is durable and also a protection against rabbits. Such a wash can be made with 30 pounds of , lime, four pounds of tallow and five pounds of salt. The salt is dis- solved in the water used in slaking the lime and the tallow added to the hot mixture, which is thinned to the desired quality before using. Spoiled fat or grease of any kind can be substituted for the tallow and the amount can be increased if de- sired. If there is danger of attract- ing animals by the salt, it can be left out. The heaviest tyne passenger loco- motive has approximately one square inch of braking surface to each 227 pounds of feight. One of the leading makes of moderate priced touring cars hns four separate brakes, total- ing 27ri .square inches and giving a square inch of braking surface to each 10 pounds of weight. Kangaroo hunting by automobile has proved i big success in Australia, where l-angaroos are often a serious pest Owing to their speed, the auto- mobile is the only thing that a man can use to pursue them profitaltlv. JOHNS- UANYILLE n SERVICE ONE Firm Service Guarantee li^^v back of every C0VERS^k4i* © J-M Automobile Accessory THECONTINENrVv; AS an automobile owner and as a user of 'LjL automobile accessories you will surely be interested in this announcement. Now, for the first time, you are able to buy your accessories of one firm, with one service and one guarantee. The benefits of buying in this way are threefold: First, you have the reputation and financial stability of the H. W. Johns-Manville Company as an assurance that the accessory you buy is a product of proven excellence. Second, you have their guarantee that should any J-M Accessory prove unsatis- factory, they will make good. Third, you enjoy the advantage of buying from one of the largest distributors of automobile accessories in the world; therefore you get in extra value what they save in selling cost. Jones Speedometer ConlroMed by Centrifujial force which is HH absolute a.s the la« of gravitation Not atfected by age. use. changes in tempera- ture, altitude, vibration or electrnal in- fluences. Absolutely accurate at all times and under all conditions. Laige clock- faced dial with widely spaced figures makes it eao little has been said, that we herewith request any well borer v.ho knows of things left undone that ought to be done, or done that ought not to be done, in putting in casing, perforating it, in- stalling plant, developing water, or anything else, to do something for his country by telling an uiienlighte.icd public what they should know. This invitation is extended to owners of bored wells, whose experience would be valuable for others. (Continued from Pagre Three.) movement is any criterion, it is evident that best results, year in and year out, will be obtained by disposing of: Pink beans during April, May and June Barley during March, April and May Oats during April, May and June Wheat during .April, May and June Alfalfa hay during February, March and .\pril provided, of course, that warehouse charges, storage, depreciation and the like are not great enough to consume the difference in price offered at time of harvest — the period of lowest prices as a general thing — and that of the highest prices. For the products considered here this difference amounts to: .12 per 100 pounds for wheat, 2.04 per ton for alfalfa hay. BACK FROM CITY TO FARM (Continued from I'age Six.) Others already working on farms who iiave asked to be put in touch with good farm openings? Farmers claim they want men who arc interested and capable and who are trying to make good, and here is the chance to get those kind of men and give them a start at the same time. "Orchard and Farm" will put the thing to the test for a time by trying to put the man with the job in touch with the man who wants it. City land owners are but a part of the whole. There arc farmers who want some one who will take their place as they slack up on work; others who own several places; others who need responsible fore- men; others who want to sell and cannot, so wish to get some one to work tiieir places. By putting the right man in the right place, both are benefited. To the city man above we would say, "We would hesitate about put- ting you in charge of a place now, but your early farm experience, your interest and intention to make good, vour good record and experience as $.68 per 100 pounds for pink beans, .24 per 100 pounds for barley, .30 per 100 pounds for oats, from the three months' period of highest prices to the opposing three months' period of lowest prices. A determination of information for guidance in selling any farm product can be worked in a similar way. One should take about five years' quotations, selecting at least one quotation a week, preferably from the middle of the week, and the results correctly averaged. While the rule will not prove to be an absolute once since agricultural conditions are changing, a study of past conditions will at least shed a ray of light on what procedure it is in general best to follow. The accompanying chart graphically indicates by pictorial presentation the rise and fall of prices for barley and alfalfa, traced on five-year averages and serves as an easy means of presenting data of this sort. a skilled mechanic ought to insure your success, if you are the kind of man who can take responsibility, l-'irst get any kind of farm work, to get your hand in and work ahead from there." "How Did You Make Good?" And now, experience is ten times as good as advice. The advice that was given the "man up against it" must have been good, for there has been approval and no disapproval, but theory, theory, what does it amount to? If anybody wants to really help, he can help himself by making an opening for some of these men who write in (as a number have), and we can help by telling how he. as a farm lianti or as a mechanic in the city, or clerk in a store, broke in on the farm and made good. An experience or >o will be given the place of highc^t honor in "Orchard and Farm" and do more good than all the advice in ex- istence. The merits of quassia chips a> a material to make a contact spray are advocr.ted in a recent bulletin of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In action the spray can be compared with nicotine sprays. It has bcin used mostly for hop aphis. The Inil- letin indicates that if quassia chips are 75 per cent quassiin, as some are, three pounds of chips and three pounds of whale oil soap would make 100 gallons of the spray at a cost "f only twenty-four cents. Use Power onYour Farm Save HonexlluscleandTime Think what the possession of a powerful engine means to the farmer. Add to that the advantage of having an engine that will do all your field work and pull a great load as well, and that can be taken under Its own power where you need It, and you will see what the SANDUSKY Tractor can do for you. With at least fifteen tractive horse power and thirty-five at the pulley, it Is large enough for all farm work, yet weighs less than S.ono pounds. It will t;ike the place of five good teams In your farm work. DON'T DEPEND ON HIRED HELP ^l?h*ISrVATi^[fs{^l"y*o°uTa'n"'y'S,Ts work yourself. You have all the help you need when you need It most, and you will not lose money through scarcity of farm labor or the uncertainty of horses. Tour tractor will do more work than these teams, require less care and cost less In the first place as well as for operation. It will give you power to sell to your neigh- bors and to work the roads. It will do your farm work In less time and with less effort, and Its life Is more certain and its power more available than with horses. With the SANDUSKY Tractor you need no other {-riglne on the place. Farm With Power Cheaper Tht Hone* TRACTOR THE LITTLE FELLOW WITH THE BIO PULL For ten years we have been manufacturing tractors, and the SANDUSKY Is a pro- nounced success. Of the right size for general farm work. It has been tested out on many farms and its value proven. We subject our tractor to farm tests before ship- ment and there is Nothing Experimental About It Its patented four-cvUnder, slow speed motor will develop enormous power It may be throttled down to 150 revolutions and run at any speed needed. Automatic governor control. Built for heavy duty, but runs economically on light service. It Is easily understood, simply built and requires little care. A boy can run it. Four plows, the harrow and the tractor can be operated by one man and will till an acre an hour, better, deeper, and faster than five teams can. WRITE FOR DEMONSTRATION OFFER AND FREE BOOK Try the SAXDUSKY on your own farm before buying. Our free book. "Power on the Farm," tells of our offer to demon- strate it to Intending buyers and has a great deal of Informa- tion of value to you. Write for It now. THE DAUCH MANUFACTURING CO., 224 WATER STREET SANDUSKY. OHIO ORCHARD AND FARM 19 Proper Pruning Essential for Olives To "Orchard and Farm"': To ail who are in any way interested in olive growing, or are considering starting of trees, cither as border rows sur- rounding citrus orchards or la blocks, the following is submitted: The first tree in bearing inspected by the writer was of the Alission va- riety, past twenty years old. The im- pression was anything but favorable, as the tree was simply a conglomerate mass of entangled limbs, branches, twigs and leaves, with very limited amount of berries of no commercial value. I was informed by the owner that olive trees needed no pruning, had never been pruned, and had not proved a source of revenue. The trees consisted of a border row for one of the oldest citrus groves to be found in central California and had received very little attention in any way. Permission being given to prune the trees according to our own convic- tions, a general lightening up was given from bottom to top and all su- perfluous growth removed from trunk. We removed no limbs over one inch in diameter — simply relieved the trees of a superabundant growth of smaller branches and fruit bearing twigs. This was done in spring just before blooming. The trees received no spe- cial care in any other way, were irri- gated three times and lightly culti- vated following each irrigation. The same year of pruning many trees required heavy props (two by four scantling) to prevent breaking from excessive burden. This was in the spring of 1911 and each year since there has been a repetition of the above conditions, the berries were well formed, perfect in every way, and commanded a good price. So much for the older trees. Now follows a phenomenal increase in yield on younger trees pruned in the same manner as described, with one exception, that many trees re- quired the removal of larger limbs. Some trees had from one-third to one- half of the larger limbs removed — not topped or cut back, but removed bod- ily. Those trees are border rows through and around extensive citrus holdings of the Dry Bog Orange Com- pany of Stratlimore, Tulare county. California, J. P. Firth part owner and manager. Up to 1912 those trees had received no attention in the way of pruning. Conditions compared favorably with the first mentioned trees, but they had received reasonably good care. Other- wise, the soil was alluvial, ranging in depth from 1.5 to 60 feet. Irrigation was given the same as citrus trees, at intervals of from five to six weeks. The application of water was liberal, but the trees had been fertilized in no way. The first pruning was done in the spring of 1913 and again in 1914, but the second pruning was not so heavy, rare being taken to leave a sufficient number of the long, willowy, droop- ing twigs evenly distributed through- out the entire lower part of the tree, fruit branches two years old being left, all older ones taken out. Following is the crop for three years, showing the wonderful increase following pruning: 19r3. 4.50 jiounds; 19i:! fthc vear of first pruning), 5.995 pounds: and in 19l4, after the second pruning, 18,500 pounds, showing a net gain of 18,050 pounds, or nine tons. The fruit was perfect and all was used for pickling. The fruit ripened early ,nn| the entire cro'i was gathered be- fore danger from frost. Mr. Firth refused an offer of $150 per ton from the Tulare Canning Company, using the entire crop on the- ro-operntive plan. 1 he varieties are Mission and Man- zanillo. the former predominating. The trees range in age from two to eight years, are vigorous and healthy, being entirely free from disease. Pruning of the olive is very intri- cate and serious mistakes may easily be made and the pruning should not be attempted by a novice. (Our opin- ion is that it had better be attempted by a novice than by an experienced pruner who has been doing things wrong. The novice has a chance to learn and hit on the right thing — the other man will go it wrong and will not learn. — Editor.) It is not the intention to convey the idea that pruning alone was responsi- ble for results noted, but the evidence is strongly in its favor. Proper care will guarantee abundant crops and berries of high standard. Note by Editor. E^rly in December while the crop was being picked we visited this last named place and can vouch for the fact that the yield was extremely heavy, though naturally no figures were available at that time. VVe esti- mated the yield of partly picked trees by the weight of full lug boxes under them and by the amount of berries left on the tree and no $150 per ton was needed to make the trees a gold mine. A moderate portion of the increased jield ought to be attributed to their approaching full bearing age, but a very large amount has to be credited to pruning. Enough well pruned olive orchards can he found to prove that proper olive pruning pays big divi- dends. TRY FIG PRUNING. The lig is a tree ordinarily little pruned after it has formed its head and gotten a start, although nearly all recent developments indicate that all fruit trees are invigorated in growth and production by wise prun- ing. Just a glance at a fig tree in winter as it stands bare with branch- es and twigs crowding one another and making a vmass of brush suggests strongly the need of a little experi- mentation, provided the fig grower is' not already convinced of the need of some thinning out and cutting back. On one of the largest and best Smyrna orchards in California the practice is to create a new head to a fig tree every few years, as it is found that the figs decrease in size in the course of time, so all of the branches except one, which is needed as a safety valve for the sap flow, are re- moved. Such vigorous growth fol- lows the cutting that the following year the new branches are ready to produce well and the remaining branch can be cut off and renewed. The increased growth naturally re- sults in a stronger tree and finer, larger figs. The practice stands greatly su- perior to the let alone practice, but in theory it seems similar to a plan of dehorning of peach or apricot trees semi-occasionally in place of annual systematic pruning. Nearly all fruits deteriorate in size, yield and quality without pruning. Figs certainly do. It seems more than likely that mod- erate annual pruning would be as good for them as for any other fruit, so likely, in fact, that it is well worth trying on a few trees in every orchard or in every block. After the immense yield of last summer it should be es- pecially well worth trying this season. A special circular of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture on Sorghum for Forage in the Cotton Belt may prove instructive to persons in any part of the country who usually plant some of this crop. It's strange how much more a gown costs than a dress used to. A sunny face is worth more than much money. intheorcharcl The Yuba Ball Tread Tractor is the ideal tractor for orchardists. With it, a man can plow up one row and down the next, throwing the earth to or from the trees. It can be turned in a space but a few inches wider than its length. The Yuba Ball Tread Tractor gives great power, yet is small enough to run close to the trunks and under heavily laden branches without injuring the trees. It is heavy enough to get ample traction, yet its weight is so evenly distributed over a large area that it does not pack the soil. i\ctor| BALL TREAD TRACTOR When not plowing or cultivating, the tractor can be used to operate irrigating pumps or other stationary appliances. It is an investment on which the owner gets maximum returns. And above all, it is economical, and simple — so simple that farmhands of aver- age intelligence operate the machine and make repairs or adjustments. There is a booklet describing its uses and construction fully. THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO. 433 California Street, San Francisco Works, Marysville, California I m 16 ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD anct R M I RRIOA.TIOrM VOL. 27 MARCH. I»13 >0. 3 I.HMued Monthly at Hpamt BnildlnB. San FrniieiHro. Cal. Country Lite Publlithlng: Co.. Pabllahers U. J. Whitney EWIItor U. W. Hill AdvertUlniE Manager Wm. Tyler Snilth--ClrfUlatton ManaKer Eantem Office t 'Wallace C. Rii-liardson tinc.) 41 Park Ro«. .\e"- Vork Middle West OlHce: James A. Buchanan. Marquette Bldg., Chicago SLBSCRIPTIO.N RATES. Bv subscription 50c per year, three Years for Jl.OO. . To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 24c per each year. Foreign, by subscription. 36c extra per eacli ^ ^5c per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the Postoffice of San Francisco, Cal.. under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. . Addres.'f all communications and make all payments to Country Lite Publishing Company, Hearst itnildtng. San Francisco, Cal. It is a fact, without anj doubt, that the editorial page of the ordinary paper is overloaded with opinions of the person who holds iorih upon it. He believes he has an audience and proceeds tvli« would like to gel lirood farjners to develop tlieir land, t have farmed most of my life. I prefer dairy and alfalfa farming, hut van do any- tiilni; on a fiiriii. If you could put lae in eonimiiiiication witli some of the eity land owuers, I would he very mueh obliged. X. Y. Z. Tlie above is just a sample of many sucli letters received. Every once in a while we meet a city man start- ing to devcloD his place, but very naturally, they hunt around and soon lind the man they want so that the jobs do not remain open. Our best suggestion would be to i)ut a clas- sified advertisement in this or some other high class farm paper, where it would reach not only city land own- ers, but many farmers who would have similar openings. We hope that following the appearance of the let- ter and comments in another column from a city man wanting to get back to the farm some very effective way will open up to help both parties. FI,OW FROM RESERVOIR — I am building a reservoir to bold 27S.OO0 Kallons of water, which will be dis- tributed on checks through a cement pipe line, the end of which will be ::,000 feet from the reservoir. What slxc of pipe will be necessary to empty the reservoir In five hours and also in ten hoursf The l>ottom of the reservoir Is a few inches above the hlgliest outlet In the pipe line. — K. S., San Reriiartlino, C'ai. Answer by Prof. B. A. Etcheverry, University of California. In order to give you a .satisfactory answer to the above it ' would be necessary for nie to know the de- mensions of the reservoir, especially the depth and the grade of the pipe line. The reservoir holds 275,000 gallons or 36,000 cubic feet, or the equivalent of an acre of land covered with a depth of water of 10 inches. To empty this reservoir in five hours would require an average flow through the pipe of 900 gallons per minute. This would require a total difference in elevation l)etween the water level at the inlet of the pipe and at the outlet, the pipe being 2,000 feet long, of eight feet for a 12-inch pipe; about 3}^ feet for a 14-inch pipe and 1.6 feet for a 16-inch pipe. To empty it in ten hours in- .stoad of five hours, using the sizes of pipe given above, would require half of the corresponding difference in elevations given above. However, the flow through the pipe will not be reg- ular, because the water level at the in- let would be decreasing as the, water was driven out. It would probably be safe to assume the average elevation at that obtained when the reservoir is about one-quarter empty. FIGS FROM SUCKERS — Last year I set out some suckers from Rlack Mis- sion fig trees to plant in orchard this year. Some people say they sometimes produce white, worthless fig (they call them here male figs), but the trees from which it took the suckers are grown from suckers and are big, good trees. I know tigs should be grown from cuttings, but thought sulekers would be a quicker way. — H. J. H., Woodland, Cal. The idea that trees from suckers will sometimes grow into so-called ■'male trees" is ridiculous. In con- t'lrmation of this we referred the mat- ter to G. P. Rixford of the U. S. De- ])artment of Agriculture, the recog- nized fig authority. He states that there might be an objection to fig suckers for propagation on the ground that the resulting trees might possibly sucker more than trees from cuttings, but they would come just as true to type as did the trees you speak of. It is also doubtful if you gained anything to speak of in time by using suckers, as a cutting will grow rapidly if things are in its favor nad be ready for transplanting the following sprmg. Air. Rixfoid advises taking cuttings from the ends of branches and planting them so only the tip is above the ground. The cut at the lower end should be made at a node, or joint, where the wood is solid, rather than between joints, where it has a large pith. CANARY BROOM AS A WEED — The plant of which the inclosed twig is a hrauch is spreading over my ranch in putclies. Would like to know what it is and how to destroy it.— F. B., Bloom- tield, Cal. The sample showed small leaves and small yellow blossoms, like the broom, or like the legumes, or pea, bean and clover group of plants. It was submitted to Prof. H. M. Hall of the department of botany of the .University of California, who stated: "The specimens are from the plant known as Canary Island Broom (Cytisus canariensis). It is the same thing that florists often carry under the name of Genista, but the true Genistas belong to another genus of plants. The Canary Island Broom is a perennial shrub (lives from one year to another) and I have never before heard of its giving trouble as a weed. The only method of eradi- cation would be to dig it up, cutting well beneath the surface, and at the same tinie to provide against the re- seeding of the land." (That method of killing plants is the natural method of attack with nearly every- thing, though there are exceptions. A few plants can survive when cut off well below the surface of the ground before they have matured seed, but most cannot. — Editor.) COMPOSITION OF FEEDS — Please tell .me the ratio between the protein and the carltoliydrates in the following list: Barley, blackeye beans, wheat, wheat bran, meat scraps and cocoanut meal. — L. H. M., Adelnida, Cal. According to analyses made by Professor M. E. .Taffa of the Univer- sity of California the percentage content of protein, fat and carbohy- drates in the foods you name, is as follows: Car- Pro- bohy- tein. drates. Fat. Barley (rolled) 10.55 68.79 2.83 Beans 22.50 55.30 1.80 Wheat 11.85 70.41 2.03 Wheat bran 14.05 57.34 3.60 Beef scraps 58.00 1.38 16.14 Cocoanut meal 19.51 42.13 1Q.40 To figure out the value of fat mul- tiply the amount by 2%, and the re- sult will be equivalent to the carbohy- drates which might take its place in fuel value. For example, 10.40 per cent of fat in cocoanut meal means the equivalent of eleven times 2]4. or 33.40 per cent. This added to the 42.12 per cent of real carbohydrates makes 65.53 per cent, against 19.5 per cent protein. The ratio is, therefore, 1 to 3.35. We have not the composition of blackeye beans, but for practical pur- poses one bean can be substituted for another without making much of a mistake. Just taking the list as it stands it can be considered that bar- ley and perhaps wheat are a little high in carbohydrates for the amount of protein they contain, while the others are high, some of them very high, in protein for the amount of carbohydrates they contain. A Dreadnaught in Sprayers —such is our "Dreadnaught" Duplex Power Sprayer. It delivers a hurricane of death to orchard pests of all kinds for years and years, without a hitch. In a recent test a "Dreadnaught" — made just a8 we'd sell it to you — worked against 225 lbs. pressure for 800 hours, pumping a quarter of a million gal- lons, with no care except for lubrication and repacking. If wear had been taken up, the pump would undoubtedly have operated 2.000 to 3,000 hours. This test proves that with ordinary care the "Dreadnaught" should last ten seasons or more. Requires less than lJ4 H. P. to deliver rated capacity — 5.3 gal. per minute. Has heavy brass plungers, outside packed ; non- corroding; uses either rotary or reciprocating agitator; all parts accessible; width 18M in., length 22 in., height 18 in.— powerful, compact, durable. Ask your dealer to show you RELIABLE i — 50 kinds — hand, barrel, knapsack, pow- er — one for every purpose. All severely tested and fully guaranteed. Backed by 65 years* pump-making experience. Consultation on your requirements, free. Every machine fully describ- ed in our valuable free book, "HowTo Spray"— which covers thesubjectthoroughly. Your copy awaits you. Plan for a clean, healthy, profitable orchard now. Write us,,- / THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Largest Mfrs. of pumps for all purposes. Main Office and Works: Seneca Falls, N. Y, Branch Houses: Boston New York Chicago Atlanta Boas ton Itiile Stories of Success No. 4 C. B. Driver of Dinuba, has 350 acres of valley land, 220 acres of which are in bearing vineyard. He bought one of the first Baby Caterpillars made. "Yes," said Mr. Driver, *^the engine sure does good work, especially in plowing. use four plows and a harrow, plowing six to eight inches deep and sometimes ten. We take care of about 15 acres a day, working 9 hours. " In the winter Mr. Driver uses the Baby to haul manure and does other odd jobs, like moving a house. He figures the Baby will do his work about 20 % cheaper than horses or mules, even allowing for a sinking fund of 20% each year. As a matter of fact he has spent only $45.00 for repairs in the last two years. Mr. Driver's success is being repeated by other owners who know how well the Baby is suited to work on small farms. A\^e'll gladly give you the name of the one nearest you. r J A THE HOLT MFG. CO. (Incorporated) Stockton San Francisco Los Angeles JI«rA £xfiHhn$ — San Framhc* and San Dise» R.»US.IIUOII Don't May Caterpillar anUtt you mean Holt.' Morse's Garden Guide for 191$ is Just off the press. It's a book every one should have. MaUcd Free CC. AiORSE 6g CO m GARDEN-FIELD AND FARM 749 FRONT ST. SAN FRANCISCO jj^orsc^ccdsK ' both flower and vegetable ^9 are on sale everywhere— 2 they r re fresh and depend- able because fully tested before packed. 18 ORCHARD AND FARM Details of Home Butter Making There has been so much Interest xhown in story on "Home Butter Makins" In the January Issue, and so many questions reii^ardlnf? methods, that Mrs. Knight has consented to write the foIlowlnB description of the methods she so successfully follows: Cream separators can be had now at moderate prices, but however mod'etate, there still will always re- main those who cannot, for a time at least, afford to buy one. It is im- portant to every one to lose as lit- tle produce as possible while waiting ConTcnient Butter Worker. Dimensions, 2 feet on sides, 18 Inches across back, sides 6 Inches high. Square portion of worker — 2x2, 20 Inches long:. and this is one way of making the best of -things. Before we bought one we had four cows and I asked a dairy paper if they could tell me any way to get the most cream by raising: it the old fashioned way of setting in pans. This is what they said: "Set it for 36 hours" and in this manner: While the milk- ing is going on take the milk pans you will require to use and put them into a dish pan of boiling water. Leave them there till the milk is brought in, then set them out ready on your table or shelf and strain the milk into them. The warm pans do not chill the milk, giving it a good start to rise. (As we figure it, it would take a pretty chilly pan to cool the milk more than a very few degrees, but the dairy people ought to know: — Editor.) This next is my own idea of sifn- plifying matters and not trusting to memory. Label Your Pans. Have some tickets written for morning and evening of every day in the week, as "Monday mornmg," "Tuesday morning," etc. ■ Say you set your milk on Monday morning, label them all "Tuesday evening." I always clipped my tickets on with a clothes pin, the "snap" kind. This is all a little trouble, but easiest in the end when you are setting many pans. If you have good butter cows you will find the cream very thick and firm and easy to skim clean. Set it in a temperature of 50 to 60 degrees in a clean, well ventilated place free from any odors. When I used this system I kept an account of the quantity of milk I had and the butter I made and sent it to the dairy paper and they said I was losing very little by not having a separator and so I found as soon as we had one. The very first thing to Icarn about dairying is to BE CLEAN. Rinse all your utensils first in cold water and then finish them in hot. They wash far more easily so. Never wipe dairy things. Stand them around in the air and sun, if possible, to dry. An ordinary galvanized wash tub is a fin? thing: t« wash up in, as then you can wash the pails easily outside and in. How to Keep Your Cream. I always keep my cream in stone jars, mixing it altogether the night before churning in a cream can. Cans in which cream is kept constantly are apt to go rusty very soon on account of the acidity of the cream. Never mix your cream later than 12 hours before churning. Do not shut a lid on the can, just put a strainer over it, as this lets off all the cowy odors and makes the butter far sweeter. Have your cream at a proper temperature. To bring it to this in cold weather set your cream can into a larger vessel, into which pour boil- ing water. Cover it up good with a clean thick sack and then after a lit- tle while, according to the weather, open up and stir it well, put in your thermometer and leave it about five minutes. Read the temperature and if not high enough add more hot water and try it till it is right. Scald Your Churn Well. I use a barrel churn, as they are so easily kept clean and one can wash them so comfortably sitting down. Draw off the hot water from the churn, put in your cream and churn steadily 20 minutes to half an hour. After about two minutes open the churn and air it, and once again in about another ten minutes. Never fill your churn more than half full of cream, as the cream re- quires room to swish around and also increases in bulk before turning into butter. When the butter arrives it should be the size of grains of wheat and when rinsed it will increase in size to about like a filbert. Take out the peg from the churn, open the lid and draw off the buttermilk, put a strainer (one of the extension kind are best) over the pail you draw it into, as this prevents any small pieces escaping through the peg hole. Rinse the butter well twice, putting enough water in your churn to float it well. Be careful to use good clear water, that is to say. the best you can. I often strain mine through a cloth if it does not look very clear, as spring water will in rainy weather. It is easier than picking bits out of the butter. The Butter Worker. Now scald your butter worker well. I would say here that it is very easy to make one for yourself if there is any one on the place who can ' carpenter at all. The lever one is the one I use. Set the front leg in a dish pan. This avoids wetting the floor. The board and the lever must be of hard wood as, if not, other kinds soon fray and splinters get in the butter. I know plenty of people who do not consider a worker a necessity, but having tried both ways — with and without — I would say that the econ- omy of labor and the better work are worth the small sum it costs to buy the wood and make one. I.ay your butter out on your board and if you are not very experienced at judging weight, work it together and weigh it, then sprinkle one table- spoonful of salt into every pound of butter there is. Be sure to use a good dairy salt, one which has a bright crystal appearance. I use the Diamond Crystal and have always found it very clean and good. (It is unnecessarj' to sav that any standard brand of dairy salt can be com- mended.— Editor.) Keeo your salt in a clean place, as salt takes up odors. Work the butter over twice, then cover it up with some wetted sheets of butter paper and put over that the cloth you use to cover your worker. The Danish way with butter is to let it lay four hours and then finish it. but in this climate early morning The Strength of Stiletto Protect your pocket by using to the utmost the full protective strength of that word — JtILETTO— It is stamped on countless things you buy — Tools, Cutlery, Garden Implements, Farm Implements, Paints, Hardware — and everything so stamped is absolutely the very best of its kind — it is the stamp of Quality. '■$TILLI lO is to merchandise what the mint mark is to a coin — it is the sovereign symbol of value — a guarantee of worth. In all towns, large and small, wherever good goods are sold, you will find Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Towniend St, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. I Pt G. U S PAT orF. ZEROLENE 7ife mmAia> oiLmMcm cm The condition of your car after a term of service — its value in dollars and cents, is determined largely by the kind of lubricating oil you use. Zerolene lengthens the life of your car — keeps down depreciation by its efficient lubrication. Dealers every- where STANDARD OIL COMPANY is most suitable for dairy work, and it does it no harm to lay longer, that' is, till next morning. When you work it over five or seven times, sprinkling it freely with water all the time till the water runs down the board quite clear, by which 1 mean with no traces of buttermilk in it. I might say here in parenthesis that so much of the butter which does not keep good is simply from the reason that some of the butt«r- milk is still left in it and after a day or so the butter becomes very sour tasting and nasty. Spare no pains to get all the buttermilk out. Butter needs to contain a certain amount of water to make it a nice consistency and you will find that bv sprinkling freely while working it comes out about right. Make your butter up into the weights you re- quire with your butter pats and this ends your butter making. Possible Difficulties from the Butter Coming on Time. There may be several reasons for this. 1. The cream may be the wrong temperature. 2. Too much milk skimmed off into the cream, making it too thin. 3. Cows having been milking a Iohr Fruit and Ornamental For this season's planting we offer an unequaled col- lection of all that is best In citrus and deciduous fruit and evergreen trees, plants, vines, etc. We i^row every- thing that grows and guar- antee all stork to be true to name. Write us al>oul your plans and let us advise with you as to the most profitable sorts and these best suited to your locality. Our 30 years of experience will be of value to you. No charge for consultation. FANCHER CREEK NURSERIES _ Inc. Geo. P. Roedlnir. Pald-Pr Oupllil Pr«. nnd M^i. Jt^OO.rxiO Box 41 I'llK.SNO, TAI.. ORCHARD AND FARM 19 ime. Have your cows freshen at ifferent times. 4. It may be the kind of feed the ow is having — too high a per cent f water in it. Try to feed a prop- rly balanced ration. When people only keep one cow hey often have difficulty about the )Utter when she has been milking a ong time. You must raise the emperature up to 70 degrees and hen the butter will come all right. I have had people ask me what the rouble is when the cream all lumps n the lid and round the churn. That 5 when the cream is too cold. As it /ould waste it so to remove it to an- ther vessel to warm it, there is othing to do but put hot water to and this is a great pity, as it poils the color of the butter and, my mind, the flavor, so get your ream the right temperature. Add a ery little hot water at a time, as ften very little does it. If you find at any time upon look- ig in the churn that the butter has ome but looks a sort of spongy ap, the cream is too warm, so then ou must put in a little cold water to ause the butter to "grain" (form articles which it will when you have irned the churn a few times.) Keeping Cream in Hot Weather. Every one cannot buy an iceless Doler, any more than they can a parator. Before I had one I got ver the difficulty in this way. I set ly jars of cream and butter in a Ivanized tin bath, put on their lids pside down to avoid the "nobs," set good sized basin on each of them. It a cloth (commencing it in the isin) all round the iars, reaching ;arly to the bottom, filled the basins ith water, put some water in the ith and I had a dandy cooler of my own. I kept two sets of cloths, which I wrung out (one set one time and one another) in hot water when I was washing up, as things kept constantly wet are apt to smell musty. Care of Your Churn. Never keep water in your churn when not in use. Scald it out well when you have finished using it, leave the lid slightly open and you will find it will all sweet up good when you scald it again Before using, say for about a quarter of an hour. I think I have mentioned most of the things one wants to know about dairying, but as there may be a good deal more that some people wish to hear about I would recommend them to get a little book called "A. B. C. in Butter Making," by I. H. Marad, 173 Chambers street. New York City, price 50 cents. This is the book I learned a great deal from and I should say any publisher would get it for you. Many people, on the other hand, may think all this information on butter making very unnecessary and complicated, also a great deal of hard work and buying of utensils. It cer- tainly means a certain amount of labor, also as far as possible having convenient things to use. Saving of time is an important item in all our daily work and next to doing your work well comes doing it as quickly as possible so as to have time over to do something else. Buying necessary things to work with may be, to some people, a mat- ter of pinching and self-sacrifice, but the goal in view of being abole to produce the best article at the quick- est pace and make the best price, should be a strong incentive to all of us. MRS. R. S. KNIGHT. Santa Rosa, Cal. Fruit and Nuts to Fatten Hogs To "Orchard and Farm": We want tell you how we fatten hogs to kill, ^e feed them on milk from the parator until six weeks before kill- "g in a pen that we move over the mains that nuts are a fine thing to give flavor to meat, as are raisins and figs. It does seem strange, how- ever, that in raising hogs on alfalfa and skim milk as is done in irrigated districts, that a little grain is not fed all the way along, as well as before fattening. Experiments at the Uni- versity Farm, only a few miles from Woodland, showed that it was very advantageous to feed some grain to growing pigs, and this has been found true by many hog raisers. Nothing could be better or more interesting that such short letters as are given above. erkHhlre Sow, "May ((ueen of Unl- vcnlty Farm," Uavia, Cal. Ifalfa field. Then the last six weeks id one gallon full of California lack walnuts with any kind of fruit lat we have: grapes, pears, raisins, igs and ground barley for home use jnd the meat has a flavor that pays pr the feed and extra trouble. I One sow had 14 pigs. She could bt feed them all, so we took three ligs and fed them on cow's milk rom a bottle for the first five days, fien they ate separated milk from a |an. They are now four months old |nd will weigh 60 or 70 pounds. , By moving the pen on the alfalfa here the foxtail grass is, they cul- vate the alfalfa. Woodland, Cal. Oscar Scott. In certain other countries, or parts f this, as we understand it, certain inds of nuts are fed to animals and oultry for a limited period before lauphtering, simpiv on account of le delicious flavor the nuts give to ie meat. Whether it was done in lis case on account of the knowl- dge of results elsewhere, or whether le author of the above valued letter ■)und how good nuts were in improv- the quality of pork, the fact re- DEHORNING CALVES Many dairymen make a practice of dehorning their calves with caustic potash or soda. Others would if they ihoiight enough about it. Take the calf, say a few days old, scrape the button or skin over button where horns are forming until quite red, then apply the caustic. There is no need of getting it anywhere else than on the button, as a very small amount will kill the horn. However, the skin must be broken in order to be ef- fective. A certain dairyman has three heifers, one hornless, one horned, the other with one normal horn and the other showing flush with the skin but not projecting beyond it. These results were due to different degrees of treatment. The hornless heifer was first treated, but a friend drop- ping in when the second calf was being treated, objected to the amount of irritation of the skin over the but- ton, saying that the treatment was too severe and cruel. The owner, there- fore, let up somewhat, being new to the treatment, and as a result one horn was not afTected at all and the other only stunted to the amount in- dicated. The third heifer the friend treated with the result that the horns were not stopped, but grew as much as ever. Fom Geoj'^eWashin^lon /o Grover Clevelancf PURE IRON COFFIN NAILS UNHARMED BY RUST AFTER A HUNDRED YEARS ON the 6th of November, 1792, when George Washington had been elected President for his second term, one of the veterans of the Revolutionary Army was buried in the Cemetery at Fort St. Clair, Ohio. One hundred years later, within a day or two of the election of Grover Cleveland, this grave was opened. The nails which had been used in making the box were found to be as good as new. Chemical analysis showed that they had not rusted out because they were made of iron that was 99.83 per cent pure, — containing hardly more than a trace of Manganese, Sulphur and Copper. ARMCOri^ CULVERTS give service for an immensely long period, and this without any repairs or attention. It is because of their Lasting Quality, their strength and toughness and tlieir adaptabili- ty to the requirements of highway construc- tion and maintenince that road builders and engineers everywhere are now specifying Armco Culverts with the triangle trade-mark on every section, hook for this brand on the culverts that go into your highways. are made of iron even purer than these nails, every sheet or plate being guaranteed to be at least 99.84 per cent. Pure Iron, and the average actual purity being over 99.87 per cent. It contains altogether not more than 12 to 16 one-hundredths of one per cent, of Manganese. Sulphur, Copper and all the other impurities which cause steel and ordi- nary iron to rust in a short time to complete failure. Properly installed, these culverts TAtfre i« a manufacturmr in your oieinity. Write him* DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY OAKLAND, CAL. WAYNE, ILL. PERCHERONS At the GREAT CALL FORNIA STATE FAIR last September we WON every FIRST PRIZE competed for; also won CHAMPIONSHIP FOR BEST STALLION any age; also Premier Honors for the best group of five stallions any age. Our November consignment of Percherons is now at our Stables — the best that France produces. The unprecedented success of our business is due to the extraordinary quality of our stock ; careful, conservative manage- ment and perfect fulfillment of our obligations. STABLES: EMERYVILLE RACE TRACK OAKLAND, CAL. DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN CO. £0 ORCHARD AND FARM Great M Charcoal and Malleable Iron Range /SAINT, J LOUIS througbx Panama Crnia,^.^ A larpc shipment of Majestic Ranges recently went to Soutli America. They hold the honor of being the first to pass through the I'luuima Canal. But tliat honor i.sn't half so interesting to you as the causes which led up to it: — An exporter received orders from a firm in Chili to buy a quantity of ranges, the btit made in America. Many ranges were thoroughly investigated. The invest igationprovcdth.it the Majestic gives the most economical and longest ser- vice, and the best haking results and it was chosen to fill the order from Chili The Majostlc dors not comiTt'- (ii price Willi uny rniitrc. IissalcsiU i'i iul sciUly on quaJIUos which prove Ita economy In u*«. Its popularity Iti this country rests onlheBomul juoii fvll nir nn rffe<'ll*r nire for Knufflra at llclKtim hnrrx? 'i. 1 MJll ffOftlUK l>llrr» II riillun of iill'iilf:i liii;. IM-I'orr Ihrni nl nil liniPBi r«illril iMirlrj, niornlnic iiiiii 4'\ruliiffl anil rnrrolM, ■e^rnil tliiii-n ii i%relc. Witter Im lit^fore tlveiii at all fliiieN, In the niKive ration n rooiI onr, or earn > oil NiiicKCKt nii> Mililltluii iliaf ^tIII 4le>olop Kro%\lh niiil iielicht fanter than IhiK freil onl; t I'rna are IS Im-hea hlBh by 3 bjr 3 feet, dralnuse at back IhronKh arreen openlnur la floor, one Inch netllnic door In front J. U. Ii., Albany Cnl. Answer by Mrs. C. A. Richey, Los Angeles. Snuffles IS really a nasal catarrh, both infectious and contagious. The rabbits affected should be isolated from the healthy ones at once. The disease is caused by dampness and cold draughts. If not attended to at once, it requires a long and pa- tient treatment. Unless the rabbit is a valuable one. it docs not pay to Veep it. and one badly affected is not good to breed from, as she is likely to spread the disease even after you think she is well. The best plan is to kill the one badly affected and thoroughly disin- fect and clean all hutches and brooms ■used, as they will carry the disease to the other rabbits. To prevent a cold from getting as -far advanced as snuffles, get 10 cents worth of oil of amber and an ordi- nary machine oil can. such as is used lor sewing machines Put some oil in the can and when you sec the rab- ■bits sneezing pump one drop up each nostril. That is usually a cure. If ■not. it shows th.1t the rabbits are in .tn unhealthy condition. Rabbits as a rule are very hcaltliv -if kept clean and fed on feed that is entirely free from mustincss and ■dampness, but snuffles is the dread disease and must be treated seriously, or voti soon lose all vour rabbits. Your method of feeding is correct and your hutches arc also. Feeding the very young a little bran or rollecl oats helps them wonderfully, as the barley is hard for the little ones' tcctli. Boiled potatoes mashed with barley meal is fine. Don't feed any wet green stuff. It is often fatal. 1 give my nursing docs when I want specially large young, bread and milk every morning, but of course this docs not pay for market stock unless you have a cow and can get the skim milk free. If you are a beginner in the rabbit business you may have bought an infected doe. so you must have patience and watch carefully until you overcome the dis- ease, and, kept clean and dry, you will have no more trouble. You'll Freeze Fast to P. A. i Load up that old jimmy pipe or roll a cigarette with P. A., strike a match and let er flicker. P. A. won't miss fire or flare back, men I One puff, you've got steam up and you've got the full fragrance and flavor of |>RiNCE Albert the national joy smoke You'll vote it the one real tobacco. And when you find out you've smoked all day and all night and that your tongue and mouth and throat are just as unruffled and peaceful as a Sunday morning in the country, you'll freeze fast to P, A. for life. It used to be that pipe and ciga- rette tobacco without a saw edge was harder to find than hitching posts in the subway. But now that P. A., made by a patented process which takes out the bite, has rung down the curtain on tongue terror, you hear a lot 6f noise atmut no- bite tobacco. But there never was another tobacco just like P. A., and it only takes a ten-cent tidy red tin or a five-cent toppy red bag to sit in with a right to call. Stake yourself to a try-out-size package of P. A. and it's the dough- nut against the hole that it will be you for P. A. for pipe and ciga- rettes. Buy it in pound crystal- glass humidors for home and for office. It's the real joy jar. Also in pound and half-pound tin humidors at stores where they sell tobacca R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, Win«ton-SaIem, N. C HAND VS. MACHINE MILKING. .Milking machines arc rapidly in- creasing in use as they are becoming better known and particularly with those people who have the ability to work them properly. Regarding the proposition of hand vs. machine milk- ing. "Hoards Dairyman" has this to say to an inquirer: "Cows that have never been milked by hand but trained from the begin- ning to be milked by the mechanical milker are responding better to it than cows trained first to be milked by hand. In time, when men learn to operate the machine properly, and the cows have been trained from the beginning to machine milking, it is possible that the machine may become equ.ll to the good milker. "By this statement we do not wish it understood that cows milked by hand do not respond to machine milk- ing, for thev do, but heifers that have known no other method seem to ac- cept mechanical milking a little quicker "So far, good hand milking is su- perior to machine milking. But we can also state that machine milking will do better work than the average milker- Further, the milking machine is taking the drudgery out of the dairy business, and many dairy farmers who have competent help are installing the milking machine because it lessens the labor on the dairy farm and makes dairying more attractive. "There is no question in our mind but that the machine holds an import- ant position in dairv work, because it makes it possible for a man to milk a great many cows and with excellent results. Milking has been one of the hard jobs on the dairy farm. The milking machine makes milking as at- tractive as any other part of farm work." It is worth statine here that two of the most rapidly improving small pure- bred herds in California, one a Hoi- i stein, the other a Jersey, both owned | by men of little caiiital. who have to i do most of their own work, are milked I by machines. Both herds are making 1 more than ordinary progress and the machines are a necessity as labor savers to their owners. This shows that machine milking is a big success, even when the most strict care possi- ble is to be given animals. Invostigato the $ A N D 0 W Kerosene s-r -.la-, (hcik .\bout the only place a woman can economize these days is on her hus- band's clothes. An Unprofitable Ranch in otten to bmuj« of th« Iftck c4 a capftbte. thoroiiffhlT efTicimt m&njicrr. I am S2. faUr i^iuipi^ with both the •rlmtiAr and boi^iMai knowlrdJTP of fann maiuuprtnent . hurt nrru- tive abilitr of a htch onlrr. now Mni>Ki]r«ri. but want a binrr Job. Sty credfvllal* ar« Al: bond promptlT girrn If rvqiilrfd. If t'*-! want a man who r^n mall* a ranch ahow maitmiim i-mrti.* writ* me. "MA \ A (J KR ranp OrhaM and Pann. Y Fish Bite i'J? ^iJiJliTP!? Imit with MBKlr-ruh-Lar«. B* Cl^b t>iiii ever i1i!»oov»«n>l. Xwp« roa ho pollluK lb<>m out. Write U>-dmj ami grt box uihrlp iDtrudno* lu Agrata wuio J. W. Urerory, Dept. 4 7 St. I/onU. » ORCHARD AND FARM St Picked Up Live Stock Pointers The Future Hay Market. Last year fine winter rains and the consequent line conditions on the range and in the grain fields knocked the price of hay to ruin. Rains this season also are coming along in tine shape, but the oiiliook lor Jiay price> is somewhat different, due to the European w ar. That is. for grain hay. What will happen to alfalfa is an- otlier question. There is an immense amount of alfalfa hay left and there probably will be something of a sur- plus during 1915. Whether the war stops in a few months or whether it keeps on. gram prices will have to be high, for the planting to provide for the coming crop is either done or so nearly done that the immediate stopping of the v3iT would not make much difference in the acreage, and quite certainly food production in Europe will be so short that heavy importations will be required. Wheat is the highest of many years. Heavy planting in America and other places where planting is possible will be insufficient to reduce prices to their normal level and it is almost inevit- able that as little wheat will be used for hay as possible, so that more can be threshed, and the same is true of other kinds of grains, such as oats and barley. This in turn will react on the alfalfa market and make it much better than it otherwise would be. In spite of good rains, tlicrelore, the hay outlook is promising. Live Stock at Portland Yards. Approximately $17,000,000 worth of livestock were sold in the Portland "Union Stock Yards in 1914. The ■mutton demand stands out very strong in this market. The total ar- rivals of mutton for 1914 were 281,- :iOO; 1913, 295,730; and 1912, 255,607. the cattle run for 1914 was 74,360; 19J3, 80,399; and 1912, 76,521. The calf receipts show a good falling off, indicating that stockmen are holding their calves. They are: 1914, 2,506; 1913, 4,460; and 19l2, 2,79«. in 1914 there were 237,725 hogs received; in 1913, 188,286; in 1912, 120,906, the in- crease being striking. The operation of the Union Stock Yarks has been one of the greatest agencies in the development of the livestock indus- try of the Northwest of recent years. Results of Use of Serum. The use of anti-hog cholera serum is recognized as being tlie greatest single thing for the control of hog cholera. In Wisconsin the following results have been secured: Treatment with serum alone, 99.79 per cent saved of healthy animals and 84.07 per cent saved in infected herds; simultaneous treatment, 87.53 per cent saved of healthy animals and 63.03 per cent saved of infected animals; combina- tion treatment, 95.36 animals saved of healthy anitnals and 90.59 of infected; all methods, 96.96 per cent saved of healthy animals treated and 83.17 of infected herds; total, 17,563 animals treated; deaths, 1,475; re- coveries, 16,088, or 91.60 per cent. .■\ recent summary of official .\yr- shire yearly records No. 37 shows that the average test of all animals listed was 3.9 per cent fat in milk. The average milk production, all ages, was 9,587 pounds, with 371.98 pounds fat. The average of the ma- ture form was 395.17 pounds fat and of the four-year-old class 409.34 pounds. J-M Trantite Aabeatos Shingles Fire- and weather- proof, last forever. J-M Aibettos Ready Roofing Weather-proof, fire retardant, needs no painting. First cost only cost. J-M Regal Ready Roofing "Rubber-Type" roof- ing for general pur- poses. J-M Roofing* for Every Requirement (Signed) Charles H. Wheelock Battle Creek, Mich. This contractor would not risk his local re utation by ^uch an endorsement, did he not have perfect confidence in J-M Responsibility, Your Roof is Our Responsibility — because a J-M Roof, when registered with us, is permanently in our care — backed up by over half a century of recognized business integrity. No matter what kind of roof — house, barn or shed — J-M Responsibility stands under it to the last. We won't let you be dissatisfied with J-M Roofing. It must be right. J-M Responsibility is stronger than the guar- antee of materials we give you — better than any "scrap of paper" ever signed. J-M Roofing on your roof makes it our roof, too. We see to it that it makes good to you — that its service to you serves our reputation. J-M Asbestos Roofings are examined by Un- derwriters' Laboratories (under the direction of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.) We want every buyer of J-M Roofine to register his roof with us. Then we can see that you get J-M Roof- ing Service rendered from your roof as thousands of other J-M roof owners a re getting It from f/ieir roots. J-M ROOFING »j X ■■■Responsibilit)^ Write us about YOUR Roofing Raguircmenta. Wa can help. Akron BofTalo Albuiy Chicago AttanU CInrtnnati B«itimor« ClcvrUnrl Btrminsttun CohimbuJ Boston Dftllaa H. W. JOHNS- MANVILLE CO. Uayton G.lvr.ton K.n... City M|l„.„k..^ Jf^'J"'" I!' f.-l'"!' wl^lnrton DuluUl !n»y its own pinion on tho main shaft and must take its half of the load at all times. The auto-oiled windmill, with itsduplicate Rears and two pitmen lifting the load straight up. is un- breakable. Every 8-foot mill is tested under a pumping load of JUOO |x>uncls on the pump rod. For the larger sizes the load is proportionately greater. We know that every one of these windmills is unbreakable. We venture the assertion that this is the most nearly perfect, best made, best tested, best oilrnl, most nearly perpetual, automatic and self- sufficient of any machine of any kind ever made for farm work and the most nearly fool-proof. There is nofrictionon any part of the furl- ing device when the mill is running and very . \ little when the wheel is furled. II laliy oit: >3 K^l^f^*'"^ ^\-'/^ A small f^\t^V\\ trr^\§'W'^^i:^y^ child can easilyfurl this Hyflil^ ' \ m/ I 1 M JSw^M^^ windmill or an automatic regulator can — VJlf I I I .i^**^ takecare of it. One of these mills has been furled 10.000 times in one day by a man on our premises — more times than it would ordinarily be furled in 30 years ot service A band brake, of the automobile type, is used, and it always holds. The gear case contains two pairs of gears and the supply of oil. From this gear case the oil circulates to every bearing in a constant stream. It flows out through the friction washers in the hub of the wheel and is automatically returned to the gear case. Not a drop of oil can escape. It is used over and over. So long as there is any oil in the gear case the gears and every bearing will be flooded with oil. If you are tired of climbing a windmilf tower; If you are tfed of buying repairs and having them put on; or, if you are tired of waiting foi- a b'g wind, let us fur- nish you an unbreakable, self-oiiing, ever-going mill to go on any old tower. It costs but little and you will get the difference between no water in a light wind and an abundance of water in almost no wind The flooding of all the working parts with oil, the perfect balance of the wheel and vane on the tower, the very small turntable on which the mill pivots and the outside furling device make this difference. Now there is no objection to a hip;h tower. Have as high a tower as you need to get wind. You don't have to climb it. Your dealer can come once a year and [mt in oil, if needed, and inspect the mill. Running water purifies itself — stagnant water, standing water, collects and retains impur- ities. If you pump from your well constantly all the water it can spare, the water that comes in to take its place will be pure. If the water in your well stands until you happen to want some, and you pump but little, then it is likely that surface water will flow into it and carry in im. purities. The unsafe well is the one that has standing water. A flowing stream is the thing to Ije desired. The auto-oiled windmill makes alt this possible as it can run from one year's end to the other with practically no wear and no cost. If interested, write Aermotor Co., 1 146 So. Campbell Ave., Chicago. Why not have flowing water, cool in summer and warm in winter, always fresh and pure? It will cost next to nothing. It will give health to your family anH ntock. Let the water run into a good size reservoir and raise all the fish of the choice kinds your family can eat, and have water to irrigate your garden and make it raise many times as much as it would otherwise. Water costs nothing, l^se it ''It A pull of 90 Ibi. on tbii wire furlfl tbe mill. To let it stand is to abuse It. We need and must have the l>est dealers everywhere. They need us if they are going to remain in the windmill business. Write right oow. Better Disking Bigger Dividends This year, do the best disk- ing you have ever done — it will make you money. disk harrows make it you r dealer toshow ymi Boea8ytodoo...../diKk- Cviawav (Ci.akkI ing that there is really disk harrowrs and no excuHO for doinn plows. If he does not any other ki nd - and sell them, write to us. there'sastvle and size We ship direct where for every farmer. Ai»k we have no aitent. SentI for new cataloa today THE CUTAWAY HARROW COMPANY 996 Main Street Hiiig»num, Conn. PAPEC Pneumatic Ensilage Cutter Economy. Kfflcleiioy and Durabil- ity on every point. Write us about It. BRENTWOOD Lr.UBER CO. Ilmitwooil. Confrii Contn Co., Cullfornla. ()I>n II H^KOUY SUPPLY I'Vanci-^co Sncrnmento, I^-* Threo-Bearimr Cen- trifufraJ Pumpa are worttv more than nny other kind, but our price is LESS. Send for cntiilfynie ..f ENGINES PIMI'S. PIPE and all Fnnn Supplier. CO.. Dept. 5. San Anireltt. Portland. Buy an I H C Spraying Outfit NOTHING pays you as well as the spraying of 3'our orchards, vineyards, and truck gar- dens— especially if the spraying is properly done by a competent outfit. Bridge the chasm between poor and perfect fruit crops with a well-tried-uut International Hanrester spraying outfit, and pocket the extra profits. The famous Titan gasoline engines in the I H C spraying outfits are simple, easily operated, retjuire little attention, and have no unnecessary weight to drag around. Only the very higliest grade spray pumps are used. Vou are protected in every way and assured of equipmeut that will give efficient service for years. I H C outfits are adapted to small and large orchards, made in several types — on skids, on portable truck, or complete with tank — to suit your exact coiiditions. The engine will do all sorts of general power work for you. Send for a complete interesting catalogue packed with good spraying iiiformatioQ. We will point out to you the nearest dealer. International Harvester Company of America (incorporated) Crawford. Neb. Denver, Col. Helena, Men). PortUnd, Or*. ' San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City. Utah 1 POULTRYIOfilC ORCHARD AND FARM Treatment for Dairy Troubles I have had trouble In breedlni; cpTrs. They had to be bred from three to four times apiece regularly, 21 days apart. Could yvu suggest a remedy? What would you suggest was the trouble whea cows are rubbing till they become bare In spotsf. — A.S. Answers by Dr. C. L. Roadhouse, University of California. Concerning the trouble of which Mr. S. complains, with the animals not breeding regularly, can advise that this cannot be considered as sterility, as the animals eventually breed. I can say relative to this that any inflamma- tory condition of the genital passages which might result in retained mem- branes, etc., might produce a condi- tion that would delay the time of breeding. Syringing out these parts with a mild sodium bicarbonate solu- tion just before breeding might be beneficial. I am enclosing a circular on sterility which does not necessar- ily apply in this case, but which may be of interest. Lice. Cows which rub against the posts sufficiently to remove the hair are probably suffering from lice and I would advise washing the spots thor- oughly (if the parasites are found, cover the whole animal) with one of the folowing preparations: 1. One of the coal tar disinfectants used slightly stronger than the direc- tions on the can, mixed with water and applied warm with spray, or rubbed on thoroughly. 2. A ten per cent kerosene emulsion, to be prepared as follows: (a) Hard soap, pound bar of common soap); kerosene, two gallons; water, one gallon. Boil the water and soap until the latter is dissolved, remove from the fire, then add the kerosene and churn or agitate vigorously until an emul- sion is formed. This emulsion, if thor- oughly mixed, will form a gelatinous mass on cooling. It keeps indefinitely, and may be used at any time by dilut- ing with warm water to 20 gallons. If used after cooling, the mixture should be heated again (great care must be exercised in heating a second time because of the inflamable kero- sene present, and for safety the mix- ture should be heated out of doors, and then thoroughly mixed a second time. (b) Sour milk, four gallons; kero- sene, two gallons; water to make 20 gallons. This second formula has the advan- tage over the other method of making kerosene emulsion, as it avoids the necessity of making a soap mixture, the milk acting as an emulsifier. BLOODY MILK — My cow calved about tiTe weeks ago and when the milk be- came ready for use I discovered a tinge of blood In It. It Is very slight and Is Indicated not by coloring so much us liy a residue or sediment left in the bowl after the milk has been allowed to stand for a time and then poured off. The cow appears per- fectly healthly and well and Is always active and feeds well. She milks freely, sliows no signs of pain and the teats shows no swelling or Inflamation. — M., Carpenterla, Cal. This condition frequently accom- panies inflammation of the udder, with or without the presence of caked udder. The most practical treatment is the application of hot compresses. This may be effected by passing a sheet or band of gunny sacks under the udder and over the hips of the cow and pulling it up tightly to form a support. Around the udder should be packed cloths and these should be saturated with water as hot as the hand can bear. These hot applica- tions should be applied twice a day. Milk out the udder thoroughly as fre- quently as practicable, five times a day if possible. When inflamation is present it may usually be reduced to some extent by giving a large dose of Epsom salts, ten pounds in a gallon of warm water as a drench. Tincture of aconite in teaspoonful doses is of benefit in cer- tain cases, but should not be admin- istered except on the prescription of a veterinarian. RAISING ORPHAN LAMBS How do yon raise motherless lambs? I have tried to raise several and they died. I do not know whether I fed them or starved them to death. Will they do well on condensed milk?— Subscriber. Motherless lambs can be and com- monly are, raised on cow's milk, fed from a bottle with rubber nipple — not from a pail, as are calves.- Feed them about half a pint of milk or perhaps a little less, three times a day at first, increasing gradually. Warm the milk to a blood heat be- fore feeding. After a little time they can get some good from grass and skim milk can be substituted for whole milk. Babies are sometimes raised on condensed milk and prob- ably it could be used instead of fresh milk for lambs, but from the stand- point of both expense and results fresh milk is likely to give better sat- isfaction. FARM HOMES NEED LIGHT. Brightness in the sitting room in the evenings is a blessing and a pleasure not appreciated until one has become familiar with well lighted rooms and then had to put up with a kerosene lamp, which one has to lean over the table in order to read by, while the Koveralls Keep Kids Kleen Practical Heathful, Economical GarmenU for Small Children Practical. Because they arc made in one piece, and can be alippei* on or off instantly. Tliey fit and look well, and yet arc loose and comfortable in every part. Healthful. Far superior to bloomers. No titht elastic bands to stop free circu- lation of blood and retard freedom of motion. Economical. Savinj wear on cood clothes — savine washine — so well made they arc outgrown long before they arc worn ouL Ask \ our Dealer For (^OVERALLS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Made in high neck with long sleeves, or Dutch neck and elbow sleeves. Made of blue denim, or blue and white hickory stripes for all the year wear, and in a variety of lighter weight materials for summer wear. All garments trimmed with fast-color red or blue galatca. Sizes 1 to 8 years. A new suit FREE Awarded Gold Medal . at Mechanic* Fair if It rips 1913 If your dealer cannot supply you. we will send them, charges prepaid, on receipt of price. 75c each. Made By LEVI STRAUSS & CO.. San Francisco. 75c the suit children and others around the edge of the room wait aimlessly in semi- darkness until bedtime. No wonder they do not get to enjoy good read- ing and no wonder that many farm- ers do not keep up better with farm papers and newest things about farming. The children do not even have light enough to play games by, and it takes little effort to draw the boys to the pool halls for the even- ing when they grow up a bit, or to loaf around the streets of the nearest town. Among the methods for securing a fine reading light the kerosene burn- er advertised by the circulaion de- partment in another column is one of the best there is. Instead of burn- ing the oil directly, the heat vapor- izes the oil, and it burns with a clear, white light that is so good that this special mention of it is made A stock of these burners has just been secured. A few days before their arrival an occasional reader, not a subscriber, wrote in advising us to give premiums with subscrip- tions and speaking in special praise of this burner, which had already been ordered. It is given with a three-year subscription at the usual price ($1.00), and is bound to be so thoroughly satisfactory that every- body who gets one is sure to find that all the neighbors will want to get one or more for use in their homes also. Distributors Wanted l^S^ L"-^- fumed Borax Soap Powder with our Soaps, etc. No capital or experience needed. L. WARD & CO.. 210 Institute PI., Chicago. KIRSTIN ONE-MAN STUMP-PULLER Discount positively only on first 100 orders. Write quick for folder to-day. Double the value of your land. Buy now. Make big profits on this year's crop. Only |30 to $50. Agents wanted. W. E. MORRISON 821 Riverside, Dept. H, Spokane, Wash. 5? .^'.i:'"' SILOS BUILT FOR YOUR PARTICULAR NEEDS. EXACTLY AS YOU WANT THEM. ALL SIZES AND DIMENSIONS 16 X 36 Redwood Stave Silo manuafactured by us for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco. 1915 TANKS Built to order, to suit all uses and users. Cheap- er than metal tanks, last loneer. Won't rust. Can be taken down and re-erected without damage. Capacities, 500 to 500.000 Gallons. Towers in. eluded if you want them. PIPE MACHINE BANDED OR CONTINUOUS STAVE For water supply— irrigation or power. Cheaper than any other pipe of equal size or capacity. Longer lived than any metal pipe except cast iron. All our silos, tanks and pipe are designed by engineers to meet every condition. Made in our big factory from CLEAR. AIR DRIED REDWOOD. Selected from a stock of if^ million feet which we carry at all times. ASK US FOR PRICES REDWOOD MANUFACTURERS CO. 813 KOHL BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO 2« ORCHARD AND FARM Thickset Boy- Grand Champion Steer -By Alex. McDonald, Univemty of California - To "Orchard and Farm": It may be of interest to the cattle breeders of the Pacific Coast to know how the grand champion steer, Thickset Boy, was handled from calfhood to matur- ity. He was bred, fed and exhibited by the University Farm and was used almost constantly in class work until sold to the Oakland Meat & Packing Company in December of last year. Thickset Boy was calved December 3, 1911, being out of a pure-bred Aberdeen Angus and sired by a pure- bred bull of the same breed. During his early calfhood days he was handled in the same way as any calf which appeared to be of showyard caliber. His future was looked to with great interest and expectation, noon and night. This method of feeding was kept up until the month of September, when he was shown at the California State Fair, where he won first in his class and was cham- pion Angus of the show. He weighed at this time 825 pounds. After returning from the fair he was turned on alfalfa pasture during the day. The grain ration was re- duced slightly and a liberal allowance of beets added. In December he was taken off pasture, the beets discontin- ued and about ten pounds of corn silage substituted, with what alfalfa hay he would clean up. At this time he was weaned, being exactly one year old. During the winter months he was out the greater part of the Ideally Mnrbled Round from Prlie Steer, "Thick-Set Boy." for even at this age he displayed showyard excellence. During the winter and early spring of 1912 he was fed morning and even- ing a grain ration of rolled oats and rolled barley, about equal parts, with what alfalfa hay he would clean up. About the middle of March he was turned on alfalfa pasture during the day, along with his dam, and the grain ration continued with a small allowance of bran added. Along in June when the flics commenced to get bad he was put in a box stall dur- ing the day and was given a nurse cow morning and evening. His grain ration at this time consisted of about 6 pounds of the following mixture: Rolled barley, two parts; rolled oats, two parts; bran, one part (by weight), the roughage being alfalfa hay in the morning and green alfalfa time except when being fed or in very rough weather. About the first of May he was stabled in a box stall during the day and allowed the run of a large corral at night, along with several other steers. At this time the grain ration was increased to twelve pounds daily, mixed with cut alfalfa and scalded with boiling water to which was added a small quantity of molasses. This was allowed to stand until cool and fed in four feeds daily, .5:30 a. m., 11 a. m., 5 p. m. and 9 p. m. Most of the roughage fed con- sisted of green alfalfa. In September, 1913, he was again at the California State Fair, winning first in the Angus section the grand championship of the show. At this time he weighed 1,400 pounds. After returning from the fair he was crowded along quite rapidly, the idea being to get him as near prime as possible for the Portland show, which was to be held in December. The feed at this time consisted of corn, one part; barley, one part; oats, two parts, and bran, one part; steamed and mixed with cut hay to which was added about two ounces of oil meal and a few beets. During the latter part of this period the roughage was cut down somewhat and he was ex- ercised at the halter for over a mile every morning. .^fter returning from Portland, where he won second, the question arose as to whether it would be pos- sible to carry so ripe a yearling over to two-year-old form and still retain his smoothness and symmetry. The argument was also set forth that, viewed solely from a commercial standpoint, he was a mature and fin- ished steer and already filled all the requirements of modern day beef- making. However, in our case, where good steers are required for class the previous year. Roughage at this time consisted mainly of green alfalfa. During the winter and spring of 1914 he was given an unusual amount of exercise, which I believe is an es- sential during the letting-down period. His feed during the winter months consisted mostly of rolled oats and bran, equal parts by weight, with a handful of oil meal added. This was fed morning and evening, about four pounds to a feed, and at noon he was fed about <;ix pounds of corn silage and a few beets. As soon as green feed was arailable it constituted the greter part of his ration until about the first of May. At this time he looked a trifle off edge and it seemed as if some of the younger steers coming on would de- prive him of his laurels before the fall fairs were over. In May he was gradually brought back on to full feed again and after two months' titting he was considered a better steer than he had ever been. His feed from May to September consisted of rolled barley, two parts; rolled oats, two parts, and bran, one part (by measure), mixed with cut hay and a small amount of molasses A few beets were also added. This mixture was also soaked with boilinR water and allowed to stand until cool, .^bout sixteen pounds of the above ration was fed daily in four feeds, the hours of feeding being the same as work, it was decided to carry him In September he was again at the State Fair, duplicating his victory of 1913, weighing then 1,750 pounds. Thickest Boy was every inch a show steer from start to finish, my lasting impression of him always be, good as a calf, great a yearling, supreme as a two-year- This fact was borne out on butcher's block, the final court of peal for all beef steers, where dressing sheet revealed the remar able dressing percentage of 71 per cent V IS ar Rlh and Chuck Cut*, of a Kind Never Rivaled on the Coaat. (It U nald that ■^hick-Set Boy" dreaaed aa nell aa any ateer ever alaoKhtered anywhere). Western Electric Rural Telephone 'OU cannot afford to have anything but the best in tele- phone equipment. The kind of instru- ment you use in your home has everything to do vvrith the kind of service and results that you get Your experience has demonstrated the impor- tance of the telephone. You have come to rely upon it in the most important phases of life; therefore, the necessity of having the right kind of an instrument The Western Electric Rural Telephone is guar- anteed to give satisfactory service. This guarantee carries full weight, for Western Electric Rural Telephones are made in the same mammoth manu- factory where all "Bell" telephones are built Every part is strong and well put together. Before you buy any new telephone equipment or replace any old, write to our house nearest you, as listed below, for more detailed informa- tion. Ask for book No. 95. WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY PACIFIC HOUSES: San Franciico Oakland Los Angeles Seattle Portland Salt Lake City EQUIPMENT FOR EVERY ELECTRICAL NEED ORCHARD AND FARM 27 Pointers in Pork Production Unwise Hog SacriBce. High wheat prices, according to word from the Portland Union Stock Yards, seem to be cleaning the North- west out of hogs to the very proba- ble loss of the farmers. In seven consecutive days recently the swine receipts were 12,000 hogs, against 5,000 for the corresponding days the previous year and 2,000 the year be- fore that. Farmers have been using wheat to finish their hogs for the market and now that wheat prices are going too high, they are selling out their hogs to save their wheat. Several years ago pork prices were so high that the farmers rushed to dispose of all hogs possible, with the result that the following year there was such a shortage of brood sows that they lost much more than they ■ gained and heavy buying from the Middle West had to be done to stock up again. Now the sales are due, not to high pork prices, but to high wheat prices, and exactly the same effects are to be expected. In- stead of cleaning out breeding stock the outlook seems to demand the production of even more meat than is being produced now. Further- more, according to the opinions of the stock yards management, which is more largely responsible for the growth of the livestock production in the Northwest than any other single agency, farmers are making a big mistake to depend so largely on wheat anyway, and should raise other feed: peas, alfalfa, corn and barley, for finishing. If present conditions continue the Nortliwestern farmer will soon be at the starting point in pork production, instead of well es- tablished in it. Hearty Feeders Best. A good appetite is an excellent thing. At the Oregon Agricultural College it was found that the pigs which made the greatest profit were those which had the greatest capacity for consuming feed. According to this proposition an excellent way to select or build up a breeding strain would be by the appetite. In feeding 100 pigs similar to the best feeders in a test for 61 days at present prices of hogs and feed, the owner would realize a profit of $297.60, not count- ing labor and investment. In feeding 100 pigs similar to the poorer eaters the profits would be but $115.65. Pork Sausage on the Farm. In making sausage, only clean fresh meat from healthy animals should be used and this meat should be thor- oughly chilled after killing the animal. Meat for sausage is generally taken from the shoulder, neck, and other lean trimmings and pork fat is taken from the neck or back. The meat is first run through a chopper. It is then spread out and spices sprinkled over it and thoroughly mixed. To insure a more thorough mixing it may again be run through the chopper, after which spice according to taste. The amount for 100 lbs. of meat is as follows: Salt, 1'^ to 3 lbs. Saltpeter, 1 to 3 ounces. Sugar, 5 to 10 ounces. Ground white pepper, 8 to 10 ounces. Sage, rub fine, 4 to 12 ounces. Black pepper, 8 ounces. Pork sausage may be stored in earthen iars or crocks covered with a layer of lard or maybe stuffed into casings, made from the small intes- tines of the hog. This usually can be purchased from the butcher shops ready for use. Sow's Milk. The first milk yielded by the mothr for her young, called colostrum, is thick and viscous and differs from the ordinary milk in being rich in pro- tein and ash, namely: The sow's milk colostrum is 70.1 per cent water, 15.6 per cent protein, 9.5 per cent fat, 3.8 per cent sugar; 0.9 per cent ash; 1:1.6 per cent nutritive ratio. Sow's milk normal 84.1 per cent water, .7.2 per cent protein. 4.6 per cent fat, 3.1 per cent sugar, 1.1 per cent ash, 1:20 per cent nutritive ratio. The high protein contents of colostrum is largely due to its excess of albumen, which causes such milk to clot on heating. Colostrum is laxative and highly important for cleansing . the elementary tract of accumulated fecal matter and properly starting the work of digestioi). During the week following birth the yield of milk usually increases and its composition accordingly changes to the normal. This extract is from Henry's "Feeds & Feeding." Helps in Hog Raising. How much shall I give the pig or hog? Just what he will eat up clean and want a little bit more. In this way his appetitie will not be cloyed and he will be good and ready for the next meal. If he leaves anything in the trough, you are overfeeding him and wasting feed, besides injuring the hog. The thermometer tjiat will inform you of the hog's health is his drop- pings. If they are in a soft condition and not scouring, he is then in the right order to protect his health, and nature aids him in resisting disease. No man should attempt to raise hogs unless he has adequate yards and fencing. Tlie hog can make him- self an intolerable nuisance if not confined within proper limits. The difference in the leading breeds of hogs is small and principally in de- tails rather than in form or market type. All breeds arc good if used for the purpose for which they were created and bred along practical lines, to sat- isfy the demands of the markets. Breeders should look for quality, depth, lengtli, width and form regard- less of whether the breed is lilack, red or white. The present indications are that the future hog to be most profitable should be bred along the lines of bacon production, by this is not meant the long, thin, slow maturing bacon hog, but an all-round hog that will produce good hams, shoulders and bacon, and also mature at an earlv age. The successful swine breeder needs to have a thorough knowledge of the value of sanitation, also an intimate knowledge of all the requirements of his animals. Salt Poisoning Is Possible. .'Mthough salt is a necessity for all animals, too much at one time, es- pecially when the stock has been without it, may cause severe poison- ing and death. This subject is dis- cussed from the University of Wis- consin following the loss by a Wis- consin farmer of eight out of ten sows which ate too heavily of salt. The two saved were small and had been crowded from the trough. The subject was discussed as follows: Salt acts as an irritant to the stomach and bowels. Under ordi- nary conditions it may be placed in front of hogs even in large quanti- ties and they will eat very little. However, if they have not had access to salt very recently they will greed- ily consume large quantities of it with very disastrous effects. It takes but a few minutes after eating salt for symptoms of poisoning to develop. The hogs will first be noted to be restless. They run about the feed lot in an uncertain sort of manner and squeal more than common. They will lie down for a moment and then lump un again and run along the fence squealing and stamping their feet. Finally the irritation becomes more marked, the animals begin to froth at the mouth and are seized Creating a New Art 1 At the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, the exhibit of the Bell System consisted of two telephones capable of talk- ing from one part of the room to another. Faint as the transmission of speech then was, it became at once the marvel of all the world, causing scientists, as well as laymen, to exclaim with wonder. Starting with only these feeble instruments, the Bell Company, by persistent study, incessant ex- perimentation and the expendi- ture of immense sums of money, has created a new art, invent- ing, developing and perfecting ; mciking improvements great and small in telephones, transmitter, lines, cables, switchboards and every other piece of apparatus and plant required for the trans- mission of speech. American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One System As the culmination of all this, the Bell exhibit at the Paneima- Pacific Elxposition marks the completion of a Trains-conti- nental Telephone line three thousand four hundred miles long, joining the Atlantic and the Pacific and carrying the humein voice instantly and distinctly between New York smd San Francisco. This telephone line is part of the Bell System of twenty-one million miles of wire connecting nine million telephone stations located everywhere throughout the United States. Composing this System, are the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and As- sociated Companies, and con- necting companies, giving to one hundred million people Universal Service unparalleled among the nations of the earth. i One Policy Universal Service with convulsions in the course of which the muscles become rigid and the hogs throw themselves about in a violent manner. Vomiting is usually a prominent symptom. Pain becomes severe as the cases proceed. Finally the animals begin to pass into a sort of stupor. The hind parts become paralyzed and death is pre- ceded by convulsions. In some cases a very pronounced watery diarrhoea is present. Salt is necessary for all animals and pigs in particular. It should be kept before them at all times either as rock salt or as fine salt. We pre- fer to mix the salt with charcoal and copperas usin- 25 pounds of char- coal and 10 pounds of salt and two pounds of copperas. Hogs will eat considerable quantities of this and it will do much toward keeping them in good condition. Over 1,000,000 bushels of barley were shipped by water from Califor- nia to Eastern United States ports from August, 1914, to December 11. Some voyages were made in less than twenty-five days, while a few took more than fifty days. The heavy water shipments were the result of the Panama Canal. QUALITY BERKSHIRES OUR BERKSHIRBS ARE NOW BETTER THAN EVER. They are bred right, fed right and priced right. We have all the promi- nent blood lines, and always have four to six herd boars in use. Try us the next time you want Berkshires. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm WOODLAND, CALIFORNIA. BLACK LOSSES SURELY PREVENTED by Cutter'i Blackleg PMIt. Low- priced, frt-sli. rt'llablo; prefcrrod by Western ,stuckni«n Ixjcjiuho they pro- M teot where other vaccines fall. I ■ ^ M • Write for booklet ami tpsllmoiiials. I 1 « lO-dou pkge. Blackteg Pilli $1.00 ^^^^^^m 50-dote pkge. Bfackleg Pills 4.00 Use any Injector, but Cutter's best. The superiority of Cutter products la due to over 15 yearn of specializing in vaoclnei and toramt only. IntUt on Cutter's. If unobtainable, order direct. THE CUTTER LABORATORY, Berkeley, California When anHwerlng: advertUementa, pleaac mention ** Orchard and Farm/* 28 ORCHARD AND FARM FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE POULTRY Blake Money n-ith Poultry — European war meana higher prices tor eggs and poultry. You can make big money with our superb White Orpingtons — - best breed for every need- Lay most eggs when prices highest; make finest eating. Largest Orpington ranch in West; 1,000 grand range-raised birds, trapnested and bred for heavy laying. Eggs, chirks and stock at reasonable prices. Send for circular. Whitten Hancli, R. 0, Box "l«on Co.. Petnlnii»a. Cal. Tr-r ITS for FIrst-CIass Chicks — Kggs for hfltching, eight breeds. Prices r'eht. Stock and eggs guaranteed. T»"> Wavi-fcei-e Watcher^. Tnrlock. Cal. Hatching ecira — Bourbon Red turkeys. Rhode Island Red chicks. C. P. Gnthrle, Los Angeles, Cal. R. 4, box 947. Cun Winners — White Indian Runner ducks, drakes and ee-gs. G. Buker, S0O4 Bancroft Ave.. S. F. Sliver W^andoftes — Bargains In choice cockerels and eges. Lewis Vannier, Breeder, Belmont, Cal. Cn'n'ntt nf'^fnnv — Rho'lp Island Red'; ♦ raT^T^ocfpd : Vip-i^'v love»' $1 each, $10 per dozen. Entered 13 tur- | keys Los Angeles Show 1915; won 13 prizes, 9 firsts. Mrs. B. Hocking, I Guastl, Cal. I Golden Feather Poultry Yards and Hatchery, Amos Bowler, prop. Breeder and exhibitor of heavy laying | trapnested Buff Leghorns exclusively. Eggs, $1.50 per setting, $7 per 100; chicks, for 50 or over, $16 per 100. Write for descriptive price list. Route 5, Petaluma, Cal. <'ampines — Improved type Kennedy and Jacobus strains. Golden chicks 30c each; $25 per 100. Eggs, $3 set- ting. Silvers chicks. 25c each; $20 per 100: eggs. $2 setting. Arthur King, Route 1, San Luis Obispo. Member ■\merican Campine Club. White Leghorn Baby Chicks from stock selected for years by Hogan System for laying qualities and great vitality; $9 per 100: hatching eggs. $5 per 100. .4rtbur King. Route 1, San Luis Obis- po, Cal. Barred Plymouth Rocliis — Winners at New York, Kansas and California shows. Eggs for hatching and choice slock for sale. Eighteen years breed- ing Barred Rocks exclusively. Write for folder. "Vodden's Rockery," Los Gatos. Cal. .411 the Rhode Island Red Baby Chlx you want, from 1 to 21 days old; guaranteed shipments, from 10 chlx to 10,000. Order now and get chlx when you want them. Rhode Island Red Hatchery. 2102 4Ath Ave., Oakland. Phone Fruitvale 1666 W. Hart's Strain of Bronze Turkeys; large. vigorous stock for sale. Eggs by the setting or by the hundred. Limited number of eggs from special matings. Orders now being booked. Albert M. Hart. Clements, Cal. (Successor to Ed. Hart.) Baby Chicks and Hatching Eggs; twenty varieties: breeding males; almost all varieties Pullets In Reds, Rocks and White Orpingtons; 90 sec- ond-hand incubators, $4 upward: 20 second-hand brooders cheap. Staos- Held. 3303 E. 14th, Fruitvale. Cal. BnlT Leghorn. White Minorca Chicks. Eggs and stocki quality guaran- teed; prices reasonable: choice strained honey. 60 pounds for $3.50. Sandrldge Hatchery. Kerman. Cal. Pine Tree Ponltry Farm. Los Gatos. Cal. — Hatching eggs from S. C. White Leghorns: selected stock; $6 per 100: $50 per 1,000; order now. No baby chicks. Fox's S. C. Rhode Island Redsi big boned: dark rich red: correct type; heavy layers and win wherever shown. Wm. J. Fox. Bnrllngame. Cal. 1015 mating list free. Giant bronze turkey toma from prlze- wlnnlng stock: weigh over 20 pounds at 8 months. Write for prices. Mra. Nellie Hart. Holtville, Calif. Petaluma Hatchery — Now booking or- ders. Early chicks bring big monev. Send for circular. L. W. Clark. Peta- Inma. Cal. Day-Old Chicks. White Leghorns, good stock, selected for eight years Cir- cular free. White PInmnare Poultry Far... Hntchery. Exeter, Cal. C. Ponltry Far-". So«»o>»»n. Cal. Anconas — Howard's Roval Strain; world beaters to lay; hatching eggs, 15, $1.60; 100. $6.60. Mra. C. H. Howard, Otay, Cal. Trapnested White and Buff Leghorns — Great winners and lavers. Eggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroeder. Alt" Mesa. Mountain View. Cal. Pheasants. RInimeck and Golden^ Readv for breeding pen: pe-es In aea- gon. T. n. Morris. Agna Callente. Cal. Baby Chicks fWTilte Leghorns) shinned on approval. Examine at your home before remitting. Schellvllle Hatchery. Wnnfe 1. Sonoma. Cal. Inctihatnrs. Brondero f3un"lles Smith's nnlversal Chick Feed. Hoean's "Call of Hpi " $2. nrenald. P. F. Smith * Co.. lOon .T St.. Sncrnmento, Circulars. Andsln^lnns — Tf vou want eeera E-et Anrtaliioian. Kggo and stock for sale. Daniel Calhreath. Monmouth. Oregon. POULTRY— Continued. Baby Chicks — Thoroughbred S. C. White Leghorns from healthy, vigor- ous, heavy-laying hens and selected cockerels of the pure bred Wyckoft strain. Bred for heavy laying for more than 30 years. Why not get the best when our prices are no higher than arc- asked for ordinary stock? Cor- respondence promptly answered. G. A Baby Chicks — Eggs for Hatching — Pure Bred — Booking orders for Feb- ruary and later hatches; R. 1. Reds, Buff and W hile Leghorns. Black and White Mlnorcas, White Wyandottes. Gem City Yards, Los Gatos. Cal. PHEASANTS Chinese Ringneck Pheasants, $2.50 each, either sex. Powars' Pbeasautry, 835 So. Tenth St., San Jose, Cal. LIVESTOCK O. I. C. swinei the big white breed; entire herd immunized against hog cholera; nothing but immune stock sent out; a few weaned pigs, both sexes, for shipment during Feb. and Marcli; all stock crated and registered free. C. B. Cnnnlngham, Mills. Cal. Calves Raised Without Milk— Cost less than half as much as the milk-raised calves. Write for free book to Coniaon Co.. Petaluma. Red Rock Ranch, Glen Ellen, Cal. — High-class Duroc Jersey hogs spe- cialty. Specialty registered pigs. If interested write. For Sale — Ayrshire cows and heifers; bulls of serviceable age a specialty; I pay express. Walter Domes, McCoy, Oregon. Sunnyslde herd — Registered Holstein cattle. R. F. Gnerin, R. 3, box 58, Visalla. Cal. Duroc Jersey hogs from Eastern sows: both sexes. S. S. Southworth. Rural Route 1. Xapa. Cal. Poland China hogs of iiest strains. C. White, Pbelan Bldg., San Fran- dsco, Cal. Several pair Breeding Foxes. Write' for circular. Reid Bros., Bothwell, Ontario. Canada. Sunnyslde herd — Registered Holstein cattle. R. F. Guerln, R. 3. box 58. Visalla, Cal. For Sale — One mammoth Jack and 14 mules. Zack Tompkins, Sunnyvale, Cal, Registered Tnmworth Boars, Canadian and Kentucky strain. Acacia Ranch, Box 200. Tnlnrr, Cal. AGENTS WANTED Wanted — Responsible representative In each county: new combination, 12 tools In 1; sells at sight to farmers, teamsters, contractors, etc.; weight 24 pounds; lifts 3 tons, hoists, stretches wire, pulls posts; many other uses; free sample to active agents; easy work; big profits; one agent's profit $45.50 In one day; another $1,000 In Dec, 1914; we start you; write to-day for big color plate; quick action secures exclusive sale. Harrah Mfg. Co., box M. Bloom- lleld. Ind. Young Man, would you accept a tailor- made suit just for showing It to your friends? Then write Banner Tallortng Co., Dept. 7. Chicago, and get beautiful samples, styles and a wonderful offer. I made *."iO,000 In five years in the mall order business: began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. HEACOCK, 1««5 Lockport, IV. Y'. HELP WANTED Free illuatrated book tells of about 300,000 protected positions In U. S. service: thousands of vacancies every year: there Is a big chance here for you: sure and generous pay, lifetime employment. Just ask for booklet S-939. No obligation. Earl Hopkins, Washington, D. C. ^^^^ SITUATIONS WANTED Position wanted by man with eighteen years' experience with draft stal- lions, brood mares, colts, cattle, gen- eral stock ranch work: references; sober, responsible, active. Mexico. Cal- ifornia prpferred. Address Horaeman. box S04S. Orcl«Br«l an<1 F>i»»". PATENT ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us; established flftv years. Send for free booklet on "Patents." Paclflc Const Pntent Agency, Inc^ Stockton, California. REAL ESTATE Victoria, Australia, Wanta Settlers — Special inducements: Government land, railways, free schools; cheap Ir- rigation; 31 years to pay for farms; adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fruit, I etc.; climate like California: ample j markets; reduced passage; special ex- I cursion being arranged. Free particu- I lars from F. T. A. Fricke, Government I Representative from Victoria, eH7 Mmx- I ket St.. San Francisco, Cal. Box T. I AAA— Wanted. PARTY WITH 20 DAIRY HERD to rent on shares 30 a. Irrigated alfalfa ranch, fully equipped for dairy except- ing cows. Goidaworthy, R. K, No. 1, Glenn, Glenn county, Cal. For sale — 80-acre ranch; good supply of mountain water; one apiary of 100 stands of bees, 4 brood mares, one cow, one heifer, one working horse, 40 acres alfalfa, orchard, 2-room house, one stone cellar and granary; two miles from Hammii Station; cash price $5,000. If you mean business address Peter Dcvcrnots, Benton, Mono Cou»ty, Cal. State Landa. (2 an Acre — Over 1,000.000 ' acres for sale by the State of Texas; ) you can buy 640 acres at $2 an acre; I pay $32 cash and balance after 40 years I at 3 per cent Interest. For further in- I formation send 6 cents postage. In- vestor Pub. Co.. Dept. 93, San Antonio, I Texas. I For Sale — 1 1 Ms acres. Ihi miles of Fol- i som, Sacramento CO., Cal.; good soil: I water piped for irrigation: good loca- I tlon; small buildings on place. Price I $100 per acre. Owner. C. Schnia, I Shingle. Cal. I County Sectional Mapa, showing vacant Government land. $2.50 per county. ' VERY PLAIN. Easy to see and select I vour choice Booklet and circulars FREE. Write Joseph Clark, Sacra- mento. For Sale — 40 acres good deep rich soil; first water rights: suitable for Thompson seedless or alfalfa: If you I have a little money and want to make ! a start see me, or write me. W. M. Bacon. R. R. 7. box 10.S.t, Fresno. Cal. [ Wanted — Homeseekers; land with per- petual water right, only $50 per acre: 1 ten years to pay: $2.50 per acre down and balance five per cent Interest. Ad- ' dress N. C. O. Ry., Colonlaation Depart- j meat, 451 Phelan Bldg.. San F'ranctsco. I .\re yon thinking of moving to Bay Cities? We have some beautiful homes that can be bought cheap and I on easy terms. Ask us about them to- { day. John E. Drendei Company, Inc.. I 212 Hearst Bldg.. San Francisco. For Sale — By owner; 40 acres, near I Visalla. Tulare county, Cal.; orchard, I alfalfu, first class: will sell at a bar- gain: easy terms; no trade. For de- scription and price address Box 114, Visalla, Cal. For Santa Clara Valley properties. Im- proved or unimproved, in vicinity of Palo Alto and Stanford University, call on or correspond with Byxbee * Slocum. 101 l.ytton ave.. Palo AUo, Cal. Free — 'True Blue" 1915 Booklet Tells the "How," "Why" and "Where" of overlooked State and Government land liargains. Write California State Land Information Bnrenu, Sacramento. Cnl. For Sale — 15 acres, fully improved; good house, barn and outbuildings; 2 ' good wells, chickens, cows, hogs, tur- I keys and a team of horses. Chaa. K. »tran, Arbuckle. Cal. 10 BfTtm — Near Lodl. ',4 mile traction line. Deep sandy loam: fruit, alfalfa, etc. Owner, W. A. Brown, Jackson, C»l. .1,000 Acres — I>arge and small tracts. Pittsburg county: farming, pasture, nil and gas land; $R to $25 per acre. Write J. E. Cavanagh. Mc.4lester. Okls. For Government land loiatlons call on or write Smith A Balrd. Redding. Cal. EDUCATIONAL Make Big Money writing motion pic- ture plays. My Instructions give all knowledge necessary to write and sell photoplays with success. Complete In- structions and model play sent post- paid $1. S. R. Canedy, Box 14Z. Ra- niona. Cnl. Chrvsnntbemnms. how to grow them large and beautiful; Is taught by a person with long and practical expert ence. In a booklet: price 25 cents: sol 1 only by Mrs. G. A. Warren, Jamestown, Cal. Van der Nalllen's All Englneerl " c Sohool: estab lcrry Plants, $2 per 100 postpaid. Arthur King, Route 1, San Lnis Obispo, Cal. RABBITS RIchey's Reds won again at L. A. show; fine bucks ready for service; does bred to prize winners. $3 to $5; 3 months, $1.50 each. Rosselles, the fa- mous jelly plant (annual) seeds. 10c per packet; 3 for 25c. Prize winning Barred Rock eggs for hatching. $1.50 per 15: utility pen; special cockerel, mated. $2.50. C. A. RIchey, R. F. D. 8, Box 557, Los .\ugcles. Prize Winning Heavyweight Belgian Hares — Standard weight, 12 lbs. All ages. Prices range from $1.50 up to $15. Hcav?^ Weight Babbitry, 228 Carl St., San Francisco. lielgians with and without pedigrees. Express paid. Catalogue free. Old Hickor^^ Supply Company. Department 5 Cnpltola. Flemish Giants — .Guaranteed. Have some young bucks and does, 2% to 3% months old. Your pick $1.00 piece, $10 dozen. A. L. Puble, Hickman, Cal. DOGS Thoroughbred dogs and fancy cats, col- lies, Airedales, setters, bulldogs, fox terriers, toy dogs, puppies and grown stock always on hand. Angora cats and kittens. California Dog and Cat Farm, Box 72.% Oakland, Cal. Airedales — Repi.'tered. young and grown stock. $20 up. Tunltas Ken- nels. 951) Pheian bldg.. .San Francisco. FROGS Frogs — Investigate breeding big East- ern bullfrogs: unustial possibilities west of mountains. Tremendous de- mand. Aqnalifeoo. Seymour, Conn. BEES AND HONEY Beekeeping Pays Big — Price list, bees. Instruction books, etc.. free. Spencer .^plarles Co., Box 10. NordholT. Cal. MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE AAA — 1915 Building Bargains, Symon Bros., Wreckers. New and second- hand; % block Eleventh and Market streets. Largest stock and most com- plete; anything for an entire build- ing; short lengths, rough dimension lumber, $7 and $8; long, $10 and $10.50; new, $11 to $13.50; flooring, $13.50; new, $18; T. & G. ceiling. $15.50; new, $19; rustic, $18; new, $22 and $24; extra new star A, star R. W. shingles, $1.30; cedar, $2.25; doors, 25c up; sash 35c up; windows, sec- ond-hand complete, $3; new, $3.75 to $5; bath tubs, roll rim. new, $11.50; basins, $3.50 to $15; two-part new, guaranteed trays, cement, $5.50; gal- I vanized, $2.50; second-hand toilets, I $5.50; new, guaranteed, $9.50 to $15; I SPECIAL low bent wood tank, highly polished, light or golden oak, never split post hinge seat, $12.50; all sizes pipe and fittings; new barbwire, 100 I pound rolls, $2.75; new hog. No. 9 I wire, 32c rod; galvanized electric ma- terial; mantels, large mirrors. No. 1 I condition, $12 ea. ; some, $5; prism j glass leaded, 15c foot; gas heaters, new and guaranteed, $8; chicken net- ting, 1-Inch mesh, 2-foot, $3.20; 6- I toot, $8.25;2-inch mesh, 2-foot $1.65; 6-foot, $3.75; all rolls 150 feet long and perfect; nails, $2.20 base; dam- aged, $1.75; granite for cost of haul- ing; medicine chests, plate glass fronts, $2, hardwood. REMEMBER THAT - WHATEVER YOU NEED WE HAVE; OTTR PRICES ARE LOWEST, CON- SIDERING GRADE; ALL ORDERS PROMPTLY SHIPPED; WE GUAR- ANTEE YOU SATISFACTION; YOUR RECOMMENDATION IS OUR BIG- GEST ASSET. You are welcome at all times to direct our men in the loading of your material; when you are enjoying the 1915 celebrities, conri- bine business and pleasure, drop in and look us over; ours is the largest yard in town; at foot of Van Ness ave. ; watch the parade from our win- dows; our country friends cordially invited. EVERYTHIIVG for the BUILDER — Bar- gains In building material; we can .<;ave you money on every item; im- mense assortment of all kinds of sec- ond-hand building materials; new and second-hand lumber, doors, windows, corrugated iron, chicken netting, bath tubs, toilets, roofing paper, etc.. at the lowest prices. Carload lots a specialty. H. McKe-vltt ea-Funck Co., 169 Crary Building, Seattle. Wash. Buy your Belts from California Belt- ing Company, 1459 Mission St., San Francisco. For cedar posts and hop poles write G, R. Kirk Co.. Tacoma, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS. starter — Everlasting, never failing YEAST. Year's supply by mail 10c. Starter Yeast Company, Qnincy, III. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS Gold, amalgam, rich ore bought; cash; assaying, 50c. Pioneer Assaying Company, 450 Market at., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Buy it now Get what you will need in the Spring, now, and help pass prosperity along. AUTOS, MOTORCYCLES AND REPAIRS. Order your motorcycle accessories and motorcycle parts direct by parcel post and save money, as we carry a complete stock; spring tandems, tires of all makes, lamps In all sizes, horns and everything pertaining to motor- cycle accessories, we have it; also a fine selection of used motorcycles, con- sisting of the following makes: Ex- celsior, Indian, Thor, Harley and many other makes. We pay the freigh* on any motorcycle you buy from us. Write for a price list. Fred H. Bente, Mgr Excelsior Agency, 1550 Market St., San Francisco. Cal. "BEST BUILT HOUSE IN THIS SECTION" Continuing, C. A. Miller of Ukiah, Cal., writes: "I saved nearly $300 by buying from you. This saving is in the first cost alone." Then as he put the house up himself it meant an additional saving in labor. The house comes to you "knocked down," complete in every detail. Our plans are so simple and ex- plicit that all you need is common sense and a hammer; $195 will buy your home. Machine sawed material Insures a perfect fit — and the pioneer "knock down" house company of the Pacific Coast guarantees you satisfaction. Send for our catalogue to-day — It's free. READY BUILT HOUSE CO. 984 Broadway, Portland, Ore. OPINIONS Our small ad in the Orchard and Farm classified department surely is bringing results, and we find It one of the best advertising mediums on the Coast. Yours for success, Caldwell Bros., Los Angeles County, I think Orchard and Farm one of the "grandest" papers published. R. E. Gregson, Sebastopol. I want to let you know that we appreciate Orchard and Farm. It Is good dope for a farmer. What a farmer needs is good, practical suggestions and little stories of real experience, and you get them both. A. F., San Jose. To my mind Orchard and Farm is the best paper printed of its kind. C. Deleuran, San Francisco. I want to thank you for the copy of Orchard and Farm. We have already received two answers to the ad. Quick results. V. D. Ross, Stanislaus County. Wlien anstvpring advertisements, please mention ** Orchard and Farm." 30 ORCHARD AND FARM More Money From Poultry Products 1 do not know any 4>ii«' t^inv tluit In able to do iiie thin favor, n4» I will amk you, na 1 nni one ol your t>ll«*4*«' for tlir lars^^at bonw. are 2Si renta a domen (January 2U, IttlR) and will be lower Boon. Wheat and flour are so high I auppoae I will have to ico out of the eblcken bualneaa If you ean't tell me what way to aell for better prieea. U. Kreano county, C'al. The high prices of feed, consequent upon the war demand for grain, seem Wbite LeKborn, Sweepatakca oer, Uuklnnd Show. >Vln- to be unavoidable. It is a question liow soon this, combined with present low egg prices, will drive many poul- trymen out of business, as you seem to fear it will you, and thus raise prices up high again. There seems no escape from liigh food prices, except by raising all the feed possible, sub- stituting barley for wheat to the ex- tent suggested by I'rof. Dougherty in the January issue, and otherwise cut- ting down expenses without impair- ing the laying cai)acity of the hens. You can figure that present conditions are sure to mean a scarcity of eggs and high egg prices before long. Regarding the prices you are get- ting for eggs, it does not look as if you had much cause of complaint or could expect much room for improve- ment. San I'Vancisco quotation for fresh eggs of full size, white and highest quality in every particular, was cents on January 26, 1915. Considering that you arc in a town where there is no well developed egg shipments to city markets and that the 25 cents you get for eggs proba- bly goes for eggs not as carefully se- lected as would be necessary to get the 29Vj cents in San I'rancisco, the margin is not large. If, however, your eggs would class as extras and you have enough to make a case or half case about twice a week, you proba- bly could add one or two cents a dozen to the price by shipping to some commission man. The names or one or two of these we are sending you by mail, or you may secure some help from our advertising columns. Now for the fowls themselves. If you have enough to amount to any- thing and local prices arc too low, you can afford to ship. A crate 3 by 4 feet by 15 inches high will hold 36 to 40 hens. Our estimate is that ex- pressage will cost you $1.25 to $1.50, including the return of the crate. Your express agent can give you definite rates. This crate should have wire or lath tOD, and also be partly open on the sides to give the fowls air in case another crate is put over it. You can ligure that the fowls will shrink live to seven per cent, or say eight to twelve pounds in shipment. If tiiey are given lots of grain in the coop on shipment, shrinkage will be less. The city price can be found from daily papers, running at time your inciuiry arrived, at from 15 to IH cents a pound, less commission. If your 50-ceiit hens are big hens and of prime (itiality, you should get top price quoted. If you ship thin l.eg- liorns, you would get lowest price named. If the hens are of one of the large breeds and in god condition they will bring at this time (the last of January) from $24 to $27 per crate, from which you must take commis- sion and express charges. It is not likely that you would make a great advance over local prices, but on the other hand a person cannot expect any short cut into a lot of money, and if there is much difTerence be- tween city wholesale prices and local prices there would be enough differ- ence to justify the extra trouble. After all is said and done the final test is in doing a thing and we would request that if you do try sliipi)ing to the city instead of selling locally that you let us know what difference it made to you in financial returns. We might also suggest that in selecting between two commission men, give the preference to the one who docs not promise too much and when you do tind satisfaction, stay with that dealer. Few things are so likely to cause sorrow as changing commission men. The square ones get disgusted, the crooks find good picking. We have the opinion that a man might make some money buying fowls of heavy breeds and shipping to the city, provide HiuAl ' furninh hitlhest atandarrl enirlnoa for my ri DUVH prinn li n» than a»kod for rnttk-trapa. ^ My Krff) ll(K>k cxplninn the InHiile of enffina aalMni aa well AH manufaaturlng. Write today for my Salea . ■ i ■ ^ r» Plan with Kaay 'i'erma. ^^^^^ V J U Q T O n Ed. H. WIttc. Wltlc Iron Works Co_ rf". i. : j rv ► k i -l-l. SIMOaldindAv.. Kansas City. Mo. ^^aigfi UniltlCiencyJand DONT RUIN YOUR EYES! READING IS A PLEASURE IF YOU USE A STEEL MANTLE LAMP BURNER. PRACTICALLY FREE TO OUR READERS. FOR LAMP OR LANTERN SMOKELESS— POWERFUL— ODORLESS O N EXACT SI2£ OF FLAKff 30 STEEL MANTLE BURNER gives as much light as three com- mon burners. It is odor- less, smoke- less and eco- n o m i c a 1. Gives the most light per gallon of oil used. Why not trans- form your old, smoky, dingy, weak lamps into right, clear, powerful, odor- 1 e s s, smokeless lights? by using the Steel Mantle burn- ers. No home com- plcte Thla la exact alme of the buraM and Oaiiic kIvIdk ■ brilllaal llskt. with- iT CONVERTS KEROSENE INTO CAS out AND BURNS THE CAS them. Here is our offer to send you this burner: For $1.00 we will mail you Orchard and Farm for three years — also this steel mantle burner (postage prepaid). Regular price of Orchard and Farm for 3 years $1.00 Retail value of the burner (postage prepaid) .$1.00 TOTAL VALUE $2.00 BOTH FOR $1.00 ORCHARD and FARM HEAIiST ItLUIi. SAN FRANCISCO When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm ORCHARD AND FARM si Suggestions for the Poultry Yard Soft Shelled Eggs. Soft shelled eggs may possibly be a suggestion that the hens are not getting enough lime. Far more like- ly it is, when your hens start laying soft shelled eggs, that you have been over-feeding, and in consequence the fowls are too fat. Therefore a re- duction in quantity, as well as a change of diet is necessary. An excellent plan is to find out which particular hen is at fault, and confine her to a less fattening ration, with only a small amount of water. At the end of a week restore her to the flock, and generally increase amount of lime given in food. A pe- riod of this dieting, followed by an abundance of oyster shells is almost certain to speedily correct the trouble. When the egg has a normal shell, but one which is very thin, it is a very good indication that the hen is all right, but that lime is too scant. In this case supplying oyster shell, or lime in another form, is quite sure to make the egg shells thicker and stronger very quickly. Difference in Sitting Hens. .Some hens of course make better mothers than others, but more than this, some are much better than oth- ers for the sitting itself, according to a subscriber to Wallace's Farmer. Two hens were each given an egg to cover while awaiting for the sitting of eggs to come, and when the eggs arrived two or three days later the two eggs in the nests were taken out .and broken. The egg from hen No. 1 showed a third less development than the egg under hen No. 2. As the •first five days are the most important time in the sitting period, indica- tions were that hen No. 2 would hatch out more chicks than hen No. 1. These results were indicated by ihe behavior of the two hens. Hen No. 1 seemed to be lacking (said the owner) in hen sense. She -felt the fever of broodiness, but ap- parently didn't know what was the matter with her, only she wanted to sit, and she sat. When she was taken off the nest for food and water, siie continued to sit, gluing herself to the floor like a lump of putty, picking up the corn within her range, but making no effort to get what lay out -of reach. Hen No. 2 had work to do. and Hntended to do it. When taken from her nest she expressed dissatisfac- tion, but noting that her breakfast was ready, she ate and drank, spread her feathers, stretched her muscles, .and went back to her nest. No. 1 had to be put back. People sometimes think that to be hen-hatched means well hatched; it doesn't always work out that way; much depends on the •quality of the hen as an incubator. Skim Milk for Chickens. .According to a general opinion of many who have given the matter much attention, the value of skim milk to laying hens is from 70 cents to $2.1.'5 cents per 100 pounds. The latter figure is evidently a little op- timistic. According to experiments conducted by the Indiana Experiment Station, $1.73 was returned per hun- dred pounds of skimmilk purchased at 30 cents. These experiments cov- ered a period of two years; one pen of laying hens received corn, wheat, oats, bran, and shorts in the same proportion, in addition to all the skimmilk the fowls would drink, and another pen received only the grain portion of the ration that the former received. In averaging the results obtained from feeding these rations through two years of experiments it has been shown that the average number of eggs laid per hen receiv- ing grain and skimmilk was 133.5 eggs, whereas the hens that did not receive skimmilk with the grain ra- tion produced an average of only 36 eggs per hen. It was aslo shown that during the winter months, De- cember, January, and February, when eggs are the highest price, that the pen receiving skimmilk produced 7 per cent more eggs even than the pen receiving a grain ration supple- mented with meat scraps, a feed so generally recognized as a great egg producer. Denmark Poultry Raising. Denmark, the most noted dairy country in the world, when it comes to successful methods, finds that poultry raising is a big success when tied to dairying. During the last ten or twelve years, trap nest control has been widely practiced and flock books containing the records and pedigrees of good laying strains have been carefully written up. This prac- tice has, it is said, almost doubled the average laying powers of Danish hens in general. An Account of 100 Hens. Many statements are made as to the profits in the poultry business, but few of them give much real light as they are seldom complete. All give a statement of receipts, but few say anything about cost or expense of production, which leaves one in the dark as to what can or cannot be made in the business. Here is a statement of the experience of a lady who writes to an agricultural paper of the Southwest with 100 hens, some White Leghorns, Black Minorcas and Rhode Island Reds, all ranging to- gether: Expenses: 100 hens at 50 cents $ 50.00 4 cocks at 50 cents 2.00 Feed 125.40 Eggs for hatching 5.25 Total $182.65 Credit: 844 dozen eggs sold $209.35 Chickens sold 18.15 Chickens on hand 59.00 Total $286.50 Profit for year $103.85 The hens averaged 119 eggs each that brought an average price of 35 cents a dozen. Meaning of "Double Mating.'" Real poultry fanciers often go into details that have little interest for the practical man and little real bear- ing on egg production. One subject the fanciers of some breeds, particu- larly Barred Plymouth Rocks, have to deal with is "double mating," or "pul- let mating," and "cockerel mating," which needs explanation for those not familiar with the topic. This is a result of the breed stand- ard calling for one color or shade for the cock and another for the lien. Plymouth Rock standards, for exam- ple, call for darker males than would normally be produced by mating properly colored males with properly colored females, and they also call for lightered colored females than would be secured by the same mating. To overcome this and to get results up to breed qualifications it is customary to mate rather comparatively dark males and comoarativelv dark females when exhibition cockerels are desired, and lighter than normal birds for ex- hibition pullets. The first is a "cock- erel mating," the second a "pullet matine." The breed soecifications thus lend to make extra work for the breeder, who should be permitted to breed only for color, form and egg production. How^ Turkeys Were Named. It is said that the name "Turkey" as applied to the bird of that name came from the Jewish and had no reference to Turkey the country, the bird being, as everybody knows, a n.itivc of this continent and not Are you going to plant POTATOES this year? Then just look over the following figures and see how you could get an 80% Increased Yield from the proper use of our SPECIAl, POTATO FE3RTIL,IZERS. SACKS PER ACRE Unfertilized Fertilized Sonoma County, sandy soil San Joaquin, peat lands g2 130 14914 Increase per Acre 5734 sks. 6754 sks. Cost ef Fertilizer per acre per acre Net Profit Inerenae $4^75 $62.25 These figures are the results of actual tests, and we want to tell you how and by whom they were made. Write To-Day for Free Information, Note: Tell us how many acres you will plant; when you will plant; fuUy describe character of your soil; how many plants per acre, or how many pounds seeded per acre; how many sacks per acre last produced. Why till the soil for only half a crop when a little of our fertilizer will double the net re- sults from your hard workPThink this over! THE PACIFIC GUANO & FERTILIZER CO. '^^ 805 Security Bldg., San Francisco, California. known in Europe until after the dis- covery of America. The Old World bird it most re- sembles is the peacock, which in one of the Hindu languages is "toka," or "tukki" in Hebrew. The Jews in Spain were noted traders 400 years ago and many grasped the opportun- ty of dealing in curiosities and goods of every description from the New World, as they were brought in by the Spanish adventurers. Having no other name for the turkeys first brought over, they referred to them among themselves as American pea- cocks, using their own language, and for want of a better name in selling the birds to whomever would buy, they used the Hebrew name, which naturally was considered the right one by the purchasers of the turkeys. While this explanation is not known positively to be correct, no other ex- planation which seems very probable has been found, and as this does seem probable it may be considered, in want of another more plausible, the correct one. More Eggs in Clean Houses. An Eastern farmer writes to his agricultural paper regarding an ex- perience in the results of cleaning up his poultry Quarters. He has only a family flock of chickens, containing about thirty hens. For the lirst eleven days of May last he averaged up nine eggs a day. On the 11th, a day when only seven eggs were secured, he thought the house needed a clean- ing up and on the 12th, apparently as a result of the cleaning, he got twenty eggs. The flock of laying hens, through setting and the hatch- ing of some young chicks, had been reduced to twenty-four. Feeding and care, except for the providing of clean quarters, was just the same as before and the only explanation for the change was the house cleaning. While nest eggs have nothing to do with increased egg production, they have a good mission in teaching the hens to lay in certain places, instead of dropping their eggs any and every- where. A«k Tour Dealer (or EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Milcb Oows and Ohickena and Yoong Pigs and Hoga. Cheap^ food in the market to-daj. If your dealer doesn't carry it, addreaa EL DORADO OIL WORKS, 149 California St. San F>ranclsco Make Pottltfji Pat} [T wme lori^iooneron K^ypners ouiit tneuoawrt 8 sizes— prices $10 and up. Cyphers Company reputation and guarantee back of every machine. Let os send firsts edition, 200 pages, 1915 Cyphers | book'*Profit8 in Poultry Keeping" Ciphers Incubator Ca..Defl TBBufttla. I Doaton. New York, Chicago, M f HOPLAND STOCK FARM IIOPLAND, CALIFORNIA Berkshire Hogs. Short Horn Cattle. HlKlicMt qualltjr and true to type. PrieeN on application. Tells why chicks die E. J. Reefer, the poultp' expert of W'l Main St., Kansas City, Mo.. \a giving away free a valuable book entitled "White Diarrhoea and How to Cure It." This book contains scicntilic facta on whitcdiarrhoea and tells how to prepare a simple home solution that cures this terrible disease over night and actually raises 98 per cent of every hatch. All poultry raisors should certamly write Mr. Kcefcr for one of these valuable FKKE books. Prize Winning Orpingtons Rnfr and White, Illack Minorcas and Mated Carneaux Pijrcona. Stock, Chick.H and Klges. Write MRS. SUSAN SWAYSfiOOD. Itoute 2, I'oniona. Cal. SUOOESS WITH POULTRY. Oar book on how to feed for profit haH de«oriptioa of PoaltryHonfleHaDa Plana; ploturen of onr farmHand fowln. Itisworth dollanto yon. Hent for ten centfl canh or stampa. Weare the larRentbreederHof pool try in th« world United Poultry Farms, Box 7 flops, Ind. 32 ORCHARD AND FARM Building Up a Choice Flock of Layers By J. E. Dougherty PART II. "Skillful Breeding' is the text of this second article on "Building Up a Choice Flock of Layers." We have tried to show in previous papers the importance of pure bred stock, of the egg type and of the intelligent feed- ing of balanced rations. We now wish to point out the vital necessity of careful selective breeding in increas- ing and maintaining the egg yield well above the average. A careful and systematic study of the process of egg production has re- vealed the fact that there are really three cycles to the yearly egg yield of our domestic hen. The first, or spring cycle, comes during the natural breed- ing season when all nature is instinct- ively engaged in reproducing its own kind. All fowls, both wild and do- mestic, will naturally lay a clutch or two of eggs during the spring in or- der to produce offsprini? and thus perpetuate the species; therefore we may state that practically all fowls will lay during the spring months be- cause it is the natural mating season. The second or summer cycle fol- lows the spring cycle. Egg produc- tion can be extended from the spring on into the summer season by intelli- gent feeding, housing and general care. The attention and protection given by man to his domestic fowls tends to divert these energies, which, under wild conditions, would be utilized in seeking food and guarding against enemies into the production of eggs. The domestic fowl, unlike her wild sisters, does not have to hustle and forage over large areas of land for, very often, a scanty living. Man sup- plies her with all the feed she needs. He also provides well-built houses to live in — houses which protect his birds from the rains and heavy storms and also from the attacks of predatory enemies. She is supplied with means of exercise and a balanced mixture of choice, palatable and nutritious feeds. In fact, every care is exerted to make her healthy, happy and comfort- able, to the end that she may concen- trate all of her energies in the produc- tion of eggs and thus give greater yields than would be possible under wild conditions. Ho%vever, after years and years of steadily improving methods in the management of our fowls, we have found that man's intelligent care and feeding? are not the only factors en- tering into the problem of securing a strain of hish producers. It is per- fectly true that good feeding, housing and general good managonunt on the poultryman's part have greatly in- creased the productive abilities of the present domestic fowl over her fore- bears. Yet there is a limit to the in- crease in production which can be se- cured in this way. If we are going to advance toward the general flock average, on even a moderately large scale, of 200 eggs per hen per year, we have got to reckon with the laws of inheritance, and not lose sight of the fact that egg production is an in- herited character that must be devel- oped to its highest perfection by skill- ful, selective breeding. The third or fall and winter cycle is the real determining factor in devel- oping flocks of heavy layers. This period represents the most unnatural season for fowls to lay eggs in. Yet if a hen is to produce a large, annual yield she must lay some of those eggs during this third cycle, nierefore if the strong innate tendency is so powerful that a hen does lay during the fall and winter period, it indicates that she possesses greater laying abilities than a hen which does not lay during this time. Egg production being an inherited character, "like tends to produce like." In order to build up a strain of fowls which will not only produce an annual yield well above the average and which will lay well during the winter period, when eggs are most scarce and therefore highest in price, the poultryman must select those hens for his breeding purpose that have proven their egg laying ability, both during the fall and winter cycle and in annual yield. How are we going to know the lay- ing abilities of our liens? There is only one accurate way — by trap nesting. No, dear reader, it is not necessary to trap nest 2,000 fowls every day in the year if one possesses that many. It is only necessary to trap-nest the breeding stock. If it is true that the egg yield dur- ing the period of greatest scarcity — the fall and winter — is a pretty accu- rate indicator of the annual egg lay- ing ability of a fowl, then by trap nesting and especially selected lot of laying stock during October, Novem- ber and December, let us say, those that lay best during these months may be picked out by their trap-nest records, put in a special breeding pen and trap-nested throughout the year. The annual yield of those selected out as having laid best during the fall and winter cycle will prove whether the number of eggs laid during this cycle is a true indicator of the annual egg laying abilities of any fowl. A very carefully planned series of breeding experiments extending over a long period have been carried on at the Maine Experiment station. These experiments would quite clearly indi- cate the tremendous importance of the male as a factor in breeding for high production. It has been shown that this character of high egg pro- duction in a fowl is sex limited and transmitted from mother to son and from father to daughter. On this basis we would want to select our breeding males from the sons of high produc- ing hens. By bearing these facts in mind and carefully applying them in his breeding work, the commercial poultryman can increase the laying average of the whole flock. And it will pay him just as surely as it pays dairymen to test their cows. The use of trap nests resulting in the se- curing of breeding data of such im- portance as we have outlined in this article will become as vital a part of the poultryman's work as the Bab- cock test is to the work of successful dairymen. In order to know accu- rately just how many eggs a hen pro- duces; in order to know accurately how many eggs the mother, yes, and even grandmother, of each breeding male laid, trap nests must be used. The purpose of the trap nest is not to increase the egg production of the present layers, but to find which of these layers are producing well above the average in order that such birds may be used as breeders to pro to tVl per M. Oomiipitwl Iron $2..'>0 per square. .Sliinxl*^ per M. Rooflnjf Paper H-ply. 75c: I ply. $T.Of>; 2-ply, tl i"): 3-plv. J1.50 Paints floor, 60c per Ration ; white lead, 8c per lb.: boiletl linseed oil. 8^c per sallon. Paints, anj color II. jO per ralloQ. Window vuh. sizes ranging from 2x3 to 3x3 :C and smaller. 7tO each, in any quantity yon want. New windows, any mze, complete with frames, $'2.50 t'» $3.50 . »,hovt 'Jl>.000 in stock. New doors, any sire at 3.m- each. Se. Second hand low down tnileu $.<<. New high tank toilets. $7.50: second hani high lank toilets. $5: 2-part cement wash trays. $5. Whitr porcelain enameled wash tray combination. $8: rfoks. $'J sewer piiw. Sc per foot: water pii>e. 3c per foot. nire lis a cill. Ree our stock. It win mors than pir prise voii. The largest dealers in the Imilding line, new or second hand. DOLAN WRBGiLING AND CONSTRUCTION CO I030 Mnrkrt St., Opp. Prnnklln. Farmers Orchardists are making California No land like its valleys for successful farm- ing and fruit growing. A cultivated acre will produce more revenue than any elsewhere. No place like it for outdoor and country home life the year around. The Pajaro, Santa Clara, Salinas, Sacra- mento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys, and 400 miles of Coast country, traversed by Southern Pacific lines, offer fertile lands to thousands. Markets for every product of Farm, Or- chard and Dairy. Opportunities for Homeseekers and Settlers worthy the most careful investigation. For Particulars address Chas. S. Fee, Passenger Traffic Mgr., Flood Bldg., San Francisco SOUTHERN PACIFIC THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKEl PAGES. YOU SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT 4 Makes Mr- Wash Day L ■ a Pleasure Does the wa-i> loff and boiling operate by Electric Power Haii<1 Power or by Belt from ga»o)lne engine or otlier power. ANo made with extra compartment-- for rinsing and bluing. Send for CIRCl'LAR and PRICES. H. E. WILLIAMSON, 1340 MISSION ST. S A \ F H A % < I S C* O , CALIF. MfK. of DOMKSTIC STEAM WASHKU. M onev ORCHARD AND FARM 33 Conditions in California Counties -Reported by the County Horticultural Commissioners. NAPA, John J. Fox— Buds on. the fruit trees are well filled and thrifty generally (February 15, 1915). • A few almonds are out in bloom. The season apparently is ten days later than last year. A little fine weather is needed to complete spraying. Peaches look better than last year, apples lighter. About one-third or a little more of the grape pruning is completed. Cover crops are light. Berries are showing strong canes and well matured wood and there is plenty of it to choose from. About 10,000 new orchard heaters were bought this year as an insurance against frost injury — a new thing in this county. A great deal of crude oil emulsion has been used this year is a general clean up spray. Wheat and oats are a good color and not too forward. There is no yellowed crops like last year. Very little barley is in yet, 'but farmers are plowing for it now. Livestock is in very good shape generally in spite of rather de- pleted fall pastures. Hay was cheap and the stock was fed plentifully. NEVADA, D. F. Norton— Febru- ary is too early to make an intelli- gent crop report, as the farmers will not commence plowing for the plant- ing of vegetables under two months and the grape vines will not be pruned until next month at this ele- vation and you cannot tell anything about the berry crop until the vines are in blossom, as the fruit buds are co-terminal, but I will make a huge guess. Deciduous fruit trees are loaded with fruit buds and another bumper crop is promised for 1915, es- pecially pears, plums and peaches. Citrus trees are in a thrifty condi- tion. Navel oranges are about all harvested. The copious warm rains have brought grain along in fine shape. The early and unusually warm rains have produced an abun- dance of feed and livestock is in good condition. Orchard planting is now going on, but the heaviest planting will be done in March. The prin- cipal planting will be pears. There were 28,263 deciduous fruit trees planted in January; of this number 25,560 were pear trees. TULARE, Charles F. Collins- There is a heavy fruit planting in the central part of the county, prunes leading, with peaches second, and fully the usual number of apricots, apples, walnuts, figs and others. More orange pruning than usual is being done and prospects for the coming season are good. Grape pruning is mostly done. There is not as heavy grape planting to date as usual. A large acreage of grain is planted and is looking fine. A few spring showers will insure good crops. Gen- erally speaking, this is one of the most favorable seasons ever seen in Tulare county. SHASTA, George A. Lamiman— The shipments of trees are now ar- riving in large lots and there will be a large acreage of new land planted this season. Peaches, prunes, plums, olives, apples and grapes will be the main fruits planted. One company alone will plant 600 acres to olives, peaches, plums, etc. In all there will be over a thousand acres planted this season to these varieties of fruit. SISKIYOU, Joseph F. Wetzel— The usual acreage of grain has been planted this season. The livestock industry is on the increase and is be- coming more important each season. It is too early yet to tell about the fruit crops and vegetables in this county as planting has not yet started. Without question the best wearing shoes obtainable. The latest styles and a comfortable fit. HONORBILT SHOES Made of the best bark tanned leather — combined with the most skillful shoemaking; genuine quality shoes at a reasonable price. WARNING— Alwaym look for thm Maymr name and trade mark on the Mole, if your dealer can- not aapply you, write to um. noNORBicr W« make Mayer Honorbilt Shoe* in all styles for men, women, children; Crysox, wet weather shoe*; Yerma Cuehion Shoe*. Martha Wathington Comfort Shoes. F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Co., Milwaukee PATENTS That Protect and Pay Send Sketch or Model fo FREE SEARCH Books, Adrice. Searches and pppp Big List of Inventions Wanted, r IVCjIli Watson E. Coleman. I'atent Lawyer. Wash.. D. C. Amerlran S. & W. Co. and Square Deal standard makes of fence at wholesale prices. Send for FREE catalogue. Save OHS rebate COUPONS and the dealers' profits on Home and Farm .Supplies. OLD PLANT BERRIES Alfred Mitting has had 47 years ' experience with berries from all ! over the world. His new berry ! Macatawa, is the wonder, to all i that see it in fruit. It is 3 >^ inches ' one way by BH inches the other > way. Send a postal card today for ■ hia 1915 catalogue with 1 colored I plate, including the cream of all ! berries from a commercial stand- point or for home reqoirements, ALFRED MrmNG ' 8 Nwi t Slr««t Santa Crux. CallfornlM Dept PoTlland and Los Angeles. HICKORY SUPPLY CO.. San lAancisco, Sacramento. FOR BULBS See HOGAN, KOOYMAN & CO. Wholesale Florists 27 ST. ANNE ST. SAN FRANCISCO Standard Irrigation Equipment Made only of Vismera iron (99. 8G per cent pure, the purest commercial iron known. Is adapted best to California conditions, because it is made here by men of long, practical experi- ence, who are used to solving the difficulties of building perfect, long-life irrigation equipment. Not a single piece of work goes from the Standard shop until it is perfect. Cut above shows perspective view of Standard flume with crossbars partly re- moved. Below is portable syphon for tak- ing water from flume at any point desired. Above shows two 24-inch gates just made for Tulare Lake Canal Co. Be- low is cut showing construction of flume. Note corrugated edges, insur- ing straight edge. Made of Vismera Iron. 99.86 per cent pure. On this page are shown several illustrations of Standard work. No matter what you may need, on large jobs or small, we can supply you with Corrugated Pipe, Gates or Flume that will out- live severest uses. Write and tell us your needs. Standard Corrugated Pipe Co. 516 RInlto Bldg. San Francisco 7S7 Lawrence St. Los Angeles 34 ORCHARD AND FARM Profitable Laundry Practices Chocolate Cream Beak one-h>If box EeUtine in cold water until »oft; add it to two cupful! milk, which ha> been acalded, with four tablespoonhtlt Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolat«, stirring until dissolved. Remove from fire, add one-half capful sugar, and one teaspoonful va- nilla extract. Turn into granite basin, set In a pan of ice water, stirring until it begins to thicken;add two cupfuls of cream whipped to a stiff froth. Line a mould with peaches, turn In the mixture, set In a cold place until firm. Un- mould and serve with whipped cream. As a flavoring for cake, icing, cake filling, candy, ice cream and sauces, Gliinardelli'S Ground Chocolate is unequalled in its purity, its economy, its flavor — It has enjoyed an unrivaled reputation for more than half a century. as As a daily beverage its health-promoting qualities as well as its low cost per cup recommend its use. Sold by Grocers everywhere in hermetically sealed tins. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San FranclMO Sine* 1«5J California To wash laces or ruchings that will not stand much rubbing or handling, use a Mason fruit jar, labeling what is in it and what it is used for. Do not fill more than two-thirds full of good soap suds, so that contents will shake well. Use gasoline, magnesia, or chalk in the same way. Collars, cuffs and other shaped pieces can be done up more satisfactory if they are basted to a piece of muslin before cleansing, and after froning remove bastings and pieces will have former shape and size. — MRS. S. E. G., San Jose, Cal. After rinsing a bed spread do not put it through the wringer, but hang it on the line dripping wet. It wiU dry without a crease and will not re- quire ironing. The fringe will be just as fluffy as when new. — MRS. C, Wil- bur, Oregon. Peroxide of hydrogen is the best bleaching agency known for silk, linen, wool or cotton. It gives a pure white with positively no chance of hurting the fabric. Use one teaspoon- ful of peroxide of hydrogen to a large pail of cold water. Allow the articles *o soak over night and after rinsing ■wash as usual ana you will find you have the beautiful whiteness of the new material. — MRS. E. W. A., Camp- bell, Cal. Never rub flannel on the board as it takes away the softness. Make soapsuds of rain water and Ivory soap and allow the water to cool un- til it is just tepid, then souse the woolen cloth up and down in this. Usually after such treatment the dirt comes out easily. Rinse in tepid water. Never wring flannel with wringer, but wring by hand, as the pieces do not shrink so much. — MRS. F. M., Healdsburg, Cal. In order to keep white muslins al- ways white, blue a pillow case or any white bag in bluing water until it is as blue as can be and dry in the shade. Put your white goods in the bag and tie tight, put away in a dark place and you will find that your white goods will always retain a pure white- ness.—MRS. B. F. J., Alvarado, Cal. Gelatine such as is used for cook- ing makes an excellent starch for black, navy blue, or any dark wash goods, leaving them without streaks. Soak one teaspoon of gelatine in a little cold water, then pour over it one quart of boiling water. Stir well and use when lukewarm after strain- ing. Iron the garment on the wrong side and use a dark cover on the ironing board to avoid any lint that might come from a white cloth. This solution is also good for stiffening silk or ribbon.— MRS. C. R. P., San Jose, Cal. I have no trouble in keeping my clothes white, as I use borax in wash- ing every week. It has the cleaning power, as it takes the dirt out and keeps the clothes white. I wash my clothes in one suds with borax in the water and then rinse them. I also wash my woolens in water with borax and have no trouble with them. — MRS. S. B. C, Vannyck, Idaho. A great saving of labor is effected by adopting the following: Take one pound of sal soda, one-half pound of stone lime and five quarts of water and boil a short time, stirring occa- sionally, then let it settled and pour off the clear fluid in a stone bottle and cork for use. Soak your clothes over night in cold water, wring out and put in a half pint of the fluid in boiling water and put your clothes in and boil for an hour, then rub light- ly through one suds and rinse well in the blue water.— MRS. H. B. K., Oxnard, Cal. To clean light woolen skirts, first rub all the spots with gasoline, then put the skirt into a bath of gasoline. When thoroughly soaked, lay on table or iron board and rub French chalk evenly all over the skirt. Hang out on the line to dry. After it is dry the chalk can be brushed or beaten out. Any light colored woolen skirt may be cleaned in this way. — MRS. A. J. P., Napa, Cal. To remove scorched spots, wet the scorched portion with clear water and sprinkle with borax. It will remove the scorch and leave no stain and may be used on the most delicate fabrics. — MRS. N. F. G., San Juan Bautista, Cal. BACK TO THE LAND. There are too many "dreamers and thinkers" And not enough tillers of soil; There are too many eaters and drinkers Who use up the products of toil; There are too many boosters and boomers. With manners too easy and bland; We're cursed with too many consum- ers. We ought to go back to the land. There are too many getters and takers, And not enough men who produce, There are too many broad rolling acres Untouched and untilled — out of use. We stick where the grime and the grit is. And the streets with the poor are a-swarm; We're crowded too much in the cities, We ought to go back to the farm. We've got to be workers and plow- ers, Who sweat in the fields like true men; We've got to make use of our powers To make the land blossom again. What, me on a farm? And to stay there? Well, not for a bundle of pelf ! I was trying to show you the way there, But I'll stick to the city myself. —Tit-Bits. "STRIPPINGS" CURE CONSUMP- TION. Consumption, or tuberculosis, is very largely a matter of good nour- ishment (and rest). Foods of certain kinds which are flesh forming, though not all flesh forming foods by any means, tend to overcome consump- tion and a strong recommendation of "strippings," or the last of a milking, as a consumption cure, appears to have recent medical experience to make it appear good. Here are some of the directions: To get best results a healthy cow should be selected, one that does not cough and one that gives very rich milk. The last quart should be milked in- to a separate dish which rests in a larger vessel containing warm water just sufficient to prevent the strip- pings from cooling below blood heat. The cow should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent any dirt getting into the milk so the patient can blow back the froth and drink at once without straining, as this cools it too much. Begin by drinkinf nearly a pint in the morning and the same at night and increase the quantity gradually so that in 10 or 15 days a full quart will be taken twice a day. It should be taken immediately after milking, be- fore it has had time to cool any. All should be taken that can be without too much discomfort and then rest 2 or 3 minutes and drink more and rest again, and so on until a full quart has been taken as soon as it can be con- veniently. In about fifteen minutes the patient should eat at the table such articles of food as are known to agree with the stomach. At noon, eat as usual. When the strippings are not al- lowed to cool below blood heat and taken immediately after it is milked a full quart will be transfused into the circulation in a remarkably short time. The physician recommending this plan states that he has never seen a case but could take the strippings without any discomfort worth men- tioning when above directions were followed strictly, although some have declared they could not before trying it. but when they delayed taking for half an hour and the milk had cooled ten degrees half a pint might make them very sick. The great secret of success with it is in taking it immedi- ately after milking and not allowing it to cool below blood heat, taking a full quart morning and evening and having milk that is very rich. If you are afraid of draughts, have screens covered with coarse muslin to fit your windows just like ordinary fly screens and use them at night. Bake ALL Your Piea in a " Wear-Ever " Aluminum Pie Pan If yoa want pies with litcht, flaky cru5ts» us« "Wear-Ever" Aluminum Pie Fans. They take the heat quickly and distribute it evenly. The whole pie bakes through and throufih. The enormous pressure of rollinff millH and stamp- ing machines mafces the metal in ' Wear-Ever" pans dense, hard and smooth. Made in one piece. "Wrar- Ever* Utensils can't break, crack or ctiip — arc pure and safe. Replace utensils that wear out with utensils that "Wear-Ererl* Write for Booklet. "The Wear-Evrr /C. r ' , - which Uiia how to imprnve your rnf>k)n'j Till- Aluminum ( «»oktri:.- i i. r -ii ( .. Dept. ';.{. New h Northern Aluminum ' Send Drepaid 1-qt. "We.it ■ ; > i ed is 20c in stamps — money fundt-d it nut i Name Addrcm menfloB ^'Orckard and Farm.** ORCHARD AND FARM 35 Orchard and Farm's BIG PROBLEM CONTEST ENDS MARCH 10. 191S March 10th the Last Day To Enter The Big' Puzzle Contest Over $ 1 .300 In Gold 50 (FIFTY) 50 GOLD AWARDS OFFERED OUR READERS COUNT THF dll^d to be given away for answers to the puzzle. No trick or chance involved ;only accuracy ^ IVWI- mobile on the farm. In fact, it goes further. It actu= ally proves that nowadays to be without one is, in most cases, an extravagance. It is written by an authority — a man who has lived your life with and without a car — a man wh* knows what he is talking about. It should be read by yourself, your wife and your children. Tell your neighbor to get one, too. It is profusely illustrated and very instructive. The edition is limited. No second edition will be published. Fill the coupon out now and mail it at once. The day we receive your address we mail this book — the most interesting and educating volume of its kind ever published. Model 80 n,075 Model 81 '850 5 Passenger Touring Car 5 Passenger Touring Car Model 80, Roadster $1,050 Model 81, Roadster $796 Model 80, 4 Pass. Coupe 1,600 « ,. „ « • j j dm Six-Model 82, 7 Pass. Touring Delivery «agon, with closed body 895 Car 1,475 Delivery Wagon, with open body- 860 .1// prices f. o. b. Toledo Mail the Coupon To-Day The WIllyn-OverlaiMl Companr, Ucpt. ISO, Tfilrdo, Ohio, II. S. A. Please send me free of charge and i>aat paid your book entitled «W1iy De Yoa Star Ilome?** IVame r. O. AddresH R. V. D. IVo. Town County State The Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio. COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO., HEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO. LARGE CROPS CAN BE PRODUCED WHEREVER LARGE OAKS GROW. ORCHARD AND FARM The Car ' You can own an exact duplicate of "Wild Bill" Turner's or Billy Carlson's record-breaking Maxwells Think of owning one of these same Maxwells — think of driving it wherever you want to — over any kind of roads — up any kind of hills, wherever four wheels can go, the same car for $695. Remember every "1915" Maxwell is an exact duplicate of the regular stock Maxwell Touring Cars in which "Wild Bill" Turner broke the world's record up Mt. Hamilton, 21 7-10' miles in 48 1-2 minutes, beating the world's record by 16 1-6 minutes, and "Billy" Carlson broke the world's record up Mt. Wilson, California, making nine miles (up an elevation of 6,000 feet) in 29 minutes and 1 second, beating the previous world's record by 13 minutes. That's the kind of hill-climber you get when you get a Maxwell. But, aside from hill- climbing and speed power and endurance records, the Maxwell is a comfortable car, a beautiful car, and gives real automobile service. The Maxwell Company's Guarantee of Service to Maxwell Owners No other automolille in backeil by a more reliable service than that grwnrnnteeil every Maxwell owner. More than 2,000 Maxwell dealers — In every part of thin countrj- — are alwayH ready to give expert advice t» make adJuRtment*. and to supply new parts at reasonable prices. This splendid Maxwell dealer service organization is perfected and conipleled by the chain of Maxwell owned and Maxwell operated Service Branches. Sixteen great Maxwell Service Stations are so located throuBhout the country that a Maxwell dealer can supply any part for an owner within a few hours if not in his stoclf. Maxwell Service Is one of the irrent advantases enjoyol by Maxwell owners. Maxwell Five-Passenger Touring Car. _$ai>S, f. o. b. Detroit Maxwell Roadnter «70, f. o. b. Detrwft Maxwell Cabriolet 840, f. o. b. Detroit Any model equipped with electric self-starter, (55 extra. In Canada 9 0'J5 In Canada l>00 In Canada l.lOii In Canada, f'O extra. Order a Maxwell now, and when you want it you. will get your car — and not an excuse on delivery day. Write for beautiful lOl.' Miixwcll CntnloKuc. Address Department B. K. MAXWELL MOTOR COMPANY, Inc., - - Detroit, Michigan "EVERY ROAD IS A MAXWELL ROAD" ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII APRIL, 1915 No. 4 ' A Story of a "Back to the Land" Effort Being an interested reader of your iper the last year, I would like to 11 the readers of an experience on e farm, especially to "Up Against ," who, I am sure, is not in that Isition merely for lack of ambition, It more likely for lack of good dgment and knowing how to take Ivantage of surrounding conditions. Ten years ago we bought an eleven- ire fruit farm in California. I was .ised on a farm in the East, but knew :tle about a fruit farm as a commer- al proposition. My husband knew 5thing at all about farming, having llowed mining the most of his life. It he decided we must have a home id farm in California. I was more an willing, as I never liked city or ining camp life. Well, to make the story short, mntry or farm life soon grew too me for him and he went back to ining the second year, leaving me id my young son to take care of the rm. To carry out a mining deal a ur thousand dollar mortgage was aced on our hoix-e. For four years I stayed on the farm, rom a run down orchard and build- gs I got the place in good shape ith hired help, and the money I ade from fruit and poultry I paid le interest on the mortgage. My iisband had made bad deals in min- ig and I soon saw it would be im- )ssible to pay the principal from the roceeds of the ranch when due. Just after the earthquake of 1906 I as left alone to manage the best I 3uld with debt hanging over me. I as like "Up Against It," badly dis- DUraged. I wanted to sell, and sell ad, for I saw I could not by hiring 11 work done make good interest on loney invested, so I listed it for sale ith every real estate firm in the 5wn. Not getting a buyer quick enough J suit me, I went out one day and icked up a for sale sign on the gate, "he very next day it caught the eye f a buyer and I made a sale, paid ff my debts and decided to go and isit my my folks in the South, later 3 buy a small house some place in California. Went to Oklahoma in May; T saw ne crops, fine cattle and good land 0 be bought very chean. I decided I ould get more for my monev there ban in California, so bought 80 (ores of the best prairie grass land. In under fence, and 30 acres culti- ated, mostly in big weeds, for $1,200. ^ log cabin and tumbled down barn nade up the other improvements. T moved on the place in November, ived in the little two-room log cabin, nd with the help of a nephew and carpenter built a four-room house, food barn and chicken house. I say 'help," because T with mv own hands lelped build every building that went ip on the place, .^fter the frame of he house was no T helped put on the ;ide walls, nailing one end of the loards as fast as the carpenter nailed he other. Help was hard to get and iiy capital small. I saw I must save ?very way possible. T put on the lin- ng and' papered the walls alone. While my nephew was getting' the land ready to plant, 1 dug a storm cel- lar 8 by 10 feet and five feet deep. My nephew then covered it with split logs spiked together with iron spikes. I had more than one use for this cellar. It was a place of refuge in the frequent wind storms and also a place for keeping things cool in summer; to set incubator and keep vegetables in winter, etc. Then I wanted a yard and garden fenced. I got oak strips from a little saw mill two miles away 1x2 inches for very little. Got a man to set in posts and put on railings and 1 sawed and put on the pickets. The yard and garden being about 100 by 200 feet, it was some work nailing those hard oak slats on; however, I was none the worse, except minus a thumb nail when I finished and was well pleased over my finished job. The next thing was trees. The place had been owned by a half blood Indian and not a tree of any kind ex- cepting two cottonwoods was on it. I had an acre on an east slope I decided to plant in fruit trees. My neighbors told me trees would not grow there because the subsoil was too near the top, but my four years' experience with trees and vines in California made me believe dififerent. I sent and got a good variety of peaches, a few apples and cherry trees, dug a hole down through the clay subsoil three feet deep and nearly as wide, filled in about a foot of good soil, set in the tree, filling in with rich soil and those three years after were good to look at. The peaches bore a few fruits the second year and when I left the third spring they were loaded with blossoms and growing fine. I could write a book on my experi- ence there, but will make that as short as possible to give the reader an idea on how I succeeded and then failed. The first year I bought my meat from the farmers; then I bought a sow with eight fine nigs; a full blooded red Duroc for $12, and two Poland Oiina pigs at $5, one cow and yearling heifer for $25, another heifer for $10. The cow came fresh" in a month and both heifers the following summer. I drove with my horse and buggy for several drives over the country befor I found a good stock of Ply- mouth Rock chickens. I bought three dozen hens and a rooster, sent for a 240-egg incubator and raised nearly 400 chickens the first year. Sold some eggs and all the butter I had from one cow to stores, later broilers also, altogether amounting to $84.36, be- sides having milk, butter, eggs and chickens for home use from April to December for one year. That fall I killed six of the eight red pigs, weighing on the average dressed 125 pounds. The largest one, 160 pounds, I sold to the market for $16, curing the others for my home use. Kept the other seven head for stock hogs. We had a good corn crop the first year. I desired to raise only such feed as could be consumed on the farm by my stock. I also leased 160 acres grass land joining my place for $1 per acre for hay and pasture, and partly to keep stockmen from running big herds too close to my crops. The first year I had cut and baled six carloads of hay, netting me $3 per ton, and kept six tons for my stock. The next year I had three Al cows, 40 head of hogs, three young calves, about 200 laying hens, and a good team of horses, everything in good shape to live. Prices for butter and eggs were small, but the demand was plenty for all I had. I bought groceries and clothing with my butter and eggs, raised all the vegetables we used and canned some for winter use. Outside of the little money made this way I had nothing left but some mining stock in Nevada which I had given my brother charge to sell, as I saw I must make quite an outlay to care for my increasing stock of hogs and other stock. My bro.ther sold the mining stock for $2,500. put it in the bank in Nevada until further orders from me and five days later the bank- failed. Next, our crops burned up — • corn, hay, everything in the country except cotton was a failure and I was forced to borrow money to buy feed to winter my stock and carry them until the next growing season. I sold my surplus meat hogs and that helped some, but money was hard to get and there was little mar- ket on that account for other things. The next year was worse than ever. Dry months set in early in June and continued until the latter part of July, burning all crops so they were worth- less. After a good rain came we planted late corn. It came along nicely until the army worms came by millions and cleaned out even the weeds, leaving nothing green on the place. That fall I tried to sell my stock, as I had no money to buy feed. No- body wanted them at any price, as ever one was in the same boat and had no feed. The banks and business men refused to lend money even on good security, or would give only a limited amount of credit. I was in debt $750 and could not pay even the interest. With even two good crop seasons the first two years with the stock I had I could have paid oflf my debts and had a good start to tide over one year's failure, but crippled, so to speak, in the beginning by the loss through the bank of money I had planned to fall back on was the be- ginning of my failure. I had the land and as good soil as one could wish. I raised even the first year stalks nine and ten feet high, ears, many of them. 14 inches long, the yellow dent and white flint variety. Well, anyway, with hundreds of others who failed to make good those two years, I lose practically all. The loan company foreclosed and I got out with five hundred dollars and a lot of experience, worth, perhaps, more, after three years living from three years of hard work and $1,600 cash to start on, but I am determined my failure and the experience I gained shall be the stepping stones to future success on another farm. But in Oklahoma? Ah, No! Oklahoma lias good land and people as any State in the Union, but it seems to me even God does not want the paleface there after breaking our promise to the red- man that it should be theirs "As long as the water run or the grass grows." It should be theirs to do with as they se^ best. I would never again envy them their possessions. .^fter all, California is a pretty good old State to stay with and I am di- recting my efforts towards ways and means to again owning a little garden spot of her sun-kissed soil. I do not believe in giving up or saying "I can't," or "What's the use?" So I would kindly suggest to Mr. "Up Against It" to stay with it unless he is compelled to get out. If nuts do not pav. try other things: make the shade into play grounds for pigs or chickens or both. Clover or alfalfa between the trees will help get buy- ers and make the place so attractive that the other fellow will believe he is getting his money's worth, if you are bound to sell. If not, stav with it. for as the saying goes, "A bird in the hand is worth two in tTie bush." PUZZLE CONTEST ENDS Full details regarding the distribution of prizes, the winners and the amount of their prizes, will be published in the May issue of Orchard and Farm. No information will be given previous to that date. The necessity of using the second problem to decide ties has delayed the announcement of the winners. More details will be found on page 14 of this issue. ORCHARD AND FARM 4 ORCHARD AND FARM The *'Back to the Land" Discussion Fertilizer Practices for Potatoes To "Orcharil and Farm": — 1 notice with great interest the articles in your magazine from inquirers who would like to have your advice on the possibilities of getting a start in farm- ing with no capital to start in on. Being a recent comer to California from Xew Jersey and an experienced combination farmer, 1 must say that I find from my personal investigation of randies in California that if 1 can- not find a plan to do farming with my experience and a capital of |10,000, there certainly is not one chance in a thousand for tlic man with nothing or even a little money to make a living (I say living, I do not mean an existancc) in this State. Have tried to find a decent farm to rent, but that does not seem to exist in this State unless you are willing to pay a rental of two thousand dollars per annum. And to purchase a place and stock it with a capital of $10,000 in this State is in my experience so far entirely out of the question. This can be done in the Kast, but not here. In order to verify whether 1 am wrong or not I had inserted in three farm journals of California the in- closed advertisement and during the last four weeks received but four answers, and those answers were only theories. • WANTED, BY A NEW-COMER — A preneral Dlan Information that will show the most Income results with an investment of |10,000 In live stock or mixed farming. The $10,000 must cover land and all. Also specify location where plan can be carried out. Will pay $10 to best detailed »nBw«.r and $15 additional later when plan sub- mitted proves correct. Idea Is to ascertain what will give the big- gest returns on such capital. AD- DRESS •' Under the circumstances it is my conclusion that the man who thinks California is just the place for a man with small capital will find it a myth on account of its high cost of land and high interest rates and high water charges. It costs more to farm in California than in any State west of the Rocky Mountains. So what chance then has the get back to the land man in this State, I would like to know, with a cash nucleus of $10,000 to start with? — X., Los An- geles, Cal. This is worse and more of it. First a farmer writes saying that he can't make a living on a farm; next, a city man says he can't earn enough to get back to the farm; now an experienced farmer says that he can't even make a start with $10,000 in his pocket. What will it be next month? Regarding your claim that a man cannot get ahead without a big bank account will say that we will let a former day laborer tell in our May issue how his wife and he started in 1898 with a baby girl and $45 and now own a fine 13-acre dairy ranch. Per- haps they merely "existed" rather than lived, but they got there just the same. The difference between "existing" and living is one of the things that makes either failure or success, at the start at least. The woman, a more complimentary term than "lady," who tells of her experi- ence on the first page of this issue does not think that a quarter of $10,000 is needed to get a start. It is all the way one goes about it. Of course, land is high and a good farm far more expensive than back East, and possibly prices are much higher than they might be. and based largely on climate and hopes for the future. You do not need as large a farm either, as in the East. A good fen-acre lemon grove, for example, will keep one man scratching to do justice to it. but the income will do justice to him. The smaller the farm, the higher acre value, and as a rule the greater expense for equipment in proportion to acreage. Generalizations are ridiculous with sucli a wide varia- tion in crops, soil conditions, markets, investment needed, time required to get property in full producing condi- tion, etc. It would be strange if you did get a good answer to your adver- tisement. If one arrives we want to see it. Paying for Plans. I'rom observation we would think that persons who would submit plans would probably need the money and be failures as farmer. Besides, with the wide variation in conditions, to say nothing about the tastes of the individual, it wouhi be practically im- possible to lay out plans such as you called for that could have a very wide application. The best thing you can get is circular 121 of the University of California on "Things the Prospective Should Know." It is a valuable bul- letin, but you will be in more or less of a daze when you get through if you try to lay out your plans by it. which is true for any written pro- gramme. Stock farming on a moderate scale is (practically speaking) limited as yet to dairying and hog raising, with" the stress on dairying and hog raising as an adjunct to it. You go to a good alfalfa district, buy your 20 or 30 acres, a few cows and start up and your $10,000 will not be strained very hard. The more settled the district, the higher will be land values. This money would probably be insuf- ficient to buy a well established, fully stocked place of some size, but no- body should want to start that way. The best way is to build up your place and lierd yourself, have some- thing to work to and then you will have something worth a whole lot more than $10,000. One thing we have noticed and that is, people who are all the time looking for a place to start, or a w to start, never find it. Others go somewhere, plunge right into it and get there. Sebastopol Berries. Few people have $10,000 to start with and we are writing more to others than to persons like you. The following letter, relating to the man in the city who wanted to start farm- ing (not with $10,000, but with almost nothing) might show one way to get back. Probably in many places there are other opportunities somewhat sim- ilar to this. "If G. H. would write to Mr. \V., San Francisco, he might be able to get a start in the country. Mr. W. has a small ranch (ten acres, I think) near Sebastopol. It is set out to young apple trees and berries. The berries will, doubtless, have a full crop this year. Six weeks ago Mr. W. was looking for a man to run the place, no rent or wages to be paid and the man to get the crop. Of course he has probably had the place plowed and the vines put up by this time and allowance would have to be made for that expense. "Full instructions for picking and packing will be given by the Berry Growers' Association. They kept a man as inspector in the berry fields last year for that purpose. This is a fine berry country and berries com- mand a good price. There is lots of work for the whole family during the summer in the berry fields of neigh- bors. If there is not a house on the place they could either rent a tent for camping or rent a house near by. The man would probably have to pro- vide a horse for plowing and cultivat- ing." Farming on Shares. This letter is from Madera. "I read the article twice on "Working back from city to farm." If G. H. of San Diego has not found a place he In iilnnfllnff potnlooM, in tlirrc nuy (IfinKrr i>f liurnInK thrjii by pulfInK »rll rotlril hoTMC iiiaiiiir*' In (he fiirru^v am they are planted f— J. I_ Fresh manure brought into contact with the i)otato seed is likely to in- jure them, but this trouble is unlikely with well rotted manure. There is, however, another angle to the ques- tion, which is discussed as follows by W. C. Bohrmann of the Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company; Loss of Nitrogen. Answering inquiry as to whether well rotted stable manure should be applied in the furrows where potatoes arc to l)e planted, will say that there are very few conditions under which manure will not be beneficial to the development of any vegetable growth in an unfertilized soil. There is a widespread erroneous belief that "rot- ted" manure is richer than fresh manure. When manure begins to rot it goes through a process of fermenta- tion known as "composting," and in this process the manure generates a high temperature under which a very large percentage of its nitrogen es- capes in the form of ammonia gas. This is what creates the familiar am- monia smell in most stables. It is, therefore, self-evident that the more nitrogen the manure loses in this way the poorer it will be in plant food con- tent. The only advantage resulting from rotted manure lies in the fact that the process of composting gener- ally kills the germs of the undigested seeds contained in animal excrement, tlius making the manure more desir- able as a fertilizer where the growth of grasses and weeds from such seeds v.-ould be objectionable. In applying might like to consider this proposi- tion. I am living on a 143-acre ranch three miles northeast of Madera on a much traveled country road leading to the Yosemite valley and mines and mountains. Land is mostly seeded to barley, with the exception of 40 acres 1 expect to plant with feterita. There is about one-half acre or better of garden land heavily manured and plowed six weeks ago, a few straw- berries, blackberries and grapes and about 85 fruit trees, mostly peaches. "Should G. H. care to come here, would give him the best of the two houses on this ranch, five-roorji al- most new cottage painted and papered, with large kitchen, closets, milk cupboard, bathroom without tub, screen porch on south, barn and chicken houses (some chicken fenc- ing would have to be done). I would furnish the garden seed, tools and water, as there are three wellsi and give him half of the produce of orchard, berries and vegetables. I have no work for anyone but myself until haying, but anyone who is will- ing to take hold and work can find plenty of work around here. Wages run from $1,50 to $2.50 per day, ac- cording to the season and work." Adds something about schools being within nice driving distance, etc., and says that he rents place which may be for rent again in fall. Of how much value these openings are we know no more than anybody else. What we do know is that there are lots of people who have started with nothing and more than made good; lots of others started with sev- eral thousands dollars and quit with nothing; that there are lots of ways of going about things, and that there are more ways to fail than to make good, yet it is possible to make good even at that. If you will submit us the plan of oDeration you decide on. we might be able to make suggested improvements or to point out flaws. Our whole programme is to try to encourage as safe and sure agriculture as possible. manure to orchards it is always pr' frr- able to use fresh manure; in t' place. l)ecause it contains mori gen than rotted manure, and, s< because the growth of gras- weeds resulting from fresh i is desirable as a humus formiin crop in orchards, same to be ; under in spring. Success in Maine. Regarding the more specific of fertilizing potatoes, I can bi you what can be accomplished direction by quoting the fi' figures from Grubb & Guilforr duced only "2 sacks per acre. 1 1 is an increase of 58 sacks per acre. • about 80 per cent increase, and I'l was brought about by the applicati of 600 pounds of fertilizer per an costing about $40 per ton delivered the farm. Translated into plain lars and cents, this means that worth of fertilizer produced 5.S sacl of potatoes, and figuring the potatoci at only $1 per sack, the net proT from the use of the fertilizer is Si more per acre than on the unfertiliici' land in this test. On the peat lands of San Joaquir county it has been found that the ap plication of about $15 worth of fer tilizer per acre of potatoes created ai increased yield of about 80 per cent the crop. And besides this incrc:i^ the quality of these potatoes «. ?;reatly improved by the potash in t ertilizer, which increased the star] content of the potatoes and m them more "mealy" than the so-call "river potatoes" usually are, DifTerence in Soils. The proportions of nitrogen, phoi phoric acid and potash required in ; commercial fertilizer to show best re suits on potatoes will vary somcwha according to the character of the soi m which they are planted. A respon sibic fertilizer manufacturer wil send a trained and experiencec man to the ranch to study condition: there and will then make recommend.! ( tions calculated to show the grow the most profitable results. It is my opinion, based on tei years of practical field experience ii this State, that there arc few crop: raised in California which will show ; larger profit on a fertilizer invest ment than potatoes will show. I early potatoes are raised, and irrigi tion is available, it is possible to til low up the potato crop with a era of corn in the same season, and thf benefit the corn crop by whatevc small amount of fertilizer may no have been removed from the soil b: the potato crop. m toe; I roT ' Tlie Colorado State Grange has tt cided that the tango, bunny hug similar diversions are not approprilt for meetings of the kind the grang is supposed to hold It has therefi prohibited dancing in connection its regular meetings or at any hall the grange. -ang 1 ORCHARD AND FARM Rubber Chain Tread built on a Powerful Modern Tire^* ^"Wv. 'C,...,..,^ .... KEEP A TIRE RECORD Factory] capacity doubled — ample supply of the famous "Chain Treads" now ready, and at the lowest price in their history Our total factory capacity has been doubled. Now we are ready to supply "Chain Tread" Tires in unlimited quantities at popular prices. For several years we have built "Chain Tread" Tires for a limited trade, but heretofore we have not been able to produce "Chain Treads" in large quantities. Chain Tread" Tires Safety experts acknowledge our rubber chain tread, built on this powerful modern tire, to be an abso- lutely marvelous anti-skid device. We challenge any competitor's tire to show you the same combination of real anti-skid protection and low cost per mile. We challenge you to keep a tire record and prove it for yourself. Send your name and address, for a set of Free Tire Record Blanks, to the United States Tire Company, New York City. "Chain Tread*' Tires are sold by Leading Reliable Dealers. Do Not accept Substitutes United StatesTires Made by the Largest Rubber Company in the World (Operating 46 Factories) ORCHARD AND FARM HE, X For a High Score Or a Full Bag AT the traps or in the /-% field, uniformity in the powder used is absolutely essential for con- sistent shooting. The ex- perienced shooter or hunter knows this to be so, and uniformity is one of the qualities he demands of the powder he uses. It is a significant fact that many of the most expert handlers of shotguns in this country shoot Infetllible Smokeless Shotgun Powder They know that this pow- der is always uniform; that it is carefully tested at the mill for liigh velocity, light recoil and even patterns ; that it is water-proof, age-proof and weatiier-proof. The next time you get shells see to it that they are loaded with Infallible. No matter when you get it, where you get it or how long you keep it, Infallible Smokeless Shotgun Powder is alway the same. Your dealer has shells loaded with it. Two interesting' book.s are yours for the asking: "Trap- shooting" treats of this cleHght- ful sport frbin the v iewpoint of both the veteran and the begin- ner. ''Hercules Sporting Pow- ders" is of interest to everyone ■who owns a rifle, shotgun or re- volver. These books are free. Write for them today. I SElfCULBS POWDEIl CO. Chronicle Bidldlns, San Francisco, Cal. The Store Keeper and the Farmer [We attended our first grange meet- ing, shame to admit such neglect, at Rutherford, Cal., late in February. First there was an initiation, which we, not being one of the elect, did not attend. Later there was a ban- quet, which a hundred or more per- sons enjoyed, and that we did full justice to. After the edge had been taken from the diners' appetites the lecturer of the Rutherford grange, VV. E. Cole, propounded a series of o.uestions to one of the leading mer- chants of St. Helena, a few miles up the valley, so that members of the grange could get a merchant's view of his relations to farm customers. These questions as they were given and the replies thereto as they were remembered, but boiled down to rea- sonable space, are given herewith. — Editor.] Q. Is St. Helena a high-priced town? (Substitute the name of your town, Mr. Reader.) Ans. No. (This would be the an- swer everywhere.) Q. Do St. Helena merchants en- courage long credits? (This is about the most important question of all. It is often stated that merchants like customers to run up a big bill, as they then might buy more than they would if they had to pay cash.) A. No. Merchants would be able to sell goods much cheaper if they were paid cash, as they have to pay their bills promptly, and lose a dis- count if they do not pay within a short time, sometimes w-ithin ten days, sometimes thirty. Carrying a customer, in addition to the risk run of losing the money, is another way of tieing up capital, of taking six months or a year to turn over stock, instead of, say. a month or less. The merchant giving replies stated that it cost his concern li'A per cent to do business, and this could be materially reduced if all would pay cash for goods. Other merchants speaking afterward claimed that the usual cost of doing business was more than this, say 17 per cent, which is a further reason for benefits from a cash busi- ness. Q. A man paying each month you do not consider a cash customer and object to discount. He has no better standing than the man who pays once in si.v months. Is that right? A. He is not a cash customer, and the store could deal on a smaller margin if he paid cash, but he is a better customer than the man who pays only after six months. Q. Are town customers better pay than the farmer? A. As a rule they pay much quicker than the farmer, and the store keeper gets his money much quicker. However, it occasionally happens that a temporary resident is out of work, cannot pay and leaves town, while the farmer, in the long run. is pretty sure to be good for his bill. Often the town customer orders goods from two to seven times a day, which off- sets the advantages of more prompt payment. Q. It is alleged that a party mak- ing arrangements to pay at crop time, say, or once in six months, does not get as much for his dollar at the end as the beginning. A. This is the question again of cash versus credit. The merchant can afford to do business on a smaller margin for cash than for credit. Q. Does the farmer bring his produce to the store in a marketable condition, or is it in inferior condi- tion as a general rule? Have your stores got into a custom of accept- ing inferior stuff to hold a customer that you know you will lose on? A. Ye editor was much interested to see that home-made butter was the subject most emphasized in the answer, as there has been much in these columns about home butter- making. Some butter is brought into the store wrapped in waxed paper with a nice label, the butter being of good quality. .\ large aniount is of only fair to middling quality and poorly put up; some, and a rather large some, of very poor quality, some wrapped in a newspaper, some put up in big chunks, some put up in squares, with no regard to ac- curacy of weight, and so on. Inferior stuff all had to be sent to the baker at a loss. The inference was that cus- tomers were credited about the same for poor or good butter, or, at least, that the level of butter prices could be boosted if butter was what it ought to be. Eggs are another poorly packed product. Besides an unnecessarily large amount of poor or dirty eggs, glass eggs, have been found in cases, now and again boiled eggs are found, quite frequently from several eggs to a dozen and over are missing, which is not discovered until the city dealer sends up his report. Wormy apples versus good apples, and so on, all came in for their share of notice. There is plenty room for improved prices by right quality and packing. Q. Would it not be better for the farmer if there was a standard of quality for farm produce demanded by the store keepers? Should not the parties be paid according to grade? Because this is not done, do you not have to charge more? A. Our memory goes bad on this answer. The facts are that there are so many angles to the subject that no definite, simple and practical method of operation can be given. The truth of the idea developed in the question is self-evident. Q. Is it customary to make two profits on a tiade? (One profit in taking in produce, another on the goods sold.) What are the facts? A. As ye editor gets it there are costs and a necessary margin of op- eratmg in buying, which means one "profit" in taking in produce and an- other necessary margin in handling goods sold or delivered, thus mak- ing what mijjl-.t be called two "prof- its," but really what is required in the deal. The exact reply our mem- ory recalls not. Q. Does the delivery system to farmers add materially to the cost? If so, do you give allowance to the man who always gets his stuff? Does not most of your delivery cost per- tain to the town people? If the farmers would agree to pay promptly and get their stuff, w^ould it not be right to give the farmers a better price than the town people? A. This has been partly answered before. A very large amount of the merch.-nt's expense lies in the deliv- ery systc'i. and the greater propor- tion of waste as a rule to tcwn peo- ple. Buying and delivering small amounts is the expensive thing. Big orders and fewer deliveries are needed. Cash payments by farmers and the hauling of their own stuff will justify lower prices. (Very quietly it can be said that if anybody is justified in getting discounts and wants them it is necessary to ask for them.) Q. Where you take orders for sul- phur, rope, etc.. used once a year, at crop time, and which you do not want to carry as stock, what margin of profit do you make? A. Ten per cent. This business can be done cheaper than ordinary business. Q. The orders are taken some time ahead of the call for them. How (Contlnned rage Fifteen.) Saving Time and Money on the Farm How much do you pe.r- sonally know aboiit the use of dynamite on the farm? Have you ever used it? If you have, have you used it to the fullest ad- vantage? Have you made it do all the work of which it is capable? With Hercules Dynamite you can plant trees, drain land, dig ditches, remove rocks, subsoil land, excavate cellars, cisterns, | etc., and do many other things j that space does not allow us to list, In the great majority of cases you can do all of these things more quickly, more thor- oughly, and with less expense by the proper use of dynamite than by any other method. HEJiCULES DYNAMITE is not a Jack-of-all-trades. It will not always take the place of tools you are now using. Some- times it can only be employed ai a gupplement to them. But most of the work usually done with a spade or an axe, a pick or a bar, can be done to better advant- age with dynamite. ^ The place that dynamite is tak- ing on the hrm is growing big- ger and more important every day. The man who is engaged ia agricultural work and who has not thoroughly familiarized him- self with this comparatively new factor in iUch work is not doing himself justice. For your own benefit write for a book we have just published, called "Progressive Cultivation." It gives much information that many men now have at their finger tips and find almost inval- uable in their daily work. It W'" help you in yours. MEI^VLES POWDEK^COi Chronicle DiiIliliDK* Snn Kranolf««'o, Cal. '1 Tm'" ORCHARD AND FARM 7 Low C^nllf Usual Road Clearance THESE five of the many Oakland Superiorities give you a car that will take you more miles at less cost than others and it will do it for you with most comfort and satisfaction. Study these five vitals of car value. You will find some of them in other makes, but only in the Oakland will you find them all. The low center of gravity with plenty of clearance means the elimination of sidesway and danger when driving on bad roads at high speed. The Flying Wedge Lines mean less wind resistance and added beauty. The strength of construction means the ability stand the grind of the years. The perfectly balanced Oakland Northway motor that speeds up to 2500 revolutions with increasing power means steady and uninterrupted speed, together with unusual hill climbing ability Special spring design and construction assure luxurious riding qualities. Every point about this car works towards economy. Let our dealer give you a ride in the Oakland. Write for Catalog. and Touring Cars Fours and Sixes — Speedsters, Roadsters -$1100 to $1685 f. o. b. factory. 8 ORCHARD AND FARM Answers for Farm Problems HOXEST Bt'SINESS DEALINGS — I linve been correiipondliiK with a con- cern In Mlnneapolln In regard to a lot 1 Mlxh to sell, but tliej- want nic to send tliem five dollurs before tbey un- dertfikc to find nie a buyer, I am wlli- Ins to do HO if I know they are doing an lionest businesN. Can you give Jne any Information re|;-arding them (name enclosed)? — AV. K., Spokane, Wash. Would advise hanging on to your five dollars, or else kiss it good bye forever if you send it off. Every legiti- mate real estate concern we ever heard of was glad to list property on the chance of finding a buyer, await- ing pay until after property was sold. The seller should never have to part with a cent of money in tlie transac- tion, all commission being taken out of the selling price. Tlie only excep- tions are certain real estate exchanges which at stated times publish a list of owners of property and description of same. This is supposed to go into hands of probable buyers and the owner is left to make the sale. They charge for putting property on their list, which charge is, of course, legiti- mate, and their services often valua- ble, but for an ordinary real estate concern to charge a fee before hunt- ing for a buyer is ridiculous. Better write to the Chamber of Commerce or Board of Trade of city where your lot is located, describing property and asking for prices lots are selling simi- larly located, also for names of deal- ers doing that kind of business in said locality, after which you can commu- nicate with them and have them list property in regular way. MOSS AND BI-.\CK SCALE — What should I spray with Just now to re- move moss from fruit trees f Is there any way to control black scale on iirange trees now so as now to Injure either fruit or trees f — MRS H. B., Palo Alto, Cal. Answer by E. J. Vosler, State Com- mission of Horticulture. I am afraid that it is a little late to spray for moss on fruit trees, as this work should be done during the time the trees are dormant. The moss or lichens are saprophytic, tliat is they live only on dead tissues, and therefore do little injury to fruit trees. Regarding the black scale on your orange trees, will say that a kerosene emulsion spray may be of some bene- fit in destroying this scale. It is a little late, because many of the scales are over half-grown, and in this stage are very hard to kill with a spray, and it is also a little too early to spray for the new brood of scales which will begin to appear from May on. The formula for kerosene emulsion is as follows: Kerosene 1 gallon Soap Vz pound Water 1.') gallons Dissolve the soap in a gallon of hot water, add one gallon of kerosene and mix it by turning the nozzle of the spray pump back into the mixture. Di- lute this solution to make fifteen gal- lons in all. I might add that fumi- gating with hydrocyanic acid gas is the best means of destroying the black scale, but this method is usually used from September to January. It would not be advisable if you have only a few trees, and also if you are inex- |)crienced in the matter of fumigation. PL.\NTING CACTUS — Can you tell me anythingr about the rnlsint; of spine- less cactus? — M. S. F., Oakland, Cal, Cactus is planted in .summer, or in warm weather. .A. cut surface will TONES SIMPLIFIED FARM RECORD Simplen and most .s.iiLsf irtorj system of farm ictonniinK •vim .Icvi.sed. Indorsed by Bank- en. Farmers and larm Kxnerts. .-.no sold in vicinity iif Stiiikton Cal., in flO days. Six yeari' refolds 111 cine SiibstJintial Hook. So simpU a c'lild lan keep. .Shows exactly how vmi stand earli month and year. Costs less than 10c a month— with refund fcnarantee at end ot one year if >oii are not tlioroiiihlv satislie'l. Write for Sample Sheet. State and Countv .\Kents wanted. A\ ESTER.> F-\RM RECORD CO., 304 Humboldt Bank Bidg.. San Prandseo, Calif, cause decay very quickly in moist ground and the rule is to leave a slab or joint out in the sun or dry air for several days or longer for planting so that the cut surlace will form a callus and prevent decay. I'lant stem and down, about one-third in soil, two-thirds above surface. Best plant in rather dry ground, owing to danger of decay. The cactus will then proceed to send forth roots and get established, after which it can be and should be irrigated, as the plant IS safe after it is well rooted, it is well to keep in mind that cactus has to have moisture to grow and th rc is no use planting it unless it is to be ' will prive bene- j fldal in the counteractInK of lillebt, scale and a Krecn mould that settles | on the br:inche»? .\lso, do you think { blackeye beans ^%lll develoii success- fully on somewhat heavy soil on foot- hill land, anil under favorable condi- tions wiiHt In (he approximate crop ob- tained per acre? — .\. B. .M., Loa An- Kcles, Cal. The best spray for apples and pears at blossom and fruit forming time, is arsenate of lead paste, 6 per cent solu- tion, or one-half as much powder to 100 gallons. Apply when petals of the bloom are falling, not later. Then, if the bloom is not even, when the second installment of the blo(5m is shedding, apply again, say about ten days after the first application. Then, if the bloom is still opening apply again in about two weeks. Keep the spray thoroughly mixed and apply downward from above to get lodg- ment in the calyx on upright fruit. The best all round spray for walnuts is lime sulphur. About a 3 per cent solution of the commercial product if applied to green foliage, and 10 per cent if applied to dormant trees. It is a good fungicide and quite efficient in killing insects, particularly at the higher strength. If the killing of aphis is the principal object, use soap and tobacco solutions (1-10 of one per cent of black leaf 40 in strong soap suds) or G.per cent solution of dis- tillate in a power spray. I think blackeye beans would do well under the conditions you men- tion and should yield about 900 pounds to the acre.— WM. WOOD, County Horticultural Commissioner. Quality. Compare Prices THE old Olympic Game pro- motors were great for what we call "form." Symmetry, proportion, soundness and proper balance out-bid bulging muscles for favor — yes, and out-won, too, just as they will today. Mere bulk never was synonymous with endurance — and the truth of this statement drives home with a bang, when you apply it to tires. IF thick, heavy tires were the last word in tire construction, we could wipe out of existence a Goodrich Research and Test Depart- ment employing seventy people. We would take off the road a batulion of ten automobiles, that run twenty-four hours a day and every day in the year, grind- ing tires of all makes to pieces, just for the sake of information to us and eventual economy to the user of Goodrich Tires. There is where we learn to cut out of a tire the material which gets the user nothing. Of course, when we stripped tire price lists of their padding — fictitious values — we expected rivals to say we had stripped our tires. The GoodrichTire, like the trained athlete, is all brawn and muscle — no fat IT was their only "conue-back," They had to say that, in strip- ping down prices to the point where they were fair to dealer and con- sumer and left no room for injurious price-cutting tactics, we had stripped our tires of some quality, too. THE Goodrich Tire, like the trained athlete, is all brawn and muscle — no fat. It repre- sents an achievement — the ability to cut out the extra costs of manufacture, the extra costs of labor, of extra, needless material, and to give you the best, long- mileage, high-standard tire in the world. There are padded tires as well as padded price lists. Don't pay for padding. Now don't forget this — we are talk- ing in the main about Goodrich Safety Tread Tires, for they represent ninety per cent of our factory output for resale. Furthermore, while we have put the padded prices on smooth tread tires on the run, the evil of padded prices on non-skid tires still is in evidence, as shown in table below : Note the following table of comparative prices on non-»ki<] tires. Columns headed "A," '*B,** "C" and **D" represent four hishly>adTertised tires : Size Goodrich Safety Treid OTHER MAKES "A" "R" "C" "D" 30x3 30x3'/ 32x3'A 34x4 36x4^ 37xS $ 9.45 12.20 14.00 20.35 28.70 33.90 $10.55 13.35 15.40 22.30 32.15 39.80 $10.95 14.20 16.30 23.80 33.60 41.80 $16.35 21.70 22.85 31.15 41.85 49.85 $18.10 23.60 25.30 33.55 41.40 52.05 If you are charged lets for any other make than Goodrich, they are taUing it out of the tire ; if you are charged more, they are taking it out of you. Tliu i» tks FtmouB Goodrick Safety TreaJ staaJsrd by which ■llolbrr •ofi-tki^ arc iadfd The B. F, Coodricn Co., Akron, O. GOODRICH Fair-Listed TIRES Both Lock-Seamed and Soldered Demo as tr.i toil to have the proper seam. A liveted se;ira leaks as the riveti are kn^vcked loone nr as tliQ solder breaks between them. But our wide lock-seam — c;irefully soldcre^l the entire lentrtli of the iiii>e— stays absolnteljr watertight. Complete coUipse of the pipe will not put s leak in the .warn. 'MP^DEWELV. SV3RFPvCE.P\Pt' T»rK REAAIBD SLBEVELS. Tlie sleeves are lock-seamed and ftoldered the same as the body of the i>i|>e. Conntersimk on the in.<(ide. leaving a perfectly smooth surface and making possible a watertight c<>iinerti()ii hctwct^n joints. This feature foiiml only on Madewell Surface Pipe You want a'l the water delivered to tlie end nf the pil» — and Madewell Surface l*lp* does it. Made right fiom end to end. Built for downright hard service. A new length FREE for every Madewell length tlmt in-OTt<» nns itisfactcvy. .SBND PGR FREE M.\DE[\VELI< BOOKLET— tells how Madewell Surface Pipe U made, and ex plains just why it suijeiior to all othi-i pipe. Send a |v>atcard — now. Robinson Hardware Co. Iiu\ (>, (;llroy, ( nllfornla. THERE ARE BARG.\IXS WORTH WHILE CONTAIXED IX THE AD\'ERTISEMEXTS OX THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU -SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT. ORCHARD AND FARM 9 Sfthc price of harness and two good mule^^^ Is the price of the small Samson Sieve-Grip tractor. It will do the work of four to five good horses. It is built of the best crucible steel made in our own crucible foundry. The gears are vanadium steel. Even the Sieve-Grip wheels are high carbon steel and fitted with roller bearings. The eight to ten brake horse- power motor is the counterpart of the same size motor we have built for fifteen years for stationary work. Completely equipped, the whole machine weighs but 3,500 pounds. It is so compact, so nicely balanced and so perfectly constructed that it may be pushed along by hand by one man on smooth surfaces. Samson quality, Samson reputa- tion, "the strength of Samson in every part," the name we have so carefully protected for fifteen years is built into every part of this little machine. How often have you heard at Fairs and Traction Shows, "There's the Samson. Isn't that a well-built little machine? See how well pro- tected and strong it is?" Our stationary and marine mo- tors from two and one-half to two hundred horse power are in use over the entire Coast. Our centrif- ugal pumps, some with 50,000 gal- lons a minute capacity, are found wherever you go in the West. Our tractors, the first of which (built over thirteen years ago) placed us among the pioneers of the industry, have always delivered the best of service. We now offer you the small Samson tractor, designed for the farmer or grower with either a small or large acreage and sold at a price within reach. Yet the price is not so small that we must slight or scrimp any necessary part. From steering wheel to transmission we have given everything the needed strength. And, while small tractors have been built before and are now built, the Samson fomcs to you with a reputation back of it for promises always fulfilled. SAMSON 5(EVE-0mP TRACTOR Size and Specifications Forty inches in height, 10 feet long and l}^ tons in weight, the small Samson Sieve-Grip marks a new era in tractor building. It is the long-sought- for small tractor. It will do the work of the four or five animals on the average farm or orchard, at a first cost no greater than the two or three horses and their equipment usually owned. And NOTE In addition to tlie small four to five Lorse-pull Samson described above we build its counterpart in the eight to ten horse-pull Samson. The two tractors are identical in design and construction, the larger machine being merely twice the size and horsepower of the smaller. The brake horsepower is 16 to 20. The ^rlce is $950. Let us tell you about it. in maintenance, labor and operating cost no comparison exists. The small Samson uses but one gallon of distillate per hour. At 7 cents a gallon this is an average daily fuel cost of 70c. But one quart of lubricating oil is needed in a day and one man can operate tractor and plows. Depreciation is very light. The simple and durable con- struction and the added fact that the tractor is small and the parts consequently inexpensive places de- preciation at its lowest point. The Sieve-Grip Wheel The Samson Sieve-Grip wheel is patented and owned exclusively by us. It is the result of long and painstaking effort to provide good trac- tion. It is a success. It can't pack any soil, it does not slip. It will oper- ate on any soil whenever plowing or cultivating is practical. For travel- ing over asphalt or valuable roads removable road bands are provided. They can be attached or removed in five minutes. There is no compli- cation, no up-keep cost, nothing to wear out, noth- ing to break down. The whole wheel is a single high carbon steel casting. It is dependable and economical, as a small tractor should be. We guar- antee it to do all that we claim for it and to do your work to your satisfaction. SEND FOR BOOKLET We want you to know more about the small Samson Sieve-Grip tractor. You should know more about it. We have a new catalogue giving a com- plete and minute description of the entire mechan- ical construction of the machine. Operating costs, factory facilities, responsibility of the manufactur- ers, are all explained in detail. Get it now. Sign the coupon and send It in. Tell us. too, how man}- acres you are farming and what you grow. It will help us to give you the right informa- tion. Send it now! SAMSON IRON WORKS STOCKTON, CAL. C LIP TME COUPO N SAMSOX IROX WORKS, STOCKTON, CAL. Please send in the catalogue de- scribing the small Samson Sieve-Grip tractor and any additional informa- tion you may have. No obligation. I have acres truck farm alfalfa ranch " orchard vineyard grain I am also interested in the tractor's Hauling capacity Stationary power Upkeep cost Cost of operation Hill clinvbing ability Terms of sale (Check the information you want) Name Address 10 ORCHARD AND FARM Starting the Orange Grove i -By Prof. Elmore Chase, Fair Oaks, Cal.- [Note — This is the fourth and last of a series of articles by Professor Chase upon the things that make for success in orange growing. — Editor.] Great advantage is gained in tak- ing extreme care in transplanting the voung orange tree. Few realize the importance of tliis step in starting the growth of the orange tree. It can be planted successfully at differ- ent times of the year, but the ground should get well warmed by the spring sunshine and the soil be at its best condition for handling when the tree is placed in the ground. If it is at the season when the new growth is just beginning, its chances for a per- fect tree are greatly increased. If the trees are balled, they may be placed in the soil in such a posi- tion that when the soil is firmed the surface will be just beneath the bud point. The tying rope should be cut, but the sack should not be removed, as it will decay in the soil. Greater pains must be taken in planting trees with open root. These must never be exposed to the sun or drying winds. Such trees should al- ways be firmed with water since the water will carry the earth closer to the small fibrous roots and hasten the growth of the root hairs. The finishing touch to every planted tree is to leave the surface about the tree covered with loose dry soil, and maintain that condition of the soil during the growing season. Irrigation. The application of water to young orange groves requires great care lest the growth be retarded by ex- cess of water. The young tree of- fers but little surface for transpira- tion. The water should not be al- lowed nearer the trunk of the tree than twelve or eighteen inches, and every tree must receive only the quantity of water necessary to sup- ply the hole in which the tree is planted with 70 or 80 per cent of its capacity. It is important to avoid complete saturation since, in the starting of a tree, air is just as es- sential as water. With frequent cultivation, the soil moisture can be retained about the roots of the tree, so that two irriga- tions in a season will give a much more vigorous growth than more ir- rigations and will carry the trees to their dormant state in the winter in their full vigor, so they will be able to resist the cold and frost of the season. By this method of irriga- tion the soil moisture is able to carry a higher degree of concentration of plant food. The frequent cultivation supplies the air, which increases bac- terial activity and thus makes avail- able the soil fertility. (For more de- tailed instructions in transplanting, v.-rite to the .Agricultural College.) The Ultimate Object. The object in thus planting this tree is to produce a perfect commer- cial orange. It must contain all the qualities which appeal to the trade and each quality to be its best. The first thing to be done is to secure the tree which has been grown under the best conditions, whether natural or artificial, and carefully selected from pedigreed stock. This selection is essential to success. The Sacramento Valley has all the conditions for growing citrus fruit. This has been repeatedly demon- strated. Tlic frtiit grows under con- ditions that make it attractive for decorative purposes during the au- tumn festivities and winter holidays. Nature furnishes these conditions. It remains v/ith the grower to perfect the fruit with those qualities which furnish the commercial value in ad- dition to those given by Nature for decorative purposes. The reader will notice that an at- ROSELLE— JELLY PLANT. RoscUc, the famous jelly plant, is a handsome shrub, a native of Australia. It is an annual which will not stand frost, and each plant bears a large amount of fruit which forms after the bloom is over. When the fruit is a bright red is the time to pick and boil, the same as crabapples or other fruit. Strain the juice, adding a little lemon. It jells beautifully and is a brilliant red with an indescribable flavor, a little tart and equal to red current jelly, so much used to serve with meats. As red currants are scarce in California, roselle is a fine substi- tute. In Los Angeles they sell for 5 and 7^ cents a pound. Sow after frost is past, four or five to a hill and thin to one plant, allowing four feet each way. Cultivate well. They do not need much water. — Mrs. C. A. Richey, R. F. D. 8, Los Angeles, Cal. WHO RAISES SKUNKS? A subscriber wishes to know who in California raises skunks, but we are unable to tell him, though we find that skunk skins are frequently sent in from the mountains and make fine fur. In certain other parts of the countrv skunk farms are becoming a profitable means of money-making. We will be obliged to whomever will give us the direct information, not only regarding skunk farms in California, but also in Nevada, Ore- gon. Washington and Idaho. A little information regarding kind of location required, feeding and profits might also interest our readers. tempt has been made to emphasize the importance of the selection of soil and the preparation of the same for planting; that the leading character- istics of the orange tree indicate the cultural methods which will secure the results, and that these results are the natural outcome of the charac- teristics of the tree growing amid artificial environment thus furnished; that unless the tree thus planted has had this careful selection and prep- aration, there is no guarantee of a perfect commercial orange. This sim- ply means that all the citrus grower has to do to realize the full fruitage of growing oranges in the foothill regions is to apply himself intelli- gently and conscientiously to this business, using the same common- sense methods which a successful business man employs. He must ap- proach fruit growing with the same degree of preparation that he would rnake were he to enter the business i of banking or railroading. There are thousands looking to our soil and our climate for an opportunity to grow- fruit and to establish a home in this commonwealth. These conditions afe all here and they are attractive. Our best groves, not old and the trees not yet large, are yielding for the Eastern market fruit of fine ap- pearance and excellent quality at the rate of 18 tons per acre. The yield per acre ranges from 18 tons, 14, 11, 10, down as low as 2 tons per acre. The difference between 18 tons and 2 tons lies in the application of methods and scientific principles re- ferred to in the foregoing papers. Those who are looking for homes in the foothill region of Sacramento valley have only to approach the mat- ter just as any one would approach the work of establishing any impor- tant business. The recorded experi- ences of the past, the knowledge of cultural methods and soil conditions give the present homeseeker a decided advantage over earlier settlers. While there are yet many problems to solve and diflficulties to encounter, the un- limited possibilities of our soil re- sources furnish an inspiration to every one who undertakes the estab- lishment of family life in citrus groves. William Faversham Famous Actor, says "A pipe of Tuxedo keeps me feeling physically fit and in good spirits, and, because it it mild and doesn't bite, it is pleasant to the throat and keep* my voice in good tone. " Tuxedo Keeps You Physically Fit Every playgoer has remarked the virility and clean-cut vigor of William Faversham, both as an actor and as a man. No matter what part he is play- ing, he always presents a figure of alert strength and keen wits. His voice is especially engaging, clear, carrying and sonorous. For Tuxedo tobacco to gain a testimonial from such a man, stating that it helps to keep him " physically fit and in good spirits" and keeps his voice "in good tone" goes far toward convincing you of Tuxedo's wholesome, all-round value to you. The Perfect Tobacco for Pipe and CigareUe Tuxedo will put snap and vim into your daily work. It's an inspiring tobacco that will keep you fit as a fiddle, full of zest, hearty and happy and hale. You can smoke it all day long, and each succeeding pipeful will glow with greater cheer. The original, exclusive "Tuxedo Process" has many imitators — but no equal. Try Tuxedo for a week, and you'll like it forever. YOU CAN BUY TUXEDO EVERYWHERE CoDTcnint, gliitioe - wrapped, C Famoni green tin, with toiJ 1 A moidnre-prooi poach . . . OQ lettering, cufTed to fit pocket lUC "Good for what ails your car." It takes the ills out of hills. Ga9o\ine of Quality THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT ORCHARD AND FARM 11 Answers for Farm Problems ' SLUGS IN STRAWBERRIES — Will any one who hus a large experience In strawberry growing tell me the best tiling to use to keep away slugs? I have a bed of 150 plants which prom- ise an abundant crop, but 1 am always very troubled with slugs. 1 liuve tried soot, but It Is not a success and also gets on the fruit. Do the Insects railed sow bugs Injure plants In any way? — S. M., Calistoga, C'al. Excessively large quantities of slugs or snails in gardens are often due to too much surface irrigation. A good dry mulch on top discourages them and helps plant growtli. They will gather during the night under cab- bage leaves, orange peels, or boards, if there is a little room under the latter, and can be killed in the morn- ing. They can also be poisoned by leaves or poisoned bran. Ducks will clean them up quickly, though a duck will choke if it swallows too large a slug. Keep a mother hen in the yard in a coop and let the chickens run loose. This might not do in a straw- berry patch, though it would with some other kinds of gardens. Sow bugs eat tender leaves and roots. They can be poisoned by Paris green, molasses and bran, but are very un- likely to bother if the garden is well cared for. Too much irrigation, which keeps the surface damp and the soil water logged, encourages their rapid multiplication, as is does that of slugs, and the presence of much weeds and litter gives them shelter. With right soil conditions sow bugs are likely to disappear. It is a very common fault with amateur gardeners to want to keep sprinkling the suraface all the time, which is lots of work and lots of harm and very little good. The best soil tillage is few heavy irriga- tions, preferably in furrows, to get the water down deep, then a well tilled surface to get air into the soil and to prevent evaporation. An arti- cle in the current bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture by B. B. Whitney will give much information on sow bugs for those who want to look into the matter. PLUM ROT — ^A\Tiat causes plums and prunes to rot on the trees before getting fully rlpe7 When the fruit Is about half ripe a small rotten spot starts and by the time the fruit Is, or ought to be ripe, three-quarters or the whole fruit Is rotten. What must be done to prevent the same? — Or- chardlst. Reply by Prof. Ralph E. Smith, Uni- versity of California, Berkeley. I think that the rotting of plums and prunes which you refer to is probably due to the so-called prune rot. You will find this described on page 1097 of our bulletin 218 and il- lustrated on the next page. This trouble usually only occurs in un- usually wet seasons and therefore no definite treatment for it has ever been worked out in California. It cannot be controlled by spraying after the decay starts, but any treat- ment would have to be applied earl- ier in the season before the trouble -hows itself. In the East where this lecay is a very serious matter on stone fruits of all kinds, they spray with diluted lime sulphur soon after the fruit has set and at intervals thereafter, and in this way control the trouble quite successfully. .*GRICri,TUR.*I, COI.LEGK BUI.,- I.KTINS — AVhere Is the California State AKricultiirnl College located? Does It publish and distribute bulletins on agricultural <|Ucstions? If so, to whom would I send In order to secure some? — E. 11. M.. Clarkdale, Arizona. The .Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of California is located at Berke- ley, California; that of Oregon at Corvallis, Oregon; that of Washing- ton at Pullman; that of Idaho at Boise; of Nevada at Reno; that of Arizona at Tucson; that of New Mexico at I.as Cruces; that of Utah at Logan. All publish bulletins and circulars on agricultural matters, v.hich are sent free on request to citi- zens of the respective States. They will also be sent free on request to citizens of other States who are par- ticularly interested in the State pub- lishing the bulletin, or in some special matter of whicli the bulletin treats. Simply write to Director Agricultural Experiment Station, at the town or city named. LIME GROWING — Have any exper- iments been made in tlie growing of limes in any part of California? Lem- ons are grown, why not limes? I be- lieve they are not more delicate and can be grown without any more trouble or difficulty tliuii lemons, to which they are much superior. What im rt of California do you consider best adapted for experimental growing of limes? — T. W. F., Pacific Grove, Cal. Nearly every plant and fruit of com- mercial value which had the slightest chance of succeeding in California lias been tried and the big chances are that when a plant is not grown, it cannot be, or will not be much of a success at least. Limes are more deli- cate than lemons and will not stand frost as well, which is the greatest argument against planting them. There are a few grown in very fa- vored locations. Climatically, the most likely places for them would seem to be close to the ocean in Southern California, or inland where frosts are mild. They can occasionally be grown in interior California. One citrus grower in Lemon Cove, Tulare coun- ty, grows limes Quite successfully. There is also a good grove, though small, near Mission San Jose, close to the hills facing the southern part of San Francisco bay. A person having a very frost tree location can plant limes with some expectation of suc- cess. ORANGE PRUNING — Please tell me what time of the year and In what manner to prune trees. — H. F. B., Ama- dor country, Cal. Except for the removal of deadwood and pulling off occasional suckers, many orange-growers never prune their trees at all, but the livest grow- ers are beginning to adopt the meth- ods described in the September and October 19l4 issues of "Orchard and Farm" with more or less completeness. A. A. Jenkins of Porterville, the prun- ing expert, will begin in the April issue a series of short talks on citrus pruning. The orange is not pruned high like an oak, as you see old seed- ling trees pruned, but the branches practically touch the ground and the fruit will rest upon it if not propped. We would advise the removal of all fruit wood that had about stopped bearing and started to go back, also a thinning out of all wood through the tree where too thick, thus stimulating the growth of healthy fruit wood, well spaced., both inside and out. We would permit to remain all green, vig- orous growth, frequently removed under the erronious supposition that it is sucker growth, removing only such growth when too thick, or coming out as a genuine sucker near the crotch of the tree. The most satisfactory time for thorough pruning is after the crop is off and before the blossoms have come on, or at least while the tree is somewhat dormant, but it can be done at any time without injury. POTATO INFORMATION — Please In- form ine where I can procure the best Information available on potato cul- ture? .\lso, what Is the best germicide to use? — J. C. O., Los .Angeles, Cal. "The Potato," by Eugene H. Grubb and W. S. Guilford, is usually consid- ered the best book on potato grow- ing. The price is $2, Doublcday. Page & Co. of New York publishers. The best germicide for seed potatoes is usually considered to be formalin. Use one pint of formalin to 30 gallons of water, soak for two hours and dry before cutting. Some excellent litera- ture has recently been published by the State CoM-.mission of Horticul- tt.re, Sacrament ). Thi.-; '-an be had free on request. The Agency of a United People A striking comparison between a homogeneous country and a het- erogeneous group of countries is obtained by placing over the map of the United States the map of Europe. These represent the same area — about 3,000,000 square miles — if a few of the remote provinces of Russia are omitted. Europe has the advantage in population, with more than four times as many people as theUnited States; in the number of large cities, with two and a half times as many cities of over 100,000 population. Yet the United States, a com- paratively young country, has out- stripped Europe in the diffusion of civilization, because of its wonder- fully greater means of communica- tion between all parts of its area. The United States not only excels in transportation facilities, but it has nearly three times as many tele phones as Europe, or about eleven times as many in relation to pop ulation. By the completion of the Trans- continental Line we now talk from one end of this country to the other, while in Europe the longest conversation is no farther than from New York to Atlanta, and even that depends on the imper- fect co-operation of unrelated sys- tems. Europe, with twenty-five coun- tries and many different languages, serves as an illuminating contrast to the United States, with one lan- guage and a homogeneous people, despite the fact that our population has been derived from all parts of the world. During the last forty years the steadily extending lines of the Bell System have contributed in no small measure to this amalga- mating of different races. The latest achievement — the linking of coast to coast — has given greater force to the national motto, "E Pluribus Unum." American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One Policy One System Universal Service For Any Spray Even though you have a power sprayer — you can reach manv places easier, quicker and cheaper with an ACME °Tr SPRAYER The heavily galvanized tank holds 3 gallons and empties on one charge of air. It handles any spray — even white- wash or cold-waterpaint. Throws a spiral spray. Non-corroding, non-clogging nozzle. The air pump is outside where it can't rust — or inside if you pre- fer that style. Air-tight joints — tested to 60 pounds pressure. Send (or ACME CataloB. if you can*t see ACME coods at your dealer's. There arc other liquid and dust sprayers. Also a full line of .^CME Planters — in use on 400,000 farms. Write today. POTATO IMPLEMENT CO. - . 324 Front St., Tra»erse City A ., ■ « , Michigan . . When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm 12 ORCHARD AND FARM Crop Conditions in California FRESNO, Fred P. Roullard— Con- ditions are favorable for good peach crops. The winter rains and warm spring has brought the blossoms out earlier than last year. Clings have been the preferred stock for plant- ing. Considerable olive planting is now going on. We have had a nor- mal crop of navels, but Valencias will be scarce. In grapes the plant- ing of Thompsons' Seedless and Em- peror varieties has predominated, al- though various kinds of vines have been planted this spring. The vine buds are just beginning to open. Win- ter and spring rains have put the ground in e.xcellent condition for put- ting out vineyards and orchards. Tliis is an ideal spring to plant — mod- erate price for nursery stock, excel- lent quality of nursery stock and good soil conditions for planting. KERN, Kent S. Knowlton— It is too early to make an estimate for the fruit crop in this county, but at present all conditions are favorable for a normal crop. With the ample rainfall and the continuance of favor- able weather the crop will no doubt be large. The citrus fruit crop will probably be double that of last season because of the large amount of young acreage coming into bear- ing. Pruning and fertilizing have been carried on quite extensively this season. The grape crop will proba- bly be normal, but it is too early for an estimate. The increase in acreage of the various grains has probably been one-Quarter of that of the past season. The rainfall for the season is above normal and with a few spring rains the crop will no doubt be very large. The condition of the livestock in this county at present is very good, reed is plentiful and all stock is in very good condition. The first ship- ments of the early lambs are being made. The tree planting for the sea- son will probably be somewhat small- er than that of last season, which was exceptionally large. Quite an acreage of apples and pears will be made, as in last year. Quite a number of fig trees are being planted, while the prune planting is not as heavy as that of last season. KINGS, B. V. Sharp — Deciduous fruits of all kinds bid fair at this date for a good crop. Grape pruning and vineyard cultivation has gone ahead very rapidly. The soil is in fine con- dition and we will doubtless have a iieavy crop of grapes. Berry canes of all kinds have wintered well. Prospects are for a normal crop. Vegetables are doing fine. A large acreage of grain has been planted and prospects for an early crop are very favorable. Live stock are in fine condition and there are no dis- eases. There has been an abundance of feed and the stock have wintered well. The rains have been abundant and have come so nicely that all have been utilized. The soil is thor- oughly saturated and in fine con- dition. LAKE, Fred G. Stokes— Fruit pros- pects are good. Dried fruits are all cleaned up at good paying prices. During the season there has been a heavy planting in Baitlett pears, walnuts and almonds. Vineyards are in good shape. Wine grapes sold last fall at .537 per ton f. o. b. Small wineries here are selling in two gal- lon lots at 3.5 to 50 cents a gallon. Berry patches are in fine condition. Logan, Mammoth Himalayas and Lawsons sold at 5 cents and 6 cents a pound last year. Only barely enough vegetables are raised for local consumption. The wheat and oat crops look as if they would be lighter than usual. Last year's hay crop is nearly cleaned up, which is en- couraging to farmers for the coming season. Live stock has wintered well with little "put up" feed. Local live stock markets are Al. Nursery stock so far received by growers from local nurseries and outside counties and States consists of 2o,000 Bartlett pear trees; 5,750 prunes, 2,000 walnuts and 6,000 almonds. LASSEN, A. H. Taylor— So far the weather conditions have been favor- able for the coming season, although more moisture would be welcomed. Quite a large number of young trees and shrubbery are being received for planting, but it is too early yet to appro.ximate the number for the season. Will do this later. Livestock is in fairly good shape. We are just beginning to sow grain. LOS ANGELES, William Wood- Good rains through the winter and the absence of frost seem to insure good crops of all kinds and ample provisions of stock feed. No unusual stock or plant disease is in evidence and the prospect is excellent for all kinds of everything in the farm and orchard produce line. MADERA, George Marchbank- Figs, olives, canning peaches and Thompson's seedless grapes are the leading fruits for planting in this part of the San Joaquin valley and Ma- dera county's horticultural resources are developing along these lines. Am unable to state amount of new acre- age being planted as yet. The alfalfa acreage is increasing several thousand acres yearly; likewise dairy products and hogs are increasing in proportion. The grain acreage w-ill exceed that of last year and the prospects for crops and prices are very good at this time. Potatoes and beans were given a t"-- out last year with good success and a large acreage is being planted this year. MERCED, Arthur E. Beers— At the present time all crops are show- ing up splendidly. The acreage in grain is large and in fine shape, with considerable wheat planted. Peaches and almonds are blossoming well. Orchard planting has been large in the newly settled districts, with almonds, cling peaches and figs lead- ing. PLACER, H. H. Bowman— Placer county is planting about 1,200 acres with deciduous stock this year. Plums, Bartlett pears and early peaches pre- dominate. We have been handling an immense amount of nursery stock, which has been unusually clean this season, the loss not being over one- half of one per cent. Fruit condi- tions promise well. SACRAMENTO, H. G. Kercheval — All conditions are excellent for a bumper crop of all deciduous fruits. Almonds have set well. Pears, apri- cots and plums have blossomed heav- ily and if favorable weather condi- tions prevail, we expect a record crop. We have just finished harvesting the largest citrus crop this county has ever produced, 356 cars of oranges. It is too early to say anything about grapes. Strawberries are blossoming and setting heavily and we will be shipping by March 25. There is a heavy yield of asparagus, of which there are 12,000 acres. All hay and grain is looking fine. Am working on a report of number of trees planted in this county this season and will be able to make report on same as soon as citrus and olive data is completed. SAN-TA BARBARA, C. W. Beers — Fruit is setting well and the soil is in ideal condition. .•Xn abundant rain thus far assures a fair crop con- dition and further rains, if we have them, will make splendid conditions for all deciduous fruits. Citrus con- ditions are ftilly normal. In this sec- tion there is almost no appearance of the brown staining of the interior of One Firm — One Service — One Guarantee back of every J-M Automobile and Motorcycle Accessory Soo* «>roof SPARK PLUG A plug designed to give the biggest, fattest, hottest spark the current can create, and with unfailing reg- ularity. J-M construction is proof against short- circuit, compression leakage and break For 14 years it has held the preference of the hard-to-suit plug buyer. We absolutely guar- antee your satisfaction. Sizes for all cars and motorcycles. Ask your hardware or accessory dealer. Price 75c down. ■ONC HORN ; JOHNS. MANVim! SHOCK ABSORBER f J-M AUTO CLOCK A thoroughly reliable, efificient automobile signal that is always heard and never ignored. NothinK to get out of order. Posi- tively the most economical horn you can buy because it requires no cur- rent to run. Is operated by hand. We guarantee this Model "j" Long Horn to give permanent satisfaction. II at any time a part proves defective, we wiW do more than repair it, we guarantee to give you a netv horn. Ask your hardware or accessory dealer. PfdCE GREATER, as an assurance of satisfac- tion, than even the most complete written guarantee, is J-M RESPONSI- BILITY. The logical outgrowth of more than half a century's progress, achieve- ment and business integrity. OTHER J-M AUTO ACCESSORIES Red Seal Dry Batteries J-MNarcoTireandTop J-M AutomobileTape Repair Mateiiall J-M Paclcing and J-M Tire Pump S. A. E. CaikeU "Noark" Encloaed Fu Windrower fnr ■ : . . . . No. 4(11 Windnnfer for ^l .... No. Mrl Windmwcr for Mli«,i i. lu No 403 Windrowcr for Mower 7 ft No 404 Buncher Attach- ment for an)' of above machines I Wliy not order now aak for cataliv folder! R. >t. IIKSTSOHEX. .wed up by an immediate irrigation, he ground" must be kept moist with real care for the first month or so titil new growth begins. The main oint involved is not to allow the 30ts to come in contact with the air, r at any of the time to need mois ire. It would be very desirable indeed all the ranchers in the San Joaquin 'alley would follow the inquirer's ex- mple and plant a row of seedling ate palms along the roadway. The rnamentation of the country would lus be improved ajid at least some of le palms will bear and ripen good uit. By such means experience may e had with the culture of the palm nd this will lead to a future largely icrcased interest in the subject. There is no reason why the early ipening varieties may not be grown nd successfully fruited in that coun- ry and doubtless future years will see lany fruiting date palms in the San oaquin Valley. Seed may be ob- iiiiied by application to Bruce Drum- hond, in charge of the Government ')atc Garden at Indio, California, who ill doubtless, in supplying seed for hat country, see that the dry dates re a sort that should be particularly -iteresting for such experiments. Vith little trouble each San Joaquin ''alley rancher could plant a hundred r two seedling date palms and such movement would have an immense iifluence upon the development of the idustry in the future. The progress of date growing in the 'oichella and Imperial valleys is troiig. Securing imported offshoots s an expensive matter and this will nake the development of the busi- less somewhat slow, but thousands of hem are being planted and a good idvance made. Last fall's fruiting was he best demonstration yet had and vas of a character to inspire perfect onfidence in the future of the busi- less. (On an inspection trip to the Tm- lerial and Coachclla valleys a little wer a year ago, we recognized fully The California State Commission Df Horticulture states that the cot- ton^' cushion scale has in some places been doing damage to pear trees. Ef- forts to control it b" the vedalia. a Jadvbird which cleans up this scale icasily in most cases, have been un- jsuccessful. It anoears that the ar- Isenic in sprays used on pears for the codlin"' moth noisons the vedalia. hence it is a difficult proolem to ure how the cotton'"' cushion scale on "ears can be checked, for arsen- ical snraying is essential to kcc- pears clean. Benares brass may be kept in good condition simply by washing once a month in warm soansuds with borax in it. Use a brush if very dirty. the fact that date growing was com- ing along fast to become just as much of an horticultural industry as prune growing is in other places, and a date palm as much a garden tree as a peach or plum tree, only a striking ornament as well as a fine fruit pro- ducer. Date growing certainly is here to stay and to be very important and profitable. A thing which should ap- peal to many farmers in our hottest climates is that the date endures with pleasure very strong alkali. For best results it wants lots of water. — Edi- tor.) FRIIT AVOOD ON YOUNG TREES — Should all of the fine fruit wood on the frame work branches of two-year- old almond trees be left, or is It best to remove some of them? — A, E. B., Delano, Cal. Answer by J. J. Fox, Horticultural Commissioner of Napa County, Cal. The matter of leaving fine fruit wood on the framework of two-year- old almond trees is not of much im- portance provided no strong growths are permitted to remain and no straight shoots except the chosen leaders. A little fine wood will help to protest the tree from the sun. If it is too thick it will probably thin it- self anyway, as a peach would. After the fourth year, when the tree should be built, it will have to be opened up a little probably, but that does not come in your question. It would not hurt to trim out any superfluous fine wood in April. A new insecticide is described by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Bulletin 167. It is used for fumi- gating rooms or other closed places. The striking fact regarding it is that it is death on insects, though hardly noticed by individuals, who can sit in a room where it is exposed without inconvenience. The price from whole- sale druggists is said to be small. It rejoices in the name of "para-dichlo- robenzene." It is not difficult to find the point of attack in a tack. He who olans ahead is generally abreast with the times- The Road to Tire Content Join the 400,000 Who Take It This sprin^f we urge you, for your own sake, to find out the advantage of Goodyear Fortified Tires. You know they must have an advantage. They have long outsold any other tire. Last year about one-fourth of all tires sold for pleasure cars were Goodyears. Yet we have a hundred rivals. You know that a tire which dominates like that must be a super-tire. In five ways Goodyear Fortified Tires con- spicuously excel. On these five features — each exclusive to Goodyear — we spend millions of dol- lars. And we do it for your protection. One way combats rim-cutting. It has prob- ably saved the ruin of a million tires. One saves needless blowouts. That one fea- ture— our "On-Air" cure — costs us $450,000 yearly. One, by a patent method, combats loose treads. One makes the tire secure. And one is our All - Weather tread. That is tough and double-thick, to resist both wear and puncture. And the sharp-edged grips give the utmost in anti -skids. All these trouble-saving features belong to Goodyear tires alone. Big Price Reductions On February 1st we reduced our prices for the third time in two years. The three reductions total 45 per cent. Now our mammoth output enables us to give you the greatest value ever known in tires. G Rim-Cuta— by our No-Rim-Cut feature. _ ., , 1 Blowouts— by our "Cn-Air" cure, rortitled ; Loo>e Trends— by many rubber rivets. piano wires, rourdouble- tifled \ Againit ^ Insecurity- by 126 braided pi I Punctures and Skidding — by c \ thick All-Wcatlier tread. Goodyears are handy to you. We have stocks everywhere. And any dealer who hasn't stock can get them for you quickly. This season get their protection. Get their savings in trouble and upkeep. Know what tire contentment is. They can't avoid all mishaps, but they will save you many a trouble, many a dollar. They are doing that now for some 400,000 motorists. Let them do it for you. After one season with Goodyears, you will never go back to a skimped tire. And never to a tire that lacks Goodyear protections. Be fair to yourself and prove that. OOD/^YEAR AKRON. OHIO Fortified Tires THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Acce«»orie»; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and Other Types 14 ORCHARD AND FARM 1011 IS THE CORRECT NUMBER OF CIRCLES J. R. Colburn of Washington, D. C, the designer of the puzzle chart, and the originator of the puzzle contest, guarantees this number to be correct with his affidavit and offers $500 re- ward to anyone who can prove this number incorrect. More than fifty having secured this solution proved conclusively that this number is correct. This has been one of the greatest contests ever conducted by a farm paper. It has stirred interest from coast to coast. We are proud of the outcome, our only regret is that all entered in the contest cannot be win- ners, and it will be with great plea- sure that we award the handsome gold awards to the fifty contestants who solved the problems best. Full details regarding the contest will be published in the May issue. Owing to the tremendous task of go- ing through the correspondence, puzzle charts, and awarding of the prizes, no information will be given out by letter or telephone. A FARM PROBLEM. DRIED OLIVES — What can yon tell me about "dehydrated olives f" Is that nnj-thing new? — E. C, Sacramento county. Cat. If "dehydrated" olives are dried olives, as the name signifies, we would say that these are seen fre- quently in the commission district of | San Francisco, mostly in Italian I stores. Many years ago we were told j by an Italian that they were a very common article of diet in Italy, and observation since then indicates this. As ripe olive dries in the sun, or otherwise, the bitter principle is changed and disappears entirely as the olive is completely dried. The flesh is rich in oil and the taste is very attractive, especially when the olives are salted. We do not think that dried ripe olives could come up to ripe pickled olives as a commercial product, but think there is an excel- lent chance to use the smaller olives in this way, or perhaps made into a paste, like peanut butter. The taste and richness in olive oil is exactly the thing which would fit in with what is wanted in such a paste and anyone who tries dried olives is quite sure to like them. Later. We are just now informed that the term "dehydrated olives" is being ap- plied to olives being produced accord- ing to a new process at Corning, Te- hama county. The essential feature is that they are pickled first and the bitterness thus removed, and then Si 93 42 99 51 47 81 25 71 98 77 76 99 83 90 73 63 27 64 68 9e 63 36 71 86 47 19 52 a 3S 74 26 37 71 79 5 59 86 S7 99* r S4 6 78 IS 31 38 62 49 12 77 31 64 39 82 37 67 92 18 37 63 87 89 98 07 75 99 81 72 11 37 34 99 39 3< 11 27 »7 38 2 M 9 17 77 44 82 3 75 •4 23 96 18 ee 33 63 24 83 76 43 79 28 61 99 26 13 17 15 75 02 47 19 28 33 88 11 47 n 26 66 27 6 73 71 25 79 16 13 47 31 14 22 16 8 97 73 K2 76 57 67 2 M 39 72 48 89 41 84 88 54 87 II 22 98 13 84 3< 99 87 91 30 64 81 73 22 28 33 91 22 81 14 ta W 76 58 68 37 95 73 24 12 91 68 23 6« 3 S7 SI 41 17 42 37 21 67 98 40 72 27 36 18 16 55 11 39 28 17 25 19 74 88 27 13 25 56 58 33 99 *6 29 39 68 92 29 43 99 X2 94 86 6 86 4« t7 n »7 38 71 9 51 69 89 51 52 29 75 95 24 16 99 92 64 6« 36 91 68 76 32 99 81 48 99 38 23 29 16 91 38 67 45 25 86 6 M 19 68 96 74 78 8« 37 86 ei 32 68 19 76 42 6 99 83 61 96 65 67 55 18 81 63 79 28 14 63 73 13 11 10 37 87 59 98 14 43 92 48 76 57 6 66 78 9 96 8 77 85 62 1 1 S9 89 *9 81 13 99 39 69 67 74 55 44 98 99 87 81 25 16 »5 81 76 38 76 56 19 81 35 69 67 74 19 35 68 71 6 37 63 87 89 29 67 6 19 67 24 28 47 94 24 2 63 68 73 67 9t 71 97 79 56 69 99 53 43 73 15 51 99 35 25 94 98 31 89 91 66 18 86 76 44 13 95 87 19 39 94 46 26 82 13 98 H 71 44 *8 64 n Iss 72 23 59 II 39 14 25 68 71 99 99 29 71 52 69 27 99 44 81 49 52 77 76 16 99 30 61 14 73 41 67 31 98 68 99 65 3S 11 87 92 3 77 S7 3a 91 75 I99 2S 6 69 38 99 69 29 63 70 43 58 61 25 35 .M 19 57 75 31 33 99 93 69 45 19 24 6 8S 94 13 81 26 6 3 39 73 88 66 63 SO 15 m (8 72 It 43 m 6S 58 34 89 92 r,2 63 70 33 71 'JO at 41) 56 45 .T." :i|w|w|36jMl « W 47 M 18 31 SI T«r HIQQQQ^'^^^BBIOBBBBBElBBB&i QQQJQJIBQQBQQBQBSB^^^Q^^' ^^u^BlBBl «3 77 & 47 1 1 ii{e9 ta a 3 27I ««[ 3 «7 19 33 87 13 77 1 The purpose of the adjoining chart is to furnish an ex.imple how to form the chain of circles. .\ny com- bination under the above conditions Is permissible. the problem is to secure the greatest number in the Grand Total of figures within the circles. SOLUTION BLANK TO THK CONTEST MANAGER: Having submitted 1011 as the solution of the first puzzle. I herewith submit my solution of the second puzzle, as follows: Total of the numbers Name .Vddress IMPORT.* XT NOTICE. State below the exact amount you paid in connec- tion with the solution 1011. whether paid at one time or in installments. Do not include what was paid with any other solution, if you submitted any other. .\mount paid with 1011. Date paid. Amount. PUZZLE MANAGER, ORCHARD AND FARM HEARST BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ORCHARD AND FARM SHORT TALKS ON ORANGE PRUNING. There are fifty-seven, yea, verily, ifty-seven times fifty-seven varieties, f pruning systems, ways, or means in se and practiced by citrus growers hroughout California. It is very evi- lent that many of these are wrong, ausing serious damage to trees and rops. Within the past year this question k'as put to the writer by an interested arty, "What in your opinion causes he greatest damage to the citrus in- ustry?" After a moment's delibera- ion the reply was, "Ignorance of iroper pruning methods and an utter leglect of pruning." l''rom time to time the attention of ;rowers will be called to short ketches in these columns condemning ertain practices which should be eter- lally abolished and giving reasons for ame. Pruning of any class is termed by ome as an art and by others a pro- cssion. Be that as it may, it is somc- hing not learned in a day, a month, r a year, and by some, not in a life- ime. There must be natural talent or ift, or the work will most assuredly esult in failure. The man who undertakes the task f teaching others to prune citrus rees and has not a thorough and iractical knowledge of the subject ifill find he has undertaken a very dif- icult, if not an impossible task. Frequently novices without any pre- ious experience are turned loose in itrus orchards and instructed to pro- eed according to their individual con- ictions. This should never be done, s damage is sure to result. The suc- essful pruner must study and ac- uaint himself with the habits of the rees to be pruned. The removal of "dead brush" alone simply a waste of time and money nd, generally speaking, causes more larm than good. Much worthless i^ood is cleaned of dead wood and hould instead be removed itself bodi- This requires less time and the ree is relieved to some extent of over axation. A large per cent of June rop is from wood too weak for the ringing of its burden to maturity. The practice of breaking out dead rush should be stopped. Rather this hould be cut out with the same care hat other pruning is done. Breaking ir tearing out any growth, either alive ir dead, places wounds throughout he tree which are slow to heal. A. A. JENKINS. Porterville, Cal. Note — Through an oversight the tiame of Mr. Jenkins was not at- ached to the story on olive pruning, >f which he was the author, in the (ilarch issue. Mr. Jenkins will write )riefly on different phases of orange )runing each month from now on. THE STOREKEEPER AND THE FARMER. (Continued from Vase Six.) lo you protect those with whom you ontract? A. The customer gets the advan- i!ge of any change in price. If the )rice rises, he gets goods at the •rice at the -ime of ordering. If it alls, he gets price at time of deliv- ery. Q. Could you sell cheaper if you old for cash? A. Answered befoif Impossible 0 do an entirely cash business. Q. Can you borrow from the bank :asier than the farmers? A. Up to banker to answer that, ^e states that it is entirely a matter >i the individual and his circum- tances in making loans. Q. What have you observed as greatest failing of the farmers in con- lection with your business? A. Quality and packing of farm sroduce is one important matter, as ong credits are another. Farmers could profit very greatly in buying if they would order in large quanti- ties at times when prices are low, for instance, in the fall, as prices of many products then may be 20 per cent lower than in the spring and summer. Q. Your stores carry standard brands and jobbers' lines (well-known brands of baking powder, etc., and less known brands). The latter are often more profitable to you. Do you see that the buyer gets value re- ceived? Do you know the relative worth of these lines? A. That is a matter for the buyer alone to decide. He has his likes and dislikes and his opinion as to the value of two brands. The dealer sells at regular prices whatever the buyer calls for and the buyer decides about the relative value of different brands. Q. Would a campaign of saner niarketincj by the merchant and farm organizations reduce the "high cost of livinig"? There arfe lots of room for im- provement. Whatever will make for better iiiethods will cause the buyers to get more for their money. 1# two one-pound loaves of bread at five cents each. The European plan of trying to off- set the high wheat prices by using potato flour might well be changed in the United States, according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, by simply using more potatoes, if the price of bread pinches. With potatoes at 60 cents a bushel, ten cents worth, or ten pounds, will give the consumer a little more actual nourishment than In the programme for potato im- provement going over the United States, the Wisconsin Experiment Station has completed inspection of seed potato of growers of same in that State. The potatoes were in- spected while growing and much ad- vantage gained by the seed growers bv the elimination of mixtures, weak hills and other troubles. Following a bin inspection, the E.xperiment Sta- tion granted certificate to the potato growers and has published a list of names of the -^rowers with these cer- tificates. Weigh your words and be sure to give good weight. The Name Behind the Cooda Time Brings Out Its Greatest Value Time Is the big test that your motor car must meet. And time is the test that will bring out the greatest value in the CASE "25." No matter how pleased you are with its beauty, its comfort, its economy or its speed — you can have still greater satis- faction in itswonderful wearing qualities. Men buy CASE cars to keep. They buy them because they embody the maximum in appearance and riding ease, with a mechanical sturdiness which can be most fully appreciated only after long service. The time really to judge a CASE "25" is at the end of the third or fourth season. Least in Price of the 30 Popular-Priced Cars Of the 30 medium priced cars — from $1250 to $1500 — the CASE "25" costs least, because — Our price includes a/I necessary equip- ment: Extra Tire, Inner Tube and Tire Cover on an extra Rim, Weed Non-Skid Tire Chains and Eight-Day Clock. These features are doubly necessary for country driving, where garage service is often many miles away. Other cars do not have them. They amount — 7vi/k 5% discount we give if cask — to precisely $110.25. You must add this sum to the price of any other car in this class. Do this and you will see that it really costs more than the CASE, complete, at $1350. We Save in Selling CASE cars are sold through the same organization that handles the CASE line of farm power machinery. Hence we are able to distribute our cars at exceptionally low cost. The extra selling expense, which other makes must bear, is saved in the CASE "25" and goes to you in the form of better construction and better equipment. Send for Catalog Our new iliustrated catalog tells you of the many ways in which we spend to your advantage the money we save in selling. Read this book before you buy a car. Leain the real reasons why time brings out the value in CASE cars as it does in other CASE products. CASE "25" Complete $1350—5% Discount If Cash NOTE-Ask us alto for ourlSlScatalog pictur- iogand deicribingCASE Steel ThrcibioK Machin- ery,Steam, Gas and Oil Ti'actors, CASE-Racine Tractor Gang Plows* Corn Shelters. Hay Balers and Road Ma- chioery. Sent frca upon request. CASE The Car With the Famous Engine J. I. Case T. M. Company (Incorporated) Foaoded in 1842 Dept. 524 Racine, Wis. (?:») nimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiii^ L ORCHARD AND FARM Dodge Brothers MOTOR CAR The two owners of this business are also its actual active super- intendents— not by proxy, but in person. The manufacture of every part and piece used In the car must conform to pauses and measure- ments determined by them. They fix the formulas followed in nieltini?, shaping and forging the steel, iron and brass. From the handling of the raw metals to the final a.«sembly. the departments in charge of every process and operation are re- sponsible to Dodge Brothers themselves. They have themselves designed many of the wonderful time- saving, labor-saving machines which make this car possible at the price. Their Idea of manufacturing Is that the car should be made so good that it will practically sell itself. No manufacturing detail Is so small that It escapes their scrutiny. No suggestion from dealers or customers is too trivial to re- ceive consideration. They know exactly how every part should be built — not in theory, but from practical experience In manufacturing the vital parts for more than half a million cars. They have reduced to a simple science the problem of using the best materials and the best methods money can buy. and still saving time and money at They are skilled specialists in large production and small econ- omies, who hold the quality of the car at the highest possible level. That this Is a statement of fact Is evidenced by the car itself. You will look in vain for anything cheap or ordinary in the Inside or the outside of Dodge Brothers' car. In proof of this: — The leather ia real irnin leather. The tuftiiut is deep aad aoft: the flilin;. natural curled liair. The h. u. rootor is cast cn bloc, with re- moTable liead. The rear axle i« of the full-floating type. The bcirings are Tim ken throughout — witli S. K. O. ball bearings in clutch and trau^ mission. The springs are made of Qimme Vanadium steel, and are selMnbricating. The wheeU are hickorr. with demountable rims. The body is all steel, including frame, with a perfect stream line effect. The fender? are of a special oral design. The magneto is an Eiscmann waterproof. Kverj-where you will And drop forgings and drawn work instead o( castings. Tlie car is giving satisfaction ererywhere. Its performances proroke nothing but praise. You will realize the Tery first ride you take that it has all the respon^^ireness. comfort and power you want in any car. Tliere will be no mistaking the buoyant spring action — the freedom Irom gear shift- ing— the tine balance which makes it stick to the road — or the dogged pulling power of the silent motor. If you care to hate it we will be glad to send you our Book B. which gires an unbiasc Oflice. \\alliife C. HlehardMon (Inc.), 41 Park How, »« York Middle Went Olllce, .laineK .V. Buohunan, .Marquette BIdu;., Chicago Sl'BSCBIPTIOSf BATES. By subscription uOc per year, three years for $1.00 To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 24c per each year. Foreign, by subscription, 3«c extra per each year. 5c per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the Postoffice of San Francisco, Cal.. under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country L.ife Publishing Company, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. An apology is due reader and cor- respondents for the non-appearance in the last two issues of any "Pin Money for the Farm Woman" story, but we will try not to have anythiiig like that happen again. Xo Pin Money story was printed in the Feb- ruary number because it seemed best to wait a bit until a number had been submitted in order that a good choice be made. This was so on account of the short time tliat exists between the receiving of the paper b^ subscribers and the preparation of the home de- partment for the next issue. A "Pin Money" story was all in the forms and ready for the printer for the March issue when a rush of other ma- terial came along which just had to go in and crowded the pin money storj- and some other good things out. We now have on hand a number of excellent experiences of readers and expect to publish at least one every month for some time. Owing to the necessity for publish- ing each story at the time of year when it is most seasonable, the fact that an article is held back to make room for another which would be of little value if not published at once is no indication of the comparative merits of the two. Some on hand will quite certainly be used later; others probably will be used, this de- pending upon the way other sugges- tions come in. It is thus impossible to notify any person positively whether or when their story will be used. "Back to the Farm," The nert thing we have to talk about is the "back to the farm'' cor- respondence that is going on in our columns. Not a thing ever appear- ing in these columns ever aroused so much interest, or, in our opinion, was so interesting and profitable. Its main value ought to be for persons who are farming^ rather than for "city farmers" and the probability is that it will develop into a greater em- phasis on the business side of farm- ing, which, after all. is what peon' want. In the requests for advice, have come thus far, all of us recog- nize that the best of advice (and much that is given may be far from the best) cannot bring success. One man succeeds, another fails, tellinsr may help a lot, but there is too much that cannot be told. The best thing after experience is the telling of ex- periences and some of that starts this issue. There is one important matter con- nected with this discussion. Quite a iuinil)cr of men, usually with nuicii experience, have written in asking for one of those $50 per month jobs. Un- fortunately there are practically no re- -^uests from the other side of the proposition, nor apparently is there likely to be. The one opening, out- side of some like those given on page four, was for a man of certain definite qualitications, and they wanted him in a hurry and would consider nobody except after a personal interview. The personal touch is apparently what is needed. If any one has a real opening we can give him the names of men who have written in; but the best thing for both parties, and the easiest for the editor, seems to be to use a notice in the classified department. If the attempt was made to make us an employment bureau, experience thus far indicates that the correspondence might nearly swamp us. But as far as the back to the land correspond- ence is concerned, let it go merrily on. Individual problems and experi- ences are more than welcomed. There are lots of things which we are more than anxious to talk about, but cannot just now. One of the best is the "intensive livestock farming like that told of in the sheep on al- falfa discussion. Another is some of the economic features of farming, but this will have to come later. FI LL MEASl'HE. Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper In California with membership In The Audit Bureau of Circulations. CALIFORNIA CROP CONDITIONS EL DORADO, J. E. Hassler— It is too early to forecast size of the com- ing crop, but the fruit spurs promise a normal yield. We are nearly three weeks behind last season in the mat- ter of fruit blossoms. The trees are just commencing to bloom now. The apple crop the coming season will probably not be over 80 per cent of what is was last season, take it on an average all over the apple growing | sections in the United States. IMPERIAL, F. W. Waite— Fruit prospects are normal. Two thousand five hundred pounds of peas are being shipped daily, netting not less than 8 cents per pound. Early barley is in tine condition, but there is consid- able aphis on late barley. Quite a large planting of grape fruit trees is being made this spring. In February thii office inspected, among other things, 4,028 grape fruit trees coming into the county; 3,175 orange trees; 1,290 olive trees; 1,239 apficot trees; 998 fig trees; 43,370 eucalyptus trees, and minor afnounts of frait trees and ornamentals Cff various kinds. ORANGE, Roy K. Bishop— The planting of fruit frees in Orange county for the present season will not be as large as it was last year. The land that is suitable for orchards in this county is largely taken up with orchards already. There will be planted this year about lOfy acres of apricots, 75 acres of walnut* and 400 acres of citrus trees, which will be about equally divided between Valen- cias and lemons. The sugar beet acreage will be slightly less than last year and the bean acreage slightly more. The condition of the citrus orchards is a little above normal, with an especially heavy crop of lemons. The apricots and peaches are putting on a strong and uniform bloom, in- dicating at present time a fine setting of fruit. All of our crops growing at this time are in fine condition except barley, which has not fully recovered from the extra large amount of rain during February. RIVERSIDE, D. D. Sharp— The prospects at present are good for a full deciduous crop, but it is too early in the season to form an estimate, as any one of several climatic extremes can yet change the present bright out- look to one of gloom. Prospects at (Continued on Pace 30) GOING TO BUILD? Send for our 140-piiKe catalof? of I^umber, Sash, Doors and Builders' Supplies. We save you the mlddle- man'.s profit. Contraclors' & Builders' Sapply Co. I40I .'>th St., (InklHUd. Cal. I7DI7 17 "True lilue ' 1915 Book- rA£i£i let Tells the "How," "Why" and "Where" of overlooked State and government land bar- gains. ^tUt VtiWtnmla State Lani Information ^ivresM, .Sarramenta^ ( al. A.^.K— IX)L.\.\ WIlECKINi; i rONSTlll CTIOV cft. Ift-H) MARKKT ST. DEALERS IN BLII.,DING MATERIAL. NEW AND SECOND-HA.ND. Special inices on lumber, sa^h. doon. plumbinx materlaSit etr., to move present sUKk and make room for incomtnff thipments. New enameled iron baths 115.25 New enameled iron basina 3.50 New porcelain toilets (low tank) 12.50 New cement lanndnr tniTS 4.00 Sew colonial pine door* New ffalranizcd screen doors New lumber, per M. . . New shinffles 2-plT roofing paper, per roll 1.M l.BC 10 w 1 I l.'IU .'Second band material at half price. We al^ fumith lime, cement and plaster at money-urinff prict-^. When ready to buy. (ret in touch with ua. Send your li- f-tT estimnte. whether lai)ie or small. Special attention i i'>untr>' orders. Satinfa:tion Ruaranleed. DOI-AN WRECKING & OONSTRITTION CIO.. l'-^;9 Market St.. Orp. Franklin. SAN FRANCISCO. When Answering AdTcrtisement*, Please Mention " Orchard and Farm." ORCHARD AND FARM 17 Methods for Raising Orphan Lambs To "Orchard and Farm": — The March "Orchard and Farm" contains a question about raising orphan lambs which my experience may help to answer. I had raised lambs before on cow's milk, but last spring we were using canned milk for a wliile. One lamb had been with her mother three weeks and would never take the bot- tle, so I fed her a teaspoonful of un- diluted canned milk when I fed the other, which came to me when her mother died at her birth. This one I treated as I would if she were on cow's milk, only giving half canned milk and half water. If a lamb is on cow's milk it must be given whole, never skimmed milk, and everything must be very clean. A catsup bottle with a rubber nipple is the best. The hole in the nipple must be cut larger. I feed only about a tablespoonful of milk at a feeding every two hours during the day mak- ing the last feeding as near 10 o'clock as possible. Then 6 in the morning is the next feeding time. After a couple of weeks very gradu- ally increase the amount and do not feed so often, every three hours for a while, tlien reduce it to three feedings a day until the lamb is about two months old. After that once or twice a day will do until it gets enough grass to lose interest in the milk. The milk must always be fed quite- warm and they must sleep in a good warm place. A box behind the kitchen stove until it is warm outdoors is the best bed. If it is sunny, they can stay out during the day and come in at night. A little uncooked rolled oats sprinkled dry on the floor for them to eat after feeding the milk makes them grow nicely. Feeding too much at a time and not often enough makes them pot bellied and causes bowel trouble, which also comes from taking cold. MRS. H. C. BOWMAN. Cazadero, Cal. Many thanks. Nothing is more ap- preciated than the telling of experi- ences such as this. The bill which horticulturists of California have for two years been attempting to have passed by Con- gress, regulating shipments of plants and horticultural products by parcels post, so that they can be inspected for injurious insects or plant diseases, passed Congress next to the last day of the session. The bill was in charge of Congressman Kent. A DISTINCTION. Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper In California Tvith membership In The Audit Bureau of Circulations. HELPS FOR CLEAN MILK. Here are some simple suggestions for producing clean milk. They evi- dently were written for a cold cli- mate, which does not. however, ma- terially afifect their value. In the first place, the cows should have no more room between the gut- ter and the stanchion than is neces- sary for them to stand comfortably so that most of the droppings will go into the gutter. The gutter should be large enough to hold the droppings of the night without running over in the morning. It is a good plan to rake down all of the manure into the gut- ter the last thing before retiring at night and the first thing on entering the barn in the morning. It is also a good policy to have the hair on the udder and flank of the cow clipped so that they may be easily cfeaned. After the loose dirt has been brushed from the cow it might be well to wipe the udder, teats, and flank with a moist cloth as a further precaution in pre- venting dirt from entering the milk. Care should be taken not to stir up unnecessary dust before milking and the milker should have clean hands and clean clothes and be provided with a pail with as small an opening as is practical. If these precautions are taken and the milk is not con- taminated with foul odors and dirty pails, strainers, or cans, a good qual- ity of milk should be produced. An 80-mesh brass strainer should be found practical. APPRECIATION OF VALUE 2203-21st Avenue Oakland, Calif. March 8th, 1915. Orchard 4 PauTa, Hearst Bldg. , San Francisco, Calif. Dear Sirs- I am leaving with your office today subscrip- tion to. the "Orchard & Farm" I consider that you have the test practical farm paper issued on the coast, and that is what the fanner is after the practical end. As to real value you are way ahead of the Country Gentleman, and to the California farmer there is no comparison whatever. Tours truly, 4,033 new subscriptions received during the 28 days of February is more proof of Orchard and Farm's value to the Western farmer. ORCHARD and FARM HEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO Corrugated Pipe Flume Corrugated Culverts Irrigation Gates Made of VISMERA PURE IRON by the Standard Corru- gated Pipe Co. are products for the farmers of California who demand the utmost quality and efficiency in their equipment for handling water. There is no more important necessity in Cali- fornia than irrigation water. There is no Pipe, Flume, Cul- vert, Siphon or Gate built that will stand up and outlast "STANDARD" products made of Vismera Pure Iron. Wherever installed these "STANDARD" products are permanent. Their excellence of design and material is a guarantee that the user will have no more irrigation or water handling troubles. We build a complete catalogued line of corrugated Pipe, Culverts and Flumes and Irrigation Gates, but we do more — we build special equipment of any size and design demanded. Our ideas and recommendations are shown in our goods, on farms and projects throughout California. Long years of experience have given us first rank in the building of this class of equipment. Made of Vismera Iron. 99.86 per cent pure. VISMERA PURE IRON from which our products are made is the purest commercial iron on the market. It is guaranteed 99.86 per cent pure. It is rust and corrosion defying. Its manufacture has made it free of internal enemies, and external enemies can find no place for foothold. It remains pure as when manufactured. VISMERA PURE IRON is stamped with the brand name shown above and manu- factured only by Inland Steel Co., Chicago. In California VISMERA PURE IRON products can be secured only from the Standard Corrugated Pipe Co. Let us send you circulars and catalog of our Pipe, Flume, Culverts and Gates made of VISMERA PURE IRON. Standard Corrugated Pipe Co. S16 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 737 Lawrence St., Los Angeles, Cal. 18 ORCHARD AND FARM Sheep Raising On an Alfalfa Ranch Cnn mutton Mheep be profitably rnlKed for mutton, not to be sold aH breeding Mtoek, on an alfalfa rancli? On an alfalfa ranch of 80 acres, producing about ei^ht tons per acre, how many i-.heep can be kept? Would you consider sheep as profitable and SAFE] as hoi^s to raise on an alfalfa farm f Of course, I understand that in raising either hogs or sheep, grain must be fed witfei alfalfa J. W. D., Redding, Cal. Our only very definite observation of mutton production under the con- ditions you mention was in Yolo county on rainfall alfalfa a couple of years ago. The owner had 160 acres, half being planted to alfalfa, the other great care to prevent loss by bloat. It could be done by keeping them off soft alfalfa, or alfalfa wet with dew, seeing that they had some of their ap- petite taken away by hay or straw be- fore putting them on pasture, etc. That would be one of the greatest rea- sons for getting straw, or running them along with combined grain and alfalfa farming. Or, some danger from bloat could be removed by combining cattle rais- ing with sheep, turning the sheep on after the cattle had taken the best part of the alfalfa off. Bloat loss was very small on ranch spoken of at first. Eliminating bloat loss, sheeping raising is as safe a Sheep on a Ranch In Kings County, California, a Great Alfalfa District. grain or pasture, but was putting in a pumping plant to irrigate all at the time. With the further history of the place we are not familiar, but hardly believe that the owner continued in the sheep business solely, though he was doing very well at the time. The coming of irrigation and the conse- quent making of alfalfa almost the sole ration for sheep would naturally be somewhat different than sheep raising on rainfall alfalfa and other pasture, where a good deal ot grass or straw would come in to diversify their ration. There can be little doubt, however, but what the prospect of sheep rais- ing on an alfalfa ranch has much to commend it, though it would be better and more economical to combine this with grain or other farming so that the sheep could have a wider ration than alfalfa alone and also clean up a lot of feed that otherwise would be almost worthless. Or, the plan would have much to commend it, if one was in a grain country, of buying all the straw possible and giving the sheep access to it at all times, or even, if possible, stacking it along with alfalfa, a layer of straw and a layer of alfalfa, using a good deal of salt, and then feeding both together. This would be much superior from the standpoint of economy than alfalfa alone and it would be better for the sheep to have grain hay or straw in addition to al- falfa. You are wrong about the sheep needing grain in addition to alfalfa. They would not even need grain hay, as alfalfa is a very strong, nutritious feed, so good that stubble and straw with it would be as nutritious as was needed. Dairy cows do well on alfalfa alone and the sheep do not need good feed as much as a heavy producing cow does, so grain would be unneces- sary. One trouble with straight sheep raising on alfalfa would be that sheep bloat very easy, easier if anything than cows. You would have to have them on pasture most of the time, and it would be necessary to exercise proposition as could be imagined, as sheep have very few troubles and those could be avoided with proper care. You might, though, need a dog- proof fence. In respect to disease and death they are different from hogs, which at all times run the risk of cholera breaking out, and various other diseases causing heavy loss. From the market standpoint also, sheep are more than safe and getting safer. The wildest imagination can see very little prospect of any material lowering of mutton prices. If any- thing, the indications arc more hopeful than ever, so it is safe from that quar- ter. In spite of much fear about the lowering of the wool tariff a year or so ago, wool also is in an admirable posi- tion in the market. With good Shropshire or other mut- ton sheep, figure 10 pounds of wool per year — it will run from 8 to 12 pounds. Roughly, the fleeces should bring somewhere around $1 to $1.50 per head per year. If it were mutton alone or wool alone, there would be no use planning on sheep under the conditions you name, but with income from the two sources, there is a dif- ference. For mutton — mutton ewes give from one to three lambs each, more often twins than singles, which, making due allowance for losses, would enable the sheep raiser to turn off better than 100 per cent per year and yet keep his herd up in numbers and quality. Lambs ought to be worth $3 per head or better. The number you could keep is a matter of conjecture. Since you will oasture your alfalfa, or a good deal of it. it is out of the question to figure eight tons per acre per year. If you could figure it on the basis of five tons of dry feed per acre per year, it would be not bad at all. Or, see un- der similar conditions to yours how many dairy cows are kept per acre and figure eight to ten ewes per cow. Roughly speaking, our estimate under verv good conditions of soil and irri- , gation, would be about 600 ewes and | (Continued on Next Pnge). J-M Transite Asbestos Shingles Fire- and Weather- proof, last forever. Hiehly artistic. J-M Asbestos Ready Roofing Weather-proof, fire retardant, needs no coating. First cost only cost. For roofs of permanent char- acter. J-M Regal Ready Roofing " Ru bber ■ Ty pe " roohng. Best of its class. J-M Roofings for Every Requirement of the Gundlach Machinery Co., Belleville, IIL Everyone around Belleville, Illinois, knows this contractor and knows that a Johns-Manville roof is a roof you can depend on because of T.M ROOFING *^ Responsibility^ When you put a J-M Roof on your build- ing and register it with us, its long life and efficient service become our responsibility. Every J-M Registered Roof, no matter where it may be located, is systematically kept under our care. The tremendous size of the Johns-Manville field force,, with its representatives everywhere, enables us to give this unique service and in the fullest practi- cal sense to live up to our idea of J-M Responsibility. J-M Asbestos Roofings are more than weather- proof. They give fire protection also. Sparks and flying brands will not ignite them. J-M Asbestos RoofiDss^re examined by Under- writers' Laboratories (under tbe direction of the National Board of Fire Underwriters). We want every J-M Roof Owner to register his roof with us so we can see that it giveshim realJ-M Roofing Service. Tell us what kind of building you have to roof and we will tell you the type of roofing that has given the best service on similar buildings during our experience of more than a half century. 30SA H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO. 6^;^^°" |^ n«vtAn GalvMton Kansaa City Milwaukee New Yor)( St. Loui« Toledo « Hinneapoli* UJTiah* St. Paul Waahinxton Newarli. N J. Phlladelpbi> |altJUkencr WilkeaOlUT* New Orleaoa rlttaburx San Prasciaco YouncatowB Akron Boffalo Atbacr Chicago AUaot* CiDclnnalU Baltimoro Cleveland ItrmlMhUD g^l^jtu. g--^- ^-jt;^,, Be„pl,i. New OrleaM Plttaborx Saa FV«.ciaci Younotowa THE CANADIAN H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO.. LTD., Totoolo, WinDipec, MoDtTcal, VsncooTet W/A ■/////'/// /^y//A^ Garden Helps There is a pleasure m , garden work'when you • ^ ^VS. ^^^^ '''g^t tools to -Stiletto NX ^ork with. See that hne you NX every garden im- get the best NX that money can NX ^ buy or that skiH can NN^t,i.ett«- produce — also hill pro- NX^^ trade tection; every article bear- NX. j^^-j^ ing the '-STtLCTTO- trade mark is fully guaranteed. ».tTIfrTTft r sold everywhere — if you can't get them. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 701 Townsend.St. THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE COXTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT. ORCHARD AND FARM 19 Miscellaneous Live Stock Matters Treatment of Poisoned Animals. The common idea that poisoned limals should be kept moving is, ac- Drding to a new bulletin on "Stock oisoning Plants of California," in (iost cases entirely wrong. On the Dntrary, they should ordinarily be ept quiet, as the high pulse and rapid reathing, which usually accompany aisoning, will only be aggravated by irced exercise. The only exceptions -e when the poison causes sluggish- ess and drowsiness. In this case, imulants like ammonia and whisky in be given. Cattle when down lould always be urged to assume the Dsition of normal repose, that is, sting on the breast bone. , In case le ground is sloping, the head lOuld be up hill. The practice of indiscrmiinately ceding all animals showing symp- ,ms of plant poisoning is also to be scouragcd. Veterinarians are sub- ituting better methods for this anti- lated mediaeval surgical practice. Melted lard and other fatty sub- ances are often very beneficial, es- cially when other remedies are not hand, as they protect the lining of e digestive tract from the poison id also help to drive the poisonous bstance from the system. Tlic greatest remedy by far for .ant poisoning of stock is perman- jiiiatc of potash. Particularly valu- ole is this when combined with equal jnounts of sulphate of potash. Sheep id hogs can be given 5 to 10 granis I the permanganate, dissolved in hter and administered as a drench; 'jrscs 15 to 20 grains, and cattle 30 50 grains, with sulphate of potash possible. Both remedies are cheap, liis bulletin, by Prof. H. M. Hall and arry S. Yates, describes the leading ock poisoning plants of California, ving drawings of same to make em easily recognizable. It can be .d free on application to the Uni- rsity of California, Berkeley. Cal., 1(1 should be of very high value to ockmen. Grain Farming and Stock. \ South Dakota county farm adviser lis of a wheat farmer who kept no jck whatever on his place except c horses needed to do the work, not en a chicken. Running into debt, went to his banker for a loan of thousand dollars. The banker saw at he would not prosper on those les, and required that a portion of c money lent should be used to pur- asc two cows, half a dozen pigs and flock of poultry, also that a small j^itable garden be started. The rincr reluctantly agreed to the con- ions, and prospered so well under rill that in five years he was out of 1-t and rated as a substantial and -porous farmer and business man. M road, on one side of which, both side and outside of the fence, sheep ive been pastured. Some are shown the picture. That side of the road clean and smooth. The other side the road has not been so treated, id is overgrown with brush and teds, being less valuable than the lier and having been put to no ofitable use. There is an immense nount of land nearly all over the iiuntty along fences, ditch banks and liadways which is not cultivated and as a rule cannot be burned over be- cause of danger to fences or for other reasons. Not only is this land value- less and a nursery for weed seeds, but many injurious insects gather there for breeding or protection, After sheep pasture the weeds are killed, the sheep get good feed, the land is bet- ter and the insects die or go elsewhere to breed or hibernate. Sheep in and around vineyards are one of the best controls for vine hopper that there is. Uses of Grease in Wool. The grease or oil which makes up a considerable portion of the weight of most fleeces, especially those of the merinos or range sheep, has re- cently been found to have valuable uses. In France it has been found that it can be applied to cloth by means of certain processes in such a way that it will shed the water, and so it is urged for soldiers' uniforms. The natural protection from water in the fleece itself is brought over to the cloth. Very recently also there has been considerable boosting of ■wool grease, properly extracted and prepared, as a healing agency. The Nervous Horse. If your horse is nervous and rest- less to hitch, do not try to break him by having men hold him by the head; that only annoys him. Try this: Put on the harness, then a strong halter, guy him securely right and left; let him stand some time; then pull up your buggy, attach him to it, get in and after a few moments get out; go away and leave him; come back, walk around him, have somebody un- snap the guys; do not wait the first lesson to remove the halter. Repeat this lesson every day, or twice a day for a week or so, and if you are not the owners of a fool horse, anybody will be able to hitch him alone. SHEEP RAISING ON AN AL- FALFA RANCH (Continued from Page 18). their lambs on 80 acres of heavily pro- ducing alfalfa. The estimate may high, or low, and away off, but we stand open to correction. Then, 600 fleeces at $1.50 would mean $900; about 800 lambs or ewes at $:i would mean $3,400; gross in- come, $3,300. This income could well be sur- passed on some other products, in- cluding hogs, but on the other hand the labor and every other cost would be very small. One of the reasons for going into sheep would be the labor advantages and the advantages of having a good market and a safe market and something which every- body else does not have. But after all, the correct idea is to make the sheep utilize much of the feed that is now going to waste and instead of consuming plain alfalfa, it is probable that there should be some team work between sheep and something else. With or without that team work, there is little doubt in our mind but what sheep provide an excellent, but almost overlooked market for alfalfa. American soils sadly need more live stock and more manure. VVc cannot all go into dairying, or hog raising, or beef production. Of all domestic animals sheep are the most over- looked. As weed killers they are fine, sheep manure is one of the richest manures there is, and altogether the more promotion that sheep get the better. Blinds on horse bridles are a nuis- ance and almost inhuman. A horse depends on sound and sight both in avoiding danger and many a runaway is caused by a noise that if the horse could see he could be easily con- trolled. There are other good reasons why the use of blind bridles should be discontinued. How Dairy Rimiers Could Save $100,000,000 A Year A saving to the dairying in- terests of $100,000,000 a year would result from the universal installation of the SHARPIES rv1ll_KER For this machine alone — novs^ milking 250,000 cows twice daily — has developed the mechanical milker to its highest known degree of efficiency The Sharpies Milker to-day is recognized by dairy farmers who have given sincere investiga- tion to the milking problem as standard dairy equipment. "The Teat Cup with the Upward Squeeze" — a device that gently massages the teats upward by means of air pressure after drawing each squirt of milk, keeping the most sensitive teats healthy and pliable — is an exclusive feature. It is our conviction that cows cannot be success- fully milked by a machine without the upward squeeze. This process is covered by the broadest patent which our Government can grant — a process patent — owned by us. No other milker made in the world to-day gives an upward squeeze. We will promptly defend our customers and ourselves should any infringement be attempted. The superiority of the Sharpies Tubular Cream Separator is typical of its popular growth year after year. Send for literature describing in full detail the manifold advantages accru- ing from the every-day use of Sharpies products. Sent anywhere on request. The Sharpies Separator Company West Chester, Pa. Principal Branches: Chicago San Francisco DISTRICT OFFICES AND AGENCIES EVERYWHERE 20 ORCHARD AND FARM Light Weight es ( 4 H . P. Cnshman is the one practical binder engine.' i Weigrhs only 190 lbs., stripped J for binder only 167 lbs. ^ Attachments for any Cas_ k binder. Enpinedrive^Q 'sickle and all machin- kCry. Since horses have only I to p ill machine, 2 horses easily handle an 8-foot k binder in heavy grain. "Same en^ne used on . Com Binders; also f does all other farm work up to 4',; H. P. |Very light weight and easy to move » around. Runs more ' steadily than most heavy ^engines. because of Throttle i Governor and perfect balance? ForAllFai«mWork ^to 20H.P. 8 H. p. 2 cyl. Cushman weiKhs only (Sk^ 820 lbs. :f or heavier farm work. includ-^^SfS ing filling silos, grinding, sawing, and as power drive on Corn Pickers and " Hay Ba:era. 20H. P. 2-cylinder weighs only 1200 lbs. Mounted on truck it will do' any kind of work from 8 to 22 H. P. | Cushman Engines are not cheap en- Elnes, but they are cheap In the long , runi as they do so many jobs heavy en- ' gines cannot do. Equipped with Schebler Carburetor, { Friction Clutch Pulley, and Forced Water Cool- j ing System thatprevcnts ' overheating. Askforfree Engine Book. \ CUSHMAN ' MOTOR WORKS/ 880 N.'21M Str«al> LINCOLN, HEBR.. Have a Conkey Corner in v'^'if I"'n!try li«»iise. Conkey'a Remedies and Tonics 11'*^ >'"" I'^i^'" ttH-n\ mi hand, yoli lan laiieh at ilist-asc. Si-n.l 4< . in -I ;in|., lor • ConkcyS l'.,uliry 1 luctor." THE G. E. CONKEY CQ 102,Conkey Bldg., Cleveland, 0. " so. We can put the great conienicnces of electric lisrht ami household appliaucra witlun your reach and you can have GEN- LINE EDISON Electric Light and Power — exactly tlie same as in the largest cities— and just as if you were bring on a power circuit. A won- derful Edison invention — the ^^^^omob CI 6dwon-, MARK ELECTRIC UGKT PLANT grrcs you your own electric light and power plant — economical, efficient, trouble-proof. Re- duce.': fire hazard. The Edison .Storage Battery is composed of nickel-iron parts in alkaline solution instead of the ordinary lead plates in acid solution. It will therefore do its work much more sat- isfactorily, and it's the only battery with a four-year guarantee (which it will greatly out- last). Write for Catalo,^ R. M.Til coupon shown below. it entitles you to valuable free infnrmation about the Thomas A. Edison Electric Light Plant. EiIlHon Storage Battery Supply Co„ niMtribiitorn, 441 Golden date Ave,, San Francisco. Loa AngeleH — Seattle — Portland KiIInou Storage Battery Supply Co. 441 t;olden Gate Ave., San FranclMCo, Cal. .Send me Catalog R. O.A.F. plants is wanted. CHECK HERE ICT I T If information regarding complete I I CALIFORNIA CROP CONDITIONS (Continued trout I'ai^e 10.) present are very favorable lor a good crop. We have about 4,500 liead of dairy cows in this county and about 30,000 head of beef cattle arc fed here annually, but not all are raised in this county; a great many are shipped in to fatten. SAN DIEGO, H. M. Armitage— It is rather early to tell anything about the deciduous fruits as the trees are just coming into bloom. Having had a wet winter and iiaving a warm spring, if the after conditions are as favorable, we should have a bumper crop. Tlie oranges show evidence of a heavy bloom at present, which un- der favorable conditions means a good crop for the next season. Oranges are moving very slowly at present. We are gradually getting back to our old output of lemons. Cannot tell the size of crop yet. Grapes have not started yet, so have no report to make and the same thing holds true for grapes. This should be a good year for our hay and grain, as our rainfall has been above normal. We need a little more though. There arc being quite a few persimmons set out this year. We are having a few unusually' warm days for March, the maximum being 82 degrees. Following are the approximate number of deciduous and citrus trees, grape vines and berry plants set out to commercial acreage this season, with the predominating variety. Oiir records show that the number is above the average. Forty-one thou- sand one hundred and fifty deciduous trees, including 1,500 almonds (Non- pareil leading); 7,450 apples (De- licious'); 3.600 apricots (Royal); 0,700 peaches (Salway and Early Craw- ford); 7,600 pears (Bartlett): 3,100 plums (Burbank and Satsuma) ; 1,600 persimmons (Hiakume and Tane Nashi); Miscellaneous, 7,000. Citrus. 5,500 trees, including 3,700 lemons (Eureka) and 1,800 oranges (Va- lencia). Grapes, 10,000 vines of mis- cellaneous varieties, Muscat and Red Emperor predominating. Berries, 25.000 plants of miscellaneous varie- ties. Black and Logan predominating. TEHAMA, Charles B. Weeks— Not over five per cent of the plant- ing this year is of peaches, if it as much as that. Prunes and almonds have been planted in the largest quan- tities, with olives next, these three fruits leading all others almost to ex- clusion. I know of one case of a fine two-year-old peach orchard that is top worked over to prunes, and think this has been followed by others. Some few old peach orchards are being l)ulled out, but not enough to reduce the production to any great extent, but, on the other hand, the produc- tion will not be increased. Yellow scale is quite bad on about a thousand citrus trees in the town of Red Bluff, and I have used a small fumigating outfit with a view to eradicating same, or at least bring it under control. A very large acreage has been sown to grain in this coun- ty, mostly wheat and barley. Most of the old grain is out of the growers' hands. YUBA, G. W. Harney— From the .Tppearance of things there will be a heavy setting of fruit. Large quan- tities of the Chinese variety of cu- cumbers have been shipped to Chi- cago. A very extensive acreage has been sown to wheat and barley, with excellent prospects for a heavy yield. Feed is plentiful and it is said that the section will show a considerable increase in cattle, hogs and sheep. The rainfall to date is above normal, thus insuring good crops for the com- ing season. There has been no higli water or floods in the Yuba or Feather rivers and the bottom lands are in prime condition. FULL MEASURE. Orchard and Farm Im the only farm paper In California with membership In The .\udlt Bureau of Circulation*. iMe Stories ^ :^:/^^^^-^^"^ No. 5 Jotn P. Jones &f Sons of Fair Oaks make a specialty of planting orcKards and ornamental trees, and doing landscape gardening. Jones Sons use no borses at aU. A Baby Liater- piUar pulls up stumps, liauls off tree trunks, plows, cultivates, and kauls wagons loaded with trees to be planted. Often tbey baul 20 ton loads from tbe railroad station to tbeir nursery — a distance of 5 miles up grade. All tbey use IS SIX wagons bitcbed on to tbe Baby. Jones Sons figure tbe Baby takes tbe pi ace of five four-borse teams. Tbe Baby Caterpillar is a bandy tractor — it seems to fit in almost anywbere, and still Kas plenty of power foi beavy work. Tberc IS probably one in your neigbborbood. THE HOLT MFG. CO. (Incorporated) Stockton San Francisco Los Angeles B»lh Exf^tithns — San Frantii aere rjincli, 10 ncres laid down In nlfnUn? I plan to divide the remainder Into five three- aere iilotx and sow after a barley crop In removed In the xnninier. The land In diteli irrlitated, AIho, what number of »ows, avera^lns' litters of, say, Hev- rn itiKH, twice yearly, should sood land and ^ood farming carry under above conditions? — IVewcomer, Whittlcr, Cal. Since people are all trying to get itito kinds of farming which tliey can be quite sure will give crops for which there is a good market, pork production is particularly attractive, for the demand for meat looks just as sure as anything could be. This ■ (juestion goes into the subject of systematic pork production of the kind which will be extensively prac- ticed, if it proves a success. It is the biggest question on pork production open to-day and we wrote to several persons whose advice ought to be worth following, for their statement of the case. Under Whittier Conditions. W. H. Taylor, manager of the agri- cultural department of the Whittier State School, and thoroughly experi- enced in best agricultural practices for conditions in that vicinity, first gives Makes Wash Day a Pleasure Does the wash- ing and boiling nt the same time, heats the water in the machine. This machine la equipped with (ras or gasoline burner. Clothes are washed in a re- volving cylinder, which reverses automatically. No danger of tearing or injuring tlie finest lace curtain gr fabric, and wiU wash the heaviest blankets as well. Made to operate by Electric I'ower, Hand Power (r by Belt from gasoline engine or other power. Also made with extra compartments for rinsing and blnin^^ Send for CIRCULAR and PRICES. H. E. WILLIAMSON, 1340 MISSION ST. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Mfg. of DOMESTIC STEAM WASHER, Old HIckoiT Tliree-Bearlng Cen- trifugal Pumps are ■worth more than any otiter kind, but our price is bESS. Send for catalog\*e of ENGINES. PUAfPS. PIPE and all Farm Supplies. OLD HICKORY .SUPPLY CO.. Dept. 5. San Francii'co. Sacramento. Los Angeloe, Portland. WILL YDU TAKE ORDERS e ^p^H mfttieallT V Spftre ume or pvrm«DeDt work ViV lo«nea. CredlifflTetK Write for facto rjafjeocy offer. aiAS.L BENEFia CO. 382 D MntiiflBUr. UiaMyoBk. Ini Uuir earn liUO to|l60 frcry week demoDitratlDfc oar 1916 Model Htet l Automatte lIandl>Tool, Lining »Dd PulliDft J»ck. Wire Stretcher. Spli Ueoder, Post aod Stomp Puller, Ttre TIghienci Uaker, Prcai. VUe, HoUt, WreDch, etc. Op- nu»r»ol l>em OB iitrA toi C«bls his views, as follows: I would suggest planting after early crop is off, five acres corn, five acres pie melons and pumpkins, and five acres in Kafir corn. Part of the ten acres in alfalfa could be fenced into small lots or pens for sows. Bet- ter results could be obtained in cut- ting a certain amount of alfalfa green each day for feed instead of pastur- ing the whole piece. The pumpkins and pie melons would be available in late fall and winter when alfalfa is short. Grain and corn harvested from the barley and corn field would make a fine feed for the hog. The number of sows would be largely due to the disposing of offspring. A place of this kind should bring better return by selling feeders instead of fat hogs. This would be governed by location and market. In this district we can get greater return by selling pigs two months old. In my opinion such a place properly managed would keep 25 brood sows. Advice from University Farm. Professor J. I. Thompson of the Department of Animal Husbandry at the University Farm, and secretary of the California Swine Breeders' Asso- ciation, outlines a suitable method of farm operation as follows: In reply to the inquiry of Mr. R., I suppose he intends to buy quite a bit of grain. His 10 acres of alfalfa should carry 15 sows and litters when grain is fed in addition. That would probably be as many hogs as he would wish to carry em that sized farm, consequently he should not need any more pasture. If he did, a small area, probably not more than two acres, sown to rap«r would fur- nish a variety of pasture, provided one acre was sown about two weeks earlier than the other. I should advise that he put in white Milo after his barley i.s taken off, and if properly irrigated and fertilized, this should mature during the season. Fifteen sows and litters was figured on an average of one litter per year. This would necessarily be reduced a third, or to about 10 sows, w-here twO' litters a year were expected. (The very sensible conclusion can he drawn from the above that hog raising, properly manaigedl, can well be made a part of farm work rather than the main industry of the farm. Better a thousand Tiogs from ten farms than from ontr and better several products from a ranch in most cases than one. — Editor.) HONEST VALUE. Orrkuil and Farm l« the »atr lam yap«r in Callf»rmla wtth inemkeFsUip In The Andlt narcau CLveuIn*t*usi. Prof Curtiss of the Iowa Agri- cultural College writes the Livestock Department of the Panama Pacific Exposition that lowai expects to send to the fall livestock show of the ex- position the largest number of pure bred animals of show quality that has ever been sent from that great stock State to any exposition ever held. Persons who grow alfalfa by the furrow method of irrigation, which is often done, especially when the slope is rather too great for flooding, should by all means get Popular Bul- letin 81 of the Washington Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Pullman, Wash., which tells of an efficient al- falfa ditcher that is a great labor saver and does excellent work. The presence of the foot and mouth disease in the East has prevented the sending of view herds to the exposi- tion. However, some fine herds will be secured from coast breeders. The Whitehall estate of Tracy, Cal., was first on hand with some fine Berk- shircs. The Survival of the Fittest TRIED IN THE FURNACE OP competition and subjected to the test of years of practical use on nearly 2,000,000 farms the world over, the De Laval has proved its overwhelming supe- riority to all other cream sepa- rators. TWENTY YEARS AGO THERE were as many makes of factory as of farm separators, but for the past ten years the De Laval has had this field almost to it- self, 98 per cent of the cream separators in use by creamery- men and market milk dealers to-day being of the De Laval make. IT HAS TAKEN THE INEX- perlenced farmer a little longer to sort the true from the untrue, the wheat from the chaff, in the maze of conflictory catalog and local dealer separator claims, but yoar by year the ever-in- creasing proportion of farm separator buyers is reaching the same conclusion as the cream- eryman — that the De Laval is the only cream separator they can afford to buy or use. MANY OTHER CREAM SEPA- rators have come into the lime- light of publicity for a few short months or a few short years, claiming to be "as good as" or "cheaper" than the De Laval, but their users have sooner or later found them lacking in some one respect or another, and even where a few have seemingly done well their users have come to learn that the De Laval was a still better machine. THE UNFIT OR THE LESS FIT cannot possibly survive for long in separators or anything else. Think of all the separators you used to see advertised so ex- travagantly in your favorite farm papers. Where are they now? Why do you seldom, if at all, see their names mentioned? Simply because the fittest must survive and the others must fall out of the race. THE DE LAVAL HAS TRI- umphed over all other separa- tors, and its supremacy is now almost as firmly established in farm as in factory separators because its separating system, design and construction are es- sentially different from and su- perior to other separators. A De Lnval catalog; to be had for the asking; explains and Illustrates these differences. A De Laval machine, to be had on test or trial from the nearest local De Laval agent, does so better stllT. 1/ you don't know the nearest local agrent. simply write the nearest De Laval main olBce as below. De Laval Dairy Supply Company 165 Broadway 101 Dnimni Street 1016 Western Aveni NEW YORK SAIV FRANCISCO SEATTLE 50,000 BRANCHES AND LOCAL AGENCIES THE WORLD OVER Direct from 2H-P.S34.95 4H-P. 69.7S 6H-P. 97.75 8 H-P. 139.65 12 H-P. 219.90 16 H-P. 298.80 22 H-P. 399.65 PoTtabU EnoxnM Proportumaiiy L-oto. WITTE Engines Kerosene^ Gasoline and Gas Stationary. (skidded orcm iron base) .and Mounted Styles. LonB-wearing^3ei)arabIe, semi-steel cylin- ders and 4-rinK pistons; aotomobile iifnition ; spark shift; vertical valves; variable speed; and other merits without which naengine is now high-grade. Liberal 5- Year Guaranty Cash or Easy Tenn.%. Why pay doable price for any good engine, or take a poor one. for any price, when tiM WITTE costs BO little and saves yoiB all the risk? Hauw Bonk Free Tells you the"in- HeW DOOK rree. engine •<•»- itigaawcW mmanvj^cturing. Getthe facts whether youboyfrommcornot. ■d.H.WItU.WIttalronWorksCo. 8128 Oakland Aw.. KansasClty^Mo. REDWOOD TANKS AND SILOS. Water TrouKbs, Windmills, Frames, and Towers. Steel and Wood. Prices the lowest. BROWN & DYSON 644 So. Center St., Stockton. Cal. Swedenbora's "Heaven and Hell": IMMORTAL ITY CERTAIN; 400 pages; 15 cents, postpaid. ' Pastor LandcntierKer, Windsor place. St. Loui:*. Mo. ^LOOK. Our Get Acquainted Offer. FREE — One packet grand new everlasting ciicamber; keeps perfectly all winter: sell 'era in Januai-y for 75c to $1.25 per dozeD; great money-maker; big thing sure. FREE — One large sample of Giant Orange Prolific Com. which hears 4 to 9 large full ears per stalk; truly a wonder and a treat (money-maker. Both the abovp pvemiums free with our mammoth collection of 30 packets of choice fresh vegetable and Hower ^i*aJ for only SI. Half the collection an*: one premium 50c l)Ost paid. Ask for collection So. '20. Hig pay to agents to introduce ovt seed. The Golden Bear Seed Co. p. O. Box 047, San Francisco, Cal. To retail Rawlelch Products, town and coun- try. Some Kood old vacant territories. Largest and best line. One of the oldest and largeat companies in the world. Six Factories snd Branches. All Products supplied from n«w Pacific Coast Branch. Quick Service. Low Freight. We want only industrious men cap- able of earning $100 and up per month and ex- penses. Must have means for starting expen- les and furnish Con- tract signed by 2 re- sponsible men. Addicsi W. T. Rawkif b Coniwsr. Osklind. CaL, giving ase, occupation and references. When answerInK advertisements, please mention "Orchard and Farm." ORCHARD AND FARM Odds and Knds in Swine Raising Feeding P»g» on Cement Floor, .S'apa county ii almoft unique in Csilifornia in that i>ork production is ba»ed more or Ie»» upon Eastern prin- picle», which means hearty corn feed- ing. Likcwi»c hogs are an important product in Kapa county and a great many come down from the hills and back country to be fattened on corn and other feed, but mostly corn. The farms where this ii done are mostly down near the Napa river, on pretty flat land. The winter rainfall i» 'luite plentiful, the soil mostly bordcrin({ on heavy. Over much of California it would be called out and out a heavy or hard soil. Naturally when there is rain, hogi and such soil combined, there is mud galore and it remained for A. E. Bcrge, a Californian by birth, but a Texas cattleman most of his life, to take the mud out of hog fattening and put the profit in. This was done by means of a concrete floor. Mr, Bcrgc's feeding floor !s on the north side of the barn and it covered with a shed roof, north side open. It is 43 feet wide Talong the barn) and 21 feet » inches deep. It will hold a carload, or W) 2Wj-pound hogs. There is no comparison between the gain that pig"! will make on clean cement and mud, either in cost or time. The first thing in building this floor is to make the walls at the sides and ends. The space between them is first filled with four to six inches of gravel, wet and tampco down as compactly as possible. On top of this is put four inches of cement and gravel mixed 1 to 7, and this is covered with two inches of richer ce- ment, surfaced so that the hogs will not *lip on it. One of the most im- portant things is to have a "ood slope to the floor so that all water will run off f|uickly. A flat floor is almost as bad as none at all. This has 8 inches fall in the 21 feet depth. The cost, as gravel was close at hand, was about $7.-5. Water is piped to the barn and the floor hosed off twice a day if there is a car of hogs on it. At the time of our inspection it contained three Duroc sows and IS pigs, and was hosed off only twice a week. One cor- ner was covered with straw for bed- dioff. Without the straw sows and pigs would quickly be in a bad way on cold, hard cement all the time. A couple of barrels arc kept at opening into corn bin in barn and the corn is soaked in these 4« hours be- fore feeding and so is soft and easily digested. At the time of the writer's visit a shoat was also being fattened at one Hide of th'- floor and he was given all the corn he could cat. The pigs could get in, though the sows could not, and so they had all the milk and all the soft corn they wanted and were more than growing. When the floor was first put in the foolishness of the "Texas cattleman" was amusing, but now cement fccdin(^ floors are getting quite popular anfl all available feeders are bought up as quickly as possible, which after all is the best proof of profiialde practices. Dry Lot or Paature. Hogs, lik'; nearly everything else living, are better if they have to go to a little exertion to get their feed, which makes pasture better than dry lot feeding. Likewise, in spite of some pasture destroyed, it is usually cheaper on acount of labor expense to have the hogs harvest fhe food than to harvest it and then feed it. The Kansas fi^xperiment Station di- vidrd 42 hogs into seven lots of six hogs each, four on dry lots and three on alfalfa pasture. On one of the dry lots the hogs were fed green cut al- falfa and corn meal. These hogs did not give as economical returns as those fed on corn and alfalfa pasture, and in addition to the saving in cost of cutting and feeding alfalfa the hogs on the pasture made a better gain and cheaper gain in every particular than those on the dry lot having green alfalfa. In the other combinations of feeds three-fourths of a pound of grain more was needed on a dry lot t'l produce a pound of gain than cm pasture, and those on pasture made 14 pounds more gain per hog than those on dry lots at 41 cents less expense. In line with the common talk of "Corn and Hogs" in the East, hogs fed on c'>Tn and alfalfa hay so outclassed those fed on corn alone that there was no comparison between the two. As well compare a runt with a blue rib- bon winner. Alfalfa pasture and right grain feeding is a winner. Free Hogs From Lice. To free hogs from lice examine be- • • ' •' ■ '-ars and under the arms. If or nits arc found it is time /, If one has less than half a (iozcn hogs a simple treatment is to mix equal parts of kerosene and ma- chine oil. Put the mixture into a good oil can and squirt a little back of the ears and at the elbows. If necessary repeat in a week. For a larger number secure some coal tar dip and mix it with water ac- cording to directions. Spray the hogs thoroughly and repeat in ten days. ■ At the same time give the pens or house a good cleaning and spraying. It is also good to wrap a sack or rope around a rubbing post and keep it saturated with crude oil Arizona Swine Raiting. The University of Arizona urges more swine raising in that .State, The last census showed a swine population of i7,Z<)H, which has now increased to 2'j,<)»i) head. (Jn tine particular farm the owner is said to maintain 700 head on 40 acres of alfalfa. In some parts of the Stale hogs do well on range alone. The sows are farrowed some time in June and July, By the time the acorns fall in July and August the pigs are able to obtain consider- able nutriment from this source. The pigs will take care of themselves and dress ab<->ut 75 pounds at seven to ten months old. They will scent dead cattle a'i far as will a coyote, and make big gains on the carcass. It is not a very admirable method of swine raising, but is interesting and pays well when conditions permit. TIME TO BREED GOATS. Winthrop llowlands of Redlands in the Angora Journal states that a bix mistake is commonly made with milcli goats in breeding the does torj young Goats will breed, if permitted to **n up, and they're abfjut as grxxJ us new." Pure Iron for Long Serrice The rapid rusting of m'xlem ■fa«et metals is familiar lo every practical man. The remedy con- kists in duplicating the qualities of the pure, even and carefully made iron of a hundred years ago. The material of Armco Culverts is iron in which the total of impurities ha.f l>een <-educed to less than one-sixth of one per cent, and which has re- ceived the utmost care in every de- tail of its manufacture. These culverts have proven themselves Convenient, Reliable and Lasting. There it a maBofaetiirer in your ilcinity. Write him or The Anneo Calrert Pablicitj' Bareaa, ClDeiDnati, Ohio. Our New Year's Announcement A Mogul Orchard Tractor for $675 The hoc is a bigger prosperity- maker than any tariflF, high or low. We announce for 191 5 an iill-purpos« Orchard tractor with ft-H. P. at the drawbar ami 16 on the belt— Mogul 8-18 An Easily Handled, Short Turning Tractor THIS new Mogul 8-16 tractor will do the work of eight horses in the orchard. Being a four-wheeled, all-purpose tractor, you can use it every working day. It will do plowiug and seeding as well as orchard cultivating. It will draw manure spreaders, waKons, mowers or liiuders. It will run a coru sheller, feed griuder, small bLiredder, thresher or ensilage cutter. Any farmer can buy this new Mogul 8-16 tractor for $675.00 cash, f. o. b. Chicago. Tlie man who can use one of these Mogul tractors pays, at this price, the lea.st for wliich a good, reliable, all-pur|e 8-16 tractor can be sold. If you want to use a Mogul small-farm tractor for spring work, your order should be placed now witli the I H C local dealer. Write us for full iuformatiou. International Harvester Company of America 'iNCORPOHATCb) Cratrford, Neb. Den»er. Col. Helena. Mont. Portland. Ore. San Fraaciaco, Cat. Spokane, Waah. Salt Lake City , Utah ORCHARD AND FARM 23 HOW DOES THE DAIRYMAN MAKE A LIVING? To "Orchard and Farm": I have been told, and believed until now, that a man could make a decent living for himself, wife and child with ten good cows, not far from a creamery, but upon reducing such a proposition to figures the result as you can see is far from satisfactory. I have taken by way of illustration ten pure-bred cows, yielding 8,000 pounds of milk annually each, headed by a first-class bull. The milk I have considered as containing Zyi per cent butter fat. I have placed this herd, figuratively, upon 100 acres of good leased land, twenty acres of which would be in alfalfa, yielding three crops without irrigation; five acres would be taken up by the home, gar- den, barn, corral, chicken yard, etc., leaving seven and one-half acres per head pasturage. Following are my figures: Expenses — Annual rent of 100 acres at $3 $200.00 Interest at 6 per cent on $2,000 invested in buildings and equipment 120.00 Interest at 6 per cent on ten cows at $200 and bull at $300 138.00 Support of owner and family at $50 a month 600.00 Cost of mill feed, etc., for eleven head at $30 330.00 Cost of maintaining one horse 100.00 Insurance on buildings and equipment (estimated) 7.50 Personal property tax (esti- mated) 15.00 General expense 100.00 Total $1,610.50 Revenue — 2,800 lbs. of butter fat at 25c $700.00 77,000 lbs. of skimmed milk as hog feed 150.00 5 bull calves vealed at $10—- 50.00 Total $900.00 Net loss on year $710.50 In other words, the owner's living, the horse's feed and two-thirds of the taxes were not earned. No part of this loss can be blamed to the rental, for if the land were owned by the dairyman at least this amount would have to be charged off to lost interest on that investment. I have not taken the five heifer calves into the revenue for, as they are pure bred and im- proved, I presume that the owner would desire them to build up his herd if he felt that he could indulge himself in the luxury of dairying any longer, and they would then be a source of expense for the next two years in their feed and the lost interest on their investment. I have taken 25 cents as a good average price for but- ter fat. I may be criticised for placing the fat percentage of the milk too low, but is not a cow such as I have fig- ured on better than three out of five (if the cows to be found in our Cali- fornia dairies to-day? And still these dairymen appear to remain in busi- ness. Their experience must differ from my figures, so please tell me in the columns of your paper where I am wrong. A SUBSCRIBER. Our experience is that certain men can prove absolutely by figures and otherwise that there is no chance to make a living in this or that kind of business, although other people are making a good living at it just the same. Others can prove a good liv- ing in almost anything. Real estate men particularly are expert at this, and we have never felt capable of proving either one right or wrong. Imaginary cases like those you have given are extremely difficult to fit^ure with satisfaction, though they are a necessity when a person wants to know \yhere he is heading, and the problem, as you have stated it, is of great interest and much importance. Land — Allowing for extreme vari- THE AUTO-OILED AERMOTOR WITH DUPLICATE GEARS RUNNING IN OIL Every bearing is constantly flooded with oil. The gear case, in which the duplicate gears run, holds two or three times as much oil as is required by the mill for a year of constant running, days, nights and Sundays. From the gear case the oil flows through every bearing in a continual stream. If goes out through the thrust washers in the hub of the wheel and is automatically returned to be used over and over again. No oil is wasted. This mill needs oiling but once a year. Two quarts of oil in the gear case of the 8-foot Auto-oiled Aermotor will keep the gears and every bearing flooded with oil for a year or more. The galvanized helmet covers the gears, keeps out rain, keeps out dust, keeps in oil. The old Aermotor was known the world over as "the windmill which runs when all others stand still." This new Aermotor with gears and bearings flooded with oil runs in much less wind than the old Aermotor. The two large gears, which lift the load straight up, are each independent of the other and each is driven by its own pinion on the main shaft and must take its half of the load at all times. The Auto-oiled Aermotor, with its duplicate gears and two pitmen lifting the load straight up, is unbreakable. Every 8-foot mill is tested under a pumping load of 3000 pounds on the pump rod. For the larger sizes the load is proportionately greater. We know that every one of these windmills is unbreakable. We venture the assertion that this is the most nearly perfect, best made, best tested, best oiled, most nearly perpetual, automatic and self-sufficient of any machine of any kind ever made for farm work and the most nearly fool-proof. There is no friction on any part of the furling device -when the mill is running and very little when he wheel is furled. A small child can easily furl this windmill or an automatic regulator can take care of it. One of these mills has been furled 10,000 times in one day by a man on our premises — more limes than it would ordinarily be furled in 30 years ot service. A band brake, of the automobile type, is used, and it always holds. If you are tired of climbing a windmill tower; if you are tired of buying repairs and having them put on; or, if you are tired of waiting for a big wind, let us fur- nish you an unbreakable, self-oiling, ever-going mill to go on any old tower. It costs but little and you will get the difference between no water in a light wind and an abundance of water in almost no wind. The flooding of all the working parts with oil, the perfect balance of the wheel and vane on the tower, the very small turntable on which the mill pivots and the outside furling device make this difference. No-a' there is no objection to a high tower. Have as high a tower as you need to get wind. You don't have to climb it. Your dealer can come once a year and put in oil, if needed, and inspect the mill. Why not have flowing water, cool in summer and warm in winter, always fresh and pure? It will cost next to nothing. It will give health to your family and stock. Let the water run into a good size reservoir and raise all the fish of the choice kinds your family can eat, and have water to irrigate your garden and make it raise many times as much as it would otherwise. The Auto-oiled Aermotor makes all this possible as it can run from one year's end to another with practically no wear and no cost. Water costs nothing. Use it. To let it stand is to abuse it. If interested, write Aermotor Co., 1146 So. Campbell Avenue, Chicago. Write right now. A pull of 301bs.on thiswire furls the mill. ation in natural conditions, the 100 acres should support more than ten cows, especially since twenty are in alfalfa and produce three tons per acre of alfalfa hay. The rest of the land would have to be extremely poor pas- ture not to support more stock. Neither would five acres be taken up around house for corrals, etc. How- ever, putting the rental cost of any farm able to support ten cows at $200, is near enough to the fact in many places to pass muster. However, with that ranch only ten cows and one horse and lots of alfalfa hay, the $30 per cow for milled feeds is non-exist- ent. -Some very fine dairy herds never get anything but alfalfa, and yours have pasture besides. Rule the $330 out altogether. Cattle — Your cattle valuation is very high. Grade stock would probably be kept at a cost of half of what you give, even with pure-bred bull. Or, if you insist upon pure-bred stock, you will have to figure the bull and calves far and away above veal prices. That cuts interest rates in two. Likewise, count the heifer calves in as an im- portant part of the revenue, whether grades or pure-breds, especially pure- breds. The reduction in interest charges or increase in revenue, or both, will cut off much of your excuse for a deficit. Now rule out the bulk of the cost of keeping the horse, as that charge goes against the ranch, which is a diflfcrent proposition than keeping him in a livery stable. Furthermore, under the conditions you describe — rainfall, alfalfa and pasture, the renter will not be working to full capacity by any means. For good fig- uring have him milk more cows, or charge him up with much less than $50 per month. The charge of $2,000 for buildings and equipment is likewise excessive under the conditions, for a small dairy herd unless you would count in a much better house, barn and equipment than would ordinarily be used in such a case. It is almost self-evident that dairying could not possibly be a finan- cial success when rent of land, inter- est on cattle and equipment swallowed up most of the gross income. While rent may not be excessive, valuation of stock and equipment is. Revenue — The production of fat and valuation of skim milk is quite fair for cows of considerable merit. There will be a value over the skim milk from the hogs sold, as the marketed hog is a product of the ranch. The poultry of which you speak will also bring in some money, perhaos some other things, especially if you have a good part of five acres for a garden. Ignore for the time being the $50 per month. Count $200 for rent; $75 interest on stock; $75 for interest on buildings and equipment; $25 for cost of keeping horse: $125 for insurance, taxes and general expense; and rule out that extra feed for cattle, and total expenses amount to about $500. Now you can begin to talk about profit and loss. Considering that you have not given the renter a great deal to work with and that there are hogs and chickens to provide income beside from what you have credited skim milk, also that you are figuring in good rental off the land and interest on in- vestment, the farmer will have quite a bit to live on (living expenses in his position being much less than living expenses in the city'), and when a farm earns a good rental, pays interest on equipment and stock and makes a liv- ing for the owner or operator, it has done pretty well. But, after all, the calculations were made on an imaginary farm and they must be imaginary also. Neither the original letter nor the comments on same are guaranteed correct. Wc would sooner guarantee their incor- rectness, and any person who sees fit can use a club on any part of any explanation which offers the easiest mark. This is a fine subject to dis- cuss, but in certain respects difficult to handle on a mathematical basis. QUALITY BERK^SHIRES R OUR be:rkshire:s are now BETTER THAN EVER. They are bred right, fed rifrht and priced right. We have all the promi- nent blood lines, and always have four to six herd boars In use. Try us the next time you want Berkshires. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm WOODLAND, CALIFORNIA. BUCK LOSSES SURELY PREVENTED by Cutter*» Blaekleg Pills. Low- prlccd. fresh, reliable; preferred by Western stocknien because they pro- M MM tect where other vaccines fall. M M g ' Write for booklet and testimonials. I A « lO-dose pkge. Blackleg Pdli $1.00 M^^^^^ SO-dose pkge. Blackleg Pills 4.00 Use any ln,lcctor, but Cutter's best. The superiority of Cutter products 13 due to over 15 years of speclallzlrid In vaccines and serums only. Insist on Cutter's. If unobtainable, order direct. THE CUTTER LABORATORY, Berkeley. Californlik AMk Your l>ealer for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE Tor Milch Cows ami rliickcm anil Yoilnif Pigs 111(1 Hogs, (^hcapost foiKl in I lie market to-day. If your (loJiIer dtn'sn't carry it. address KIj DOR.\nO Oil. WORKS. 140 Callforuin St. San Kroncinco 'HOPLAND STOCK FARM' IIOI'LAM), CALIF(M{MA Berkshire Hogs. Short Horn Cattle. lllKhcHt qiiiility mill true to type. I'rifcH on niM>ll<'«tinn. 24 ORCHARD AND FARM SYMON BROS. WRECKERS 11th and Market sts^ San Francisco. Building Material, New and Second Hand SPECIALS TO MAKE ROOM Fifty restaurant bootlis; leaded glass complete with portieres* 1 mahogany bookcase — the above are bulby ana we will sacrifice for quick sale; 07 mantles, mirrors complete. $5 ; 50 medicine chests. $2 each ; second-hand doors, windows, fittings, pipe fixtures, basins, tubs, toilets, all at reduced prices ; 50 porcelain bath tubs. $11.50 each, new; new perfect nails, slightly rusty. $1.75; deadening felt. 3c per pound; 500 feet building paper, 85c; ready roofing. Si. 25. best on market; roofing felt, vermin-proof , for chicken houses, 2 cents per pound; 500 feet chicken netting. $1,50 per roll ; barb wire, 100-pound rolls. $2.75; hog wire, 25 cents. PLUMBING $32.50 SPECIAL COMBBINATION New low tank, post hinge seat toilet, perfect, basin, comer or straight back, 5-foot roll-rim tub. Lumber, $7 M.; new and second-hand: 3.000.- 000 feet to select from, all prices; anything in the building line; prices always the lowest, con- sidering grade and your assurance of satisfactorj- stock; we giiarantee all sales, back of which is our reputation for maintaining the largest and most complete yards, full count and general sat- isfaction. Call or send list for estimate; see stock. One-half Block, 11th and Market sts^ San Francisco. Reasons Why You Should Investigate the SANDOW Kerosene siaiionary engine It rniu on k«roMn* (soal oil)* t«MMUi» dlstlUftt« ud aleobol wltboot chsBK* •qDlpm«Bt — lUrU witboal ermnklor — roiu Id cither dlrsetlon — throttle fOT* erned— bnpper and t«Dk*«oolFd — tpMd eoDtroll»d while raaalBf— no tmati — bo tbItm — DO K«ar« — do iprMiktt* — only three moTlog part« — light weight — easily portable — great power — itarta eaillT at fort; d*{ir*«t balow i»ro- oompUt* r«»4f to ruB— oblMran op«rkM tham-low factory prlMl baaed OB anonQoua out put-30 (Uj - ioti«7-b«ak trlkl-lOjcart IroBclbd guat> kDl««. 1 1-3 to 18 bofMpovar. t«Dda poiUl todfty for fr** o.ktof whiob t«11i bow Suidow will l>« UHful to you. I4o r'^-b«twMB«. Pookvt ft^ti' ud mldilivmeo'i oommlHlosa by dMUag dU»ot with hrtory. (602) Detroit Motor Or SopiiIt Co. * LAND With Pay Day Every Day That'M the kind of land for the farmer of moderate means. Id a few years you will be Independ- ently rieh; then plant part of your land to olives, fles, pearhes, etc. Bnt to make money QUICKI-Y AND SIRELV. there's nothing; better than cows, hoKS and chickens, raised on alfalfa at FAIRMEAD the worth-while fruit and alfalfa section of the San Joaquin \'al- ley, where land prices are still low. Where an acre of alfalfa wlU support a cow the year round; Where isooil cows are brinKlnie In around 30c each per day; Where 20 cows mean 96.00 per day. CASH; Where you can raise lioKs at 4c per pound and sell them for 7c to 10c CASH. Fill out and send to-day for free booklet. Co-Operative Land Company son Market St., San Francisco. Please send me free booklet. "How to Secure a Farm at Fair- mead on easy terms." Name Buy it now Don't buy what you don't need, but buy what you do need, now. It will put thousands of idle men at work who are suffering this Winter. Experiences With a Small Tractor To "Orchard and Farm": — I was much interested in the letter of Mr. Felix A. Rieck in your March issue and it has occurred to me that pos- sibly my experience with a small tractor might be of interest to some of your readers, more especially to those owning small ranches where one of the larger type of tractors would mean "excess baggage" with a prohibitive cost. In April, 1914, I purchased a Bull tractor, paying for same f. o. b. Meyers Falls, Washington, $500. Made the 22-mile run to home ranch in eight hours, consuming on trip nine gallons of gasoline and one gallon lubricating oil. After the first week a 16-year-old boy assumed the entire charge of the machine, working from seven to eight hours per day. doing more and better work than had been done by the two teams the tractor displaced. During the entire cultivating season there was not one hour's lost time on account of the tractor refusing to do its work and my only expense in the way of repairs was 40 cents paid for soldering leak in radiator. This tractor was not called upon to perform such a diversity of tasks as was the Caterpillar of Mr. Rieck. but with it we have pulled a twelve disc harrow with the discs set at an ex- treme angle and 200 lbs weight on the driver's seat and have averaged three miles per hour. We have also pulled four sections spring tooth harrow (34 teeth) with a ninety tooth peg trail- ing, making same average speed and consuming a trifle more than one gasoline per hour. The hitch being at the right hand side of the machine (behind the sin- gle "Bull" wheel) we have been enabled to cultivate very close to the trees without damaging branches. After the close of the cultivatine: season (my work is orchard cultivat- ing) I used the tractor for pulling stumps, sawing wood and grinding feed. Daisy, Wash. W. A. Tyler. the U. S. Department of Agriculture has these interesting statements to make about small tractors: "The type of tractor most promi- nent and apparently most in demand by the farmer is a small, low priced outfit, capable of pulling from two to four plow bottoms and with belt ca- pacity sufficient to operate ony of the machines commonly used on the average farm. "These small tractors are of sim- pler construction than the large ones. * * The mechanical features are not so important from the farmer's view point as its low price. As a tractor's working life in years is usually only about half that of a horse, it is evident that it should dis- place practically double its value in horses if it displaces no other source of power. As a rule, however, the small tractor will take the place of a stationary engine for operating the various farm machines and the diflference in cost of such a stationary engine and a small tractor is slight; so it will not always have to displace horses to any great extent to justify its purchase. * * Judging by data already obtafned in a study of the small, low-priced farm tractor it is safe to predict that it will soon com- mand, on the ground of economy, a permanent place on the average farm." A DISTINCTION. Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper In California with membership In The Andit Bureau of Circulations. If you have a horse that chews its halter rope, dip the rope in kerosene and that will break almost every horse or mule of chewing the halter stem. Painting kerosene on the neck- yoke or stall boards will stop most horses or mules from gnawing them. Some publicity matter sent out bv The spectacular rise of the "jitney bus" is a result largely of the cheap- ness and efficiency of .American made automobiles. Their lightness and con- sequent cheapness of operation and rapidity of stopping and starting; the ease and cheapness with which worn or broken parts can be replaced are the fundamental causes of their sud- den popularity. An important feature is that they are likely to be of even more value in the country where rail- road lines are fewer than in the city, making cheap and rapid transporta- tion in all parts of rural communities. "Winter Rhubarb, Culture and Marketing." By Reginald Bland A complete manual of field culture for this valuable crop, filling an important vacancy in Agricultural Literature. Chap- ter titles are. Rhubarb — and Winter Rhubarb, Selection of the Location, Preparation for Planting, Planting, Culture, Picking and Packing, Market- ing, Propagation and Develop- ment. This new book will be useful to successful growers; invalu- able to beginners, to prospective planters and to those who may have been unsuccessful; inter- esting and instructive to all. The strenuous pioneering years are over. Recent devel- opments have brought new life and impetus to rhubarb culture. One company, shipping from 200 to 2.50 cars annually (over 90 per cent of the total Califor- nia production), says, "We now have more customers on our books than we have rhubarb" — and only a few of the big Eastern markets have been sup- plied. Every one who wishes to profit bv this great opportu- nity should have the sound, practical instruction and advice to be found in "Winter Rhubarb, Culture and Marketing" In cloth. ."iOc; In i>a|ier. 2.%c; poHtnnld. Reginald Bland, San L,uIh Key, San UlcKO Co., Cal. HiNSC Gate Slide Gate IRRIGATION GATES For use in connection with RUST-RESISTING ARMCO IRON CORRUGATED PIPE. All stamped with the approval of experienced irrigators. The cuts show only part of our line. Write us your requirements — consult our engineers. California Corrugated Culvert Company 421 Leroy St., Los Angeles. 410 Parker St., Berkeley 4-C Gatc Simplex Stock Tsouoh Automatic Tide Gate Lcnnon Flume Berkeley Gate With Scrcw Lift 1 ORCHARD AND FARM 25 -MAKE RAIN-^ KEEP YOUR CROPS GROWING . , L* manufacture Sprinklers for almost any kind I irrigation — Lawn, Park, Garden, Orchard or I i-ld. Specially valuable for alfalfa. Tliis lyation by Sprinkler is suitable for any li.nd icvel, hillside or s.)ndy «oil. The water is lown high in the air and dro?3 on the land ii;itural rain. The advantages cf Ihii syiatern .rr great labor saving, eco^iomy of water, aud ■taves the land free to cultivit'*. To acconi- ish this we designed such Sprinklers as will \iT the largest area wit'i any given pressnr? : the same time properly distribute the water ...ir the area irrigated. OT course you mn^it . no water pressure, the higher iiressnre t he ;iter the area that can be irrigated per unit. > icn writing it is absolutely necesairy to ti've details of water preasiu-e and supply . also ii'O^s int-.aded for. We wiut to demonstiale Ml. system. Wriie. giving full details of your i i-V. Mason St., Santa Barbara, Cal. G. & M. Auto Starter j Operated by air, positive lin action, thoroughly effi- cient. Only weighs 21 pounds, can he installed on any make of car for $60 by any mechanic. This simple device has been installed on fifty different makes of cars in San Francisco and vicinity, giving perfect sat- isfaction. Call and see demon- si ration at our installing shop, 714 Van Ness avenue, or com- municate with G. (SL M. Auto Starter Sales Co. GOOD DEMAND FOR MULES. To "Orchard and Farm"; — I have been asked the question as to which is more profitable to raise, mules or horses, and I will say that I do not think the future ever looked better for the stockman that gives his attention to the raising of mules. I mean good mules, well boned, well built and that will weigh around 1,200 pounds. As the western part of the United States is being rapidly developed as a small farm country, where the motive power for agricultural effort must necessarily be either mules or horses, and as horses have been cheap so long that their breeding has been neglected and there is a scarcity of good mule mares to breed from, in my opinion mules will continue to get more valu- able. My neighbor, Mr. Cheney, last week sold an eight-mule team for $3,240 to a Los Angeles buyer. There is a rapidly increasing inter- est in the business of breeding mules on the Pacific Slope and a growing demand for jacks of quality in the countries of Central America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands, and I do not think that any one would make a mistake in devoting their time and attention to the raising of mules of type and Quality. Williams, Cal. C. W. BLEVINS. Note — Mr. Blevins is the owner of the Champion Jack, whose head was shown on the cover of the March "Orchard and Farm." The letter was suggested by an inquirv in a recent issue on the prospects for mule rais- ing on the Pacific Coast. — Editor. HONKST V.-VLTJE. Orchnr«l nnd Fnrni ix the only farm paprr In CalKornIn with membership in The Audit Bureau of Cireulntlons. The fifth annual Pacific Inter- national Livestock Exposition will be held at the Union Stock Yards, Port- land, December 6 to 11, 1915. This Large Home With Built-in Equipment $488.00 Anywhere Can You Afford to Be Without Your Own Home? SpeclaUy designed sectional houses built In various sizes to cost from $60 up. OUR PAMPHLET TELLS THE STORY. Call or write for it. A. L. and J. E. Lundy (Formerly Kenyon Pacific Co.) DealKnerN and Bullden of Portable, Non-Portable and Sectional Houaes. MONEY-SAVERS FOB HOME BUILDERS Wo, 3 Franklin St., San Francisco . III 9> f IS'x 15 Set/ Tis'cm f » 9-6 12' A 2^' Final Telephone Efficiency You can Ret it from the instrument shown here. One of the Kellogg kind. Works on any kind of a line and with any kind of telephone. Rings clearly with 40 telephones on the line. Compact, dur- able, light. Less wall space. Unbreakable receiver and mouth piece. Lightning arrester. Secret service push button to ring Central without ringing neighbors. No repair bills. S year guarantee on transmitter. KELLOGG Telephones Best in the World because they are made in the largest independent factory in the world and have to undergo the most riffid tests ever devised. There are 37 of the tests and none but a Kellogg made instrument could stand them. Why not know real plione service. Why take chance on cheaper instruments that only mean in the end repair bills and the uncertain weak transmission of messages that is maddening:. The telephone is the great- est aid in the world in linking up the lines of country people with the whole world, but the country man of today wants the best tele- phone. Send us your name and we'll prove to you that there is a reason for Kellogg world-wide reputation. Also will see that you get much valuable and interesting telephone informa- tion free. Y/tilt tor ballttin No. 20 KELLOGG SWITCHBOARD & SUPPLY CO. Mission and Tbird St., San Francisco, Calif. The SANDUSKY TRACTOR is a real ^^5? money saver on your farm. It takes the place of five good men and teams. Has sufficient power for the heaviest of big-farm tasks, yet is light enough to work profitably on small farms. Will not pack the soil. Crosses bridges where heavy tractors are forced to ford. A real one-man tractor. Designed for economical use on any farm and will operate on the largest or smallest at a big money- saving over the old fashioned man and horse power method. Farm With Power TRACTOR THE LITTLE FELLOW WITH THE BIG PULL Cheaper Than Horses The tractor with all the experiment left out. The result of ten years' actual experience by an absolutely reliable concern. Proved by practical use on many farms. The SANDUSKY will deep-plow your land four furrows at a time, plow and harrow, or harrow, pack and drill in ONE OPKRATION with one man. It will haul your produce, fill your silo, saw your wood, work your roads or do any of the scores of hard farm tasks cheaper and more quickly than horses can. You can sell its power to your neighbors in spare time and get back its costs in one sea- son. When the SANDUSKY isn't working it doesn't eat. No un- productive expense. Perfect mechanical construction for hard service at low running' cost. Three-point spring- suspension stands hard knocks without break or strain. Direct drive on low speed saves transmission and increases power at the drawbar. Four cylinder slow speed motor. Wide drive wheels and big detachable spuds insure proper traction in loose or plowed ground. Get Tills eook FREE Printed In colors and fully Uliistratt'd. Tells why the S\N- T>USKY Tractor !s miperlor for srcres of farm tasks and Imw it will save money on the farm, ('oiiuilns letters from farmers who have used the tractor and tell you just ^ -.,,.,».,». what It has done for them. This blK free bonk describes the SANDUSKY Ilffht-welRht Tractor In detail. It proves to . your satisfaction tliat tlits Is . tbe one tractor that should bo J \ on your farm. Write f'T this b' ok and our Special Tlan of Dcmnnslratlon on ynur owa farm— write us TODAY. The Dauch Manufacturing Co. 222 Water St., Sandasky, 0. Twice the Work at ^fe Half the Cost I Horses must be cared I for and fed even nbea they don't work. 86 ORCHARD AND FARM Dairy Items From Here and There Hugh G. Van Pelt of Kimball's Dairy Farmer states his belief that grain given to the dairy cow should be mixed with chopped alfalfa or with some other roughage in order to be properly digested. The idea is that if the grain comes up by itself in the cud, it will be so concentrated that there will not be suflficicnt saliva to make the best use of it. while if it is mixed witli roughage of some sort, the latter will serve as a filler, there will be less concentration of food in the mouth at one time and all will be better digested. The matter is explained in detail about as follows; The cow bolts her food without chewing or mixing, and at her leisure it is regurgitated and chewed and mixed with the saliva which performs an integral part of the work of digestion. Now, if the feed is not mixed, the roughage comes up and is chewed. The saliva acts upon it and gives up .some of the available body foods. If the concentrates came up all at once, there would not be enough saliva mixed with them to get their full food value and so some feed is lost .Added to this, there seems to be less likelihood of injuring the cow's stomach by giving her her grain on the roughage. It may be either given on silage or on finely cut alfalfa hay. New Dairy Records. The world's recor Julia St., So. Berkeley. Campines — Improved type Kennedy and Jacobus strains. Golden chicks 30c each; $25 per 100. Eggs, $3 set- ting. Silvers chicks, 25c each; $20 per 100; eggs, $2 setting. Arthur King, Route 1, San Luis Obispo. Member American Campine Club. Hatchlne Ekbs — Sicilian Buttercups. Barred Plymouth Rocks and Buff Orpingtons; winners at several shows; prices reasonable; correspondence so- licited. Robinson & Berthelsen. box SM. Hanford. Cnl. Rhode Inland Red and White Leehorn ChlckH, hatching eggs. Settings, hundreds, thousands, from our own heavy layers; finest hatcherv in Cali- fornia. Pebbleslde Poultry jparm and Hatchery, Sunnyvale. AVhite I..eehorn Bnhy Chirks from stock selected for years by Hogan System for laying qualities and great vitality; $9 per 100; hatching eggs. $5 per 100. Arthur King, Route 1, San Luis Obispo, Cal. MacFarlane strain WHITE LEGHORN eees. ?.'« per 100; chicks 910 per 100, from our thousands of heavy layers. Big plant, lowest prices, best stock. ?Vewton Poultry Farm, Dept. », Los Gatow. Calif. Stirlinir Farm — Incubator chicks and hatching eggs from fully matured S. C. White Leghorns. Wyckoft strain; al.oo S. C. Brown Leghorns. Route 2, box 1418. Sacramento. Cal. E«rsrs for hntchInK — Thoroughbred Brown Leghorns and Barred Ply- mouth Rocks; excellent winter layers; $1.50 setting of 15; $6.00 per 100. Leon G. W^olf. Del Monte. Cal. White, Brown and Bnflf Leghorns. Black Minorcas. Reds, Barred Rock day-old chicks. All stock is first-class. Prices very reasonable. Write us. James D. Yates. Poultry Judge. Modesto. Cal. Incubators — The Geo. H. Croloy Co.. Inc.. largest Poultry Supply House of the Coast, r,31-637 Brannan street, San Francisco, is making attractive prices this season. Write for book. H. -^tchlne EgB-« a Snec In The Audit Bureau of Circulations. OREGON REAL ESTATE POULTRY— Continued At five California shows I won 112 first, 55 seconds, four times best bird In show and many other specials. Utility and show stock, eggs and chicks of black, buff and white Orp- ingtons. Rose and S. C. Reds, white and blue Leghorns, Silver Campines, Anconas, Salmon Faveroles, Polish and Cornish Games. Free mating list. Holman Poultry Farm. Stockton. Cal. Barred Plymouth Rocka — Winners at New York. Kansas and California shows. Eggs for hatching and choice stock for sale. Eighteen years breed- ing Barred Rocks exclusively. Write for folder. "Vodden's Rockery," Los Gatos. Cal. Baby Chicks — E^gs for Hatching — Pure Bred — Booking orders for Feb- ruary and later hatches; R. I. Reds. Buft and White Leghorns. Black and White Minorcas, White Wyandottes. Gem City Yards. Los Gatos. Cal. Hart's Strain of Bronze Turkeys; large. vigorous stock for sale. Kggs by the setting or by the hundred. Limited number of eggs from special matings. Orders now being booked. .VIbert M. Hart, Clements, Cal. (Sncrcessor to Ed. Hart.) ^ Buff Leghorn. White Minorca Chicks, Eggs and stock; quality guaranteed; prices leasonable; choice strained honey. 60 pounds for $3.50. Sandrldge Hatchery. Kerman, Cal. , Fox's S. C. Rhode Island Reds; big boned; dark rich red; correct type; heavy layers and win wherever shown. Wro. J. Fox. Burllngame, Cnl. 191.1 mating list free. Petaluma Hatchery — Now booking or- ders. Early chicks bring big money. Send for circular. L. W. Clark. Peta- luma. Cal. Day-Old Chicks, White Leghorns, good stock, selected for eight years. Cir- cular free. White Plumage Poultry Farm & Hatchery. Exeter, Cal. Trapnested White and Buff Leghorns — Great winners and layers. Eggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R, Sohroeder. Alta Mesa. Mountain View. Cnl. ^ Baby Chicks (White Leghorns) shipped on approval. Examine at your home before remitting. Schellvllle Hatchery, Route 1. Sonoma. Cal. .VndaluMlans — If you want eggs get Andalusians. Eggs and stock for sale. Daniel Calhrenth. Monmouth. Oregon. "Chickens" from shell to market, an Interesting and instructive booklet, will be sent free on application to Conlson Co.. Petaluma. Cal. .\nconas — Howard's Royal Strain: world beaters to lay: hatching eggs, I-t, $1.50; 100, $6.50. Mrs. C. M. Hcward, Otay. Cal. Indian Runners and Mnscovy-s. »5; lay- ing ducks, five, drake, $9: baby ducks, $20 100: hatching eggs, $5 100. Nutman, 29.1 Page St., San Jose. Cuo Winners — White Indian Runner ducks, drakes and eggs. G. Buker, 2004 Bancroft Ave.. S. F. Bnbv Chicks and Hatching Eggs, breeding stock: incubators, brooders. Stanxfleld. 3301 E. 14th St.. Fmltvale. Buff Orpington Egga. »1..%0s Runner Ducks. fl.OO: Chlx. irk-; Dnx. 20c. Glendale. Fleming nve.. Snn .lose. Calif. Silver ^Vyandotte» Exclusively — Bar- gains in cockerels and young cocks from my nrlze-wlnning strain. L. C. Vannier. Breeder. Belmont, Cal. POULTRY— Continued Baby Chicks — Varieties: Pullets and hatching eggs from our Santa Clara Valley farm; birds, incubators, brood- ers and poultry supplies. Globe Hatchery & Feed Co., 137M Market st., San Francisco, Cal. Bowen's Famous White Minorcas — EggfS for hatching from special matings of show birds. Three yards, all prize birds; also utility stock. Write for price list. T. H. Bowen, Route 2, Santa Ana, Cal. Daniel's Famous White Rocks and Mot- tled .\nconas, trapnested continually. We feed no drones. Catalog free. Ideal Poultry Yards. Hoqniam. Wash. The Buff Orpingtons yon want — Prize- winning strain, matured dark cock- erels and eggs for sale. Ernest L. Wilder. Los Gatos. Cal. Barred Rock Cockerels, also Barred Rock, R. I. Red. Buff and White Orp- ington day-old chicks. Enoc. Crews, Santa Crux. Cal. Try fs for Ftrat-Class Cblcka — Eggs for hatching, eight breeds. Prices right. Stock and eggs guaranteed. The Hawkeye Hatchery. Turlock. Cal. POULTRY SUPPLIES Perfecto Spiral Legband — 300 different combinations; ten colors: slips on like keyring: no tool required; lasts for life; 25 for 35c; 100. $1.00: 1.000. $8.00. Schroeder, 330 Pacillc BIdg., San Fran- cisco. PHEASANTS Chinese RIngneck Pheasants, 9Z..10 each. either sex. Powars' Piicasantry. 935 So. Tenth St.. Snn Jose. Cal. LIVESTOCK Rogue River Valley Advantages— Beau- tiful scenery, an ideal climate, fish, game, camping places and healthful re- sorts within easy reach; no cyclones, no earthiiuakes. no cold weather in winter, and as near perfect all the time as can be found anywhere on earth. Come or write us for further Informa- tion. Central Point Realty Company, C. S. Sanderson, manager. Central Point. Oregon. We have the very best property for sale or exchange In the famous Rogue river valley; large and small ranches, with or without irrigation, at prices that cannot fall to appeal to anyone looking for a home or an in- vestment city property in live, grow- ing towns. Adilress Wood /t Chlldcrs, 8 South Central Ave.. Medford, Ore. Avoid Speculation — Invest in land: no better time than the present; no bet- ter security than the soil: our prices are the lowest: good land In the fa- mous Rogue River Valley at from $10 to $200 per acre: climate unexcelled, soli can't be beat. Wire or write your wants to the Fehl Investment Co., Medford, Oregon. Rognelands, incorporated, Medford. Ore. — Over 6,000 acres irrigated fruit, berry, garden and farm lands for salf on easy terms to desirable settlers: abundant water supply; transportation and surroundings ideal; In the incom- parable Rogue River Valley. O. I. C. swlnei the big white breed' entire herd Immunized against ho^ cholera; nothing but Immune stock sent out: a few weaned pigs, both sexes, for shipment during Feb. and March: all stock crated and registered free. C. B. Cunningham. Mills. Cnl. For Sale— Ayrshire cows and heifers; bulls of serviceable age a specialty; I pay express. Walter Domes, McCoy, Oregon. Red Rock Ranch, Glen Ellen, Cal. — High-class Duroc Jersey hogs. Spe- cialty registered pigs at weaning time. If interested write. Duroc Jersey hogs from Kastern sows; both sexes. S. S. Southworth. Rural Route 1. Xapn. Cnl. Several pair Breeding Foxes. Write for circular. Reid Bros,, Bothwell. Ontario. Canada. Sunnyslde herd — Registered Holsteln cattle. R. F. Guerin, R. 3, box 58. VIsalla. Cal. Registered Tamworth Boars, Canadian and Kentucky strain. Acacia Rancii. Box 20«l. Tulare. Cal. Berkshlres — Registered and grade stock boars; bred sows. C. H. Thompson. ]Vovato. Cal. I'oland China hogs of best strains. C. N. White. Pheinn BIdg., San Fran- clwco, Cnl. Poland China Boars from Eastern stock, $1.-) at weaning time: registered. Or- der now. X. M. Lester. Gridiey. Cal. TEXAS REAL ESTATE TEXAS F.VRMS ON 20 YEARS' TIME — In the famous Lower Coast country. Live Oak county, where you can grow big crops of corn, alfalfa, maize, kaffir corn, cotton, potatoes and other v. u etables; oranges, grapes and ■ semi-tropical fruits. Finest llvi and dairy country in the South. .\ supply of excellent water. Good .shiii ping facilities and markets. Mild cli- mate enables farmers to grow two crops a year. Farms on small payment, balance twenty years' Price only $30 to $40 per acre, towns building, country rapidly (lo - oping. Write to-day for FREE maps and illustrated folder. Address MEY- ER-FORSTER L.WD CO,. Dept. 1», George West. Live Oak County. Texas. REAL ESTATE HOMESTE.IDS. Canadian Homestead Land Club now ing organised. 100 men only accept ed. Right of selections same as num ber of application. We locate you ol 160 acres of mixed farming land, paru Iv prairie, partly light timber. Levd black loam soil. No stone and no a kali, and within five miles of town ar railroad. One of these claims worth lifetime of saving. Total fee Includini everything, $50; $10 when you Join. $11 monthly; balance paid when you fllf Will all go together, between Marc" 15th and April 1st. Here Is a chane to get a first-class farm for less tha $100, including location fee, rallroa fare, filing fee, etc. Come and see uj or write at once. .*lherta Land Co., Pittock Block, Portland, Ore. Victoria, .Australia, Wants Settler Special Inducements; Government land, railways, free schools: cheap Ir- rigation: 31 years to pay for farm.«: adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fruit, etc.; climate like California: amplf markets: reduced passage: special ev- cursion being arranged. Free particu- lars from F. T. Fricke. Government Representative from Victoria. 687 Mar- ket St.. Snn Frnnclwco, Cal. Box T. 10 and 20 acre tracts, four miles from Stockton. Very easy terms to actual settlers. We also have full list- ings of improved, irrigated and Islan' lands. Write us your wants. We will match them. LEE C. REID CO.. 04.S E. Main St.. Stockton. Cal. Forced Sales — I specialize in findlns owners who are forced to sell on ac- count of heavy mortgages; properiv m all parts of California. My sv- . . brings in some great bargains In 1 ■ i Send for my lists; tell me your watii> Victor Burke, l.os Gatos. Cnl. For Sal« — 160 acres; 27 acres in fruit. balance pasture and timber; w i - and buildings; one mile depot, s must sell at sacrifice; terms; wri- details. C. B. Fitts, Anderson, .Mui-n. Co., California. For Saif 320-acre stock and hog rancli '•r, acres of valley land suitable for ali kinds of garden truck: 20 acres of wheat-growing; abundance of good water: $12 per acre for quick sale. A. L. Brand. 024 3.3d St.. Oakland. Cal. \re von thinking of moving to Bs^ Cities" We have some beautlfii' homes that can be bought cheap nni on easv terms. Ask us about them to dav. John E, Drendel Company, Inc.. 212 Hearst BIdg., San Francisco, 1 ORCHARD AND FARM FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE REAL ESTATE— Continued. For Sale— Income Country Foothill es- tate near Santa Barbara; paved high- way; 3,700 acres; 5.500 bearing lemon trees; 15,000 bearing olive trees; gross ncome from 1,000 acres, $22,000; superb vistas of ocean, islands, valleys, city and coast line for miles. Price $60 an acre. Write George A. Black, Santa Harbara, Cal. 'For sale at a sacrifice if sold at once — My equity In ten acres of best land in Merced county; one mile from Planada. Address II. A. Alberts, 8S0 So. Bonnie Urne, L.os AuKCles. l or Sale at a Bargain — 60 acres rich soil; plenty of water; third under cul- tivtition, bal. good timber, easily . leared; price $60 per acre. For further liaiticulars write David Clark, Calls- «'>>!;a. Partner Wmnted to work and raise de- cidious trees on nursery in Lake Co.; lialt interest. $2,500; any terms; Uvin.g and income guarantee; family man pre- 1' I red. J. O. Colwell, 105*1 Exposition HhtK., IjOw .\ngeleH. ( oiinty Sectional Maps, showing vacant iJovernment land, $2.50 per county. \ i:RY plain. Easy to see and select \ our choice. Booklet and circulars iHEE. Write Joseph Clark, Sacra- mento. I'or Sale — 15 acres, fully improved; good house, barn and outbuildings; r.\ 0 good wells, chickens, cows, hogs, tin keys and a team of horses. Chas K. At ran, Arhncklc, Cal. Cheap Cherry niiil Apple Land— Im- proved and unimproved; $22 to $40 per acre. Splendid water, good climate. W. A. Schorr, Berry Creek, Butte Coun- ty, California. For Sale Cheai>— IS acres best land in San Joaquin i valley; fine for alfalfa; 3-room house; ^^ell; close to town and school. A. F., .•illO California st.. San Francisco. For Sale — C40-acre stock ranch; 200 acres farm land; plenty of good wa- ti r; improvements; price, $10,500; $3,500 I ash, balance 10 years 6 pet. A. L. Hrnnd. 024 33d St., Oakland, Cal. 4:5 ucres, adjoining a R. R. center, ready to be subdivided into villa lots, alfalfa or fruit lands; $4,000. Jlake offer. 3.')83 10th st.. or Dr. Smith, l,:(th roD. 240 acres land, rich soil; three-quarter mile frontage on public road and el' Ctric line; abundant water. Owner, .SO, R. F. D. 1, Dixon. Cal. < iilifornin Homesteads Free — Send for new booklet. California State Imnd Information Bureau, Sacramento, Call- fornln. 5.000 Acres — Large and small tracts, Pittsburg county; farming, pasture, oil and gas land; $5 to $25 per acre. Write J. E. Cavanagh, McAloster. Okln. Send for my lists of Santa Clara Val- ley, Snn Joaquin Valley and Northern California exchanges. What have you? Victor Bnrke. I,os Gntos. Cal. REAL ESTATE WANTED tVe have parties that want farms and ranches, improved and unimproved. If you want to sell or exchange your place list your property with us at once for quick results. Write for list- ing blank and other information. John K. Drendel Company, Inc., 212 Hearst BIdg., Snn Francisco. Wanted — To lease for cash with buying privilege within one year ranch suit- able for fruit and stock; am a high- class American farmer, an improver of property with money in bank. Addres.s witii particulars, Frederic, box 771, Pasadena, Cnl. Farms Wanted — We have direct buyers; don't pay commissions. Write de- scribing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable prop- erty free, .\merlcan Investment Asso- ciation, 8 Palace Bldg., Minneapolis, Sllnn. Wanted to hear from owner of gooiS farm for sale. Send cash price and description. D. F. Rush, Minneapolis, Minn. Wanted — To hear from owner of good farm or unimproved land for sale. C. C Buckingham, Houston, Texas. Want to buy good farm from owner only. Oive description and price. Addres.*; Mulherg, Box ".'•■I. Chicago. REAL ESTATE EXCHANGES SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. Rhubarb Plants — Now ready and going fast. Never has there been a better season for planting. Latest develop- ments have perfected Eastern market- ing, and rhubarb has stepped into the first rank in commercial importance. Correspondence solicited with intending planters. Starting right is more than half of success. Get my new book, "Winter Rhubarb, Culture and Market- ing," Will send a copy free to all who purchase plants. Selected Plants — all No. 1 size. Burbank's Crimson Winter. 75c per doz.: Wagner's Giant, $1.50 per doz. Quantity prices on application. Reginald Bland, San Luis Rey. San Diego, Co., Cal. RB-CLEAIVED ALFALFA SEED, free from Dodder and Johnson grass; high germination, excellent color; 17c per pound, f. o. b. your railroad station. Send for sample. B. F. SangulnettI, "I'limn, Ariz. We guarantee purity of our seeds. Sudan grass, 40c pound; 10 pound lots, $3.75, by express; greatest ylelder dryland hay known. Sunnyslde Farm, Snyder, Texas. See our cows and chickens eat spineless cactus; also inspect our orange and lemon trees. Luther Burbank & Medlt- teranean Spineless Cactus Plantations, San DImas, Cal. Burbank Spineless Cactus — All the best varieties for forage and fruit; guar- anteed. Send for catalogue and price list. G. D. Cummlngs, Los Altos, Cali- fornia^ Giant Crimson Winter Rhubarb Plants for sale, for March and April, at $40 per 1,000 or 5 cents per plant in small lots. L. Farr, Sebastopol, Cal. Maltese, CIcllean, Spanish spineless cac- tus; prolific, guaranteed, reasonable prices; flourishes on any land. C. M. Johnston, 8703 A St., Oakland. Berry Plants for Sale — Giant Himalaya. garden dewberry and loganberry plants. C. W. Martin. Hemet, Calif. Kudzu, Siulan. New Hybrid Alfalfa, Cactus — The big 4 forage plants. Write J. I,. Lawson. San Jose, Cal. Spineless Cactus, fine slabs 20c, pre- paid; $5, 100. 205 Page st., San Jose. REAL ESTATE LOANS 0% Money, 0% Money, 6% Monej- — Loans may be obtained for any purpose on acceptable real estate security; liberal privileges; correspondence solicited. A. C. .\gcncy Company, 7.V< Gas. Electric Bldg., Denver, Colorado; 440 Pierce Bldg., St. Louis. TREES Quality Trees — Cash Nurseries, Sebas- topol, Cal. BUSINESS PERSONALS We Repair, buy, sell and exchange musical instruments; used instru- ments, good as new, sold cheap. 'Write for bargain list. Bolander's Fiddle Hosoltiil. 52 Second street, S. F. Collection Agencies — Bauer's Law and Collection Co.; all collections han- dled promptly. 4th floor. Marston bldg., 244 Kearny St.. San Francisco. Refer- ences. Dun's and Bradstreet. FORMULAS BUSINESS CHANCES Bargains! Bargains! Send for free magazine: 1,200 bargains. Farm lands, business chances, any kind, any- where. Our service free to buyers. Western Sales Agency, Minneapolis. Minn. Any intelligent person may earn good income corresponding for newspa- pers; experience unnecessary. Send for particulars. Press Syndicate, 1005 Lockport, N. 1'. ^OUSEHOLD^UPPLIES "SMITHS PAY THE FREIGHT." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our Wholesale to Consumer Catalogue. Smith's Cash Store, 100 Clay street, San Francisco. Lusternin — Polishes cloth, polishes gold, silverware, .iewelry; 15c post- paid; agents wanted. Bear Co., 1040 Grove St.. San Francisco. Raisins by Parcel Post — No more shelf- worn holdovers. Order direct and have good fresh goods. Drop postal for price list. E. G. Hoag, Fowler, Cal. You can make hundreds of dollars by using these formulas: How to make cider and vinegar without apples; how to cause vegetables and fruits to grow to an enormous size; how to make paint for 2 cents a pound; how to destroy lice on chickens; how to destroy squirrels and gophers; how to preserve fence- posts at one cent apiece, guaranteed to last 25 years, using any kind of wood in any kind of soil, wet or dry. These formulas 25 cents each or $1 for all. S. R. Canedy, box 142, Ramona, Cal. MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE EVERYTHING for the BUILDER — Bar- gains In building material; we can save you money on every item: im- mense assortment of all kinds of sec- ond-hand building materials; second- hand lumber, doors, windows, corru- gated iron, chicken netting, bath tubs, toilets, roofing paper, etc., at the low- est prices. Carload lots a specialty. H. McKevltt & Son, 1849 Mission St.. near 14th St., San Francisco. PIPE AND CASING Dipped GUARANTEED FIRST CLASS. ALL SIZES — RIGHT PRICES. SECOND-HAND IN NAME ONLY. PACIFIC PIPE CO., Main and Howard Streets, San Francisco. Second-hand and New Water Pipe — All sizes standard pipe and wrought iron screw casing pipe; guarantee as good as new. Write for prices. Welssbaum Pipe Works, 107 Eleventh St., San Francisco. Posts — Genuine axe-split Puget Sound red cedar. Strong, long-lasting; sold direct to user at big saving. Write quick for freight-paid prices. Hewltt- Lea-Funck Co., 100 Crary Building, Seattle. Wash. New Way Hay Press for sale chean— Used two seasons; jwith $250 worth of improvements. W. B. Mordecal, Pet- nlumn. Calif. New Gopher Trap just out; never fails; parcels post, one 60 cents; two, $1. Alexander Salof, 3914 39th ave., Oak- land, Cal. Buy your Belts from California Belt- ing Company, 1459 Mission St., San Francisco. For cedar posts and hop poles write G. R. Kirk Co., Tacoma, Wash. AGENTS WANTED Wanted — Responsible representative in each county; new combination. 12 tools in 1; sells at sight to farmers, teamsters, contractors, etc.; weight 24 pounds; lifts 3 tons, hoists, stretches wire, pulls posts; many other uses: free sample to active agents: easy work; big profits: one agent's profit $45.50 in one day; another $1,000 in Dec, 1914; we start you; write to-day for big color plate: quick action secures exclusive sale. Harrah Mfg. Co., box M, Bloom- fleld. Ind. Young Man. would you accept a tailor- made suit just for showing it to your friends? Then write Banner Tailoring Co.. Dept. 7, Chicago, and get beautiful samples, styles and a wonderful offer. I made $50,000 in five years in the mail order business: began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. HEACOCK. 1695 Lockport. N. Y. SITUATIONS WANTED Experienced young man wants position as manager of ranch and would like to hear from anyone desiring such a man. Address 500, Orchard and Farm. Healthy, Highly Educated Young Ger- man wants to live on large, success- ful up-to-date ranch; has no exper- ience but is ambitious and anxious to work and learn; must be refined home in pleasant surroundings: small pay to start but must have opportunity to learn business. Box 8894 Orchard and Farm. HELP WANTED Free Illustrated Book tells of about 300,000 protected positions in U. S. service. Thousands of vacancies every year. There is a big chance here for you; sure and generous pay; lifetime employment. Just ask for booklet S- 939. No obligation. Earl Hopkins, Washington, D. C. EDUCATIONAL Chrysanthemums, how to grow them large and beautiful; is taught by a person with long and practical experi- ence, in a booklet; price 25 cents; sold onlv by Mrs. G. A. Warren, Jamestown, Cal. Make Big Money writing motion pic- ture plays. My instructions give all knowledge necessary to write and sell photoplays with success. Complete in- structions and model play sent post- paid $1. S. R. Canedy, Box 142. Rn- mona. Cal. Van der Xalllen's All Engineering School; estab. 1864. 51st and Tele- graph ave., Oakland, Cal. RABBITS Caldwell's Royal Red New Zealands — Scored and sold on merit. Catalog free. Caldwell Bros., box 013F, Los Angeles, Calif. Flemish Giants — Guaranteed. Have some young bucks and does, 2 1-2 to 3 1-2 months old. Your pick $1 apiece; $10 dozen. A. L. Preble, Hickman, Cal. Pedigreed Ruxus Belgians — Let me im- prove your stock. I have size, shape and color. Write for prices. Slnnott's Babbitry, Trinity St., Fresno. Cal. RIchey's New Zealand Red Rabbits won 19 ribbons in one year. Barred Rock eggs. $1.50 and $2.50 per 15. Mrs. C. A. Ridley. R. 8, box 557. Los Angeles. Flemish Giants; the real giants; some fine young bucks and does in stock. Prices, according to age, $1.50 up. J. H. Stubbe, Campbell, Cal. 15 prizes at 2 shows; New Zealand Rab- bits for sale; Flemish and Belgian. Cecily Burns, Mountain View. For Sale — Rabbits, all kinds, prices and sizes: also guinea pigs. Melrose Snuab Farm. 2151 51st ave.. Oakland. DOGS Airedales — Registered, young and grown stock, $20 up. Tunltas Ken- nels. 959 Phelan bldg., Snn Francisco. FROGS Frogs — Investigate breeding big East- ern bullfrogs; unusual possibilities west of mountains. Tremendous de- mand. Aquallfeco, Seymour, Conn. BEES AND HONEY Beekeeping pays big. Instruction books, etc., free. Send dime for sample pure California honey. Kline Apiaries, Nord- hoff, Cal. AUTOS, MOTORCYCLES AND REPAIRS Order your motorcycle accessories and motorcycle parts direct by parcel post and save money, as we carry a complete stock; spring tandems, tires of all makes, lamps in all sizes, horns and everything pertaining to motor- cycle accessories, we have it: also a fine selection of used motorcycles, con- sisting of the following makes: Ex- celsior. Indian, Thor. Harley and many other makes. We pay the freight on any motorcycle you buy from us. Write for a price list. Fred H. Bente. Mgr., Excelsior Agency, 1550 Market St., San Francisco. Cal. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS Gold, amalgam, rich ore bought: cash: assaying. 50c. Pioneer Assaying Company, 0,30 Market st.. opposite Pal- ace Hotel. San Francisco. Cnl. PATENT~ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us: established fifty years. Send for free booklet on "Patents, pacific Coast Patent Agency, Inc., Stockton. California. "BOO ks"lLN dIvI A^^I NES~ Books on all kinds of Pets, etc.; maga- zines. Hakes, box 40, Ludlowvllle, New York. , ADVERTISING In This Department of Orchard and Farm pays in results because the ads are watched by buyers all over Cali- fornia. If you have real bargains to offer, the 3 cents a word rate will find vou many customers. Buy it now Get what you will need in the Spring, now, and help pass prosperity along. 30 ORCHARD AND FARM ^ Koveralls Keep Kids Kleen Practical Heathful, Economical Garments for Small Children PracticaL Because tbey are made in one piece, and can be slipped on or off instantly. They fit and look well, and yet are loose and comfortable in every part. Healthful. Far superior to bloomers, No tight elastic bands to stop free circu- lation of blood and retard freedom of motion. Economical. Saving wear on eood clothes — savin; washing — so well made [hey arc outgrown long before they are worn ouL Ask Your Dealer For Koveralls ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 75c the suit Made in high neck with long sleeves, or Dutch neck and elbow sleeves. Made of blue denim, or blue and white hickory stripes for all the year wear, and in a variety of lighter weicht materials for summer wear. All garments trimmed wiib fast-color red or blue galatea. Sizes 1 to 8 years. A new suit FREE Awarded Gold Medal if it rips atMecham«'Fair If your dealer cannot supply you. we will send tbem. charges prepaid, on receipt of price, 75c each. Madm By LEVI STRAUSS & CO.. San Francisco^ HOWARD CATTLE COMPANY Breeders and Importers of SHORT-HORN CATTLE 55 New Montgomery Street San Francisco KIRSTIN ONE-MAN STUMP-PULLER Discount positively only on first 100 orders. Write quick for folder to-day. Double the value of your land. Buy now. Make big profits on this year's crop. Only $30 to $50. Agent.<> wanted. W. E. MORRISON 821 Riverside, Uept. H, Spokane, Wash. Ainerlean S. & W. Co. and Square Deal standard makes of fence at wholesale prices. Send for FREE catalogue. Save OHS rebate COUPONS and the dealers' profit on Home and Farm Supplies. OLD HICKORY SUPPLY OO.. Dept. 5, San Francisco, Sacramento, AN ACRE HOME IN THE SIERRA FOOTHILLS Portland and Los Angeles. FOR BULBS See HOGAN, KOOYMAN & CO. Wholesale Florists 27 ST. ANNE ST. SAX FRANCISCO PATENTS Tbat Protect and Pay. Send Sketch or Model for SEARCH List of Inveationa Wanted. Watson E. Coleman. Patent Lawyer, Wash.. D. C. y Visit Ri^A hnngry wolves r ' OJU any Beason* If yoa bait with Naerlc-FiBh-Lnre. Beat nsh bait ever discovered. Keeps you busy guILlng them out. Write to-day and g^et a ox to help introduce It. Agents wanted. J. F. Gresory, Dept. 47 Bt.LoiUs. Mo Distribnlors Wanted ''^?^ l^^i l^^lX fumed Borax Soap Powder with our Soaps, etc. No capital or experience needed. L. WARD & CO., 210 Institute PI., Chicago. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM which he runs in little pools and in the early morning hours he irrigates. Do not make the inference that all the land in the foothills is equal to this, but there are hundreds, yes. thousands of such spots that await the thrift and patience and energy of people who wish to get away from the toil and congested centers of so- called civilization and get out where the sun shines and the pure breath of nature blows, free from contamina- tion of disease germs or thought (Terms of human selfishness. To close this account without say- ing a few words about the owner's personality would be to leave out the most important part, as upon his per- sonality hinges a great measure of his success. He did not come of the uneducated class, as he is well edu- cated. Two of his brothers were priests, one at one time priest of a large Catholic church in Boston, Massachusetts. He chose this life in- stead of being forced into it, as he is one of nature's noblemen. While he is of large stature, his heart is a great deal larger. No word of censure do you hear from him about any one. He loves his dogs, his cats, his mule and all mankind; he loves his work and his vegetables. His eyes are clear and he can read and shoot without glasses. His hair is scarcely grav His diet is principally vegetables and macaroni and but very little meat enters his bill of fare. For beverages he uses cofTee and home made fermented wine. The wine he uses in quite large quantities and smokes almost constantly and when his day's work is over you can generally hear his voice singing some grand old Italian song (he has a beautiful voice) at peace with him- self and all nature's creation. What a grand world this would be if we all could be satisfied with our acre, as nature is never charry with her gifts, if we only treat her aright. If the cold, calculating Shylock and the industrial agitator could be sen- tenced to one year of this kind of life, they would both go back to commer- cial centers better men. and these grand old mountains are full of op- portunities to those who wish to live and enjoy the fruits of a life with nature. Raymond. Cal. E. J. Harrah. Would you believe it possible for a man 83 years of age to make a living on an acre of land in the foothill dis- trict of California? However, this chronicle is to advise the reader that it is not only possible, but an actual fact, that Gregoria Pendola, a native of Italy, who was born near Genoa on March 12, 1833, and came to Amer- ica in 1855 and to California in 1856 by the Panama route, is now living near Raymond, Madera county, Cali- fornia, and performing the remark- able feat of producing enough fruit and vegetables from less than one acre of land to feed and cloth him- self, and keep three dogs, six cats and one mule and no one is turned away from his cabin hungry. He does all his own work as well as his marketing, and has growing at this writing (in the middle of Febru- ary), horse beans, lettuce, onions, po- tatoes and that Italian indispensable- garlic, peas, radishes and carrots. Later on he will have string beans, tomatoes, watermelons, canteloupes, cucumbers, etc. He has figs, olives, peaches and two or three kinds of grapes. As soon as one kind of vegetable has finished its crop he plants another, except during November and Decem- ber, when he lets the ground rest. He does not use a plow of any kind, just a two-pronged hoe. An- other thing of interest he does is to have two kinds of vegetables grow- ing on the same ground at the same time and this has been constantlv going on for 20 years and the soil seems as fertile as virgin ground. There is no running water in the summer months, just a little seepage PLANS FOR SMALL FARM. I am very much Interested In hearlnir of those «lio do Intensive i^ork. I myself iintlolpate Inlying about t^vo anil a half acres of land somewhere on Monterey bay between Watsonvllle and Santa Cm«, not too far from the oeenn. 1 want to know If I can make It keep my bo>', my hnsbnnd and my- self. It will be iiald to start with, clear of debt and have a house, well, implements and cattle. — MRS. S. The methods you will use to make a small piece of land support a fam- ily will depend upon markets, climate and quality of land, which must be good if you are going to be success- ful. Would advise consultation vvith vour county horticultural commission- er, W. H, Volck, Watsonville, in planning your work and, if possible, in selecting your land. The essentials in intensive farming on a small acre- age are to raise crops which require much detailed attention and have therefore a high acre value. Berries nearly always are a good crop, also in the location described, whatever will find a good market with summer visitors should be raised. In making a living under such conditions it is usually necessary to have a retail trade, or deal with stores direct. You will have to raise as much of what you consume as possible, both meat and vegetables, keeping a cow and a number of chickens, or perhaps, since goat milk sells at a good premium, some goats would be profitable. After all, however, success depends upon the capacity of the individual to take hold well and in certain ways there is more need for brains and ability in making a good living on a small piece of land than many other kinds of business. Hammond's — 1915 Comprehensive Atlas of the (World Follow the KTeat armies — keep posted on the war situation— every home should contain one of these wonderful ready reference atlases. 260 pages containing four color maps of every nation— every State in the Union — a complete History of the Panama Canal — latest census report of Cities in the United States and the World, etc.. Includ- ing statistics of Nations not pub- lished in any other atlas — hand- somely cloth bound on a heavy grade of first-class book paper. Re- tails at book stores for {2.00. Ol It OFFER — For a limited time, or while the present supply lasts, we will mall this wonderful atlas, including a year's subscription, to any address for H.OO. MAIL THIS COUPON TO-DAY. ORCHARD AND FARM, HE.\RST BI-DG.. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.i Enclosed find $1.00, for which mail me one copy of HAM- MOND'S COMPREHENSIVE AT- LAS, including one year's sub- scription to ORCHARD AND FARM, and oblige. Yours truly, NAME ADDRESS Orchard and Farm, Hearst Bldg., San Francisco. Buy it now T h e r e is 40,000,000 farm population in the United States. Their 1914 crop was worth $9,872,936,000.00 If only $10 were spent for each person on the farm now, instead of waiting till Spring, it would put $400,000,000 into cir- culation and give em- ployment to thousands whose families are suffer- ing where factones are idle. ORCHARD AND FARM 31 WOODIN 8c LITTLE PUMP HOUSE 33 TO 41 FREMONT ST. SAN FRANCISCO. CAu PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE AND USE FOR IRRIGATION-Power, Belt, Electricity, Air, Vac- uum, Ship, Spray, Wine, Oil, Mines, Steam, Water Works. Wind Mills, Road Sprinkling, Rams, Hand, Deep and Shallow Well Pumps, Goulds Celebrated Triplex Pumps. W. & L. PNEUMATIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Pipe, Pipe Fittings, Brass Goods, Tanks, Wind Mills. Send for our large No. 36 Catalogue Mailed Free. GASOLINE '^NGINES Inquire of your Local Uealer for full particulars. Thoughts On Poultry Conditions -By the Editor.- Whatever the present poultry iituation points to, there is one thing hat stands out strongly — that is, that he farm rather than the poultry •anch is the place for poultry. Egg )rices have been well below normal or one side of the proposition. A^heat prices have been and are near- y double what they might be if no var existed. High prices to pay, low )rices to receive — this year is seeing lavoc played in the ranks of the spe- ialized poultry producers. "Orchard and Farm" has not ad- vocated the plan of starting regular )Oultry farms; rather it has advocated )oultry raising on the ordinary farm, ivhcre the poultry will by forage argely care for and feed itself, be lealtliier than poultry penned up in arge flocks and provide a very satis- factory side income for the farm. Farm eggs are cheaply produced eggs, joultry farm eggs are expensively )roduced eggs and the poultry rancher tvill nearly be driven out of business 3y bad years such as these, and bad years are sure to turn up now and igain. When eggs pay, everybody wants to start a poultry ranch; production in- creases, prices fall, out of business :hey go, and just as sure as the fall s the rise again. Next year, think what condition will jxist. Thousands of hens will have been sacrificed, egg prices will (so we ;an expect) go away up again; then big profits for the farmer who has lot of pullets coming on. It may cost a good deal to raise those pullets on a poultry farm in seasons like this where all feed is purchased; it will not do so on a general farm. In the first place the general farm, with al- falfa pasture for range, a lot of feed to pick up and a cow or so to provide skim milk, is just the place for poul- try; in the second place, the time to go into any business is when others are going out. Therefore, be it unani- •mously decided by the general farm- •ers that now is the time to build up ithe farm flock in quality and size. Wicked Middleman. The joy of many farmers and farm editors is to lambaste the middleman. In California, particularly that part of California sending eggs to San Fran- cisco, the system of egg marketing is such that the egg producer gets pretty nearly as much of what the retailer pays as he possibly could. Anyone who denies that fact is either very ignorant of condition or intentionally blind to facts. The price quoted on the Exchange, prices quoted to pro- ducers and to retailers, are all so close together that there could be very lit- tle "rake-off" for the middleman, be- •tween producer and consumer (or 1 rather retailer). The only argument left for the pcr- -sons who wanted to prove price manipulation has been that the mid- dlemen manipulated prices in such a ' way that they could buy cheap in stor- itig season and sell-dear in winter. L6 ' and behold, what happened this year? Prices dropped with an awful crash at the very time that the storage eggs were to be sold, or when most should have been sold — and the very time that holders of storage eggs should have received big prices they got abominably low prices, all of which is a pretty fair demonstration that most of the howl about the crooked- ness of the San Francisco Wholesale Dairy Produce Exchange is all to.nmy rot. As a matter of fact, it is the best thing of its kind in the United States. There is lots of room for im- provement in middlemen's methods, but the man is an awful poor stick to listen to if he refuses to face facts of a kind which do not please him. Rabbits for Profit. Rabbits are not poultry, but for some purposes can be put in that classification. Recently, to get a line on the opinions of readers regarding "Orchard and Farm" and their desires for it, we sent out a number of letters and one of the important features was the call for more articles on rabbits. This same interest in rabbits has been shown in other ways, and we expect this matter to receive more attention in our columns as time goes on. Pleading more or less ignorance of the matter, the editor sizes up the rab- bit situation something like this: As meat producers rabbits are wonders on account of their rapid reproduction and rapid maturity. A range cow at the best of it turns ofif only one steer a year, and that steer takes at least two years, and probably three, to be ready for market. Counting many losses, the average production per cow is far below this. Rabbits reproduce and grow so rapidly that one breeding doe can turn off we do not know how many meat animals of her approximate size in a year. In other words, the amount of feed needed to make a pound of rabbit meat is so small in comparison with feed needed for other meat animals that there is no comparison. For the other side of the argument, the steer and cow on range pick up their own food, or are fed by the pitchforkfful; the labor cost of pro- duction is, therefore, small. The rabbit is kept in a pen, fed by the handful, has to be cleaned up after and fussed over a great deal. The labor cost in producing rabbit meat is comparative- ly high, the feed cost extraordinarily low. Beef raising is for the big farmer, rabbit raising for anybody, on as small a scale as is desired, which is a fine argument in its favor. Now, the core of the matter is just this, so that we will know what we are talking about— just what profit is there in raising rabbits? How cheap can they be raised, not as a luxury, but purely on a meat basis, as a -poor man's meat. Or, rather, can they be sold' cheap enough to be sub- sfiffited for econorny's sake for othef meat, and still be profitable enough for the producer? We plead ignor- ance, and in trying to find out the facts we find plenty of room for and against rabbit raising and the subject is left open for discussion. Alfalfa for Rabbits. Incidentallj', there is apparently lots to learn on rabbit methods. A visitor tells us he buys alfalfa hay for his rabbits, also that rabbits eat fresh alfalfa, but will bloat on wilted alfalfa — it is either green alfalfa or fully dry alfalfa, no half way stuff for rabbits. Then in another paper a person who should know says that alfalfa of any sort is too risky a feed for rabbits. Evidently he does not know, as lots of people seem to be feeding alfalfa. Our visitor also says that rabbits cannot be let out on green alfalfa or they will kill themselves by over eating (rather a human trait that). Now, wild rabbits do not do so and grazing usually is cheap feeding. In theory it would be cheaper meat pro- duction to graze rabbits than to cut feed and put it in by handfuls, cheaper cleaning up as well as feeding. Since alfalfa is the most wonderful forage plant in existence, it would appear that if rabbits were to be a big factor in meat production they had better be raised largely in alfalfa districts, as it is usually best to grow all ani- mals where their food is grown. At ill events, there is lots of room for information on rabbit production. RABBIT TROUBLES. I am Koing Into the Belgian hare Iiusineiw. Have seven young does and four bucks. About a week ago four of my rabbits got something the mat- ter >vlth their eyes, which are sore and run. I would like to know what cau.sed It and how it can be cured. I feed my rabbits alfalfa hay and raw- potatoes and cabbage. Have a screen pen for them and a shed for a house with hay on the floor. One of my rabbits breathes very hard. I lost one the other day the same way. — N. B., Marysvllle. Cal. Reply by Mrs. C. A. Richey, R. 8, Los Angeles, Cal. Your rabbits have inflammation of the eyes caused by cold and draughts. Bathe the eyes with boracic acid in warm water twice a day and see that they have a dry place in which to stay. When rabbits or hares breathe hard it shows that they have liver trouble caused by a small parasite called a "fluke," which attaches itself to the liver and causes it to rot and de- cay. Some people call it spotted liver. Feeding too much green stuff and living in damp quarters causes the disease. Hares in this condition should not be bred until they have recovered, as their offspring will not be healthy. Treatment. Give one crain of cal- omel in two doses at intervals of twelve hours and feed dandelion with their green feed. Rabbits and hares should have car- rots twice a week. Potatoes and cabbage are not good. They are too I strong. Potatoes cooked and mashed with middlings or barley meal are good. If you can't help, stand aside and give some other man a chance. Tourinc^" OutofOil U -a change from the oil you have been using means bother in adjusting the feed. Otherwise too much or too little is fed into the cylinders. No trouble if you use ZEROLENC iAe Siandard Oil ■for Motor Cars' It is obtainable every- where, from Seattle to San Diego, from Spokane to Phoenix — at city gar- age or roadside hamlet. And it is always uni- form— the same body — the same perfect lubri- cating quality. Dealefs everywhere, or at all agencies and Ser- vice Stations of the Standard oa Company (California) San Francisco Tells why chicks die E. J. Reefer, the poultry expert of !XM Main St., Kansas City, Mo., ia giving away free a valuable book entitled "White Diarrhoea and How to Cure It." This book contains scientific facta on white-diarrhoea and tells how to prepare a Bimple home solution thut cures this terrible disciuMi over night and actually raises 98_per cent of every hatch. All poultry raisers should certainly write Mr. Keefer for one of these valuable FKEE books. Prize Winning Orpingtons Buff and White, Black Minorcas and Mated Carneanx Pitreon!*. Stnoks. Diicks and Kggs. Write MUft. StJSAN SWAYSr.OOD. Route 2, Pomona. Cal. 8D00E8S WITH POULTRY. Our book on how to feed for profit han deeoription of .Poultry HouKefland PlanH ; piotares of our farmHand fowlfi. It in worth dollars to you. Sent for tea cents cauh orstanips. Wear* the largest breedersof poultry in th* world United PouHry Farms, Box y Hope, Ind. 32 ORCHARD AND FARM The Economical Mixing of Rations -By J. E. Dougherty- "How can I afford to keep chickens with wheat at $a.50 per hundred pounds and the price of eggs ap- parently going lower every day.^" is a question that has been paramount m the minds of many poultrymen for months. Shortly after the war com- menced the price of wheat began to climb and only now has the tide be- gun to turn. The prices of other grains have advanced much more slowlv behind the meteoric rise in wheat prices, yet they did advance considerablv above the normal. This skyrocketing of feed prices at a time of year when the selling price of eggs was close to the bottom has come as a serious blow to poultry- men, vet things have not been as bad as that light dabbler in truth, Dame Rumor, and other surface indications would lead people to believe. A great many poultry people have become so thoroughly imbued with the idea of using wheat for fowls that they have seemingly overlooked the fact that while wheat is a most excel- lent grain for poultry, there are other grains that from a practical stand- point are almost if not fully as good as wheat. And the intelligent, prac- tical poultryman who understands feeding values will substitute other feeds of similar feeding quality for wheat or any other grain or mill feed when the prices of any of these go so high as to make a complete or par- tial substitution economically desir- able. The Problem. "What will I substitute?" is the next question that the writer can al- most hear the reader ask himself or herself. To know how to intelli- gently substitute one feed or a mix- ture "of feeds for another feed re- quires as thorough a knowledge as possible of the feeding values of the diflferent materials used for poultry. The science (classified knowledge of) and art (skill in) of poultry feeding is not as simple a problem as it might appear from a superficial examination. We must know both the chemical and physical qualities of the different grains and mill feeds used if we are to proceed intelligently. Let us take the following ration as an example of a well balanced mix- ture that might be used under normal conditions: GRAIN MIXTURE. 15 lbs. whole wheat. 10 lbs. whole rolled or cracked bar- ley. 5 lbs. cracked yellow whole Egyp- tian corn or milo. MASH MIXTURE. 5 lbs. brand. 5 lbs. shorts or brown middlings. 2 lbs. meat scrap or fish scrap. 1 lb. soy bean or O. P. oilcake meal. 4-10 lb. fine charcoal. 1-10 lb. fine salt. In addition to the above, green feed, such as fresh, crisp alfalfa, rape, kale, lawn clippings, etc., should be plentifully supplied. Grit and oyster shell is kept before the fowls at all times in self-feeding hoppers. Possible Changes. A change in the mash given above which would not in any way affect the feeding value, but would lower the cost, would be to add five pounds of barley meal and increase the meat scrap to three pounds and the soy bean meal to two pounds. In order to cut down on the amount of wheat in the grain mixture, equal parts by weights of wheat, yellow corn, barley and Egyptian corn or milo might be used. A still further reduction in wheat used could be secured by mix- ing equal parts wheat, yellow corn. Egyptian corn or milo, barley and oats. If it were necessary to entirely eliminate wheat, a mixture of equal parts yellow corn, oats and Egyptian corn might be fed in the morning with a feed of sprouted barley, sprouted for twenty-four hours at night. In fact, a number of combina- tions quite similar in character could be worked out in such a period of high prices as we have been experi- encing, in connection with a mash like the one given above. Where any radical changes in the ration are made, they should be made gradually so that the fowls will have time to slowly adjust themselves to the new combination. Nature of Feeds. The poultryman ought to read up on and become thoroughly familiar with both the feeding values of differ- ent grains and mill feeds as repre- sented by the amounts of digestible nutriments, such as protein, carbohy- drates and fat that they contain and the physical qualities of these feeds as represented by the amounts of crude fiber (indigestible material) they contain, stickiness, laxative or costive effect on the bowels, natural tonic effect, if any, etc. We find, for instance, that corn (yellow) is one of the most completely digestible grains which we have, whereas barley and oats are much less digestible, owing to the large amount of crude fiber they contain in the form of a heavy seed coat. This information may be secured in the poultry correspondence of the College of Agriculture of the University of California, Farmers' Bulletin No. 22 of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, Henry's "Feeds and Feeding," Woll's "Productive Feeding of Farm Animals'" and various bulletins issued by the experiment stations. The poultryman who watches the market closely will often find that he can buy up slightly shrunken wheat or grains that have been very slightly damaged from the feeding viewpoint by fire or water at a bargain; such things as cracked rice and other feeds and grains can often be secured by one who is on the lookout at a very attractive figure and used to advan- tage in the ration, resulting in a ma- terial lessening of the cost of feeding. University Farm, Davis, Cal. F.4RMERS BUI.I.ErriNS — In your Miiroh number I notice a mention of u Fnrnters' Bulletin on lieet cattle. Conld you tell me whetlier thin in IsNued by the Vnlted State» Oepnrtnient of .^B'l- culture, and If so what number It beam, or whether It l8 isHued by the State tnlverNltyJ — \. J. C. When any public pamphlet on agri- culture is referred to as a Farmers Bulletin, it means that it is issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and can be had free on application to the Bureau of Documerits, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Other agricultural publications by the department are called some- thing else than Farmers Bulletins, and frequently cost some small amount. The notice regarding them would show source. Publications from the .Agricultural Experiment Stations of the different Universities and Colleges of Agriculture are also not called Farmers Bulletins, but are said to be circular or bulletins from this or that experiment station. They are always free to residents of the State in which issued and can usually be had by other applicants also. Your question is wel- comed as this explanation will clear up the matter for others. The num- ber of the bulletin you speak of is 612. but you can get a bulletin with- out knowing the number if you tell what bulletin it is. Quantity of grit is one of the fac- tors in keeping turkeys healthy. If there is not sufficient grit where they range it should be provided for them. Harness is like a leather boot — if you don't keep it oiled, it rots. Moisture that works into the pores of your harness robs tugs, straps and breechings of the strength they need to give you good long service. EUPEKA HARNES5 OIL keeps the pores of the leather filled with high- ly waterproof oils — keeps your harness soft, pliable, strong. Have your harness man dip your harness occasion- ally, or apply it your- self by hand. Harness costs money. It doesn't pay to neglect it. Standard Oil Company (California) -'TIS JUST GREAT-, Do you like to read and learn, and, at the same time, be enter- tained? Have you noticed how some writers teach you many lessons, and still hold your attention Just as though you were reading; a "Go Get Em" story? That class of litera- ture is worth the money, isn't it? You're right. It Is! The Northwest Poultry Journal is replete with just such articles. No article is offered subscribers that is not full of pep. ginger, and SEN- SIBLE, PRACTICAL argument. Once vou read a copy of this twenty-year-old Poultry Journal vou will wonder why you have been satisfied with ordinary literature on the poultry Industry. 92 pages for March. 1915; every page worth the subscription price for a year — 50c. Send this ad with 50c and we will send you a copy of The 'Western Poultry Guide, edited by 12 "West- ern poultrymen, and the Northwest Poultry Journal one year. You can't beat an offer like this. What about advertising? We guarantee the circulation — truth is. we publish United States figures In every issue — our postofflce receipt. We have a humdinger of a booklet on advertising which we will send free — better get It. If you want to try the paper a few months before investing the whole of 50c, send us 10c for three months. If you won't do that, let us have the pleasure of giving you a specimen copy — your name on a postcard will bring it. Northwest Poultry Journal (Olilent, I.arKent, F. WILLIAMS, Editor Bent In the ^^'ellt) OREGON. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM Special Offer To New and Old Subscribers "Knowledge is Power" The Real Estate Educator Containing inside information not generally known. "Don'ts" in Real Estate, Specific Legal Forms for Sale. Excliange, Building and Suretyship Con- tracts, Bonds, Mortgages, Pow- ers of Attorney, Leases, Land- lord's Attorney's Notice to Quit, Deeds, Chattel Mort- gages, etc. It gives in the most condensed form the Es- sential Knowledge of the Real Estate business. >Vliat you need to know. What you ou^lit to know. What you want to know about it placed at jour fingers' ends How to liecome a >'o- tary Public or Com- missioner of Deeds Tliis book is an in- spiration to tlie indif- ferent and a stimulus to tlie ambitious. Apart from the agent, operator or contract- or, there is much to be found in its contents that will prove of great value to all who wish to be posted on Valuation, Insurance, Measure raents. Contracts, Mortgages, Leases and Evictions. The cost might be saved 500 times over in one trans action. It deals with the great problems of the real estate business and points a complete way to the mas- tery of the subject. As long as our supply lasts wc will send to every new subscriber who will send in the following cou- pon accompanied by $1.00, either in currency, money order or two-cent postage stamps, a copy of "The Real Estate Educator ' and Or- chard and Farm for one year. To each old subscriber who will send us the name and address of one new subscriber, accompanied by $1.00, we will send a copy of "The Real Estate Educator." Each old subscriber may have the privi- lege of extending his subscription for one year instead of sending the name of a new subscriber. Our Special Ofer Orchard and Farm for one year and The Real Estate Educator for $1.00. SIBSCRIPTIOX Order Blaak DEPARTMENT Orcliard and Faitn. Hearst BIdg.. 8. F. Gentlemen — Accepting your »peci.il offer I enclose $1 for which enter or renew my aiih- Hcriptton for one vear. which includea a copy of THE RBAL ESTATE EDUCATOR. Respectfully youra. Town 8UU R F. D. Rente. r ORCHARD AND FARM 33 Pin Money From Turkey Raising -By Mrs. M. E. Aldridge- The neat sum of $76.60 net was the pin money I made last summer rais- ing turkeys. My little turkey plant consisted of one common gobbler less than a year old and three nondescript hens of un- buy, for we raise only sufficient grain for the feed of the farm horses. Six weeks before marketing the tur- keys I commenced to feed them wheat. I added some corn, about 500 pounds on the ear, which was, of Turkeys on n Saornmeto Valley Raneh. certain age won at a turkey raffle Thanksgiving. I had never raised turkeys before nor had the opportunity before to ob- ,'icrvc the success or failure of others engaged in that risky (?) business. But a love for trying out the ways and means of unconquerable ventures in different lines of farm pursuits spurred me on, besides a necessity of figuring out ways and means to earn the pin money my extravagant nature craves for those things in our home really beyond the sum of the family purse that is annually depleted in car- rying on the farm expense and upkeep of the farm business. So I ventured to probe the secrets of turkey raising. The amount of unsolicited as well as solicited advice that was freely given me led me to wonder how the secret was kept among the few suc- cessful turkey raisers if they were as anxious to impart advice as were those who would forecast certain fail- ure, or, at best, questionable success. I found, however, the main secret of success in turkey raising to consist in that time honored term, eternal vigil- ance, which is the price of all success, and stick-at-itiveness. The hens did not lay as many eggs as the average turkey hen through the two periods of laying. I set the first laying under chicken hens and break- ing up the turkey hens from setting had them to lay out a second lot of eggs. I lost very few indeed of little turkeys and raised to maturity forty- four turkeys which, according to the book I recently obtained, "Turkey Se- crets," was a very creditable result from three hens. I sold thirty-four dressed turkeys, which brought $88.60, netting the sum of $76.60. I managed to set the eggs so that they came off in three different hatches. I gave seven eggs to each brown leghorn hen. After each lot of tur- keys were six weeks old I never fed them another bite, except for the pans of clabbered milk kept on the chicken feed ground. They foraged the rest of their feed over the meadow and hills, woods, pasture and an acre of wheat left standing for them and the chickens to thresh out. Incidentally, the eggs and chickens sold, after sup- plying the home table, paid all cost of feed, turkeys and chickens and all which includes wheat that we had to Old-time jimmy-pipers rally round the P. A. standard! I course, shelled for them. The corn would have cost us $7.50, but as tlie big son gathered it in a day on shares for a neighbor, 1 felt that it should not be figured at that price. I do not know what amount of wheat they consumed for they ate with the fifty-three chickens, nine ducks and three guineas which ate most of the wheat, for the turkeys seemed indifferent about eating it or the corn, so that I feared they would not be well fattened. They must have found feed in the woods and meadows that suited them better and fully sat- isliied their so-called voracious appe- tites, since the one we ate at Christ- mas was almost too fat to be good, despite the fact that they stood around the house lot most of the time and ate but little of the corn and wheat. They never went or ranged outside of the fifty acres of enclosed meadow and woods pasture, which was a puz- zling matter to my less fortunate neighbor whose turkeys caused her much an.xiety and some loss from the coyotes by ranging a good distance from home into the woods. My turkeys, except fourteen, were all hatched under chicken hens, which I think caused them to remain so con- tented near home. Coming home to roost as they did, they never learned to range and were seldom out of my sight. The last fourteen were hatched by turkey hens, but except once or twice they showed no inclination to wander outside the fence. Twice they attempted to roost in the woods pas- ture, but we got them home and they gave us no more trouble. Live oak acorns and manzanita ber- ries were plentiful over their range surrounding the meadows, which they fancied more than the wheat. I have nine turkey hens this year and I plan to raise three times as many turkeys as I did last season. I will follow the successful methods that I worked out last season, which resulted in the rather extraordinary number of forty-four turkeys raised from three hens. .Vothing but a foolish blunder kept me from raising forty-eight. I lost four of the biggest gobblers when they weighed five to six pounds in my determination to compel them to climb or fly to roost twelve feet above the ground after they had been so filled so full of clabbered milk that the least motion would cause it to Col. J. S. Povrell of Pensa- cola, Fla., 95 years old, and nephew of William Henry Harrison, the ninth Presi- dent of the United States, has Just been elected to the "old-time jimmy - pipers " club. Col. Powell has smoked for 85 years, break- ing into harness as a ten- year- old. We will be glad to receive pictures of old- time smokers. Now, everybody sit around close : Any farmer along the friendly road will tell you never to judge the depth of a well from the length of its pump-handle. Just like it's back - shuffling cards to choose your tobacco from the looks of the package! Pick P. A. for pipe joy and cigarette makin's joy, and you'll be just as happy as a June bug in an apple tree. For it's mighty widespread news nowadays that Prince Albert is made by a patented process that takes the teeth out of the smoke and leaves your tongue as calm and peaceful as a harvest-moon night. That's Jimmy-pipe Joy that comes via Co/./. S. Powell of Pensacola, Fla. NiNGf ALBERT 0 CRIMP CUT ONG BURNING Pipe AMD CIGABETTETOBACW Fringe Albert the national joy smoke While the spring's young, tune up that old jimmy-pipe and bud-out into a real and true pipe smoker. Sure enough, you'll be in full bloom before the day is done, if you'll smoke P. A. For there's no more teeth in it than in a mocking bird's tune box. And let that drift into your system ! Buy P. A. in toppy red bags, 5c; tidy red tint. 10c ; pound and half-pound tin humidort—and that clotty cryttal-glats pound humidor with the tponge in the top that keept P. A. to good. R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, Winston^alem, N. C. Don't be Defrauded — get the Genuine. Take no substitute — there's only one real comfort shoe that gives perfect foot-ease and lasting wear — the genuine Martha Washington These wondertui shoes afford Comfort ShoeS positive relief for aching, tired, sensitive, itching, burning feet. Martha Washington Comfort Shoes will give you genuine comfort and a perfect fit. WARNING: — Always look for the name Martha Washington and the Mayer trade mark on the sole. If dealer cannot supply you, write u*. No buttons or laces — they " on and off at will. We make Honorbilt (hoei in all ■tyles for men, women and children: Dry Sos wet weather •hoea; Yenna Cuahloa Shoe*. F. MAYER BOOT * SHOE COMPANY MUwauhM 34 ORCHARD AND FARM run irimi their mouths like water from a water faucet. .\t sundown I drove them into a nctlint' enclosure. 1 had to continue them until they were six weeks old. I then stayed until dark shooing them upon the roost where they would crowd and fuss until one was tumbled off the roost, liKliting on the ground with more force than natural gravity necessitated, still with patience worthy of a nobler cause I stayed until I com- pelled them to return to the roost again and again until darkness settling quieted their disputes over preferred places on the perch. After a few mornings following I noticed that some of the nicest gob- blers were acting pokey, if I itid not actually find them dead under the roost. A post mortem examination failed to disclose any indication of disease, the internal organs being in a perfectly normal condition in color and size. Then I became convinced against my rather stubborn will — I so much wanted them to roost pic- turesquely on those nice lofty poles — that the fall, especially after such gorging, w.is causing their untimely deaths. Being fully persuaded that was the trouble. I abandoned them to choose their own place of roosting, which they promptly did on the plank fence ncir the poultry yard and the low branches of a huge live oak tree close by. I never lost another turkey after that. Though my last fourteen turkeys, hatched early in June, were kept six weeks in the small netting inclosure, not one dropped or died, or ever had a louse on them, which, 1 am sure, was due to methods of feeding I had now adopted. When they were twenty- four hours old I removed them with their mothers into the netting yard. In clean old pie pans and clean hard A DOG THAT OBEYED HIS MIS- TRESS. One day Betty and Bouncer went out for a frolic. On the edge of the wood Betty spied a lady's slipper and picked it. Then she saw another a little farther in the v>-ood and picked that. She kept on finding them and going deeper and deeper into the wood. By and by she decided to go back, but the first thing she knew she was in a dreadful tangle of briers. Then she got into a swanip. Next she came to some tall pine-trees that she had never seen before. She looked down at Bouncer and Bouncer looked up at her and, wasn't it strange? Bouncer never thought but that Betty knew the way home, and Betty never dreamed that Bouncer did. She threw her arms around his neck and burst into tears. "We're lost. Bouncer!" she cried. "What shall we do?" Bouncer uttered a few short barks. "Can't von find the way home. Bouncer?" she asked, suddenly re- membering that dogs always knew the way home. Bouncer wagged his tail. "Go home, Bouncer!" cried Betty. This wasn't just the way Bouncer wanted to help. "Go home!" cried Betty, stamping her foot. Bouncer looked the picture of mis- ery. The last thing he wanted to do was to go home and leave Betty. But she had said go, and go he must; so off he trotted. And Betty followed. It didn't seem the right way to go at all, but she trusted Bouncer and pretty soon they were safe out of the woods with Bet- ty's own dear home in plain sight. The Marketman: "I think living's getting cheaper. For instance, two years apo them eggs would have cost you fifty per cent more." The CustoiTier: "Two years ago, when these eggs were fresh, they would l»vc been worth more." ADOPTED CHILDREN FOR THE FARM. The value which a farm paper can be to subscribers off so far in the country that they arc unable to at- tend to certain matters of importance themselves, is indicated by the follow- ing letter. "I have been reading and am very much interested in "Daddy Long Legs.' We live on a farm, just my- self and husband, and raise stock for a living: are in comfortable circum- stances and would like to get two lit- tle boys to raise. I would like one about one year old and the other three years or thereabouts. Will you tell me how I can get a couple of these little boys?" No task would be more pleasant than to do so, and no step which could be taken by a couple with a good home than to share that home with orphan children. Every person who wishes to adopt children would have his or her par- ticular wishes regarding the place and conditions from which those children came. There arc numerous orphan- ages and institutions which always arc ready to place homeless children in good homes. A list of these can be secured from the Associated Char- ities of every large city: San l-'ran- cisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, or whatever city is most convenient. Write to the secretary of the Asso- ciated Charities, stating circum- stances, also preferences as to the origin of the children; religions of fornjer parents, if known, circum- stances under which children became homeless, or anything else which would be desired, and the secretary will at once put the inquirer in touch with the proper institution, or per- liaps in touch with some likely chil- dren themselves. Making a good home for children not only is one of the best things possible from the standpoint of the cJiildren tliemselves, but most likely to be fraugJit with happiness for the foster parents. places on the ground 1 put about a teacup of line cracked wheat three times a day. In other shallow pans 1 put clabbered milk (uncooked), not a bit of cottage cheese mixed with mincer r.i.i.1- one solid pier bookttU "Tht Wtar KvfT K%tekn". It UlU you kitw to Borffufl. time and ttrtngtM, WANTFI) to drmonatrmte and sell ••Wear- W AH I CU. g^^.j... ssp^-uiltics. Only thwi who can furnish security will be consldervd. Tho Aluminum t ookliic t trnsll C<». Dept. 83, New Kensington. Pa. or Northt-m Aluminum Co.. Ltd.. Toronto. Ontario Send Drepakl l-o. TowB ( ounty State Model 80*1075 \rodel SI. RoidaUr. ii^^^^.is&p«.TouH»^ 81 ^850 a Passenger TonriD? lar .> rassfiitter Touring Car The Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio. 5 Cents Per Copy ESTABL.ISHED 1888 I RRIGA.XION COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO , HEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO ELECTRIC PUMPING PLANT ON SUTTER COUNTY FARM, CALIFORNIA. ORCHARD AND FARM You will have only yourself to blame if you are "talked into" buying an "unsuitable" or a "theoretical" car The two commonest mistakes made in l)uving an automobile are— First, Buying a car not suited to your needs— iseconrt, Buying a car that has not passed the theory stage. The first mistake— buying an "unsuit- able" car- is perhaps made even less often than the second. The second mistake— buying a "theoreti- cal" car— is perhaps the sadder mistake of the two — because when you have made this mistake, you have on your hands some en- gineer's or designer's untried theory, In- stead of a tried, known, successful car Study your needs sensibly, just as you study your household needs, and buy a car you can nffoni to enjoy. 38,000 happy, satisfied Maxwell owners are driving 38,000 handsome streamline Maxwell cars to-day — at an upkeep cost that any man of any standing can afford, and at an original cost that is simply a practical investment. The Maxwell Company's Guarantee of Service to Maxwell Owners No other automobile l.s backed by a more reliable service than that guaranteed every Maxwell owner. More than 2.000 Maxwell dealers— located In every part of this coun- try and Canada— are always ready to give ex'pert advice, make adjustments, and sup- ply or secure new parts at reasonable prices. And this splendid dealer service organi- zation is perfected and completed by six- teen groat Maxwell Service Stations which are so located throughout the country that a Maxwell dealer can get. within a few hours, any part that he has not In stock. Order a Maxwell from us now, and when you want It delivered, we will give you your car — not an excuse on delh erv day. Maxwell Flye-Fassenper Touring Car, $695, f. o. It. Detroit. In Canada, $»2r) Maxwell Roadster 670, f. o. h. Detroit. In Canada, 900 Maxwell Cabriolet 840, J. o. b. Detroit. In Canada, 1.105 Any model equipped with electric self-starter, $55 extra. In Canada, $70 extra. Write for beautiful ini") Maxwell Catalog^ue. Address, Department B. F. MAXWELL MOTOR COMPANY, Inc. Detroit, Michigan .21 ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII MAY, 1915 No. 5 Well Boring Methods With Hand Outfits To "Orchard and Farm." In your March issue you had an article on well boring. Would you write and ask the author, Mr. W. D. Brock- man, to either send me a sketch of his hand outfit for boring well, or describe same in "Orchard and 1-arm," with description of its con- struction and operation, and let me know where I could buy the augers or the whole outfit and tell me how much it would cost? There are no well-boring outfits here, so I do not know anything about the subject. — G. F. C, Eureka, Cal. Letter by W. D. Brockman. I just received your request for further information on well drilling, which I will answer bricHy. 1 will also send you a photo of my hand outfit; also a photo of my shaft or open well device. This latter is sometimes necessary on account of boulders or when a centrifugal pump is to be used, and is installed down close to water level, where it can draw water deeper out of the ground than it could be drawn if the pump were located at ground level. A hand outfit is the cheapest way to bore a well for the first 100 to 125 feet, if the location is in soil or sand, but not in rock or boulders. In the cut you see me at the center of the tall tripod or derrick, which derrick is 24 feet high. The small tripod is U feet high. The small tripod is used to raise the necessary weight of rock or sand hags to sink the casing. After the well has been bored a few inches the levers will crowd the casing down. It is best to keep the weight contin- ually on the casing. There must be an anchor 3% feet from the casing, and the levers are located so there is one each side of the casing and are chained to a cap with an opening in it to admit the sand pump as per cut. (One of the illustrations will ex- plain this. Some of the casing can he seen projecting above the top of the well, with a cap on it and chains to draw it down. Hanging above the well is seen the sand pumj), which re- moves sand or other loose material which will not stay in an auger out of the bottom of the well.— Editor.) The sand pump must he not much over one inch less in outside diameter than the inside diameter of casing, and must be always submerged in wa- ter. To lift the sand well the pump must be raised with a sudden jerk and dropped quickly and not raised over ten inches to do good work bv hand. My hand outfit cost $75. It is for 150 feet. (There must have been much of the equipment made at home. To purchase a hand outfit complete, ready for work, would ordinarily cost about $250.— Editor.) I dig all sand stratas with sand pump, and clay with a flat piece of common plow steel twisted while hot. Twist it once around in a foot length of the steel. A steel two inches less in width than the hole desired in diameter is about right, and it does not need to be over two feet long and the cutting end split iust like a fish tail, the outer points being the longest and sharpened and set as an auger for boring wood. (An auger as described is shown in one of the drawings, except that it has a single cutting point rather than two. — Editor.) An auger for boring dry sand is Tiade of sections cast like a grain lUger to a threshing machine and had better not be less than a com- plete twist in each section, and each section must not be over four or five inches the vertical way and must have a square hole in it to admit of steel shaft one and one-sixth inch square. Then to bore dry sand put a auart of water in the hole each trip to steel point down on them. It will drive them outside or break them so the wormer will take hold of them. I have dropped a 300-pound steel down 100 feet on them. Let it go and drop as hard as it will. You must have a knot or joint of some kind so a trap can catch it and draw it out, and if it sticks pull hard and keep jarring it with a weight on a rope. It takes more writing than I thought to explain a well outfit, and then each outfit differs for each lo- cality;. I can make an outfit for some localities out of an extended post hole auger and three poles and Hand Well Borlus Outfit at Work Putting Down Casing, Sand Pump Over Well. make sand pack, but not enough to make it sloppy. To take out boulders make a cork- screw wormer. It will screw down around the boulders and pull them out. It is better to make the wormer out of a car spring. It is good steel and cheap, and all you have to do is to take the spring and heat it nearly welding hot and put one end in the vice and take a wrench and untwist it to the desired diameter. Better get two springs while you are at it, one left handed one, so if the one breaks, the other will untwist it and pull it out. It takes two men to man a hand outfit for 75 feet, after that depth three good ones. The rods should be of I'A inch gaspipe, with any coupling you de- sire. The . quickest one is a square offset to a piece of 1% inch steel with a 2x2^4 plug inserted and welded into an opening made in the straight piece and a loose ring on the straight piece is raised and dropped over an upper point on the offset rod. The point should be six or seven inches long. (See illustration.) If boulders are small, there should be a loose shell over wormer, and if large open the wormer, and if too large to come through casing, drop, clean all sand off and drop a heavy a winch and a roped tackle blocks and push my casing down, or use no casing. I generally use two-foot joints of casing. W. D. BROCKMAN. Corona, Cal. Note by Editor. Owing to the merits of this discus- sion we are illustrating it rather fully and have made the following notes to round out the subject more com- pletely. Any points not made clear will be explained more in detail on request. Marriage, they say, is a lottery — so is well boring. In neither case does a person know, it seems, what he (or she) has until the deed is done and the affair put to the test. No two wells, so well borers say, are alike; wells of ten feet apart may be different in almost every particu- lar, and there may be all the differ- ence in the world in what is likely to be found, both in sand and gravel strata, boulders, kind of material struck, and amount of water devel- oped, and depth below surface at which it is developed, in wells in op- posite corners (if a forty. It is such a gamble that a satisfactory well is worth much more than the cost of developing it. This great difference in wells is all important in discussing well bor- ing. There arc, as people in pump irrigated sections know, two kinds of well-boring outfits, hand outfits and power outfits. Hand outfits are good some places, worthless others. The above letter relates merely to hand outfits. Method of Operation. For a proper understanding of the article by Mr. Brockman, it should be said that hand outfits and power outfits work under two different methods. The hand outfits work in just the same way as a man works in boring post holes, that is, by twisting augers around. Two augers are shown in the illustrations. These augers are lowered into the hole by rods. They are raised and lowered from the tripod by means of a windlass. The rod which projects above the ground has holes bored through a foot apart, and a bar is bolted on about breast high and the men at work push this bar around, tiuis working the auger down until it is full of dirt, after which they pull it up, empty it and send it down for another load. After it sinks down a foot or so, the bar is raised to the hole above the one they have been working on, and this con- tinues until the rod gets too low to work on. When this hapens another rod is put on, and then the top rod (with the holes to which the bar is attached) is put on again and they can start at the bottom hole of the working rod again. The way two rods are bolted together is show/i in the illustration. Power Outfits. In power outfits the work is done on a different principle, drilling in- stead of boring. A drill, weighing perhaps three-quarters of a ton, is raised and lowered by means of a cable. It drops perhaps 30 inches, smashing and pulverizing whatever it hits and making a soup of it with the water that stands in the well. When enough of the material has been pulverized, the drill is hoisted and the sand pump dropped down. This is a cylinder with a valve in the bottom which let the mixture of water and mud in, but does not let it out until the pump reaches the surface and tlie valve opened. As was stated in Mr. Brockman's letter, sand pumps are also used with hand outfits where sand is reached which will not stay in the auger. One is shown in the illustration, hanging over the well. The power outfit can raise and lower the pump quickly, as it works on a cable. In a hand out- fit it has to be operated, as a rule, on rods, and raising and lowering is a slow business. The Place for Each. There is a place for both hand out- fits and power outfits. A power out- fit is expensive, and it costs to move it around. A hand outfit is inexpensive, costing complete say $250, and can be set up in about half an hour. When conditions are right it is cheap and satisfactory; when conditions are wrong it is next to useless. A power outfit can go through solid rock and anything else with the punch of the heavy drill. A hand outfit is usually put out of commission when it strikes a rock 4 ORCHARD AND FARM too large to be plied out of the hole. Of course, if it is near the surface a pit can be dug, as shown in one illustration and the boulder removed, bnf thai i« out of the question. OisKlDK Pit for Centrtfugal Pump, practically speaking, after one strikes water level, and a well has to be put down much below water level as a rule before it will supply water for a pump. The right place and only place for a hand outfit is where there is only sand and clay and no boulders or ledges, and where the well does not have to be put down more than, say 150 to 200 feet. It works very satis factorily in good conditions, as a 'I'4»4>Im tttr KortUKi Wornier, AiiKerM aiifl Rolls. crew of men can go down say jO feel with good digging the tirst day, perhaps more. However, they dig a smaller well than power oullits, the augers being usually only eiglit inches in diameter. 'I'o make the well larger they ream it out alter the hole is dug. The power rigs dig usually a 12 inch well at the start, and a much straighter well, which means a lot in putting down casing, and often in other ways. When a rock is struck that can be pulled out by a hand rig, a wormer. as Mr. Brockinan explains, is used to pull it out. One of these is shown in an illustration. Other wormers, instead of having two arms, have only one arm, like a bed spring, or like a ram's horn, as they are called. A power rig usually wants to be guaranteed about |100 worth of work before it moves. A common charge is $1 per foot for the first 100 feet and $1.50 per foot below that, with a sliding scale depending upon the depth gone. When rock is struck in which progress is less than 12 to 20 feet per day they usually are paid by the day. The hand rig may charge only 50 to 60 cents a foot up to 100 feet, but on the other hand, when it strikes rock, it has to quit. THE GRANGE AT THE EXPOSITION In responding to the request for a few lines on the subject of the Pa- trons of Husbandry rest room and in- formation bureau at the Panania- I'acilic International Exposition, I may not present any new thought to the I'atrons of this Pacific Coast or of the order, as previous letters of ex- planation and invitation have been widely distributed to the membership throughout the United States and C'anada. What is said may go to show to those outside our gates who may chance to read it, that the great order of Patrons of llusljandry, more commonly known as the Grange, is composed of hospit.^ble people who appreciate the bond of fraternity. To the membership in California let me assure you that your work and efforts to be of service to the mem- bers at large who have and will at- tend this Exposition and visit our State this year arc, and will be, fully appreciated, as has already been dem- onstrated by kindly words expressed by brothers and sisters outside the State. Wc hope that the benefits and re- sults of our maintaining a registra- tion and information booth will be far-reaching, both to those who apply and to the order. There are many now living in the Pacific Coast States who were once members of the order in the East, who, through change of residence, have lost their affiliation with the order. To all such this af- fords an opportunity to get in touch with those who will gladly aid in forming new organizations where op- portunity offers, and also to those who are seeking a new location, our counsel and reference might be of value. To the person who has visited a great exposition in a distant city and state such an accommodation will ap- peal, for what is more restful and wel- come to the person who has left his home and duties for a brief time to visit this, the greatest of all efforts in its line, in collecting and exhibit- ing specimens of the world's progress, th;>n to find those awaiting him who can and will extend the welcome hand of fraternity and render such assist- ance as may come within their power. Again, appreciation will be acknowl- edged when wearv from sight-seeing, you arc proffered an easy chair or handed a letter from hoine, or per- chance an appointment to meet an unexpected friend who has discovered your name upon our register. These and many otlicr details have been ar- ranged for the benefit of the mem- l)ers of our order who sec fit to call and make use of them. Our worthy sister, Mrs. W. C. Morrow, will be found at her desk and cheerfully serve you. Through the courtesy and generos- ity of the management of the beauti- ful exhibit of the great Sacramento valley, wc are located in their space, in the California Counties building. Our secretary and the register is on the main floor. From her can be ob- tained cards of introduction to com- missioners and attendants of other county exhibits who are members of our order and who too will gladly ex- tend to all the hand of brotherhood and bid you welcome to their ex- hibits. Then let all members of our order make a supreme effort to visit Cali- fornia and the Panama- Pacific Inter- national Exposition and make our Patrons of Husbandry headquarters what it is designed to be. Perhaps never again will the mem- bership of California, who have charge of the headquarters, have such an op- portunity to greet the order at large as with the 191 •'> session of the Na- tional Grange meeting in Oakland, across tlic bay from the Exposition, and our State Grange session there also, our chance to make the acquain- tance of new friends and strengthen our order could not be better. W. V. GRIFFITH Past Master California State Grange. OLD ORANGE TREES FAILING. In a recent issue of an agricultural paper this question appeared; "Are the older orange orchards dying out?" This question must be an- swered in the affirmative and may be doubted by some, but to the writer the evidence is found in all citrus districts where older orchard* are in evidence. These trees are not dying a natural death, but rather are being killed 1 improper handling, especially in the way of pruning methods employed and apparent ignorance as to the proper manner in which such work sliould be performed. Many valuable trees are lost every year that should, by right management all along the line, be perpetuated and remain goixi producers of high standard fruit for years and years. When the Washington navel es- pecially reaches the age of ten to fourteen years the tendency is to ''go back,'' and at this time if scientific treatment is lacking trees cease to bear sufficient fruit to meet running expenses. This condition is not the fault of the tree, but of the ti.anagement. At this time such trees need a general rehabilitation, rejuvenation, renova- toin and overhauling from bottom to top, but especially the top. If trees have been allowed to become a trifle too tall, the process of "going back" may be noticed in the top branches lirst. This may be held in check and a normal condition established by scientifically pruning out the top — not cutting back — but a general lightening up of entire top of tree. Still, in undertaking this, it is im- perative to know the habits of the tree, to distinguish at a glance the age of each limb and branch, remov- ing the older and leaving the young- er, or newer wood. If these essen- tial points be unknown to the man taking the renovation in hand still further damage is done and in a few years, after being maintained at a loss, the fatal mistake is often made of dehorning, which finishes the "go- ing back" by deranging or disrupt- ing the entire system, root and branch. This is not theoretical with the writer, but has been practised suc- cesfully for the past five years, and during that time many hopeless case.-, have been brought out with renewed tree vigor and are producing paying crops of fruit of highest standard, thus not only adding to the longevity of the trees, but bringing order out of chaos and changing a losing prop- osition to a gool paying investment. So, Mr. Orange Grower, be not disheartened nor discouraged if your orchard shows signs of "going back," but on the other hand, go at it prop- erly and success will follow. — A. A. JENKINS, Portervillc, Cal. Although these suggestions are made for citrus growers, they apply so well to nearly all fruits that are ordinarily pruned little or none, that they should be of service to all fruit growers. — Editor. There is an immense amount of ig- norance on right pruning methods. O. M. Morris, of the Washington .Agricultural Experiment Station, Pull- man, W^ash., is the author of an ex- cellent bulletin. No. 79, on "Pruning." It not only describes methods in de- tail, but is abundantly illustrated and ought to be of much value. Another bulletin by A. L. Melandcr tells of the control of San Jose scale, and a poster gives essential facts regarding fire blight of the apple and pear. WHAT THE GRANGE IS DOING IN CALIFORNIA To me has been assigned the topii for your valuable paper; "What thi Grange of To-day Is Doing anil Try- ing to Do in California.' First, in the words of our declara- tion of purpose; "United by the strong and faithful tie of agriculture, we arc laboring for the good of mi order,'' and to this end we are m< ing together, talking together, won ing together, and in some instances buying and selling together, and our committee on co-operation has been devising plans and means for improv- ing the methods of selling our pro- ductions and the buying of our neces- sities. The Grange in California to-day is building up a better and nobler man- hood and womanhood among the til- lers of the soil. We are working for the advancement of agriculture in all its branches. In our subordinate granges we are discussing the live topics of the day, such as rural cred- its, good roads, etc., and our legisla- tive committees are keeping an eye upon the bills pending in the present legislature, wherein the farmers as a class are affected. The Grange is working for the ex- tension of the parcels post and for the establishing of free markets where both producer and consumer meet together, which is an advantage to both, and we trust will be a great aid in reducing the high cost of liv- ing. . During the last year committees from the Grange have had charge of the county exhibits at our state and county fairs and in every instance have won econiums of praise and also carried off first prize for their dis- plays. *1 It is our wish to establish Granges in every agricultural county in this state. We are trying to educate the farmer, his wife and children, to make their home the brightest spot on earth, and to make farm life so en- joyable and so remunerative, that there will be no cry of "back to the land." For we intend that the chil- tlren born on the farm will stay there \\'e are trying to lift heavy burdens from the shoulders of men and from the hearts of women. By precept and example we are trying to make our surroundings more attractive, cheer- ful and convenient, to elevate the thoughts, expand the mind of our members, developing their social na- tures and enlarging their sphere of usefulness in and outside of our meet- ings. Our young people, as well as the older members, are educated in parlia- mentary law, in debate, readings, music, etc. We are trying to kep in touch witli live questions of the day, such as home economics, sanitation, farm loans, single ta.x, consolidated schools and insurance. JOSEPH HOLMES, Master California State Grange. Aphis, or plant lice, on cantaloupes and grain, are told of in Circular No. 125 of the University of California. It is said that if the fastest rate of re- production went on for six months, one individual would have enough de- scendants to cover the whole State of California a foot thick. The belief is expressed that the practice of import ing ladybirds into the Imperial VaV to control the melon aphis is prac;i cally useless. The aphis can be c trolled by sprays, though in nt! cases this is economically unpro able. A good spray is one part of 40 per cent nicotine and one part of soap to 900 parts of water. It is cheap and effective. A pocket is not whole that ha- hole in it- ORCHARD AND FARM **i4 Rubber Chain Tread built on a Powerful Modern Tire 99 KEEP A TIRE RECORD Tlr« StrUI No Makcri Nam* Dal* of Purchat* OdomaUr Wban Initalled Odomatar When Diacardad Mllea Sarvic* Firil Coal Total Coft Par Mil* ft'-.-'-y-y: ::^A-',-::-::f -'i^i-"-':" : -? xBr We challenge the world with our Famous Popular-Priced "Chain Tread" Tires. Keep a tire record and prove it for yourself Our total factory capacity has been doubled. Now we are ready to supply our famous "Chain Tread" Tires in unlimited quantities at the lowest price in their history. Now we challenge any competitor's tire to show you the same combination of real anti-skid protec- tion and low cost per mile. Get our Tire Record Card and prove it for yourself. Chain I read lires Safety experts acknowledge our rubber chain tread, built on this powerful modern tire, to be an absolutely marvelous anti-skid device. "Chain Treads" are not simply a fancy design stamped on a tire — they are real anti-skid tires. Send your name and address for a set of Free Tire Record Blanks to United States Tire Company, Broad- way at 58th St., N. Y. City. ''Chain Tread** Tires are sold by Leading Reliable Dealers. Do not accept substitutes United StatesTires Made by the Largest Rubber Company in the World (Operating 46 Factories) f ORCHARD ANH KAKM Peanut Raising in a Bens' CAub By Oliver Jenkin»on How the Cjrany;c Is Made Up Foreword. I'ho l\>llo\MiiK IS an dixMunt i.>l tlir iiirthin of the collegrs .>( agriculture v>l the dilTereiit States, Reader* can see that it takes brains, industry and ability to do as many of the.ve bi»ys do. and the furiuint; of the future will be better for the interest amiint: the youths that these con- tests have develiM'cd Mr, Jenkiiison Vit is said> "is a very practical farmer and was able to complete his hi>;h schovr the crop: April 27 — IMowins 5 hours at 30c-$l.5(> April 2T—MarrowinK 4o min .80 .\pril 3S -IMantinn ■• hours at ai>c ,80 .\v>ril iM> — IMantinK » hours at 30c l.«>0 April S»— Seed, S4 lbs at 12>.ic-- 3.00 .hine t> — HoeinK 10 hi>iirs. Intie HI I loeiiiK H> houi > UUver JraklBBtMi lu llln IVauul l-trlil. nearly a man's work on the ranch." I planted iny peanuts in two patches and on two entirely diflferent kinds of soil, I did this to test out the two kinds of soil. Two-thirds of the acre was on a rather heavy, sandy loam which had been an old alfalfa pasture for seven years. Consequently it had not been plowed for that length oi time. .\ large part of the alfalfa had died out and Bermuda grrass had taken Its place. So when I started to work it the whole piece was a >od of Ber- muda grass and alfalfa roots. The other third of the acre was on real sandy land. I broke the alfalfa land up about three weeks before I planted the pea- nuts. I knew I could not get it into an ideal physical condition for pea- but it was the only .sandy loam 1 available at that time, so 1 de- . ; to do the best 1 could with it I he nrst time 1 i^lowed it as shallow- as the plow would run, then pulver- '•, ! the sod by diskini; it. hauled all er than the first time, harrowed it well, ■■ ' ' ■■ n. The third time eiftht inches deei> v'th >rays. It was now in a fairly good physical condi- tio" On account of the condition of this piece the "club" decided I would onlv hare K> count the last plowing .-.nd harrowing in my cost. In preparing the sandy piece I only .lune U — Hoeing 5 hours. 25 hours at SOc oo June 13 — Cultivating with one horse, 3 hours at 25c ,75 June 18 — Irrigating sandy patch, 4 hours at 20c .80 June 26 — (.'ullivating with one horse. :! hours at 25c .75 June 29 — Hoeing 10 hours. June 30 — Hoeing 10 hours 30 hours at 20c- - 00 .\t»gust 16 — Irrigating sandy piece 3 hours ,60 .\ugust 20 — Hoeing 4 hrs. at 2iV- ,S0 .\ugust 22 — Sulphuring for red sv>ider — 1" min. .05 .August ir 5 lbs. at Sijc .19 .\ugust tig with tobacco for - ■ •> min. at 20c .05 .\ugust ,\> stems-- .03 August ■-■ .. gophers with carbon bisulphide and poisoned wheat at different .40 .A'. ■ ,50 .AUs . V ,: : / ide ,30 Total $20.91 Conclusions. As to soil> — .\ r:>t''er s:indv loam that will retain t'', ■ ■ ■ ^h- out the summer \\ A at the same time . .. . .■,!- veriie well .tnd leave no clods. I think is the ideal peanut soil. As shown by the foregoing cost list, the alfalfa land had no irrigation after the peanuts were planted. Sandy soil requiring irrigation can be used provided the With tills issue ol "Drchard uud I'arm" a considerubic amount ol tpacc is devoted to the order ul Patrons of Husbandry, coiniiionly known as the ti range. The order of I'atrons of Husbandry is the oldest by far of any farmers' organization. When the .N'ational Grange meets in Oakland next No- vember it will be Its lorty-iiinth an- nual session .\o I'thcr organization of farmers has been able to survive such a long period of usefulness. Un- doubtedly one of the primary reasons that can be assigned for the success of the Cirangc is the fact ibai from its birth It has always admitted women to its ranks as the full equal of men, .\o privileges are enjoyed by men that are not also accorded to women Other reasons for the success of the Uraiige can be ftuind in plenty I reference to the other articles in this issue The organization as it exists to-day is well calculated to look after the interests of the farming communities First, we have the Subordinate Granges, which are just what the name implies. These Subordinate Granges are organized wherever local conditions and local residents seem to ilemand or desire such an organiza- tion. Then, after any district or county becomes more or less or- ganized into subordinate granges, a (.ounty, or Pomona Grange, is or- ganized by the combined membership of the Subordinate Granges. The next step abo\ e the Pomona Grange rv>ws arc planted tour or live feet apart so as to allow the making of a giHul sized furrow with a horse and pl.nv laie in the growing season when t)ie plants are quite large. The water mn.-.t be kept in the fur- low, for if it gets on top it will rot and discolor the peanuts. I had this trouble in irrigating the sandy land. The rows were too narrow to permit furrowing it out with a horse when the vines were along as far as they were at the time it needed irrigation. I tried to make a furrow big enough with a lu>e. but the land did not have enough slope to run the water down them. One corner of the patch did not get any water on it at all because It was higher than the rest On ac- count of the subirrigration from the rest of the piece the vines here did tine. If the water gets under the vines it will also bake the land and as it can- not be cultivated it will cause the land to dry out very quickly again and make it impossible for the pegs (young jHids) that have not reached the ground at the time of irrigation to enter the ground afterw.ird. In the case of furrowing the land the furrows should be cultivated in after each ir- rigation Before planting to peanuts the land should have been under cul- tivation one or two years. Although I obtained fair results with the al- falfa land, by proper cultiv.ition this winter after the crop is off a much larger yield conUl be obtained next year with less e.xpense The Bermuda grass that was on the land gave me a great deal of trouble and expense. This was the cause of a great deal of the hoeing This trouble would also be eliminated b cultivation this winter. On account of the bush variety being easier to cultivate. I would prefer it in plant- ing sandy land As to Planting. Instead of planting as I did. another time I would plant two seeds to tHe hill with the hills two feet apart in the row. In this way a more perfect stand would be obtained. Two plants to the hill are not too many. If only one came up in each hill, the ground would be covered before the l moiiu Granges, and then conuv N'ational Grange as the coinbini> forts of all the granges. It will very readily be - this etlieieiit and splendidl> body of farmers is in a i - . wield a very great intluence on problems that affect the farming . munities It is perfectly in ordei . i d can be very truthfully said thai i).> other fanners' organization eonim,iiiiU the respect and consideration and bears the excellent reputation that llie Grange does. The only qualitications required in a candidate seeking admission to the order arc: that he or she shall be a Graasr Urak at tkr KxiroaftloB, person of good moral character, o\er the age of 14, interested in agri- cultural pursuits and have no interests in conflict with the purposes of tht- organization. There is no obligalii'ii required that will in any way <.tMi- tlict with any one's moral, religiou> or political opinions. Subjects of a religious or political nature are strict- ly barred from discussion at all meetings. It is required that four degree* shall be conferred upon a candid. iie before he can take part in the de- liberations of the meetings, as prac- tically all the work of the Grange i-. done in the fourth degree. '1 ' degrees are all that a S. Grange is entitled to conu < : o fifth and sixth degrees are given b> the Pomona and the State Grange-, and the seventh degree by the N'ation- al Grange, The cost attached to inr ■ > in the Grange is merely ii the dues after joining caniu'L . . than thirty cents per quarter. NU -i Granges lix their dues at from ritiiiu cents to twenty-five cents per month, which is calculated to cover the price of hall rent, stationery, etc. Nearly all the Granges meet twice each month, although the times e itieetings are or should be very in- structive as well as entertaining and interesting, and will \ ^ ' the members realize the opportunities and fered them by such an organization The subjects discussed at these meet- ings vary accordii'. ' desires of the nu ticular Grange, bu; cussions all bear upon some pha^i farm life. Educational and Ic-c tive work has alwavs bee- special feature of Grange very much has been acco p - ' along these lines $ ORCHARD AND FARM F. 0. B. Pacific Coast Points hSS NEW BIG BULL "vJtJm TRACTOR TRACTOR "A Giant in Power, A Midget THIS NEW BIG BROTHER OF THE FAMOUS "LITTLE BULL," which took the famiers of this country by stonn last year, develops from 7 to 10 horsepower at the draw bar (where you get the pull), and from 20 to 25 horsepower at the belt (for stationary work). The New Big Bull Tractor is the "big tractor buy of the year." There are sev- eral thousand now in use (more than most other makes combined) and all GIVING SATISFACTION. TEN REASONS Why You Should Buy the New BIG BULL TRACTOR CEMENTING WELL PITS. Although the uses of cement are lecoming greater continually, one of he most recent and profitable devel- ipments has been in lining the walls if pits for wells. For moderate lifts the centrifugal lump is most efficient and most com- nonly used, and these pumps, as told >f in the leading articles of this ssue, are located close to water level, ay 20 or 30 feet below the surface )£ the ground. For them a pit has o be dug five or six feet across and he common thing, up until recently, las been to board up the sides with wo-inch redwood. Now cement is )eing used very often, especially v'here the soil is rather heavy. When wood is used the sides of he pit are straight and corners right ngles. This leaves . all the burden )f holding up the walls on the wood. Vhen cement is used a circular p S dug, which is largely self-support- ng and the main danger of caving, ;ven without lining, if the soil is airly solid, would be by small flakes lere and there, though if this is con- inued long enough larger amounts )f dirt might fall. Since there is practically no pres- ure from the walls, a very thin :oating of cement suffices to hold in the dirt and a coating of cement in inch thick, properly mi.xed with land, is all that is required. It can )e plastered directly against the walls )f the pit, and is inexpensive both in :ost of material and application. AI- hough wood, especialy if surface vater from rains is permitted to seep n, will rot in time and have to be eplaced, the concrete wall will be- come more solid with the course of ime and is clean and sanitary. The pit may be made elliptical if de- iired, that is, somewhat round, but vider one way than another, or with :hick, concrete walls, a square pit can Je used. However, one of the main idvantages of a round pit is that the walls naturally hold themselves up md there is little strain on the ce- ment. Slitting Cherry Bark — What month would it be advisable to cut cherry trees around the bark of the tree to expand them? — H. By "cutting around" you probably mean slitting the bark perpendicu- larly and not cutting around to en- circle the trunk. At least, slitting the bark perpendicularly is what is done. This is the right season for doing this, if it is to be done, or in the spring after the trees have started up well. It is said that after the crop is off and the trees have slowed up growth for the season it is too late to do much good. There seems to be grounds for believing that slit- ting the bark loosens it up, helps the trees and means less die back. The more rapidly trees are growing the more reason for the operation. Commissioner C. VV. Beers of Santa Barbara reports to the Board of Su- pervisors that special efforts arc being made to check the coddling moth on pear and apple trees, so that there will be few insects left to atttack walnuts, sonic of which have been injured by this insect. Walnut spraying to check blight and aphis is being conducted under excellent conditions and definite results are looked for. Ladybirds are especially abundant this year and do- ing good work in atttacking aphis of all kinds. Apricots in San Benito county early in April promised 50 to 75 per cent of a normal crop. Prunes ap- pear to be a full crop. Hay and grain is in good condition, — Leonard N. Day. County Horticultural Com- missioner. There is one crop that is always abundant and yet is often a failure, and that is advice. 1 — It can be depended upon and DELIVERS THE GOODS. 2 — It will do more all-round farm work than any other tractor anywhere near its cost. Look at the following features : 3 — The Bull wheel runs in the furrow and does not pack the land. This principle covered by patent. 4— T he patent STEER WHEEL also running in the furrow in line with the bull wheel, makes the trac- tor positively and automatic- ally self-steering. 5 — Patent leveling device, by which the tractor is quickly and easily adjusted to side hills or deep furrows. 6 — Direct drive with only four gears. All complicated trans- mission and compensating gears absolutely eliminated. 7 — Special gear shifting device. 8 — Electric welded gasoline tank and brass tube radiator. 9 — Extra large crank shaft and connecting rod bearings. 10 — Extra large inspection plate on top of motor, affording easy examination of bear- ings, without disturbing timing. Send for specifications to-day. You can own and use this machine at a BIG PROFIT. Get the facts. Our first big shipment of the New Big Bull Tractor arrived here last week and we are filling our early orders from it. Another big consignment is headed this way. Is your tractor in this shipment? PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION Conic and sec It or fill out the coupon and mail it to-dar« and ne will send you ALL YOU >V.\\T TO K>OW. Get TRACTOR mSE. Buy whore thousands of sales keep the niargrin of profit doy\n within reason. Let ns show you how you can make hifc money by owning a good tractor, but MORE MONEY by owning a New Big BULL TRACTOR. Hughson & Merton, Inc. Pacific Coast Distributors 528 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco 1229 South Olive Street, Los Angeles 329 Ankeny Street, Portland Hughson & Merton, Inc., 52S Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Kindly send me full particulars regarding your Big Bull Tractor. Name Address 8 ORCHARD AND FARM The California State Grange Scholarship The Grange in the State of Washington The Grange has a 1 \v a ys endeav- to make farm life more attractive. Education has been deemed one of the most effi- cients means to at- tain this end, and so the Lecturer's Hour has been est ablished for educational pur- poses. The Uni- versity has been used in the Lec- t u r e r's Ho u r, through speakers and by references to experiments and helpful bulletins. The Grange recognizes the benefit to the individual and community of a University education and recognizes the results obtained by graduate farmers. In . Yolo county there is one of many . examples. -\ U. of C. man 'of the class of 1913 raised eighteen sacks of barley per acre, while his neighbors in the same kind of soil raised only nine sacks. Realizing that such men are ablest exponents of better farming methods, the thought occurred to a Granger from Danville that support- ing a student at the University would be a good investment. The State Executive Committe con- curred in the belief that the founding of a California State Grange Scholar- ship would be in keeping with Grange ideals, so it was decided to contrib- ute $200 a year from the State Grange funds toward the support of a youth during a three-year course on the farm at Davis, or for the four years of a course at Berkeley. The holder of the scholarship should be a deserv- ing youth, selected through competi- tive examinations, and should be a Granger in good standing for at least three months prior to the examina- tion. The scholarship was advertised through the Subordinate Granges in the spring of 1913, and examinations held that summer. Of the few who competed the writer, Harry H. Stone- of Oakland, Cal., was chosen to be the first recipient of the California State Grange Scholarship. He elected the course at Berkeley, and is now engaged in his studies there. Of the University course, the first two years are, perhaps, the least in- teresting, especially to a student who desires to plunge immediately into agricultural problems. Instead, he must enter upon a general prepara- tion for a scientific course. A fresh- man usually has no courses hearing directly on agriculture, but most courses emb'ody principles which will be used and referred to durin;!, the remainder of his University career and after-life. A sophomore begins to see in his course a few rays of light that cheer him on. During the second year he really touches the earth and plants. .\11 students en- rolled in agriculture are required to take as underclassmen practically the same courses, no matter what their desires may be. A number who fail to see the practical side crop out of the grind. Beginning in the junior year, however, the student chooses subjects related to his major — that department of agriculture in which he is particularly interested. He now realizes that he i<; a unit in the College of .Agriculture. It is as upperclassmen that the majoritv of men must reside a term on the 'farm at Davis. Without ex- ception, the fellows welcome the change from city to country, from white collars to flannel shirts. Hands and clothes get greasy in the shop, dirty and "smelly" in the barns, and blistered by shovels and prunin" shears, but it is practical, and the fellows enjoy it. Many come from farms, but learn new methods or a different class of owrk. Those who were indifferent in their studies at Berkeley show enthusiasm, and enter with vim Into all the work. They begin to see the value of their fresh- men courses, and apply theory to practice. One phase of the life at Davis that must not be overlooked is the good- fellowship. There are about seveny- five men from Berkeley this year, and as in a small college informality rules, and everyone knows everyone else. Here is developed a wide ac- quaintance with those who will be leadqr,s in agiriculture (tihroughout the State. In the College of Agriculture at Berkeley are enrolled 580 men and 19 women. The .Agricultural Club is an organization of these students which has for its objects the foster- ing of a spirit of unity in the college, as well as the offering of a means of getting together and becoming ac- quainted with professors and fellow students. One of its chief functions is to interest the freshmen — intro- duce him to classmates and upper- classmen, and n-.ake him feel that he is really a student in agriculture. The club also has a Lecture Hour, during which prominent a- riculturists of the State and nation address the mem- bers. The -Agricultural Club is not solely for self-improvement, but is father, so to speak, of many high school clubs. These are established with the view of instilling progressive ideas in the minds of youths, and to interest them in producing the best of farm products. For this prpose the by-laws of the high school clubs require annua! pig-raising, tomato or potato contests, in some of which the lads have shown their dads a thing or two. besides gaining self-respect in producing something really worth while. The official publication is "The Journal of -Agriculture." edited and managed bv the students. This con- tains articles of interest by professors and students, and others who have something of value to write about, as well as a department reviewing the results of experiments, a list of new publications, bulletins of the Cali- fornia Experiment Station, and a page of Bovs' Club notes. The Journal has a State-wide subscrip- tion list. The three-year course at Davis does not offer a student as complete a theoretical training as that ob- tained in Berkeley. Those at Davis, however, have the advantage >-f being on the ground all the ♦•me. in close contact with the best methods and practices, and with good classes of live stock. High school graduates complete this course in 'wo >ears. The opportunity to enjoy, partici- pate in, and be benefited bv all ' these activities is afforded the re- cipient of the California State Grange Scholarship. HARRY STONE. University Farm. Holder of Scholarship. Fit,!. MEASITRE. Orchard and Farm In the only farm liaprr in rnllfornla with memhershlp in Tile .\ndit Bureau of Clrculatlonii. Minnesota is to receive much atten- tion at the exposition through the presence here of eleven horses from the stables of M. W. Savage, head of big business enterprises in Minne- apolis and incidentally owner of the best equipped horse breeding farms in .America. The horses that will be entered are with one exception sired by Dan Patch. They will start in the .'RlS.'i.OOO worth of races in June and September. By C. B. Kegley, Master True to the foundation prin- of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, the Grange in the State of VVashing- t o n, b y w hat seems like the al- most unanimous concordance of its membership, stand of course sg used with turkeys, so passed the question on to Prof. Dougherty. He likewise had no data regarding its use with turkeys, and referred us again to W. B. Parker, farm adviser of Ven- tura county, Cal., who writes as fol- io vs: ".At the present time I am not in a position to give you any information for publication along this line. I was. however, successful in caponizing two young toms, which were about three months of age; these were late birds, caponized last September. They were then placed with my other capons, and were hen-pecked to a consider- able extent. Such treatment would, of course, not be to their advantage, and they have not grown as I ex- pected they would. I still have one, which is doing nicely, and expect he will be in good shape next fall. This spring, as soon as young toms can be obtained, T expect to caponize some more, and treat them properly. ^ next November T trust T will be able to give you something for publica- tion," Mr. Parker will doubtless pardon us for tising his letter, since it is un- derstood that the subiect is little known, as aoplied to turkeys. One of the important points in caponizing is that dancer of loss in- creases greatly with the age of the fowl, so it is doubtful if turkeys reaching a breeding age could sur- vive the operation. It is doubtful also, since turkeys usually are raised on range, and capons are very in- active, if it would pay to caponize turkeys. More will be known later on the subject than is known now. Spraying for Curl Leaf — I have a half dozen peach trees in my garden which were affected by curl leaf last year. I wrote to the University of California for a cure and they sent me enclosed letter. In February, this year, I procured Bordeaux mixture and followed their instructions, spraying the trees about a dozen times before and after the buds began to appear, but the disease is worse than last year on the trees. Some one tells me to take a knife and slit the bark of the trunk and limbs of. the trees, that the bark gets bound so tight that it causes the curl leaf. Please give mo some information next number. — J. M The only explanation we can give is that probably the Bordeaux went wrong in some way, that the lime was air slacked, or you slipped up in some part of the procedure. However, the University can tell you better than we could, as you will realize that in answering many of the questions, es- pecially those of a technical nature, we do not speak of our own knowl- edge or authority, but simply have ar- rangements so that we can get what information is needed. Do not for a minute dream of going over the head of the University to us to get ac- curate information. We are more likely to go to them for advice and can only say that by our own ob- servation spraying with B'ordeaux at the time you did seems to be always rin absolute check on leaf curl. The disease is caused by a fungus and is not a physiological trouble such as might be caused by tight bark. Slitting the bark would posi- tively be of no influence. Years ago with only two or three peach trees in our yard and no spray- ing apparatus we used to snip otT the twigs and leaves affected by this trouble early in the season, thus nip- ping tlie disease in the bud and leav- ing less chance for it to be carried over to the next season. This might help in a location where the disease is naturally mild and there are few trees, though it would be ineffective where there were many trees and the disease naturally bad. Twelve inches make a foot and two feet make a mile, if given time enough. Fortified Tires {Rim-CuU— by our No-Rim-Cut feature. Blowouts — by our "On-Air" cure. Looie Tre«d»— hy many rubber rivets. Insecurity— by IL'li braided piano wires. Punctures and Skidding— by our double- thiclt All-Weatlicr tread. Fortified Tires Have Pushed Millions of Rocks from The Tire Road Stop and think how Goodyear Tires have held top place for years. There are a hundred rival makes. Yet Goodyear last year sold 1,479,883 automobile tires — about one for each car in use. The reason is, they are super-tires. They excel in five vital ways. They have brought new enjoyment to hundreds of thousands of motorists. They have saved millions of dollars in needless tire troubles. Give Them Credit Don't expect a Goodyear Fortified Tire to be entirely trouble-proof. No tire can ever be. Mis- hap and misuse affect all of them. But give Goodyears credit for the rocks they avoid for you, and you are bound to adopt these tires. Note these exclusive features: Rim-cuts are almost unknown in tires with our No-Rim-Cut feature. Blowouts due to wrinkled fabric have been ended by our "On-Air " cure. That process, used by us alone, costs us $450,000 yearly. Loose tread risk is reduced 60 per cent by our patent method. The 126 braided piano wires in each tire base have made the tires secure. Our All -Weather tread combats punctures, skidding and wear. It is tough and double-thick. It has a sharp, resistless grip. Lower Prices — Better Tires Our last big price reduction came February 1st. It was the third in two years, totaling 45 per cent. Yet not an item has been skimped. On the contrary, we spend $100,000 yearly on experts to find ways to build tires better. You are wronging yourself when you don t use Goodyear tires. You lose all these extra protections. You .are missing all that won this tire the ruling place in Tiredom. Any dealer will supply you. THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO., Akron, Ohio Makers of Goodyear "Tiro Saver" Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriaja Tires and Other Types (2321) lu ORCHARD AND FARM Peanut Raising in a Boys' Club (Continued from I'uge Mx.l end of the growing season, thus usinf! all the land, when as by planting as I did large spaces arc not used, in l)lanting on sandy land 1 would soak the seed twenty-iour hours and plant a little deeper than on the heavier land, as the top soil is liable to t. out before the peanut gets enough moisture to bring it up. In cither kind of land, if it is in the right phys- ical condition, a shallow furrow may be made and the peanuts dropped. This way is cheaper than planting with a hoe. The peanuts after being dropped should be covered with a hoe so that the proper depth of covering will be realized. In the case of my alfalfa land, it was too cloddy to plant this waj-. Owing to the lo growing season of the peanut, it should be planted as soon as the dan- ger of frost is over. In this section, as a rule, the first of .April would hf-. the best time, 1 think, fnis would allo\v the later settings to mature, while we were planting a month later, as mine were, a great many less will mature. Cultivation. Owing to the extra work at school 1 did not cultivate as soon as I should have. Cultivation should start as soon as the jjlants are up far enough so there is no danger of covering them, 'i'his will force the plants along and' bring them to maturity quicker, and also lessen the need of hoeing so much. The quicker they can be brought to maturity the better, be- cause early in the fall rather than later better weather for curing gen- erally prevails. With the spreading kind all the machine cultivation must be done early, as later on the runners will be injured. 1 noticed with this variety the later setting of pegs seem to raise the ends of the runners and so do not penetrate the soil readily. I believe in this case if a little dirt was shoveled on the runners toward their ends, it would cause the pegs to pene- trate the ground more readily. I will try this next year. In the case of the bush variety, the soil should be culti- \ ate(l toward the plant, because on ac- count of some of the outside pegs having such a long distance to grow they never reach the ground, but are blasted when the ground is left level. This year the bush variety seemed to have about as many peanuts to the vine as did the spreading variety, but the latter has a great many unma- tured pegs and peas. Under proper treatment 1 believe the spreading variety could be made to be the most prolific bearer. Diseases and Pests. The only fungus disease I noticed was one which caused some of the leaves to turn brown on the tips, but it did not seem to do the plant any particular damage. Only a little patch was attacked by the red spider. When I sulphured these. I left two vines unsulphurcd to sec how much good the sulphuring would do. Tn four days these vines were completelv defoliated. This shows the necessity of being on time. If the spider* had not been killed, they probably would have spread over the whole patch. The first signs of aphis was a gummv appearance of a few of the vines When T examined these T found the pegs and the under surface of the leaves covered with black aphis. A little tobacco spray exterminated them I had considerable trouble with gophers. They cut the top root and the vine withers and dies. For awhile they took froin one to five plants a day. During this time I went through the patch everv morning. Wherever a vine had withered. T lifted it no and due with a shovel till T found the hole. Then T inserted a ball of cotton saturated with carbon bisulphide into it, and stuflfed some grass in the mouth of the hole, and then covered it over with dirt. This treatment, together with some poisoned wheat which I scattered around the mounds, got rid of the most of them. It did not cost much in time or materials and it saved my crop. CROPS IN CALIFORNIA COUNTIES. Last month statements of condi- tions in a number of California coun- ties were 'given by county horti- cultural commissioners. Some that arrived late are given herewith. BUTTE, Earle Mills— The chief planting in the Oroville section is olives. We had over 30,000 by the first of April and they were still com- ing in. About Chico prunes are in great demand with almonds a poor second. CONTRA COSTA. Frank F. Swett — Pears have been damaged in some places by the thrips, but it is too early to say whether there will be a full crop or not. Prunes promise well, but have not reached the droi- stage. Apricots have set a full crop. There has been a considerable acre- age of pears and prunes planted this season. HUMBOLDT. George B. Weather- by — The acreage planted this season has been largely walnuts, pears and apples, with walnuts leading. Prun- ing and spraying have been generally followed, although the poor condition of the apple and peach market last season has caused some to neglect this important work. MODOC, O. C. McManus— We have planted about 12,000 trees and each seems to be doing fine. Berries of all kinds are doing well. Our county seems to be hard to beat on this line. Our early vegetables look fine and our last year's crop of potatoes, beets and carrots are crisp and sweet. Our ap- ples are hard and sweet. Live stock has gone through the winter in splen- did shape. Small grains arc in fine condition and our farmers are looking forward to another splendid crop. MON'TEREY, J. B. Hickman— .Vpricots have set irregularly and will make probably only half a crop. Early sown grain is looking very well. Live- stock is in the best of condition. Feed is in good shape. MENDOCINO, Claude Van Dyke— For the whole of Mendocino county grafted or budded deciduous fruit trees have been passing inspection at the rate of about 25,000 per month for December, January and February. At Ukiah for March 26,000 were received. Hopland section has received many thousand pear and prune trees. This holds also for Ukiah and Potter val- leys, while Round valley is putting out pears and apples, with the coast sec- tion going mostly to apples. By far the greater area is being put to Bart- lett pears the county over, with prunes second and apples third. VENTURA, A. A. Brock— I would like to make a correction in the state- ment regarding conditions in Ventura county. Where it is said that there arc between 60,000 and 70,000 acres sown to grain the figures should be 75,000 acres and the crops beans, not grain. The apricot crop is also much lighter than we thought at first. Farm- ers will do well if they get 75 per cent of a normal crop. Hot east winds during ihe blooming period partly ac- counts for this shortage. A horse can only think of one thing at a time is a saying of a good horse- man. One way of starting a balky horse is to tie his tongue fast to his bit in his mouth. He will get so in- terested in his tongue he will forget about his balking lite Name Behind the Good* Judge Your Car Year-After-Next Time is the big test that your car must meet. No matter how well it performs the first year — it is next year and the year after that tell the story of service or disappointment. The time really to judge the CASE "25" is at the end of the third or fourth year. Then you will fully understand why we are so particular to build mechanical perfection into every CASE car. Our catalog tells in detail of the many parts of this car where we spend jus. to keep your cars out of the repair shops and to give you complete confidence and satisfaction in your investment. Least in Price— Greatest in Value Of the popular-priced cars the CASE "25" costs you least, we maintain, because we include extra accessories to the value of $110.25. Our price is $1350 — less 5 per cent if cash— and the CASE comes equipped with Extra Tire and Tube on Rim with Tire Cover, Weed Non-Skid Tire Chains and 8- Day Clock. These items are necessary — particularly for country driving. Other cars do not include them. Deduct their value — $110.25 — from the CASE price, and then compare it with other cars. CASE cars offer an extra value because we can afford to put more money into their materials and workmanship. We save on sell- ing expense where others must spend, for CASE cars are sold by the same world-wide organiza- tion that handles the entire CASE line of farm power machinery. And this saving gfoes into the cars in added value. Send for Catalog and learn about theCASE— "TheCarWith the Famous Engine." Discount Ca«h Case"25"Complete$1350-5%!? CASE The Car With the Famous Engine NOTE: Ask DO for 1915 catalog picturing and (i.-u-rit ina oar cntiro line of CASE Stwl Thre»hin« Machinerr. 8teHni. Gn- nn I Oil Trur. tnr». CASE-RAOINE Tractor Gang Plows. Corn Sh< lli r> KRlinK Pren^fT, und K«m degree and maintained to suit work in hand. .Saves its cost in a few months, also saves thousands of steps and elim- inates discomfort. No more hot stoves neces- sary. The Comfort is entirely portable and will operate outdoors or indoors. Satisfaction iruar- anteed Price J3.T5 at your local dealers, or direct by mail upon receipt ot cash. Order to-day. .\AT10.>.\I, STAMPINf; * F.I.KCTRIC WORKS. Dept. 50. ChiraKO, IlllDalK. When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farrr. ORCHARD AND FARM II What the Grange Is Doing in Oregon -By C. E. Spence, Mastei State Grange- The Grange in Oregon has stood the test for over ^, ._ forty-two years r^^^ fill stronger to- 1- day in many rc- ' iin. spects than ever before. It is recog- nized as a leader in e d u c a t i n na 1. social and legisla- tive matters, and because of the broad and progres- sive stand it usual- ly takes on public questions it is honored' and respected. The literary programmes, lectures and discus- sions have certainly exerted the great- est influence on farm life in Oregon, making it attractive to boys and girls, bviiiging sunshine and happiness into the farm home such as never before existed. The discussion of public questions in the Grange has served to distribute knowledge, to promote a better understanding and toleration for different view points, making broader minded men and women, and developing leadership in the diiTerent communities. Believing that economical distri- bution through co-operation, and a rural credit system giving the same financial advantages to farmers as are aflforded other industries, are the most important problems to be solved at this time, the Grange aided Grafting Avocado — I have an avo- cado tree. Can you tell me if I can graft or bud it in other fruit trees, and what kind?— H. D. The avocado, as we understand it, is a difficult tree to bud or graft. At all events it cannot be worked over on trees of other kinds. So with nearly all plants, with all but rare exceptions, when grafting is done it has to be upon trees or plants of closelj' related varieties, as plum on peach or pear on quince. Usually the less related the plants, the more un- satisfactory the union and growth. Pear on pear, for example, makes a much larger tree than pear on quince, as quince has a very dwarfing influ- ence. Similarly, with all but rare ex- ceptions it is impracticable to bud or graft upon anything but a different variety of the same species of plant and the avocado cannot be grafted on anything but another avocado. Fly Repellant — What solution is used by dairymen to spray their cows for the purpose of keeping off flies? Where can the same be procured with suitable sprayer, etc.? — N. C. B. There are various fly repellanfs, home made and proprietary. Prac- tically all are of rather limited ef- fectiveness. The U. S. Department tif Agriculture in book on cattle dis- eases states that the following can be made at an average cost of 35 to .50 cents per gallon: From Minnesota — Rancid lard, 1 pound; kerosene, % pint, mixed to- gether to form a creamy mass, gives excellent results for about two days when rubbed with cloth or hand over the skin. Or, apply 3 parts fish oil and one of kerosene, with a small spray pump. Two parts cottonseed oil or fish oil with one part of pine tar, applied with a large paint brush, is used successfully in Mississippi. One part crude carolic acid to ten parts fish oil will repel flies for two or three days. It is applied by rub- bing gently over skin with sponge or cloth. Use small amounts only and do not rub into skin. In South Da- kota this is used: fish oil, 100 parts; oil of tar, 50 pars; crude carbolic, one part. Aoplv with small spraj' pump. It is effective for two davs. Many other mixtures can be used to suit user. Hand spray pumps should be secured from any denier. in the enactment of favorable legis- lation at the last session of the Legis- lature. There are a number of suc- cessful co-operative institutions in the State, but the great problem of eco- nomical distribution is far from being solved. Co-operation is the key to the situation and the Grange is pledged to aid in opening the door. It is largely through the influence of the Grange that Oregon has the initiative and referendum, the recall of public officials, a direct primary, corrupt practices act, equal suffrage and prohibition, and it has steadfast- ly opposed every effort of machine politicians to render the initiative and referendum useless to the common people. While the Grange has consistently favored good roads, it has opposed the many bonding schemes advanced by those seeking pleasure boulevards at the expense of the producer and consumer whose supplies are hauled over mud roads. "Business before Pleasure" and "Pay as you go" are the good roads policies of the Ore- gon State Grange. RAISING SKUNKS FOR FUR. To "Orchard and Farm": In your April issue I notice you wish to know who raises skunks. I have followed this business about twenty years and can give much information regard- ing it. Skunks are less wild than any ani- mal for the fur farmer to raise. Their diet permits a good deal of range in feeding, and the problem of furnish- ing pens for raising them is less com- plicated than other fur-bearers. An enclosure for skunks should oc- cupy a well-drained, sandy hillside, shaded by trees, partly open, with plenty of grass. One acre will be plenty of room for 50 grown skunks. A 4-foot fence of poultry netting, with an overhanging top of about 18 inches, is enough to keep them in. Wire should be 16 gauge and of 1 inch mesh. This fence will not keep out dogs, unless it is overhung on both sides. Solid fences of boards or roofing iron serves to a better ad- vantage. Fence should extend two feet under ground to orevent dig- ging out. Besides the main enclosure, a breeding pen for each female should be provided. Good boxes, with board floors, serve best, but they must be kept dry. Meat, fish, bread, raw and cooked vegetables and fruit, bugs, etc., and scraps from the table will keep the animals in good condition. Cornmeal cakes, with small pieces of meat, is also well liked, also fresh milk, green corn and cooked hominy. A skunk can be raised on what is required to keep a cat, and the same food is good for both. Skunks usually breed but once a year in captivity, but occasionallv two litters are produced. One male should be kept for six or seven fe- males. The mating is in February or early March, the young are born in May, and mature and the fur is prime about December.— M. L. LITTLE. Yamhill County, Oregon. A list of peach varieties grown in different sections of the United States, with time of ripening, has been published by the United States Department of Agriculture. By it a peach grower can tell just what his peaches will have to compete with normally. The varieties are given not only by States, but by counties, and that in detail. The United States Department of Agriculture has issued a new bulletin on the drainage of irrigated lands. T!rc$tone Producing the Proof in Quality and Price HERE they are — plain as day — the "extras" in Firestone Tires that cost you nothing extra! Examine the section — note the piled-in values you get at average price; you need the extra fabric; you need that cushion stock — there isn't any in the average tire; why do without it when the cost is the same for Firestones? The reason why Firestone Tires deliver so much more Mileage is in the "extras" you see here. And the reason for these "extras" is in the Firestone production — a simple business question of making and selling. Nobody can equal Firestone in Economy of Manufacture and Distribution. Firestone Tires are made in the Largest Exclusive Tire Plant in America; they are made by experts whom "practice makes perfect" — this saves you money. Firestone methods of marketing are so managed that you get the tires, tubes, accessories — whatever you need in fire service— with least handling and ex- pense— this saves you money. Examine the section — remember, too, that you get the same relative de- gree of Mileage no matter what size of tire you buy. The values are there — beyond question or dispute. Your dealer has Firestones— for mo- torcycle as well as automobile. I£ not, he can get them easily. Firesto ne Net Prices to Car-Ow ners 1 Case 1 Roand Treid 1 Case Non-Slcid Grey Tube Red Tube 30 X 3 $ 9.40 $10.55 1 $2.20 1 $2.50 30 X 3^^ 11.90J 13.35 1 2.60 2.90 32 X 3 "4 13.75 15.40 2.70 3.05 34 X 4 19.90 22.30 3.90 4.40 34 X 4 'A 27.30 30.55 1 4.80 5.40 36 X 4 28.70 32.15 1 5.00 5.65 37 X 5 35.55 1 39.80 1 5.95 6.70 'Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, O. 'Ammrica*» LargeMt Excluaivm Tire and Rim Maker* ' ' Branches and Dealers Everywhere Actual Size 5-iiich "Non- Skid" FIRESTONE •l.l.'l ! Fig. 1. 7 plies of Sea-Island iabric in N^^vNNN ' Firestone — some are satisfied \Vv. with 6. \\ Fig. 2. Extra coating of finest rubber be- v*Vw^A tween fabric layers in Firestone —not in the ordinary. Fig. 3. Vb inch Pure Para Rubber cushion layer in Firestone —none in the ordinary. Fig. 4. 3-32 inch Breaker Strip of Sea-Island fabric and high-grade rubber in Firestone —less in the ordinary. Fig. 5. % inch Tread, tough, resilient, gripping in Firestone — less in the ordinary. Fig. 6. Vft inch side wall of strongest rubber in Firestone — less in the ordinary. Fig. 7. Firestone Bead, built into tire spe- ci2illy for clincher rims in Firestone. In the ordinary tire the clincher part of bead is only a patch applied to straight side type to fill * clincher" space. Yet you pay only ///////} k for this 37 X 5 inch //////// Firestone NON- SKID-20% be- low the aver- age of four widely ad- vertised ///^mrntK^- makes. //^gHKrZ^g Firestone Tube Bag Free Send us your dealer's name and the make of your tires and we will send you, free, a fine rubberized Tube Bag. Will keep tubes in prime condition. Write today, (iet also, the Book on Care and Repair of Tires. Ask for Book No. 37 (f/A 12 ORCHARD AND FARM Early History of the California Grange -By F. L. Hunt, Past Master- Last summer I took a Mason jar out to my squash patch, and, laying it down close up to a vine, I care- fully placed inside the open jar a little squash that was only a week or ten days from the blossom and left it there. In a short time that little squash had grown so much that the jar could no longer contain it; so after it had filled the jar full of squash, it continued to grow till there was a great deal more squash on the out- side of the jar than on the inside. Do you see what I am up against when I am asked to produce a his- tory of the Grange in California and only given a quart jar to put it in? Very few farmers in California to- day, whether they are members of the order of Patrons of Husbandry or not, think or realize what they owe to those pioneers who got together in Pilot Hill, Eldorado county, in Au- gust, 1870, and organized the first Grange in the State. / The very fact that this faithful lit- tle band of pioneer farmers held to- gether the only Grange in this great State for nearly three years redounds to their everlasting credit. On July 15, 1873, the second Grange was organized in Napa. From this time on the Pilot Hill Grange had plenty of company; for we find it recorded that when the first State Grange was organized in Napa in 1873 it was started with representa- tives from twenty-eight subordinate Granges. A very interesting account of the organization of the State Grange in California is given in an article from the pen of Mrs. A. T. Dewey, one of the pioneer members. I quote as ■follows: "On the morning of the 15th of July, 1873, an earnest little band of Patrons of Husbandry were gatherinr' from various parts from our loved State in the beautiful city of Napa to organize the State Grange of Califor- nia. Many came with their own teams, a larger proportion than at anv later session. The new arrivals on each incoming train were met ' Brothers Nash, Fisher. Gridley, and other active members of Napa Grange, who most cordially received and right royally entertained them throughout the entire session. The choice of two hotels and the homes of many of the members were at our disposal. In any event, whichever our choice was, we were welcome, thrice welcome, and hotel bills set- tled by the members of Napa Grange. "I am glad to state that the num- ber of Granges and delegates in- creased so rapidly before the next session that never again have the lo- cal Granges been able or attempted to foot all bills." I wish I might quote further, but that quart jar stares me in the face. I^ooking over the list of the dele- gates to this first State Grange. I am unable to find the names of any who are now identified in the Grange work. If this storv should come to the at- tention of any of these delegates, we would be much pleased to hear from them. To N. W. Oarretson as a renrcsen- tativc of the National Gransre b'-1""'' = the honor of organizing the Califor- nia State Grange. At the seventeenth annual session of the National Grange, which was held in St. Louis, the platform of the order, known as "The Declaration of Purposes." was adopted. Not many members of the order to-day know that this document was written by the first master of the California State Grange, Brother J. W. A. Wright. I am inclined to believe that Brother Wright "builded better than he knew" when he composed that document, for during all these years it has stood without change as the platform upon which we stand. It is largely owing to the sound, conservative policies that have always been adopted and promulgated by the order that it has been able to survive so many other farmer's organizations that have come into existence, flour- ished for a time, and then passed out of existence. The Grange has had its ups and downs as have all fraternal orders, but during the forty-two years of its life in California it has never wavered from its original purpose, which, in short, is "to educate and ele- vate the American farmer." It is said that the farmers are the hardest people in the world to stay organized. I suppose the foundation for this statement is the fact that so rhany organizations of farmers have failed to hold together and ceased to exist. When these non-existent or- ganizations are lined up alongside the Grange, and the latter is the only one that can boast of such a long period of usefulness, it will be admitted that the Grange must have some merit that was not possessed by these other orders. Orchard and Farm i.s the only farm paper In California with memberHhIp In The Audit Bnrean of Circulation!!. CO-OPERATIVE FIRE IN- SURANCE IN THE GRANGE Co-operation is one of the first ob- jects of Grange organization. Fire insurance as carried on by the com- mercial or old line companies has al- Avays been very expensive and in many cases far from satisfactory and the Grange has worked for years to se- cure some better system of insurance for the members. In its earlier days the Grange ad- vocated local associations among its members whereby each agreed to share each others loss by fire. This system eliminated expense to the low- est possible amount. It was not or- ganized as a money making, but a money saving institution. In this re- spect it has proved a working success. In nearly every case reports show the actual cost to members for insurance has been less than half, in some cases less than one-third and in some in- stances as low as one-fourth of the cost of insurance in the commercial companies. As a result the system has spread to nearly all parts of the country where the Grange has a foot- hold. In many of the States the operation of the Co-operative Association is confined to the county in which it is organized. New York, Pennsylvania, Maine and Michigan are notable ex- amples of county organization. Kan- sas and Colorado have State organiza- tions and all show splendid results. The Patrons' Mutuals of New York carry over one hundred million dol- lars of risks divided among twenty- seven county associations. Kansas carries risks of over fifteen millions. This company was organized in 1889 under a special act of the Legislature permitting the company to do busi- ness without being subject to the statutes governing mutual insurance. In California County Mutual Fire Insurance Companies were authorized by act of the Legislature approved April 1, 1897. Some seventeen county organizations were instituted under this act, but these companies were not confined to Grange membership. Some six years ago the State Sp."'^"o!^,.ert THE CX»rnNENT One Firm One Service One Guarantee back of every J-M Automobile Accessory. JoHNS-^ANViLLE IHOCK ABSORBER 15 PER PAIR Built Right and Priced Right Smooths out the ruts and bumps in every road. Does away with the vibrations which shorten the life of eveiy automobile part. A real shock absorber in per- formance as well as in name. Fits any spring up to 2}i^ wide. Adjustable to any weight of car. Attachment simple — no special knowledge or special tools required. Supplied with spring perch for attaching to Ford cars. If your dealer can not supply you, i033 Brakejining Economy Commends It Safety Demands It Over half a century's specialization in Asbestos products has taught us how to make good brake lining. And by this we mean brake lining that not only insures safety by proving dependable in every emer- gency, but also economy because it outlasts ordinary lining. J-M Non-Burn Brake Lining is made from pure, long-fibred Ca- nadian Asbestos, tightly woven and reinforced by strong brass wire. It will not burn on the steepest, long- est down-hill grade. It is imper- vious to water, oil and gasoline. Sold in cartons containing cut pieces of exact size for the brake bands of all popular makes of cars. write us direct. Send for Booklets. H. W. JOHNS - MANVILLE CO. 324 Madison Avenue, New York 47 Branches Service Stations in all Large Cities Grange of California took steps to secure a State organization confined to members of the order only. For this purpose a special act of the Legislature was required, or at least one differing from that under which the county mutuals were acting, so a bill was drawn authorizing the forma- tion and operation of fraternal fire insurance associations in this State. The measure was bitterly opposed by the stock companies and its pas- sage delayed for a time, but the Patrons of California were in earnest and continued their agitation from session to session until the bill was eventually passed and signed by the Governor. A temporary organization was then formed to prepare the neces- sar papers and make arrangements to begin business under tbe act permit- ting fraternal fire associations in Cali- fornia. The committee appointed consisted of Worthy Past Master E. T. Pettit, W. B. Whitney, W. H. Livingston, C. J. Wood, A. Van Maren and Thomas Jacob. Business arrangements preventing Brother VVood from giving the matter the necessary attention he resigned and W. E. Stewart was appointed to fill the vacancy. Several meetings have been held and the forms of application, by-laws and policies of other States carefully examined and a form of ap- plication will soon be ready for dis- tribution to the Grange of this Slate and steps taken to put the movement in operation. THOS. JACOB. Visalia, Cal. The mosquito seems like a futile sort of creature, but it is marvelous how it sticks to its job. I 4 H P. Cushman is the one practical binder enslne >WeiKh.sonly 190 lbs., su , , I for binder only 167 lbs. ^ Attachments for any . - b binder. Engine drivca^^^^^** ' sickle and all machin-^^^i I ery. Since horses have only ^ I to pull machine. 2 horses easily handle an &-foot I binder in heavy grain. 'Same enjrine used on Com Binders; also I does all other farm work up to 4M H. P. \Very light weight and easy to move k around. Runs more ' steadily than most heavy kengines, because of Throttle 1 Governor and perfect baUnceT For All Farm Work 8H. P. 2-cyl. Cushman weijrhsonly 820 lbs. :f or heavier farm work, includ- ing filling silos, prrindinc:. sawinpr. an as power drive on Corn Pick*rs and Hay Balers. 20H. P.2-cylinderweiifhs only 1200 lbs. Mounted on truck it will do^ any kind of work from 8 to 22 H. P. | Cushman Engines are not choap sines, but they are cheap In the lone i runi as they do so many jobs heavy en- ' g'ines cannot do. Equipped with Schebler Carbnri'tor. \ Friction Clutch Pulley, and Forced Water Cool- j ingSy.stem that prevents overheatinfr. Askforfree Engine Book. \ cushman; MOTOR works/ BBO N. 2\mt St»«•4^ UNCOIJI, NKBM., ORCHARD AND FARM HEI{CULES Buy Loaded Shells TWENTY years ago the majority of men who Used shotguns loaded their own shells. Thesale of "loaded shells" was very small. Today conditions are re- versed. The loading compa- nies, as they are called, furnish t he average field or trap shot loaded shells superior to those he can load himself. The high standard of workmanship maintained by these compa- nies guarantees the quality of any standard make of shell. When buying loaded shells the two important things to consider are : first, the name of the maker and loader ; second, the name of the poM'der with which the shells are loaded. Ask for your favorite brand of shells and specify Infa^Uible Smokeless Shol^un Powder Your dealer will supply you. InfaUible may be obtained in all standard makes of shells. The name appears on the top wad. Look forit when buying. Infallible Smokeless Shotgun Pow- der is uniform in quality and helps make your shooting uniform. It is water-proof, weather-proof, and age- proof. Has unusually light recoil, gives even patterns and high velocity. The next time you buy shells ask for Infallible. Yours for the asking ! Two Interest- ing booklets, Trapshooting" treats of tiiis delightful sport from the view- point of both the beginner and the veteran. 'Her- cules Sporting Powders'' is of interest to everyone who owns a rifle, shotgun or revolver. Write today. iBEi^ULES POWDEIl CO. CHRONICLE BUILDING, San Francisco, Cal. Gooseberry Growing at Greenfield To '"Orchard and Farm": I wish to to tell about a much neglected berry, the gooseberry. 1 hear some one say that they cannot be raised in Cali- fornia, but listen, so I thought at one time, but when I came to Greenfield I found out differently, so if you will bear with me a little while I will tell you about it. I was visiting a neighbor and I made the remark that I did not think gooseberries would bear in California. He answered saying, "Come along with me and I will show you," and he showed me some Downings that were loaded with berries. What fol- lows is the outcome of seeing those few Downing bushes. If you are planting any berries, do not fail to set out a few gooseberry bushes, if you are in a locality suit- able for them. Gooseberry pie is the first to suggest itself when you men- tion gooseberries. Then for the mak- ing of jam they are unexcelled by any of the tart berries; they can be shipped long distances, do not have to be pruned as much as most berries do, nor do they need wires and a trellis. Soil. The best soil condition is a seepy or sub-irrigated one, it may be a sediment, or sandy loam, or it may chance to be a somewhat heavy soil, but these ideal conditions are few and far between. The next best is a sandy loam supplemented with irri- gation. Avoid gravelly or heavy land, as is commonly called "adobe" if you wish the best results. Too much stress can hardly be put upon climate, for only in a compara- tively few places can gooseberries be grown profitably on account of cli- matic conditions. A cool, dry climate is best. Too near the coast where fog comes in they get the coolness, but are liable to mildew on account of the moisture in the atmosphere. In fact, around Napa, I am told, some kinds mildew so badly as to be almost worthless, and the berries must be free from fungous if one expects to sell to ad- vantage. Good localities are places protected from fog or in from the coast far enough to be away from the fog in the growing season, but which still get ocean breezes to be cool. If the above places are protected from the fog and also protected from cool winds, it may be too warm for them, as they sunburn very easily. They can be grown in a variety of soils and climates to a limited extent, but I am endeavoring to give the best conditions obtainable, for the best is none too good for those who expect to plant for commercial purposes. Then why put out a berry plantation of any size except in a tried location? Planting and Cultivating. Use wire or a sled marker as pre- ferred, to mark ground, but be sure to get the rows straight. Dig holes about a foot square and make a small mound in center of hole so as to give the roots a downward start, as the gooseberry is considered a shallow rooted bush. Dip roots in water, having along with vou a bucket or tub of water for the purpose. Fill hole two-thirds full, firm down, and finish filling with loose earth. Give clean cultivation and do not let even one weed grow to any size. Better do not set any berries at all than to set them and not take the best of care of them, for good care is half or two-thirds of the battle. Be sure to get varieties suited to vour loca- tion. Some kinds do well in some places and other do better in another. A good deal depends on the variety one plans in any place. Market. Gooseberries can be shinped any- where in the United States and ar- rive in as good a condition as can cranberries. As they are picked for market while yet green and firm, the> do not fall down as most berries do in the shipping. Then if one does not choose to sell green, they can be canned easily, or made into jam if one understands the business well enough to make a No. 1 article. We in Greenfield ship to Los Ange- les and San Francisco. Wc are al- most midway between these two cities and have a strategic location as to market facilities, being near the coast line of the Southern Pacific Railroad. We use 20-pound peach boxes to ship in mostly and line boxes with paper to keep them clean and to show berries to better advantage. The wind or a fanning machine mill may be used to clean the berries of leaves and any other trash that may get into them while being picked. Do not put in any inferior berries. So far we have sent the bulk of our crop to the commission houses and will continue to do so as long as our treatment is as good as it has been, but if for any reason we become dis- satisfied with conditions, we will have to conduct ourselves accordingly. I have been employed by other people in the past and I came to the con- clusion a good while ago that I did not have to work for any certain man or firm. Prices are high on first berries on the market, prices on the bulk of the crop the last few years running around l2 to 1-5 cents a pound, get- ting as low as six and seven cents. Sometimes real late berries bring as high a price as tlie early ones. Location. I know of no place quite so suit- able in most respects as is Greenfield, Salinas Valley, Monterey county. We have the sandy loam soil, the cool, dry atmosphere through the growing season and irrigation to supply the moisture and easily accessible mar- kets, so why need we worry? There may be other places in the Salinas valley where they will do well and some other of the coast counties, but that is to be proven yet in most places. In the Sierra foothills I am told they can be raised if one gets high enough to get away from the heat and fog. In Greenfield we have made it our business for several years to test varieties, observing climatic and other conditions. While we have tested out a good many kinds of both English and American sorts, none have shown any mildew nor any other of the diseases most common to the gooseberry. Some varieties bear heavier than others and on that account are more profitable. If interested in gooseberry grow- ing, I invite you to come to Green- field and help us to build up the gooseberry industry. Questions will be answered if a stamp is inclosed. Gooseberry Specialist. E. C. HALL. Note by Editor. It would be more profitable for readers in general if the questions were asked through "Orchard and Farm" so that others besides in- quirers could get the benefit of re- plies. On a recent visit to Napa, referred to in above letter, wc found that cer- tain gooseberry varieties do very well there. Albert F. Etter in southern Humboldt county finds that they pro- duce excellently for him and they also produce well in parts of Oregon, where thev are grown quite exten- sively. There certainly is a fine opening for them. Some folks object more to a soiled hand than they do to a soiled char- acter. He is rich who is happy with what he has. 13 HEI^ULES POWDERS Better, Bigger Crops with the Help of Dynamite ON the modern farm dynamite has become recognized as an im- portant factor in producing bigger and better crops. In every field of agricultural labor this comparatively new- found power is proving its great worth. By its aid the progressive farmer is planting trees, draining land, digging ditches, removing rocks, sub- soiling land, excavating cel- lars, cisterns, etc. These things can be done more quickly, more thoroughly, and »fith less expense than by any other method when you use HE1{CULES DYNAMITE In tree planting and sub-soiling es- pecially, it has proved itself of re- markable value. Farms that were thought played-out" are now pro- ducing better crops than ever because of Hercules Dynamite. Sub-soiling has brought them renewed fertility. When you depend upon the plow alone to prepare the land , you merely scratch the surface. Herclues Dyna- mite by means of sub-soiling loosens the earth to a depth never reached by a plow. It breaks up the hard lower strata, thereby improving the drain- age and giving the crops the fresh, rich subsoil upon which to thrive. Get Our Valuable Book Free "Progressive Cultivation" written in a plain understandable style, tells how to increase your crops greatly by this simple and inexpensive method. Also tells of the other money-saving uses for Hercules Dyna- mite on the farm. Whether your farm is large or small, you need this book — and it's yours for the asking. Write today. HEifS:ULBS POWDEH^CO. CHRONICLE BUILDING, San Francisco, Cal. 14 ORCHARD AND FARM CAUSTIC SODA ON STRAW FOR FERTILIZER. Among the methods for the dis- posal of straw in grain farming that of O. E. Fretag of Oregon City, Ore., is one of the most interesting and helpful for the continued fertility of LAND With Pay Day Every Day That's the kind of land for the fanner of moderate means. In a few years you will be Independ- ently rich; then plant part of your land to olives, Aks, peaches, etc. But to make money Q.UICK- L.Y AND .SUREl^V there's noth- InK better than cows, hogs and chickens, raised on alfalfa, at FAIRMEAD the worth-while fruit and alfalfa section of the San Joaquin Val- ley, where land prices are still low. V%Tiere an acre of alfalfa will support a cow the year round; WTiere good cows are brln^nK In around 30c each per day; ^Vhere 20 cows mean 90.00 per day, CASH; Wliere you can raise hog;s at 4c per pound and sell them for 7c to lOc CASH. Fill out and send to-day for free booklet. Co-Operative Land Company ."S95 Market St., San Francisco. Please send me free booklet, "How to Secure a Farm at Fair- mead on Easy Terms." Name -Address FOR BULBS See HOG AX, KOOYMAK & CO. Wholesale Florists 27 ST. ANNE ST. SAN FRANCISCO Day-old chicks : bromi. \Thite and buff Ijeffhoms, Rockg and Reds. AJI stock is flrst class. Reduced prices. Also stock and eegs for sale. JAMES D. YATES. Poultry Judge Mo- desto. CaJ. the soil. It consists of the application of caustic soda to the stack as it is be- ing made up, allowing the winter's rains to wash it down into the stack, corroding the straw and reducing it to a condition closely resembling stable manure. This plan he has practiced with excellent results. By spring, when it is time to distribute the straw over the liclds, the straw has rotted so that when one drives a fork into it it will break ofT in lumps as will stable manure, and in this condition it quick- ly is incorporated into the soil. .\boiit thirty pounds of soda are used to the ton. It had better be put on now and again as the stack is be- ing built to given an even distribution. The stack should be finished off flat so that the water will sink in. It should not be finished, as most stacks are, to shed water. A rather liberal application of soda is put on top. Straw frequently is a difficult mate- rial to handle or to get incorporated into the soil, hence the burning often done. Hence also the lack of humus in most old grain lands, which, with the plow sole, makes the two great reasons for the great deterioration of such lands. When straw is thus cor- roded it carries back to the soil hu- mus just as would stable manure, which ordinarily cannot be plentifully enough applied to grain lands and other plant foods which would be de- stroyed by burning. The caustic soda, though itself not considered a plant food (although plants take up much soda from the soil), acts vigorously on the soil and by chemical action frees potash and other foods, but particularly potash. The benefits to the straw therefore are only part of the good it does. In theory the practice looks good from a chemical standpoint. Mr. Fretag finds it works out equally well. The cover page picture of a Sutter county scene was provided by the Sacramento Valley Exposition Com- mission, photo by McCurry Photo Company of Sacramento. A young girl, wishing to see the world had attired herself in her father's clothes. The newspapers the following day had headlines such as this: "Flees in father's pants." Engine Insurance THEI Hickey Condenser HALF ACTUAL SIZE Positively gtiaranteed to prevent overheating of motor and conse- quent delays. It is readily attached in place of the radiator cap of any automobile. Cannot get out of order. Prolongs the life of engine. Keeps your radiator filled. It Is the Watch Dog of Your Water Supply 1,1 VE AGKXTS W.\XTKD. .\sk Your Accessory Dealer for It, or I'se the .'\ttached Coupon. HICKKY CONUBNSFR CO., 22 Battery St., San Francisco, Cal. Inclosed find $5.00, for which send one Hickey Condenser, with the understanding that you will return full purchase price if not found satisfactory after 30 da>s' trial. Name Address . City State AYSHIRE PURCHASES. The .-Ayrshire Quarterly gives the names of the following Pacific Coast dairymen who have purchased pure bred Ayrshires since January 1, 1915. This list includes established breed- ers, as well as dairymen just start- ing pure bred herds. Washington: V. W. Haselton, Everett; E. Grung- stad, Skamokawa; Ed. Parrott, Ever- son; Geo. Kingsbury, Maple Valley; A. H. Carvosso, Bellingham; Henry Tingley, Hamilton. Oregon: H. W. Domes, McCoy; W. J. Domes, .McCoy; Wm. Flynn, Oakland; T. A. Boulden, .■\mity. California: Manley Lumber Co., I-'ort Jones; H. S. Wells, Edgewood; Joseph Barboni. Petalu- ma; Chris White, .Ager; F. E. Heath, Berkeley; Robert S. Brown, Petalu- ma; Melone Co.. Xapa; Chas. G. Mar- tin, Petaluma; Henry D. King, Peta- luma; J. W. Hanner, Patterson; Santa Ysabel Ranch, Santa Ysabel. GAINS FROM GRINDING GRAIN. .As grains are in the West usually the most expensive part of the food for stock, and as grinding the grain materially increases its food value, this opens up an opportunity for a better utilization of the grain. It will not pay to haul grain to town to have it ground and then haul it back again, but where conditions justify it it will pay to have a grinder on the ranch. }4ard grains, such as corn, kafir corn, milo maze, wheat and barley arc par- ticularly benefited by grinding. The help from grinding is that when the food is pulverized the digestive juices are more completely and also save the animal the work and energy required to digest and eliminate it. Thus, grind- ing grains enables an animal to cdh- snme more bulky foods. A smaller amount goes a longer way. It is p.ir- ticularly valuable when prices are high, as they now are. Telling people to mind their own business pre-supposcs they have both business and mind, which is often a grave mistake. — Toledo Blade. Where thought is shallow, reitera- tion and vociferation may be made to serve as argument. — .^Ibanv Jour- nal. Dodge Brothers MOTOR CAR When you ride In It you will real- ize that it has all the respon- siveness, comfort and power >ou want in a car. It gets away in- stantaneously and skims the road silently ^nd smoothly without motor vibration or sidesway at high speed. The motor seems always to have more and still more power when occasion requires. There is no choking at low speed in high gear, and there is an unusual freedom from gear shifting. At full speed there is scarcely a tremor of the motor. These qualities evidence the fine engineering skill that has been employed in manufacturing and assembling the entire power plant, but they are not the only qualities that enable you to realize to the full the delights of motoring. The one-man top, with its Jiffy curtains, for example, assures you instant protection against Inclement weather, and the car's unusual roominess, the depth and softness of the real leather upholster} with its filling of natural curled hair, the design of the seals, and the buoyancy and sensitiveness of the self- lubricating springs, make you unmindful of distance. The 30-3.T horse-power motor is cast en bloc, with removable head, which allows the valves and pistons to be easily cleaned. The rear axle Is of the full float- ing type, with Timken bearings throughout. Imported Swiss bearings are used in the clutch and transmission. The electrical equipment include.« a water-proof Bisemann magneto for ignition, and a twelve-volt Northeast motor generator for the starting and lighting system. The steel body, finished in ebony black, has a pure stream line from tonneau to radiator. The oval moulded fenders, the grace- ful cowl and the shapely hood, are all distinctive in appearance. These features are evidences of quality, but no list of specifloa- tlons can tell you the story of the car as completely or as con- vincingly as the car itself. The wheel base Is 110 Inches. The price of the car complete is $"S5 (f. o. b. Detroit). Canadian price »1,100 (add freight from Detroit). Dodge BRDTHER5140 Jos.Campau Ave.DETRDIT ORCHARD AND FARM 15 PRESERVING EGGS. Please give formula for preserving eggs in boracic solution and oblige. — Subscriber. Wc are not familiar with any boracic acid method of preserving eggs. The water glass method is now leading by a big margin all other metiiods and if eggs can be preserved by boracic acid, the method is at least much inferior to the use of water glass (or solution of silicate of sodium). Some instruc- tions regarding the latter wc condense from a bulletin of the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station at Pullman. It was found some years ago at this station that the lime water method and the water glass method were su- perior to all others. However, lime water gave a chalky flavor to the eggs, and water glass did not, so water glass is much the better. Eggs for preserving should be col- lected daily, from clean nests and healthy hens. Use no stale, dirty eggs, or eggs with thin or cracked shells. Infertile eggs (where no rooster has run with the flock) are to be preferred. Glazed earthenware jars, galvanized tubs, or buckets and wooden tubs or kegs are used. All should be per- fectly clean. Wooden receptacles should be scalded before using. The container should be just large enough to hold the eggs to be preserved. Following is convenient size jars; the approximate number of eggs thevwill ANKER-HOLTH The Different Separator The An- ker • Holth Cream Sep- arator is the only sepa- rator with a bowl guar- anteed nev- er to get out of balance. The An- ker - Holth Cream Sep- arator is the only m a- chine with a CO m p 1 e t e splash oil- ing system — not an oil cup or oil hole — no oil can necessary. The Anker-Holtli Cream Sepa- rator is the only machine that has an interchangeable skimming de- vice. You can put it together any way you pick it up. The Anker-Holth Cream Sepa- rator has detachable shelves, the bowl empties at the bottom; it is light running; it is one of the clos- est of skimmers, simple and dur- able. We will establish an agent in every town. The J. C. Robinson Co., m/i First SU Portland, Ore. hold, and the pints of v.ater g'aso so- lution required to cover the egg Size of Coutuiuer Will Hold. Water-glass Req. 1 gai'on 40 ogiw ;i pints, lU oimeeb 2 jirtll.-'n 7S<) i-ggs 7 piutb, 3 ounees o i;:illon 120pi;B8. 10 pints, IS ounces 4 gallon Irt0c{;;s 14 pints. G ounces .■> gallon aO!' egus 18 piiit^. 0 ounces 10 {gallon 40tt CBSs 36 pints. 0 oinices The proportion of water glass to water varies. Some have used one part water glass to twenty of water, but best results run about 1 to 9 or 10. Owing to the fact that freshly drawn water contains carbon dioxide, it is best to boil the water to drive of! the carbon dioxide, and cool be- fore adding the water glass. The water glass affects the white oi the egg to a very slight degree, but they can still be used for most purposes almost as well as fresh eggs. They are not satisfactory for poaching, but can be used for frying, boiling, scrambling and pastry. When used for boiling, a pin prick should be made in one end, or the egg shell will break on heating. In all instances wash the eggs before using. The preserving of eggs is carried on to a much greater degree than it was few years back. Properly pre- served eggs will serve one's needs ones and unquestionably bette." than the average cold storage product sold upon the market. HOLSTEIN NEW DAIRY QUEEN. The Guernsey cow, recently award- ed the laurels for being the world's champion butter producer for yearly record, has been displaced by a young Holstein, Findcrne Holingen Fayne, who in 365 consecutive days produced 24,612.8 pounds of milk, containing the extraordinary amount of 1,116.05 pounds of fat, sufficient to make 1,302.06 pounds of butter. This is the best butler record of any and all breeds. She freshened at the age of 3 years, 4 months, 14 days, so is far from being a mature cow. During the year's test she not only held her own, but gained in weight 250 pounds, now weighing about 1,450 pounds. Her sire is King Hengerveld Aggie Fayne, her dam Mutual Holingen Fayne. She was bred by Bernhard Meyer, Finderne, New Jersey, and is now owned by the Somerset Hol- stein Breeders' Company, Somerville, N. J. The test was made under the supervision of the New Jersey Agri- cultural College. Another cow, owned and bred as above, Finderne Pride Johanna Rue, has broken the full aged record in the eight months' division by producing in seven con- secutive days 22.525 pounds fat, 484.3 pounds milk. She displaces Banos- tine Belle De Kol, formerly world's champion butter producer. Sour milk is claimed to kill the old- age germs in a person's digestive tract. Now the claim is made that it kills the germs of white diarroea in baby chicks, or at least to be a pre- ventive of the disease and a great aid in fighting it as well as supplying the chicks with much-needed animal food. "Hard work," says a doctor, "is the best cure for neurasthenia," but what the most of us are looking for is a cure for hard work. — Philadelphia In- quirer. DO YOU KNOW DOL AN? DOLLAR FOR DOLLAR Wo liave foi- sale for the next ten (lays, one bundrcii thou- sand dollars' worth of buildinK material at tlie lowest prices ever known on the Coa.st. Tliis is bonaflrlc and we will prove if if you let us flpire your wants, cither small lots or carload. We guarantee entire staiafaction. Sl'ECIALiS. Cedar Hidlne. IflO.OO per M, f. o. b. 4-lneli KTlaxeil pipe, cent« per foot. WliKlnilll nud tank and pump, $50.00. ToiletN, »5.(IO up; SiDkH, »1.0t» up. WliidowH, »1.00! Sanh, 25 centa upt Doorn, 2.' eentM up. Dolan Wrecking and Construction Co. 1630 Market St.. San Franelneo, Cal. '-{ho price of harness und iwo^oodmubs! "It can't be done." declared the chief engineer. "You asked me to design a four to five horse-pull tractor which would contain the best material, with an ample margin of safety in all its parts and a strong basic design. You said nothing about price. I followed your instructions. There are the plans and it can't be profitably sold for less than seven hundred and fifty dollars. To sell it for six hun- dred or less is out of the question." He was one of a group surrounding a table covered with blue- prints and scratch-pads. "In that case," said the president firmlj, "we will not build a small tractor. A great field exists for it, true enough. The smaller acreages, twenty to one hundred acres, abound everywhere. They yield a revenue necessarily small, making close attention to economy of operation very necessary. The owner who would preserve his peace of mind must watch the leaks and do nearly all of his own work. Hired labor eats big holes In profits. "But to be really 'successlul' the machine must represent greater things than a mere saving in operating costs. The price must be low. Above all else, it must be dependable in construction, which my specifications insure. I realize that the two are dltficult to com- bine, but more than once in our sixteen years experience in manu- facturing and twelve in building tractors our reputation for build- ing dependable products has been the very life of the Institution. In times of stress we have leaned upon it as our greatest asset, while others, less fortunate, struggled against overwhelming odds. Unless the machine can be buili as I have specified for six hundred dollars or less we shall not build a small tractor. We cannot and will not endanger our reputation and the confidence of the public b> putting out an inferior machine." The keenest disappointment showed in every face as the pres- ident paused. The joy of creation which these trained men had known so well for the past few weeks had been taken away. The chief engineer broke the silence and repeated. "The designs cannot be cheapened without sacrificing strength. Unless," and his face brightened instantly He had struck the solution. We built the machine without a change. The price is five hundred and seventy-five dollars. The remainder c^f the conversation, one that actually occurred In our office, will be found in our new book, "The Price of Harness and Two Good Mules." Use the coupon to secure it free. CLIP THE COUPON SAMSON IRON WORKS, Stockton, Cal. Please send me. without charge, the book, "The Price of Harness and Two Good Mules." I have acres truck farm. acres alfalfa. acres orchard, acres vineyard, acres grain. Name Address -- Honlg Advertising Co. IG ORCHARD AND FARM The Work of a County Farm Adviser At a recent conference of county farm advisers of California the Xapa County Farm Bureau was scored ten points above the other bureaus in operation. This is not necessarily an indication that its benefits surpassed those of other bureaus, but at all events the Napa County Farm Bur- eau is ■well rounded out and doing excellent work. As this whole matter of farm advisers is one of the big- gest there is, close attention can well be given to it. The Napa County Farm Bureau lias been in operation approximately eight months only, though the farm adviser, Herman J. Baade, started in imder very satisfactory circumstances, having been teacher of agriculture at the Napa High SchooFfor a year and thus being familiar with the county and with many farmers. For this reason it took but little, time to get acquainted and to get the work in full swing. Organization. The farm adviser does not go it alone. He works in a F'arm Bureau as the general manager of a corpora- tion w'ould work with a corporation. This Farm Bureau is composed of all farmers in. the county who are inter- ested in the work of the adviser. Out of a census showing of 1.500 farmers of Napa county, more thr:n 400 arc rhcmbers of the bureau, or of the Farm Centers, which together com- pose the bureau, and the membership is rapidly growing. All of it has been huilt up in the short time noted. These Farm Centers and the Farm Bureau are in themselves a great thing. In the first place they provide an organization for the farmer, so- cially and otherwise. Before the Farm Bureau was organized, or the Grange. which preceded it and worked to get the bureau established, farmers in several sections of the county had no meeting place, nothine to bring them together, no social in- tercourse, except as they met at church, or by calls, or seeing one another on the road. There was no way to find out what public opinion was. or to work together for what was wanted. The mental stimulus of such public meetings with something definite to meet about and go after is alone enough to be worth all trou- ble and expense. Fixing a River. Just one example: The Napa river flows down the beautiful Napa valley. Nearly every year it overflowed its banks and temporarily put some good land out of commission. In its bed was brush and trees. A tree from above in a flood would catch in some standing trees, that would catch other brush, a dam would form and then would come the overflow. It hap- pened here and there along the river ^vcry year. 'Very simple wag the way tp stop if. just cut the trees iand lirush from river bed. It woitld not help if one man did so on his property if no- body else did. With no nublic meet- ings, nothing vvas done, but last fall when everybody realized how simple it would be to ston the flood, every- one got to work and cut ont trees and l)rush from the river bed on his place, the value of the wood more than paying for the work and so be- ing a benefit, and then when heavy rains came this winter the water ran straight down the channel to the bay. Merely a matter of public interest, all working together, no expense, no trouble and the thing was done. It is hard to put one's finger on any- thing so indefinite as the benefits from farmers getting together in cor- dial public meotings. but if the clear- ing of the Napa river is not a very nice illustration of benefits, we would like to see a better one. Good Meetings. There are fourteen of these farm centers, with one or two other places wanting to organize. Dean Hunt of the College of Agriculture believes that about twenty is the most efiec- tive attendance at a farm center meet- ing so that all will get the most profit, but attendance is ruled by pub- lic interest. The average attendance has been from thirty to thifty-five, with a number of the centers going much above that, so that meetings of sixty and over in some centers are not uncommon. In one. part of the county almost every farmer in tte district is a member of the local farm center. The county is so divided that every farmer can belong to a center, al- though the districts are so large in one or two cases that they may be divided later. Membership dues in a farm center are $1 per year. The money is used for expenses of the center or of the bureau. The salary of the Farm Ad- viser in . every county is paid by the University and the Federal Govern- ment and expenses from county treasury. Adviser Work. The county farm adviser visits each farm center once a month to hold a public meeting. There may be a short social programme, but an important feature is the taking up of some special agricultural matter most fitted to the time of year. It may be, for example, spraying, and if so, the kinds of sprays which will be used during the coming month will be ex- plained, what ones are best for each tree or pest, how they are made, when and how applied, and so on; Or it may be cattle feeding, dair- matters, or veterinary difficulties. Just before the writer's visit, for ex- ample. Dr. Cady of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture spent some time in the county explaining th(" use of anti hog cholera serum and giving demonstrations. He will do the same in any county which wants him, but a county with a Farm Bur- eau has things organized so that he can work to best advantage. Demonstrations are one of thij; leading parts of an adviser's work* and one of the leading reasons for the high scoring of the Napa Farrof Bureau was the demonstrations ber ing conducted. There are twenty- seven of these in operation. A num- ber of these are upon liming the soil. One plot receives lime, another, per- haps, gypsum, another is handled in the usual way-, without the applica- tion of any material. another is treated with farm manure, all. very naturally being worked and managed by the farmer on whose property the plots are on. so that everybody will know that things are done in regular farm ways and the results therefore sure. "Thep when fcrops are readv re- sults stare one in the face, farmerSi have facts instead of theorv to work on. and once s'-cing is worth a thou- sand times tolling, anyway. Besides lime demonstrations, there are some in deep plowing. versus common plowing demonstrations, and others on the nlantine of vetch with and without inoculation. Personal Work. The above is public work, as if might be called, though the greater amount of an adviser's time is spent on individual work with farmers. A-i.icli is. in a way, hard to tell abo"t. tho"eh there are manv ways that an ad'-icer can be of lots of value. The greatest single thine to tell ^bout in this line in Na"a county has lipcn bridge grafting. Gnnhers often eirdle trees and there was a com- International Motor Truck Adds to Your Profits IN the way you are now handling your fruit crop, you may have reached the limit as far as profits are concerned- No doubt you have no objection to making more money out of it, but you do not see how. Then here is a way. Do as hundreds of fruit growers and thousands of men in all lines of business have done, and — get an International motor truck to help you. An International motor truck will boost your fruit profits by handling your fruit rapidly at the right moment, carrying it to the best market most economically. It will do all your light hauling and delivering, save your time on the road and keep down your hauling expense. You can buy either the famous Model "M" International for 1,000-pound loads, or ttie new Model "E" for loads of 1,.tOO pounds. Both are made with plenty of clearance for any coun- try roads, with solid tires, simple mechanism, built for long, hard service. Any style body can be provided. We will tell you where you may see an Inter* national truck and send you a complete cata- logue. Drop us a line. International Harvester Company of America (incorporated) Crawford, Neb. Denver. Col. Helena. Mont. Portland, Ore. San Francuco, CaL Spokane. Wa«li. Salt Lake City. Utah mon belief that a girdled tree was a gone tree. Mr. Baade, however, was called in one case to look at a cherry orchard where many trees had been girdled and put in some bridge grafts, after which the hired man on the ranch took up the work and every tree was saved except some whose injuries had been overlooked. Others then saw what had been done and bridge grafting has become so com- mon that one fruit grower estimated the value of trees saved in the county at $30,000. Very commonlj- some one who is not familiar with fruit growing, but is planting out an orchard wants a little help about some matter, say about the shaping of a tree, but prob- ably the most common call for assist- ance relates to live stock, a good deal of that being veterinary, which might be done by a veterinary sur- geon, if the farmers would call upon them, as they usually do not. except in extreme cases. For example, a cow gets off her feed and the owner phones in wanting to know what is the matter. Mr. Baade gets out when he can and generally finds that the cow is tied up inside and prescribes a dose of castor oil, or aloes. For another illustration, one own- er of 2.50 pigs lost one, cut it open and found the liver spotted. An- other hog ate the liver and in a few hours was down sick, then a half dozen others followed it quickly. Per- (Contlnned on Next rage.) it now Don't buy what you don't need, but buy what you do need, now. It will put thousands of idle men at work who are suffering this Winter. ORCHARD AND FARM 17 The Every-Day Needs of the Farmer By Kate D. Hill, Lecturer The Grange is the oldest, strong- est and best equip- ped farmer's or- ganization in this country. For more than half a cen- tury it has been a force working for the protection and betterment of the farmer and his family, and for the fostering and en- courage m e n t of the industry of ag- riculture. The Grange, with its broad "Dec- laration of Purpose," is big enough to meet the business and social needs of all farmers. No one force has in the past done so much to improve the condition of the farmer as has the Grange. The Grange is the farmer's social center — his school — and practically his only method of making his influence felt in an ef- fective way upon matters of local, State and national legislation. In the Subordinate Grange local questions are discussed. The Po- mona or county Grange, the State Grange and National Grange are the successive steps in order and rank. The farmers have recruits from all professions, trades and callings. The different problems of the farmers are thus often passed upon by specialists who are now in the ranks of farm- ers and belong to the Grange. -All occupations that are worthy of the name are organized for protec- tion or are unionized. The whole world, business institutions and other callings have progressed along the lines of self-protection and combina- tion. And so the farmer, through pure necessity, sees that an organi- zation such as the Grange is, is a necessity. In the Grange the farmer meets his co-workers, where they compare and discuss the questions they have to solve. The farmers have to deal with more problems than the main body of people. They must know ihe laws of nature that pertain to fruits and grains, their herds and flocks, their soil and its fertility, the schools, churches, moral surround- ings of their families, roads, trans- portation, markets and financial con- ditions, besides the technical knowl- edge of the various operations of their calling. To meet the every-dav business needs of the farmer the Grange has various committees that work for: First — Better farm production and marketing facilities. This commit- tee studies ways and means for in- creasing production and promoting such enterprises as boys' agricultural clubs, girls' canning clubs, etc. It encourages soil surveys in every county anfl tries to find adaptable crops: studies selection of seeds, fer- tilizers and crop rotation, as well as the marketing of farm produce more economicallv; the kinds of produce demanded by consumers; standard- izing, branding and advertising. Second — Better means of securing farm supplies and credit facilities. This committee studies co-operation in buying and selling, joint orders, carload lots, ordering directly from manufacturers. maintaining expert purchasing agents, also means of financing the various enterprises farmers are interested in: mutual in- surance companies, building and loan associations, etc. Third — Better means of communi- cation. This committee works for erood roads, studving cheap and ef- ficient road making, advocating the more general use of farmers co- Califomia State Grange operative telephones and the exten- sion of rural free delivery. Fourth — Legislative needs. The problems of government in county. State and nation are forced upon the farmer. The farmer, his family and his farm are a small government, and so all legislative needs of the farmer are in the hands of a wide-awake legislative committee. The social needs of the farmer and his family are also met by the Grange in the same way — committees — often with trained chairmen, to work for better educational facilities, better sanitation, better opportunities for recreation, bcautitication of the country side and the home and a larger and more extensive knowledge of home economics. THE WORK OF A COUNTRY FARM ADVISER. (Continued from Page Sixteen.) haps, thought the owner, it was chol- era, perhaps not. Mr. Baade hurried out in his automobile and found it was diphtheria and suggested feeding the hogs with barley moistened slightly with kerosene, which would swab oxit the throat and prevent in- fection and this saved the drove, and thus it goes. This is work only for a young man. because only a young man could stand it — at least fourteen meetings a month in this county, for there are fourteen Farm Centers, and then a trip back to town and prob- ably to bed well after midnight, to say nothing about many extra meet- ings and many calls on the time of a man in active public work. Then during the day there are always more calls than can be attended to and some calls have to wait until there are several in a district so that one trip will do them all. The unfortunate thing about de- scribing the work of any farm ad- viser is to do justice to it. For all that can be said, it does not seem so valuable no matter how good it is, or how enthusiastic half of the farm- ers in a district may be about it. One bright, capable, energetic youn in Gold. H. V. McCLEAN. >IIS<» ESTHER ANDERSON. Salem. Oreg^on. !<»n KraBol«co. Cat. Now that the contest is over there will be no doubt many of those out of the large list who secured the correct answer in the circle puzzle who could now materially increase the net result of their count with the second puzzle. Of course it was understood that all those who competed could not win a prize, but those who did win are to be congratulated, while those who failed have our best wishes for better success next time. The largest total received by any contestant was 18,684, submitted by H. V. McClean, Salem, Oregon. This entitles Mr. McClean to the capital prize of $400.00 in Gold. M.\>T HIGHER THA> 18,684. Many solutions higher than 18,684 were submitted, but illegal lines were used, and the committee was obliged to disqualify them as prize win- ning charts. Those who are entitled to second, third, fourth and fifth prizes are: Miss Esther Anderson, 2309 Bush St., San Francisco, Cal. Geo. O. Savage, Newport, Oregon. Miss Flora Faylor, Olympia, Washington. R. W. Evans, Mason, Georgia. CAREFULLY CHECKED. After working day and night for more than a week, the puzzle charts sent In by contestants who tied for prizes in the circle puzzle contest have been carefully checked and re-checked so that there can be no question as to the accuracy of the final result and the winners in the contest. COMMITTEE APPOIXTED. Orchard and Farm appointed a committee to audit the contest and award the prizes. The committee consisted of: Ernest Smltli, Publicity Manager, Paraffine Paint Co. H. B. Worden, Manager Redwood Manufacturers Co. L. E. Pennlnian, Fairbanks. Morse & Co. W. H. Little, Manairer Woodin k Little. T. J. Toner, Pacific Coast Manager Maxwell Auto Co. These gentlemen, prominent Pacific Coast business men, then and there became the arbiters of the fate of the contestants. The entire contest was out of the hands of Orchard and Farm and solely in the hands of these judges. The puzzle solutions were placed on a large table and opened. There was a flash as Orchard and Farm's photographer registered the im- pression of the important scene and the audit was begun. The solutions were first arranged in numerical order, and slowly and carefully checked under the supervision of the members of the committee, each of whom de- voted as much attention to every detail of the audit as he does to his own business affairs each day. GREAT CARE TAKEN. At last the solutions of each contestant were called off and registered, again they were checked back so that there could be no possibility of an error, then the final and official result as published elsewhere in this paper in tabulated form was announced by the committee and an official statement of the correctness of the audit and of the fulfillment of all the requirements and of the observance of all the rules that had been an- nounced was made by the five judges. The great puzzle contest was ended. It was all over but the mailing of the checks. Contestants: Orchard and Farm wishes to congratulate each and every one of you. You who are jubilant in your victory have to be proud of the fact that you have proved yourself the most proficient among thou- sands. You saw your opportunity, you grasped it with enthusiasm and you stuck to your task with tenacity, you have earned your reward, and may each of you who won prizes use the money with as much pleasure as it affords Orchard and Farm to present you with it. May each of you who won delight in your small fortune in the same measure as Orchard and Farm delights in your success. To those who were not fortunate enough to land in the list of the fifty winners, there is to be said you tried with all your might; no one can do more. Carved on the head of the tombstone of a famous French gen- eral is the epitaph: "He fought and lost — but he fought well." This same meed of praise, each one of you has earned, thus much balm Is there in defeat, as there is joy in victory. Better luck next time. ORCHARD AND FARM 19 winner Third Prize <125 In Gold. A^'lnner Fourth Pris« «70 In Gold. GEO. O. SAVAGE !\en-port, Oreicon. FLORA FAYLOR, Olynipla, Watih. ORCHARD AND FARM, San Francisco, Cal. Dear Sirs: — 532 N. Higii St., Salem, Ore., April 19. 1915, 1 am in receipt of your check for Four Hundred Dollars, which > ou awarded me for first prize in the puzzle contest. I want to .say I thank you for the courteous and fair manner in which this contest wa.s conducted, which is in every way in keeping with the high-class of farm paper you publish. The puzzle in itself was a most interesting and instructive one. and I am sure everyone who tried it will feel amply repaid by the amusement they got out of it. Thanking you again and wishing you continued success. I remain, Yours respectfully, (Signed:) H. V. McCLEAN. ORCHARD AND FARM. April 18, 1915. Hearst BIdg., San Francisco, Cal. Gentlemen: — I received vour check for $225.00, as second prize in your puzzle con- test just closed! and thank you very must for same. This was my first ex- perience in a contest of this kind and I assure you I worked very hard most of my spare time on it and am very pleased that my efforts have been so successful. ^ , , ... , ,, I feel that the contest was conducted along very fair and liberal lines and of course am very well satisfied with the prize I won. I assure you the money will be used to very good advantage. Wishing your paper continued success, I am. Yours truly. (Signed:) ESTHKR ANDERSON. PUZZLE CONTEST WINNERS 1. 2. s! 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IS. 1!). 20. 21. 22. h'. 21. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Solution. Mr. H. V. IffcClean, 532 Jf. High St., Salem, Ore— 18,684 Miss Estlier Anderson, 2309 Busli St., S. F., Cal 18,683 Geo. 0. Sarage, Newport, Ore 18,681 Miss Flora Favlor, Olympia, Wash 18,680 R. W. Eyans, 201 Mines Terrace, Macon, Ga 18,678 W. B. Anderson, Indian School, Phoenix, Ariz 18,674 Mrs. A. M. Laing, E. 617 25th Ave., Spokane, Wash— 18,661 Mrs. E. L. Dearborn, Fairfield, Cal 18,661 J. A. Phillips, So. Carrollton, Ky 18,657 Mrs. J. M. Fix, Fairfield, Cal 18,650 W. C. Winibisli, Macon, Ga. E. F. D. 1 18,650 A. E. Mayes, Atlanta, Ga. P. 0. Box 711 18,619 Mrs. W. C. Gasli, 318 Fifth Ave., S. F., Cal 18,602 W. L. Phillips, Atlanta, Ga., care Texas Co 18,595 F. A. Teiche, GarberTille, Cal 18,592 Mrs. Rnssie Fallas, 128 Evans St., Ukiah, Cal 18,585 K. L. Aycock, P. 0. Box 488, Atlanta, Ga 18,585 Mrs. C. B. James, 1424 Hazel St., Macon, Ga 18,571 J. M. Brown, 1701 Gough St., S. F., Cal 18,571 Stanley W. lies, 565 Sixth St, S. F., Cal 18,571 E. G. Terry, 883 Eddy St., S. F., Cal 18,569 Chas. Adair Jr., P. 0. Box 1417, Atlanta, Ga 18,567 Loren Hall, 261 N. First St., San Jose, Cal 18,566 Paul L. Corrigan, 224 Van Jfuys BIdg., L. A., Cal-- 18,566 Frank Tarbell, Lockeford, Cal 18,564 Chas. A. Turck, Santa Maria, Cal 18^52 J. S. Howell, 68 E. First St., S. Salt Lake, Utah 18,544 H. C. TiUinan, Salem, Ore 18,532 Mr. Fallas McGregor, Ukiah, Cal 18,532 Jno. Egbert Stevens, care Stanford Med. Depf 18,531 Mrs. I. T. Snead, 460 31st Ave., S. F., Cal 18,530 Chas. A. Ainslee, 2102 Bush St., S. F., Cal 18,530 F. P. Cooper, 4161 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, Cal-— 18,528 F. J. Wuesthoff, 4212 25th St, S. F., Cal 18,518 Mrs. J. H. Canghlan, 1143 55th St, Oakland, Cal-- 18,613 P. E. Bowman, Egan, Ga 18,505 Mrs. Ida M. Middleton, Box 112, Placerville, Cal—- 18,500 F. Foltin, 3038 W. 38th Place, Chicago, III 18,495 Miss M. L. Hunter, 1908 Sliattuck Ave, Berkeley, Cal. 18,494 J. E. Nowels, 1317 Octavia St, S. F, Cal— 18,493 F. C. Grisez, Menlo Park, Cal 18,493 W. E. Wright, 515 Bush St, S. F, Cal 18,493 M. L. Little, Amity, Ore. K. F. D. 1. Box 75 18,481 J. G. Nisins, 1058 Bellomy, Santa Clara, Cal 18,480 C. Donald IVowels, Coalinga, Cal, care Traders' Oil Co. 18,463 J. A. Scherzinger, 816 E. 8th St, S. Portland, Ore.— 18,463 Mrs. J. J. Pope, Lodi, Cal. E. F. D. 1 18,455 A. J. Strubhar, Hubbard, Ore 18,448 W. R. Morgan, 625 Market St, S. F, Cal 18,445 Mrs. E. W. Billeb, Bodie, Cal 18,439 Amt. of Prize. $400.00 225.00 125.00 70.00 40.00 25.00 25.00 26.00 26.00 12.60 16.00 26.00 12.50 25.00 25.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 7.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.60 6.00 6.00 2.60 5.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 6.00 4.00 $1,328.00 Newport. Ore., April 19th, 1915. ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst BIdg.. San Francisco. Cal. Gentlemen : — Your letter enclosing check for $125.00, third prize in the Puzzle Con- test, received. I desire to thank you for this very generous prize, the courteous treat- ment shown me and for the fair man- ner in which the contest was con- ducted. I shall always remain a friend of Orchard and Farm. Sincerely. (Signed:) GEO. O. SAVAGE. Copy of Chart That Took First Prize in Puzzle Contest Olympia. Wash.. April 19, 1915. ORCHARD AND FARM. Hearst BIdg.. San Francisco. Cal. Gentlemen: — Your check for $70.00 as fourth prize in puzzle contest received. Of course, I would have welcomed the first prize more, however, considering the large number entered in the con- test, I feel pleased to know I succeed- ed in winning one of the large cash prizes. Thanking you for the prize awarded me. and wishing Orchard and Farm continued success, I am. Yours very truly, (Signed:) FLOR.\ F.A.YLOR. i B 73 i3! 35 28 41 87 13 34 95 S3 82 26 39 0 99 76 50 61 88 17 67 10 70 81 90 73 10 7t- 19 37 22 13 69 63 IS ^i 86 29 1 18 31 73 99 5 71 62 4 S3 73 25 86 21 72 19- 39 79 48 82. 44 49 72 99 II 48 91 97 68 76 01 7 99 K 'd 81 i IS B 69 5 29 20 83 29 98 87 62 16 73 5 30 37 75 93 18 63 18 37 61 39 67 08 69 S2 18 91 45 88 6S 47 63 'd 3» s «7 >— ' 16 38 95, 5 19 39 99 13 63 2 35 5 21 68 09 48 61 19 39 87 33 12 7 05 9 46 74 30 08 10 6 96 32 25 si! ? 3. i: s 14 'd 6 91 00 19 8 B s 57 81 36 28 77 7 98 2 19 11 39 37 98 34 8 71 92 14 It w i» 13 25 87 99 X 31 ^ 31 73 22 39 25 36 s 63 95 5 86 98 6« 76 73 7 Iff 5 75 86 47 5 83 47 3 3* 22 39 48 37 46 76 98 23 'i. 87 s 73 S» 18 31 99 B 79 s 77 13 19 74 13 76 3 19 96 13 87 2 51 69 80 12 86 6 95 50 67 18 3 39 21 33 55 S 32 19 31 91 14 93 13 ^ a) 86 04 73 73 37 71 18 71 87 82 II 30 66 9« «8 11 46 3 " ^ S 75 5 73 38 94 8« 53] 6 72 36 97 2 64 84 49 78 27 15 54 15 83 8 49 7 82 SO 91 67 19 97 36 79 19 81 58 Si 39 76) 74 09 14 83 11 40 11 22 70 7 92 S8 98 II 39 95 87 39 i ^ 72 95 56 18 93 85 73 70 23 43 ■4? 79 87 97 42 70 98 11 5 43 K3 S3 9 82 95 18 73 95 5 46 46 39 63 39 81 86 82 99 S) © 67 9 21 68 l5 ^ To 97 21 87 99 73 es 81 3 73 87 3 «] 55 IC 87 49 03 99 55 % 05 68 54 05 85 11 42 3 80 s 9 25 71 98 n 76 99 83 90 53 6-1 6S 96 63 36 71 S6 47 10 52 88 3S 74 26 37 50 85 00 81 a) 0 IS 82 37 67 92 18 37 98 1 'd 81 72 II 37 34 09 36 11 27 C7 33 2 2!) 9 77 44 3 75 23 18 CI 99 25 13 17 15 i 92 47 19 28 M 11 47 77 26 66 27 ^ 71 25 79 15 13 31 ■>2 15 i) 76 E a) 87 11 22 98 13 36 99 87 91 30 81 73 28 33 n 22 14 S2 08 76 58 08 37 73 ■J4 12 01 6S 23 60 3 67 2) 27 36 18 16 55 30 28 17 25 10 S 8S 27 13 25 56 58j 33 gl .19 '& ^ 'S in ^ © s 5 66 40 87 99 67 Z5) OS 24 16 'd 66 35 91 58 75 48 a 29 16 C7 77 86 6 OS cs B Ji SO y ti 2S 67 18 81 53 79 28 14 ,M 73 13 10 'd 87 59 08 14 4,1 48 .'.7 5 06 78 0 8 84 80 u 98 09 »7 18 95 81 76 38 75 56 19 :<5 la 67 74 19 35 08 5 63 87 80 29 07 10 6? J4 47 24 56 69 53 'si 73 15 51 99 35 25 94 08 31 01 18 86 76 44 13 & 87, JO. 39 04 40 25 S2 13 OS 71 68 04 77 71 90 y 52 69 27 99 44 81 49 52 77 'd 30 51 14 73 41 67 31 OS 68 99 ,W 3S II 87 02 3 77 s) "3 75 70 i3 58 61 25 35 38 19 57 75 31 33 00 93 C9 15 10 '.'4 6 88 94 13 81 26 6 3 30 73 88 66 63 50 15 88 68 72 19 43 13 71 00 57 39 46 56 45 .32 39 42 09 SO 73 32 5 43 82 01 83 ■13 37 70 40 72 93 31 00 60 3 5<; 86 5 37 47 68 67 49 Chart showing solution submitted by H. V. McClean, a total of 18,684. ORCHARD AND FARM From Farm Hand to Farm Owner To "Orchard and Farm": — In an- swer to your request to hear from a farm hand or clerk that has bought a piece of land in the irrigated dis- trict of the Sacramento Valley and made good, 1 will tell my experience. I would state that it was only with the help of my wife, both of us working at small wages, she as a laundry worker and myself at corn- mon labor, that we got a start. We were eight years working before it w^,-, possible to buy even 13 acres of { alifornia's best land near the State University Farm and 18 miles from the State Capital. The time that she and I took an iron clad oath to save money and to put half of our wages in the savings bank was the year of the Spanish American war. What caused us to save any money was the arrival of a baby girl when we were living in Sacramento and had only $45 be- tween us and the wolf. We secured a position on a fruit ranch and moved to the country. After one year and a half working we returned to town with a little less than $500, with which we bought a small cottage where we lived for eight years. I secured work from the gas and electric comnany and worked at digging ditches, pole holes, ground man and helper in the gas works and a few days with the dif- ferent construction gangs. All this time $25 per month was what we deposited in the savings bank, but that came so regularly that the amount was $300 per year. All this time we had the back to the land idea uppermost in our heads and we knew that the money could earn more than four per cent, the usual amount paid by the savings bank, so we bought 13 acres, for which we paid $200 an acre. This land was planted to grape vines. They were old and had to be removed and the land planted to al- falfa and fenced, a well bored and a house and barn built. And there is the hurdle we fell on. In our anxiety to get on our little place I bought redwood 1 by 12 boards, placed them on end and battened the cracks. The house is 30 by 39 feet and the barn 30 by 40 feet and large enough for all purposes, but as I built them myself they cause some merriment by the public (they are a hard game). I suppose if we were satisfied there would be no progress. We are very much pleased with the land and with the way the al- falfa has grown for the last five years. When it came to stock the place I was still short of money, so bought heifer calves. Eleven of them are giving milk at the present time and we find ourselves very Dusy caring for them and the other thines. such as chickens, ducks, rabbits, pigs and two old horses, as we are not able to own an auto. I will state that we only buy what we can pay cash for and the land has doubled in value since we bought in the last five years. And now we find the responsibility of ownership and care and 14 hours' labor a day in car- ing for the stock. The farm' is supporting myself and my family, and at the present prices of land and stock the little place should be worth about $7,000. I know others who have bought on the installment plan and paid for their places, but they have learned thrift and industry in the old country. All the amusement we have had is the movies and the phonograph and reading in the public library. How many are willing to live that way? I would say to any one want- ing to buy a home, "Don't copy after the rich. Don't be a billiard player, card player and curbstone orator." Those qualities make a pedro farm- er.—OSCAR SCOTT, Woodland, Cal. P. S. You will likely hear from me again as I would like to claim the right as a subscriber to tell my troubles to "Orchard and Farm" instead of to the policeman. Thanking you very kindly for your advice on how to care for stock and all other questions pertaining to the farm which have been answered by "Orchard and Farm." It is the thing that helps to turn failure into suc- cess. ALFALFA SILAGE FOR STEERS. Professors Gordon H. True, F. W. Woll and V. F. Dolcini are the au- thors of Circular 124 of the Univer- sity of California on Alfalfa Silage for Fattening Steers. Unfortunately in the interest in silo construction, too few people realize that silos are of equal or greater value for alfalfa silage as for corn silage. They can be used for both the first cutting of alfalfa in the spring and for the corn crop in the fall, being thus of double value. At the University Farm first cutting alfalfa was used in the experi- ments told of. It was so foul from foxtail that it would have been of very small value for hay, but the sil- age fermentation softened the heads of the foxtails and made them very edible and nutritious. A few were too [ mature and were not softened much in the silc, and so made trouble. Earlier | cutting would have been better. I A mixed lot of 107 head of steers | were purchased at 6 cents a pound j on foot, with a 3 per cent shrink. I They were fed, first, alfalfa hay; then | only silage, to develop their taste for | it, and then as a final ration alfalfa j hay, alfalfa silage and rolled barley. The silage by analysis was found to be one-half and over foxtail and other weeds. The feeding experiments started July 20, when the steers had obtained their normal weight, and ended Sep- tember 3. The original weight ol steers was 963 pounds, on arrival at Farm 883 pounds, on July 20, 971.2 pounds and September 3, selling weight, 1,041.08 pounds. The average daily gain per head from July 20 to September 3, was 1.53 pounds. The average amount fed per day was 10.6 pounds of hay, 20.2 pounds silage, and 8.4 pounds barley. The selling price was 7 cents a pound with a 3 per cent shrink. Ini- tial cost was £6.185.94; freight to Davis, $132.16; sanding cars. $2.00; commission for buying, $53.50; inter- est, $84.98; refund on one tubercular steer. $47.60; feed eaten — 31.4 tons hay at $4. $125.60; 23.24 tons barley at $18.50, $429.94; 58.32 tons silage at Sl.25, $72.90— total for feed, $628.44; labor (half time of one man) $50; horse and wagon, $15. Total cost $7,199.62. SelHng price of 108,126 pounds at 7 cents was $7,568.82, mak- ing a net profit on entire lot of $369.20 This profit was made in spite of brokerage, freight, shrinkage in transit and other items which the pro- ducer would not have to stand. The extra price per pound was due in large part to finer finish of animals at end than at start. If the producer had fed cattle in this manner the profit would come to $556.80. Charging alfalfa at normal value oJ $6 a ton in the stack and barlev at $21 per ton. there would still be a profit of $436.06 per ton. In short, there is a good reason for fattening steers on alfalfa silage and grain. Regarding the silage, it would have been better if it had been cut before the heads had hardened up, as after slaughtering it was found that sev- eral steers which had been doing very Neighborizing the Fanner One of the most significant facts of our telephone progress is that one-fourth of the 9.000,000 telephones in the Bell System are rural. In the days when the telephone ■was merely a "city convenience," the farms of the country were so many separated units, far re- moved from the centers of popu- lation, and isolated by distance and lack of facilities for com- munication. But, as the telephone reached out beyond cities and towns, it completely.transformed farm life. It created new rural neighbor- hoods here, there and every- where. Stretching to the farthest cor- ners of the states, it brought the remotest villages and isolated places into direct contact with the larger communities. Today, the American farmer en- joys the same facilities for instant. direct communication as the city dweller. Though distances be- tween farms are reckoned in miles as the crow flies, the tele- phone brings every one as close as next door. Though it be half a day's journey to the village, the farmer is but a telephone call away. Aside from its neighborhood value, the telephone keeps the farmer in touch with the city and abreast of the times. The Bell System has alwaysrec- ognized rural telephone develop- ment as an essential factor of Universal Service. It has co-op- erated with the farmer to achieve this aim. The result is that the Bell System reaches more places than there are post offices and includes as many rural telephones as there are telephones of all kinds in Great Britain, France and Gei- many combined. American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One System Univertal Service well, and then stopped, were having trouble with the fo.xtail in their mouths. An early cutting of alfalfa for the silo makes better silage and would have given still better returns financially, and otherwise with the steers. r Diseased seed potatoes taint the soil and this poisoned soil, usually aided by bad seed, has reduced the yield in the best potato growing dis- tricts to one-third or one-fourth of the former production. The soil must be restored by proper crop rotation, or by not cropping potatoes for six or eight years, and then clean seed of the best quality must be used, prop- erly treated to insure freedom from disease. The demand for good, clean potatoes is such that there is a fine opportunity for potato production for the right people. Glanders has greatly decreased in California during the past two years, according to the State Veterinarian, Dr. Charles Keane, who has been en- deavoring to stamp out the disease. In the two years ending June 30, 1912, 1,252 head of horses and mules were destroyed for glanders, while in the two following years less than half that number, or 589 animals had to be killed. Mounted on heavy wood base. Complete with ^ tMttery and accessories — ready to run. Jack Junior Gasoline Elngine Will pump over 1800 Rallons of water per hour against an 80- foot head. Will grind 3 bushels of shelled com or small grain per hour. Will •hell 20 to 30 bushels of dry com per hour. Strength, weight, durability, work- manship and fuel economy, all guar- anteed by Fairbanks-Morse quality. Fairbanks, Morse & Co. Warckoa>c« tD 30 larr* citiet, wkerc dcUrvrr caa W made aaJ car-lot rate of frcifkl oaty. adJa^ ORCHARD AND FARM 21 MONEY FROM MULE RAISING. To "Orchard and Farm":— 1 have seen in your valuable paper of April the letter from a man claiming that he cannot start farming in California with his $10,000. Now i would like to know what is the matter with him, as I have more than made a living and started v.'ith nothing but my two hands. 1 worked out for six months at $35 a month, rented 65 acres of land on shares; bought two young mares, paying $20 for one and $30 for the other, and two old mares, both with suckling colts large enough to wean. For one 1 paid $32.30 and the other $27. I bought seed grain and hay, to be paid for out of the crop; bought har- ness at sale, one set, less collars, for $5; for the other, with three collars, $6, and have used them for the last ten years, and am still using them. One colt was shot, and the other I sold for $50 cash. One mare I traded for a mule which I sold for $35; the other mare I bred to a jack and raised a fine mule colt, and the two young marcs I also bred to a jack and raised a fine mule colt, and one failed, so I bred her to a driving horse and have had two fine colts from her, and three mule colts also. The other one has raised seven mules. Two I have sold as yearlings at $65 a head and have five of her mules left. I have had eight mule and two horse colts from the two young mares and have bred them again. Am now out of debt and have bought 34 acres of land near Paso Robles at $50 per acre. I have had three barns and a storeroom and five chicken houses and woodshel swept away by high water, and still I have some cash in the bank. If I had just half of that $10,000 I would buy the ranch I am on and raise mules, as there is a big profit in them, as they are so easy to raise and less trouble than horse colts, never getting caught in barbed wire fences to amount to anything. I have had quite a little experience in raising mules, as this is my third attempt at raising them. I find you don't have to hunt for a buyer as they are like hogs or fat cattle — they are on the market all the time at a fair price. If the man with $10,000 will just call on me at the ranch I can con- vince him he is mistaken, or has not looked around very m uch for a ranch, as there is 240 acres in this place, three wells of water, house and barns, three tons or more hay and one-fourth up growing crop, all for $6,000, and he can get my interest and mules and horses at a bargain. — WM. L. MORE- HOUSE, San Luis Obispo County, Cal. Bay Leaves and Manzanita — Have bay leaves any commercial value? Al- so, can you give me any information concerning a reward having been of- fered for manzanita wood of unusual •ize?— MRS. A. P. Wholesale druggists inform us that bay leaves are worth from 8 to 15 cents a pound, depending upon qual- ity and condition of the market. Your local druggist can probably give you an idea about what sort of a product is most desired and names of wholesalers. We know nothing about any reward for manzanita wood of unusual size, although there has long been a tradition that a perfectly straight cane of good usable length was worth some great amount of money. If any company wanted large wood to work, they would send out after it, and for canes, our opinion is that the best market for a man- zanita cane of wonderful merit would be from summer visitors. VETERINARY PROBLEMS. Answers by Dr. C. L. Roadhouse, University of California. Abscess on Neck — We have a horse that has some kind of a sore on his neck. It breaks out every once in a while and causes us much trouble. It is not poll evil because it is not on his head. Can you explain what the trouble is? — E. S. It is probable that the horse has an abscess as a result of a bruise or in- jury. If you had made a large in- cision externally when the abscess broke, so that the wound would not close quickly, the inner parts would have healed and gradually closed. If this healing of the internal parts of the wound is allowed to take place before the external part is allowed to heal together, you would probably have no trouble. In cleansing wounds of this kind I would advise you to use one of the good disinfectants, syring- ing the wound out with a disinfectant solution daily to remove all discharge. If the discharge is extensive, greas- ing the hair below the wound with vaseline or lard will prevent the hair from falling out. — C. L. R. Kidney Disease — I wish you would tell me what I could do for a mare that has the kidney disease. She passes a thick urine which is very foul smelling and offensive. I do not know how long it has been this way, as I just got her about a month ago. She eats well and is in pretty good flesh. — F. L. T., Orland, Cal. If the animal eats well and is in good flesh as you say, it is probable that there is nothing seriously wrong with her. Animals fed on an exclu- sive diet of alfalfa show a thicker urine with more odor. If the animal seems in good health, I think there is no cause for you to be concerned. Swelling on Jaw — I have a young Jersey cow just now with her second calf. Early last winter she must have taken a cold and a very large lump came out just under her ear, right back of her jaw. It broke after a few weeks and became all right again, but now she has another one. Do you think I should do something for her? — A. W., Felton, Cal. This swelling is probably due to foxtail or needle grass in- fection, although it might have resulted from a bruise. I would advise you to poultice this swelling with hot cornmeal, flaxseed or bran poultices for two or three hours a day for two or three days, which should bring the swelling to a head. If you are familiar with open- ing such swellings, you could tiien cut it at the point where the swelling IS soft with a sharp knife, striking the pocket of the abscess, opening well and then washing out daily with a disinfectant solution. It would be a desirable thing to shave over the swelling before making the incision, ;.s the hair will then not interfere with healing. Deep. incisions at this point may cause considerable hemorrhage, in which case a bandage should be tightlj^ applied to the wound. A second lump formed for the reason that the opening from the first wound healed and closed up be- fore the interior parts of the wound h;id healed. It may be true that money makes the' mare go, but a little oats comes in handv. HAY FOR AUSTRALIA. According to shipping reports two vessels are loading, or to load shortly, at San Francisco, with hay for Aus- tralian stock. It is stated that some thousands of tons of Pacific Coast hay will be required by Australian stock- men, relieving the present surplus here. The drouth at present is felt onlv in the western part of the Aus- tralian continent in the sheep and cat- tle countrv and has not aflfected the dairying districts. Horses, it is said, are being sold for 20 shillings (about five dollars"). Why is he called "the middleman" when he gets all around the farmer? It requires considerable dust to The world is always fair to the fair raise a dust by the automobile route. man. ^^Come Over to See the Milker, Judson? THERE it is. You're the sixth neighbor that's called to-day. I'm mighty proud of the ma- chine. It's advertising my dairy. Luke had a piece in the Bugle about it last night. And Jud — I took Sunday off, something I haven't had a chance to do since the Mayflower landed. The Milker has 'The Teat Cup With the Upward Squeeze,' patented by the folks who in- vented it and used only on the SHARPIES MILKER This Teat Cup gently massages the teats up- ward 55 times a minute, keeping the blood circu- lating as it ought to and the udders and teats in the pink of condition. Cows like it? — Jud, they take to it like a calf was getting its breakfast. The Teat Cup isn't par- ticular what kind of teats it milks. Snuggles over long ones, short ones, thick and slim ones perfectly. Put it on that three-teater I was thinking of shipping to the beef folks; and, honestly, I think the old girl's coming back to life and means to get in the big pro- ducer class. The boys grin while they milk now. They get plenty of sleep, milk quickly, and get out in the field a couple of hours earlier. Better get a Sharpies, Jud, and cut out that hand-milking drudgery, or your trade will switch over to me." It is our conviction that cows cannot be successfully milked by a machine without the upward squeeze. This process is covered by the broadest patent whicli our Government can gfrant — a process patent — owned by us. No other milker made in the world to-day ^ives an up- ward squeeze. We will promptly defend our customers and ourselves should any infrinp^ement be attempted. The SHARPLES TUBULAR CREAM SEPARATOR is made in the oldest and greatest separator factory in the U. S. Send for literature describing in full detail the mani- fold advantag^os accruin.ef from the every-day use of Sharpies products. Sent anywhere on request. The Sharpies Separator Company West Chester, Pennsylvania Principal Branches: Chicago, San Francisco District Offices and Agencies Eyerywhere ORCHARD AND FARM oTfTi F; A. R IVI • Kf M I O T I O IS \Ot. ST « «>w»lr> I ir^ rwMUkrrs IV JU \Mit«« Killtvr It. lllll va««'rWr vwMh 1 (ivMlatlvti MitaMKrr KM«lrrt> OMv«>K (l*«vl. 41 l>t>rK Hwn. \ <»rk SI ll,S«~MHM>l«> H VTKV H,v *ulv»vVi»>Uv>n ;>*V v»<^*>', Ihr** Y.- - ♦ ^,v - - ■ ^ >**' .-r «l , h *, l>r\>sr4iu meet when it i-vMUfs (iitK- to pu( thriu iittv> pr«v'Uca) op- frativMt While nuuv Sutrs to-vl.*y v»f ihcm cvfw doiiMiinii it. the Grange irvM« the lirst a^limtte^ both n\en stwl women on « \v>sit>v^n oi absohtte evin»hty. Where the Gr*nKe has been sirvMig there h*s been the high- est $l4ndai\l of invli\iv(nal eftieietu-y, the hishos! - ' te. the i;u-»tcst ov .1 *wc- vv-NS »u m.; X,. At viut- Cvune oi t.irP> n»»ny be>r - ir tin»e, to tAil; many .tml to shv»\\ th*; ■ ' v»wn buxins- ins his own i«> oesstul and » beiici cuueu than the tanner bonn»l viown b\ the mivlJle- ntun As v»ne w ■. - - " There is nv^ back tv^ the ' u-nt in the taiuilies oi Or.; - i t.«rm hte in all its l'ullne.; '.he city, they do not have to wish to get *b«ck to the land vo»nuumc*tivM»» *;>il •. * tK> vVvisxirv \. >tcai'»t liuiiainc i \c>y c.ai^c inavle against the iarmer fv>T which there has been a reasv^wab" ~ ' cansevl V ^ ''"^f; course « - l**^^ rubbit)« up ajgam.-i pcv»pic and $o Veepiny: «p with deveiopi«ent. This -.--OS 04" gani- ,-gT*$- ,;er and u» the ■t The grest v.uugv a^a>u>. t ^ that he has b*ev > Sv*- 0 he gv^s his *av aiottc. wuu no more than ohanoe -ivH-ial intervN^nrse with his ■ ■ . ■ be< of s , . .. V. . nation he has staftevl wot king lO' gather with t^i* 'u-icbbv^r^ he has vhang^J ftv^iv live to a ''^ with iivmml vv- - ^> >. ■• • s ■■• UHlgittcnt to give his progTes*«vene>4 the prvvper halance If any tanurr gvvrs his wav a work* bv hiw»ng ! . men and wouieu. his aviug cu. vike sev-x^^vl r'ace to fann worv - -to a rwt. ami the in bns regaivlinu them are vvelcv>ii\ed .it aU tinics, but in the months lunievl the iiulivuhui tv^pics will be given v»artic«l.ir ali^v tion and • number of pages .i tion.il space. Any ideas regain '.' -> v»nr readers will be \ iccei\i-\l anil the i>- will set a record vinaliiv m I'acitic Coast .igricnitv.i ,ii publications. The enthusiastic m;;- )v>rt that has been given "X'krcli.i.vl and l\itiu" by readcr> and adxci'. s '-.IS been more than gr.itiiv I has been the thin»; that 1'..^ lovl the plans for these spcvM' iiutubers, for one govHl turn desei\i > another. Having receivevi such jKvrt, we are able tv» get vnit ti-.-^i- special numbers, and thus m.iN >; "i."'rcharvl and Kami" still Utrger .. still better, the value to readers advertisers can cvvntinne to becv' ■■.■.o greater and greater. , 'i>iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii!i I Quick Irrigating No Wheels or Lev«r« rhis special Grange numher is the Ivginning of a series of si^cial num- bers which sre des»>:nevl to cover the tield o - . ereucc Kach - ,ind br\vaa enough tv» cciver the va- riv'>us phases c>f l\»>.-ir:o Ci.v*^5t agri- culture as :' ■ ored ii> the \>ast, b .^!i em- f^usire i>a'. » ,-ne im- jHvrtant topic. Following are the special '^i-r-; .is now planned: lune, ber; July, the r»Tmc ' and Co-openi- live I ^ o- luent; J man. \- . . - ■ - . , is number; November, Sv^il i'lUage and Fertilitation; Oevember, .\utomvv- biles and Accessories; January. Planting number: Kebrviary. Tractors '".irm Mac*- .- ^ \' • ■>. IJve- .-.nd Dai -.'.t and May, f San l.uis Rey on winter rhubar'.- .-\s an acid jvlant of fruit though not trviit form, and e\treiv, \ .IV and the bvv>ik is one v\ >e found of much value for t w I'.o are 'in this plant, vvhvv vvoi profitable lo un- dertake . . . I For Road-Making and Repairing I • Days Trial- M*n«y Baali atMiMM* \rrilo (\»ri>ar«k"«l»iv,i«>u»««ul TiH> \Y. i MTOKi A Niin n.. IK. I Ni TM. wtmiii. n. The storv comes from one of the ' ■ .\rk«n$as ab«^ut a •■■ ■. d of a thunder s:. .V ■.-.uo a hollvvw log. thunder rollevl. the rain poured v' tvvrrents and the log swelled up the p\H»r fellow was vvevlged in so tight that he could not move. .Ml his past sins began to pass before him when he suddenly remembered that he had not paid his newspaper sub- .scription. He said this made him feel so small that he crawled out of the log through the knot hole. A t the '.'.nd charcoal mi.\ed with . d will help keep away Giant Orang Prolific V i « . vTr. IVars I : .> ^ or* l^r !>T.\UC. iSr,.*: ^.. r surw. Try ll. S*t-. > S lb.. $S I S . ..^ »; IVllver**! fr. • - v^-.'.r »>l m .\prtl Or\•^ THV «;OinK> BKVK sin» Ill- It,'^ tilT Cai KlOTXU oif |w<» or now being c . .-x - •> > cha«ges t^an th« best *« ^v-dittcal i Conservation of Irrigating Resource* — Time, Water and Money Is Accomplished by the Armco Iron Flume (Lennon Type) ll is quickly and easily erected; absolutely water tight and efficient, and of the Lotrgest S«^ce Life. because made irvvm Armco Iron "^W** Write for Ae evidence as to the rust-resistmg quality o£ this , material and for all particulars of the ARMCO IRON FLUME. California Corrugated Culvert Co. 4:1 Leivv Stivt't. Los Ar.iie.es 410 Parker Street. Berkeley f ORCHARD AND FARM 29 The Grange on the Pacific Coast Persons living in districts where the Grange has no local organiza- tions do not appreciate the inipo.i- ance of this Order of Patrons of Husbandry, although "The Grange" is something of which everybody has known of for wcU over a generation. In the official directory, given in the National Grange Monthly, the or- der is stated as having strong State organizations in the following lliirty- two States: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illi- nois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachu- setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Da- kota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Ver- mont, Washington. West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Thus, with the exception of the South, there are few parts of the country where the Grange is not a strong power for good in the lives of its members and in its influence on public afifairs. Washington. The roster of the Washington State Grange states that there are in th.it State 312 subordinate (or local) Granges with a membership of 13,935, and 27 Pomona, or county. Granges. Of the subordinate Granges, 119 own their own hall. Following are the officers in the Washington State Grange: Master, C. B. Kegley, Palouse; overseer, W. C. Picking, Sunnyside; lecturer, W. E. Powell, Pasco; steward, Lewis E.\- tine, Winlock; assistant steward, Bert Curry, Meyers Falls; chaplain, Clara K. Bowers, Outlook; treasurer, F"rank Field. Snohomish; secretary, Fred W. Lewis, Tum water; gate keeper, Ivan jS. Compton, Wenatchee; Ceres, Au- gusta M. Kegley. Palouse; Pomona, .Mattie Keiser, Wenatchee; Flora, Lynda Bryant, Pullman; lady assist- ant steward, Anna Leonard, Castle Rock; executive committee, C. E. Flint. J. T. Compton, J. O. Wing, C. B. Kegley, Fred W. Lewis; legisla- tive committee, C. B. Kegley and Fred J. Chamberlain. Oregon. In Oregon the roster shows a list of 202 subordinate Granges, which ire located in 28 different counties, 18 of which have Pomona Granges. The officers of the State Grange are IS follows: Master, C. E. Spence, Oregon City; overseer, C. D. Huff- man, La Grande; lecturer, Mrs. Min- nie E. Bond, Eugene; steward, M. P. Ifoung, Clatskanie: assistant stew- rd, Charles H. Hays. Sherwood; :haplain. Cyrus H. Walker, A\- iany; treasurer, H. Hirschberg, In- iependence; secretary. Mrs. Mary S. Howard, Mulino; gatekeeper, C. C. Borland, Oregon City; Ceres, Mrs. Vinnie M. Reed, Lebanon; Pomona, Mrs. Ruth Mihills, Grants Pass; Flora, Mrs. Inez Sargent, Wasco; lady assistant steward, Mrs. E. K. Allen, Tangent; women's work com- mittee, Mrs. Orla Buxton, Mrs. Flor- ence Dickinson, Mrs. Laura C. French. California. The Grange has organizations in 10 California counties, liaving listed in the roster 45 subordinate Granges and four pomona or county Granges. State oHiccrs are: Master, Joseph Holmes, Sacramento; overseer, Peter Hanson, Bennet Valley; lecturer, Mrs. Kate. D. Hill; steward, George Schlmeyer, Elk Grove; assistant steward. Royal I. Church, Petaluma; chaplain, Ella M. Dow, East Oak- land; treasurer, Michael Farrell, Mountain View; secretary, Mrs. Nel- lie W. Hunt, Napa; Ceres, Mrs. Caro- line Emery, East Oakland; Pomona, Mrs. Edna Hartley, Visalia; Flora, Miss Jennie Saunders, Cupertino; lady assistant, steward. Miss Ora Gould, Oak Park; pianist. Miss Alice Wi- nans, San Jose; executive committee, A. Van Maren, S. L. Slice, Thomas Jacob. In other columns are given ac- counts of the system of organization of the Grange, also something of its history, aims and accomplishment. As an outcome of its work many co- operative or semi-co-operative enter- prises have been undertaken and car- ried to a successful conclusion. These are not themselves a part of the Grange, though formed by Grange members and under protection of the order. Though not a commercial or- ganization, the Grange is thus re- sponsible for much economic inde- pendence of the farmer in marketing his farm products. This is as true in Pacific Coast States as in the Middle West. Assistance in organizing Granges in sections where the order does not now exist will be given by officers listed above and they will prove ot the greatest value, as can easily be seen by this issue. Keep a good grindstone and hone, and don't be afraid to use them. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM The Test of Actual Service Letters from motorists everywhere on the Coast tell of the good service they are get- ting from Zerolene. All makes and sizes of gas cars are mentioned. All sorts of road and working conditions are recounted. ZEROLENE iheSiandard Oil-^rHoior Cars Zerolene is the oil that will give you efficient service. Dealers everywhere and at all service stations or agencies. Standard Oil Company (California) San Francisco '^TW^^^W W Q Kf ^^ '.if tit if (M if fi^ Owners of Light Cars may expect far greater mileages than the 6,760 Miles average recorded last year on heavy cars by The Auto- mobile Club of America in official test of Pennsylvania Oilproof mCUUM GUP TIRES The light car cannot begin to put the service qual- ities of these tires to the severe usage they encoun- tered in the A. C. A. tryout. Besides, 1915 Vacuum Cup Tires embody a new toughening process that adds 50% to the already greatest known wear-resistance. This mileage economy is made all the more pro- nounced by our substantial price reductions. Absolutely oilproof — guaranteed not to skid on wet or greasy pavements or returnable at purchase price after reasonable trial. FORD TYPE VACUUM CUP TIRES Embodying the V.C. Standard of Quality in sraBller sizes and at lower prices. Guaranteed Oilproof. Guaranteed 4.000 miles. E 8 p e c i a 1 1 y recom- mended for country service. Pennsylvania RubberCo. Jeannette, Pa. if \f if\ \fn if'' \fH if] fii if\ if\ f il ifi fi^ l5f 1 pa ifi if pa ifi ¥f if!i ^1 Atlanta New York Boston Omaha Chic&fiTO Philadelphia Cleveland Pittabursh Dallas St. Paul Detroit San Francisco Kansas City, Mo. Seattle Minneapolis Ah Indtp^ndent Company with an lnd9p€nd9Ht Selling Policy , divided as follows: Feed, 55.92 per cent.; labor, 37.66 per cent., and miscellaneous, 6.42 per cent. The cost of keeping a cow on a dairy farm was nearly double this, being $85.10. The cost of keeping a lirood sow a year was $25.91, but by using winter pasture crops one farnt re- duced this ncarlv one-half. The cost of keeping a hen under farm condi- tions was 65.7 cents a year. Wasted Time of Horses. There were 4;i5.000 mature horses and mules in .Arkansas at the last census, yet with proper crop systems it is figured that 300.000 work ani- mals would have sufficed to produce as much agricultural wealth. Thus about 135.000 animals were kept for nothing. Investigations on nearly 60 farms show that there were not 100 days of productive work per horse in 1914, indicating that a system tmiler which the slock could be used more uuiior.iili would be nmcii more prof- it.ible. Irrigated Gra^-s Pastures. The Idaho .\gricultural l'l.\periineiit Station in a bulletin advises tne use of grass pastures on irrigated land as an e.xeelleiit thing in slock produc- tion. Here are some of the conclu- sions reached. Irrigated grass pas- tures produce returns tlial warrant their use even on comparatively high priced land. Pastures fit well into a system of crop rotation and when broken up the soil is found to be very fertile. Grazing tests indicate that an acre of good mi.xed grass pasture will maintain two good dairy cows, or three medium sized beef steers from the first of May well into Sep- tember. Sheep grazing tests indicate than an acre will maiiitam about 12 ewes and their lambs. One of the advantages of a grass pasture over al- falfa is that it does not cause bloat. Some clover is good in the pasture; too much will cause bloat. Mixtures give better results than any variety seeded alone, though the seed itself should not be bought mixed. Irriga- tion water should be applied by the corrugation method during the first season, tlierealter flooding between borders is recommended. Frequent ir- rigations are desirable, a total of about 2',i' acre feet of water being needed during the season. The pas- ture should be divided into at least two parts and should not be grazed too closely. Foot and Mouth Disease. .\s a result of the meeting of the National Live Stock .Association in San F'rancisco late in Marcli. at which lime leading cattlemen from all the Western states met to discuss team work in the quarantine regulations for the foot and moutli disease, a system of co-operation betueen the States was agreed upon which should make it practically impossible for this disease to get a foothold. The general opin- ion was "safety first" — better be over- ly strict for a time and be sure of protection than lax and live to regret it. Texas. N'ew Mexico and .\rizona are particularly rigorous in their quar- antines, while some of the nortliern states as a result of the meeting will be more rigorous than they have been, so that they can secure more co-oper- ation with nei.ghboring states which believe in the "safety first" idea. -As the spring advances it would seem that the foot and mouth disease has been checked in the Fast and that it is only a question of time provided there are no more outbreaks before the country will be considered free from it and all quarantines lifted, but at the best of it many months will elapse before Eastern stock men will feel entirely secure and stock will move freely from one part of the country to another. Thousands of head of stock have been slaughtered in the East. Illinois being by far the greatest sufferer. Fat Production Unprofitable. Unless fat is put on the right place in a steer or sheep it is unprofitable for the farmer to produce it. It costs about 25 cents a pound to make this fat. and brings only about a third of this when the animal is sold. This is more true for sheep and cattle than for hogs, as fat is in order in pork production. It is the lean meat that the butchers want and only so much fat should be with it as is necessary to give jucincss and flavor, .\nything in excess of this is a waste of the feed required to produce it. The ideal place for fat is, first, in a thin layer jn the grain land as well as to se- cure immediate ready money. This 25 acre farm with the 10 acres laid down in alfalfa should carry eight or ten good full-blood cows at the start. Si.K acres more should immediately be put into alfalfa and the remain- der cropped to barley, feterita and mangolds or their equal for winter use. The rotation would be as out- lined above, except in larger units and with less grain land. AW of the manure should go on the grain and forage crop land. It would be desirable to use the .\rabian variety of alfalfa in these ro- tations as it makes a more rapid growth the first three or four years after seeding. It is not so desirable for permanent use as it has a ten- rMAKE RAIR KEEP YOUR CROPS GROWING We manufacture Sixinklers for almost any kind of Irrigation — Lawn, Park. Garden. Orchiiid or Field. ?Si>ecij]ly valuable for alfalfa. Tbi» irrigation by Sprinkler is suitable for any land — level, hillside or sandy soit The watet is thrown high in the air and drops on the 1 ind as natural rain. The advantages of tiii'^ >y^tt^m are great labor saving, economy of watti , aud it leaves the land free to cultiTate. To ;i. ci>m- plish this we designed such Sprinklers hs will cover the largest area vrith any given pressure, at tlie anme time properly distiibute the water over the area irrigated. Of cnur-^e you mu>t have water pi-essure. the higher presaure the greater the arei tliat c;m be irrigated per unit. Wlien writing it is absoInt^?ly nece^ary V) g \e all detailn of water pressure and supp'y; id-., pui poses intended for. We want to demonstrate this syMem. Write, giving full det.iita of your needs. Address all communications to H. E. J. VACHER, Sprinkirr Manufacturer, 19 W. Mason St, Santa Barbara, Cal. Th* Name Bthindlht Coodt Baling Presses E Different from the Others = S C.\SE Steel Belt Power Balioe Press- — es are built in two sizes — 14xl8inche» — and 17 x 22 Inches, capacity of Z'A to 5 — and 4 to 6 tons per hour. Require only — 6 to 10 Brake horsepower to operate. — Just to illustrate how they are bailt, ~ remember this— the boxes o{ all {rears — are carried on a single casting. No — chance then for gears to get out of line. ~ Do you want to know more about the — details of their construction? They are — built like all CASE machinery, to do the S best work In the shortest time at the — least cost — md Ihty do it. _ The eafeet buy balt-r toopemte. Toucan t S choke it. E^ery hale compnct and Huio^th. — Operulps with 1 less men when C&8E Hsy — Fork is attached. E CASE Sweep Power Baler S JoHt right for homonfte. 3 mt-n and 2 horse* S ^ will balefroinlHlo21< tons i*r hour, •i^ — TV Automiitic feed. Bules 607. f lister thon ^ S ■Dvbi>ad.fodmB< hine.Stronglv lioilt. H S 72'tiich t^ ina chamlitT. walls cannot w bnlite. Sc'tia for catalog and prices, mt S^l^J.l. Case Threshing Machine Co. (EX S Dept. 801, KacTne, Wis. HiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiR Vot Roast Withoot Grease and Without Water from the "Wear-Ever" AlimiDUi WiD^Mr KcttW Sear roast on ail sides— in cm* pty kettle — on top of stove. TWD down flame or put on stove lid. Turn meat over when half dcme. Cheapcutsof meat cook- •d in this way are aa palatable u the most expensive cota cooked in the old way. " Wear-Ever" Utenaite make your work lightei^your kitdk- en brighter — are pure and aafe. Beplace utensils that wear out «lth uten8U§that"Weai^K££r" Wr\Uf."> Asparagus Tips, per can. lOc; dozen 1.10 Aaiiaragus Tips. S. & W, brand, per can. 15c: dozen 1.05 Asparagus. Large White, tall cans; per Cii n . 20c ; d oze n 2.25 Corn. Fancy Maine, 2 cans for 25c ; per dozen 1.40 Peas. Fancy Sugar, fine gooda; 2 cans for 25c: per dozen 1.40 Peas. Eastern, per can, 10c: dozen 1.10 String Beans, cut and stringless. 2 cana far 2.5c; dozen 1.40 String Beans. Ea-stem. i>er can. 10c; dozen 1.00 Baked Beans. Campbell's large cans. 3 cans. 25c; dozen 1.00 Tomato Hot Sauce, Del Monte brand, 6 for 25 Tomato with Chile Peppers, each. 10c ; dozen 1.20 Fancy Table Peaclies in heayy aynip. 2 cans for 25 Fancy Table Apricots in lieaTy eyrup. 2 cans for 25 Fancy Table Pears in heav>' s>Tup. per can .15 Cove Oysters, good grade. 2 cans, 15c; dozen 'Mi Silver Thistle Oysters, extra select. 2 cans. 25c; dozen 1.40 Creole Dinner — try it. per can 10 Chicken Taraales. not boneless. 3 cans 25c; dozen 1.00 Chicken Giblet Tamales, each, 5c: dozen .55 90i per cent is charged against the seller, as well as a tax of 13 cents per head as a kind of insur- ance against possible loss to the buyer, though whv this should be no farmer could explain. To return to the story. Buyers had the producer "bj- the tail" as we ex- press it back there. Often the latter would purchase feeders, take them to the farm and fatten therr) on skim milk, peas and middlings, onlv to be bid less for them wlien brought in as fats, and have to haul them home again, hoping to strike a higher mar- ket next time, or sell them at a loss. Once the writer recalls seeing a pen of eight fats put un. They would average about 170 nounds. and seven brought $10,50 each. Tlie other one had lo<;t half its tail, and the buvcr only offered $5 for it, though its bacon would taste just a«; good, T presume. Knowing he couldn't add two inches of tail to it, the owner simply had to sell at the price offered Co-Operative Efforts. Such were markctinsr conditions early in 1912. Several earlier attempts bad betn made by small groups of farmers to work co-operative schemes, but the bir»- concerns at once iumped prices up S.5 or $f> a head until the>c groups collansrd for want of supplies, as a dull thud in prices would an- nounce. Similar has been the butter condi- tions iintt' the dairvmen formed the Western District Co-Operative Com- pany, with creameries in many sec- tions and offices and storage ware- houses in the city of Melbourne. From a middleman's price of 12 to 15 cents, they had advances to a pretty regular 23 cents co-operative return for their butter fat, a price that may sound low to California dairymen, but on account of low priced land and cows, leaving a very profitable mar- gin to the Victoria dairyman. Most of the hog raisers were share- holders in this company and to the directors they appealed for help to solve the hog problem. Meetings were held and a movement to form a bacon curing company commenced. A representative of the Co-Operative Company was about to leave for Eng- land and the continent on butter busi- ness and he was empowered to look into the markets for bacon there also, as well as get familiar with methods of production in Denmark. So hopeful did he consider the out- look and so determined were pro- ducers to break away from the old conditions that shares in the company were rapidly taken up after con- fidence in the movement had been created among the farmers. Among the articles of the com- pany which met with much argument was one "that all shareholders must supply all their hogs to the company (irrespective of outside market prices) under penalty of a $2.50 fine for each head supplied outsiders." On this clause the whole life of the movement depends. The private en- terprises had not been idle, they had. following their usual plan, advanced prices over $5 per head and quoted columns of figures to show bacon cur- ing was a losing proposition, even with them, and would bring ruin to the growers if they attempted it. But the latter had been bitten lone and often and the treatment still rankled and they refused to be side tracked by these plausible arguments. Their efforts had been copied by the central and northeastern men, who also were now preparing to start a bacon curing factory, A wide, get- together council was held, with the final result that all three districts came in together and eighteen months ago had the satisfaction of ooenin" a big establishment, thoroughly equipped and controlled in every de- partment and covering 14 acres of land, close to Melbourne markets for the small goods, and shipping faci'i ties for the export trade, A renresentative of the comnany in each district is responsible for the supply of pigs and makes un one or more carloads from the growers, who deliver the pigs at the railvvav dcnot where each grower's private mark is stamped on the pi,gs. Weight and qualitj' are carcfullv noted at the packing house and each grower raid an advance on his shio- ment. T.ocal. interstate and export markets take the suppiv read''--, that a glut and low prices arc not greatly feared. The average price paid back to growers ranges round 9 cents per nound, live weight, and has given a big impetus and stability to the hog raising industry. The success of the movement is due to the canabi'itv. integritv and ovcellTT i^f f'lf »^on who took un the producer's burdTi and enthused, urged and pr'n»-nfcd him un to know- ing ?nd b"'ievinff in what was best for himsf'lf \\"hittipr. Cal. TTAROLD D. RUN- DLF.. People finding it r>eces«.Trv to en- gage in a war of extermination r' Which will you buy a "cream thief" or a "savings bank" Cream Separator WITH A GREAT MANY machines or Implements used on the farm it doesn't make much difference which of sev- eral makes you buy. ONE MAY GIVE YOU A little better or longer service than another, but it's mostly a matter of individual preference and often it makes little differ- ence which one you choose. NOT SO WITH BUYING A cream separator, however. THE MOST WASTEFUL MA- chine on the farm is a cheap, inferior or half worn-out cream separator. THE MOST PROFITABLE machine on the farm is a De Laval Cream Separator. A CREAM SEPARTOR IS used twice a day, 730 times a year, and if it wastes a little cream every time you use it it's a "cream thief," and an expensive machine even if you got it as a gift. BUT IF IT SKIMS CLEAN TO the one or two hundredths of one per cent, as thousands and thousands of tests with a Bab- cock Tester show the De Laval does, then it's a cream saver, and the most profitable ma- chine or implement on the farm — a real "savings bank" for its fortunate owner. AS TO HOW MUCH CLEANER the De Laval skims than any other separator, the best evi- dence of this is the well- known fact that all other makes were discarded by the creamerymen years ago, and that to-day 98% of the cream separators used in creameries the world over are exclusively De Lavals. THEN THE DE LAVAL IS SO much better designed and so much more substantially built and runs at so much lowet speed than other separators that its average life is from 15 to 20 years, as compared with an average life of from 2 to 5 years for other machines. THERE ARE OTHER ADVAN- tages as well, such as easier turning, easier washing, less cost for repairs and the better quality of De Laval cream, which, when considered in con- nection with its cleaner skim- ming and greater durability, make the De Laval the best as well as the most economical cream separator. REMEMBER, THAT IF YOU want a De Laval right now there is no reason why you should let its first cost stand in the way, because it may be purchased on such liberal terms that it will actually pay for itself out of its own sav- ings. A De I.aval catalogs to be had for the askljiK tells more fully why the De Laval Is a "savings bank" cream separator, or the local De Laval agent will be glad to explain the many points of De Laval superiority. If you don't know the nearest local agent, simply write the nearest De Laval main office as below, DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY COMPANY 165. Broadway 101 I) nun in Street 1010 VV'estern Avenue NEW YORK SA!V FRANCISCO SEATTLE 50,000 BEANCHES AND LOCAL AGENCIES THE WORLD OVER Carhureiolicy of any business V Who has the nost worry.' \Vho takes the heavy •isk? The man behind. He is the lominating factor in any business and hat business rests, for its success, ipon his htness for the job. He must enow how to get the best possible re- ults out of the tilings he has to work vith, whether they be men, tools, roducts, good will, or what not. The itness for the job of the man who olds down the boss' chair in any usiness is the keystone in tiie arch. A man must know his business in ill its detail, in all its diverseiiess from A to Z, to get the greatest re- turns, and nowhere is this more true ;han in agriculture. There is no busi- less or profession that requires greater versatility and a broader knowledge than farming. Nor, per- laps, is there any other business or irofession whose requirements in this aspect have been as little realized ind appreciated in the past as the Drofession of farming. Yet agriculture s the greatest of them all. The "Back to the land" movement, iccompanied by the "Little farm well illed" slogan, has been the means of bcusing the world's eyes upon agri- :uUure and forcing home a better un- lerstanding of the necessity for echnical knowledge and experience in his field of effort. The popular idea hat if one made a failure of every- hing else, one could buy a farm and ichieve success, has been dissipated. \ few millions of dollars lost in this vay with many bitter tears and much xperience as the sole crops harvested ave taught us to realize that farming s a business requiring real training nd experience. As the science of agriculture has ;ro\vn with every increase in our :nowlcdge, the field covered has be- omc so large that a division into latural branches such as horticulture, tock raising, grain farming, etc., has aken place. Poultry raising repre- ents one of these divisions and calls or special knowledge and adaptability n the handling of fowls. What are these special require- nents? In the first place, a man or L'onian. to be successful in poultry arming, must like fowls. One must ike to watch them, to admire them, o fuss with them. One must be wili- ng to lose one's self in one's flock nd work with them all day and half he night whenever necessity requires vithout losing enthusiasm and love or the birds. One must be neat, rderly, painstaking, have infinite >atiencc. and be a stickler for detail vithout becoming slow in getting the york done. A man's success in anv iiie of work, otlier things being equal, ivill dcnend on his ability to look iftcr the great amount of detail and ec that it is properly rierformed witli- nit permitting himself to get lost in iich detail and routine work so as 0 lose sight of the big issues. .\ certain woman who knew very ittlc about the poultrv business ex- cpt what she had read and who had igured out on paper the big profits hat she was going to make with )0ultrv started in one voar bv buvin" 1 good many hundred day old chicks. 5hc hTd plenty of land and capital nough to make a good start. She acked. however. experience and cnowle<'ge. .^fter she had had her hicks for a few weeks she came to he writer for .Tsi-istance. \ great nany of her chick.^; were dyincr and he was unalile to locate the trouble. The writer nsked her to come out to lis b^^>r^der I^ousp. w'lich was then full f chicks of different -Ttrcs. so that I^ev might discus; this woman's ' '>h1em in 1*^0 nronor eni-irnnment. Thev entered one of the pens and he picked up a couple of chicks and held them out to the woman saying, "Just take hold of those and see what you think of them." She replied, "No, no, I hate to touch them." The writer looked at her in surprise, saying "Who takes care of your chicks?" "Why the hired man." It developed that this woman went into the poultry business without having any liking whatever for it, simply because she thought there was a lot of money to be made and had not realized that returns are only se- cured in proportion to what one actually puts out in earnest interest and energy. One who cannot put one's whole heart into one's business, but expects to leave the actual con- duct of the business to the hired man and only wants to take in the income need never expect to climb very far on the ladder of success, and nowhere is this more true than with poultry raising. It has long been a recog- nized fact among poultrymen that the success secured in rearing fowls is in direct proportion to the effort put forth and the detailed care given the fowls. In addition to a fondness for poul- try with all its multitude of details, good business sense in knowing how to keep down expenses and to mar- ket the output to best advantage are essential to success. Any business that is not run on a sound financial footing, any enterprise that cannot market its products at a profit after producing them, cannot exist very long, therefore the poultryman must not only be a lover of fowls and know how to successfully handle fowls, but he must have a good keen business sense, possess selling ability and have the necessary executive capacity to keep all phases of the work moving on its proper footing and in the most efficient way. The person who wishes to go into tlic poultry business because he likes fowls and believes he can make a success of it after he has gained suf- ficient experience and knowledge may gain experience by working on a poultry farm. Or he can, if he has anv back yard room or other land adjacent to his dwelling, make a start with a few fowls. By working with them for a year or so and carrying on practically all the operations of poul- try raising in a small way. a great deal of experience can be gained. Oc- casional trips should also be made to successful commercial plants with a view to making as close a study of each man's methods as time will per- mit. Valuable pointers can be gained by such trips made with one's eyes open. The opportunity to secure poultry knowledge and experience is open so that one need not and should not at- ti'inpt to go ahead blindly. Success depends on knowing how; it depends on the nrenaredness of "the man be- hind." Why not be prepared? LETTHISENGINEKEDUCE YOURJilGHCOST- OPLABOR S. C. WHITE LEGHORNS. Pacific Poultrycraft tells of a ridic- ulous thing. "S. C. White Leghorns" were spoken of the other month in some of the reading columns. The type setter did not like the abbrevia- tion and called it "South Carolina White Leghorns." This w-as not cor- rected by the proofreader and was overlooked by everybody else, and so it came out in the paper. Notice — S. C. White Leghorns stands for Sinower drire this engine is a \ E0E7SS I TV THE FULLER & .JOHNSON TYPE "N" ENGINE is different from most engines. Ist^It is the product of 13 years of business and inanufactunng experience, backed up with a world-wide reputation for QUAL.111. -a it is made in modem shops eqiuiiped mtli the D'achm^""-„Vs:Tv?.Q™A'^ high class nie<-hanics; 3d— IT COMBINES THE GOOD POIN Is HIGH PRICE ENGINES IN DESIGN, MATERIALS AND WOUKMAN- SHiP— all the late.it improvements— yet sells for a surprisingly low Price. 4th — It is veiT. very simple, has few pni-ts, is easy to start and run — py anyone: .ith— It has' only one-fourth Uie weight of engines made from anti- quated patterns — and is more easily portable; 6th — It has make-anrl- break" ignition, a •■hit-and-miss" governor that keeiis its speed constant and permits it to use very little fuel-, 7th— It operates on the superior 4 cycle principle and cools itself perfectly: 8th— It runs equally well on gas«.line or engine distillate. . , . . .„ j ^ . .. The work the different tiz.es of this wonderful engine will do for 5 ou Mid the amoimt of money it will save will surprise you. \ou CAN 1 i out) to be without it. „ WRITE AT ONCE for our fine illustrated catalog and price list. Clip out and .send in this coupon to save time. — PACIFIC HARDWARE & STEEL CO.— Pacific Coast Distributers „ j I^s Angeles 702 Seventh Street. San Francisco. Cal. Portland Send me full information about your Fuller & .Johnson Type N Engine at once. Name Chea THE small bridge on a public highway is often a menace to life and limb. It is a source of constant worry and expense. The heavy traffic to which modern roads are subjected is likely to cause the total collapse of an or- dinary bridge, blocking travel and entailing damage suits. Armco Culverts do away with the use of tem- porary or uncertain material for culverts and small bridges, cut out the heavy maintenance costs and make travel safe and sure at all seasons and under all conditions. They withstand the floods of spring and the ice of winter. Properly installed they last for immensely long pe- riods without need of repairs or attention. ARMCO K CULVERTS resist rust because made of a pure iron, almost wholly free from those foreign substances that cause steel and ordinary iron to rust out and go to pieces. They possess great strength and are tough enough to stand the strain of shifting and settling foundations. When the drainage problem in your community comes up for considera- tion, insist on the ehmination of troublesome and dangerous bridges and throw the weight of your influence on the side of Armco Culverts. See the Triangle Brand on every section. There is a manufacturer in your vicinity. Write him or THE ARMCO CULVERT PUBLICITY BUREAU, Cincinnati, Ohio 32 CARE OF RABBITS IN HOT WEATHER. For the benefit of those who are beginning to raise rabbits and hares I want to warn them that great care must be used during hot weather. They will not stand very hot spells unless shaded from the sun and care is used in the feeding. Of course, in some parts of the country the sum- mers are not so hot, but the rabbits need shade and tlic fatter and finer they are tlie quicker they will go with the heat. During June, July and August it is best to stop feeding barley, excepting to market stock. Stale bread, a little green alfalfa, carrots and kale, with nice, clean hay in the evening, I find the best summer feed, and most nec- essary of all, a clean crock of fresh water. I always change the water about noon and it is cool and refresh- ing the hottest part of the day. The hutches should also be kept very clean in hot weather or the young will be apt to have spotted liver. It is much easier to clean them a little every day than to wait until they are filthy dirty. Then it takes so long and disgusts one with the business. The does should have a rest during July and August. One can arrange so that they have a batch of young for the September market and the does will do so much better after their rest that it will repay their owners, as they will be in so much better condition for the winter. MRS. C. A. RICHEY, R. F. D., Los Angeles, Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM FEEDING THE FAMILY COW. (Cntlonaed from Page Twenty-nine.) water is one of the most necessary factors in the keeping up of a good milk flow. Have a lump of salt where she can get it at will. I do not think that there is any animal which responds more to kind- ness, good feeding and comforts than the dairy cow, for, as I am writing about the family cow, it is only to be regretted that by many she is treated as a side line instead of a main one for increasing the living. SWEET PEA CONTEST. On May 22 a sweet pea contest is to be held in the Educational build- ing of the Panama-Pacific Exposi- tion by C. C. Morse & Co. There are six different classes in the contest. Classes 1 and 5 arc open to both boys and girls, class 2 is limited to schools or clubs, class 3 to boys only, and 4 to girls only. In these five classes only Spencer sweet peas may be entered, but in class 6 any variety of peas can be shown by either boys or girls. The contest promises to be a very large and in- teresting one as all similar contests have been of much interest and value to the boys and girls taking part in them. More details can be secured by writing to C. C. Morse & Co., San Francisco. The Agricultural Department of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad is issuing a series of bulletins on farming matters, two of which are now ready for distribution from the Denver headquarters. The first is on the "A.gricultural Duty of Water" and gives much valuable information on the subject. The second, on 'Di- versify and Standardize Your Farm Crops," explains both the need of diversification and methods of bring- ing it about to best advantage. These bulletins are free and will be found of much value. Present indications are for a large peach crop throughout the United States, according to the California Cured Fruit Exchange, which sug- gests the necessity for the produc- tion of as fine a quality of peach as possible. WHAT ABOUT GEESE? It seems to be a peculiar fact that hardly enough geese are raised to amount to anything in this part of the country, and there is strong rea- son for believing that the many per- sons who are thinking so much about new ways for the farm woman to make money, or for another source of income which can be added to the farm, do not think as much about Rack for SproutinK Oato at Exposition Kes-Ljiylnf; Content. geese as they should. It is true that the goose is very hard to pluck and loses much of its value skinned, also that American labor does not care much about plucking geese; neverthe- less, geese are quoted in our leading markets at $2 to $3 per pair nearly all the year round, the lowest price given almost never being below $2 and the top price almost never below $3, quite often the range being from $2.50 to $3.50 per pair, according t S.VLEM, OREGON. .C. F. WILLI.VMS, Editor. y 1?|ela RltA like hnncrrT TolTM bait with Macic-Flsh-Lare* Best flah bait ever 'iiscovered. Keeps yon busy palling them out. Write to-day and get • box to belp loiroW TO BECOME A NOTARY PUBLIC OR COM- MISSIONER OF DEEIDS. AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION. This book is an inspiration to the indifferent and a stimulus to the ambitious. .\part from the agent, operator or contractor, there is much to be found in its contents that wUl prove of gi-eat Talne to all who wish to be jwstcd on Valuation. Contracts. Mortgages. Leases. Evic- tions, etc. The cost might be saved five hundred times over in one transaction. 2i>6 pages, cloth. This book retails for .^1.00. By special arrange- ments we have arranged to give it free, postage preij:iid. with a new or renewal subscri])tion to <.)rchard and Farm for one year at .$1.00. PATENTS That Protect and Pay Send Sketch or .Model for SEARCH Books. Advice and Big FDPr List of Inventions Wanted, r IVCjCj Watson E. Coleman. Patent Lawyer. Wash.. D. C. 34 ORCHARD AND FARM FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE OUR RATE FOR CLASSIFIED advertisements In the Market Place pages is only 3 cents per word for each insertion. THE MARKET PLACE CLASSIFIED Ad Department of Orchard and Farm offers subscribers and readers a low priced and effective place to adver- tise. These advertisements are read because subscribers know they offer bargains. Your bargains should be here. SEND PAYMENT when you send the advertisement. We make no charge accounts of this kind of advertising. Amounts under one dollar may be sent in 1 or 2 cent stamps. Make remittance to cover as many times as you want advertisement to run. ADVERTISEMENTS MUST REACH US by noon of 23d of each month. CHANGES OF COPY must be in our hands by 10th of month preceding date of issue. Address ADVERTISING DEPT., ORCHARD AND FARM HEARST BLDC. SAN FRANCISCO Orchard and Farm la the only farm paper in California nith memberablp in The Audit Bureau of ('irfulatlonM. POULTRY Something; good (or May and June- Bargain prices in baby chicks, hatch- ing eggs and breeding stock. Baby chicks, $7.50 to $11 hundred, depending on breed and quantity; hatching eggs. ti hundred, $35 thousand. Breeding stock, $10 to $15 dozen. We specialize on White Leghorns and Black Minor- cas for the white egg commercial breeds, and R. 1. Reds and Barred Rocks for meat and winter laying qualities. The best of their kind. Our stock is well selected and mated, and in chicks and eggs can tackle anything from 25 to 2,500. Delivered prices quoted. Circular free. Roofden Ponl- try Ranch. Campbell, Calif. Bo» 19«. Turkeys — Bourbon Red, White Hol- land, Mammoth Black and the new Blue; in separate yards; range alter- nately. Eggs 35c each, $3.50 per dozen. Won 1st, old males, in all 4 varieties, Los Angeles show, 1915. First females in Hollands and Blacks. Second Bour- bons and Blues. .Mrs. B. Hocking;, Uuantl. Cal. Winner of firsts and specials past 5 years. Hatching Egem — Sicilian Buttercups, Barred Plymouth Rocks and Buff Orpingtons; winners at several shows; prices reasonable; correspondence so- licited. Robinson & Berthelaen, box 3»4, Hanford. Cal. Rhode Inland Red Chicks, settings, hundreds, thousands; heavy layers; modern hatchery; we hatch all year for broiler plants; hatching eggs, stock. Pebbleaide Poultry Karm and Hatchery, Sunnyvale, Cal. Inrubators — The Geo. H. Croley Co., inc., largest Poultry Supply House of the Coast, 631-637 Brannan street, San Francisco, is making attractive prices this season. Write for book. PO U LTRY— Continued Hatching Kggs a Specialty — S. C. White Leghorns. Hoganized stock; breeding hens 2 and 3 >rs. old; prices after Feb. 1st $5 per 100; $45 per 1,000. Pine Tree Poultry Farm. Los Gatos, Cal. Try Vn for Flrst-CIaBS Chicks — Eggs for hatching, eight breeds. Prices right. Stock and eggs guaranteed. The Hawkeye Hatchery, Turlock. Cal. LIVESTOCK BIL.L.IKBN herd of pure bred regis- tered O. I. C. swine. Sows are far- rowing now. Will have a fine lot of pigs ready for shipment soon. Make your reservations now for singles, pairs and trios. Guaranteed first class In every way. Three herd boars used: new blood lines. All stock immunized against hog cholera. Write for my new circular. C. B. Cunningham. Mills, Sacramento County. Caiifomia, REAL ESTATE HOMEISTEADS. Canadian Homestead Land Club now being itrganlzed. 100 men only ac- cepted. Right of selections same as number of application. We locate yoti on 160 acres of mixed farming land, partly prairie, partly light timber. Level black loam soil. No stone and no alkali, and within five miles of town and railroad. One of these claims worth a lifetime of saving. Total fee. Including everything, $50; $10 when you Join, $10 monthly; balance paid when you file. Will all go together, between March 15th and April 1st. Here is a chance to get a first-class farm for less than $100, Including location fee, rail- road fare, tiling fee. etc. Come and see us. or write at once. Alberta Land Co., 402 PIttoek Block, Portland, Ore. Victoria, Australia, Wanta Settlers — Special inducements; Government land, railways, free schools; cheap Ir- rigation; 31 years to pay for farms; adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fruit, etc.; climate like California; ample markets: reduced passage: special ex- cursion being arranged. Free particu- lars from F. T. A. Frlcke, Government Representative from Victoria, 687 Mar- ket St.. San Francisco. Cal. Box T. For Sale by Owner— Full bearing cherry orchard, ten acres: crop ready to pick about May 20th. Will sell or- chard at regular price; guarantee crop value to amount to 'A of price asked. This offer good till May 15th. Very near Napa. Calif. P. O. box 247. Napa, Cal. 35 acres, fruit farm, well Improved. near good school, church; on good graded road, 2% miles from Kings- burg, Cal.; price right; terms easy. For particulars write A. L. Cross, onn- er. Kingsbnrg, Cal. COINTV SECTIOIVAI. M.VPS, SHOW- ING VAC.4NT Government Land, $2.50 per county. Very Plain. Easy to see and select your choice. Book- let and Circulars Free. Write Clark, 181 1 K Street, Sacramento. For Sale— 40 or 160 acres; good soli. water and markets; near railroad: 27 acres in l)earlng fruit. 15 acres French prune.", oak timber, pasture: buildinKS and implements. Terms. C. B. Kitln, owner, .\nderson, Shasta Co., Calif. FRKF — "Tme Blue" lOIS Booklet. Tells the "how," "why" and "where" of overlooked State and Government Land bargains. Write California State Land Information Bureau, Sacramento, Cal. Hog and Stock Ranch, 700 acres: BAR- GAIN. Bottom and second bottom, sediment loam land: 150 hogs. 50 cows, 26 horse.". 2 modern houses, barns, or- chard, tools, etc.; only $30,000; terms. G. Putnam, Y. M. C. A.. Oakland. For Sale — 15 acres, fully Improved; good house, barn and outbuildings: two good wells, chlcken.i. cows. hogs> turkeys and a team of horses. Cbas. K. .\tran. .4rbuckle. t:nl. For Sale Cheaii— 18 acres best land !r» San .loaquin valley; fine for alfalfa: 3-room house; well; close to town an* school. A. F., 3110 California at., San- Francisco^ For Sal* — G-acre chicken ranch: 5- room liou.se, barn, good well. tank, and windmill: small orchard; ?4 mile from car. W. L. Sandberg, San Le- andro. M \ n K H .* COfNTY LOCATIONS Ranch land. 200 acres, $1,000: also apple orchards, 600 trees. $1,600. Make- n ice home.". Frederick, Northfork. Cal. California Landt all counties; catalogue- free. Write C. M. Wooster Co^ Phe— Ian bidg., San Franelaco (established* 30 years). Grain Land at $50 per acre. Terms can be had. E. W. Pratt, box M, Oak— dale. Cal. . 580 acres: house, barn, stock, tools; $3,750 cash. 25 years pay balance. Ren. Middletown. Cal. For Sal* — 20 acres In San Bernardino- Co.; 10 acres peaches. R. Schell*^ nil 3«th nve.. Oakland. OREGON REAL ESTATE Rognelanda, Incorporated. Medford. Ore. — Over 6.000 acres Irrigated fruit, berry, garden and farm lands for sale- on ensy terms to desirable settler.*: abundant water supnly: transportation and surroundings Ideal: In the incom- parahle Rogue Rive r Valley. Mnst Sell 5 or 10 acres of my beautiful 5.yenr-old apple orchard In Santinm. Linn Co.. Oreiron. Finest varlciU-s. perfect trees Terms to suit. A l>ar- iraln. K. J. Stolls. TIS Mission St.. Ssn. Francisco. Cal. SAFETY FIRST — Feed your baby chicks CROLEYS DRY .MIXED CHICK FEEDS, manufactured by GEO. H. CHOLEY CO.. INC., 631-637 Brannan St.. San Francisco. At Ave California shons I won 112 firsts, 55 seconds, four times best bird in show and many other specials. Utility and show stocks, eggs and chicks of black, buff and white Orp- ingtons. Rose and S. C. Reds, white and blue Leghorns. Sliver Campines, Anconas, Salmon Faveroles, Polish and Cornish Games. Free mating list. Holman Poultry Farm, Stockton, Cal. Hart's Strain of Bronze Turkeys; large. vigorous stock for sale. Eggs by the setting or by the hundred. Limited number of eggs from special matlngs. Orders now being booked. Albert M. Hart, ClementH, Cal. (Successor to Ed. Hurt.) Petalumn Hatchery — Established 1902. Can ship day-old chicks to points reached in three days; six varieties. There are fifteen large hatcheries here, but only one "Petaluma Hatchery." We challenge the hen. Send for free clr- cular. I~ W. Clark. Petaluma, Calif. Eices for hatching from pens headed by first prize winners M. B. turkeys and Toulouse geese, 21c each. I. R. ducks. S. S. Hamburgs and Buff Orp- ingtons. Sc each. J. Wellborn, War- ren,^ Buff Leghorn. White Minorca Chicks, Eggs and Stock; quality guaranteed: prices reasonable: choice strained honey. 60 pounds for $3.50. Sandridge Hatchery. Herman. Cal. Bon-en's Famous White Minorcas — Eggs for hatching for special matlngs of show birds. Three yards, all prize birds: also utility stock. Write for price list. T. H. Bowen. Honte 2. Snnta Ana. Cal. Chicks — Day-old chicks from my healthv vigorous, heavy-laying free- range stock of S. C. White Leghorns, price $6.50 per hundred. H. P. Hansen, R. 4. Box 177. Petaluma. Cal. Beautiful Black Tailed Jnp. Bantams, $5 pair. Muscovy ducks and eggs. Mrs. dc Freltas, 611 South Eighth St., San Jose. Cal. Day-Old Chicks. White Leghorns, good stock, selected for eight years, Cir- c\ilar free. White Plumage Poultry Farm * Hatchery. F.xeter. Cal. Trannested White and Buff Leghorns — Great winners and layers. Eggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroeder, .*lla Me«a. Mountain View. Cnl. "Chickens" from shell to market, an interesting and Instructive booklet, will be sent free on application to roulson Co.. Petnlnma. Cal. Sliver Wyanrtottes Exclusively — Bar- gains in cockerels and young cocks from my nrize-winnine strain. L. C. Vn n tfT. Breeder. Belmont. Cal. Cun Winners — White Indian Runner ducks, drakes and eegs. G. Buker. 4004 Bancroft ave., S. F. Day Old Chlx — Barred Rocks. R. I. Reds. Buff and White Orpingtons and Tur- keys. Enoc Crews, Santa Cms, Cal. Baby Chicks and Hatching Eggs, breeding stock: incubators, brooders. Stansfleld. 3301 E. 14th St., Froltvale. POULTRY SUPPLIES Perfecto Spiral Legband — 300 different combinations; ten colors; slips on like keyring; no tool reoulred: lasts for life; 25 for 35c: 100. $1.00; 1.000. $8.00. Schroeder, 330 Pacific Bldg.. San Fran- cisco. PHEASANTS Chinese Rlngneck Pheasants, (2.50 each, either sex. Powars' Phcasantry, 035 So. Tenth St., San 'Jose, Cal. RABBITS Rlchey's New Zealand Red Rabbits won 19 ribbons in one year. Barred Rock eggs. $1.50 and $2.50 per 15. Mrs. C. A. RIchey. R. S, box 557, Los Angeles. Pedigreed Ruxns Belgians — Let me im- prove your stock. I have size, shape and color. Write for prices. Sinnott's Rnhhltry. Trinity st.. Fresno, Cal. Flemish Giants — Guaranteed. Have some young bucks and does. 2% to ^M. months old. Your pick $1 apiece, $10 dozen. A. L. Preble. Hickman, Cal. Caldwell's Royal Red New Zealands, scored and sold on merit. Catalogue free. Caldwell Bros., 2527 San Fer- nando boulevard, Los .\ngeles, Cal. 15 prizes at 2 shows; New Zealand Rab- bits for sale; Flemish and Belgian. Cecily Burns, Mountain View. DOGS Scotch Collie Dogs for sale. Pups and full grown. Prize-winning stock. Absolutely thoroughbred. Best pedi- E-ree. Reasonable. 7.";3 Shrader st., San Francisco. FROGS Frogs — Investigate breeding big East- ern bullfrogs: unusual possibilities west of mountains. Tremendous de- mand. .\€inallfeco, Seymour. Conn. BEES AND HONEY Bee-Keeping Instruction Book Free. Explains honey production, profits, prices, supplies, bees and management without stings. .Spencer Apiaries, Kline Ave., NordholT, Cnl. Beekeeping pays big. Instruction books, etc.. free. Send dime for sam- ple pure California honey. Kline Api- aries, NordholT, Cal. Two Poland China Brood Sows to far- row In June, $25 each. f. o. b. Regis- tered and transferred. One 1913 sow to farrow in August, second litter. $25. N. M. I>ester, Grldley, Cal. Red Rock Ranch. Glen Ellen, Cal. — High-class Duroc Jersey hogs. Spe- cialty registered pigs at weaning time. If Interested write. Duroc Jersey hogs from Eastern sows: both sexes. S. S. Soathworth, Rural Route 1. Napa, Cal. Registered Tamworth Boars, Canadian and Kentucky strain, .\cacia Ranch, Box 206. Tulare. Cal. Berkshlres — Registered and grade I stock boars: bred sows. C. H. Tlionipson, \ovato, Cal. AGENTS WANTED Wanted — Responsible representative in | each county: new combination. 12 tools In 1; sells at sight to farmers, teamsters, contractors, etc.; weight 24 pounds; lifts 3 tons, hoists, stretches wire, pulls posts; many other uses; free sample to active agents: easy work: big profits: one agent's profit $45.50 in one day: another $1,000 in Dec. 1914; we start you: write to-day for big color plate; quick action secures exclusive sale. Harrah Mfg. Co., box M. Bloom- fleld. Ind. Young Man, would you accept a tailor- made suit just for showing it to your friends? Then write Banner Tailoring Co., Dept. 7, Chicago, and get beautiful samples, styles and a wonderful offer. I made $.'50,000 in five years in the mail order business: began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. HE.\COCK. 1005 Lockport, N. Y. Write ns for our offer to agents for sending us names of persons want- ing State and Government Land. Jo- seph Clark, Sacramento. SITUATIONS WANTED Experienced young man wants position as manager of ranch and would like to hear from anyone desiring such a man. Address .100, Orchard and Farm. HELP WANTED Wanted — Men and women to qualify for Government positions. Several thousand appointments to be made next few months. Full Information about openings, how to prepare, etc., free. Write Immediately for booklet G-939. Earl Hopklna, Washinarton, D. C. Able-Bodled Men for firemen, brake- men, all railroads: $120 monthly. Ex- perience unnecessary. Promotion, con- ductor, engineer. $150-$200. Railway .\ssoclatlon, care Orchard and Farm. ORCHARD AND FARM 35 -armers' Classified Market Place REAL ESTATE WANTED Terlooked and Covered-l}p Govern- ment Land near you. Lately searched ut and put on good County Sectional laps. You have heard of others get- Ins remarkable overlooked bargains. ^OUR TURN NOW to get land for a ome or Investment from your UNCLE AJi. Get our County Sectional Maps 1th BARGAINS PLAINLY MARKED. 60 any county. Personal checks ken. Write Joseph Clark, Searcher State and V. S. Records, 1511 K Sacramento. Wanted — We have direct buyers; don't pay commissions. Write de- crlbing property, naming lowest price. P'e help buyers locate desirable prop- rty free. American Investment Asso- latlon, 8 Palace BIdg;., Minneapolis, Imn. Wanted to hear from owner of gvod farm for sale. Send cash price and escription. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. inrbank's Original Improved Spineless Cactus. Highest pedigrees plants; Sonoma" and "Fresno" varieties; lOst perfect, most nutritious of cac- u creations. Orders for prompt de- ▼ery. C. M, Wooster Co., Phelan Idg.. San Francisco. inrbank Spineless Cactns — I have some Of the best varieties of Burbank's ictus, which I will sell while they last r $8 per 100; order early. Jerry Wll- lams. 402 Amador St., Vallejo, Cal. arbank Spineless Cactus — All the best varieties for forage and fruit; guar- nteed. Send for catalogue and price St. O, D. Cummlnss, Los Altos, Cali- >mla. laltese, CIclIean, Spanish Spineless Cactus — Prolific; guaranteed: reason- ble prices; flourishes on any land. C. Johnston. 8703 A St.. Oakland. without work, for largest and quick- est profits, plant now. Luther Bur- ■nk & Medlterranlan Spineless Cac- la Plantations, San Dlmas, Cal. erry Plants for Sale — Giant Himalaya, garden dewberry and loganberry lants. C. W. Martin, Hcmet, CalU. BUSINESS CHANCES argalns! Barg;alns! Send for free magazine; 1,200 bargains. Farm nds, business chances, any kind, any- here. Our service free to buyers. Western Sales Agency, Minneapolis, Ian. Good, Profitable Business (or Sale, consisting of a PLUMBING AND HRET METAL SHOP; business first ass; reason for sale of same, want to itire. Address P. O. box 254, Los anoB. Cal. ■y intelligent person m4> earn good Income corresponding for newspa- ers; experience unnecessary. Send for articulars. Press Syndicate, 1605 ockport, N. Y. BUSINESS PERSONALS Bepalr. buy. sell and exchange musical instruments; used instru- lents, good as new, sold cheap. Write Jr bargain list. Bolander's Fiddle lospltal. M Second street. S. F. ollectlon Aeencles— Bauer's Law and Collection Co.; all collections han- led promptly. 4th floor, Marston bidgr,, Kearny St., San Francisco. Reter- nces. Dun's and Bradstreet. PERSONAL [mne wanted In the country for a line, healthy 9%-year-old girl, and, suitable, for adoption; only respon- iWe party need apply. Box 8805, Or- liard and Farm, AUTOS, MOTORCYCLES AND REPAIRS MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE Mr. Building Material Buyer: Having severed my connections with the various wrecking companies with which I have been associated in the past, wish to announce that I have established yards at 1639 Mission street, San Francisco, where I will have on hand at all times a full line of new and second-hand Building Ma- terials, A No. 1 in quality and reason- able in price. Would appreciate an inquiry from you when in need of any- thing in my line, and should I be for- tunate enough to secure your order, will fill it in such a manner as will incline you to favor me with any fur- ther business that you may have. Yours for business, DAN P. DOLAN. 1630 Mission Street, at 12th, San Francisco. Cal. BVBRYTHIIVG for the BUILDKR — Bar- gains in building material; we can save you money on every item; Im- mense assortment of all kinds of sec- ond-hand building materials; second- hand lumber, doors, windows, corru- gated iron, chicken netting, bath tubs, toilets, roofing paper, etc., at the low- est prices. Carload lots a specialty. H. McKcvItt & Son, 1840 Mission St., near 14th St., San Francisco. PIPE AND CASING Dipped GUARANTEED FIRST CLASS. ALL SIZES— RIGHT PRICES. SECOND-HAND IN NAME ONLY. PACIFIC PIPE CO., Main and Howard Streets, San Francisco. Rebuilt Gas Engines sold for 50% of their new value, cylinders rebored, new pistons and thoroughly over- hauled. We furnish you a rigid guar- antee. Send for our bulletin. It will interest you. All sizes and makes. We will exchange your gas engine for a motor. Mechanical Installation Co., 181 Second St., San Francisco. Second-hand and New Water Pipe — All sizes standard pipe and wrought iron screw casing pipe; guarantee as good as new. Write for prices. Welssbanm Pipe Works, 167 Eleventh St., San Francisco. Posts — Genuine axe-split Puget Sound red cedar. Strong, long-lasting; sold direct to user at big saving. Write quick for freight-paid prices. Hewitt- Lea-Funck Co., 160 Crary Building, Soattle. Wash. New Way Hay Press for sale cheai^— Used two seasons; with $250 worth of improvements. W. B. Mordecai, Pet- nluma. Calif. New Gopher Trap just out; never fails; parcels post, one 60 cents; two. $1. Alexander Salof, 3014 30th ave., Oak- land. Cal. Buy your Belts from California Belt- ing Compitny. 1450 Mission st., San Frnncisco. For cedar posts and hop poles write G. R. Kirk Co.. Tacoma, Wash. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS Gold, amalgam, rich ore bought; cash; assaying, 50c. Pioneer Assaying Company, 636 Market St., opposite Pal- ace Hotel, San Frnncisco, Cal. PATENT ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us; established fifty years. Send for tree booklet on "Patents." Pacific Coast Patent Agency, Inc., Stockton, California. EDUCATIONAL Van der Naillen's All Engineering School; estab. 1864. 51st and Tele- graph ave., Oakland. Cal. HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES "SMITHS PAY THE FREIGHT." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our Wholesale to Consumer CatalORUf. Smith's Cash Store, 106 Clay street, San Francisco. ADVERTISING In This Department of Orcliard and Farm pays in results because the ads are watched by buyers all over Cali- fornia. It vou have real bargains to offer, the 3 cents a word rate will find >ou many customers. Dairy Items From Here and There Savings at Cheese Factories. The Wisconsin Agricultural Ex- periiTient Station tells of profits from wastes made at certain cheese fac- tories in that State. In one large chese factory the whey is skimmed and whey butter made, which is a little inferior to ordinary butter, and the patrons as a result received $1,- 000 extra last year as their share of the profits. From 10 to 20 pounds of butter per cow can be recovered per year by skimming the whey. The whej' itself makes a fairly valuable fed for hogs. Sour Milk for Calves. The common belief that sour milk would cause scours was put to a practical test at the Dairy Division Experiment Station, Bellsville, Mary- land, and it was found that properly handled, skim milk was an excellent feed for calves. Complaints against sour milk apparently should have been directed against the dirt in such milk rather than against its sourness. The first calves were changed from sweet milk to sour very slowly in order to accustom them to it. When that worked out well, the change was made abruptly, without harm for calves still younger. Both grade Hol- steins and grade Jerseys and Guer- neys were so fed, and all did well on it. The sour milk, which has to be given without heating, was fed in winter as well as summer without harm. In a comparative test four calves were fed on sweet milk only, four on sour milk only, and four for two days on sweet milk, then two days on sour milk, and so on for sixty days. The average gain per day for warm sweet inilk was 1.02 pounds; cold sour milk, 1.07 pounds, and al- ternating sweet and sour milk 1.06 pounds, a diflference being practically non-existent. The calves were grade Jerseys and Guernseys. However, some calves always dislike cold milk and these do better on warm sweet milk, as sour milk cannot be heated well. Otherwise sour milk, provided it is clean and fed clean, seems to give fully as good results as warm sweet skim milk. It is safer in warm weather than in cold and should be a great convenience in summer in districts where it is hard to keep milk sweet for more than a short time. Contagious Abortion. According to the Arizona Agricul- tural Experiment Station, methods of feeding affect the susceptibility of cows to contagious abortion. Feed- ing them exclusively on alfalfa hay, silage, or any other one food seems to reduce the vitality and fecundity of cows, so that it is recommended that they be given a .mxture of foods. It seems that placing the cows in a healthy, vigorous condition is help- ful in preventing the diseases. When a cow has the disease the folloviing treatment is recommended: Wash out the uterus with chinasol solution for three consecutive days. One per cent solution of creolin, lysol or any other good antiseptic preparation is suitable for this pur- pose. On the first day give the cow sixty grains methylene blue. Skip one day and give thirty grains every other day for a month. The second month no treatment is given, and the third month the cow is submitted to the same treatment as the first month. Along with this disinfecting the stable and flushing out all cows that have not been bred, twice a week with an antiseptic is recom- iTiended. Condensed Milk for Scours. A State of Washington dairyman writing to Hoards Dairyman tells of his success in curing scours by the use of condensed milk. It w-as first tried on a calf out of a valuable Holstein cow. This was dropped in shipment, four days before the ar- rival at the farm and was nearly gone with scours on removal from the cars. None of the usual treatments had any effect and before giving it up some condensed milk was pur- chased and fed — eight ounces in two pounds of as hot water as the calf would stand. The improvement was immediate and in three days the calf was back to a regular ration and do- ing well. The change from condensed milk to whole milk was made gradu- ally. It is doubtful if this treat- ment would be effective in case of "White Scours" caused by naval, in- fection, but it is claimed that it works where the scours are caused merely by indigestion. Comparing Dairy Records. An exact comparison of dairy rec- ords is difficult owing to the differ- ence in composition of the milk of record-breaking cows. For example, one cow may produce in a year much more fat than the next best cow, but the other produce far more milk. Til- lie Alcartra, owned by A. W. Morris & Sons, is the champion milk pro- ducer for a year, but has been sur- passed in butter production by sev- eral cows of more than one breed. Hoards Dairyman recently tried to compare her and leading cows of the several dairy breeds on other than a butter-fat basis. The comparison was made before two world's records were broken, one by a Holstein, the other by a Guernsey. On the basis of total solids Banostine Belle De Kol, the then champion Holstein butter cow, lead, with Tillie Alcartra second, quite a bit ahead of May Rilma, a Guernsey, at the time the comparison was made world's champion butter cow. If water were added until all milk tested the same for fat as did that of Tillie .M- cartra (the lowest-testing cow in the comparison) Banostine Belle de Kol would lead in total solids, but if skim milk were added to make all milk test the same. May Rilma would have lead in amount of milk, the other Guernseys and Jerseys standing high. As a matter of fact, since the com- position of all milk varies, between breeds as well as between individual cows, it is difficult to get a compari- son that is uniform on all points. Out- side of a comparison of fat production, the only other comparison of much value would be of amount of total solids, or of solids not fat. Two Meals a Day. A dairyman writing to an eastern dairy paper advises against feeding cows more than twice a day, two feeds being natural, he says, and the rest of the time can be best spent in chewing the cud and meditating. When cows are turned out into a field in the morning they will go at the gras.s vigorously and with zest, eating with every evidence of delight and satis- faction for a couple of hours, or until their paunches are full, when they will stop eating, seek a pleasant spot and proceed to complete what ther have so well begun. Their next feeding hour will be late in the afternoon. This is true with their near relatives, the deer, which feed at dusk and at dawn. It largely depends upon how cows have been trained, as they are even more creatures of habit tiian men. Cows trained to eat twice a day and then fed three times will go to the extra feed half-heartedly, muss it over and eat only half or two-thirds of it, although if they are trained to it they will eat it as they will their other meals. Normally, however, the row is an animal that operates on the two-meal-a-day plan. A dollar eave-spout mav keep a ten-dollar wall from tumbling. Much that passes for enthusiasm nothing but gush. J6 ORCHARD AND FARM Answers for Farm Problems Bean Weevils — I would like to ask how weevils get into beans. When I put my beans away for seed I put most of them in tin cans with tight covers and they were nearly eaten up with weevils, though there were a few of the same kind of beans in other cans that had no weevils in; then others were in cloth sacks which had no weevils in. Those special ones I planted ear- lier than the rest. How do the insects get into them? Is there a certain month to plant beans in? I am anxious to find out, as nearly all my fine seed beans were spoiled. Will they grow after the weevils have eaten them? — L. J. Weevils get into beans on account of the eggs being laid there while the beans are on the vine. Since this is the case, you can lock up the beans as light as you want to. and as the eggs are there, and hatch out and the svorm grows up and finally matures inside the bean (or pea), very natur- ally, it does no good whatever to close in a tight receptacle, though it may be good in preventing an attack from the outside. As stated in a preceding issue, the weevils can be kept from developing by fumigating the beans with carbon bi-sulphide. Keep them in a closed bin and place a saucer of carbon bi-sulphide on top. I'umigation will kill both weevils and larvae. It would be difficult to say just why beans in some receptacles contained weevils and others did not. Possibly the can or sack had con- tained something which prevented the weevils from developing and perhaps there had been no weevils where the beans were grown. Would advise planting in the month best suited for l)eans and avoid weevils by cleaning up and having clean seed. Do not plant affected seed, as the weevils will iiatch from it and insert eggs in new crop of beans, for even if it would liappen that the infested beans would grow, as some might, the stand would quite certainly be poor. Plant only clean seed on clean land and see that no straw or waste beans are left on the ground in the fall, thus avoiding rcinfestation. Infested beans should he destroyed, not thrown out, unless chickens will eat them up clean. Potato Blight — Can you give me any formula for the prevention of blight .in potatoes? I have been told, I have dipped my potatoes in formaldehyde tiefore planting, as I read in a recent issue of Orchard and Farm, and would Hike to know when is the best time to spray for blight. Also I would like to know what is the real cause of blight. .—J. C. S. There are two kinds of potato ;blight, early blight and late blight. The division of plant pathology of the University of California states ,that you probably refer to late blight. This is caused by a fungus, which de- velops only when there is much mois- jture in the air, usually in the winter season or in very foggy localities. Spray with Bordeaux mixture immed- iately after rains or during foggy weather, if treatment is necessary. Bordeaux, as you probably know is composed of copper sulphate (blue- stone), 5 pounds; quick lime, 6 pounds; water, .">0 gallons, there be- ing considerable leeway in the amount of materials used. Methods of making this have been given be- fore in these columns, or complete instructions can be secured from any State Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Grasshopper Killing — I would be greatly pleased to see in the paper an article upon the extermination of grasshoppers. — J. W. This subject was discussed last year in more or less detail. The eggs arc laid and young hatch in uncultivated ground, and fall plowing of fields where the insects breed checks source of supply. If the hoppers are not -too numerous, a flock of turkevs will do excellent execution, as tliey are a favorite food for turkeys. When the hoppers are exceptionally bad hopper dozers are good. Tliese can easily be made, something in the order of a Fresno scraper, but much wider, and with a coating of crude oil in the bot- tom. This is dragged back and forth across tlic held and the hoppers, jumping up, fall on to the oil and arc killed. Poisoned mash is also \ery commonly used and is the usual method of control. -\ highly recom- mended Kansas formula is: Bran, 20 pounds; paris green, 1 pound; syrup, 2 cjuarts; oranges or lemons, 3; w'ater, 3 1-2 gallons. The fruit juice attracts the hoppers. This mash should be sown broadcast in such a manner as to cover about five acres with the amount of bait made by using quan- tities named. It should be placed where the largest number will find it in the shortest time. Another good mash is composed of 40 pounds of bran, two pounds of molasses and five of white arsenic. Care should be taken to get an even distribution of the poison. One trouble with pois- oned mash is the quickness with which it dries. Bulletins on grasshop- pers can be obtained from the Bu- reau of Documents, U. S. Department of .Agriculture, and from the .Agri- culture Experiment Stations. Best Almond Location — Could you inform me as to which section of the northern part of California has in the average proven most profitable in the production of almonds? — M. A. S. We could not give you such in- formation. If we stated that one dis- trict was most favorable, all otlicr dis- tricts would be on our backs like a ton of bricks. Furthermore, it is a ijuestion of each individual piece of land, not of a comparison of sections. Land is streaked with different types of soil, and also one spot has less cer- ious frosts than another near by. Ad- vising for districts is thus very un- reasonable. As a general thing we would say: Get as good, deep, strong soil as you can. Point two, see that you have sufficient moisture supplies. Point three, get in as good a spot for frosts as you can in whatever section you are. .\s between sections, take the one with least frosts. In com- bining these three requirements of soil, moisture and freedom from bad frosts, you will have an interesting job. Climatically, the right situation is up against the foothills, in such a situation as citrus trees would be a fommercial success, but the facts are that the right soil is not too abundant in such situations, or when the soil is right, moisture is often too scant, either as rainfall, or for irrigation. While the ideal situation would be rich, well watered soil at the base of tiie mountains, the deeper, richer, moister, or easier irrigated soils of the floor of the valley, often prove the more profitable almond locations. Particularly is this true when orchard healing is done to protect from frosts, as was told of in our November, 1914, issue. After all. a personal investiga- tion is the right thing. Vou can do well with almonds almost anywhere on the floor of the great central val- ley of California where soil is right, especially if you will protect from frosts, and you can do perhaps better in those spots which might be called the citrus belt of the north, provided you can get right soil and plenty moisture. The growing of pure seed grain is not followed as it should be or to the extent that it will be and the few persons now engaged in it or per- sons interested in plant breeding will find a bulletin from the .Agricultural Experiment Station, at Orono, Maine, of value. It describes experiments with oats. Both Lock-Seamed and Soldered iX-monstinted to liave the projier -iram. A riveted seam leaks as the rivets are kiiDcked lo(>!*e oc as the solder brealcB l>et\Teen thtm. Hut uur wide lock-aeam — carefully auldered Uie entire lenKth of tiie pipe- -stays abeEI\VELL BOOKLET— tells how Madewell Surface Pii>e is made, and ex- plains just why it is superior to all other pipe. Send a postcard — now. Robinson Hardware Co. Box O, t;ilroy. ('allfornin. PERFECT stTtch Sewing Awl The awl that meets every condition for a handy tool to mend old or new harness, saddles, gun cases, suit cases, shoes, carpets, grain bags, awnings, pulley belts and tie comforters, etc. Farmers and stockmen use it to sew up wire cuts in livestock. The awl is well made, and with ordi- nary care will last a lifetime. Nothing to get out of order. All parts are interchangeable, so if one part gets lost or broken, you do not have to throw the tool away. We supply different parts. Use any kind of lock- stitch machine needles; they are kept in the hollow screw top handle. GIVEN FREE with a new or renewal subscrip- tion to Orchard and Farm for one year, 50c. ORCHARD AND FARM 37 *Tin Money From Farm -Poultry" It would seem from what has been given in this "Pin Money" series that poultry was the great standby in mak- ing some money on the side for the farm. It was turkeys last month and chickens this, also chickens in other letters now on lile. In fact letters about pin money from farm poultry probably equal letters about every- thing else. One would think, though, that there should be lots more than poultry to make money from and later we will give sonic of other kinds of suggestions. The poultry letters arc given just now on account of this be- ing the season when the young chicks are being given a proper start. For these articles we have been giv- ing a prize of $5.00 for the one used each month and will continue to do so as long as it seems best to con- tinue them. However to justify this, each article by rights ought to be im- portant enough and detailed enough to take up, say a column and a half or two columns of space. It should be long enough and detailed enough to give other farm women considerable information. With the permission of contributors of small suggestions about pin money, say of rather lim- ited application, we will possibly use more than one story per issue, award- ing the writer of the leading article for the month the $5.00 prize and the others as the household editor be- lieves justified by the value of the suggestion. However, we will see how things come out. The author of the following is awarded $5.00 for the description of her methods of raising chickens to an age at which they will bring her in a nice income. — Houseiiold Editor. Any woman can raise chicks better and easier without the hen, or heated brooder, than with, and they will grow so much faster, if she will only follow simple instructions. Any small box can be made into a firelcss brooder by a woman who can use tools at all. A box about 18 inches long by 13 wide and 8 to 13 inches high will be a good size for 20 or more chicks when first hatched. There should be a little door in one corner at the bottom about four inches in size, some air holes near the top, a cover for the top, made of small mesh wire and narrow broads around the edge and a frame made from about two-inch wide thin boards to fit inside of box, to rest on nails or cleats nailed to the sides. A piece of muslin or flour sack is tacked to this frame. It need only be tacked at the corners if drawn very tight. Lay a plait where tacked enough, making a fullness to rest on the little chicks' backs. Lay an old wool piece on top, enough to keep them warm. I invented last year an easy way to make a cover to use for this frame, when they are about a week old. It is made of muslin but not sagging. Tear or cut strips of cloth, blanket or napped is good, about six inches wide and the length needed. Cut this to an inch of the edge, like a fringe, and sew on the machine across muslin top about two inches apart till the cloth i- filled. This can easily be taken off nd scalded and can be used more ■in one year. This is much better " ''n tacking to a board cover. I his brooder should be partly filled ith warmed straw when the chicks first put in. They should rest ' ire at least thirty-six hours before ' 1 f ding. A small feeding box is needed, with little door and nearly covered with I nh and glass or wire net at the end let in light to feed in while very >')ung. A little straw- is put in this to -cratch in. They must be put under the hover to rest and keep warm till they learn to go m tliemseives. .lis lliey grow older they will need a larger iranie to conluie them and this can be set out on tne grass. At about three weeks old, taxe a box about two leet square and put in little roosts about inches higii. 1 he lower half of the boK snould have one board clear across, hung with leather hinges to raise up, so the bottom can be raked with a hoc and fresii soil put in to keep clean. A siiiall opening is made in the back for tlie chicks to go in. One side or half should have small mesh wire netting to let sunlight in. This should be covered at night with a sack. This bo.\ is set at one end of their scratch pen on warm days. They will go in tins to rest and learn to roost on the perches. They arc now old enough to do without top cloth cover. J have raised chicks this way for five years. Ihe last year from about ninety chicks, 1 sold most of the lit- tle roosters (broilers) in two months from the day hatched, to just about pay the cost of the pullets to this time. The pullets mature early enough to pay their cost with the eggs in the fall. There is usually grain growing on the farm so the hens can pick that part of their food without cost where there has been a stack of grain from about the first of June till October. The cost cannot be counted very ex- actly where one grows the grain, but it leaves a good profit for the woman who wants to earn something herself. Any one ought to save at least $1.00 apiece from eighty to ninety hens and do all her other work besides, also furnishing her table with eggs and chickens. In raising: chicks this way I do not lose any with the hawks. With the hen I would lose more than half and sometimes all a hen had. One must have the boxes closed tight enough to keep out a weasel. 1 lost seventy little ones that way on two niglits, but one lesson was enough. MISS M. E. McDANlEL, San Luis Obispo County, Cal. THE ORIOLE. Oiiole sang in the Singing Tree, (.lieigh — O, But 1 loved him so!) Sang all day, and at night said he, ■Just as sleepy as i can be! — Sleepy and tired, and my throat is sort; Couldn't have sung one glad note more; Did my best all the whole day long. Cheering the world with my sweetest song." Oriole sang in the smiling sun; ■ (Heigh— O, But 1 loved him so!) One came by with a deadly gun * * * Flash ! — and the song was forever done! Never again will the music free Ring in the green of the Singing Tree; "Shot him for fun," said the Boy. "That's all; Wanted to hit him and sec him fall!" Oriole sang in my dreams to-night, (Heigh— O, For I loved him so!) Sang for the days when the sun was bright. Bright on the swift wing's joyous flight; What had he done? Ah, answer me, Lonesome leaves on the Singing Tree! Answer, Shapes that among us crawl. Shooting dear things just to see them fall ! The Bam with the Dome Round Bam of J. L. Dean, WatervUle, Me. *r ' — r ina \A/niir STILrrTO-* trade-mark — which insures you a better article for your hatchet money. There are no better edged tools made than ^^TltETTO-' tools. They ring true, are guaran- teed and give service that makes them the most economical tools to buy. #.^.. w—r-rn. goods sold everywhere— ' if you can't get them, write us. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Townsend St. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, Levi Strauss & Co's Two-Horse Brand Overalls for Boys are the best that have ever been made and cost no more than Interior kinds. Look for this label mm' \:7 FREE "Z'^ Made of highest grade denims, brass buttons and fasteners that will not rust or corrode In the wash; every button-hole corded to prevent pulling out; large white drill swinging pockets (not the old style patch pockets that so quickly wear through). Best-looking, longest wearing overalls. Maniifacfured and gTiaranteed by LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francitco Ask your horse. He knows the difference. If he could talk, he'd say — "use niCA AXLE GREASE It makes the heavy loads seem light." There's a reason for this — the ground mica does it. Makes the spindles smoother. Makes Cfan/lni'/l the grease go twice ^.,7,""*'^" as far. Dealers every- Ou Company where. iii|>nn>. Dept. 20n, Toledo, (llilo, I. S. A. I'lease send me free of charKe and posi P"l'' vour book entitled "Points in Judginir an Aiito- niobile." Xame V. O. Address R. F. n. No. County - - . - _Town State June, 1915 5 Cents Per Copy OR.CHARD ESTABLISHED 1888 I RRIOATION COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO.. HEARST BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 2 ORCHARD AND FARM This is the car that 38,000 happy owners have given the "rough and tumble" acid test of real automobile owners' wear An autoniubile on the road for 18 months in constant, every-day use by an owner ceases to be a designer's theory. It becomes — either a great automobile success; or it becomes — a great automo- bile failure. Multiply one model by 38,000 and give each one of these 38,000 automobiles day in and day out rough and tumble wear, and if this car stands up and delivers, it The Maxwell Company's Guarantee of Service to Maxwell Owners \nd this splendid service organization is per- fected and completed by Sixteen great Maxwell Service Stations which are so located through- out the country that a Maxwell dealer can get. within a few hours, any part that he has not '"orde? a Maxwell now. and when you want it delivered, you will gi;t your car— not an excuse on delivery da>. has become one ol mobile successes. And that is the Maxwell success to-day —that is exactly the "Acid Test" that the Maxwell has passed through, and that is why the Maxwell is the most talked about automobile that is built to-day. The Maxwell automobile is to-day one of the very few great automobile suc- cesses the world has ever known. No other automobile i.s backed b> a more re- liable service than that guaranteed every Max- well owner. More than 2.000 Maxwell dealers — located in every part of this country and Can- ada, and 54 District Managers" Offices, are al- wav.s ready to give expert advice, make adjust- meht.s. and supply or secure new parts at rea- .sonalile prices. ORCHARD^AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII JUNE, 1915 No. 6 Irrigation Resources of the Pacific Slope •By Frank Adams, Irrigation Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture' proximately one-half million acres or partly developed. To those at all have at one time or another been in- familiar with Eastern Oregon it is Some Perfect Irrlgrntlon: Uniform OlHtrlbutlou, Excellviit 'rillu*;e and Soli Texture, Dry Surface, Moist Subsoil. (Photo by Frank Adams.) eluded in projects that have been in- plain that the years to come will find vestigated and in some cases wholly many thousands of acres added to the Care of Motor and Transformers Xo one is wise enough to make more than an approximate estimate of the irrigation resources of the three States bordering on the Pacific Coast, for the exact extent of these re- sources can only be known as careful engineering studies arc made of them. Studies that approach accuracy and completeness are only made as war- ranted by economical development, and the full economical development of these resources is of course a mat- ter of generations rather than of the present. We know enough about California, Oregon and Washington, however, to be certain that the future holds much in store for these States in the way of increased irrigation de- velopment. The most complete studies of irri- gation resources thus far made in any of the three States has been made in California. This study discloses about 22,000,000 acres of land topographical- ly suited to receive water and on which water is necessary or would be a benefit. There are not included in this total vast desert areas of Southern California far out of the reach of any water supply, or any lands now in forests, or any of the rolling or broken areas in the Coast Range mountains. Of this total area, which represents about 22 per cent of the total land surface of the State, it is estimated that for lack of water when or where needed not to exceed 10,000,000 acres can ever be irrigated. In 1912 the area irrigated approxi- mated 3,200,000 acres. The irrigable lands make up, of course, only a part of the irrigation resources, the other part being the ■waters. Less complete data are at hand as to the total water supplies than as to the irrigable lands. In California, however, it is known that a surplus of water for irrigation pur- poses can be only found in the north- ern third of the State and there chief- ly in Sacramento Valley. In San Joaquin Valley the condition is re- versed, for if all of that valley and its plains and its adjacent arable Sierra foothills should annually be watered to a depth of 2 feet, about one-third more water than now enters San Joaquin Valley in mean years would be needed. In the southern third of the State the deficiency is even more marked. The last irrigation census of Ore- gon showed a total of approximate^' 3,500.000 acres included in irrigation projects constructed or under con- struction, with a little less than 700,000 acres irrigated. This area in projects does not indicate the total area that ■iome day can be watered. In Central ''rcgon especially there are very large tracts where irrigation development lia.s hardly more than started. Over ;'>|),000 acres are included in projects that have been investigated along the 1 'cschutes river alone, and between •iOO.OOO and 400,000 acres of land for which some water is available from underground soturces lies in almost a -ingic body in Lake county, although 11' > accurate data arc at hand as to i!ie extent of development possible in I'lat vast area. 'I"he irrigable areas in Eastern Ore- -"11 are scattered chiefly along the ' "lumbia. Umatilla. Walla Walla, '■rande. Powder, Snake, Malheur and • Owyhee rivers, where altogether ap- I am installing a three-inch centrifu- gal pump with five horse power motor, direct connected in 25 foot pit. A con- cern in the district wishes to insure motor and transformers, and part of their plan is to inspect plant periodi- cally to see that danger of burn-out of motors or transformers is reduced to a minimum. Am willing to carry my own insurance, but appove of ex- pert care of plant. Leaving out the insurance, how much Inspection is re- quired to S3e that motor and trans- formers are properly cared for? — Rancher. The most important parts of a motor installation that require atten- tion are the oiling in bearings and the fuses or circuit breaker, which- ever is used for protecting the motor. By exercising ordinary care the owner can attend to these things properly himself. Regarding the fuses, they should be of the proper size to give sate protection to the motor, or, if cir- cuit breaker is used, it should be set properly to trip out in case of over- load. In either case if this is done the danger of burn-out would be ex- tremely small. The great danger is in putting in too large a fuse or using copper wire in place of fuse, or, if circuit breaker is used, in set- ting it at too high a current value. If fuses are used a good supply of the proper size should be kept on hand at all times. If this is done, regardless of what may happen to the motor or pump, the motor will al- ways be disconnected before damaged. Next, in regard to the bearings and oiling, only a good grade of oil should be used and used as frequently as directions call for, draining out the old oil and putting in new oil at proper intervals. A very common fault is to put too much oil in the bearings so that it runs over on to the coils of the motor. When this is done it is bound to injure the insula- tion of the winding, so that this should be guarded against, and, in case the coils do become oil soaked, they should be washed off with gaso- line. These precautions simply mean taking proper care of the motor. If the bearings are properly oiled they will keep in good condition until they are worn out. The motor should always be kept dry^ and, if it is in a damp place, it should be run occasionally to dry out the windings and prevent the moist- ure from corroding the copper. The life of the transformers de- pends largely on the conditions of the power lines and the amount of load that they are carrying. Dis- turbances on the lines, whether from lightning or other causes, sometimes cause transformers to burn out. Over- loaded transformers are also in dan- ger of burn-out. There is, however, very little attention required to transformers with the cxi.cpliun of testing oil and inspecting them once or twice a year, which is usually done by the power companies themselves. In addition to this, some power com- panies also assume responsibility of transformers after they are installed and replace any that are burnt out. Taking these points into considera- tion, if the person takes care of mo- tor as described, there will not be a freat advantage in the inspection spoken of, provided that the owner is willing to carry his own insurance. The pump requires at least as much inspection and attention as the motor to see that it is properly packed and running up to full efficiency. An in- spection by the firm installing the plant before same is started up in spring, and possibly one or two visits during the year should be sufficient to insure first-class operating condi- tion of a plant at all times. — P. H. A. irrigated area there, although as in both California and Washington also, further development must depend largely on storage and pumping be- cause the normal summer flow of streams is already very largely utilized. It must not be forgotten that a con- siderable irrigation development is to come in Western Oregon in spite of the larger rainfall there, because in Willamette, Umpqua, Rogue river, and smaller valleys lying between the Coast Range and the Cascades irri- gation is coming to be found in some cases to be a distinct advantage. In south Central Oregon, as about Klamath lake, where it was at one time estimated that 187,000 acres could be included in projects, addi- tional irrigation development is to come and is already coming. In the State of Washington the ir- rigation resources that are most like- ly to be utilized lie very largely in the vast area extending north and south through the State east of the eastern foothills of the Cascades, in- cluding the valleys of the Yakima, Wvnatschee, Columbia, Melhow and Okanogan rivers. The estimated ir- rigable areas in this section exceed 800,000 acres, and as is very well known much has already been ac- complished there. Additionai devel- opment has already taken place in such eastern portions of the State, as about Coleville, Spokane, Clarkson and Walla Walla, where somejhjiig over 50,000 acres are estimated to be in feasible projects wholly or part- ly developed. In Western Washing- ton the humid conditions make it cer- tain that the future will find very little irrigation. In 1910, 817,000 acres were included in irrigation projects under way or completed and 334,000 acres were irrigated . It is stated above that irrigable lands and water for them together constitute irrigation resources. It is now coming to be more clearly under- stood that these are of very little avail without proper conditions of settlement and that it is idle to ex- pect a permanent or satisfactory de- velopment of irrigation farming with- out better conditions than have thus far been brought about. Australia and Canada arc teaching us that longer terms of payment and greater aid to settlers in their first few years on their irrigated farms are essential to complete success. In other words, it is recognized that settlers can not pay for their land in five or ten years and make the necessary improve- ments to put their farms on a p; basis without very much larger cap- ital than most settlers have. To some it does not seem a long step from, the somewhat difficult conditions of ■ the present to the better conditions based on the lessons we have learned from the other countries mentioned above. When those better conditions are provided, and not until then, are we likely to receive full return from the millions on millions that have been spent during the psijt two dec- ades in getting land and water ready for intensive irrigation farming. A good irrigation gate means a more uniform flow of water and the saving of lots of time and better crops. It is a good investment. 4 ORCHARD AND FARM By Elmer O. Thomason, Keller-Thomason Company Up-to-Date Methods of Irrigating Irrigation Results in Eastern Oregon -By E. M. Grieg, Vice-President Ontario-Nyssa Irrigation Co.- Wherever there is insufficient rain- fall for successful crop raising, an ir- rigating water supply is of immense value. Water is the most valuable and in- dispensable attribute of the land and the land is of little account without it. A desert ranch if suppled with water is a veritable storehouse rich and inexhaustable. It is therefore inexcusable that a water supply should ever be wasted while there is land to be irrigated upon which crops will grow. But it is true that a large part of all water in irrigating streams is actually lost, never reaching the crops for which it is intended. The mud ditch is a robber that annually steals millions of dollars from the farmers. Water, wisely applied to crops, grows into wealth, but the water that sinks in the ditch is a direct loss be- cause water costs money. In the irrigating season, the air is dry and conditions are favorable for evaporation and seepage. When the water flows in an open ditch the loss is very marked. Weeds in the ditch increase the loss since the water easi- ly follows their roots down into the ^'round. The burrow of the gopher exacts a further tribute from the diminishing stream and when it reaches the crops, what remains of the water supply is too little for the most efficient irrigating. Therefore the crops are poorly irrigated and the returns are necessarily poor. Means have been sought to prevent the waste and loss just explained. Concrete pipe laid under ground to take the place of the ditch is the logi- cal preventive. There are now more than 6,000 miles of concrete pipe used for con- veying and distributing water upon the lands in California. The use of concrete 'pipe is rapidly on the in- crease. ■ Wherever irrigating streams are handled in underground concrete con- duits the duty of water has been greatly increased. Farmers have in some instances stated, to the writer that since they have been using a pipe system they are irrigating three times the land with the same water supply that they formerly irrigated when us- ing the ditch. The work is also done more easily. The advantage of having conduits that reauire no cleaning out in hot weather, the using of land formerly occupied by ditches, and the higher duty of water with the consequent in- crease of crops soon pay the cost of a concrete pipe system. Concrete pipe was first used in the West more than 25 years ago. The scientific use of hydraulic cement was not then well understood and the best results in pipemaking were not at- tained. Nevertheless much of the pipe then put in is now in a good state of service. The manufacture of cement upon a commercial scale and its lower cost have encouraged its larger use. Scien- tific investigations and study have brought about wonderful improve- ments in the character and quality of concrete. During the last few years great improvement has been made in the manufacture of concrete pipe. It is being successfully used for pres- sures not dreamed of several years ago. The making of concrete pipe de- About five years ago the first elec- tric pumping plant was installed in Malheur county, Eastern Oregon. Since that time not less than 100 plants have been put in operation within 25 miles of Ontario, Malheur county, and there is at least 50,000 acres now being watered by pumping standard Method of IrriBatinic Citrus Groveu: Concrete Pipe- Laid Undericrouud. Out of Way of Cultivation. and StandplDcs at Head of I*^ch Ron- of Treen. serves to be chisscd as a skilled me- chanical art, because so much de- pends upon accurate acknowledge and skill. Concrete pipe ought to be made and laid by the experienced pipe- maker, or one who takes up the work with a sufficient degree of seriousness to learn what must be known about it and to master its mechanical dif- ficulties. A properly made concrete pipe is strong and is impervious to water. The pipe is generally laid across the higher end or side of the orchard and is placed deep enough to be out of the way of deep plowing. The pipe is usually put near the first row of trees. The stand pipe is placed near the trees in order to be least in the way of im- plements. The intake for the water is a con- crete box at the highest corner of the orchard and extends into the ground at least eighteen inches and is of suf- ficient height not to overflow. The pipe is laid so as to tap the intake at one side near the bottom. The farther end of the pipe is closed with a water gate which may be opened if it is necessary to flush out the pipe. Upon the pipe described, a stand pipe is placed at the head of each row of trees in order to supply each row with water. In irrigating, the water flows into (Continued on Pane Twenty-nine.) IrrlKatluK .\lfBlfa In Bed System by I ndersrround I'Ipe, a Labor Savlne .Method. plants using electric power. There is still about .50,000 acres of land in the same district that is under the 125 foot life that is expected to be watered within the next few years by pumping. Three rivers flow through the east- ern part of .Malheur county, the Snake, Owyhee and Malheur, and all of these streams are used for pump- ing. At low water the Snake river furnishes some 5,000 second feet at Ontario, and practically 4,000 second feet is now going to waste so far as irrigation of lands is concerned, so that a great abundance of water is found here for future use for pump- ing. There are electric power lines all through this valley and with the power plants now under construction 50,000 horse-power can be generated. For an irrigation season of six months the price of power is from $18 to $25 per horse power, owing to the amount used. Ontario Nyssa Plant. One of the largest pumping plants using electricity in this section is the Ontario-Nyssa Irrigation Company plant. This is a co-operative system, only land owners holding stock, and 6,400 acres are now being watered by this company. The water is pumped from Snake river through a five-foot pipe line 6, TOO feet to a point 103 feet above the river, thence it flows by gravity for 22 miles, watering the land along the canal for the entire dis- tance. The Ontario-Nyssa Company uses 1.100 horse-power and furnishes three-acre feet of water per season for each acre under the system. This plant was installed in 1912, at which time every acre of the 6,400 was in sage brush. To-day practically all of this land is now in cultivation and producing crops of alfalfa, fruit, corn and grain. The cost of putting in this irrigation system was $16 per acre. The maintenance charge is about $3.50 per acre. In addition to the lands watered by the pumping method, there are about 50,000 acres within 25 miles of On- tario watered by gravity. The main- tenance charge under the gravity ditches is usually $1 per acre for a season of six to seven months. The usual amount of water given is one miners inch per acre, which is about double the water necessary, but as these ditches were built twenty years ago, when the average irrigator thought he could not do with less than this amount, it was incorporated in the stock that they were to have one inch of water, and they still get this amount, although much of it is allowed to go to waste. Crops Grown. The Snake River Valley at On- tario is about 2,100 feet above sea level and almost any crop grow-n in the temperate zone can be found here. There are peach, apricot, pear, apple, prune orchards here. In this imme- diate vicinity there are probably 20,000 acres in orchards, the most profitable and the greatest acreage being in apples and prunes. Some of our apple orchards have yielded won- derful crops every year, and until this year have made big money for the owners. The past season the prices were low and but little returns were made to the growers, but this was due to the commencement of the war in Europe and a big Eastern crop. A 90-acre prune orchard has been netting the owners about $250 per acre for the last four years. These prunes are shipped green to New York City and it is claimed by some of the fruit men there that green prunes from this section hold up bet- ter than any prune received on the Xcw York market. Corn and Alfalfa. Corn is another big crop raised here and probably 10,000 acres is planted to tliis crop this year. Last year 20 men in two districts in this vafley entered into a corn contest. They averaged 14 acres of corn to the man, and 9 raised from 102 to 121 bushels. This year there is five times as much corn planted as last season. Silos are going up on many farms and 15 to 20 tons to the acre can be raised for silo purposes. Alfalfa is another big crop raised here. There are probably 60,000 acres in this crop in the district around Ontario. An average crop here is from 6 to 8 tons from three cuttings. From 115 acres J. W. Jessee, who lives a few miles south of Ontario, cut 1,130 tons of measured hay from three cuttings, an average of about 10 tons to the acre. For cow feed we cut four times each season, but for stock feeding three times is considered best. Wheat, oats, barley, all kinds of (Continued on Paice Twenty-nine.) I'arl of OnlMrlo-X.imiB Xyntem. Woo* Pipe In Backrround. ORCHARD AND FARM 5 Reconshuclmq Car\<tes = THE order was: "Build a new Oakland Four. Build it to a new standard of Quality and Service — at a new price. Build a Four which is more than ever the master of any hill or road task." And now after months of planning and building and testing, this Oakland is ready for you — a New Model, a New Standard of Service — every inch a Monarch of Fours ! "Make it extra powerful— for power has been a big asset in building up the new Oakland prestige." "Build it light — so it will be easy on tires and fuel." This new Oakland has surplus power — not an ounce excess weight. "Make it durable — our reputation is based on sfurdiness with simplicity." "Build it with low center of gravity, for extra safety and smooth going." The new Oakland hangs to the road true and steady, yet has the usual road clearance. "Make it comfortable for five — no crowding." So — while this Oakland has the air of having been designed for brilliant dashes of speed — it is made to last and do real plugging service — and the "comfort" order was carried out to the letter. "We are going to sell the new Oakland Four for $1050." With Oakland standards of uncompromising quality this means only one thing — uo/ume. The essentials which round out this car are — four- cylinder Oakland-Norfhway high-speed motor, 39 h. p.; Deico electric starting, lighting and ignition system; Oakland Stewart gasoline vacuum feed; comfortable roominess for 5 passengers; also one-man top; crown fenders; extra rim; speedometer. In short, complete equipment. This new 1916 Oakland is now ready for delivery. Other important additions to the 1916 Oakland line will be announced soon. Oakland Motor Company, Pontiac, Mich. IwRKJXA^M. <^C:7 Roadsters, Speedsters, Touring Cars aklancM HOSO 6 ORCHARD AND FARM My Road ''Back to the Land' 1 have not arrived yet, noitlier have 1 met anyone traveling the same way. From my lOtli to my 19ih years 1 worked on an uncle's ranch. The ex- perience was everything connected with an 800-acre ranch, 25 per cent irrigated, carrying ahont 600 breeding ewes and 25 dairy cows. My pay was a good home and $3, $10 and ?Ij montlily each respective year. That was seven years ago. The ranch changed iiands and I went to the city and took up commercial life, the last two years, ending February. 1914. tilling a traveling salesman's po- sition. 1 tired of having my living depend on other people's answering "yes" or "no" to my selling talks. Always the land called me and wherever 1 jour- neyed 1 tried to learn local conditions from the ranchers I mi.xcd with. A little better tlian a year ago 1 moNcd out, intent on getting back to the land. For three months I jonr- neycd through ditferent States ob- serving conditions and ditTerent products being got from the soil. In this way 1 spent $200 and considered I had not gained anything definite, so I banked all my money excepting $2.">, and determined to get down and learn. F'ive days I spent ni San Francisco, which I spent in the various fruit canning houses, then running on as- paragus and apricots; then 1 went to the interior valley of California to learn the producing end of the busi- ness and all else I could about agri- culture in general. To tell in detail of the picking and drying of peaches, prunes, figs and raisins would take too long. Suffi- cient to say, I went through them all at a T7-hour per week rate for most of the time. Hearing of the correspondence courses issued by the University, 1 at once got busy and took up alfalfa and completed it. Now I am on cit- rus fruits and plan to take as many others as I can get through. .Mso I was put wise to the short courses^ of the six weeks' instruction at the Uni- versity Farm, Davis, and pulling out from my employment, I took that also. It about broke down my little pile of savings, but was well worth it. and returning, I worked on peach pinning till the end of the year, when I went south to study citrus fruits. My previous experience made all the work come easy; also the under- standing of the many bulletins on va- ried subjects 1 obtained from the University of California and the De- partment of .\griculture at Washing- ton. I got all the experience I had de- sired down south, leaving there only to do some special work for a man in the citrus business, whom 1 met at this time. I have all my time booked up until the end of the year, where I get good practical experience and good remuneration. 1 get back on the land at the be- ginning of lOlfi. then to stick, not when 1 am tired of doing other jobs and taking it as a last resort. but with spring in my heels and lots of enthusiasm for the finest occupation yielding the happiest life in this sphere. It has not been easy. I have gone hungry more than once and without niany things I thought I wanted to get this experience without touching my capital, but I would not have missed it for a cold million dollars. My point is this: The Department of .\gricnlture. Washington, D. C. and the State University here arc of- fering free wonderful instruction, in- valuable to ranchers or intend-to-be ranchers, that should be availed of more: the farm journals are also of big value in education of the right kind. 1 have two scrap books — I call them "brains" — filled with cut- tings from four farm journals that I would not exchange lor $oO if 1 could not replace them. What knowledge 1 have gained I owe principally to the study of the foregoing literature and to the nu- merous explanations so willingly giv- en me by the State university and its experiment station. Reading the bulletins and then studying similar conditions in the field as 1 co.ne across them during my work there has made mc familiar with the why and wherefore of many things of which 1 was in com- plete ignorance a few years ago, as well as making my work something much more remunerative and enjoy- able than a two-dollar-a-day job, as so many fellow- wo, kers unwisely re- gard it. The admirable thing i.-, that this route back to the land is open to every one for the most part. 1 have had the pleasure of getting a num- ber of young ranch workers to take up the correspondence courses, also to plan to take the short course at the University Farm later on. Cer- tainly the ones who take up these studies along with their i>ractical work will have a fund of knowledge that will more than compensate for not having $10,000 when they arc ready to start on a farm of their own. .\s to the success of the route I am traveling, 1 will say this; 1 have had three otters made me. none under $80 per month, to take up agricultural work at the end of this year, and each one gives me enough time to develop a ranch of my own, as well as swell- ing the rather small capital I can commence witli. H. D. R. Note by Editor. This hits the mark right in the cen- ter of the bull's eye. Learn by do- ing, thinking, studying, being inter- ested. The plan means self-support and it makes a start without capital, but with good experience of more value than a capital of $2,000 and w ith the experience all to come. As com- pared with this experience the man who never tries because "land prices arc too high" is licked before he be- gins. This experience ought to set other young men ofT in the same di- rection or quiet some of the com- plaint of success being impossible without a big financial boost. No man ever got anywhere by staying on the outside and looking in, but many of the greatest figures in the business world to-day started in as office boys. A bright industrious young man that starts as a farm hand starts well if he really means business. The hydraulic ram, like the wind- mill, is a pump that runs with power supplied by nature. vVith a windmill it is wiiul that pumps the water. With a hydraulic ram it is water that pumps water. .-Kfter installation the ram practically looks after itself and is always on the job doing what it is meant to do. The first lands to be civilized were without exception, irrigated lands While the rest of the world was peopled by wandering tribes, irrigated lands had centuries of civilization he- hind them. Irrigation promote* civilization. BLEACHING BEES WAX. Can any of your readers tell me how "to bleach bees wax? I have some fine wax, but want to bleach it. — Mrs. O. H. B. Prof. C. W . Woodw orth of the I'niversity of California writes us: "The finest way to bleach bees wax is to make it into thin sheets and then lay it on the grass in the same way that they used to bleach linen. In this way it can be made almost pure white." CASE '25 Complete $1350—5% If We Equipped and Priced as Others Do Of the 30 medium-priced cars — from $1250 to $1500 — the CASE costs the least. This is the only car that comes completely equipped with Elxtra Casing, Tire Cover and Elxtra Inner Tube On Rim, Weed Non-Skid Tire Chains, and Eight-Day Clock. On any other car, men have to pay extra for all these necesaary features. The farmer requires them even more than the man in town. Because you drive in the country six days to his one. You are much more remote from garages and service stations. These features, wtlh 5 per cent discount that we give if cash, amount to precisely $1 10.25. Add this to the price of any other car in this class, and it costs you more than the CASE "25" complete at $1350. Or deduct it from the $1350 price of the CASE, and this car costs but $1239.75, on their basis of equipment. Hidden Values CASE buyers count this low cost an extreme advantage. Yet these cars have never been sold on price. They are wmning men everywhere because of the way they are made and the stuff that s in them. These are the "unseen values" in the vitals of a car. And you must rely upon a maker's ability to build them right. Also his ref>H' talion for einbodyitig them. Your Safeguard In both of these respects CASE stands, as you know, without a peer. We have won, through more than 70 years, acknowledged leader- ship as makers of farm power machinery. And motive power is the basis of an automobile. So— when it comes to you, as it must, to rely on the name behind some car — Remember that CASE means utmoat secnrity. • • • • • And remember that CASE cars are sold by our own organization. All over America, and beyond, it handles this car in connection with our other products. Hence we save thousands where other makers must spend — in selling. And so we spend in many ways for better materials and workmanship. These are ways where others must save. Our new illustrated catalog tells you of many of the places where we spend to your advantage. Before you buy a car, have this book and learn the facts that save your repair bills. NOTE-tik ai •IM for our 1 > 1 S caUI>^< picturinf ftad dftcriblnc CASE Thmh- incMkchiDerr. Trxtora.CJISI- RACine Tr»rtor 0>DC Pl.^. C.TH S1i>llfr«. R.od Muhin- r..»ti.*i.i CASE The Car With thm Famou* Engine Drv< .'>24 ^ST'^^J (2S2) R.CI...WW. ■111 III lllillllll illll II illll lllillil anteed. of cash Comfort Self Heating Iron Two points. Both ends are Front Knds. Costa S cent per hour to operate. Burns ,S hours o* ■ >ne fllliiifT. Lights in 30 second.«. The heat cu» I'e regulated to any degree and maintained to suit work in hand. Saves its cost In a few months, also saves thousands of steps and elim- inates discomfort. No more hot stoves neca«- sary. The Comfort Is entirely portable and will operate outdoors or Indoors. Satisfaction gua^ Price $3.75 at your local dealers", or direct bv mail upon recelH Order to-day. >.VTIO>AI, STAMPI>r. A KI,E*-rRlr ^^ ORK•«. l>r|tt. .V>. ClilraKO. IlllnoU. When Answering: Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Fti ORCHARD AND FARM Get Into Line if You Want an Auto Read "Orchard and Farm's" offer and be a candidate for one of the many prizes. Little effort required. Fifteen per cent commission thrown in for good measure to encourage those who win no prizes. Here is a chance to nominate your- self as a contestant in "Orchard and Farm's" big auto contest. Here is your chance to enroll yourself as a candidate for the winner of one of absolutely free of cost. Do you belong to tlie ambition club? Arc you wide awake? Do you want to enjoy the good things of life? Then here is your onoortunity. Never in the history of any farm paper in the VVest has a more gener- ous and attractive offer been made than is now set before the public at large by "Orchard and i'arm. ' Here is tlie opportunity of a life time, for comparatively little effort you can become the owner of one of tlie finest automobiles the market afifords. There is not a cent to pay for it, think of that. Prizes to Be Won. Two automobiles are offered as prizes in this contest, and besides these there are further prizes con- sisting of an Indian motorcycle, ten Elgin or Waltham gold watches and a $750 Kimball player piano, iiichid- ing a library of $50 worth of roll music. All of the rules governing this contect arc printed in this issue of "Orchard and Farm." Read them over carefully and ask vourself whether -ou have ever heard of a ■nore magniliceiit proposition. Of ourse you never did, then act at incc. Cut out the nomination oupon, fill it out and send it to the 'ontest Editor. This will start you iff with 1,000 votes. You may ac- romnany this with a special nomina- ion ofifer including one year's sub- icription and receive an additional 10,000 votes . Contest Open to All. This contest is open to everyone n the State of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada and \rizona, with the exception of resi- lents of the city of San I-'rancisco ind the employees of "Orcliard and arm" or their relatives. The rules ire simple, everything is fair and )pen, there are no complex condi- ibns imposed, rich or poor, married >r single, residents of town or couu- ry, you have just the same chance IS everyone else and he or she has ust the same chance as you. A little :flEort each day will land you among he winners. Two hours' work daily iter you are through with your usual )ccupation will accomplish unheard )f results. Get into the game at once nd let all your friends know tliat 'OU are out for a prize. They will .11 put a shoulder to the wheel and lelp vote you to victory. Remember, two automobiles to be pn, to say nothing of the other ~,er valuable prizes. If you cannot the first prize, or second or third, still have a chance at ten other es, and last but not least you will aid a commission of 15 per cent the amount of subscriptions Urned in. Conte&'t Editor Invites Inquiries. If you can advance a single argu- |nent as to why you should not get into this auto contest at once, the Contest Editor would like to hear it. will convince you that you arc [vTong. Letters will reach the Con- est Editor, care of "Orchard and l^arm." He will be "leased to an- r any and all nuestions concern- the contest, tjicre is anything that you want ained in greater detail call, phone rite. Just make up your mind ne thing, you cannot afford to another minute before becom- ing a contestant. Von iic\er had a chance like tnis in your life. One of these prizes is waiting for you. It won't cost you a cent. Be a live one, get into the game and get into it now. You can win a valuable prize and you can earn money from the subscriptions you .s?et. CUTTING BACK YOUNG CITRUS TREES. The idea has been broadcasted, though with what authority the writer has been unable to discover, that young citrus trees should be "cut back." In condemnation of this prac- tice this is offered. The questions has been put to scores of men in the last five years: "Why are you cutting back this or that tree?'' With few exceptions the answer has been: "This slender branch will be unable to bear its burden of fruit and will surely break under its weight." It seems that the normal develop- ment of the limb or branch in ques- tion is lost sight of. The growth of the orange or lemon tree is very rapid, and when the time comes for its burden it has changed from the twig or branch to the sturdy limb leader or brancli. and is then fully able to bear its burden. This treatment of young trees is not confined alone to citrus, but is practiced by many in the starting of deciduous fruit trees, olives and nuts. The writer's attention has been called to valuable plum, pear and apple trees treated in this manner with disas- trous results. If trees had been intended to grow as shrubs, then it is evident that the provision would not have been made for development of long, spreading, towering branches and limbs, which if rightly trained, will form them- selves into trees, not only sightly, but providing greater fruiting surface. But to return to the subject, we find by close comparison that the young citrus tree that is cut back for one or two years suffers in many ways. One whicii should attract the notice of those interested is that trees so treated are slower coming into bear- ing, and this one item is well worth while considering. Do not cut the young trees back; do not prune un- less you have some real knowledge of the work; refrain from tree butclierj'; do not employ unqualified men for pruning; do not allow your trees to suffer from too heavy cutting, and — well, there's more to it than one might think. A. A. JENKINS. Portcrville, Cal. Where the rainfall is abundant soils may be poor in most plant foods, but they are most likely to be rich in liuinus and nitrogen. Soils in lands of little rain, where irrigation is most profitable, arc rich in other plant foo rately machined and perfectly bal- anced. This means greatest possible efficiency. CATALOG 28-B It illuatratea »nd deacribet the Bean line of Horizontal and Vertical Centrifucal Pumpa, Bean Turbinea. Direct Connected Outfita. etc. Tell ua your pumpinR requirementa. The experience of our irrigation apecialista ia at your command. For our Rtncral line of Houae, Windmill, and other Pumpa. aslc for CataloE 2S-D. For Bean Oppoaed Gaa Enginea aak for Catalog 28-C. A poalal will bring any or all of theae cataloaa bv return mail. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. j^a"' '"''c^ii?^ When Tou Tisit the Expoeition don't fail to see mir displfty in the Palace of Horticulture, ing the Oubao Gardens. Make the Bean exhibit your headquarters. THERE ARE INNUMERABLE BARGAINS CONTAINE IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS* MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD NOT FAIL TO LOOK FOR THEM J I ORCHARD AND FARM » Standard Corrugated Iron Culverts, Flumes, Pipe, Irrigation Gates, Siphons AND SPECIALLY DESIGNED IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT ARE MADE EXCLUSIVELY OF VISMERA PURE IRON This is the mark of VISMERA PURE IRON on every sheet of ma- terial used in STAND- ARD CORRUGATED PRODUCTS. Gates biillt for Tulare County Customer. 99.86 Per Cent Pure This mark on STAND- ARD CORRUGATED PIPE CO.'S Products means that they are built of the highest qualitj of commercially pure iron that modern industry and science can produce. // is this perfection of quality coupled with perfection of design and construction that have gained leadership for STANDARD CORRUGATED PIPE COMPANY'S irrigation products throughout the counties of Cali- fornia. The expense and failure of inferior materials has been proven. In self-protection State, County and Township Engineers have made careful studies of materials and have been obliged to specify the materials to be used in State and county work for roads, drainage and irrigation work. Cul- verts, flumes and gates must be made of material to withstand the action of soil, impure water and other destroymg agents. Exactly such material is VISMERA PURE IRON of which STAN- DARD CORRUGATED products are made. Recognized Superiority As evidence of the merit of Standard equipment we list here some of the big, satisfied users of these products. If Standard goods are good enough for these people they are good enough for you. And remember, small orders have the same kind of attention and care that is given big ones. Big work or little gets the same quality of material and design. This is the season for the installation of irrigation equipment. Flume, Culvert, Siphon or Gate improvements and changes should be made now. We are in position to make early deliveries now. Where economy of water and elimination of trouble in handling it is a necessity. Standard Equipment will fill your needs just exactly as well as it satisfies all our other customers. We represent our goods as the best that can be made. Let us know your needs and we will prove Standard Corrugated Pipe Co.'s products are best. Send us a list or a sketch of what you want and we will give you immediate information, prices, etc. N. B. — All our products are made in California and shipped from our factories in San Francisco and Los Angeles. No long waits for arrival of Eastern goods. Customers Using Standard Equipment San Mateo County Monterey County San Bernardino County Orange County Los Angeles County Merced County San .Toaquin County Kern County Fresno County Tuolumne County Stanislaus County Mendocino County City of Oakland Los Molinos Land Co. Natomas Consolidated Tulare Lake & Canal Co. U. S. Government, Indian Irrigation Ser- vice at Chiloquin, Oregon. Cal. State Engineering Department — Maintenance Bureau. Miller & Lux throughout their California properties. And hundreds of other customers, many of them small farmers, who demand the best possible equipment and who know the best is always the cheapest. Standard Corrugated Pipe Co. 516 Rialto Bldg. San Francisco iiiiiii'iui III 737 Lawrence St. Los Angeles 10 ORCHARD AND FARM PROSPECTS FOR EDIBLE SNAII, PRODUCTION METHODS FOR DEVELOP- ING A HOMESTEAD Kindly inform me about the edible snail, called mountain snail in Ger- many and escargo in France. I wish to get a start in this business, so kind- ly inform me how to get ahead with the work, how to take care of them in raising, feeding, shipping, and where to find a market for them. — Mrs. B. K. Answer by Prof. Frederic T. Bioletti, University of California. In answer to the above question would say that I know nothing about the subject practically, but having ac- quired a taste for snails, 1 have been much interested in the question as to whether they could be raised here or not. T'or this reason, some years ago I obtained a very excellent treatise on the raising and handling of snails. The title of this book is ■"L'Escargot," published by Hachette et Cie, Paris. This book gives in de- tail everything .ipparently that is necessary to be known about raising and handling snails. After reading this book I am in doubt as to whether it would be possible to find a district here where they could be successfully produced. They require a warm, moist atmosphere and a large supply of succulent vegetation. It is prob- able that in the more northerly coast counties of California or in southern Oregon they might be successfully raised. It is said that about seventy mil- lion snails are consumed every year in France. Most of these are col- lected in the vineyards and fields, but a considerable number of them are raised in yards and parks. They will eat almost every kind of succulent vegetation, but do particularly well on Jerusalem artichokes, string beans, lettuce, peas and such succulent vege- tables as supply them with both shade and food. All snails appear to be edible. This, of course, does not include the slugs, but only those which have shells. Two varieties only are usually raised. These are the Petit Gris, or Helix Aspersa and the Vineyard or Bur- gundy snail, Hcli.K Pomatia. The former is a small snail which is ready for consumption when four or five months old. The latter is a large snail which requires about two and a half years to get its full growth. I think undoubtedly if snails of good quality could be raised here there would be no difficulty in finding a market. Reservoirs in connection with pumping plants increase the value of the plant, permit the development of greater amounts of water, a better distribution of it with less work, and give better results in proportion to financial and labor outlay. \Vith a reservoir a pump can be kept in op- eration continually; a large enough head can be used to distribute the water evenly, quickly and without great loss by seepage in ditches; and what is one of the most important points of all, the application of water to the land can be regulated to the convenience of the irrigator. No night irrigation is necessary and the irrigation can be timed to fit in with other work instead of conflict- ing with it. The pump can be kept going all night as well as day and the amount of water developed much greater and used to much better ad- vantage than if irrigation continued as long as the pump was going. Where reservoirs are used every ir- rigator wants them. The Arrowrock dam in Idaho, ac- cording to a display at the Panama- Pacific Exposition, where a model is shown, is the highest concrete irri- gation dam in the world. It is 3.")1 feet high with a crest 1.060 feet lone and has a capacity of 2.30.000 acre feet. It backs water up 18 miles. Having read with interest all the "Back to the Land" stories in "Orchard and Farm," I am gomg to ask you tor some advice. In the first place I intend to take up a homesteaa in Madera county, California. I have only $400 to start with and there is just my wife and myself. I am not afarid of work, nor is she. I can milk, attend to the cows, plow and do the necessary work on the ground, but do not know much about truit trees. My wife can make butter and tend to the chickens. Now, can you tell me how to start so I can get the most out of my money, and what grains would be best to sow? Any other points of information you can give will be thankfully received. — A Constant Reader. Half an hour's conversation with a neighbor who can see the land he is talking about would give you more good, sound information than all we could tell in half a paper, though you are right in wanting to get a line on things before you get to work. We suppose that your homestead is in the foothills and very naturally is quite a distance from any large place, though probably there is sufficient mining and lumbering in the district to provide a market for butter and eggs and perhaps also for fruit and berries. On our visit to the Sierra foothills last year we decided that there would be good reason for pro- ducing more dairy products to sell to lumber and mining camps, while po- tatoes and garden truck were in ftne demand. You can find about local conditions and decide on your pro- gramme accordingly. You will have plenty of time to learn about fruit growing before you are ready to plant any trees. The first essential after putting v some sort of a place to live in will be to clear some land for hay ' stock, or to raise enough garden truck to keep you going and to sell, provided there is the market abo referred to. When your feed is read- it will be time enough to start with your cows or other stock, though, of course, if there is feed for a family cow and some chickens they should be secured at once, as they will make cheaper and better living and you can raise other stock from them. With only four hundred dollars you will not have enough funds to start very heavily with stock anyway. How- ever, on hilly, brushy country, where your homestead evidently is, vour main attention for some time, if we figure it out right, will be given to clearing land rather than raising any- thing. One very promising prospect for brush or timber country farming is .Aneora goats, very profitable and highly thought of where kept, but un- known over too wide an area. You mav have seen an account of goat raising methods in such locations in the issue of .August. 1914. Thcv are fine for dearinar land, for providinsr meat and providing income with their mohair. Your funds we believe are suffi- cient for a (jood start on a home- stead, but there will not be much money for stock at the start, nor will there be food for stock until after much work is done, and then you will be prettv certain as to what to do. Put some powdered sugar on the top of a lump of sugar and olace the lump in a quarter teaspoonful of coffee. The coffee will quickly rise to the top of the lump, but will be very slow in arising to the top of the powdered sugar. In the same wn- moisture rises in the soil easily, but a good mulch keeps it from reaching the surface and retards evaporation. When all the water in the West is utilized there will still be land that it would be profitable to irrigate if only more water were available. No. 8. R. F. Scbmeiscr of \Vinters, who bought a 75-h. p. Caterpillar back in 1913, wrote us recently: "I am farm- ing 1500 acres and I have used nothing but my Caterpillar to do the farm work with since 1 have had it; and besides my own work, I have done work on the outside which amounted to over $10,000 for the year 1914. This outside work consisted of plowing, harrowing and harvesting for my neighbors, and hauling rock and sand for the State Highway. Mr. Schmeiser has some interesting figures on work done with his Caterpillar — harvesting 3100 acres in 60 days — hauling in one week 1596)4 tons of rock and sand for an average distance of 2^ miles — plowing 260 acres in 4 days, pulling 6 three-gang 10" plows. All this with an upkeep cost of less than $200 since he bought this machine. "The Caterpillar is the only practical farm tractor built today, " is the way Mr. Schmeiser sums it up. TKe Holt Manufacturing Company (Incorporated) San Francisco Stockton Los Angelet Botk Expoiitions — Ssn Francuco and Saa Diego IUg.US PatOC Don't toy Caterpillar unless you mtan Holtl X The Phone g> for My Home \yiTH a Kellogg Telephone * ' in your home, you are ahead of trouble and losses that come when sudden ill nesses develop or lon^ trips are taken to town only to find the markets eone to pieces. The man with the good telephone In the boose is in quick touch with the voice of the entire world. In a minute he knows the mar- kets. In case of fire, tramps or illness, he can call the whole community. If he has an orchard and the fruit ripens quickly, he can scour the country for help in harvesting. The whole community becomes a living thinsr to him and that old dread of countrv life— isolation— is gone forever. Kellogg Telephones End Telephone Troubles They are made In the largest independent tele- - phone factory In the world and have to undergo the most rigid Inspection for quality ever devised. 37 distinct tests given every instrument before it Is O. K.'d for shipment. You may find that Kellogg Instruments cost slight- ly more than ordinary ones. But a huge trade has been built on them all over the world because they do away with repair bills and beiause after years of service the voice is transmitted as clearly and pi iinly as when they are new. Just th,f other day a customer mot« 08 that he had a Kellogg phone in service fifteen years. The instrument ahoun here is Kellogg Farorite. Leu wall space, stronger rinit, relijble lightning arrester. Stand, •rd unbieaksble rec.-ivor and mouthpiece, secret serrice pus^jjutton to ring •■Central" without calling neighbors. Send in your name and address and we will put you on our telephone bulletin list. Let our exp^-rt department help you in your telephone troubles. Get f rcc the kind of informution that will save you money. Hriie for ItoUeUa 20» Kellogg Switchboard & Sapply Co. Hbslon & Third Slreets, San Francisco. CaL KIRSTIN ONE-MAN STUMP-PULLER I i When Answering^ Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and FarflV ORCHARD AND FARM 11 HANDLING LEMONS FOR MARKET FACTS ABOUT IRRIGATION IN NEVADA Where can I learn about lemons — where to sell them from this locality, how they should be packed, graded, etc.? I know of several smallholdings of lemons in this vicinity that the growers do not know how to dispose of to good advantage, or think what they have are not enough to bother with. The result is that hundreds of dollars are being lost each year to people who have just a few lemon trees, that might be saved to them if some one would gather together the many small lots and market them, or if the growers were told what to do and how to do it. — E. B. Q., Mountain View, Cal. The first essential in marketing lemons is to have a first class prod- uct. Go to any fruit store and ex- amine a box of lemons. That will show you the quality that is desired m lemons and tell you about as much on packing as you could ask for out- side of a visit to a packing house For markets the fact that few lemons are produced is more of an advantage than a disadvantage provided the quality of fruit is right, as your gro- cer ought to have enough demand to enable you to cut out most of mid- dleman's expense and profit. For any surplus, produce dealers in the cities around San Francisco bay can han- dle a few boxes of lemons as good as they can a crate of hens or any other farm products. Whether a man had two trees or a whole grove, he should be able to sell them all right. Come back to the lemon handling. Lemons are picked with a ring held in the palm of the hand. Rings are 2.'/- or S.'i-lfi inches in diameter as a rule and any lemons so large that the rings will not slip over them easily are picked without regard to maturity. In fact, the greener the lemon, the better it will keep and the better it will be when cured. Do not allow lemons to get larger than the diameters named, as a large lemon or a lemon permitted to ripen on the tree is usually of in- ferior quality and value. However, in northern and central California lem- ons frequently are not fit to pick until they are tree ripe and then are of good quality after a few days' curing. Lemons are cut from the trees with round pointed shears to prevent in- jury to the skin, for if the skin is broken or bruised the lemon soon spoils. They should be handled as if they were thin shelled eggs all the way along. Before packing they undergo a cur- ing process to improve quality. Even tree ripe lemons are improved by a short curing process. In curing the Itnions arc placed in shallow trays With plenty of air space between the trays. They are looked over fre- quently to remove spoiled fruits. While curing they are kept in a dark place with fair ventilation. The ven- tilation should be sufficient to pre- Ivcnt sweating and not enough to Icause shriveling. Temperature and Injoisture will largely look after them- |selves if ventilation is done properly. An inspection of a lemon sold at ^fruit store will show ^ou what is dred in curing, which is done prop- when the fruit reaches the de- td condition, though the fruit can held for some time after that if lired. The riper it is when picked shorter the curing process and poorer it will keep. Experience show how much curing is de- bd and how to regulate it. The essential points are to pick for and to do some curing before rketing. .\fter that selling ought |be easy, whether one has a single or a large grove. The Lahontan dam on the storage reservoir of the Carson-Truckee irri- gation project is said to be the larg- est dirt fill dam in the world. It holds 390,000 acre feet of water, which is used in the partial irrigation of 210,000 acres. Water is backed up by the dam a distance of 32 miles. More than 20 rivers flow into the State of Nevada and only four flow out. This is one of the reasons why irrigation water can be supplied in large amounts from wells. After checking up land for irriga- tion in Nevada ma^ny ranchers seed timothy with their alfalfa at the rate of five pounds of timothy to the acre Bacterial action can only occur wlierc there is moisture for the bac- teria to work in. A fair supplj' of moisture in this way brings life to the soil and frees plant food. and 15 to 20 pounds of alfalfa. This is most practiced where suflicient time cannot be put in to make a first- class job of leveling. In the low spots where the alfalfa is drowned out timothy takes hold well, while in the higher spots, where the timothy does not get a good start, the alfalfa covers the ground. In the rest of the land the timothy and alfalfa make a good mixture. Ln this way none of the land goes to waste and in addi- tion the alfalfa and timothy make a well balanced ration. Tent caterpillars, which gather in groups on a tree under or close to webs which they spin, are of many kinds, but the same methods as a rule can be used to attack most varieties, according to a recent bul- letin of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. The nests can be cut ofif or crushed and destroyed as soon as noticed, or burned in place with as- bestos torches, which many seedsmen can supply. Spraying with arsenicals will also poison the insects. Paris green at the rate of 1-2 pound to 50 gallons of water may be used, to which is added 2 to 3 pounds of stone lime mixed to a milk. Arsenate of lead can be used at the rate of :i pounds to each 50 gallons of water. The smaller the caterpillars the more susceptible they are to the effects of poison. The use of profanity is one wav of proving to others that one is as empty of thought as they grant he is. Too often the store bill becomes a 'roar" bill when paying time arrives. Suppose We Pared This Tire Suppose this All-Weather tread — which is now double-thick — were pared to the thinness of the usual anti-skid. Do you think that the grips would endure and the tread endure as now? Or would it resist puncture like this matchless tread? Suppose we used — as some do — one less ply of fabric. Suppose the whole tire were made lighter. Could the tire stand use or misuse as Goodyear tires do now? Suppose we omitted our other exclusive features: Our No-Rim-Cut feature — Our "On-Air" cure to save blowouts — Our rubber rivets to combat loose treads — Our 126-piano-wire base for security. All others do omit them. All of them are costly. One of them — our "On -Air" cure — costs us $450,000 yearly. But could Goodyear Fortified Tires retain top place if we did not give those extras? GOOD^^EAR *4X AKRON.OHIO Fortified Tires {Rim-Cm«— by our No-Rlm-Cut feature Blowouts— by our "On-Air" cure. Loose Tre»d»— by many rubber rivets. Insecurity— by 126 bniided piano wires. Punctures and Skidding-by ourdouble- tliick All- Wcatlier tread. WeVe Adding Betterments Instead of that, we are all the time adding better- ments. We spend on one THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and other Types (24(8) department $100,000 yearly to seelt oAnew im- provements. Our All-Weather tread — always double-thick — has been made still thicker on some sizes. We have added an average of 14 per cent to the thickness of our Inner Tubes. And we are making our own fabric to secure an extra strength. Price Reductions Yet we have made big price reductions three times in two years. Our last — on February 1st — brought the total to 45 per cent. That is largely due to multiplied output. Today you are getting in Goodyear Fortified Tires the best value ever known in tire making. It is due to yourself that you get these tires. They are saving millions of dollars and millions of troubles to motor car own- ers each year. And men know this. Last year they bought about one Goodyear tire for every car in use. Join these contented tire users. Any dealer will supply you. 12 ORCHARD AND FARM Redwood Pipe for Irrigation By H. B. Worden In the pioneer days on the Pa- cific Coast, it was essential to have some method of conveying water for mining and city use that was cheaper than the metal pipe which was brought from the East. This brought out the famous redwood pipe, which was the first and still is the best wooden pipe made. The original experiment was an open flume which, while effective in some cases, was ineffective wherever pressure was required. Necessity caused development of the modern redwood stave pipe built of redwood staves cut to true radical lines and banded together in a circle. Mod- ern development brought this pipe up to the verv high degree of me- chanical efficiency so that to-day it has no peer for length of life except cast iron pipe, and the cost of the latter is many times over that of red- wood pipe. Redwood stave pipe is built in two varieties; namely, continuous stave and machine banded. Both varieties are made of redwood staves built in the form of a circle and banded with steel. The continuous stave is banded with individual bands and is jointless, the staves being end-butted with steel tongues forming a continuous pipe. The machine banded pipe is made in sections from eight to twenty feet long, banded together with milled steel wire heavily galvanized, the wire being held in place at either end of the section by a steel clip also galvanized. This latter pipe is the cheaper variety and easier laid, and consequently is coming into great vogue in the irrigation sys- tems of the West. Reasons for Superiority. The superiority of redwood stave pipe for irrigation lays: First, in its cheapness: second, in its efficiency; third, in its great length of life. It is cheaper than steel or corrugated pipe and, except in very favored spots where sharp sand and gravel are convenient at hand, it is cheaper than cement pipe. The latter in any event cannot be used in a head over .50 feet, and is not effective even under low head. Cast iron pipe costs about four times as much as redwood stave. The advantage in efficiency lies in the greater friction loss in metal pipe over wood. This difference is be- tween 15 and 20 per cent when both pipes are new, consequently a red- wood stave pipe ten inches in diam- eter will carry the same amount of water under a given head as a metal pipe eleven inches in diameter when both are new. and after both pipes are over five years old the difference would be ver" much greater than that, as the metal pipe acquires blis- ters and tubercles with age, and there is a consequent decrease in carrying capacity: whereas a wood stave pipe maintains the same inner surface after twenty or thirty or forty years of use as when it is built and the carrying capacity is not diminished in any way. Life and Strength. As to length of life, it is conceded that either cast iron or redwood stave pipe will last a life time. Either will outlast several steel pipe or cor- rugated iron pipes, which are onen to corrosion, particularlv in the alkaline soil prevalent throughout the West. Redwood stave pipe is made to withstand water pressure up to 400 foot head and at least one company manufacturing redwood stave pipe will guarantee it for 400 feet head and guarantee it for 100 ner cent overload or 800 feet head. This puts it beyond any question as to its abil- ity to hold pressure. The difference between the low head price of red- wood and the high head is the amount of metal, or rather the spac- ing of the metal on the pipe, the thickness of staves varying slightly. Redwood is essentially adapted by nature for pipe uses, being straight grained, even grained, free from any resinous matter whatever, free from pitch pockets or pitch scams, and, therefore, free from the defects in- herent in pipe made of other woocf such as the uneven expansion caused by the hard spots in the wood anj the decay inevitable around pitch pockets or pitch seams when under saturation. Redwood having no hard spots expands evenly, forming tight joints and consequent lack of leak- age. Having neither pitch nockets nor seams to break down the cells of the wood around them, it is free from decay. Another factor for irrigationists to take into consideration is that roots cannot penetrate a redwood stave pipe and break it or stop the flow of water, as is so common with cement irrigation pipe. Redwood pipe can be laid among the roots of willows or through alfalfa fields without the slightest danger of their small roots penetrating the pipe and destroying its efficiency. The bulk of irrigationists in the West have not given sufficient atten- tion to this remarkable pipe, and it is to their interest to do so as it is cheaper in first cost, cheaper to in- stall and more enduring than any other pipe they are using. MAKING ALFALFA MEAL. In these days of cheap alfalfa, when much alfalfa is spoiling for want of stock to consume it, the making of alfalfa meal is developing in increas- ing importance as a leading market for the hay. The digestibility of the alfalfa is increased by the grinding into meal and the change of form makes it into what is practically a different food of high value on ac- count of it being a meal, its high food composition and the comparative cheapness of the product. The manu- facture of alfalfa meal was develop- ing rapidly several years ago when hay prices were high and the low prices have further encouraged this progress. Earliest mills were in good sized structures, but a large part of the present manufacture of meal is in portable mills, taken from one stack to another and putting up the finished product in sacks on the spot In a leading Eastern magazine, through the lack of knowledge of facts by a correspondent, a number of mistaken statements appeared which should be and doubtless are being corrected. Alfalfa meal manu- facture on the Pacific Coast is not ? new thing, as the first mill used here for this purpose was set up more than fifteen years ago. It is also an in- dustry of considerable importance, over twenty miles being in operation in California alone. The process itself is simple, as good, dry hay can be taken from the stack, of any cutting from the second on, and ground up on the spot with- out any "doctoring" and sacked, without more dust, dirt or incon- venience than accompanies many other common kinds of outdoor work. The meal itself is meeting a wide range of usage, being used in large amounts as a foundation for many proprietary feeds and also being fed very largely alone. In this case it is best dampened slightly before being fed so that it will hold together in a ball if squeezed in the hands, but crumble if rubbed between the fineers. As has been previously stated in these columns, an excellent way of moist- ening it is to use a syrup made from molasses. This adds to its palatahil- ity and helps to balance up the ration. If you i^ant the most for your money ask for, insist on and demand that your DEALER furnish you witli— TEST SPECIAL RUBBER BELT Take no other "JUST A.S GtK)D" — it cannot be furnished. Every sale carries with it an unqualitied Kuarantee. Your name on a postal card will brinK you a vest pocket Memorandum Book FREE. This book gives power tables, belt speeds, list prices, etc. NEW YORK BELTING and PACKING CO. of NEW YORK Established ]S4fi. Capital paid In $2,000,000. 519 Mission Street, Dept. G, San Francisco, Cal. The Williams Patent Portable Alfalfa With Sack Packer Can be driven with Steam. Oil or Electricity; 3 sizes, one. two and three tons per hour. Don't haul ha>. HATTL THE MEAL. Address OLIVER J. M II.LIAMS. 266 Market St.. San Franrlaco. WRITE FOR BULLETTIN >'o. 155. Verified Circulation Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper on the Pacific Coast that has been audited by the Audit Bnrean of Clrcala- tlons, of which It Is a member. Adver- tisers In Orchard and Farm are delivered the full measure of circulation for which they pay. aoaoc IOC IOC This Coupon Represents 10,000 FREE VOTES Toward the prizes offered by ORCHARD AND FARM in its Free Gift Automobile Campaign when properly filled out and accompanied by one yearly subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM at 50 cents. Name of Sub- R. F. D Address- Votes are for Name of Candidate Address . Only One of These Coupons Will Be Credited to Each Contestant. ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. onoi aomoi aoi SEE PAGE 19. II ORCHARD AND FARM 13 $ 550= in Cash for Photographs ROOMS (TRADEMARK REGISTERED) Amiwud is the world's most famous wall board. It is used for interior work — Takes the place of lath and plaster. Used in finishing every room from attic to basement. There are hundreds of Amiwud Rooms in California. There will be hundreds more built this year. Here's What We'll Pay for Photos of ROOMS (TRADEMARK RECISTEREO) $25.00 each for the 1 1 best photographs $ 1 5.00 each for the 1 1 next best photos $10.00 each for the 11 third best photos Easy Conditions If You Have an l^pwuf Room — Take a photograph or snapshot of it, write us what you think of Amiwud and mail both to us. (Be sure to write name and address on photo.) We will enter the picture you send in the big contest. If You Haven I an Room — And intend to build, or refit, a room, you'll want to know about Amiwud. — Fill out coupon below and mail to us. We'll send you full informa- tion and name of local dealer sell- ing Amiwud. Contest ends November 1 5th. To every woman sending us a picture of an AMIWUD Room in her house we'll send a stamped sofa pillow top, guest towel or doll outfit, or a further selection from the famous Royal Society Package Goods. California is divided into ten districts — three prizes for each district. Three prizes awarded outside California. (TRADEMAKK XEGISTEREDI — was the first wall board made. It is widely imitated, —we have $3,000,000 invested in fac- tories on this Coast. — Amiwud is tough and durable. Is cheaper than wood. Takes the place of lath and plaster. — comes in several wood grains, or plain to be tinted any color. — is easy to put up, lasts indefi- nitely. - — can be used in every room in the house. — saves dirt and damp plaster in in- stalling-. On Every Photo Write name and address. When Amiwud Room was built. And name of store or contractor who supplied you with Amiwud. The ParafSne Paint Company 34 First Street San Francisco, Cal. (Manufacturers of the Famous Malthoid and RU-BER-QIQ Roof- ings and P. & B. Products.) The Paraffine Paint Co., 34 First St., San Francisco, Cal. I am interested in your Amiwud Contest. Please send details. Name Address If interested in roofing check here. 14 ORCHARD AND FARM The Service of Corrugated Iron Pipe to Irrigation A necessity in getting full value from irrigation is to have the right apparatus for the distribution of water. Irrigation is more than hav- ing water run downhill on to land, or more than pumping it out of river or M cll so that it can be carried by grav- ity to the thirsty soil; it is having it run where it is needed and nowhere else, in the right amounts, and when it is needed, so that there will be no deficiency one place and a surplus elsewhere, or wet soil and plants at times when the water will do more harm than good. All of these needs can be accomplished only by proper distributing apparatus: canals, flumes, pipes, syphons, gates. .A. poor gate means a poor distribution of w'ater, both wasteful and injurious; it means leaks and washouts, expense in re- placement and labor, and so with the other kinds of equipment. Years ago the common use of any form of iron for irrigation equipment would have been considered ridicu- lous in view of the rapid rusting of most iron when in contact with water. However, since corrugated culverts began to appear along nearly every public road, installed bj' engineers who knew what thej- were doing, the idea appeared not ridiculous but sen- sible, and now corrugated iron ap- paratus is the last word in irrigation methods. "Pure Iron" Only. The use of iron irrigation equip- ment is based entirely on the right methods of iron manufacture. Iron made up in the usual way will rust as quickly as it ever did, or quicker. Iron made in somewhat the same way as the old-fashioned cut nail is al- most pure and strongly resists rust or disintegration. Durability is based on the purity of the iron. The more impuritj' in the iron, the quicker rusting action will take place, but iron practicallv l)urc might as well be a different metal entirely from ordinary iron, the way it resists rust for year after year. Hence the popularity and the dura- bility of the corrugated pipe used for culverts and for irrigation apparatus. The return to this kind of iron man- ufacture has been made scientifically and iron is now made of a purity far beyond that obtained by the olimplc or elaborate ways. There are many ways of distribut- ing w-ater, whether from a hole in the side of a ditch whose size is reg- ulated by shovel and sacking or can- vas, or from wooden box. or an ac- curately made, permanent gate. A wooden box is sure to leak in time, (luick to decay, and the supply of water cannot be accurately regulated. Its cheapness is a delusion on ac- count of leaking, poor water regula- tion and frequent renewal required. An iron gate attached to a length of well-constructed corrugated iron pipe is permanent. The corrugations of the pipe prevent water from leak- ing around its edges, and the amount of water flowing can be regulated quickly and accurately to the de- mands of the land or ditch it supplies. It saves in labor and does a better job. .\nd the important thing in irriga- tion is not simply to get the water, but to get it where it is wanted, when it is wanted and in proper amounts. The only way that can be done is by having proper irrigation equipment. HEAVY ORCHARD PLANTING. l-'ollowing is the report of planting in Napa county. California, during the oast season. .\ more extended acre- age would have been set out if it had not been for a continuously w-et Feb- ruary: Prunes, lOii.SlO trees: pears, 16,037; cherries. 8,68o; apples, 7,163; peaches, :!.780; apricots, 8.194; plums, 2,400; walnuts- 4.906; almonds, 1.131; vines, 96.144; grape fruit, 43; oranges, 357; lemons. 848; figs, 379; berries. 12,089; ornamental trees. 9.17.>: sundrj- trees, ."■Ofi; vine cuttings. 15.000. Napa nurserymen shipped to points o'.itside of the county 81.500 fruit trees and 123,000 Myrobolan seedlings. Napa county will largely increase her shipments outside the county next season. Seedlings alone from this county will amount to over 5.000.000. JOHN J. FOX. florticultural Commissioner of -Vapa countv. Cal. Farmers' Bulletin of the U. S. De- partment of .Agriculture on "Weeds" contains detailed descriptions of methods of control, both for annuals, biennials and perennials, which latter are plants with a normal life of more than two years. Five ways are used to destroy perennials: clean cultiva- tion, pasturing. growing smother crops, frequent cutting, and smother- ing with building paper or such ma- terial. In cultivating, because the ordinary shovel or tooth cultivators allow many weeds to slip through un- harn^ed. the sweep or weed knife type is recommended. There are so manv features deserving attention on accent of the difference between weed? and between other conditions that the bulletin itself has to be read to apj'reciate them. A well cultivated farm is as a rule a farm with few- weeds Potatoes should not be ocrmitted to become too dry before irrigation. If they dry out too much and are then irrigated thev arc likelv to start out a new lot of tubers instead of further developing those already started. You'd think it ridic- ulous to deliberately throw away a good set of harness. Yet when you fail to keep your harness oiled you actually throw away years of its use- fulness. EUREKA HARNE55 OIL Leather is very por- ous. And unless you keep your harness oiletl, sweat, moisture, dust and heat rot the fibre and thus shorten its term of service. Eureka Harness Oil preserves the original life, strength and elasticity of tugs, straps, and breechings — adds years to their life. Get yo-.ir harness dealer to dip your harness occasion- ally or apply it yourself by hand. Dealers every- where. Standard oa Company Light Weight es I 4 H. P. Cushman is the on« practical binder •nslno, < Weisrhs only 190 Iba^ stripped f for binder only 167 lbs. Attachments for any Gas I binder. Engine driven, — Tank 'sickle and all machin icry. Since horses have only I to p>ill machine. 2 horses easily handle an 8-foot k binder in heavy ^rain. 'Same engine used on Com Binders; also I does ail other farm work up to i^i H. P. |Very ligrht weight and easy to move I around. Runs more ' steadily than most heavy k engines. because of Throttle 1 Governor and perfect balai C c c For All Farm Work ^to 20H.P. 8H. P. 2-cyl. Cushman weighs only 820Ib.s.;far hea\ierfarm work. includ- ing filling silos, grinding, sawinif. and as power drive on Corn Pickers and ' Hay Balers. 20H. P.2-cylinderweigh3 only 1200 lbs. Mounted on truck it will do ^ any kind of work from 8 to 22 H. P. Cushman Engines are not cheap an- Clnes. but they are cheap In the Ions i run* as they do so many jobs heavy en- gines cannot do. Equipped with Schebler Carburetor. Friction Clutch Pulley, and Forced Water Cool- ing System that prevents ' overheating. Askforfree Engine Book. cushman; MOTOR works/ 880 N SIM StTMl^ LINCOLN, PATENTS 'I'hBt l»r«t»vt and PMT Srii.l Sketcti or Model SblAHCH Ki.iks .\(lf luveiiliom Winted. ri%CiC« Wataoo E. I'olooun. Patent LawTCT. W«.*.. P. ft ORCHARD AND FARM 15 Pump Planning Begins With the Well An Explanation. To have a well developed irrigation number it is necessary to have due attention given to the matter of pumps, so we called upon the pump expert of one of the leading irrigation supply houses of the Pacific Coast to have him prepare for us an article on the subject. "Except for those common tacts about pumps which everybody knows who is at all familiar with pumping, it cannot be successfully done," he said. "Each case has to stand by itself, it is necessary for each person to know accurately conditions what he will have. So-called pump ex- perts have written about what should be done with this kind of a plant and that kind of a plant, but what they have written has been ridiculous be- cause in many locations no one can tell certainly just what problern he does have to face until he faces it. "When a person is going to install a plant, wants advice and knows just what water he has and how far he has to lift it, it i.s easy for an expert to tell him what he should know, but it is worse than useless to try to give general advice that will fit all cir- cumstances. Why, I have had a num- ber of many interesting problems in my experience and decided that they would be good to refer to. I have filed away the data regarding them to use for reference when similar cases would develop again and never yet have the cases been near enough alike to make that data of any particular value. That shows the uselessness of trying to prepare any article com- posed of jrencralizations." The Well Before the Pump. This explanation shows why a regular pump story does not appear, why it is the well first and the pump second. Do not get the cart before the horse, do not order the pump be- fore you get the well. There was more good pump instruction in the conversation that followed, with hardly a reference to pumps, than there would be in a whole afternoon's discussion of centrifugal versus plunger pumps or something of that sort. Only when a person knows how much water he has to pump from, whether stream or well, and how far he has to lift it can he begin to plan on a pump, engine or motor". A man comes in and wants to buy pump and outfit. He has perhaps forty acres in such and such a dis- trict. "Yes, what kind of a well have you got?" " Well's not in yet. Water stands at 20 feet though, and there is all we want of it. Am going to irrigate so many acres of alfalfa and so many of orchard, electricity will cost so much on flat rate or so much on meter rates, and I want to know how much water I will need, how big a pump and what kind of a pump to get, whether to use engine or motor, how nnich horse power will be retiuired. and what it all will cost." "Well, we can't tell you about your pump Or motor or anything else un- til we know certainly how deep down your water is and what kind of a well you will have. Find out about tliat and then we can fix you up in the best kind of way." "But I know what kind of a well I am going to get. The water all over that di.strict stands at 20 feet: every body that has tried has got a good well. T want to get this fixed up now .'ind save time and trouble." He gets his pump and other equip- nient, or at least a price on it and Roes ahead. A counle of weeks later I'c comes in or writes, saying. "Find that water level is down to ^.'> feet. Sunpose same plant can be used all right, and what extra expenses will there be for nrcossary chanees?" He linds that a diflfcrcnt kind of an out- lit will be required, more horse power needed and all the rest of it, tliat the plant will tost him perhaps $~50 in- stead of $500, and then there is fire works. Tile thing has Iiappened so often that tills liouse now refuses to sell any man a plant until his well is down and he can tell what water he has, unless he wants to take full re- sponsibility of having a plant that will not fit his conditions. How to Tell Water Supplies. The next stage of the proceedings is to decide on what the supply will be after well is sunk. Can you tell how much water there is in a well, or should you have it tested out? No, testing under most conditions costs more than it is worth, and the well borer if he has had sufificient ex- perience and is familiar with results in other wells in the district, can ap- proximate very closely how much water a well will supply, basing his judgment on the location, width and nature of water bearing strata struck, thus making testing more or less un- necessary in most cases. The most important thing for the well borer to notice is the width and location of each strata of sand or gravel. When his rods show, for example, that clay stops and gravel begins at 75 feet, he should mark it down, also that the gravel stops at 95 feet, or wherever it is. With that information and samples of the sand or gravel both of that and of other water bearing strata struck you can tell pretty closely how much water the well will supply; you cannot tell absolutely, but you can tell closely enough to install the proper kind of a pumping plant. It will be just as good as testing a well. Testing a well with pump and en- gine is almost out of the question. .Almost the only way you can test it out is to install practically the same kind of a plant that you hope to use anyway and the cost will be pro- hibitive, and people who used to make a business of well testing do not do so any more. Besides, it is unnecessary when you have a good log of the well, as you can then figure very closely on the amount of water you will get. From the log and a knowledge of the kind of gravel struck and some- thing about local conditions, it is pos- sible to approximate the amount the water will fall when pumping a stream of given size, as well as know- ing how mucli water the well will supply. Diameter of Well Important. In planning a pumping plant a great deal depends upon what kind of a well is sunk. No matter what there is under ground there can be (Coiitimied on Page Thirty.) EIGHT CYLINDER ^^1350 COMPLETE 40-45 HORSE POWER Out-Performs All Other Types The extraordinary success of this super-car can only be understood by a ride behind its engine A believable description of the King "Eight" in action defies even "advertising" English. It is a performance that must be "felt" — and exulted in. The superior flexibility of an "eight" is beyond argument or dispute. It is an immutable mechanical fact that an "cisfht" has one power impulse for every 90 degrees of crank rotation, as against the 120 degrees of a "six" and the 180 of a "four." This almost "turbine" smoothness of operation means more than the mere avoidance of gear-changing for prac- tically all speeds and grades: It reduces vibration to nearly nil, which in turn results m silence and longevity and adds to riding comfort. Nclwithstanding its greater number of cylinders and 40-45 horse-power, the King "Eight" gives 15 to 20 miles to a gallon of gasoline and 800 to 1000 miles to the same measure of motor oil. Thus, low operating cost is added to the car's other virtues. The King "Eight" is not an experiment, but the same successful type of car made by celebrated European builders for the past six years. It is King designed and King manu- factured and has many thousands of miles of grueling road tests behind it. Enthusiastic owners all over America, and in many countries of Europe, are making King sales by their praise of this wonderful "eight." What you should now expect from a motor car is taught by a King "Eight" demonstration. There's a King dealer in your locality. Four Cylinder Model C — 30-35 Horse-power — $1165 Complete Two body styles for both "Eight" and "Four" — Touring Car and Roadster Catalog on Request KING MOTOR CAR COMPANY, 1300-1324 Jefferson Avenue, DETROIT, MICHIGAN »rr7vwvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvwvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv 16 ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD aitct FARM I RRIOA.XION Member of Andlt Bnrean of Circulation VOL. 27 JLXE, 1915 iHsned jUonthlr at Hearat Building, San Francisco, Cal. Country Life Pnbllahlngr Co., Pnblliihers D. J. Whitney Editor D. W. Hill AdTertisIng Manager V^m. Tyler Smith Circulation Manager Eastern Office \f'allace C. Richardson (Inc.) 41 Park Row, New Yorit Middle West Office J»mes A. Bnchanan, Marquette Bldg., Chicago SL'BSCRIPTIOX RATES. By subscription 50c per year, three years for $1.00. To Canada, b>- subscription, extra postage 24c per eachi year. Foreign, by subscription, 36c extra per each year. 5c per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the PostofRce of San Francisco, Cal., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Publishing Company. Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. Vou have your land, j'ou have the water, you bring the two together — thrn what? The greatest question of all is what to raise, what to make money from. Farmers on irrigated lands in the West are too much on the wrong track, and the greatest thing in the West to-day is the reor- ganization of farming as it relates to irrigation, the necessity, in short, of using irrigated crops for meat pro- duction. Leaving out of the argu- ment the fruit grower or truck farmer on irrigated land, who at the best of it will for years occupy only a small percentage of the irrigated sections, and the one thing the irrigation farmer has to do is to get something to which lie can feed his alfalfa profitably, or to raise some staple like wheat or corn tor which there is a reliable market. The problem centers on finding stock which he can feed so as to get a fair price for his alfalfa, or in case he raises grain, he must make fair acre returns each year. Alfalfa prices are hugging the ground, often only a lit- tle more than the cost of baling. The farmer can either figure that this is a temporary condition, or figure on abundant alfalfa in coming years as the acreage increases and production increases with the increase of irri- gating skill and better utilization of water. Dairying Alone Impossible. With good justice the dairy cow is heralded as the champion profit maker for irrigated lands, but it is ignorance run riot to consider her, with some help from hogs kept mainly to con- sume skim milk, the only customer for alfalfa and irrigated crops. To have every alfalfa ranch a dairy ranch would be just as reasonable to have every farm in the Middle West except those used for garden truck devoted to dairying. The thing is impossible for one thing, too many people will never be bound to the job of milking for another, and alfalfa will be too abundant for some time to come, for a third reason. Putting it down on a little more definite basis, Western irrigation farming has got to develop along the same lines that Eastern stock farming has: some dairying, some hog raising, cattle feeding, both beef and mutton, some grain growing for sale, some beef stock raised from the start and some sheep. The wonderful statement is often made that it does not pay to feed for meat on irrigated farms, almost in the same breath with boasts of the wonderful production of irrigated lands. As long as irrigation means heavy production there is more rea- son for stock production with it than with rainfall farming. The irrigation farmer has either to starrt raising stock or stop boasting about his ad- vantages over the rainfall farmer who raises and feeds stock and makes a good living at it. What is more to the point, he has to start feeding stock in a hurry or have a lot of al- falfa hay rot on his hands. A fault has been here in the West, or in a good part of it, that there has been no team work between the range and the irrigated land; stock has been taken direct from range to stock yards without the help that irrigated crops could give. In some places this has not been the case, in others alfalfa has been fed to dairy stock alone, or baled and shipped, or left in stacks. The reorganization calls for better methods of feeding stock from the range for winter or before marketing, and for intensive stock raising from start to finish on the land itself. That, in brief, is the big thing before the irrigated West. In this, a special irri- gation number, that is held up as the central fact of future irrigation farm- ing. Grain Also. In this reorganization more grain must be raised. Straight alfalfa was good when butter averaged above 30 cents and alfalfa $8 and over in the stack. People then could forget grain on irrigated land. Grain for one thing is a prime necessity for stock; nothing could be better to go with alfalfa than that, improving as it does the finish of the animals, making the alfalfa itself more digestible; the alfalfa lands need rota- tion with grain, the effect of alfalfa on grain gives extremely large, acre yields and fine net returns; grain is something for which there is always a strong demand and a good market, so more grain will be raised in conjunc- tion with alfalfa in the future, and both will go with stock. That is the forecast of irrigation farming. Other kinds of irrigated crops like fruit, berries, melons and such things are all right in their place, but there are enough difficulties there to keep them from running the stock farmer out of business for a couple of years yet at least. The Automobile Contest. The substantial success and uni- versal satisfaction given by the puzzle contest is one of the greatest reasons for tlic adoption of the automobile contest announced in this issue. Note these features; It is con- ducted by the regular circulation man- ager, whose whole aim is the welfare of the paper and the satisfaction of the subscribers. 2. With this fact in view and the high standing of "Or- chard and Farm" it has been possible to arrange for prizes selected for substantial merit and value, not for appearance and show. Each prize ofifered is something which any per- son will be glad to own. 3. There can be no blanks, no wasted effort, whether a person wins or not he .!?ets good returns for his effort. If he wins he gets cither automobile, motorcycle or watch; if he does not win he gets 13 per cent cash com- mission on every subscription turned in, and the paper itself is something which sugscribers writing into renew their subscriptions seem to think is more than worth the money. There is not a district or rural route in all the West but what has a school, a church, a Grange, a farmers' union, a farm bureau, a lodge of some kind, or some organization which will ap- preciate the $750 piano player and the .S50 worth of music accompanying it. It will greatly benefit the whole com- munity, and in addition the one who wins it will receive the first prize of the whole contest, a handsome auto- mobile. This contest is managed b)' our regular, permanent staff, and we have been able on that account to offer the best pos.sible terms to con- testants. The Home Depjirtment. .\ wide interest is being shown in the experiences sent in for the home department, but there is still oppor- tunity for experiences in many other lines. We make this request: Please offer suggestions as to what you would like to see in the household department. Write in and tell how you improved your home life in some way, or add anything that can be of service in the home to other readers. FARMERS' UNION SPECIAL NEXT MONTH! QUESTIONS ON GOOSEBERRIES A number of inquiries have been sent to E. C. Hall, author of the arti- cle on gooseberries in the May issue, which he kindly answers through our columns as well as in personal letters. F. T. asks the price of land suitable for gooseberries and how long to get bushes in bearing. R. A. D. also asks cost of plants per acre and approximate profit: "Do they pay the first year of planting? Do you have much frost in winter?" L. .A. asks: "Where do you get your water to irrigate and at what cost? Does the soil vary much and is it all good for gooseberries? How far to express office and shipping point? Wh.it about schools?" Answers: Land is worth $70 to $100 per acre, choice land $200, old alfalfa land $125, with water right. Land above the ditch (dry land) $50 per acre. The latter at this price may be underlaid with water and be a pump- ing proposition. Plants (bushes) cost this year $37.50 per 1.000. I set about 1,200 per acre, cost $10 per 1,000 to set. Profit is what X is in algebra, unknown. It has been as high as $400 to $600 per acre. (Or is this gross receipts? Editor) I have 1,000 bushes, first picking 1,000 pounds, second picking 300 to 400 pounds. The bushes were set in 1914. Am getting now six cents net per pound. There is lots of frost in winter, but that is all the better for gooseberries and apples. Gooseberries commence bearing the second year. If planted in 1916, they will bear in 1917. I get my water by gravity from .•\rroyo Seco creek. Soil varies from sandy loam to heavy, and some adobe and some gravelly. Gooseberries on heavy land do well, but I prefer sandy loam on account of ease of cultiva- tion. We are nine miles from shipping point. Have a graded school as good as any country school and much bet- ter than some. OREGON HENS LAY WELL .\t the Panama Exposition egg lay- ing contest Oregon hens are not quite talking first honors, but they are tak- in.g nearly everything else in sight. By May 15 the leading pen for the contest was the White Wyandottes of George D. Adams, Victoria, B. C, with 773 eggs. Oregon .Agricultural College White Leghorns were second with 768 eggs, and their crossbreeds third with 712 eggs. For the month the two last named pens were first and second with 208 and 188 eggs. White Leghorns of Thomas S. Fitz- gerald of Santa Rosa, Cal., coming third in the contest. The leading hen for the contest is a White Leghorn owned by Stewart Haddock, Pough- keepsic, N. Y., with 111 eggs. Two Oregon crossbreds tie for second with 107 eggs, and an Oregon hen is fourth with 105 eggs. In the ten highest pens are five of White Leghorns, three of White Wyandottes, one of Barred Rocks and one of crossbreds, Wiliite Leghorn blood predominating. Water A-Plenty for stock, home, fire protection, etc.— fully discussed in our book. Water Sapply for tLc Coaatry Hobc" It describes our 300 (raaranteed, durable pampe— hand and pow ;r — $3 to $300 — which our , Service Dept. will help ya select — free. Send for your fix-e copy today. Tl« GooJds Mff. Co. ScnetaFalU.N.Y. BRANCHES New York Houaton Chicago AUanto Boa loo '2 RELIA.BI.B. Hopland Short -Horns Hopland Berkshires All Stock Registered. Bulls of highest quality. Young Sows and Boars of finest breeding and type. Prices on application. Hopland Stock Farm H(H'LA>D, I ALIF. SYMON BROS., Wreckers Block nth and Market Sts. San Franclnco, LARGEST YARDS GRKATBST STOCK LOWEST PRICES Just arriTwl. COMPLETE line of latest improred plumbing: Mtae aligfatly danutred in transit. H PRICE. LUMBER SHIN- GLES. READ Y ROOFING: absoluuly pTer>thing for a complete building; car-lot rate^i. REMBMBER: We hftTe both new and second-hand stock; that our guarantee Is back of erery order. Money refunded if unsatisfactory. Get our special rate on bouse and bam in one car. Many new special* this week. Address IMo and 1527 Market St.. San Fran ci TO. V / OPINIONS Our small ad in the Orchard and Farm classified department surely is bringing results, and we find it one of the best advertising mediums on the Coast. Yours for success, Caldwell Bros., Los Angeles County. I think Orchard and Farm one of the "grandest" papers published. R. E. Gregson, Sebastopol. I want to let you know that we appreciate Orchard and Farm. It ts good dope for a farmer. What a farmer needs is good, practical suggestions and little stories of real experience, and you get them both. A. F., San Jose. To my mind Orchard and Farm is the best paper printed of its kind. C. Deleuran, San Francisco. I want to thank you for the copy of Orchard and Farm. We have already received two ansewrs to the ad. Quick results. V. D. Ross, Stanislaus County. ORCHARD AND FARM Irrigation and Livestock in Nevada -By L. B. Patrick, Nevada Agricultural Exhibit, P. P. I. E. What shall we do with our alfalfa? This all important question may be answered in two words — Raise Meat. Then the economic situation presents itself, and we are told by the man who is actually watering his mead- his hay, or who is plowing part of his hay to make pasture for summer. With present land values in Ne- vada we can see no reason for the end of such methods for some years to come. But when alfalfa lands steers on Alfalfa PaMture Near Reno, Xevada. ows that he cannot make any money with the proposition. From every angle we hear this continual cry and in answer Nevada has just one thing to say. We do it, and we seem to keep a little ahead of the balance of fihe country in growing of meat per capita. In Ne- vada there are thousands of acres of native meadows that are being irri- gated each year to produce beef, mut- ton and pork. It is not unusual to see hogs, cows and sheep in the same meadow. Although on low priced lands such as we have it seems a disgrace to allow the stock to take care of itself and never pen them up to receive the liigh finish that our Middle West brothers think essential to the mar- keting of their meats, the practice continues. The reasons are three- fold. First, the western markets do not demand stall fed meats. Sec- ondly, the farmers are not accus- tomed to such systems, and thirdly and most important of all, is the fact that such lands will pay larger returns from the extensive systems of farming than they will by attempt- ing to change over to paddock meats. Alfalfa and hogs, finished pork that never saw close pens, is sold every day in Nevada and seems to bring just the same price to the grower as the smooth finished meat that Iowa may justly boast of. A few pounds jf barley, a stubble field to help out n the fall and plenty of alfalfa and Fresh water throughout the summer will produce pork at from 4 to 6 cents per pound. In beef cattle as a possible solu- tion of the excess alfalfa hay con- Sumption we think that Nevada has shown the way out with good profits. Tt of the meadows, or in fact, one re ranch, mav be devoted to pas- of alfalfa, clover and grasses, the balance of the ranch devoted roducing the hay for winter feed, e wideawake farmers are con- Idating these principles and plant- a portion of their meadows to ses mixed with alfalfa to give ly to the turf and prevent bloat- thus affording an elegant pas- for nine months in the year ss too many cattle are turned on Overrun the growth, [ust where this system vvill end can only guess at this time, but s not unlikely to suppose that farmer who finds himself in spring with a crop of last year's fa will consider his situation and about for a little band of sheep, ;k cows, dairy cattle or hogs and w the footsteps of his neighbor bought beef stock to consume come to the high market of more than $150,00 per acre we cannot see how the man who buys at that mar- ket can afford to pasture beef on the lands. Thus far we have not reached that place and will have to wait until a farmer does it and then make our conclusions from his re- sults. Nevada has to-day about 120,000 head of beef going to market an- nually and if we can market stocIJ younger there is no reason why the owner of alfalfa lands cannot adjust his farm to receive a small bunch of two year olds and feed them on the ranch on pasture and hay for a year and reach the market earlier and with 200 pounds more weight than three year old range steers are go- ing on to-day. From Elko county queries are be- ing received by many of the stock men as to what they can do with their two year olds to get more size when putting them into corrals for ■finishing on hay or hay and grain rations. Some men are taking this stock up and feeding it for a full year on alfalfa hay and reaping the profits that their co-workers, the range men, had no use for. In Lyon county we find just the opposite situation. Hay lands are idle for months until the hay is all stacked and then there is a stampede all over the valley for cattle. The result is an over-production of hay in many seasons, while the range man is forced to sell his stock direct from grass. Surely it is the wise farmer who will buy the range fed grass cattle and continue them on the mixed alfalfa and grass pastures for a year and then turn them on the market much nearer the top than can the producer of range cattle. From the inquiries received it would appear that many beef grow- ers of the Middle West and the East are seeing tliese possibilities and are searching for the right ranch to ap- ply their labors on. Tt is only a mere matter of time when most every alfalfa ranch in Nevada will have its own bands of cattle and sheep to consume waste areas as pastures and finish on alfalfa or mixed hay. With grain so high there does not appear to be any other means for the market to obtain me- dium weight meats at all seasons of the year. Hot. dry countries become cooler after irrigation covers them with a mantle of green. Green softens the glare that otherwise would arise from bare soil or dry vegetation and the moisture evaporating from the plants cools the atmosphere. i i 132 JAMJON Service Depots ^ in But another example of Samson efficiency are the one hundred and thirty-two Samson ag-ents throughout the State. They safeguard the interests of Samson Sieve-Grip owners. At any hour of the day or night you may rely upon them for assistance in the field. Each one is bound by a specific agreement, by the terms of which they become service stations, fully equipped and prepared to give advice and help. Greatly superior is this system to that of the traveling service repi-esentatives, His whereabouts alvpays uncertain, here today and gone tomorrow. Delays in the field cost money. The Samson system wastes no time and gives that feeling of security so very pleasant in a busy season. This same method of organization, of systema- tized procedure, is common to the entire business of the Samson Iixm Works. No confusion, no slip- shod carelessness characterizes our work. Every- thing is well-ordered and well administered. Yon benefit by it. You should have the new book, "The Price of Harness and Two Good Mules." It is yours for the asking. It contains full information about the four to five horse-pull Sieve-Grip. SAMSON i W[J SAMSON IRON WORKS, DEPARTMENT A-3, STOCKTON, CALIFORNIA. 18 ORCHARD AND FARM "IT CERTAINLY IS THE BEST WAY TO BUILD" Writes W. T. Colvin of Ukiah, Cal., and he says further, "I never saw any building go together so nicely before." You can build your own home as Mr, Colvin did, or let any member of your family do the building in their spare time. House comes to you "knocked down" complete in every detail. Machine sawed material insur- ing a perfect fit, and numbered to correspond with the plans. Simple — easy and better still, economical. Satisfaction guaranteed by the ploueer "knock down" house com- pany of the Pacific Coast. Homes from $205 up. Send for our cata- logue to-day. It tells the story. READY BUILT HOUSE CO. 9K4 Broadivay« I'ortloiid, Oreson. [ CASE Baling Presses keeps out rftin, kr^ps out da ID oil. It T'>u u« tir«d of climbiog i windmill tower; If yoa u-e tir*d of buyioc/j repairs and hftviogthein putoD;if foQl tired of wiitinc for k big wiod. t<' furnish Toa tliif self-oilioc, enr-f mill to to oa my old tower. It coatB but little kod you will get the _ difference between no wftter in flight wind And fto mbund*DC« of water in almost nowind Write AcraiotorCo..ll46S.C«BpbeUAve.,Chlc«fo furii Profitable Practices in^^Dairying -As Observed by the Editor- Beat all others for fine, fast work and small power consumption. Larsrest size machine will turn out 4 to 6 tons per hour with 10 h. p. engine. Mechani- cally excellent. Like all CASE machin- al ery, they are built to produce results. H| Smoother Bales — More of Them Thcne are the thing's voa wiint. And CASE JK Presses give them More of them per hoar — jgjM with leeshelnaiid lew h. p. And veHm Ionizer \J\V eervice. Mail postcord fornew Bal'ug Press Catalog and prices. (302) J. I. CaMTkrethiai Midline Co., Inc., Dept. Ml Rndne.Wii. Vv'ell conducted dairy inspection by a State is a great thing. Not only is the quality of cream and dairy prod- ucts greatly improved and tlie market for butter and otlier products great- ly expanded at increased prices as a result of this improved quality, but suggestions of much value as to barn construction and dairy practices can be made by the inspectors to the dairymen. It was our fortune recently to ac- company C. A. Starkweather, in- spector of the California State Dairy Hureau, on a visit to a number of dairies (not the first time, by the way, that we have done such a thing) and to get from him a number of the suggestions he gave dairymen during the trip, as brought up by conditions seen at the diflfcrent dairies. Some arc old, some rather new or unusual, all of tliem seem to be new to some peo- ple. Naturally, many things brought up during the inspection visits are not touched on here. The Milking Shed Gutter. There are two ways to lix the gut- ter behind the cows in the milking shed. One is to have it set at a prop- er slope in a level floor; the other is to slope the whole floor and to have the gutter a uniform depth through- out. The latter is by all odds the best plan. With a shed 50 feet long, level floor and sloped gutter, the gutter will be at least six inches deep at the end. Cows can easily slip and injure tlieinsclves; the better the cow, the easier she can hurt herself. For convenience also a shallow gutter is much better. There is no real ob- ieclicn whatever to having the whole floor slope slightly, one inch in ten or twelve feet. The stanchions also can be sloped with the floor. Another thing about the gutters — they should not be made too narrow. They should always be wide enough so that there will be no danger of their being blocked by droppings. In narrow gutters a lot of manure fall- ing in one spot will easily make a dam and urine falling farther up will therefore be blocked and make a pud- dle. Then when a cow above urinates or drops a load of manure there is a big splash and danger to milk and to milker, to say nothing of having dirt all over instead of merely in the gut- ter. A gutter should be wide enough to remove all danger of the gutter being blocked while the cows are in the stanchions — of course it will not be blocked to a stream of water froir. a hose — and for safety 14 inches i« narrow enough. 16 inches is not too broad. The wider it is the shallower it can be. and wide gutters go best with sloped floors so that they are Both Lock-Seamed and Soldered Demonstrattd to have Uie i.rai«>r S4.ani. A nvctod -i|>e. Cuuntei-siink on tin- inside, leavlne a perfect smooth -urfan. and makins iMssible a watertight connection between joints. This feiture found only on Madewell Surface Pipe You want all tlie water dcliverml to the end of (he mi>e— and Madewell Surface Pine does it. Made light from emi to end. Built for downriglit hard service. A new length FREE for everjf Madewell length that jjroves iin.satisfactory. , „ „ ^ „. . j j SKXn KV)R FKKK NIADEWBLJ> BOOKLET— tells how Madewell Surface Pipe is made, and ex- plains jiLst why it is superior to all other pipe. Send a iwstcard — now. Robinson Hardware Co. Box O, <;llroy. Cullfurnia. uniform depth all tiie way along. .\ wide, shallow gutter is in nearly every way superior to a deep, nar- row one. In addition, build the gutters with a slight slope to the outer edge. Then when droppings fall, they will be on the inner side of the gutters and the urine will naturally go to the outer edge and run out easier. There will be no urine standing in gutters to spatter when anything falls in them and the floors will be cleaner. Have wide gutters, sloped with the floor, and have t!ie farther side a little deeper than the inner. Ten Minutes in the Corral. This is a delicate matter to dis- cus in cold, black type, but the idea is a good one. A quarter of an hour in the corral after coming in from the lields is given by one dairyman as a method of keeping the gutter it- self from being slopped up. .-X little exercise and walking around seems to get the bowels of a dairy cow to working and it also empties the blad- der, a fact which everybodj- know.s. The cows are driven in from the field to be milked. The stirring around and exercise starts to clean out the digestive tract and a quarter of an hour after reaching the corrals most of the cows will have disposed of all urine and manure manufac- tured. The proposition simply is to let them rest in the corral for a quarter of an hour to let them com- plete the process instead of driving them right into the stanchions and having full gutters to clean out. They are generally left in the stanchions for some time before milking any way for convenience in milking and they might as well wait in corral as in stanchions. The plan has worked out excellently in several cases but docs not seem to have been thought of very often. Vaseline or Wet Milking. Wet milking is everywhere con- demned from a sanitary standpoint, but if a cow is a hard milker and the milker wants to milk wet, he is going to do it. In this case use veterinary vasoline instead of milk or foam. Several reasons there are for this. For one thing, it softens the teats and makes easy milking, which is the thing that it is done for. For another thing it is a clean practice and using milk to w^et the teats is a dirty practice: for another thing, wet- ting teats is a bad thing for the cow and a little vasoline is not, but is good if it has any special influence at all. Milk contains some acid, or it quickly develops a lot anyway. That acid on the teats hurts the skin. Then if it is cold or windy and the cow goes out of tlie barn with wet teats and milk sticking to them, they crack and chap. Vasoline softens them and ] protects them from dampness or chapping and cracking. Wetting with milk is sure to mean more bacteria and dirt in tiie milk. The vasoline during the day or night may pick up some dirt or dust, but it is quickly wiped off before milking, and both teats and milk arc clean. Veterinary vasoline should be used whenever the milker wants wet milking; it will give easy milking and has no disadvan- tages like ordinarv wet milking. Tin Buckets. Tin should always be used for milk pails in place of galvanized iron. It is smoother and easier kept clean than galvanized iron, to which the milk sticks. Milk also causes the zinc coatin.g to come off and exposes the Mack iron and that gives the metallic flavor to the milk. Clean tin buckets mean sweeter, cleaner milk than rougher galvanized iron buckets. Cleaning Milk Utensils. The separator should have a real washing after each using. Running hot w.ntcr through it will not be suf- licient. In fact the separator and all other milk utensils should be rinsed well to remove all free milk before any very hot water is used, as hot water has a. tendency to cook the casein and make it stick to the tin. Get all the free milk oflf tirst. In the water a little washing soda is one of the best things that can be used, being better than most soap powders for the purpose, though best of all are those preparations made specially for creameries and dairies. The alkali dissolves all fat and curd that wants to stick to the tin. There is, how- ever, no occasion for having it too strong. Cover for Cream Can. While the cream is in the milk house, between the time it is sep- arated and the time it is sent to the creamery, it should not be covered, it should have an open top, though pro- tected from flies and dust or dirt. .\ convenient cover is to take the cover of an old, unused cream can and have a plumber or tinsmith cut off the bot- lom and solder on in its place some woven wire or mosquito netting. This is put on the cream can in the usuai way while it is in the milk room. It will allow ventilation, but will keep out all flies and protect the cream from dust and dirt that might drop in. DOGON DOGS— GET PIGS. The average kid may enjoy a dog as a playmate and some say a boy with- out a dog is lost. I believe that John Jones Jr. will learn more, do more and get a better standing in life with a pig. It is about a draw as to the amount of care, time and feed that it re- quires to grow either pup or pig to be dog or hog. It is a draw in favor of the pig, for when he is a hog he will draw a huge check, while the pup will draw the animosity of the neighbors by stealing meat, chasing stock and other mean tricks. The pup needs shelter, so does the pig- The pup will eat refuse from tlic table, so will the pig and pay for it. If anything, the pup is filthier than a pig, he drags in bones and other junk that litters a yard and breeds flies and disease. The pup tears up clothes, carries away your shoes, chews up anything he hnds for you and the neighbors He barks at teams on the Tosui, chases stock and chickens and does much damage. Two dogs destro-yed Sl,.>00 worth of sheep in a single night. A pig may have to be kept in a pen and fed regularly, but he pays for it, He is better at teaching honesty than anything. A boy may be able to nuke his teacher or mother believe he has done his work, but if he does not feed the pig and do it right the pig will "squeal on him" and there is no deny- ing the truth of the squeal. Let dogs go. Dog on 'cm; get a pig.— Ex. Irrigated lands in history have been fertile lands. ligypt at the dawn of history was noted for its productive- ness and it is as fertile to-day is it was then, while nothing but the «- capacity of its rulers prevents tht plains of Babylon from being re- claimed and made to produce witb virgin strength. .Although enduring fertility depends upon proper hand- ling as much as upon irrigation, soil that needs irrigation is usually very rich in plant food. Lime is one of the four great plant foods. Soils in districts of hea^ rainfall have much of the lime washed out, along with other plant foods, and these soils often are shallow. .\rid soils are deep soils with lime and other mineral plant foods untouched, these irrigation makes available. They thus not only have more plant food per cubic inch, but a mtKh greater amount of such soil for ro<*s to work on. The more faith the less need. ^ ORCHARD AND FARM 19 $ Briscoe $ Maxwell $ Indian $ Kimball $ Elgin $ Waltham $ Briscoe $ Maxwell $ Indian $ Kimball $ Elgin $ Waltham $ I •l-l ■■-I •o a M l-H ce- ce .CI ce ••-I M i«- ce M $3,000 III Prizes AUTOMOBILES FREE TO ORCHARD AND FARM READERS To Be Given Away ORCHARD A>'D FARM offers for the uext few weeks an automobile gift campaign, wliicli will eclipse anything- of the kind ever conducted by a farm paper in the West, if not in the entire United States. The capital prize will be a Briscoe Touring Car. The second prize will be a Maxwell Touring Car. The third prize will be an Indian Motor- cycle. The next ten prizes will be Elgin or Waltham Watches, $25 value, any style. ORGANIZATION PRIZE — a $750 Kimball Player Piano will be given to the Club, Lodge or Organizittion designated by the winner of the first prize. The persons winning these valuable prizes will nevei) regret a little work. Anyone in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona or California has the privilege of participating in this Gift-Giving' Campaign, and all have an equal chance. All old or new subscribers, paying or repaying their subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM, are given votes, which they may cast for their favorite candidate, according to the table of votes published in this announcement. The winners of these prizes will be the persons of greatest energy, most extensive acquaintance, and best organizing and hustling abilities. Send in your nomination at once— costs you absolutely nothing. Thousands of people work years to save what you can win in a few weeks' time. The sooner you act the better your chance of success. COMPLETTLY EQIIPPKD Xothine iiiorr aHSeni;er tourlui; car Witt) complete equipment. 1ST PRIZE, BRISCOE Touring Car. 2D PRIZE, Maxwell Touring Car. Rules and Regulations Any man or woman, of good moral character, residing anywhere in the ter- ritory embraced in the contest may enter ;he race and compete for the prizes. No empl03.ee of ORCHARD AND FARM, or member of his or her family, will be permitted to participate in the contest. In case of a tie. the contestants tied will be given prizes of equal value. Votes cannot be bought. Votes issued to one contestant cannot be changed to the credit of another. Names of subscribers must accompany all remittances. Contestants and their friends who as- sist them are not restricted to securing votes in the district in which they reside, but may secure them anywhere. By the filing of votes all contestants must accept and agree to all conditions. Any questions thai may arise concern- ing the contest will be determined by the contest management and its decision will be absolute and final. Postmark on letter will constitute the date of mailing. A committee of unimpeachable public men will be chosen to judge the finish of the contest, count tlie voles and award the prizes. Non-winners of prizes will be paid a cash commission of fifteen per cent of the amount of subscription money they secure. The right is reserved to reject the name of any candidate for cause, and to alter these rules and regulations should occa- sion demand. Anyone living in Oregon, Washington. Nevada, Idaho, Arizona or California, witli the exception of the city of San Fran- cisco, is eligible to enter into tliis contest. Awarding of Prizes The man or woman having the highest number of votes at the close of the contest will be awarded the grand prize, a Briscoe automobile. The man or woman having the second highest number of votes will be entitled to the second prize, a Maxwell automo- bile, etc. How to Enter Contest Fill out the nomination coupon and mail to ORCHARD AND FARM, contest department. Hearst Building, fean Fran- cisco, Cal., to-day. The contest affords men and women a chance to turn their spare time into cash or a valuable prize during the next few weeks. Cash Commissions A cash commission of 15 per cent will be paid to all non- prize winners. EARLY WORK IS EASY AND EFFECTIVE. ENTER THE RACE NOW AND GET AN EARLY LEAD. MEN OR WOMEN MAY NOMINATE THEMSELVES. How Votes Will Be Issued Besides votes allowed on prepaid subscriptions to ORCHARD AND FARM, a free coupon, good for 10,000 votes, will be printed elsewhere in the paper, and when cut out an> mailed accompanied by one prepaid subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM for one year or more will be credited to the con- testant. Only one of these special vote coupons will be cred- ited to each contestant. Extra Vote Periods For the purpose of issuing extra votes, as an inducement for early and earnest effort, the contest will be divided into three periods, as follows: FIRST PERIOD — From date to June 20. SECOND PERIOD — From June 21 to July 17. THIRD PERIOD — From July 18 to August 10. CONTEST ENDS AUGUST 10. During the first period 100,000 extra votes will be given for each |15 worth of subscriptions sent in by or for a con- testant. During the second period 80,000 extra votes will be given for each $15.00 worth of subscriptions sent in by or for a con- testant. During the third period 70,000 extra votes will be given for each $15 worth of subscriptions sent in by or for a contestant. This competition is unlike the ordi- nary so-called popularity voting con4 test, conducted by a traveling contest man. who has not the welfare of the paper for whom he is conducting the contest, or the contestants' interest at heart, but is after the dollars. IT IS BEING CONDUCTED DY THE MANAGEMENT OP ORCHARD AND FARM, UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE REGULAR CIRCULATION MAN- AGER, and the votes will he counted, the winners determined and the prizes (offered in this contest) awarded by a committee of unimpeachable public men whose names will be published later. The contestants' original reports will be placed on file and open for the in- spection of the public at anv time, at our office. Hearst building, San Fran- cisco. Cal., after completion of contest, which will assure fairness to each con- testant. 3 PRIZE, Indian Motorcycle Completely equipped. SUBSCRIPTION RATES Sub. Price. 50c— One year $1.00 — Three yearn No. Votes. 300 -l,0«C Special Lodge, Club, School or Organization Prize ATTENTION, ORGANIZATION MEMBERS — A special prize of an 88-note $750 Kimball player piano, including "the studio Li- brary" of $50 worth of roll mu- sic will be given away under the following conditions; The Contestant winning the first prize will be given the priv- ilege of designating the lodge, school, church, club or organiza- tion in their territory which is to receive the Kimball player piano. It is provided that this organiza- tion must be a bona fide organi- zation with established head- quarters and be in the commun- ity in which the leading contes- tant lives. ORCHARD AND FARM »2.00 — Six years S.ROO CUT OUT NEATLY AROUND THE BORDER J Nomination Coupon ' Good for 1,000 Votes I I In ORCHARD AND FARM'S Free Gift Automobile Contest. ' I hereby nominate: I I M ' Address I (Only one nomination coupon will be counted for each contestant.) ' Signed I Under no circumstances will the name of party making nom- , ination be divulged. s •rH Xi s • f-H •f-H I— H X « "be ««■ r—i s o3 • f-H 1-4 r— H X s -1-3 1=1 c3 S • t-H « i=! $ Briscoe $ Maxwell $ Indian $ Kimball $ Elgin $ Waltham $ Briscoe $ Maxwell $ Indian $ Kimball $ Elgin $ Waltham $ 20 ORCHARD AND FARM Miscellaneous -Live Stock Matters- Mating Brood Mares. One of the leading points brought up by Carl \V. Gay of the University of Pennsylvania in an eastern paper on mating farm mares is the neces- sity of seeing that the mare will nick well with the horse. He states, and brings up instances to illustrate the fact, that a mare of very uncertain breeding and no marked prepotency will give a better colt from a good stallion than a much better mare of strong prepotency whose characteris- tics conflict with that of the stallion. In the first place there is nothing in the mare to influence strongly the colt, which therefore probably will re- semble its sire closely in nearly every particular, while a colt from the pre- potent mare will resemble the dam in certain respects that will not har- monize with the characteristics it in- herits from the sire. However the colt from a prepotent mare probably will be a better animal than a colt b3' the same sire from a mare of no special prepotency, provided the first mare nicks well with the stallion. A conflict of types gives worse results than where the mare is of no great merit where there is no conflict, but the best results come when the colt can gain from both parents. Care of the Orphan Colt. The first treatment of the orphan colt depends upon whether or not the colt is able to get the colostrum or first milk from the mare. This first milk acts as a purgative for the con- tents which have collected in the di- gestive tract during fetal life, and un- less it is taken by the colt something else must be given in place of it. A tahlespoonful of castor oil and two of olive oil, or one or two ounces of the latter alone, make good laxatives for use at first to start the actions of the digestive tract in the proper manner. .Sometimes it may be of benefit to use a glycerine suppository or an ounce or two of olive oil may be injected into the rectum to aid in the cleaning process. Such treatment may some- times be necessary with the colt that gets the colostrum milk. After action of the bowels has been started in the manner indicated above, the colt is ready for feed. If possible, the milk from a cow which has re- cently freshened should be used for the orphan colt. Cow's milk should be thinned by adding one-fourth its vol- ume of boiled water and a teaspoonful of sugar to a quart of milk, in order to make the milk more nearly the nat- ural constitutency of mare's milk. For the first few days the colt should be fed every two hours, and given but small quantities of milk, which of course should be at blood tempera- ture. After the colt is a few weeks old a pulp made by boiling peas or beans and linseed meal may be added to the ration. Feed grain just as soon as the colt will take it — usually at the age of ten or twelve weeks. It is usually best to wean the orphan colt as soon as possible — four or five months. An opportunity for plenty of exer- cis must be provided at all times, and it is a good plan to allow the colt to run with other colts or with the horses, for this encourages the young- ster to take plenty of exercise. Exer- cise is doubly important with the hand-raised colt, for it is one of the best means of preventing scours and other digestive troubles. Points of a Good Angora Buck. Points in selecting most everything from a draft horse to a bantam rooster arc often given. Now the An- gora "Journal" tells how to select the head of a bunch of Angora goats. In general conformation a buck should have a short, wide face, with large muzzle, good width across shoulders, which should be equally as high as hips, and a deep, well-devel- oped chest which indicates energy and a strong constitution. Hindquarters should be well developed and propor- tionately as large as the forequarters. The legs should be well set, one at each corner, well boned and showing good muscular development. A buck that has rather short legs and a medium compact form is nearly always preferable to a rangy one. Rangy goats are hard to fatten. In general appearance looks for a buck that has bright eyes, bold, courage- ous actions and a graceful carriage. In disposition he should be active, fearless and bold. While it is sometimes unpleasant to handle a vicious buck, yet we pre- fer one of this disposition to one that is quiet and lifeless. As a gen- eral rule the buck that feels that he is master of the flock is more robust and possesses greater prepotency. Breeding and Rapid Growth. The Livestock Department of the Exposition has on exhibition steers of various beef breeds and types, as an educational feature of the influ- ence of breeding on production. This is shown by the following weights and ages: The Shorthorns in this exhibit weigh l,ll2 pounds each at two years of age and sell at T'Ac per lb., mak- ing their value $80 per head. The Aberdeen-Angus weigh 1,088 pounds each at two years and sell for 7 l-3c per lb., value $79.75 each. The Herefords weigh 1,325 pounds each at three years of age and sell at 7c per lb., fi.\.ing their value at $92.75 each. All these are profitable beef pro- ducers and show that "baby beef" at two years old is the most economical. The "natives" may have had a small infusion of good blood, but not much nor recently. They weigh 1,056 pounds each at four years of age and sell at 6%c per lb., giving a value of $66 per head. These cattle require twice the length of time to reach a marketable maturity that is needed by the "baby beeves." The Mexicans weigh 750 pounds each at eight years of age and sell for 354c per lb., giving them a value of $43.10 per head. These animals require four times the period needed for maturitv by the "baby beeves" and sell for about one-half as much per pound. The "natives" and the Mexicans are distinctly unprofitable animals for ordinary conditions while the "baby beeves" offer a pleasant and re- munerative field of activity which is not likely to be overdone. Double Blackleg Vaccination. .\ccording to an announcement from the Colorado Agricultural Col- lege, there have been a number of cases this year of young cattle com- ing down with blackleg after having had a single vaccination. This means, of course, that the first vaccination gave an insuflpicent resistance and as a consequence the use of this double vaccine has been advised. The weak- er the first vaccination the less dan- ger there is of killing the animals, and the stronger the last one the greater the immunity produced. Con- sequently, if safety and resistance cannot both be had by one vaccina- tion, then the only alternative is to give the double method, and no man should hesitate to apply the double vaccine, once the single has shown to be insuflficient. Foot and Mouth Disease. The foot and mouth disease which has been a serious blow to stock men of the Fast and practically stopped all stock shipments except for slaugh- ter all over the United States, seems to be under control. The only new developments have been in garbage fed hogs near Philadelphia and it has Prince Albert tobacco is the real joy smoke ! Here ia another Jwi-elecUd member of thr I'rincr Albert "oht titne Jimmy-i>iprrM ctub." 77iw in John O'Hrilly. of Euft I'ruvidenre . R. I., trho hiiit jUKt paxMed the century mark. Mr. O'Neitly ia on€ of thone granil old men trho has come to thin ripe aye tn'M thr joyn <>/ hi» frtendly Jimmy pipe frmh in his mitut each morning. He ha» ahrayn tn-rn n libernt tmoker. Just as soon as you smoke some Prince Albert tobacco in a pipe or cigarette, jus f that soon you'll under- stand how different it is in flavor, in aroma and in genuine goodness. No other tobacco can be like Prince Albert. The pat- ented process fixes that — and removes the bite and parch ! You come on and get pipe or cigarette makin's happy. Know yourself what it's like to smoke all the tobacco you want, and smoke as long as you want without even tingling your tongue ! i>RiNCE Albert the national joy smoke ropyright 1915 by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. just makes it possible for every man to re- new his love for his friendly old pipe, or to get a new idea how good a hand-rolled cigarette can be. You've no idea of the satisfaction, content and restfulness that's yours if you'll get chummy with P. A. Lose no time getting acquainted with this real and true man-tobacco. Buy Prince Albert everywhere tobacco i» told. Toppy red baga (.handy for cigarette amohert), Sc; tidy red ting, 10c; handaome pound and half- pound tin humidora — and — that claaay pound cryatal-glaaa humidor with the aponge-moiatener top that keeps P. A. fit aa a fiddle ! R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winiton-Salem, N. C. 0 brought up the necessity for pasteur- ization of milk. It is not known whether the disease in these cases were conveyed through garbage or through milk, but it has emphasized the necessity for sterilizing milk fed to hogs, and the danger of convey- ing disease through skim milk. In the present outbreak a far larger pro- portion of affected animals were hogs that in previous outbreaks and this is attributed to milk from affected ani- mals being taken to creameries and taken back and used as hog feed. Persons wanting more on grass- hopper killing than was given in an answer to a recent question might write to the U. S. Department of Ag- riculture for Farmers' Bulletin 637 On the grasshopper problem and al- falfa culture. .\ poison liighly recom- mended in the bulletin is the Criddle mixture, composed of half a barrel of fresh horse manure in which is mixed 1 pound each of salt and Paris green. Some water may be added if the man- ure is not moist enough. Hoppers consume this preparation greedily and die. Welcome is the man whose friend- ship permits us to tell him our troubles, and who listens without a grin. FREE TRIAL , ^ou d interest you to know you could have a free trial of the best cream s e p a rator ever sold in the United States, t o prove and c o n v i n ce yourself that it is the best right in your own home? Remember the Self-Balancing Bowl, the Complete Splash Oiling System, the Interchaneagle Skim- ming Device, the Detachable Shelves, are all features that no other machines possess. It is the closest skimmer; It will get all of the butterfat for you. We will establish an agent in every town. THE J. C. ROBINSON CO. A&Yi First SU Portland. Ore. T ORCHARD AND FARM Dairymen, Look Up, Not Down By M. Seymour. Just now dairy enthusiasm is at low ebb. Feed prices in Oregon have been very low the past winter and butter fat has been much lower than for a number of years past. Spring opened early and the feed problem now seems solved for the time being, but tlie market for butter fat is not very encouraging. The market for dairy cattle is also far inferior to that of two years ago. Good grade cows that sold readily for $100 or more two years ago now go begging at from $60 to $75. All this, however, should not dis- courage the dairymen. While times are a little dull and money comes slowly, it comes to no one more surely than to the dairymen. The dairymen have been getting checks every month and that is a whole lot more than many people in other walks of life have been getting the last winter. With dairying, as with any other line, the man at the head of the pro- cession is making good money, while those near the foot are losing out. Also those who keep steadily peg- ging, building each year for a greater and better future, are without excep- tion prospering. We have entirely too many of the 'Off again, on again, gone again, Flanigan," variety of dairymen in this Western country. It is not a busi- ness iniu wnich a man can step on a moment s notice and get the maxi- mum profits at once. One grows into profitable dairying slowly. It is no fly-by-night profession. Dairy cows must be developed, markets de- veloped, soiling crop rotations de- veloped, and sometimes dairymen must be developed years after the work has begun. J. D. Mickle, Dairy and Food Com- missioner of Oregon. who was formerly one of Oregon's most suc- cessful dairymen, says the greatest lesson he ever learned was taught him by the cow years after he had be- gun dairying. Other successful dairy- men testify to the same thing, and their records prove that they have profited by every suggestion the cow has made. The average dairy cow of Oregon, or of the United States for that mat- ter, is producing around 150 lbs. but- ter fat annually. In the face of such "statistics, we have a number of dairy- iien who are getting more than twice iiat from each cow in the herd. Some have set 300 pounds as the minimum, I)cIow which no cow will be retained in the herd. A. E. Westcott of Banks, Ore., has been dairying since 1907. In 1911 he sold, after supplying the family with milk and butter, an average of 328 nds of fat from each cow in the 'd. Since then his herd has in- sed in efficiency until last year he an average of 368 pounds of fat cow from a herd of 18 cows, uring these j-ears his market has n that of sweet cream, wholesaling o a city distributor. In cash it has :ted him at his door as follows: n 1911 $130.85 per cow. ji 1912 $113.55 per cow. n 1913 $141.08 per cow. Tn 1914 $137.57 per cow. Market fluctuations were responsi- ble for some ups and downs in the let returns, but on the average they re steadily gaining. His skim milk fed to hogs and to heifer calves, •vhich, beine from good producing ^tock, bring him handsome profits, 'lis soil, through proper use of the nianure. is growing richer with each year's work. TItus are the profits l oming. not only from one particular ■-ourCc, but are oozing out all around liim, and it is only necessary that the trained hand be there to grasn these profits as they present themselves. We have other dairvmen who are doing about as well, but I have not the actual figures at hand. Some may even be doing better. We find that practically all the successful dairy- men are following certain methods and practically all the unsuccessful dairymen are following certain other methods. The contrast between the two classes of methods is as great as the difference in net returns, yet it seems very difficult for the untaught eye to discern the cause of his failure or of the other fellow's success. These causes will be discussed in a later article. BUTTER SCORING CONTEST The recent butter scoring contest of the University of California showed that there exists room for criticism of other things than the con- dition of cream, when it comes to making high class butter. If no cuts were made for mechanical defects, like body, color and salt, the average score of 28 cubes submitted would be 93 per cent, instead of 92.19 per cent, which is a very high score and shows skill by the butter makers. There is room for improvement in color, also a number of the creameries are salt- ing as heavily as they can with some loss of quality, this to obtain over- run, but in so doing they endanger price. There is still room for con- siderable improvement in flavor, for 21 which cleanliness on the part of the dairyman is required, also keeping the cream cool to prevent souring, and right handling on the part of the creamery operator. An important feature at the Ex- position will be a milk show, held from June 14 to 19. This will attract strongly the general public as well as dairymen. Among the dififerent classes in the show will be city boards of health, milk and cream ; cream dealers' class, college and experiement station milk class, pasteurized milk class, pasteurized cream class, market milk producers' class, market cream pro- ducers' class, certied milk class, cer- tified cream class and medical milk commission class. ^ See This Machine at Work in Orchard and Field Universal Motor Cultivator The Universal has made good with or- chardlsts. Read the letters below. Where- ever a machine has been put into operation there has followed a string of letters ex- pressing delight and amazement at the effi- ciency, rapidity and economy with which_ eats up the work. The Universal is the direct, plain, sensible answer to your labor problem and your cul- tivating problem. Consider the small cost. We'll prove the efficiency. NEVER STOPS WORK It cultivates corn, cotton, potatoes, kafflr, sor- ghum, sugar cane, federita, tobacco, tomatoes, gar- den truck, orchards, vineyards, etc. It pnllm mower, rake, drag, roller.?, small disc harrow, cultivators of various kinds, weeders, etc. It plants corn, cotton, sor- ghum, clover, alfalfa, pota- toes, garden truck, etc. It operates pump, wood saw, feed - grinder, corn - sheller, washing machine, churn, elec- tric light plant or any other light appliance of the modern farm. Write for the catalog that goes into the mo.st minute de- tails regarding the machine. The Universal Tractor Mfg. Co. South High Street Columbus, Ohio UniTersal attached to John Deere Orchard Cultivator. Working rapidly and well in wet, half- frozen, lumpy ground that would stall the ordinary team. Attach to Your Own Tools and Go to Vl^ork Attachments are simple and com- 1>U VV XJi IV paratively inexpensive. In writing, tell us what orchard tools you are using, and we will give you an estimate of cost. 93SS f. o. b. ColUinibiiH, O. Stnndaril cultivator equipnieut. quote with John Deere Orchard Ivator as shown above If you Act Now — See What These Men Are Doing. "Weatfleld. N. Y.. April 10. 1915. Better than a World's Champion — made Eood in one round. Had t.he ti-actnr out to mv farm to-day and had it hitched to one of three bottom gang plows that are used in this vicinity, and it did the work ca.silv. Plowed the usual depth that we plow in the Tincyard coimtiy — from three to four inches — and the Cniversal worked lilie a dream. Believe me. ther'* were some surprised farmers in this neighborhood, for they hnd all been skeptical about the tractor |>ulliug a gang plow, but now they axe all convinced. Again, s,">0 lbs, b. f. at 4 years of age. Tins youngster's dam is from A. K. siie and (lam. hAH herself produced "1 l-:{ lbs. b, f. in a month, ofticially. has two A. K. daughters and another one now under test. Tliis is a flrst'Clasa calf in eyery way and a rare buy. $2<)0.00. J. W. HKNDERSOX. 503 Flmt \ntlona: :]iink BulldInK, Ilerkelfj, tal. QUALITY BERKSHIRES OUR BERKSHIRES ARE NOW BETTER TH.VN EVER. They are bred right, fed right and priced right. We have all the promi- nent blood line.-*, and always have four to six herd boars in use. Try us the next time you want Berkshires. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm \VOODI..\>D. C.\LIFORXIA. BLACK LOSSES SURELY PREVENTED by Cutter's Blackleg Pilli. Low- priced, fre.sh. rflUble; prpfprnd by Western stockmen becauiie they pr*- M tect where other vaoeinei fall. W m Write for booklet and testimonials. I 1 « lO-dose pkge. Blaokleo PHIs $1.00 ^^^i^^ 50-do»e pkge. Blackleg Pills 4.00 Use any Injector, but Cutter's best The superiority of Cutter produrts Is due to over 15 years of speclallzlni; In vaccines and serums only. Insist on Cutter's. If nnnhtalnahle, order dlrwt. THE CUTTER LABORATORY. Berkeley. CaMfornl» \«k Voiir Hi'iihT for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Milch ('(AV3 and 4'hicken^ and Yrunp Pigs and Hogs. riient>eftt fo'Mi in tla- market to-day. If vonr dealer dot-sn't c.im it, address 101. nOKAOO oil. WORKS 1-IJ> ( nllfoniia St. Snn KriinclMOo HOPLAND STOCK FARM HOPLAND, ( ALIFORM.V Berkshire Hogs Short Horn Cattle lllKli*'Mt f|iinlit>' niid true to type. rrtt'i'M on n iipiicatton. The "Crocodile" Wrench SIX HANDY FARM TOOLS IN ONE THREADINS BLANK BOU' MONKEY WRENCH ^ "'"^ WRENCH A pipe wrench, a nut wrench, a screw driver and three dies tor cleaning up or re-threading rusted and battered threads. Dies tit all standard bolts used on standard farm machiner.v. Requires no adjust- ments; never slips: simple and always ready for use. Will work In closer quarters than anv other wrench; has hand.some blued finish. Every farmer should have one of these wrenches for his tool kit. Can be used in more ways than any wrench made. Given free with a new or renewal subscription to Orchard and Farm for one jcar .'><>c. ! ORCHARD AND FARM 27 Answers to Veterinary Questions ■By Dr. C. L. Roadhouse, University of California- I bought a cow several weeks ago and soon afterwards I noticed that she was lame in het- right hind foot and found it was cracked on the hind part of the foot, where the hoof and. the flesh join. A neighbor told me that it was "grease heel," or "mud fever," and suggested an application of oil. Have been following his advice by dipping foot in lubricating oil and while heel is not improving, it is not getting worse, and now the other hind Toot is beginning to crack likewise. Am told that the trouble Is caused by being lert to stand in mud and urine. I would like to know what is the best treat- ment to follow.— R. W. H. This trouble probably has in- sulted from the animal standing in damp, wet places, such as deep mud, which would be even more irritating if manure was allowed to mix with it. Concerning the treatment for this can advise that lubricating oil is too irritating to use on inHammed sur- faces and should not be used on the sensitive parts of animals. It would be more satisfactory to wash out the cracked area by applying a disinfec- tant solution to the part, syrineing it into the wound or cleansing the wound with a piece of cotton satur- ated in the disinfectant. Peroxide of hydrogen or one of the coal tar dis- infectants may be used for this pur- pose if properly diluted. If it is impossible to keep the animal's feet out of mud and water, olive oil, or still better, carboliz^d vaseline as a protective would be sat- isfactory to prevent further irritation. Where many animals arc affected in this way a simpler method of treat- ment and one which is quite satis- factory, is to stand the animal in a 2 per cent solution of blucstone for one hour each day and then keep the animal on a dry, clean floor until the lameness is overcome. These cases may prove serious if they do not receive treatment as there is danger of infection spreading inderneath the coronary band and causing the development of a per- manently cracked hoof and, in ex- treme cases, permanent lameness. There is also slight danger of blood poisoning in neglected cases. Care- ful and regular treatment should ring early improvement. I have recently purchased a young flare six years old; think she is about Pour months with foal. She is subject to colic spells which come on in the fight or day, spasmodic; does not bloat much; is covered with sweat, lays down and get up. She responds read- is fed on god barley hay and rolled in barn stall when not at work. What itises the colic and is there a preven- Hve? Am afraid she will get sick some night, get no relief and die. Has spells when she works or does not. — M. M. Young horses with abnormally vig- jrous appetites may be affected with :he colic from overeating. In feeding inch animals care should be used in pv'ng a limited quanitty of feed at )ne time and to compensate for t.iij )y giving the feed oftener; that is; nstead of placing the feed in the ^11 twice a day give the same ''junt of feed in three feeds, morn- noon and night. |ome horses arc gluttors and, co'i- lently, they sufifcr from indiges- ^, which may come on when they I allowed to overeat or when m^':- _an abrupt change in the kind of given and colic results, ^nimals should be watered before ^ing whenever possible and a large itity of cold water should not be In. at one time after a hard day's Ik. rest days horses should be lied into a corral in order that may have regular exercise Care- ^handling in this way will fre- (|ucntl3' a\oid the occurrence of di- gestive troubles. Try 6ome Alfalfa. (Note — Aside entirely from ques- tion of colic, we note that you are using only barley as hay. From the standpoint of economy and results we believe it might be well to substitute at least some alfalfa hay. You will very probably lind alfalfa considerably cheaper than barley hay, and the rolled barley will serve to balance up the ration and prevent any diihculty that might arise from a straight al- falfa diet. Or in case you would be afraid to feed too much alfalfa hay, part barley hay and part alfalfa would make a good combination. .Many horses get little but alfalfa hay to eat, many others alfalfa hay and some erain, which makes a tine com- bination, and alfalfa hay is known to be one of the best possible feeds for breeding mares. 1 he suggestion is made aside from the question of colic, as it might make it worse, better, or have no influenec at all. Find out what the previous owner fed her. — Editor.) HOW TO PLANT CACTUS. To "Orchard and Farm"; There have been a good many complaints among those who have tried to raise cactus because they could not suc- ceed in making it grow. This must have certainly been their own fault. 1 have been growing it here at Los Altos now for five years and liiul it easier to grow than any other plant that is produced here. I can see where those fellows have made a failure, though, and am writ- ing this article in order to point out the cause of this failure. Cactus is like a potato — if it gets down in hard ground and the soil bakes solid around it, it cannot grow. It just simply stays there, gets hide-bound and withers up. If it is planted in heavy, hard soil that bakes, the ground should be dug up around the plant when it begins to root, that is, about a month after planting, or give it a little water when you see it drying up, but not before. Another good plan when cactus is planted in heavy adobe soil is to put a shovel full of sand around each plant. A wagon load of sand would plant nearly an acre, the cost would be only a trifle and the plants would then be sure to grow without culti- vation. When cactus gets to be two or three years old, the roots make the .ground light of their own volition and they need no more care what- ever. "The grass and weeds are choked out by the cactus the same as they are around an oak tree and make no more impression on the life of the cactus than they do on an oak. Because of the enormous growth cactus is bound to be a valuable for- age crop in California and the North- west. G. D. CUMMINGS. Los Altos. Cal. Waler sinks slowly in heavy soil as a rule. This is particularly true when the soil itself is in poor phys- ical condition and is deficient in vegetable matter. After vegetable mattei is supplied it becomes of finer texture, lighter, more porous, and the water sinks in deeper and better. Thus P good application of manure is a great aid to heavy soil in mak- ing it take water better. Likewise, heavy soil deficient in humus, after alfalfa is planted on .it for several years, or after other crops with good root systems have been grown, will take water quicker than it did at firs' and th'^ water will sink in deeper. This is on account of the roots open- ing up channels into the subsoil and on account of improved soil texture due to 'he presence of many roots. ,/'■■■.', ' Stiletto^ In the home on the Farm in the Shop, or wherever tools are used, the real value of «Hj¥f£ETTO-' — both in quality and service — will be fully recognized. The ■ SnLITTTfr- trade mark is a guarantee of highest quality and most expert work- manship, insuring the best of tool service at prices that are right. ^"tTILrXTO ^. 8°°*^' everywhere — *"*'*•*■*■*' if you can't get them, write us. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Towniend St. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. WW HEG. U S. PAT. OFT. 12.000 mtlps -no repairs The owner of a passenger-service car, running in the valleys and mountains of California, writes: "We have driven twelve thousand miles. Zerolene has been used exclusively. We have never ad- justed a bearing, ground a valve nor cleained a spark plug during this time. The engine runs more smoothly than the first thousand miles." Standard Oil Company (California) San Francisco Levi Strauss & Co's Two-Horse Brand Overalls for Boys I are the best that have ever been made and cost no more than inferior kinds. Look for this label FREE "Z'y Made of highest grade denims, brass buttons and fasteners that will not rust or corrode In the ■wash; every button-hole corded to prevent pulling out; large white drill swinging pockets (not the old style patch pockets that so quickly wear through). Best-looking, longest wearing overalls. Manufactured and ^aranteed hj LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francisco THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FAR]\IERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT. 28 ORCHARD AND FARM Green Feeds and Poultry Profits By J. E. Dougherty Some sort of vegetable food is as essential to the continued health and vigor of fowls as is the grain ration. Its function in the fowls' economy is not so much to furnish nutriment, al- though it does do this to some degree, but to act as a natural tonic on the -■it. Rubnsta Cactus 'With 400 Slabs, 400 Tons Per Acre. Green Food Forage Crop. fowl's whole system. Green foods stimulate the liver, induce a copious secretion of digestive juices and in- still into the very cells of the body a renewed vigor and force. It is its strong tonic eflfect on the body that makes green feed such a valuable ad- junct to the grain ration. The West Virginia Experiment Sta- tion found that White Leghorn hens that were fed no green feed ate more grain and animal food and produced less eggs than hens that w-ere fed all the green stuff they wanted. During 360 days fowls receiving green feed ate fifty-eight pounds each of grain and animal feed and laid 114 eggs, while those receiving no green feed ate sixty-one pounds and laid only 90 eggs each. The kind of green feeds that are most valuable in securing results and are relished most by the fowls are the young and tender blades of grass, al- falfa, kale, rape, etc. Green forage crops, grasses, vegetables, etc., are more tender and juicy when young than they are after they have ma- tured, developed strong, woody stalks and begun to form seed. During the growing months tender, fresh green stuff in shape of alfalfa, fresh lawn clippings, rape or a green iilfalfa or grass covered range can easily be secured. The range with a growing crop of green stuff is un- doubtedly the most desirable, but is not always feasible. The next best way is to cut up a quantity of fresh- cut green stuff in an alfalfa cutter every day and feed it by hand at noon. A handful for every five fowls is about the proper amount to feed. Give them all they will eat up clean, is always the rule. In winter when fresh-growing greens cannot be had, we have to fall back on sprouted grains, mangels, pumpkins, cabbage, potatoes and al- falfa or clover hay for our supply of succulent vegetable feeds. They are named in the order of their value. Mangels or cow beets are excellent for winter feeding and in many local- ities can be left in the ground all winter and harvested as needed. In feeding the mangel it is split into big pieces and a pice rammed on a big nail about a foot from the ground in each pen for the birds to pick at. Raw potatoes are not liked much by the fowls and are therefore boiled and mixed with the mash. Pumpkins are split up and fed raw, seeds and all. Cabbage is usually stored in pits and taken out as needed. It makes a very succulent winter green feed, but is not so easy to grow and keep as mangels, nor is it as economical a feed. Steamed clover and alfalfa hay does not compare with the other feeds mentioned either in succulence or palatability. .As a protein food con- taining lots of crude fiber to be used in connection with concentrated fat- forming feeds, such as corn, flour, etc., it is fine. It docs also have a fair value as a substitute for green feed, but is not as good as cabbage, man- gels, pumpkins or sprouted grains. Sprouted oats or barley are the best winter green feeds where other fresh greens are not to be had. They are fully equal in succulence and tonic value to the tender green stuff of summer because sprouted grains are tender, growing shoots of greens grown in a summer temperature. Oats are better to sprout than barley because they don't make such a rank growth. Barley when used as a green feed should be sprouted in thin layers or it becomes tough about the roots and is hard to digest. Use it only for adult birds. Oats are sprouted by a great many commercial poultry- men for feeding early hatched chicks as well as grown stock. The grains are usually sprouted in racks about six feet high containing trays 2 by 3 feet in size and 2 inches deep. The trays are spaced about 10 inches apart and placed 7 in a tier, so that there will be one tray ready to use each day. In starting, a pail of the right size is nearly filled with oats at night and the oats covered with lukewarm water. The next morning they are dumped in a pile on the top tray and left. At night they arc spread out in a layer five-eighths of an inch deep, so that the tray is full of wet oats, and another pail of oats put to soak. Next morning the fop tray of oats is moved down a tray and the other tray put on top to receive the oats from the pail. The trays of oats are thus moved down one step at a time till by the seventh day the first tray is at the bottom and the oats ready to feed. The oat sprouts should be 4 to 5 inches high when fed. (.\ photograph of such a rack was shown last month in con- nection with the account of the egg laying contest at the Exposition.) Three things are necessary to sprout grains successfully: First, a temperature of not less than 70 de- grees; second, moisture; third, good ventilation. The temperature must be secured by artificial heal. Moisture is supplied by wetting the trays every day with warm water from a sprinkling pot. Cracks must be left between the boards in the bottom of the trays so that surplus water will drain away and not rot the oats. Until the sprouts begin to show in a flat the oats should be raked over each time they are wet to insure an event distribu- tion of moisteure. Raking after the sprouts appear will break them off. Do not be afraid to use too much water as plenty of moisture is of prime importance for good, quick growth. There arc a number of lamp heated sprouting cabinets on the market that one can buy or racks of trays can be made and kept in a warm room or in a cellar having a furnace. To pre- vent mold, the flats should be thor- oughlv scrubbed and washed with a .50 per cent solution of formalin or otlier disinfectant each time they are emptied. Irrigation from gravity systems causes the water table to rise in the soil, often too high. Irrigation from wells causes it to fall, so that some- times the wells have to be deepened. A combination of the two ought to make it just about right. V/OU want every dollar of your advertis- * ing appropriation placed where it will bring you one hundred cents' worth of effective publicity. IN' days gone by, it was often the ablest solicitor who secured the bulk of an appropriation, or advertising was placed because of sentiment, or friendship, or be- cause competitors used certain mediums. The only just basis — the quaHty and quantity of circulation — received but scant consideration. Small wonder that many pub- lishers took advantage of this indifference on the part of space buyers and charged rates out of all proportion to the service rendered. BL'T this attitude is gradually changing. Advertisers and agents are buying space as a commodity, and insist on knowing that they are actually getting that for which they pay. But how to be siircf That is the prob- lem to which A. B. C. SERVICE (Audit Bureau of Circulations) IS THE ONLY LOGICAL ANSWER THE Audit Bureau of Circulations is a national asso- ciation composed of the largest advertisers and ad- vertising agents in the country. The publisher-members are those who permit the Association to audit their circu- lation books and make their findings public. A B. C. Service gives you cold, hard facts about circii- u~M.a lation — quality, quantity and distribution. It assem- bles figures, checks them, verifies them, puts them in a standardized form so you can analyze them at a glance. You zvant facts about circulations because they mean well- spent advertising appropriations. You get facts from pub- lications Ti'hich are members of the A. B. C. Orchard and Farm is a chcirter member of the A. B. C. (Audit Bureau of Circulation). Orchard and Farm is the only farm paper in California that has been audited by the A. B. C. Orchard and Farm sells its space on the A. B. C. basis. For More Detailed Facts Address ORCHARD AND FARM Hearst Bldg., San Francisco ORCHARD AND FARM 29 Up-to-Date Methods of Irrigating (Continued from Page Four.) the intake from the source of water supply. The pipe fills with water and the lower end being closed by a gate, the water rises in each stand pipe ready to flow out upon the land when the valve in the stand pipe is slightly opened. The valve is adjusted by a turn of the screw to permit the flow the narrow way of the bed is level. The pipe is laid under ground across the higher end of the beds. It is so arranged that two beds can be irri- gated one at a time from a single stand pipe. There needs to be a strong head of water to irrigate alfalfa efficiently so that it will force its way quickly Laying Coneretc Irrigation Pipe In Young Citrus Grove. of enough water to supply the fur- rows. The most thorough irrigating is ac- complished by the use of small streams of water, permitted to flow for a considerable length of time. If time is given, the soil will become deeply saturated. There is practically no washing of the soil. The practical distance for water to run in furrows must be determined from the char- acter of the soil. One or more pipe lines, as described, are laid across the orchard so that the water need not run too far. If tlie pipe line is a long one or if it has considerable fall, it is divided into sections. This is accomplished by placing a cutoff stand pipe and gate wherever necessary to form the separate sections. By closing the cut- off gate located immediately below that part of the orchard being irri- gated, the water is kept from flowing into the lower sections of the pipe system. Thus the water does not have to back up in the line farther than is absolutely necessary, and the ^pe is not subjected to needless pres- iure. When it is necessary to discharge a large amount of water from a single stand pipe as foi' example in flooding a crop of clover grown in the orchard, it is done by opening just one valve ajjid leaving all the others closed. AU tjie water is then discharged at that ■wive so that even a heavy mat of clover is quickly irrigated. This system gives perfect control of the water. .\ large amount of water may be taken from one or a lit- tle water may be taken from any num- ter of stand pipes simultaneously. Concrete Pipe for Alfalfa. The pipe used for irrigating alfalfa it large enough to carry an abundant head of water for flooding the ground. mtt size of the pipe must be deter- ntined from the amount of water to be carried and the slope or fall in the A practical way of preparing alfalfa land for irrigation is in beds. The length of the bed lies in the direction of the greatest fall of the land while through the stubble. Therefore all the water is discharged at one time at a single place. The alfalfa stand pipe is regulated by a valve having an opening the full size of the pipe. The stand pipe is placed low so that the sickle passes over it without striking. In the illustration is shown a porta- ble hydrant used for convenience in operating the valve, for comfort and protection in handling a large head of water and to direct the flow of water as desired. In order to irrigate alfalfa efficiently and economically, a sufficient number of pipe lines are used to divide the field into beds of proper length. How far the water should run must be de- termined from the slope of the land, the nature of the soil and the volume of the irrigating head used. IRRIGATION RESULTS IN EASTERN OREGON (Continued from Page Four.) vegetables and berries are grown in this valley. TIic average farm here is now being diversified. You will usually find a small orchard, a few acres in corn, and the balance in al- falfa or clover. Stock raising and dairying are going to be the big busi- ness here, outside of Truit, and with alfalfa to grow the frame and corn to finish with we have the ideal home for the stockman, dairyman, or hog raiser. So far Malheur county has never had a case of hog cholera, al- though they have been shipping pork- ers from here for many years. Since 1910 the population of this county had doubled and the same is true of the amount of land but under irrigation during the last five years. In this immediate part we depend solely upon irrigation as the average rainfall, is the average rainfall is only about 12 inches per season. The news cry seems to be: "The farmer bleeds us all!" And it has the amount of truth usual to popular cries. Grain Ba^^s, Twine, TENTS Irrigation Hose Wagon Covers— Canvas n ♦ o j\ Water Bags Vesert tirand\ Milk and Butter Coolers Wiite for Catalog and Discounts. W. A. Plummer Mfg. Co. 37 Front St., Cor. Pine, San Francisco The New Era Auto-Irrigator:t!lT' This dCTice fills a long-felt want In automatically and uniformly dis- tributing water into furrows without attention after connection with ditch is made. It is light and easily moved as necessity requires. It is a canvas hose, tapering in form, with apertures on one side spaced 20 inches apart and which are fitted with devices to regulate flow of water. Standard size is 75 feet long and 6 inches diameter at large end and tapering to V/2 inches and is of ^ cubic foot per second capacity. It prevents waste of water and washing of land and greatly reduces cost of irrigating. Special discount rates to the first five users in a com- munity. Wanted lire Agents. For descriptive booklet and prices, address Auto-Irrigator Mfg. Co. Box 609, Denver, Colo. Would $25 a Week Interest You? Would you like to be free to do your own bidding and earning $25.00 a week or more, as you choose? Your own boss? We seek a representative for Orchard and Farm In your locality. We do not wish a canvasser. We seek the clear-eyed, energetic type of man or woman, the aggressive person, who will represent our publications with credit not only to themselves but to us. Acting as the representative of this company you are assured a business training that will broaden and develop you. besides paying you handsomely. We allow a stated commission on every subscription, whether new or a renewal. You can find no work that is more remunerative than acting as our representative all or part of your time. You will agree with us after you have learned of our plan. We will explain this when you assure us of your Interest. It will not Obligate you In any way. Address ORCHARD AND FARM, HEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO. WOODIN & LITTLE ^W^rt ^mhA ^^hh^ RmiA, I^wf* mi4 ihrc. rirc nJiiXirSiwfc iteT^SSii Wins. Pomp riannin^j Bc§:in5 W^irh the \\ cli, iWANTED A MAN omtn t^mmc ^^^^ ma'- s Hi « other specials. Utility and show stocks, eggs and chicks of black, buff and white Orp- ingtons. Rose and S. C. Reds, white and blue Leghorns, Silver Campines, Anconas, Salmon Faveroles, Polish and Cornish Games. Free mating list. Holman Poultry Farm, Stockton, Cal. Turkeys — Red, White, Black and Blue (Slate); eggs 25c each; baby turkeys 40c each; also French Houdan eggs $1 50 per 15. Mm. B. Hocklugr, Guasti, Cal winner of first prizes and specials at Los Angeles and Cal. State Fair past 5 years. Petalnma Hatchery — Established 1902. Can ship day-old chicks to points reached in three days; six varieties. There are fifteen large hatcheries here, but only one "Petaluma Hatchery. We challenge the hen. Send for free cir- cular. I>. \V. Clark. Petaluma, Cal. Write for prices of White Egg Strain Fawn and White I. R. ducks, M. B. turkevs. Toulouse geese, pearl guineas, S, S. Hamburgs, S. C. Buff Orpingtons, Belgian hares and canary birds. J. Wellborn, AVarrcn, Ore. Rhode Island Red Chicks, settings, hundreds, thousands; heavy layers; stock, hatching eggs; chicks hatched all year; broiler plants supplied; mod- ern hatchery. Pebbieslde Poultry Farm and Hatchery, Sunnyvale, Cal. Buff I.eehom, A\1ilte Minorca Chicks, Ei^es and Stock; quality guaranteed; prices reasonable; choice strained honey. 60 pounds for $3.50. Sandrldge Hatchery. Kermnn. Cal. Chicks — Day-old chicks from my healthy, vigorous, heavy-laying free- range stock of S. C. White Leghorns, price $6.50 per hundred. H. P. Hansen, R. 4, Boi: 177, Petaluma, Cal. Day-Old Chicks, White Leghorns, good stock, selected for eight years. Cir- cular free. UTilte Plumage Poultry Farm & Hatchery, Exeter, Cal. Trapnested White and Buff Leghorns- Great winners and layers. Eggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroeder, Alta Mesa. Mountain View. Cal. Try Us for FIrst-Class Chicks — Eggs for hatching, eight breeds. Prices right. Stock and eggs guaranteed. The Hawkeye Hatchery, Turlock. Cal. For Sale — Thoroughbred White peg- horn baby chicks, $8 per hundred. Lankershlm Hatchery, Lankerahim, Cal. DaT-Old Chlx — Barred Rocks, R. I. Reds, Buff and White Orpingtons and Tur- keys. Enoc Crews, Santa Cms, Cal. POULTRY SUPPLIES Poultry Shipping Coops, all Kinds — We also make the California lawn swing. The original coop men. Selbel Mfg. Co., 322 Sixth St.. Petalnma, Cal. RABBITS Caldwell's Royal Red New Zealands. scored and sold on merit. Catalogue free. Caldwell Bros., 2»27 San Fer- nando boulevard, l.os Angeles. Cal. Flemish Giants — Choice youngsters for sale; guaranteed stock at reasonable prices. Henry W. Julius, 720 S. Monroe St.. Stockton. Cal. Flemish Giants — Guaranteed. Have some young bucks and does. 2 1-2 to 5 1-2 months old. Your pick. $1 apiece; $10 dozen. A. Li. Preble. Hickman. Cal. .\head of Them All — High-grade Rufus Red Belgians and Flemish Giants; pri/p winners wherever shown. Sin notts' Rnbbltry. Fresno. Cal. RTchey's new Zealand Red rabbits are pure bred prize winners. Mrs. C. Richey. R. 8, box ."5:57, l.os ■\ngeles. EDUCATIONAL Van der Naillen's All Engineering School: estah. 1864. Slst and Tele- graph are., Oakland. Cal. OUR RATE FOR CLASSIFIED advertisements in the Market Place pages is only 3 cents per word for each insertion. THE MARKET PLACE CLASSIFIED Ad Department of Orchard and Farm offers subscribers and readers a low priced and effective place to adver- tise. These advertisements are read because subscribers know they offer bargains. Your bargains should be here. SEND PAYMENT when you send the advertisement. We make no charge accounts of this kind of advertising. Amounts under one dollar may be sent in 1 or 2 cent stamps. Make remittance to cover as many times as you want advertisement to run. ADVERTISEMENTS MUST REACH US by noon of 23d of each month. CHANGES OF COPY must be in our hands by 10th of month preceding date of issue. Address ADVERTISING DEPT., ORCHARD AND FARM HEARST BLDC, SAN FRANCISCO Orchard and Farm is the only farm paper in Californin with membership In The .\ndlt Bureau of Circulations. LIVESTOCK BIL.L.IKEN herd of pure bred regis- tered O. I. C. swine. Sows are far- rowing now. Will have a fine lot of pigs ready for shipment soon. Make your reservations now tor singles, pairs and trios. Guaranteed first class in every way. Three herd boards used; new blood lines. All stock immunized against hog cholera. Write for my new circular. C. B. Cunningham, Mills, Sacramento County. California. Registered Berkshire Boar Pigs, $10; sow pigs, $12; registered Jersey bull calves at low prices, from splendid cows. J. M. Bomberger, Modesto, Cal. Dnroc Jersey bogs from Eastern sows: both sexos. S. .S. Southworth. Rural Route 1, Napa, Cal. Registered Tamworth Boars, Canadian and Kentuckv strain. Acacia Ranch, Box 200, Tulare, Cal. 2 Tried Poland China Brood Sows, bred for fall litters, $30 each; F. O. B. registered. X. M. Lester, Gridley, Cal. Poland China Pigs from Eastern stock, $15 each; registered F. O. B. N. M. Lester. Gridley, Cal. Berkshires — Registered and grade stock boars: bred sows. C. H. Thompson. >ovata. Cat. BUSINESS CHANCES Au Opportunity for Blacksmltli — Lo- cated in grain growing country, hav- ing electric power: a business estab- lished for 35 years in the manufacture of threshing tooth with trademark. Boss Tooth. Address Souney Bros., 2109 P St.. Sacramento. Cal. Bargains! Bargains! Send for free magazine: 1,200 bargains. Farm lands, business chances, any kind, any- where. Our service free to buyers. Western Sales .\gency, Minneapolis, Minn. A Good, Profitable Business for Sale, consisting of a PLUMBING AND SHEET METAL SHOP; business first class: reason for sale of same, want to retire. Address P. O. box 254, Los Banos. Cal. Any intelligent person may earn good income corresponding for newspa- pers; experience unnecessary. Send for particulars. Press Syndicate, 1005 Loekport, N. Y. BUSINESS PERSONALS \%1e Repair, buy, sell and exchange musical Instruments: used Instru- ments, good as new, sold cheap. Write for bargain list. Bolander's Fiddle Hospital. .TO Second street. S. F. Collection Agencies— Rauer's Law and Collection Co.; all collections han- dled promptly. 4th floor. Marston bidg.. 244 Kearny st.. San Francisco. References. Dun's and Bradstreet. HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES ~ "SMITHS P.4.V THF, FREIGHT." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our W'holesale to Consumer Catalogue. Smith's Cash Store, 106 Clay street. Son Francisco. ^PATENT ATTORNEYS Patents that protect are secured through us: established fiftv years. Send for free booklet on "Patents." PnclUc Coast Potent Agency, Inc., Stockton. California. MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE Clothes — All kinds of high-grade tai- lor-made misfits and slightly used suits for women and men. We buy our clothing from the richest homes in San Francisco and we sell them at very low prices. Women's suits from $3.50 to $10.00: long coats, $2.50 to $7.50; wool- en and fancy dresses, $1.50 to $7.50; men's suits, $5.50 to $12.50; overcoats, $3.50 to $9; good as new and up-to- date styles: all sizes and colors. Send us your right size and what color de- sired and we will send you by parcel post an honest bargain. Send money order to M. Edelmau, 1017 Howard St., San Francisco. EVERVTHIXG for the Bl'ILDER — Bargains in building material: we can save you money on every item; im- mense assortment of all kinds of sec- ond-hand building materials; second- hand lumber, doors, windows, corru- gated iron, chicken netting, bath tubs, toilets, roofing paper, etc., at the low- est prices. Carload lots a specialty H. McKevitt & Sou, 1.S40 .Mission St., near I4lh St., San Francisco. Successful Farmers are buying lumber from us at wholesale prices: No. 1 dimensions, $9 at the mill. Send us your lumber bill for figures; our prices are lowest in the country, on quality lumber. Write to-day for free price U.'-n. Buy while prices are at bedrock. I'nclflc .Mill A Timber Co.. First Na- tional Bank llidg., San Francisco, Cal. Rebuilt Gas Engines sold for 50 per cent of their new value: cylinders re- bored, new pistons and thoroughly overhauled. We furnish you a rigid guarantee. Send for our bulletin. It will Interest you. .\11 sizes and makes. We win exchange your gas engine for a motor. Mechanical Installation Co.. 181 Second St., San Francisco. AAA — Dan P. Dolan Wrecking Com- pany, "The Mission Street Dolan." Have some exceptional bargains to of- fer during the coming month In new and second-hand building materials. Drop a line for estimate; It will more than pay you. 1638 Mission St.. near 12th. Second-hand and New Water Pipe — All sizes standard pipe and wrought Iron screw casing pipe; guaranteed as good as new. Write for prices. Welssbanm Pipe Works, 167 Eleventh St., San Francisco. For Sale — A Bargain — Brand new No. 2 New-Way Rapid Power Sprayer; never used; has 2 1-2 h. p. vertical en- gine, 150-gallon Cypress tank, auto- matic tank filler: will sell at cost. Write for particulars. Charter Gas Engine Co., Sterling, III. Pipe and Casing Dipped— Guaranteed first class: all sizes; right prices; sec- ond-hand In name only. Pacific Pipe Co., Main and Howard Sts., San Fran- cisco. Buy Your Belts from California Belting Company, 14.19 Mission st.. San Fran- cisco. F'^or cedar posts and hop poles write G. R. Kirk Co.. Taconia. Wash. FROGS Frogs — Investigate breeding big East- ern bullfrogs: unusual possibilities west of mountains. Tremendous de- mand. Aquallfeco, Seymour. Conn, REAL ESTATE HOMESTE.\DS. Canadian Homestead Land Club now being organized. 100 men only ac- cepted. Right of selections same as number of application. We locale you on 160 acres of mixed farming land, partly prairie, partly light timber. Level black loam soil. No stone and no alkali, and within five miles of town and railroad. One of these claims worth a lifetime ot saving. Total fee, including everything, $50; $10 when you join, $10 monthly; balance paid when vou file. Will all go together, between March 15th and April 1st. Here is a chance to get a first-class farm for less than $100, Including location fee, rail- road fare, filing fee, etc. Come and see us. or write at once. .4lberta Land Co., 402 Plttock Block. Portland. Ore. Victoria. Australia. Wants Settlers — Special inducements: Government land, railways, free schools; cheap Ir- rigation; 31 years to pay for farms; adapted to alfalfa, corn, grains, fruit, etc.: climate like California: ample markets: reduced passage: special ex- cursion being arranged. Free particu- lars from F. T. A. FHcke. Government Representative from Victoria. 687 Mar- ket St., San Francisco, Cal. Box T. No more delightful place to live can Ve found than the vicinity of Palo .\lto and Stanford University. We deal in residences, building sites and small acreage. Free descriptive circulars. Correspondence invited. Mention Or- chard and Farm. Byxbee & Slocuni, Palo -*lto, Cal. 101 Lytton. For sale — Four Dairy Ranches, near I'ortola; also corner lot, with build- ing containing two-chair barber shop and sboe shop: lot, shop and building tl '00' $950 flown, balance on time. .\d- dr'ess T. 11. STEW.\RT, Box «, Portoia, Cal. Grain Land fSS per acre — Terms can be had. Irrigated land In Turlock Irri- gation District. $125 per acre: one- fourth cash. E. W. Pratt, box 04, Onk- dale, Cal. For Sale — l.i acres, fully improved: good house, barn and outbuildings: two good wells, chickens, cows. hogs, turkeys and a team of horses. Chas. K. .\tran. Arbuckle. Cal. 16 acres level valley land, bordering on creek, ready for plow: cost $50 an acre: will sell for $30: owner needs money. Dan Chabot. Lidell, Cal. .'V.'Ml acres: house, barn, stock, tools; $3,750 cash, 25 years pay balance. Rex. Middlctown. Cal. REAL ESTATE WANTED I Farms Wanted — We have direct buy- ' ers: don't pav commissions. Write describing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable property free. American Investment .\ssoclatlon, 8 Palace Bldg., Minneap- olis. Minn. A\ .*NTED — To hear from owner of good farm for sale. Send cash price and description. D. F. Bush, Minneap- olis. Minn. SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. Burbank Spineless Cactus — I have some of the best varieties of Burbank's cactus, which I will sell while they last for $8 per 100: order early. Jerry WII- llanis. 40a .»mador St., Vallejo, Cal. Soudan Grass Seed— First-class guar- anteed seed, free from Johnson grass: now 33c per pound or $25 per hundred f. o. b. Santa Ana. C. E. Lewis, R. a. Box !t2. Santa Ann. Cal. Least work, least Investment, largest profit in growing Luther BurbanK and Mediterranean spineless cactus. Agents wanted. Robinson Cltrns Nur- series. San Dlmas, Cal. Burbank Spineless Cactus — All the best varieties for forage and fruit: guar- anteed. Send for catalogue and price list. G. D. Cummlngs, liOs .»ltos. <'bI. SITUATIONS WANTED Experienced young man wants position as manager of ranch and would like to hear from anvone desiring such a. man. Address ."500, Orchard and Farm. HELP WANTED Wanted — Men and women to nii i' r for Government positions. Se\ thousand appointments to be made • ^ few months. Full Information ni ' openings, how to prepare, etc., f Write Immediately for booklet ''■ ' Fnrl Hopkins. Washington, l>. C. L This Department of Orchard and Farm pays in results because the ads ire watched by buyers all over Cali- tornla. If you have real bargains to after, the 3 cents a word rate will find you many customers. ORCHARD AND FARM 33 Farmers' Market Place ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS Gold, amalgam, rich ore bought; cash; assaying. 50c. Pioneer AHsaTlng Company, U30 .Maritet at., opposite Pal- ace Hotel. San Francliieo, Cal. AGENTS WANTED I made 950,000 in five years in the mall order business; began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. HE2ACOCK, 101)5 Lockport, N. Y. Yoa Can Sell Our Raincoats Kasler Than All Others — Factory prices, outfit FREE, Urookllne Co., Dept. Jl, SprlDKlleld, MaMM. ADVERTISING POINTERS ON WELL BORING To "Orchard and Farm:" In line vith a leading article in your May is- ue, I would like to say to the pros- )ective well driller that the casing hould be riveted at the joints. There s a special iron to iiold rivet in place. Then about having to move when ock is struck with the drill — if it hould prove to be boulders a few ticks of dynamite will push them to ine side. As small a charge as pos- ible should be used, so as not to cave 1 too much dirt. Then a spring pole can be rigged so ivo men will drill in solid rock, using heavy drill rod and a small tackle D lower drill. Clamps made of four by six, 30 iches long and batted together round casing near the top can be sed to pile sacks of dirt or sand on 3 push casing down. Sand can be raised with one-inch ipe used as drill rod, with one-half \ch bolt in a coupling on lower end, ith a short nipple on which the bolt 5Sts and acts as a valve. In using lis pipe to raise sand or mud the ipple should be flattened at lower nd and casing kept full of water, here are special hydraulic couplings lid valves to be had from any well ipply concern. N. M. L. Gridley, Cal. The amount of evaporation of loistiire depends largely upon the JOdition of the soil. Soil containing )0 little humus or vegetable matter ■ill cake easily and be hard to till, nd that in turn will discourage the rowth of vegetation. Soil with plenty f humus will not cake easily and jJ! be easy to till and growth will evelop better. Sufficient moisture lould mean good growth and this I turn, if enough is returned to the will mean improved soil texture, rrigated land, properly handled, will lus improve and produce larger |:|rops as time goes on. A too dry. po much cultivated soil, will lose s humus and deteriorate in condi- on and fertility. Where a reservoir is constructed in mdy soil a coating of crude oil well orked up with several inches of sand nd packed down well makes a lining lat holds water nearly as well as p !ment lining. One of the great features of irri- ation is that plant growth can con- nue as through as much of the vear ^ the temperature permits. While fre is water in canal or well, ab- nce of rain counts for nothing. In norated sections also there is no in- nous surplus of water, as there of- " is in places where it .sometimes arts to rain and then forgets to lop. Jn lands of little rain water is more •'"able than soil. The rapid development of the auto- mobile and of the aeroplane has been due to the perfecting of the gas en- gine. The spectacular increase in pumping plants has been due to im- proved pumping machinery, the de- velopment of electric power, and the cheapness of fuel oil products, to- eether with the construction of oil- burning engines of many types. PIPE and SCREW CASING, new and sec- ond hand. ALEXANDER PIPE CO., Inc. 25« North Point Street, San Francisco Cal. FOR SALE— $10,000 business and real esUte. One of the beat-known refiiet'rator works on this Coast; lot 5<>xi:i7:a. rc-skk-ncc district of San Fiaucisco; shop buildin;; :!0.xlOO. two stoiies, in the clear for buildiiii? lai-Re coolers; also machine shop to i-ei)air automobiles; ten- room mor these jobs. nllliouKh the pay IS cood. LKJHT, CLEAN. INSIDE WORK ■ A FEW WEEKS WITH .ME WILL QUALIFi' YOU FOR BETTEK WACEH. Illustrated catfl- lotnie ex|>lainini; all mailed free. WRITE TO- DAY. A. B. MOLER. lis Kearny St.. S. F. RABBIT MANURE FOR FER- | TILIZER. Please give me the fertiilizing value of rabbit manure; also a list compar- ing rabbit manure to other anirrial manures as a fertilizer. — J, C. B, We have not been able to find where any analysis has been made of rabbit manure. However, will say this, Rabbit manure is we are quite certain a very rich and concentrated rnanure; secondly, statement of fer- tilizing value of animal manures is likely to be misleading. The clearest way to think of the fertilizing value of any animal manure from a composition standard is to consider it the undigested remainder of the food eaten. Whatever does not become a part of the system must go off in the manure and urine. The composition of the manure also de- pends upon how much of the urine has been saved by addition of straw, which absorbs moisture, also bulki- ness or concentration of the material. Animals eating concentrated foods like grains, are likely to have a rich manure, while animals eating bulky foods are likely to have less rich manures. Manure resulting from al- falfa feeding naturally is richer in nitrogen, at least, than manure where same animal has been fed a ration with no e.Kcess protein. Judging manure from chemical composition is a queer thing anyhow, as manure gives a life to the soil that cannot be measured by chem- ical composition and, as might be judged from above, manure in one case might have quite a different com- position from manure from same kind of animal under different surround- ings. Regret that we arc unable at present to give vou composition of rabbit manure. Believe it would lie between sheep and poultry manure in composition, richer than sheep on ac- count of food usually being more con- centrated. Manure of each is dry and compact. Richness of poultry manure is partly due to fact that body wastes go off entierly as manure, no urine. Following is average percentage composition of some common animal manures: Barnyard. Pltry. Horse. Cow. Sheep. Nitrogen ---0.,5 1.27 0.58 0.34 0.75 Phosphoric Acid 0.35 0.82 0..S 0.18 0.60 Potash 0,5 0.28 0.5 0.38 0.3 safely expect more than equal the 6,760 miles average scored last year on heavy cars in The Automobile Club of America official test of strictly stock Pennsylvania Oilproof mCUUM CUP TIRES If you drive a light car, your mileage expectancy can reasonably be placed at far beyond this average. 1915 Vacuum Cup Tires are toughened by a new process that is yielding in actual service 50% greater mileages than last year's tires, which rolled up the A. C. A. record — incidentally doubling the life of the guaranteed non-skid Vacuum Gups. And this economy is further marked by the fact that Vacuum Cup Tires are the lowest priced of any tires having any kind of non - skid device added to a tread of regular thickness. Interesting new prices just issued for Pennsylvania Gray and Puregum Red Inner Tubes — both with unqualified guarantees PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER GO. Jeannette, Pa. Direct factory branches and service agencies throughout the United Slates and Canada An Independent Company with an Independent Sellin Vacuum Cup Tires for Ford Cars Regular V. G. strength, extra weight and tough- ness— io generous proportion.to the smaller -izes and lower prices. Guaranteed 4,000 miles — guaranteed oilproot —told on the V. C. Non-Skid Guarantee basii COP 00 000 00 000 (OO 000 roo 000 00 000 ■OO 006 ?oc oot /OO CDC troc oot iroo 00« JOO 004 JOO oot ?oc oot soo oot DOC 004 000 001 ooo oot aoo oot ffCO Lock Seamed No Solder No Rivets Ames Irvin Lock Seam Irrigation Pipe won first prizes against all conlpetitors at the Sacramento State Fair in 1913 and at Fresno and San Jose County Fairs in 1912 because Ames Irvin Irrigation Pipe is made without solder or rivets. Only the sheet of steel itself is used. the sheets are edged, locked together and set down under 3500 pounds pressure. the union of metal is complete. It can't leak or rust. It is simple, solid and strong. Send for booklet O.F. Find out all you can about irrigation pipe before you buy. Your judgment will tell you which will stand the roughest handling. Send for it today. Ames Irvin Company 8th and Irwin Streets San Franciico, Cal. When Answering Advertisements Please Mention Orchard and Farm FtK- «K «OC4MMI «e mMn. I— it ^ tjMiw. —a metfc. A •■BC koR, r-^ «^ wiL be ««rv (lac tc taw ii OMi «e«a(y 1mm -^U^ TimiMj:*^ ■ I IT ■ iiiMli<^ji;9ywMM» K .PMilt:? kMB Tliik Mkik taw Iteictec t wattam fc^ttg haiMiltaiil^^ w « ^■fr «idBr MK tc ite IAm tit naka^c w ft* toMteds III 11 lilMi Tliiv «a tac K mtOLM «hII tae BMdr wiUb tm. UK •■ f Kovenilk Keep Kids Kk^ KOVERAU.S LEM STRAUSS 4k CCL rr 4io«rK M u all ^- nc isBrr V . te on. ;. --nt. vmtc ftoc ^ ta4»»aai. 1: Ibc «1m wet. a mok -infk mti b tatttke •wMitnc: alkayiMK ^Kebk caaaEC «■ »»»» miEs -^:jit root i-. - lO- BT- lli?rtu :r- or ITti' thr fan. ^m. aanir Buy u There wlioar iami ORCHARD AND FARM 35 Pin Money From the Melon Patch By Mrs. Nellie I. Imwalle 1 will tell you how 1 inailc some money on the side for tlic farm last year, and any other farm woman can do the same if she likes to work a few hours in ihe fresh air occasional- ly and is fond of growing things. My husband liad fertilized the soil of our small family orchard heavily with barn-yard manure, and it had been tiioroughly cultivated, so the soil was in good condition, when other work claimed his attention. He told mc I might jilani anything I chose in the orchard, but must not plant things close to the trees. After a business consultation with my seven-year-old son we decided to plant water melons. I do not think every one knows that one can grow young melon plants in a covered hot-bed or cold frame quite early in the season and transplant them when ilanger of frost is i)ast. One must plant three or four melon seeds in each of several of those small sized berry baskets, having previously filled the baskets with rich, moist earth. Set the baskets around in- side the hot-bed; you can place them around the edges of your beds of to- mato plants, etc, out of the way. When transplanting, set each little basket where you wish in the ground and they will grow fast, will bloom and mature the melons much sooner than those planted in the usual way. One can thus get some extra early melons and in this case, as in most others, "the early bird catches the worm"; or, in other words, these bring the highest prices. When I planted the melon seed di- rectly in the ground I made rather wide, shallow hills and dropped four seeds in each, making the hills far enough apart so the vines had ample room to run. This gives you finer melons than when they arc planted close together. We planted but one row of vines between each row ol trees. When the small striped bugs and aphis attached the small plants Sonny and I sprinkled the plants and the ground around their roots with wood ashes and sulpluir. We hoed them and kept them free from weeds and as soon as the vines began to run we thinned them, leaving one or two vig- orous plants in eacii hill. The vines grew and tlirived and we hoed and weetied them several times. On the first of July among the green vines the melons lay thick; long striped ones and big, round dark ones lay ripening in tiie warm sunshine. As soon as they were ripe we sold all wc had to spare. The largest ones we sold early in the season at twenty- five cents each. Later on we sold them two for a f|uartcr, and later, ten cents each. Threshing machines were at work in the grain fields and the boys at work there bougiit all wc could spare. In August we sold enough melons to net us a snug sum of money, besides giving away some of them to friends and neighbors ami using all we could at home. I kept no strict account of the money I took in. hut the "Pin Money Melon Patch" cut down the high cost of living a great deal for us. I took pleasure in the work, for 1 love to be in the open air and did all the work mornings when my house- work was finished. Wc all enjoyed the cool, read sweetness of the melons which wc ate in the heat of many sul- try days. Afclons arc easy to grow and easy to sell. I found the most important thing to remember in this connection is to have the melons as early as pos- sible, then to keej) tlu- bugs away, and to hoe or cultivate them oflen and thoroughly. Profit in Raising Shade Trees When we came here four years ago about the first thing I began to ponder over was how I might be able to make a little pin money with- out much exertion (as my health was very poor at the time). To raise any sort of garden truck was out of the question, as the soil was unsuit- able until fertilized. There were many other newcomers arriving in this locality, all with the same object in view — improving and making a home at the same time. I wasn't here many days before I found the very worst thing needed by everyone was an evergreen wind- break; something that would grow quickly, stand the extreme heat and winds, and need little care. I studied my seed catalogues, and from the description therein clecided the euca- lyptus tree was what I wanted. One of my neighbors (a bachelor) had bought a pound of seed of the Red Gum variety, but could not bring them through their babyhood, so, in disgust, he gave the seed to me. I procured a shallow box about two by three feet, knocked out the bottom for belter drainage, set it by the well and filled about half full of sandy loam procured from the bottom of a nearby creek, Tn March I sowed the -ccd very thickly as T had such an iliundancc, and covered the box with window sash and burlap, until the seeds came uo, which was about ten days. Then the burlap was removed md the glass raised just enough to nive the necessary air. They are so tiny and tender at first, and if one is inclined to he neglectful don't under- take it, for when the hot weather comes, they will dry up and die if neglected for a single day. In May I transplanted them all to small boxes I got from the grocery, about two feet square and six inches deep. I bored several holes in the bottom and dug out a place in the gravel by the well, and lit all the boxes close together in the hole, and banked the gravel even with the tops, to prevent drying out. 1 mixed some rotted fertilizer from the cow stable with the loam I had, and filled and packed the boxes within an inch of the top, then I tilled them with water and made them all level. In transplanting, I made from 100 to 120 holes in each box, according to size, and with two small sticks flattened at the end, 1 transplanted the babies and kept the box shaded until they held up their heads. If one died I replaced at once. The first year I had six boxes and just before Christmas I sold them all all for two cents apiece. I had a lit- tle over $12 to add to my slender pocket liook. Every year since I have repeated my work and have had no trouble of disposing of all I raised. I am still using the same seed and the fertility seems to be as good as the first year. It is very interesting work, and something any woman can do, who has a little patience. We set out a windbreak of our own from my first planting, and now they are large trees more than twenty-five feet hlgW —MRS. M. N. W., Orland, Cal. Xo matter if he is a deacon, watch that man whose coming makes old Rover's hair bristle. Maybe he s honest. At the Exposition Visit the miniature chocolate factory, Ghirardelli Building. See the care taken— the pure ingredients used — the ponderous machinery necessary to produce the famous Ghirardelli brand of cocoa products. Enjoy a cup of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate- made as it should be made — served day and evening. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco Since 1852 Which? —for Easier Cooking Kerosene v«. Wood and Coal Heal concentrated on the Heating up the kitchen when cooking, not spread through the room. ifs already 90 in the shade. Keady, like gas — full heat in a minute. Bothersome — waiting for the fire to burn. Adju.stable heat- fire or a hot one. slow Difificulty in getting the right heat. Heat only as long as you need it. Waste of fuel before and after actual cooking. A clean, cheap fuel — easy' to handle. Wood and coal to lug — dirt and ashes. New Perfection Oil Ct>ok-Stove For P'"** ^'tultt U»e Pmarl Oil The convei'"';"'^^ K^'Stfor homes without gas. No odor. n,,„s nvt taint the toy. Convenient sizes. Ask yonr dialer. See Exhibit, f'alace of Manufactures, Panama- I'acific Exposition. STANDARD OIL COMPANY ^^'alifornia) San Fraaciaco Rubber Chain Tread built on a Powerful Modern Tire^' I KEEP A TIRE RECORD TIr* StrUI No Mikcri Nam* Oai« of Purchait Odomvltr Wban Installed Odomaiar Wh«n Oiscardad Mltn Scrvlc* Piiil Coal Toal Con P«t MU> Prove the Superiority of the Famous Popular-Priced "Chain Tread" Tires with our Tire Record Cards that we supply FREE "Chain Tread" Tires create c "e in motoring. They give you safety from skidding, fewer punctures, long mileage — at popViAr pric . Keep a tire record. You w .ave ^. »-oof of "Chain Tread" superiority. Ch',!n iread lires Safety experts a<^ uiowledge our ru jer chain tread, built on this powerful modern tire, to be an absolutely marvelo n anti-skid devic "Chain Treac' ^" are not »imT>ly a rancy design stamped on a tire — they are real anti-skid tires. Send your name and address f'.f a set <>{ Free Tire Record Blanks to United States Tire Company, Broad- way at 58th St., N. Y. O Chain Tread" Ti sold by Leading Reliable Dealers. Do not accept substitutes l/fiii Made hjr th» .argest i\.uobei (Operating 46 ires in the World July, 1915 5 Cents Per Copy ORCHARD ESTABLISHED 1888 I RRIGATION COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO, HEARST BLDG, SAN FRANCISCO GROUP OF FARM BUILDINGS ON A WELL-MANAGED STOCK RANCH. Z ORCHARD AND FARM A Rubber Chain Tread built on a Powerful Modern Tire Do away with guess-work about tires — prove for yourselt tiiiat our Challenge Tire — the popular -priced "Chain Tread" is the real economy tire You don't have to take any man's word about the mileage given by our challenge "Chain Tread" Tires. Find out for yourself just what you get in actual mileage by keeping a Tire Record. Let "Chain Tread" Tires stand or fall on the record you keep. Lhsim Iread lires Safety experts acknowledge our rubber chain tread, built on this powerful modern tire, to be an ab- solutely marvelous anti-skid device. "Chain Treads" are not simply a fancy design stamped on a tire — they are real anti-skid tires. Send your name and address for a set of Free Tire Record Blanks to United States Tire Company, Broad- way at 58th St., N. Y. City. Chain Tread ' ' Tires are sold by Leading Reliable Dealers. Do not accept substitutes ORCHARD_AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII JULY, 1915 No. 7 Western Oregon Agriculture in Development — -As Figured Out by the Editor The editor of "Orchard and Farm" commonly celebrates the completion of each issue of the paper by a trip away from office and print shop into the country where readers of our columns are going about their work, practicing what is preached in our columns, or something better, or per- haps something not so good. Fre- quently, enthusiatic over his obser- vations, he has to break forth with something like this. If these obser- ^'ations appear to be accurate we hope Full credit will be given for observa- tions and judgment. If in the opinion of readers they are inaccurate and wrong, please consider them the thoughts of others, which in fairness have to be stated as those whom we met stated them. In other words, we wish to have whatever credit is go- I ng for merit in the following or sim- lar accounts, but sidestep all blame, t can be guessed from what follows hat Western Oregon has been vis- ted very recently, not along the roast, but between the Cascades and >arts of the wonderful Willamette •alley. Editor. The Trend of Progress. Agriculture in Western Oregon is lot what it was four years ago, nor vhat it will be four years hence, nor our times four years hence. It is in hat facinating period of development vhen everything can be seen and a )right outlook there is. Put down in few words, the coming igriculture is "clover, corn, cattle." «itOck is a better word than cattle, at we said cattle, because it begins vith a "C" and so goes better with :lover and corn. Otherwise the idea s correct and certain. If a person looks at Oregon agri- :ulture he might possibly be more mpressed by fruit and berries than :ither corn or clover, for Western 3rcgon, a wooded country with lots )f natural moisture, is a true fruit ^■■d berry district. But sirtce agricul- ^^^K improves with clover, corn and iPjlRle. at least two of which arc imong the best soil improvers known, ruits and berries have more of a iturc just on account of these prod- cts and fruits of all kinds will have o stay out of this talk to give space o the clover and corn and the stock 1 I hai eats them both. U Farming That Has Been. I Grain farming is the "has been" Kafming, both in fact and language. Everywhere in America where the grain farmers for a generation or two tried grain farming alone with con- tinal shallow plowing and the con- sequent plow sole, the land has quit and refused to produce decent crops. It in time produced poor crops, or be- came merely pasture. Grain farming has been and is the standby over thousands of acres of fine valley land and is retiring surely in favor of crop rotation, tilled soil, intensive farming and stock. In this programme clover has got a moderate grip already, corn is just starting its boom, and stock cannot stay away when it sees a com- bination like clover and corn in front of it. The land boom starting ten years ago or so may share part of the credit with the deterioration of the grain land in getting credit for the change in methods. When prices go up peo- ple think they have to farm a little different. It also brought new set- tlers in, including speculators who never intended to farm the land, but only to pass it on. These, when the financial stringency hit the country, had land on their hands and no buy- ers. Tliey had to get busy on the soil. It did not hurt the country a bit, it may have helped the specula- tors to have to work. Now to the farming. Dairying Forging Ahead. The thing that stands out promi- nent over all of Western Oregon is the way that dairying is forging ahead. In fact, that is true in nearly every section of country from the Mexican line up into British Columbia and then on, provided water is avail- able from earth, sky or under the earth. The soil plays out from grain farming or whatever has been done. They drift into dairying and do the best two things that could be. They make more money than they did un- der any other kind of farming, and they build up their soil. Either is a good enough excuse, both together are unbeatable for farming principles. Well, Western Oregon is doing dairying to be proud of and it is get- ting ready to do much more. Dairy- ing has brought in red clover, corn is coming to help make up a team, and corn and clover are fine things to bring in more dairy cows, and not only cows, but hogs, sheep and beef cattle. Brush has already brought in .Angora goats for hill land. Perhaps alfalfa is going to win out, too, but as it is much like red clover, though better, its coming will not revolution- ize anything. Red Clover. Red clover in a way is new, and yet not so new. Twenty years ago it was grown. Two years ago, in many sec- tions, they thought they could not grow it, yet growing it they are, and very successfully. On hundreds and thousands of other acres they have not even tried it, but they will. It is part of the new farming. No soil is going to keep up without the growing of some legume. Vetch is grown almost everywhere in con- nection with oats, occasionally alone, but vetch cannot compare with clover as a food producer, and unless it is plowed under, it does not compare with it as a soil improver. In fact, the way they are cropped makes a comparison useless. Both have their place and when clover can succeed a person is going to plant it, but he probably will have some vetch, too. People in planting clover have thrown seed on top of the stubble, without inoculating, without harrow- ing it in, without the creation of a seed bed. Clover does not succeed like that. Even it is established, you frequently see red clover fields mixed with sorrel, bronco grass and all sorts of weeds, profitable even at that. A real good stand will be twice as profitable. Nothing can beat a culti- vated crop like corn or potatoes to make a good preparation for clover. That is just one of the ways that corn is so good. Clover has had a big boom the past couple of years and is in process of development into a far greater acreage of far higher standard as improved methods arc adopted. This is not prophesy, it is present-day history. Corn Is King. Clover is not in it with corn when it comes to changing conditions. There are 100 acres of corn going out this year in Marion county, according to County Agriculturist Luther J. Chapin, to every acre of a few years back. In Lane county eight times the corn acreage is being put out this year that was put out last, through the efforts of County Agriculturist R. B. Coglon and the county Grange. Almost every farmer has a few acres, most of them on trial, and when the trial succeeds, the acreage will be multiplied five times over". Other counties usually are starting in the same way. Each local Grange in Lane county is offering a purebred sow pig to the member who raises the best half-acre of corn, to be judged both in the field and at county fair, which shows what the Grange thinks of corn, also of the hogs that come where corn and dairy- ing flourish. Mr. Coglon has had land at the poor farm used under his direction for the purpose of growing seed corn. Two necessary things for corn suc- cess are improved methods and good seed. In Marion county Mr. Chapin started his instruction in corn grow- ing, or his test of it under right meth- ods, with seed he selected himself. The best corn from that he had used in another place, selected seed from that has been used on a good corn acreage this year, so there is pedigreed seed in that county. There was a corn show held in Marion county last year, five or six are on line this fall and lots of interest shown. In both counties yields have run on good fields from 60 to 90 bushels per acre. It has proved that this old song about Pacific Coast being a poor corn country on account of cool nights is a fairy story, like the yarns about witches and such things. Well, it is too long to talk about corn growing methods. The essential thing is the fact that the corn acreage is jumping ahead like a prairie fire, this year especially, that it has the hearty backing of the farmers, that it fits in directly with clover and is grown be- cause it does, that its success has been in spite of almost neglect of seed selection and only partial under- standing of right methods. In fact developments show that nearly every- thing that used to be done in corn raising was just what should not have been done. Now that things are be- ing done right corn is booming. Drainage. Before corn and clover can be grown on much land drainage will have to be done. County .Agricultur- ist Coglon estimates, the acreage in Lane county for which drainage is absolutely essential at 35 per cent of the whole. This land is valued at perhaps $40 per acre; $20 or so would drain it well: drained it would be through its low lying richness su- (Contlnued on I'aire 13). Eaatern Oreson ia Developing; Through Irrigation as Fast as Western Oregon Develops by Improved Farming; Methods. i 4 ORCHARD AND FARM The Fertilization of Citrus Trees ■By A. A. Jenkins- The Principles of the Farmers' Union The application of fertilizer, either barnyard or commercial, to citrus trees is too often done in a way that does not tend to bring about the very best and most desired results, from the simple fact that not enough at- tention is given to this particular item of orchard work. As the soil is the foundation upon which the welfare and success de- pends, and it is success that is the goal of all citrus growers, or should be, the matter of fertilizing should and must be carried out along scien- tific lines if the most satisfactory re- sults are looked for and not left to the man who has the hauling. This man may be a number one teamster and be able to follow in- structions to a certain degree, but he may not be competent in judging which trees need an extra dose, or perhaps be able to distinguish readily the fact that other trees are over vig- orous, and therefore need very little, if any, extra feeding. One tree may need forty pounds of commercial fertilizer, while its next neighbor needs only ten pounds, and so on clear through the orchard. The over feeding very often brings about undesirable results, which may be found in many orchards. It Tias been the experience of the writer while engaged professionally in various, orchards that a perfect ten or twenty acre grove is hard to find. This should not be blamed altogether on the soil, although this may play a part. It is not always possible to get 1,000 or 2,000 perfect trees in a bunch, as some will be weak, while others are strong, and it is the former to which this article alludes, in the way of special or individual care, not only in fertilizing, but in irrigation, cultivation and pruning. In fact, it will pay well to keep an eye on the weak or backward trees, not only the youngsters, but those of more mature age, for this state of affairs may be found in all orchards, no mattter what age, or under what conditions. These secondary matters play a very im- portant part in citriculture, and he who heeds not the call for special care to special trees will wake up to the realization that mistakes and serious ones have been made some- where along the line. You may send your soil to an ex- pert for analysis, which is honestly and faithfully furnished, and certain elements are found deficient, but you cannot send soil from spots in which each tree is planted. You are fur- nished advice on the orchard as a whole, then it is up to you to find out what parts of the orchard need the application and in what propor- tions. If you are well acquainted with your trees an(} their habits they will make their wants known, both as to hun- ger and thirst, and will respond read- ily to kind treatment. A tree suffer- ing from malnutrition cannot and will not produce fruit of high standard, no matter what other acts ol kindness may be afforded. The writer has been trying out the experiment for the past two years of placing barnyard fertilizer directly be- neath the trees, not allowing any out- side the line of foliage, and results have been more than satisfactory. Moisture is retained for a much longer period, trees have taken a new lease on life, and general conditions have been greatly improved, both as to tree vigor and raising the standard of fruit. In one orchard in Central Califor- nia, where soil was not what it should have been for the growing of citrus trees, and the owner was about to throw up his hands in disgust, and as trees were eight years old, Wash- ington Navels, and had never borne any fruit, he could not be blamed. On these trees we had a full two-horse load of well-rotted manure placed around each tree, or rather under each tree, and results were almost miraculous. This was done in January, and the same season trees were laden with fruit par excellence. The trees were also well pruned. Some people are found who are some- what skeptical about placing manure near the trunk of the tree for fear of its burning. Just a word of ex- planation along this line. Manure, to produce heat, must be confined and not exposed to the elements, and, if you stop to figure this out, you will see at a glance that no damage is likely to occur. This has been tried out thoroughly as before mentioned, and results were as stated. FARM PROBLEMS Concerning the correspondence courses on agricultural branches is- sued by the University of California, I would like to know whether they are open to every one, and what they cost.— R. They are open to every resident of the State, free of charge. Non-resi- dents also may take these courses and there are many persons enrolled who live in other States. Whether there is any charge to these, or what the charge is, we cannot state, but non-residents can easily address the University at Berkeley and find out. Is there any known treatment that will destroy the mealy bug on cit- rus trees?— R. W. Spraying with a carbolic acid emul- sion, composed of 40 gallons of wa- ter, 40 pounds of whale oil soap and 5 gallons crude carbolic acid, giv- good results. The water should be brought to the boiling point in an iron kettle and the soap throughout dissolved in it. After this add the crude carbolic acid and boil for to- or fifteen minutes. For orchard use: One gallon of this stock emulsion is added to every 20 gallons of water, the resultant spray being milky white in color. The best time to spray is from late fall to early spring. Fumi- gation is also desirable. See your hor- ticultural commissioner about it. Will you kindly tell me how to eradicate wild morning glory? For- tunately it is confined to one flower bed, but it has been there a number of years. — H. G. M. When morning glory starts in any place it generally stays for years and keeps on staying. The way that used to be advised was to cut it under ground every ten days or so with a weed cutter, giving it no chance to reach the light. By this method, if followed religiously, it could be erad- icated in a season, though it practi- cally never was eradicated because cultivation was not kept up properly. In a garden with a hoe for a weed cutter, this would be out of the ques- tion. Recently weed poisons, which can be used with no injurious effect on the soil, have been made and these give excellent results. Particularly in gardens they are about the only thing that can be used. Nonpareil, sold by Wheeler, Reynolds & StaulTer. 624 California st., San Francisco, will be most available for you, unless you are content by use of the hoe to try to keep it from getting too bad. The growing of drug plants is sometimes thought of as a source of much possible profit. This is true if conditions are just right, but a new Farmers Bulletin "Drug Plants Under Cultivation," shows very well what is required before a person can hope to find profit in producing drug plants. Quite a variety of such plants could be grown, but the market could easily be over supplied. J -By Fred Millard, Secretary California Division The Farmers' Ed- are to be given by others in this issue of Orchard and l^arm. Realizing that co-operative efforts are rendered practically worthless unless protected by legislation, the Farmers' Union is constantly watch- ing legislation and legislators, with a view of protecting our interests. This is carried on through county, State and national legislative committees, and the union has done more to assist some of our legislators in being good than any other agency. Our national legislative committee constantly keeps the membership in touch with matters before Congress and also keeps them informed, even in the most remote parts of the country on how their representatives vote on various questions. This information is furnished in the columns of The National Field, the national organ of the Farmers' Union. The Farmers' Union does not ask for special, or class legislation, but such as shall be just and equitable to all; viz, abolish special privileges and stop all gambling in farm products as well as in all commodities that are necessary to the well being of hu- manity. The social and educational features of the work is taken up in the local meetings, which are usually held twice a month, generally in the school houses. There questions pertaining to the advancement of the com- munity welfare are discussed and often carried up to the meetings of the county union where action is taken by the delegates from all sec- tions of the county. One instance of the result of united action of this kind in the county where the writer resides is the estab- lishment of a county free library. This was agitated for a long time before anything was accomplished. Finally with the Farmers' Union taking the lead, assisted by the various farmers' clubs, the demand for the library w.is so strong that it was established. It is in just this way that organization pays, for with the farmers unorgan- ized nothing can be accomplished. While the organization keeps in touch with all matters legislative, and for local improvement, yet the greab aim of the union is to solve the crop marketing problem. We realize that while increased fertility and better methods of production are both im- portant and should not be underesti- mated, yet to increase the yield of our acres and at the same time allow a horde of useless speculators to so manipulate the markets that the in- creased yield works a hardship on those who have produced it is nothing short of criminal. Therefore the principal work of the organization is I along the line of systematizing meth- ods of distribution as well as produc- tion. How well the union has suc- ceeded in the various States would ' take too much space in this article, but the writer will be pleased to answer any questions along the line that any one who reads this may be interested in. As the principles of our order indi- cate, it stands for those things that will improve the conditions of the farmers, and when this is accom- plished a long step will have been taken toward improving the condition of all classes. ucational and Co- operative Union of America, common- ly known as the l'"armers' Union, is a fraternal benefi- ciary organization of farmers, and as its name implies has a two-fold pur- p o s e — education and co-operation. The first local union was formed I^^^^^^^^^^B] in Point, Tex., Au- gust 28, 1902, and tlie principles of the organization so strongly appealed to the farmers that it has spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Gulf of Mex- ico to Canada. There are to-day twenty-three State unions and five other States will be granted charters during the pres- ent year, as follows: North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Wyoming and Montana. Realizing that a lack of practical knowledge was the farmers' greatest enemy, the word education was placed first in the name of the organ- ization, and knowing that a people can never become strong if they get away from right principles, they adopted for their motto: Equity, Jus- tice and the Golden Rule. The preamble and declaration of principles are as follows: In the course of modern industrial development we find it necessary that the farmer not only apply the princi- ples of scientific agriculture, but that he systematize his business by co- operation and apply the principles of scientific commerce. Expensive and wasteful methods of exchange have been a constant drain on the farming class, and speculation has been allowed to demoralize mar- kets and prevent the normal opera- tion of the law of supply and de- mand. To enable farmers to meet these conditions and protect their interests we have organized the Farmers' Edu- cational and Co-Operative Union of America and declare the following purposes: To secure equity, establish justice and apply the Golden Rule. To discourage the credit and mort- gage system. To assist our members in buying and selling. To educate the agricultural classes in scientific farming. To teach farmers the classification of crops, domestic economy and the process of marketing. To systematize methods of produc- tiorr»and distribution. To eliminate gambling in farm products by Boards of Trade, Cotton Exchanges and other speculators. To bring farming up to the stand- ard of other industrial and business enterprises. To secure and maintain profitable and uniform prices for cotton, grain, live stock and all other products of the farm. To strive for harmony and good will among all of mankind and broth- erly love among ourselves. To garner the tears of the dis- tressed, the blood of martyrs, the laugh of innocent childhood, the sweat of honest labor and the virtue of a happy home as the brightest jewels known. The only hope of the farmer lies in co-operation and this is impossible without organization and education. In proof of this statement we have but to point to the twelve thousand business enterprises that are being successfully carried on by the Farm- ers' Union, accounts of some of which Questions often come in rcgrardinff the control of insects attacking citrua trees. Circular 129 of the University of California, just issued, by H. J. Quayle. on the control of citrus in- sects, will prove valuable to person* . desiring information on this subject^ It's mighty convenient to have & dog to announce the arrival of com- pany by barking; even though you be in a back field you will know when anvbodv comes. r ORCHARD AND FARM New As we see it thisj^r-ff^ime for straight from the 8hstt**Tler talk about a car that won't h*^iluplicated this season in the whole moti>rindustry. We don't believe in these idlines that read "epoch making" and ^"marking a new era in the motor i ndu st ry . *' [just .^ive them the actual facts"^ They're ■PfllA^ SHfliigft Tfl I'lvSt xne axtention of every man who thinks of buying a car this year. And the public wants facts more than it wants fine language. Give 'em the facts and leave it to their own logical minds to arrive at a sensible conclusion. The Tllamihdbirers ^Jrections to Hie Qduertisituj dikland The quickest and surest way to have you realize the bigness of this announcement is to give you the plain facts about this car. First — it's an Oakland in every respect. That means it is a real car in euery respect. It's a Six. And it sells for $795. Light in weight, built low to the ground, yet with usual clearance, trim and stately, and with toom in it — plenty of room for five. Uphol- stered in genuine machine-buffed leather. Safety, Speed, Stamina and, above all, the name, Oakland. Oakland Quality, Oakland Economy, Oakland Built. Value that means Volume Volume that means Low Price But the specifications tell the story. They're the most appealing arguments we can give you. SPECIFICATIONS — Six-cylinder Oakland-Northway 30 to 35 h. p. motor. 1 10-inch wheel bate. Body accommodate* 5 paMenffers comfortably. Upholstered in genuine machine-buffed leather. Rear seat 46 in*, wide. Weight 2100 lbs. Electric starting, lighting and ignition system. Oakland-Stewart Tacuum fe«d. One man top. crown fenders, extra rim, speedometer, etc. Complete equipment. Full description and specifications mailed on request Oakland Motor Company, Pontiac, Mich. $T©S 9 lea "■'•ft r 1 t^S Sturdy as the Oak^' ORCHARD AND FARM What a Local Union Has Done -By W. S. Breton, Secretary-Manager Morgan Hill Union- Thc Morgan Hill unit of the I'armcrs' Union was incorporated on June 5, 1911, under the non-profit law of the State of California. The law under which the company is working was written and passed for the particular beneht of the great co-operative citrus fruit growers' as- sociation. It provides for the work- ing of an organization in a purely co-operative way. The central selling organization of the Farmers' Union had been incor- porated in 1909 under the name of the California Farmers' Union, Inc. After trying out marketing fruit through this organizaHon for two years there was suificient satisfac- tion and confidence in it that a move- ment was started to build and equip an up-to-date packing house where dried fruits could be received from the growers, graded and packed ready to be shipped to both domes- tic and foreign markets. The result w as that the' month of October, 1911, witnessed the dedication of a thor- oughly modern and well equipped packing house. .\bout a hundred and fifty tons of er sack. Two acres of Georgia prolific corn, pe seed being off an Eastern record plat that gave 210 bushels to the acre, ^en acres Egyptian corn. 11 acres barley are making a fine show now. In addition Mr. Jarrard is carrying lit trials of one-half acre of South- pn chufus (grass nut), supposed to fine hog feed; one-half acre Span- peanuts, one-half acre white Ivy beans, one-half acre Egyptian ■eat and one-half acre of melons. Bile a one-quarter-acre vegetable wiarden is also attended to. I A newly built stack of twelve tons "■)f alfalfa hay is Mr. Jarrard's share ^f a crop on the share system and ■vas cut and got in before the rains; 1 fine total result for any rancher, and ■vhen one knows that not one day's help was hired from the outside, it is the more creditable. It means that Mr. Jarrard has always been on his job and not running around bemoan- ing the high cost of land and living and other ilolefu! tales one hears of. The orange trees are also in excel- lent shape and carrying almost too heavy a setting of fruit for three- year-old trees, while the general green appearance of the ranch is in direct contrast to those surround- ing it. The man behind the plow counts for a great lot in agriculture and if Mr. Jarrard, whose lease expires at the end of this year and who is look- ing for another place, gets located in California again, he will surely be found proving this to the doubters once again. — H. D. R. ■ AGRICULTURAL BULLETINS FREE. In a recent number you mention cir- cular of the University of California on "Things the Prospective Settler Should Know." Will you kindly tell me to whom should I write in order to obtain the above mentioned circu- lar; also cost, if there are charges for it.— E. W. This circular is free, as is every bul- letin from every State College of Agriculture or Agricultural Experi- ment Station. The experiment stations always are delighted to help anyone who wants agricultural information. If you are interested in any bulletin you will confer a favor upon the sta- tion by asking for it. Write in this case to College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station. Berkeley, Cal., and for bulletins of any other State to their experiment stations. Bulletins of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, unless very technical, are also usually free. They are delighted to distribute them. Write al§o to the agricultural col- leges about correspondence courses in agriculture. They also arc free. Re- member that the more persons a university can serve the better it is ple.ased. Politics, like anj' other 'disease, hurts worse the more one thinks about it. Goodyear Passes Goodyear $500,000 Better Yet Users Pay $5,000,000 Less Note these amazing facts: Goodyear tires, as built this year, will cost us $500,000 more than if built like 1914 Goodyears. That's because ot improvements. Yet this year's output will cost our users some five million dollars less than if sold at 1914 prices. That's because of a big price reduction, made February 1st. It was our third in two years, totaling 45 per cent. Why Better Tires? You ask why we add that half-million dollars in face of such reductions. We have always added every betterment our experts could discover. And we spend on researcii $100,000 yearly just to seek im- provements out. Goodyears may pass Goodyears, but we make sure that no rival ever can. GOOD^YTAR AKRON.OHIO Fortified Tires (Riin-Cut»— by our No-Rlm-Cut feature. bIowouIb— by our "(Jn-Air" cure. Loose Tread»- by many rubber rivets. Against Insecurity— by 126 br.iidetl piano wires. I Puncture! and Skidding— by our ilouble- ' thick All-Weather tread. What Extras Cost Goodyear Fortified Tires embody many ex- THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and other Types tras. Five of them are features found in noother tire that's built. Others are found in but few. Based on current output, those extras this year will cost us $1,635,000. That is, if we omitted our exclusive fea- tures, which all others do omit — And other protections which most makers omit — We could probably add to our profits this year more than 1^2 million dollars. But What of You? But Goodyear users would pay. Those extras save our users many times the cost to us. In those extras lies the reason why Good- year outsells any other tire. And in that mammoth output lies the reason for the value that we give. Think of these things when other tires are offered. Each Goodyear extra means a saving to you. Any dealer, if you ask him, can supply you Goodyear tires. (2413) J 8 ORCHARD AND FARM WOODIN 8c LITTLE PUMP HOUSE 33 TO 41 FREMONT ST. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL. PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE AND USE FOR IRRIGATION-Power, Belt, Electricity, Air. Vac- uum, Ship, Spray, Wine, Oil, Mines, Steam, Water Works, Wind Mills, Road Sprinkling, Rams, Hand, Deep and Shallow Well Pumps, Goulds Celebrated Triplex Pumps. W. a L. PNEUMATIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Pipe, Pipe Fittings, Brass Goods, Tanks, Wind Mills, Send for our larKC i\o. .ih CataloBUC Mailed Free. GASOLINE ENGINES ii(|iilrc ready unapproAched for ecoaomy. Pennsylvania Rubber Co. [HS!S7 Jeannette, Pa. Direct factory branck*t mmd i*rvic0 attnci»$ iMromgkomt fht Uniltd Statts 9 Canada SYMON BROS. WRECKERS Yi Block 11th and Market SU. San Franclaco. PORTABLE HOUSES — Two rooms 12x20; complete; glass all around, $30; 4 - rooms 30x20; 5-ft. hallway; com- plete; ready to set up. $100. Why pay $350 to $700 for a summer house? See these on exhibition at our 11th and Market st. yard. Above f. o. b. San Francisco. 1601 to 1527 Market St., the place for everything at low- est prices. Reputation be- hind a cast-iron guarantee of satisfaction. CAR LOT RATES. ORCHARD AND FARM Berry Growing on a Mountain Ranch I am going to ask a few questions through the columns of your paper in regard to gooseberries. I am not Jong from the East and it is hard for me to believe that as a business gooseberry culture would be a suc- cess. The demand for them from where I came from (Michigan) was not very great. I have seen hundreds of pounds of them go to waste back there, so I would like good proof as to the demand for them here, as I have a ranch up here in the foothills that I am sure will grow them to per- fection and a quarter section- of it has wild gooseberries growing all around in most all kinds of soil. What I want is something like gooseberries that I can ship over twenty-five miles of mountain roads without jamming all up. I am greatly taken with Mr. Hall's tip as to gooseberries and will plant some if I can find the market for them. I would like the name of any commission house that will handle them. Also, I would like to know the kind that are the most prolific, dis- tance apart to plant them and what Mr. Hall pays to have them picked. With these few questions answered I think I can attend to the rest. — H. C, Grub Gulch, Madera county, Cal. We have gone into this from the mountain ranch side as well as from the gooseberries. First, for the berries. Downing is the common California variety. In Oregon, where gooseber- ries outnumber those of California 20 to 1 other varieties entirely are grown and perhaps in mountain districts th'e Oregon varieties would be better, pro- vided it would pay to grow any. As to prices. Six cents a pound and so are obtainable only because hardly any are grown to supply fruit store trade. Where markets are well supplied the price falls down to the llevel of cannery demand, which is the only true basis of figuring when a product is at all extensively grown. Regarding the cannery demand we referred your question to C. H. Bent- ley of the California Fruit Canners' Association, who in his answer noted our location. His answer will be of alue. "We beg to advise that the problem f shipping gooseberries from a point ike Grub Gulch is too serious to war- ant us in giving any encouragement n the matter. We do not believe it ould be feasible to haul the goose- trries over our mountain roads un- ess they were packed in very small :ontainers, and the expense of haul- ng and the freight to be paid when a ihipping point is reached would raise urther difficulties. There has been a onsiderable increase in the acreage i gooseberries during the past year t points near San Francisco and ther markets. At the present time ihcre is a demand for all of the Eng- ish or Jumbo Gooseberries that come ito the market, and there probably ill be for the next few years. These lell for about 3 cents a pound, but of ^urse they could not grow them in he mountains of Madera county and 'fford to haul them and ship them ere for any such price." That clears up the price question, n Oregon apparently two cents will ne sufficient to make gooseberries tairly satisfactory. The cost of pick- jing IS small, apparently about half a a pound or a little more. Whether with your cheap land you could aflFord to grow and ship out j'erries is for you to decide, but as -aid above, it is doubtful if you could Tfford to do so. Dried Loganberries. The problem of utilizing mountain iiid for valuable crops is difficult. A edeeming feature is that land prices 'light make it possible to pay large aulmg charges and compete with alley lands that are held at a high value. A product that is of high value and will keep, like nuts or dried fruit, is what is needed. In a way dried loganberries might be thought to prove satisfactory, except that there are too many of these produced just now for the market. Dried loganberries are particularly an Oregon product, originated on ac- count of the high yield and fine qual- ity of berries in Western Oregon and the necessity for finding a market for them. Dried loganberries were so good that there was a boom and as a result there will be twenty cars this year to sell, to a market overloaded with three cars last year, though the merit of the product justifies a rapid demand. Commercial packers did not push sales last season and sales lagged. The Salem Fruit Union, a growers' organization, handling most of the dried loganberries produced, has taken matters in hand, put salesmen in the field in the Middle West, and sales are rapid, the berries costing the re- tailer 20 cents a pound. About 90 per cent of the grocers met in Kansas and Nebraska and gave orders for berries. Prepared for the table they are de- lightful and the price, considering merit, very low, as berries dry down about 5 1-2 to one and will take up all that moisture and more when pre- pared for the table. However, until the demand is nursed along it hardly seems advis- able to plant more berries, except to supply local markets, or in early dis- tricts. Around Salem yields are high, hav- ing reached in places over a ton to the acre of the dried product, and the quality fine. It costs about 2 cents a pound to bring fresh fruit to the drier, or 10 cents a pound on dried basis, drying and packing extra, say four or five cents, leaving only a fair but comfortable margin of profit pro- vided the market will take what is produced at 20 cents wholesale. Loganberry juice is also getting to be a big product in Oregon, but this also has to have a demand created for it. It is possible that in mountain dis- tricts, fine for fruits and berries, and with plenty of wood to operate driers, It might pay to grow berries and other fruits for drying, considering the fact that land prices there are low and profitable crops hard to find. This proposition of making moun- tain farms pay is very interesting and we would be very pleased to receive experiences and suggestions on the subject. A method of swatting the fly when he is only a maggot is described very fully in a United States Department of Agriculture bulletin. No. 200, just issued. The experiment was con- ducted at a stable, as stable manure IS a great source of flies. The manure was piled about four feet high on a platform built over a shal- low concrete basin and every day the pile was hosed off just enought to be moist and the basin covered slightly with water. Then as the maggots crawled out of the manure they fell into the water and were drowned. Practically all the maggots were killed in this way. Horticultural Commissioner Beers of Santa Barbara county, California, reports that crop conditions are good. There is a large bean acreage in fine condition. Much care is being given to bud selection of lemons. Pull your face into a sneer and no- tice what an unlovely world this is; smile, and observe how cheerful life may be. $25 for a Photograph OF YOUR (TRADEMARK REGISTERED) ROOM If you have an Amiwud Wall Board Room in your house — or are refitting a room this summer — or re- building—use Amiwud Wall Board — send us a photo or snapshot of the room and we'll enter it in our con- test at once. In Your District We Offer $25 for the Best Photograph $15 for the Next Best Photo $10 for the Third Best Photo OF AN AMIWUD ROOM In addition every woman sending in a photo gets a present free anyway. Ask the Dealer in Your Town He'll Get the Amiwud for You (TRADXUAtK MCISTneD) — was the first wall board made. It is widely imitated. — we have $3,000,000 invested in factories on this Coast. — Amiwud is tough and durable. Is cheaper than wood. Takes the place of lath and plaster. — comes in several wood grains, or plain to be tinted any color. — is easy to put up, lasts indefinitely. — can be used in every room in the house. — saves dirt and damp plaster in installing. Manufacturers of the famous Malthoid and RU-BER-oiD Roofings and P, & B. Products The Paraffine Paint Co. 34 First Street, San Francisco 2200 Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles The Paraffine Paint Co., 34 First St., San Francisco, or Los Angeles, California. I am interested in your Amiwud Contest. Please send details. Name Address If interested in roofing, check here o. & F. 10 ©RCHARD AND FARM Work of the Farmers' Union in Oregon By F. A. Si^fes, Secretary Oregon and Southern Idaho Division • Tlie Farmers' per car; 2 cars of sulphur, saving $120 per car; 50 tons of raisins direct from the Farmers' Union raisin growers in California, saving fully $100 per ton. Since the Farmers' Union began operating in Oregon we have bought co-operatively twenty million sacks, which means about ninety cars a year. By purchasing in carload lots, and many times five to ten cars to- gether, we have the advantage pf lower freight and prices, which as hmeant about $30 per thousand. The Tri-State Terminal Warehouse Company is made up of 2,600 'Farm- ers' Union members in Oregon, Washington and Idaho. It has han- dled about 4,000,000 bushels a year and set the price on fully double this amount. It keeps all our loca4s posted as to the full market price of grain, and in this way there is now not such a margin as formerly. It has one office in Seattle, Washington, and one in Portland, Oregon. Here in Oregon and Idaho the way we keep up social and educational interest is mostly through picnics. Last week in Washington County, Idaho, there was held the largest Farmers' Union gathering ever as- sembled in the West. A conserva- tive estimate placed the number at 2,3.50. This was done by a close study of the seating capacity. The Governor of Idaho and Senator Borah spoke, to the great delight of all. Senator Borah spoke on "Rural Credits." The State president, J. D. Brown, and State secretary were there. To show the interest the Farmers' Union is creating, I will say that there are not more than 500 members of the Farmers' Union in the two counties which participated in this picnic, yet we estimate that nearly five times this number were at the picnic. Then, this week and next week, June 2 to June 10, we have a series of picnics, seven in number, arranged so as to be accommodated bv one of our national speakers, O. F. Dorn- blaser, member of the national execu- tive board, from Texas. He has al- ways spoken at one and has seven more to speak to before he returns to Washington, where he is billed for a similar scries of picnics. The speeches are along an educational line. anH the fine dinners keep up the social side of life. The town people now have a better opinion of us since they have become better ncnuainted. for manv of them leave their business and attend our picncs. a r m e r s Union is now or- ganized in seven- teen counties in Oregon and five in Southern Idaho. Of the seventeen counties in Ore- gon, twelve are organized into c'ounty unions; two county unions are operating in Idaho. Since Jan- uary 1 there have ' been thirty- four I new locals organized in Oregon and eighteen in Idaho. The Farmers' Union , of Oregon keeps a committee of two at the .State capital during the session of . the Legislature; this has always paid well. Usually we have agreed upon some two or three particular laws, ■ and have never failed to have them enacted. Then, there is always an unusual amount of vici<5us, grafting legisla- tion to be killed; the Farmers' Union has been sucessful in defeating a part »of the schemes of the grafters. Last winter we agreed 'upon two ■definite laws, a co-operative banking law and a general co-operative law. \What we had was very poor. They were both passed without a dissent- ing vote in the House and very little opposition-.in the Senate, and are now laws. Then, in the defeat of two bills, the {taxpayers of the State were saved the neat lump sum of $1,000,000 in this way: The State aid road bill, now defeated for the third time by the Farmers' Union and Grange, working together, came up in a little different form, but our boys knew what it all ■ meant, and when it went down the father of the bill stood up in the House and openly charged the Farm- ers' Union with the defeat the his bill. Then, there was an irrigation 'scheme up which called for fully $50,- 000, and when it fell by the wayside its author stood up in the House and said he could lay the blame upon the Farmers' Union and Grange. These two bills, had they become laws, would have cost the taxpayers of Oregon fully $1,000,000. and the Farmers' Union and Grange feel proud of their work. Idaho also had two men at their State capital to look after the inter- ests of the farmers, but as it was their first appearance in Boise they did not accomplish as much as they iwill another session. . The Farmers' Unions in Oregqn fere operating about fifty grain ware- nouses. These warehouses have been of inestimable value in securing to the farmers fair weights, fair tests and better prices. Frequently I have had i&rmers tell me that they realized the first year in better weights, tests and prices all that they had put into the warehouse. We also have eight co-operative stores in Oregon rtfn by the farmers, all of which were started by the Farmers' Union. These are of much benefit to the farmers in getting their supplies at lower prices. Farmers' Union locals either buy through their warehouse or just club together through the locals and buy largely. Here is a conservative esti- mate of the business done in this way: 100 cars of coal, saving about $100 per car; 100 cars of wood, sav- ing $40 per car; 60 cars of flour, sav- ing $150 per car; 18 cars of field fence, saving about $700 per car; 50 cars of cedar posts, saving $100 per car; 15 cars of salt, saving $120 per car; 9 cars of sugar, saving $200 per car; 6 cars of land plaster, saving $60 NAILS FOR CURL LEAF. To "Orchard and Farm" — I saw an article in your May issue in regard to curl leaf of peach trees. I think that peaches require more iron than any other fruit The curl leaf bothered my trees and some one suggested driving nails in the trunk. I tried it and there was no more curl leaf. I grafted some trees one year ago this soring and there was one scion that did not prow until this soring. What do vou know about that? Tt is said that dry land is the best for anples. but the sour sao gets them on the driest land the worst. — Sub- scriber. (The agricultural scientists almost unanimously say that diseases of trees cannot be successfully treated by in- jecting material into the sao. but whether this applies to the old stimu- lant of driving nails in we cannot sav. They know for certain that the curl leaf is caused bv a fungus, so in theory driving in nails would not mat- ter a oarticle. However, some neach varieties arc less affected by curl leaf than others, and perhaps the slight change made by the iron might be enough to make the diflFerence in a The Price of Progress THE Panama Canal stands as one of the most marvelous achievements of the age. Into its construction went not only the highest engineering skill, but the best business brains of the nation, backed by hundreds of millions of dollars. Suppose conditions not to be foreseen made it necesseury to re- place the present canal with a new and larger waterway of the sea-level type, to be built in the next ten years. Also suppose that this new canal would be the means of a great saving in time and money to the canal-using public, because of the rapid progpress in canal engineering. This sounds improbable ; yet it illustrates exactly what has hap- pened in the development of the telephone, and what certainly will happen again. Increasing demands upon the telephone system, calling for more extended and better service, forced removal of every part of the plant not equal to these demands. Switchboards, cables, wires and the telephone instrument itself were changed time and again, as fast as the advancing art of the telephone could improve them. It was practical to do all this because it greaUy increased the capacity of the plant, reduced service rates and added subscrib- ers by the hundred thousand. In ten years, the telephone plant of the Bell System has been rebuilt and renewed, piece by piece, at an expense exceeding the cost of the Canal. Thus the Bell System is kept at the highest point of efficiency, al ways apace with the telephone requirements of the public. And the usefulness of the telephone has been extended to all the people. American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One Policy One System Universal Service susceptible variety. Trying some trees with and some without and ob- serving for a few years would prove the thing pretty well. Like water witches, planting by the moon, and the bud that started a year behind time, there are lots of funny things happening, which are interesting to hear about, but hard to explain. — Editor.) Drainage very often is a necessity for canal irrigated districts, especially when there is alkali in the soil. Bul- letin 190. Office Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, gives very good and complete in- formation on the matter and should be secured by all owners of arid lands which are irrigated from canals. Drainage is seldom required in dis- tricts irrigated only by pumping. It is usually more expensive to get water by pumping than by a gravi'-- system, but a pumping plant has ad- vantages that go a long way toward making up for the extra cost of the water. Experience has always proved that the better a job of leveling, the bet- ter the irrigating. Poor leveling al- ways means an uneven distribution of water, extra work and poor crops. Bale Faster — Last Longer Usen mnernlly ndmit that a CASE B*li>r taken hay faster thaa they can fei<(l it— and wUh miniiuum power. Only 6 to 10 Bmke h.p. Tvnu i red to operatt'. Two wirwi— 14 z IS inchea (3H to 5 tooNi iinil 17 I 22 Inctaca <4 Ui ft toaa per hour). No nther prcaaea are Bft well made and Htrone. Tbuy outlaat tbo nezt heat by yeani. Kiiilt a» carefully na tha lanreflt and mOHt i>ii)fn(iiv« CASE Traclon*. Pnt their ma- cbanicul iH.>r(ectioa costa you nothing extra. CASE Baling Presses 8implc »t to ban. lie Snfe«t tr> work with. Can't be enito with 2 Ifni* men than othera —with C.*SK Hnv Fork ntli, lin,. i t Oa»« Sweep Power Hal. r ' ' home two. 3 men nml 2 hor..e* toni per hour. Tli ink of that. ^ hay 18 read). Don t wait for tl new Mail a p<>flt4-ard for new Buiiug i'rtwf Cat*, log and prices. J. I. Cue Thre'hitiff Machine Co.. Inc. DepI 801. Racine. Wii. i^CO) I ORCHARD AND FARM Answers for Farm Problems Following up recent articles on filberts, could you answer these questions for me: 1. Where is the best place to purchase filbert bushes'" 2. What are the best commercial va- rieties? 3. What is the average crop per acre under favorable conditions, with cost of picking and usual price? _J. B., Ukiah, Cal. Answer by D. F. Norton, Horti- cultural Commission Nevada County, Cal. 1. The "best" place to purchase filbert bushes rmist necessarily be a matter of opinion. The only place that 1 know of that makes a spe- cialty, of growing, filbert bushes is the Barren Hill iNfursery at Nevada City, Cal. 2. The best commercial varieties for use are: Barcelona, Duchilly Cobb and White Avaline. Barcelona is a large nut, and the tree is a pro- lific bearer. Duchilly Cobb is one of the best filberts grown, but the tree is not as heavy a bearer as the Bar- celona. White Avaline is- not a large nut, but the tree is a heavy bearer and the nuts are first class. 3. The acre yield would depend to some extent uoon the distance that the trees were planted apart. Using the square system, if the trees are set 15 by 15 feet, we have 193 trees to the acre; if 14 by 14, 223 trees to the acre; 13 by 13 would give 257 to the acre; l2 by 15 would te 243 trees, and l2 by 13, 302 trees to the acre. There is a great difiFerence in opin- ion as to how far filberts should be planted apart to „aw?e the best re- sults. Felix Gillelrei who spent a great many years exnerimenting in filbert culture at the Barren Hill Nursevy„..advised, when the filbert was grown in tree form (one single stock) to plant twelve feet apart in the row and fifteen feet between rows. , This would give 242 trees to the acre. .\ matured tree will yield from 15 to 20 pounds of nuts to the tree, but to be on the safe side, _ say ten pounds, which would give 2,420 pounds of nuts to the acre. The wholesale price ranges from 12 1-2 to l4 cents per pound. As to the cost of picking, filberts I readily fall out of the husk, or a (slight shake of the tree will bring 'them down, and consequently the ■ cost of picking (?) would depend on tiic price of labor. Which is the best lawn seed to thrive in heaw soil, very shady? I had a lawn put out a year ago to blue grass and in the fall it went out of sight. It comes up slowly now, but it is too cold and shady. — O. J. O. Blue grass lawns are usually the finest of all provided everything is exactly right, but if there is any- thing wrong with the location, or if the best of care and attention is not given, the blue grass will go wrong, too. It would be very difficult to get anything that looked like a lawn with blue grass in the situation you describe. Australian or a native rye •-:rass will get along better than blue -Tass where everything is not per- ♦oct, but for a very shady location tlie best thing of all is to get a spe- ^ ial "shady lawn mixture," composed <-if seeds of several different grasses n liich will succeed in the shade. With crood care a very fair lawn can usu- ally be obtained in shady situations ^vith such seed. The best seedsmen ' :in provide you with proper mix- ' iires. Please tell me how to cure figs as they are preoared for the grocer, sweet, dry pack. — E. C. F. Figs usually arc picked from the -rround, not from the tree. It is often thought best to dry them in the shade rather than in the sun and best not to dry them too hard. When suf- ficiently dried, put in sweat boxes for several days and dip in hot salt water. This gives them good color and makes them pliable, also serving to destroy any insects present. The figs after draining are packed in boxes by hand, being pressed out into desired form. Often white figs are sulphured to improve color. I have about 1 Ms to 2 acres on my ranch that has considerable white al- kali. Sometimes I can get a crop started on it, but seldom. Would gypsum or any kind of fertilizer kill out this? Would lime, or barnyard manure? Would lime from the sugar factories be all right? I would like to get this in shape to put in alfalfa with balance of ranch this fall. — R. A. J. Draining and flooding to wash out the alkali is probably the only prac- ticable method of overcoming this alkali, or if the subsoil is deep and open enough you might wash out the alkali without installing open or tile drains. By digging down with shovel or augur you can tell how open the subsoil is. Gypsum will be good only if there is black alkali present, as gypsum changes black alkali into the less harmful white alkali, but it does not overcome white alkali. Lime like- wise will be ineffective. Manure often is a great help, loosening up the sur- face and enriching it so that the al- kali does not get to the surface, and alkali below the surface is less in- jurious than alkali on top of the ground. Would advise good applica- tion of manure, if available. Also, if there is place for water sink to, would advise deep plowing without harrowing and smoothing, to leave surface rough and open, then flooding to wash alkali down, and cultivation and planting as soon as possible to prevent moisture evapor- ating and bringing up the alkali again to form a crust. Until alkali is washed out use an excess of water. Probably it would be best to plant barley in the fall and alfalfa in the spring. If you cannot get alkali out this way you may have to put in tile drains or open ditches and wash out alkali as directed. Pumping plants are becoming pop- ular in rhany irrigation districts where canals run dry early in the season. The distance water has to be pumped is usually small and the season of pumping short, while the greater crop production on account of having water all through the season makes the installation and operation to of a pumping plant very profitable. "The Car of No I(e^reis" EIGHT CYLINDER $1350 COMPLETE The King Eight Cylinder was announced October 26, 1914. It is the pioneer popular -priced Eight, and its success has surpassed the most sanguine hopes of its builders. Hundreds of King Eights, all over America, are daily teaching motorists what they should now expect from an automobile. In England alone, 90 King Eights are suc- cessfully operating, and South Africa, Australia, Spain, Russia, Sweden, Venezuela, Holland, Cuba, and many other foreign countries have purchased, then praised, this wonderful car. These export successes are the strongest proof of King Eight efficiency, as no "service" can be given and purchases are made only after the most exhaus- tive investigation. The reasons for Eight-Cylinder superiority are easily understood. A Four-Cylinder engine has two power im- Two body styles — One Chassis — Touring Car and Roadster KING MOTOR CAR COMPANY, 1300-1324 Jefferson Avenue, DETROIT, MICHIGAN 40-45 HORSE POWER. A city man's car in beauty, silence and flexibility. The Farmer's car in power, strength and dependability. pulses per revolution; a Six-Cylinder, three; while the "Eight "has four. This almost "turbine" flow of power means, in the King Eight, traveling from a creeping mile and a fraction to a racing 50 without gear-changing, and the ability to gather speed up to 30 miles an hour in 20 seconds. Such flexibility naturally reduces vibration to nearly nil, which in turn results in silence and longevity and adds to riding comfort. Ttiis Eight will give better ttian 15 miles to a gallon of gasoline, and over 800 miles to the same measure of motor oil. The famous King Cantilever Springs contribute their large part to the car's easy-riding qualities, and its complete equipment includes a Ward Leonard electric starting and lighting system and an engine- driven tire pump. There's a King dealer in your locality. Write for his address and the new Eight catalog 12 ORCHARD AND FARM The Cost of Orchard Irrigation What should be the labor cost of irrigating an 150-acre orchard where the land is all leveled and prepared for irrigation? — P. C, Medford, Ore- gon. Answer by Frank Adams, Berkeley, U. S. Irrigation Investigations. Your inquiry regarding the approxi- mate average cost for labor and teams in irrigating a tract of 150 acres of orchard land where the land has been graded for the reception of water and where irrigation has been practiced for a time, with proper im- plements for ditching and furrowing available, has been referred to me. This cost, of course, depends very largely on the number of irrigations given. For Medford conditions one or two irrigations would undoubtedly be all that would be required. The cost of preparing and check- ing for California orchards approxi- mates 75 cents per acre at each irri- gation, provided all the work is hired. One man with four horses will disc and ridge ten acres in one day and one-half day with one man and one horse is usually necessary for filling in the breaks at the cross levees. The basin method, however, is in my opinion a poor one except on very open soils. For that reason I should recommend applying water by the furrow method. We have no exact data covering the cost of making these furrows, but it is not large, certainly not over 50 cents per acre for each irrigation. The cost of labor of applying water will depend in either case on the size of stream used. Under average conditions it might require two men for two days to cover ten acres or at the rate of say 50 cents per acre for irrigation. Following this must come at least two cultivations at about 50 cents per acre each for each irrigation where the basin method is used and at least one where the furrow method is used. Summing up these figures I would suggest that using the basin method the total cost per irrigation would be about $2.25 per acre or $337.50 for 150 acres. Using the furrow method this would be reduced to about $1.50 per acre per irrigation or $225 for the 150 acres. You will understand that the above figures are, of course, hypothetical and would vary greatly with local conditions. A poor farmer on hard soil would have a hard time keeping within the figures, whereas a good farmer might do better. If more ir- rigators kept track of such costs we would be able to answer youmore positively. VVe have not as yet been able to gather systematically data along this line for orchard, although we have considerable data of the kind for some other crops. I would like to know if it is prac- ticable to build a reinforced concrete irrigating reservoir 85 feet long, 65 feet wide and 4'/^ feet deep? How thick should the sides be and how much steel should be used? I would like to learn about the mistakes of your readers on this construction. — D. K. Answer by Prof. B. A. Etcheverry, University of California. It is entirely practical to build a reinforced concrete reservoir of the size stated, although this might not be the most economic size, depending on a number of conditions. In order to properly build such a reservoir, it is necessary to follow plans properly designed, which would give not only the thickness of concrete and amount of steel, but which would show the size, spacing and location of all steel reinforcement. I would suggest that an engineer be employed to prepare plans and direct the construction. (As is stated in the question, if any readers have suggestions, based on experience, we would be glad to re- ceive them. — Editor.) POTATO BREEDING AND SE. LECTION. One of the most interesting govern- ment bulletins received for a long time has been Professional Paper 195 on Potato Breeding and Selection, by William Stuart. The Department has been conducting extensive experi- ments with potatoes and has made an immense number of crossings, rais- ing and selecting seedlings from them, also in selecting seed from standard varieties for a term of years by choos- ing always potatoes from the strong- est hills, or of the finest type. New varieties have always been ob- tained by growing seedlings, usually without giving much attention to their parentage. Crossing has been done very systematically and the best of thousands of seedlings in these experiments have been selected and propagated for a term of years. Illus- trations and figures in the bulletin show some fine looking potatoes as a result. Selection of standard varie- ties by taking tubers from stiong hills and using only good seed has given greatly increased yields of fine po- tatoes. There has been recently great inter- est in better potato methods both in seed selection and growing, and no one who is engaged in potato produc- tion on any good basis should omit getting this bulletin. GETTING TOMATOES TO SET. The reason tomatoes frequently do not set is that with lots of moisture they think only of growing and the blossoms drop off. They have to be checked a bit in growth, perhaps, be- fore the bloom will stick. There is one other way that may help — feed- ing the plant phosphoric acid. Phos- phorus has a great deal to do in fruit making, and it seems reasonable to think that it would help to fertilize with phosphates. This receipt has been given by a seedsman to make tomatoes set fruit: Use one ounce of phosphoric acid in three gallons of water. When the blossoms first appear put a pint of this preparation about the roots of each plant. Do this every two weeks after blooms appear until the first fruit is well established. It is claimed that it will make the first blooms stick, and it is the early tomatoes that count. This is not given as a cer- tainty. If it works, a dose of super- phosphate ought to work, too, and be cheaper and more convenient. Soil improvement probably interests farmers more than any other subject with the exception of marketing, and fertilization is a big part of this. The Middle West Soil Improvement Com- mittee, 916 Postal Telegraph building. Chicago, has just issued a free bul- letin on "What fertilizers are and how to apply them." Although written for the purpose of promoting the use of commercial fertilizers and better for the Middle W'est than elsewhere, the bulletin will be instructive to all interested, especially on the Pacific Coast in the more rainy sections of Washington. Oregon and California. In Ventura county. California, it has often been claimed that the poor- est stands of beans sometimes have given the best vields. so this year ex- periments are being conducted with planting at different distances. A soil survey of the Russian River Vallrv. California, is being made by the United States Department of Ag- riculture. THE CALIFORNIA FARMERS' , UNION, INC. In April, 1909, there was organized and incorporated in the city of Fresno a concern called "California Farmers' Union. Inc." The purpose of the organization was, primarily, to provide facilities for marketing, on a co-operative basis, the various dried fruit products of California. In ef- fect, it was designed to be the busi- ness or commercial end of the Farm- ers' Educational and Co-operative Union of America in California by op- erating an exclusive selling agency for dried fruit and other products of its members, which products would be graded and packed under its super- intendence at packing-houses then to be acquired and operated by the vari- ous local organizations of the Farm- ers' Union, situated in California. Since it commenced operations, the California Farmers' Union, Inc., has sold 21,000 tons of dried fruit of a value in excess of two million dol- lars. .\pproximately, Half of the quantity has gone to the markets of the East, the Middle West and Can- ada; the other half has been shipped to various European countries. In June, 1913. the principal offices of the organization were moved from Fresno to San Francisco, the latter city being headquarters for the dried fruit trade of California, and time has proved the wisdom of the change. After its removal, it was urged that a Wholesale Produce House should be opened in San Francisco through which members of the organization would be enabled to dispose of their miscellaneous farm products. This has been done, and the organization now handles all farm and orchard products, guaranteeing to the pro- ducer whatever the products sell for. less *he customary charges. No claim is made to an ability to sell for more than the market price, but an abso- lutely truthful accounting is guaran- teed to the producer. It will be readily understood that the experience acquired during the six years in which this company has operated proves of great advantage to the management in the conduct of its affairs, and there is every indica- tion that the growers appreciate this fact and will, by their continued and increased support, enable the exten- sion of the work of the organization and the accomplishment of greater things in the future than has been possible in the past. The California Farmers' Union. Inc.. claims to benefit its patrons by securing to them the average sea- sonal value of their products, grade and quality being considered; by en- suring an equality of return to all its members through pooling the pro- ducts handled: by eliminating from the producers daily life for a con- siderable period of the year a con- stant anxiety regarding the time at which it would be advisable for him to sell, and by giving the growers at all times an absolutely honest ac- counting of the sale of their product. The avocado, until recently more of a curiosity than anything else, or boomed as beating an oil well for fabulous profits, has good promise of succeeding wherever citrus fruits are commercially grown, according to a new bulletin on the subject issued by Ira J. Condit and M. E. Jaffa, of the University of California. though prices will not be very high when the fruit is produced as it should be. Varieties have been produced or brought in that are far hardier and better than the first ones tried in Cal- ifornia. The fruit has high merit as a food, good trees are very productive and apparently they will be found finally in every garden in the citrus districts and produced extensively commercially also. Fence the hens out and the gardens cK Seamed No Solder — Rivets You Take No Chances When You Use Ames-Irvin Irrigation Pipe Nothing but the sheet of metal itself is used in the mak- ing. This means Lasting Service No Breaks No Leaks No Holes Simple, Solid, Strong Write for Booklet We will mail you an attractive Booklet about Irrigation Plpr is ready. Write iia to-d«y. and its construction. Your copy Ames-Irvin Company Sth and Irwin Stm^ San Franrlars, ( al Pear Land in Nevada County, California Will bring sure returns to the man who wants to better his condition. This land can be bought, cleared and planted for $150 an Acre Nevada County fruits and nuts won more first prizes at the San Francisco Land Show than fruit from any of the other Counties. The climate Is Ideal. Write for detailed Information and literature. CH.^.MBKR OF COMMERCE, Graaa Vallcr> Callforala. PIPE and SCREW C.*SIXG, new and sec- ond hand. ALEXANDER PIPE CO., Inc. 200 >'orth Polat Street, San Francl»r« Cal. ORCHARD AND FARM 13 AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN WESTERN OREGON SEED INOCULATION AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT (Continued from Page 3). ecially, that it has the hearty back- of the farmers, that it fits in ectly with clover and is grown be- se it does, that its success has bten in spite of almost neglect of seed selection and only partial under- standing of right methods. In fact developments show that nearly every- thing that used to be done in corn raising was just what should not have jbeen done. Now that things are be- |ing done right corn is booming. Drainage. Before corn and clover can be grown on much land drainage will have to be done. County Agricultur- ist Coglon estimates the acreage in Lane county for which drainage is absolutely essential at 35 per cent of the whole. This land is valued at perhaps $40 per acre; $30 or so would drain it well; drained it would be through its low lying richness su- perior to $100 and $150 land. Talking about clover and corn, drainage is the biggest thing yet in the Willamette valley and other parts of western Oregon. It is no reflection whatever on the present natural and developed wealth of the country to say what an im- mense benefit drainage can be, even on land doing fine service already. As with corn and clover, drainage is go- ing on and showing what can be done. It will improve land now good, make clover do much better, and be a big help to alfalfa. Take another thing, lime. They do no have to have lime for their soils, though there is so much rain that there is little surplus lime left in their soils. Clover and other lime con- isuming legunes now do well. Never- jtheless lime would be a fine thing, though hardly to the extent of $12 per ton the way the clover does without it under present conditions. Articles of incorporation have recently been granted for companies to develop lime from limestone deposits for ag- ricultural purposes. This also is a sign of the times, a part of clover growing and soil improvement. A big improvement will be made when the use of lime becomes common. Rotation in Final Methods. Clover and stock are the two things needed for a permanent profitable agriculture. Final methods will be something like this: Clover lasts two seasons. Grain following clover far outyields grain grown in straight grain farming. A grain crop or two can follow the clover. If used for hay, vetch will be grown with the grain. Then corn will precede clover planting agaiti. with hogs to eat corn and skim milk, or meat producing stock of other sorts to eat both clover hay, or pasture and corn or corn silage. Then fruits and berries, potatoes and other crops will all have their place. If any one thing does stand out in connection with stock raising in Ore- gon it is the way silos are going up. They save crops when rain would otherwise spoil them, they put a big piece of the profit in the dairy and stock business, on account of reasons and methods which do not have to be discussed here. That is what you can call real farming, for the soil and for the pocketbook. Clover for the soil and for the stock; corn, the king of meat- making foods, for money or for stock; stock for milk or meat, leaving the land riched for their manure; grain for another money crop — the soil built up and improved. That also gives a fine basis for berrv browing, for fruit production, Potato raising or truck farming. No kind of farming, fruit or anything else is sensible or safe unless the main industry for the district is farming As I have read in a newspaper about inoculated seed beans, can you please explain what is meant by it? — W. C. D. This is one of the most interesting things known m all agriculture — the fact that some plants by having the proper bacteria on their roots can feed off the air, so to speak, as well as off the soil, and leave the ground far richer in plant food than before. The knowledge and use of this fact is one thing that might be called "scien- tific" agriculture. The Romans knew 2,000 years ago that clovers enriched soils, but they did not know why. We know that it is on account of these bacteria, little things shaped like a baseball or pencil, 1-10,000 of an inch long or thereabouts, which live on the roots and take nitrogen from the air and make it part of the plant. If they are not in the soil, we can put them there, or put them on the seeds before they are planted and they will increase wonderfully. Putting them on the seeds or in the soil is called inoculation. Gelatine, or some such substance containing them, is pre- pared and can be purchased, if de- sired. The only kinds of plants on which they can commonly be found are the legumes, or the family of plants like clovers, peas, beans, lupins, etc., though two or three other kind of plants also have bacteria that can gather nitrogen as legumes do. As a rule, each kind of a legume has its own kind of bacteria. The bacteria found on a vetch, for example, may not suit alfalfa, or an alfalfa bacteria a bean or pea vine. When planting a new kind of le- gume it is thus very often beneficial to get some bacteria to start it well. If these bacteria are not present the plants will not grow as well as they should and will not gather nitrogen from the air for a long time, although finally other kinds of bacteria in the soil will be changed and do just what the regular bacteria of that plant are supposed to dp. If the right kind of bacteria are already in the soil it apparently does no good to inoculate. If they are not it almost always proves very prof- itable, but you cannot always tell. If you will pull up a young clover, or pea, bean, or similar plant, you can quite probably find little swell- ings on the roots. The bacteria will be at work in these, storing up nitro- gen from the air. Occasionally there are other causes for similar swellings, but not often, especially on healthy plants. Nitrogen is the most valuable plant food known. It is the important ele- ment in protein, which you hear of in cattle and human feeding. There- fore it is well to remember that clov- ers and such plants are rich in the important food material, protein, and as well that they improve the soil. This subject is so important that it can easily be misunderstood and all questions concerning it will be wel- comed. for fertility and permanence. Let the berry and fruit business boom, the best thing to go along with it is clover, corn and cattle. This outline is not prophecy, it is present events and tendencies out- lined. There is no boom, but never were things so promising when fig- ured from a sound, permanent basis, all in a climate made mild by the warm currents of the Pacific Ocean, bounteously supplied with moisture, on soil improved by centuries of for- est growth. " One good job-holder protects an- other. ► • 4 -■- - ^ Typical of California THE San Francisco Made Famous by its Sensible Rates and Efficient Service NEW POLICY Reduced Rates Will Continue its Fame during The Panama-Pacific International Exposition $2 per Day without Bath Rates, per Day, with Bath 100 Room* ISO Room* 150 Rooms $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 100 Rooma 100 Room* 100 Room* $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 Suites $7.00 and Upward Club BreakfasU 40c to 80c ©Iff Jfatrttwnt ^aUi Saa Frmnciaco't Mott Exclusive Hotel .Under Same Management ■ • . 20,000 iMile^ - valves ^ound hui once A man in the lumbering district of Washington writes us: "I have run twenty thousand miles and only had valves ground once, and the engine has run good. Have used Zerolene all the time. It has given the best of satisfaction." Zerolene gives efficient lubrication in all makes and sizes of cars — under all sorts of conditions. Dealers every- where and at all service stations or agencies of the Standard Oil Company (California) San Francisco THERE ARE BARGAINS WORTH WHILE CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD READ THEM FOR PROFIT. 14 ORCHARD AND FARM Activities of the Farmers' Union By A. C. Davis, Secretary lo America, co- operation as a the- ory is old, but as an actual business practice it is en- tirely new, but tlie greatest revolution- izing force of tlie age has at last landed upun our shores and is here to stay. Farmers who recognize that it is as necessary to ilistribiitc econ- omically as to produce economically, tind that co^* operative distribution is the only solution to the problem of farm marketing. And this is the real rural l>roblem about w hich so much has been said and written. We may wade through volumes of reports of special investigating commitlets and study statistics compiled by people who fondly imagine they are m the social uplift business specially to better rural conditions, anil at last come to the one conclusion that there is noth- ing the matter with the .Vmerican farmer except that he. does not apply any business sense to farm operations. The (armer has long been content to do just half his work. ,;He works with might and main to prOchice ft crop of fruit, grain, cotton, tobacco, live stock, or what 'not and then — w ell that's all. His job is done. Some other fellow prepares it for market, sells it and — takes the profit. The solution of the rural problem rests entirely with the farmer. It will be solved by him, not as an individual but as cooperative groups. The mistake of the nation has been its neglect of agriculture. Industrial development and commercial expan- sion can not alone insure tlic pros- perity and perpetuity of a people. The soil must be conserved and its prod- ucts economically distributed. .As a people wc have hail no policy with , reference to agriculture e.xcept to mine the soil of its riches. The need of the hour is the application of sci- entific economics . to both tJie _pia-_ duction and distribution of our farm products. The ^ndtv^dua^ may hecrnrrc -a splen- did producer but ho can never be- come a first class distributor to the world's markets. This fact is so evi- dent that we shall not discuss it. To become successful in the business game, farmers must foriii local so- cieties to handle the output of the commdnify. To accomplish this or- ganization is essential. Mere local organization, though better than nothing, will not prove satisfactory. Local organization should affiliate with state and national organizations in order that a system of handling products may be worked out witliout undue competition and a duplication of service. The chief object of a farmers' movement arc the only one for which it can claim the support of the farm- er, is to work out a solution to the crop marketing problem. The Farm- ers' Educational and Co-Opcrativc Union of .America, commonly called the Farmers' Union, is such an or- ganization. This Union which Sir Horrace Plunkett. the father of Irish co-operation, terms the greatest force of the age among .American farmers, is actively at work in twenty-two states that have been formed into state unions, as well as in many more now being organized. The states that have their own corps of officials and arc operating as State Unions are Texas. Oklahoma. .Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi. Ten- nessee, .Alabama. Gcorsria. Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina. Vir- ginia, Kentucky. Indiana. Illinois, Mis'iouri. Kansas. Nebraska, Colo- National Farmers' Union rado, \V ashington-ldahu, Oregon- Idaho, and California, 'the National Union is now conducting a campaign of organization in the Stales of Ohio, Iowa, .North Dakota, Wyoming and Montana. thus it may be seen that the farm crops, in the marketing of which the organization now starts an influence or soon ho[ies to exert an influence, embraces every l.irin prod- uct in .America. The work done by the union can be outlined under four different headings: (a) in the cotton belt, (b) in the tobacco belt, (c) in the grain belt, ;d) with perishable products. The first two wc need not mention, as they do not directly concern a large portion of Pacific Coast farm- ers. I he work of the union in the grain districts of the Northwest will doubtless be considered in other arti- cles in this issue. , The problem of the Middle VVest- crn grain grower is slightly different from that of the producer in the Northwost. Instead of sacking the grain and selling through ware- houses to the export trade, the grain is bulked in elevators and sold to do- mestic trade. His problem is to reach the trade free from the domination of what are termed old line elevators. The Farmers' I'nion has taught him the way. The growth and develop- ment of Tanners' elevators in the middle western territory has been al- most unbelievable. Kansas and Ne- braska now have them by the scores. THey are not corporate owned for the purpose of boosting otherwise idle capital, but are co-operatK'cly owned bv Xhc interested farmers and have but one object — the markoting of their product by farmers themselves. Any number of localities in these States keep their manager busy throughout the year by conducting lumber yards, coal yards, co-opera- tive stores, exchanges, etc., for the membership of the union. One in- stance will serve to illustrate the iKnctit of these co-operative enter- prises to a community. One local union in Nebraska, soon after organizing, clubbed together in ordering a carload of seeds for the meiubei-sTiip and saved to themselves $1,500 in the transportation. Trying to - ««>nvif»c«-4'h«6e people that co-op- eration does not pay would be a waste of time. It matters not how much you have heard about the well advertised creamery industries of the North we are perfectly safe in saying that ther.rf are far in^re co-operative enterprises conducted by the Farm- ers' Union in Kansas than exist in any other State. .Most of the State onions conduct a business department under the di- rection of a State business agent, who buys supplies in quantity for the locals and assists them in selling. Fof instance the Nebraska State Union, through its business department, pur- chased the binder twine for its fif- teen thousand members, to tie the 1915 crop. Vast quantities of ma- chinery was also bought through this department. But Kansas has gone a step further in co-operation than any other State. They have just organ- ized and put in operation the Kansas Jobbing .Association, which will be to the co-operators of that State what the Wholesale Society is to the co-operators of Europe. Where the fruit or vegetable inter- ests are of sufficient magrnitudc to warrant the venture, the method most commonly jmrsued in disposing of the product has been to form a spec- ial organization or company, in many instances incorporated, which as- sumes certain duties as agent, and in consideration for the service ren- dered the growers enter its specific contracts with reference to the hand- ling of the product. The practice of supplying co-operative concerns with iresh fruits and vegetables direct irom producers is growing and is be- ing given every encouragement by the National Union. The National Union is incorporated as a fraternal organization and does not conduct business for the member- ship. Its business is to promote or- ganization. Locals, counties, and States organized by the National Union may and do incorporate for business purposes. The Official Organ of the Farmers' Union teaches the application of co-operative prin- ciples to business practices and keeps the membership advised as to the progress of the organization. The union believes in educating the farmer in business practices. It also believes that agricultural .America has suffered because the farmer has neg- lected his interest in the State and national Government, therefore the organization urges its members to take an active interest in political economy. Partisan politics arc tabooed. No (juestion is discussed about which there can be a possible chance for a division of opinion, but progressive measures upon which all can agree are urged before State legislatures and the national Congress. Most of the State unions have a legislative committee that look after the interests of the farmer, and the .National Union supports a legisla- tive committee in Washington during the sessions of Congress. Rural organization pays large divi- dends in promoting better social con- ditions, better schools, better churches, more pleasures and greater contentment. Docs it pay in dollars and cents? Let us sec. "The percent- age of gain in the value of farm prod- ucts for the entire country for the decade ending with 1910 was 81 per cent, and for the Farmers' Union .States 108 per cent. The value of the 1910 crop of the entire country was worth $105,102,000 less than that of 1909. In the Farm- ers' Union States it was worth $163,- 034.000 more. The percentage of loss in the non-union States was 3.6 per cent and the per cent of gain in the union States was 10 per cent. Gravette. .Arkansas. Has any eucalyptus lumber been sawed and sold on the market in Cal- ifornia, and what price did it bring? How old is a eucalyptus tree (lumber variety) when it is large enough for a saw log, or when it will square about 12 Or 14 inches? — R. C. G. I'ucaiyptus lias been almost a total failure in California when it comes to making lumber from it. The wood shrinks so much in seasoning that it warps and checks until hardly a thing can be done with it, though the wood itself is extremely hard and tough. Some small articles like insulator pins, pick handles, etc., have been made of it, and wc are informed also that some good furniture has been made on a commercial scale. Mr. T. J. Gillespie, San Jose. Cal., has done the most work with eucalyptus wood, having made some excellent veneer, as well as other articles. He claims that a variety found near San Jose, which he calls the San Jose blue gum. docs not warp and check as mucii as ordinary varieties. Rap- idity of growth will depend on soil, moisture and other conditions. Under the best conditions would say that about 13 or H years' good growth would be required to make trees of the size you name and in some other locations they would never reach such size. It is said that rapid grow- ing eucalyptus trees are easiest worked. .A bulletin of the L'niverslty of California would give you more data on growth, hut figuring as a commercial proposition, firewood is about the most promising use for the timber, for all we know. Pond water is mighty poor stuff out of which to make blood, flesh and milk. Free Offer EVERY CAR OWNER will appreciate lliis fine rub- berized, waiei proof Tube Bag. Send us yoiil dealer's name and address ai\t\ the make of tires ) uu use and we will send one free. It will keep your Inner Tubes in prime condition. TIRES and TUBES .1,-, p,.. gxve you I yrv trivi' tlw 111 tory. Til.- , volume ppv^^hi. ti.m (i% ti,.- V. rM'B •■[«." rialwis m Ameni-u « l^rui-^i 1 iru l imit. Any dcKler wiU supply > uu. Don't forsfet to write for Tube Batr. Gvt hook No.37. on the "C«r« and Im- pair vt Tirea. AiitJrcM FlrcstoacTIre A RaMcr Co..AlirMi,0 "/l iw^rtfa'n LnrQ4jit Kxctustv* Tirt and Kim Makrrt" Branchei and Dcalcn Everywhere lo any brwaa It I— d» wuh 9mm. OiU itaclf. pumpa lha ntar. Jnat •atilf aa lloacbt«r. Ho cliinr lU- tlie waltf oTer the area i-'i-- ' niu-t l-are wat*r pr- ■ e cre.iter tlie nr Wti.-'i ^TrilirL- H. E. J. VACHER. Sprinkler Maniifiirturrr, 19 Vi. Mason St« Santa Karhara. CsL rhnl I'rolret and P*} - 1 •. 'I .T M.Jel iw vlii-ll PATENTS 11... Vi. .v.i.irv «i. 1 hu ITDinr Li IvEaCt Watwn E. Colenun. ratrnt Lawyer. Waah.. D. ORCHARD AND FARM 19 The Production of Extracted Honey -By G. W. Bercaw, Aliso Apiary Co.,Glendale, Cal.- We have found by exhaustive ex- )erimentinK that the following plan f producing extracted honey on a rommercial basis, assuming that here is a constant How of nectar inder normal conditions at all imes, is the only one that works )Ut in any degree of efficiency in )ur climate and location, though it night not work out so well in a older climate with a shorter season. Toward the closing of our season, •r after the rainy season com- nences in the autumn, put a full lepth super over the brood cham- )er. This extra super is to be pro- rided with full drawn combs, ready 0 fill with honey and brood, as the lolony seems disposed to do hrough the winter time, when it is varm enough, and on toward the pring months. Do not put a queen excluder be- ween these two when this is done mt allow the bees and queen full iccess to all parts of the hive above ind below in order that both may le filled as much as possible with poth brood and honev at the very arliest flow in the spring, which in ome localities is as early as Feb- uary. Keep a close watch on them nd as near as you can estimate bout 21 days before the time a leavy flow comes on put a queen ex luder between these two supers, al owing all the brood and stores bove that you can. Take each rame and shake it in front of the ive to make sure that you get the ueen in the lower super or brood hamber. This shaking is to be one after the excluder is placed be- ween the two chambers, so as to et the queen below without fail, "his will give you an extra strong oiony of bees, boiling over, so to peak, with queen below and de- eloping brood above as well as below. When the heavy flow comes these ees will fill the upper story every n days full of honey, so long as ley do not swarm and the flow of ectar is on. It might possiblv nof e all capped within this time, but !St assured nature has taught them hen to cap it and it will be done hen it is ripe. This will depend upon weather inditions and the rapidity of vaporation. If the capping should ipear slow and there seems to be oney coming in fast, give them ore space or room by adding an- ther super above the one already 1 to give them room to work. We have given ithis plan of anipulation a complete test and nd that it works out well and is e best one we know of. When putting the excluder be- »een the supers it is a good plan to raminc each comb below and cut ut all drone comb that may show )_ there. It is presumed by »the nter that all bee-keepers who take 50d care of their yards work all le worker combs below and drone )mbs above, as a general rule. Not- ithstanding this drone comb will ; worked into the corners and ly other vacant places below, es- ecially during the early spring onths. This can be checked some t the time of putting excluders be- en by cutting it all out as far ? it can be done. I By the plan above outlined you ill be able to get a good strong •lony of bees at thi right time, ' ich is the whole solution of get- iicr a good crop of honey, gettinr' illy two colonies of bees crowded to one; but keep the queen below , all hazards: there will be room liough below for the brood nest to ■Tiply young bees, and with suf- " nt room above tht bees will not wd the brood nest so as to cut ; the supply of young bees, which is, of course, essential to the suc- cess of the colony. Of course there will be a good many drones in the super above the excluder which cannot escape, but they will die and fall to the excluder, where they can be brushed off, but if a person desires them to fly, which is a good idea if they are of good stock, raise the hive cover a little and they will all soon escape. It is quite true that the plan of manipulation of supers takes a great deal of time if the yards are large and extensive, but what else can you ex- pect if you want a good crop? A beekeeper gets out of his apiary just what he puts into it, so it is work, work, work. One day in the very early part of the season is worth three a couple of months later. This method of manipulation might not be quite so successful in a coun- try where the season is short and heavy, but here our seasons extend over many months, some heavier than others, but there is very little time when bees cannot fly. At all events queen exluders should be used in the production of ex- tracted honey, as it is the only way to be sure of keeping the queen be- low the extracting super, and where brood of any age is allowed in the extracting super, good, pure, clean, wholesome, sanitary, edible honey cannot be produced. Do not keep the excluders on dur- ing the winter months, but remove them in the fall or about the time the rainy season commences, allowing the bees and queen full access to the entire hive until the proper time comes the following spring, thus completing the cycle year to year. \\'hen the excluders are again put on the brood that is in the upper super will disappear in about twenty- one days at the very limit, and as fast as the bees emerge these cells will be filled with honey, thereby giving more capacity and efficiency in the manipulation of each individual colony. It is presumed by the writer that bees are of good stock, strong and healthy, and unless this be the case, get them so; re-queen every two years at the least. It is a good plan to re-queen a portion each year. We think it oays a beekeeper to re-queen his stock. Either raise your own queens or purchase them. At all events, keep good, vigorous stock. Wc prefer the three band or leather col- ored Italians in preference to all others. They are, we have found, more or less immune to disease. I have written these few lines as- suming bees are kept on a commer- cial basis. The svstem can be ap- plied also to small beekeeoers who have few stands, sav from 2.5 to 50. The windmill is one of the earliest methods used for lifting water and it will be used as long as civilization endures. By building a small reser- voir quite a large amount of water can be stored and half an acre or an acre of land irrigated at practiclly no expense outside of the initial cost of installation. It will give green gar- den truck all the year round, provide feed for the familj' cow and improve immensely the appearance of the home surroundings. Irrigation ma-"- add more than $200 to the value of an acre, and if in addition, the water is pumped for practically nothing, a windmill will prove a wonderful in- vestment. Even though there is no' enough water in a well to supply r pump run by electric motor or gas engine, it w-ill be rare that there is insufficient water for a windmill. With a reservoir a windmill can run as long as there is wind to turn it and if there is no wind for a week there ran still be water left in the reservoir. Only 5* PLUS for the Best "Non-SIdd" Note thefoDowine table of comparatiTe prices OD non-skid tires. Columns headed **A," *'B/' **C** and **D*' represent four highly-advertised tires: Size Goodricb Safetr Trod OTHER MAKES "A" "B" "C" 30x3 30x3'A 32x3M 34x4 36x4M 37x5 $ 9.45 12.20 1400 20.35 28.70 33.90 $1055 13.35 15.40 22.30 32.15 39.80 $10.95 1420 16 30 23.80 33.60 41.80 $16.35 21.70 22.85 31.15 41.85 49.85 $18.10 23.60 25.30 33.55 41.40 52.05 PRACTICALLY all Non-Skid Tires that make serious claims to non-skid efficiency cost you 10% to 30% more than Plain Tread Tires of same brand and material. Goodrich Safety Tread Tires cost you only 5% more than our plain tread tires. Here's how and Why! o o o FORTY-FIVE years of Rubber working (in what is now the World's largest Rubber Factory) has taught us a few Kinks and Short- cuts that are not common to the Trade. One of these now comes to the help of your Pocket-book. Through the simple process of Think- ing Hard (and being Candid with ourselves) we have found a Short-Cut to make the besf Safety Tread ever put on a Tire cost us only about S% more than it costs us to make the Plain-Tread of similar quality. By testing out these Goodrich Safety- Tread Tires on a large number of Taxi- cabs (where they could be competitively observed and carefully checked up at the end of each day's use) and by comparing their actual performance with that of our own, and other Plain-Treads, of much higher price, we have had this fact forced upon us — Viz: —That there is SURPRISINGLY more Mileage, in Goodrich Safety Tread Tires, than in our own, or any other, make of /y<2/n-Tread Tires. So MUCH more Mileage, for only 5% more Cost looked so good to us that we decided to give Car Own- ers the benefit. Here's what we now offer _yoa.' The bett Non-Skid Safety Tread ever put on the market, and it costs you only S'/c more than our best plain tread tire. The B. F. Goodrich Co. AKRON. OHIO Goodrich fair-usted tires There's satisfaction when your engine hums along without a hitch. And good fuel helps a lot — good old- fashioned gasoline like Ked Cf own ^Ae Gasoline of Qualii\ The kind that's clean, quick- burning, with snap in every drop — every drop the same. Standard Oil Company (California) San Francisco THERE ARE INNUMERABLE BARGAINS CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD NOT FAIL TO LOOK FOR THEM. 18 ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD and A R IVI CSTABI.ISHKD iftM I RRIGA.TION Member of Audit Dnrean of Circulation VOL. 27 JULY, 191S NO. 7 Issued Monthly at Hearat Building;, San FranclHco, Cal. Conntrr Lite FublUhlns Co., Publlahera D. J. Whitney Editor U. \V. Hill AdvertlHlng Manager Wm. Tyler Smlth.-Clrcnlatlon Manager Eastern OHlce Wallaee C. Richardson (Inc.) 41 Park Row, New York Middle West Office Jamefi A. Buchanan, Marquette Bldie., Chlcaiso SL'BSCRIPTIOX RATES. Bv subscription 50c per year, three years for $1.00. To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 24c per each year. Foreign, by subscription, 36c extra per each year. 5c per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the Postoffice of San Francisco, Cal., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Publishing Company, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. Copyright, 1915, by Country Life I>nb- llshlng Co. Permission to Publish IVIII Be Granted Only on Request. These are the needs of the farmer: As a human being, to live well, in comfort, in pleasant intercourse with his fellow men, to have his children grow up sound in mind, body and character; as a farmer to grow crops well, to make his ground produce bounteously and yet retain its fer- tility; as a business man to get his goods to the consumer under condi- tions profitable to them both. These aims one will see as he reads the arti- cles relating to the Farmers" Union in this issue, are the aims of the Union. Born in Texas while the cotton grower was on the verge of ruin and by direct selling securing prosperous prices, the aim of the Union has been fif-st of all to market goods well, to organize the marketing machinery into the hands of the producers. Even in the social or educational side of the Union, the attention has been given to the business side of farming, but at the same time as is said in other places, it is the Farmers' Edu- cational and Co-operative Union of .\nierica. and neighborhood gather- ings for mutual development and progress make the foundation of the Union. First come the Educational and Co-Operative Unions, which are local organizations, with their regular meetings, picnics and other activities not strictly commercial. That is for the social welfare of the farmer, to improve also his knowledge of farm- ing methods and conditions, to make .1 foundation for business organiza- tion. In addition to this there maf be, or may not be, organized business unions by those members who so wish, along co-operative lines, to sell farm produce, to buy what things the members and others need. Xo one but a member of the Educational Unions can take stock in the business unions, but a member of the Educa- tional and Co-Operative Union need not be connected with the business part of the Union unless he wishes. These Farmers' Unions are run along co-operative lines. They are capital stock concerns, paying a small inter- est on the capital invented, and profits, as a rule, are divided among mem- bers in proportion to goods sold or purchased. As in union there is strength, econ- omy and efficiency, the local Farmers' Unions usually organize together to do business through some State wide or larger organization, like the Tri- State Terminal Warehouse Company of the Northwest, or the California Farmers' Union of California. The Educational and Co-Operative Unions are also organized by States and into a great national organization, the Farmers' Educational and Co-Opera- tive Union of America. Help for the Union. Something over a year ago "'Orchard and Farm" told of what a local Farm- ers' Union was doing. From this ac- count at least one strong local union has been organized. A reader, a prominent farmer in his community, said to himself when he read the ac- count, "That is what we need here, provided the story is true." He wrote to the Union manager to find out, was told it was true and was referred to the State secretary and president. To-day in that place there is one of the strongest of the recently formed Unions on the Pacific Coast. W e were informed of this just a few weeks ago, and now, if any readers want more information, a visit by some of- ficer of the Union in his State, or assistance in any way in finding out how best to organize, write to per- sons whose names are given else- where in this issue, or to "Orchard and Farm" direct. We would par- ticularly like to give expression to any questions or criticisms and have them explained by the officers of the Union. Organization by farmers to conduct their own marketing is bound to come and is coming; gatherings for neighborhood welfare are a social necessity; better get what is to be started started right away, whether it is a Farmers' Union or something else. There has been some criticism of the Farmers' Union because it was too ambitious, because it tried to do too much. At the beginning this was doubtless true, for with the optimism of youthful organizations the or- ganizers saw things that ought to be done, dreamed possibly of accom- plishments that only inexperience could suggest, but as time has gone on aims and methods have been ad- justed to what experience has shown to be possible, and the Union was never making more rapid progress than it is to-day, never has it had better business success. As it is growing in size, strength, standing and experience, its power for good to the farmers is steadily increasing and it has greatly benefited, not only members, but others, in the cotton and tobacco districts of the south, the wheat country of the Middle West and the Northwest, and wher- ever it has spread. Its aims and suc- cess in any locality are measured by the character and ability of those who compose it, and that, after all, is the most important fact in all organiza- tions, in all co-operative effort. The editor, as it has happened, has been closer in touch with the work of the Farmers' Union than any other farm- ers' organization, and feels that how- ever well this issue will take, it has hardly done justice 'o the subject. Perhaps next year, if we have an- other such nuiTiber. we will do better. Opportunity for Stock Men. .\ couple of years ago as the re- sult of a series of dry winters, car- load after carload of dairy and other stock were shipped from California into the Northwest. Then came the two warm, wet winters, when the ground was filled with moisture, the natural pastures becoming thick with grass, the streams and irrigating ditches filled with water, and alfalfa a drug on the market. Conditions were satisfactory for dairymen, but bad enough for those ranchers with broad acres of irrigated land, hun- dreds and thousands and sometimes tens of thousands of tons of alfalfa, practically no stock to feed it to and no market. West of the Cascades, a natural stock country, with the mild climate and abundant rainfall, dairy- ing continues to make rapid strides, but many farmers very foolishly feel that because dairy prices are not up to the high level of a year ago and over, dairying is not very good, and so dairy cattle prices are rather low. One reason lor moderate cattle prices is that good dairy bulls have been used so long. Jerseys mostly, that they can spare lots of heifers and cows and still keep on increasing their herds. Since dairy stock went north by the carload two years ago, dairy stock can go south, or to East- ern Washington and Oregon, with ad- vantage to the sellers, and with the creation of a market for cheap, al- falfa hay, the greatest stock food grown, for the buyers. What is true of dairy cattle is true in small part with other stock, especially sheep. That is the way we figure it out after being over the district. What can be done about it may be a different thing. HOME Improvement IN OUR NEXT ISSUE WHAT LASSEN DID TO THE FARMS. To Orchard and f arm: The first re- ports sent out regarding the damage done Hat Creek Valley ranches by the eruption of Mt. Lassen are so misleading that a report at this time when all is quiet and peaceful will no doubt assist in correcting that which was imagined when all was ex- citement. Alt. Lassen is near the south line of T. 31 N., R. 4 East, and Hat Creek s south line is Wilcox's ranch on the south line T. 34 N., R. 4 East. Hat Creek Valley extends north from Wilcox through two townships, 34, 35 and part of 36 N., R. 4 East. Except at the Wilcox ranch, where the damage is about $1,000, no real damage is done Hat Creek Valley. Three thousand dollars will easily coyer all damages, including private bridges, head-gates and dams in the creek. The water in Hat Creek raised 16 inches, 12 inches at my place, which is eight inches higher than any previous record for more than 17 years (I came here in 1897). During the freshet the water carried mud or volcanic ashes to the amount of 3 1-10 per cent in solution (by bulk) and had a strong smell of sul- phur. Under a 30 power glass the ashes look like quicksand. These ashes settled along the banks of Hat Creek and covered part of the natural meadows in depth varying from one-half to si.x inches. The al- falfa lands are higher and no damage is done the fields except at Wilco.x's. The alfalfa fields are looking fine and are now nearly ready to be cut. I will commence cutting to-morrow, No lava came from the mountain and the freshet of water was caused by a cloudburst over Mt. Lassen. L. H. SULLIVAN. Hat Creek, Cal. AN EDITOR'S ORCHARD. .\lthough they say that an agri- cultural editor usually makes a big enough failure when he starts to farm, there are exceptions. E. H. Shepard of Hood River. Oregon, editor of ■'Better Fruit." has one of the finest and best cared-for orchards in the val- ley. In 1913 his Newton pippins ran 80 1-2 per cent extra fancy and 7 1-2 per cent fancy, with only 12 1-2 per cent C grade. The whole crop ran 92 1-2 per cent fancy and extra fancy and only 2.9 per cent five-tier. Only 3-10 per cent were wormy and there was less than 1-4 per cent of scab. The bearing orchard produced 1,000 boxes to the acre, which brought $1.35 per box. The cost was 60 cents a box to grow and pack, the net profit being $700 per acre. On a recent visit it required a long search to find an apple with scab and the orchard is notably free from leaf roller and other insect pests or dis- eases. Results are due to knowing what to do and then doing it. — D. J. W. GROWING OIL-BEARING PLANTS. I desire some information on the growing and cultivating of berg*, mont, lavander, peppermint, penny- royal and other herbs of the same class, for the purpose of making oflg. What class of soil is best adapted, etc.?— H. F. Z. .\lbert Schneider. 723 Pacific Build- ing, San Francisco, Cal., and a mem- ber of the faculty of the medical de- partment of the University of Cali- fornia, is a recognized authority on the growing of medical plants and other herbs such as you inquire about. He is the author of a bulletin on the subject, which you can secure by writing to California State Forester. Sacramento, Cal. .\ recent Farmer*' Bulletin on the growing of medicinal plants can also be secured free from the United States Department of .\g- riculturc. .-\fter getting these two bulletins you could write to the nuri- ery or seedsmen from whom you could obtain the various plants, getting prices for seeds and plants and in- formation as to soil, climate and care of same. As you are doubtless aware, the production of essential oils is a very specialized industry. In the Bal- kans and .Asia Minor families have been engaged in the industry for gen- erations. -Amongs the Armenians found in parts of California you may find men very familiar with the work. WORMS IN DRIED FRUIT. Every year we put up for home use a lot of dried fruit without using any sulphur to bleach it. Sometimes the miller flies lay eggs on the fruit while drjring on the trays and, of couric, | later on the fruit gets all wormy. Please let me know if you know of | any chemical that would kill the miller larvae without giving any bad taste to the fruit? Would bi-sulphide | of carbon do? — E. R. Fumigation with carbon bi-sulphidc | will kill the worms. The method has been described before, or instructions | can be secured with the material. Like- wise it is possible to destroy the I worms by heating in an oven for a short time. If the moths have laid the | eggs on the fruit, these can be de- stroyed by dipping the fruit in boiling I water for an instant, then letting the water drain off and putting the fruhl in a dark room, carefully covered, be-| fore packing. Plant lice or aphis do some of the I greatest injuries to apples. The New I York Experiment Station at Genefal has conducted with farmers some CK-I tensive experiments on the subject! and has publishcl a valuable bulletiiii on methods and results. The beitj spraying is done when the aphidesj are gathered on the tips of the bud just while they are opening. Amo^ the mixtures used are: fish oil so 12 to 20 pounds; kerosene emulsio and nicotine solution (40 per cen^ three-fourths of a pint: water, 100 ( Ions; soap, 3 to 5 pounds. The crop report of the U. S. _^ partment of -Agriculture for June in- dicated that crops in general for thel whole United States were 1.6 perl cent better than average. Conditiofsl are better in the West than in tll«| East. Washington crops were 104 Oregon 103.9 and California 112.8 per cent of average. Winter wheat aci age was. on June 1. 111.6 per cent ten year average, and condition a tie better than average, though not up to that of a year ago. People who are troubled with fiel and conditions. Remember the ex- ^ ceedingly low price — $685 delivered. a Then write us immediately. HUGHSON&MERTON,lnc. / / / Hnglison & Merton, Inc. (Write nearest address) Date I'aclflc CuoHt DlMtributorii 530 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco. 1229 South Ollre St, Los Angeles. 329 Ankeny St., > Portland. ^ /Gentlemen : Please mail me a ^ copy of your Free m> ^ Tractor Book. Name Address 18 ORCHARD AND FARM of dark Brewster green with fine hairline striping of ivory white. It has the same powerful, economical thirty-five h<^ power, four-cylinder motor, but Tveighs less. It has high-tension magneto ignition. It has the same underslung rear springs. It has the i venient arrangement of electric control buttons on the st ing column. Spec Underslung rear springs 33-in. by 4-in. tires; non-sltid in rear Demountable rims; with one extra Electric starting and lighting system Handsome catalogue oil The Willys-Overland New Models Now on Displ ORCHARD AND FARM 19 15 Less Than Last Year las the same easy-working clutch which any woman Irate, the same "easy to handle" shifting levers; the [asy to steer with" wheel : the same positive brakes. las 33"x4" tires, which is unusual on a car at this petail, finish, mechanical fineness, comforts and con- ks, this newest Overland gives you all there was in 75 Overland and even more power. And it costs you but $750 — $325 less than last season s large 35 -horseporver Overland. This car is on display at our dealers, being made now all over the country. Every Overland dealer already has a waiting list. Place your order immediately and you can be sure of a speedy delivery. 20 ORCHARD AND FARM Pointers for Pork Production Molasses and Skim Milk. Dairymen vvlio use molasses with their skim milk for hogs arc greatly pleased with results. A quart or two quarts of molasses diluted to a syrup and added to a can of skim milk makes a food which is more eagerly consumed by the pigs than skim milk alone and the results of the feed are better. Molasses itself is inexpen- sive, so its use is very profitable. All animals like sweets, and sugar is a very nutritious food, every bit of it being quickly and easily digestible. With skim milk it makes tlie best kind of a combination. Whole milk is a perfectly balanced food, but the skimming bj' removing practically all the fat leaves the milk greatly over- balanced with protein. The sugar in molasses is a carbohydrate, lieing composed of just the same elements as is fat, thougli in a different form, and the addition of fat to the skim milk brings it back to its proper balance, adds to the palatability of the milk for hogs and the sugar in the molasses is easily absorbed by the system. Alfalfa also is over- balanced with protein, and when molasses can be added to a ration consisting largely of alfalfa, it is a great benefit. This is just as true ill dairy barn as hog pens. Corn Charcoal for Hogs. This is from the corn belt, but it is good wherever corn is raised and fed to the hogs: "It looks like a waste to sec a lot of corn cobs scat- tered around where the hogs have been fed, that sometimes have been there for more than a year when they can he turned into such usefulness by raking them up into a winrow; then taking a fruit can half filled with kerosene, dipping a cob in it, light it with a match, and putting one every three feet apart in the winrow. You will soon have a fine lot of charred cobs. When they arc sufficiently burned to make a char- coal, take your rake and scatter them a little, and the fire will go out and you will have a grand lot of cob charcoal. Sprinkle a little salt over tliem and when they are cool, invite your pigs in. They will leave the trough where they are feeding and rush to the charred cobs as an ap- petizer, furnishing just what they want." Breeding for Big Litters. A breeder of big type Poland Chi- nas tells the .American Swineherd of his results in breeding for big litters. In spring he marked all his sows having ten or more pigs and saved them for fall breeding, also six fall yearlings out of a litter of twelve. He also purchased a fall boar out of a litter of ten. bemg over a year old when first used and strong and healthy. The result of the combina- tion was the largest litters he ever had. running from eight to thirteen. Too many farmers make the mis- take of breeding verj- young on both sire and dam side and thus decrease the number in litters continually. In the corn district too much corn for the sows also decreases the size of the litters. sole alfalfa and skimmed milk ration is believed by some to have the same effect. The Boar in Hot Weather. Henry Fesenmeycr. one of the leading Eastern swine breeders, gives the following advice on the accom- modations for the boar during the summer: "There is absolutely no need of letting a boar die because of hot weather. In the first place, you must prevent any sows from coming around the hoar's lot during the hottest part of the day and get- ting him all worked up out in the hot sun. You should have a shade where there is plenty of air circu- l.nted. Rest is a rather low shade open on all four sides, cover top with material that will shed a cold rain that is liable to come late in the spring or early in the fall. "Nail a two by four scantling all around the bottom of the shade edge- ways. Then get a load of fine sand and you will have a nice moist place all day for your boar, and can go to town or visit your neighbors with perfect assurance that your boar will keep cool. The sand will hold moist- ure a long time. It also keeps your boar clean, which you cannot do with a mud hole for him to lie in. "Furthermore, your boar will not be as liable to get rheumatism as he will from lying in water or a mud hole. He will look a lot better if a visiting breeder should come to your place and desire to see him. You can put him out on dress parade safely and satisfactorily." Grain Sorghums for Pork. The Kansas Experiment Station has proved that where milo and the grain sorghums are available, corn is unnecessary for pork production. Several lots of hogs were fed on corn and the different grain sorg- hums, together with other materials to round out the ration, and the grain with sorghums was very near that with corn. For 100 pounds of grain there was required (with the tank- age, alfalfa hay and shorts) 334 pounds of ground corn, 340 pounds of ground milo, 346 pounds of ground kafir, 357 pounds of ground feterita and 371 pounds of ground kaoliang, or 488 pounds of whole kafir, plus an added amount of shorts and tank- age, or 482 pounds of kafir heads. Tile extra cost of feeding whole kafir was very high; kafir in heads proved much more profitable than whole kafir. The cost of 100 pounds gain for the various rations was: $6.29 for ground kafir, $6.48 for ground feterita, $6.18 for ground milo, $6.75 for ground kaoliang, $7.13 for ground corn, $7.94 for whole kafir and $6.13 for kafir heads. The cost for ground kafir and shorts fed half and half was $6.60. Ground corn cost $1.42, ground sorghums $1.10, whole kafir $1 and kafir heads 70 cents per 100 pounds. HORSE BOOK. Can you give me the name of a good horse book containing a clear description of the ailments to which the horse is liable and treatment for same? — W. The Bureau of Documents of the U. S. Department of Agriculture pub- lishes a book on "Diseases of the Horse." which is the most complete thing we know of. The price is. or used to be. 65 cents. This is strictly .i veterinary book. "The Breeders' Ga- zette," Chicago. 111., publishes "The Horse Book." by Johnstone, which covers the subject in other ways as well. NAMES OF BREEDERS WANTED. The .\merican Society of .\gricul- tnrc requests "Orchard and Farm" to announce to livestock breeders that it is preparing a list of breeders of pure bred livestock, as a guide to its mem- bers in making purchases and would like every breeder who will have stock to sell to send in his name. The so- ciety is especially anxious for tlic names of small breeders who are ju'^t getting started. Names will be pub- lished in the society directory with- out charge. The society will enlarge its 1916 directory to include field seeds, like corn, oats, wheat, barley, clover, al- falfa, potatoes and other classes of seeds. Breeders should write to A. M. Bar- rett, American Society of Agriculture. 732 Federal street, Chicago. III. WANT AN AUTO? GET ONE FREE JUST A LITTLE EFFORT IN YOUR SPARE TIME AND YOU'LL RIDE LIKE A "PLUTO." LONG LIST OF PRIZES GIVES WIDE OPPORTUNITY OF LANDING ON TOP. High class automobiles, the best that the market affords, are awaiting for the biggest vote getters in "ORCHARD AND FARM'S" big Subscription contest. Are you going to be one of the lucky ones? Is it going to be your good fortune to annex one of these fine cars without It costing you a single cent? Have you enrolled yourself as a candidate? If you have not, it's time for you to wake up! Here is the opportunity of a life time, the offer which Orchard and Farm makes to your is unparalleled in the history of farm papers. For comparatively little effort on your part and without the outlay of a cent. you can become the owner of a first class machine. EASIEST WAY TO GET AUTO. Do you want to pos.sess a car? Well, it'.s the easiest thing in the world. Get Into this big contest — be alive! Join the Ambition Club. The rules that govern this great game, including a complete list of the fifteen prizes offered and other valuable Information, will be mailed to everybody making application. EVERYBODY HAS A CHANCE. This contest is by far the most attractive that has ever been held. The conditions governing it could not be more generous. In the first place everyone is eligible, man, woman or child, except employees of Orchard and Farm or their relatlve.s. In the next place, all will be winners. If you do not win one of the fifteen big prizes offered you will receive 15% commission on the subscriptions you secure, regard- less of the amount you turn In or the time you are in the contest. Again, you need not be a resident of a city. You have a much better chance if you happen to live In a small town, or out in the country next to the farmer who Is interested In subscribing for a farm paper. What greater inducement do you want? But don't let the grass grow under your feet. Everyone Is getting ready to nominate himself or herself, or to nomi- nate a friend and then get in and boost. Hundred.s and hundreds of in- quiries are being received by the contest editor. He will be glad to • x- plain anything you want to know about the game. BIG PRIZE FOR LITTLE WORK. This is a chame you cannot afford to miss. Here is a first-class, up- to-date auto Just waiting for you, and you need exert comparatively little effort to get it. Above all, remember It will not cost you a cent. As to time a couple of hours each day, after working hours, will do the trick. Just get Into the contest and let all your friends know that you are a candidate, and you'll be surprised to see how quickly they will jump In and help, and how rapidly the votes will pile up. Act while others are deliberating, and get away to a flying start. Then keep busy every day of the contest, which will last until -August 10th, and you will find yourself away up at the top of the list. You will then be the proud possessor of your own automobile — th« dream of your life will be realized and It will not have cost you a dollar, THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE COTESTAXTS AND THEIR VOTE STANDING: Mrs. D. v. McBrlde, Johannesburg, Cal 136,000 Mrs. F. E. Schroeder, Alton, Cal 134,600 C. D. Yoder. Standard, Cal 133.900 R. A. York, Oakland, Cal 129,600 Miss Anita Mendonca. HolUster, Cal 129,600 Mrs. R. B. Hunt. Goleta, Cal 126,700 Mrs. P. A. Bonnev. Ashland, Ore 125,200 Miss Mabel Mason. Richmond, Cal 125,000 Mrs. H. P. Landis, Standish, Cal 124,900 Mrs. Frank Bowerman. Richfield, Cal 124,800 H. L. Reed, Mill City, Nev 124,700 Mrs. Lillian Wells. Gold Hill, Ore.-- 124.250 Alvln Langfleld. Sacramento. Cal 122,400 Mrs. W. J. Brazil, Santa Cruz, Cal •- 122.300 G. A. Wales. Newark, Cal 121,800 Miss Ethel Sheffield. Yreka, Cal 19,100 L. V. Bennett. Modesto, Cal 18,400 Mrs. Geneva Fletcher. Santa Rosa, Cal 16,70t > Melvln M. Fraser. Mendocino City, Cal 14,760 Miss Tessie Lane, Cottonwood, Cal 13,40» * Mae P. Joaquin. Morgan Hill, Cal 13,400 W. J. Arr^strong. Llvermore, Cal 1S,JM Mrs. Harry Banks. Selma. Cal 12,900 George Heinbockel, Tracy, Cal 12,B0#" John A. Blount. Fresno. Cal 12,60» Dean W. Self ridge. Boise. Idaho 12,300 Laura Chastaln. Gazelle, Cal 12,20» Miss Elsie W'aughtel, Winters, Cal 12,J0» S. E. Bates. Stockton. Cal 12.000 Mrs. B. J. Morford. Sebastopol, Cal 12,000 Helen M. Grae, Wilbur. Ore 1 1,600 Mrs. Madge Seawell. Cliico. Cal ^ — i< ll,3**i Miss Fave G. Ellis, Simi, Cal ll,S0t/ George B. Woodworth, Wlnton, Cal 11,300 E. -V. Mclntlre, Kelseyvllle, Cal . 11.300 Benedict Spaan. Berkeley, Cal 11, SO* Irene Leoni, Merced, Cal 11,300 Mrs. Jennie R. Taylor. Tracy, Cal 1 1,300 M. J. Ford, Gilroy. Cal 11,300 Miss Ona T. Wendt, New Pine Creek, Ore 11,300 Mrs. Llllle Brown. Callstoga. Cal 11.300 Miss Julia Lopez, Nordho". Cal 11.300 ORCHARD and FARM HEARST BLDG.. SAN FRANCISCO ORCHARD AND FARM 21 THE DAIRY COW AS A PRODUCER OF WEALTH Consider the dairy cow as a wealth producer! Her other name is "ready cash"! From her such sources of retenue as butter-fat and skim-milk flojfcv! f Who but the cOw is the originator of; the "cream check"! Animated machine though she be, the consumer of his silage and his roughage, isn't she the one friend of the farmer that fattens his bank account twelve months in the year? Nor is this all! She is the mother of the calves and the sole author of the sustenance from which they are fed the first months of their lives. Fevv cow own- ers appreciate how valuable her warm, sweet skim-milk is for the young stock of the farm! And the yellow butter-fat! What is it but so much gold! Even after the separator extracts the butter-fat from the whole milk all the bone and muscle-forming elements are left. How warm, sweet separator skim- milk makes the calves, the pigs, the chickens grow! And it comes from the cow! For every dollar's worth of fod- der fed her she returns 100 per cent in dividends. Instead of robbing the soil of its fertility by selling oft your produce, feed it to the cow! Then the solid and liquid wastes from her body! Do they not keep up the fertility of the soil? In con- verting hay and grain and grass and silage into milk and money isn't the manure her most valuable by-prod- uct? What a boon the dairy cow is to the impoverished soils of "run- down" farms that lack many of the elements that make plant life flour- ish. But there is still another source of revenue from the dairy cow. Even her old, worn-out body, about to suc- cumb to wear and tear, has its mar- ket value! Her carcass can be sold to the butcher and her hide to the tanner! Farmers are deeply indebted to the dairy cow! They are on her "pay roll"! She furnishes them a steady cash income in fat months and in lean and she makes their fields more fertile and productive. Blessed be the cow! How could the world live without her? What a blessing she is to babies and how indispensable she is to adults! Con- sumers of dairy products — men, women and children everywhere — echo the sentiment: blessed be the cow! All people pay homage to the source of their sustenance, to their humble servant, the uncomplaining cow! Benefactor of all mankind! And how much the cow contrib- utes to the wealth of the commun- ity! Her very presence makes the mother earth more productive. She not only tends to elevate and en- rich her owner, but she furnishes food for his family and he sells the surplus to his neighbors. Cash cir- culates more freely and merchants feel the stimulus of such a steady flow of milk-money! No cream check, no cowl Few men who form partnerships with the cow ever complain of hard times! If they treat her kindly and develop her milk producing possibili- ties intelligently they never consort with the chronic calamity howlers who outrage nature by bankrupting their soil with grain crops and then blame failure on the political party in power! Pages and pages could be written in praise of the dairy cow! But "So, Bossy" needs no lengthy culogium. Her name is so linked with pros- perity in the minds of farmers, bank- ers and merchants that her achieve- ments alone entitle her to first place in the hearts of those who follow agricultural pursuits for their liveli- hood.—De Laval Monthly. CO-OPERATION PROFIT- ABLE TO DAIRY FARMRES Dairying is rapidly taking hold in Lane county, Oregon, around Eugene and the Eugene Farmers' Creamery as a farmers' organization is one of tlic things that is making dairying profitable. It has been in operation a number of years, but only as a farmers' organization for a little over a year. Manager Harphem was a former owner and manager, and so was able to step into the business when it became a co-operative cream- ery without difficulty. The capital stock is $6,000, shares being $25 each, paying six per cent interest. Additional profits arc divided among members in propor- tion to the butter fat shipped to the creamery. Fat is paid for on basis of top Portland market and in addi- tion for a while an extra dividend was declared of 1% cents a pound, but from now on dividends will be made only semi-annually or annually. One reason for good prices is the local market, both for butter and but- termilk. The latter pays the rent. Besides manufacturing and selling, the creamery has bought much feed for members. Last winter it pur- chased ten cars of beet pulp direct from the distributors and five cars of oil cake meal, besides many more cars of various kinds of milled feed, saying the dairymen $7,000 over retail prices. Now it has arranged with a local wholesale house for members to secure feeds there at a small ad- vance over wholesale prices. As a farmers' organization it has reduced the cost of dairying and added to dairy prices, saving at both ends. AN IRRIGATED HOG RANCH. Although alfalfa is the standard crop for stock production in irri- gated districts, John P. Daggs & Sons of Modesto have only seven or eight of their thirty-acre hog ranch in al- falfa, finding this about the right amount. Although this is a breeder's ranch and methods are somewhat different than would be used in mere- ly producing hogs for the block, there would be little change in the system as far as the land is concerned if the hogs were simply raised for slaughter. Hogs are pastured on the alfalfa, which IS later plowed up and planted to barley and corn, and other land planted to alfalfa in its place. By this system there is a rotation of crops and all the land sooner or later IS renewed by a stand of alfalfa, and the alfalfa is new enough to be in first class condition. TTie 20 odd acres not in alfalfa are kept producing steadily by the use of irrigation with barley and one or other of the grain sorghums, of which fetenta has met the highest favor the last year or so. In the fall barley is 'planted, and in the early summer when the barley is harvested feterita or another grain sorghum is planted, and so on until alfalfa is set out. Some other stock is also kept on the place and buttermilk is hauled from the creamery and fed. Although al- falfa is such a fine producer and ex- cellent feed, grain is needed to make the best kind of a hog. and the com- bination of barley and feterita with alfalfa makes a profitable use of the land for hog raising. Of the barley, beardless barley is mostly grown, as its absence of beards makes it a much better feed than ordinary barley for hogs and Mr. Daggs claims that it is fully equal with him to bearded barley in acre production. This is one of the best known hog ranches on the Coast and the Durocs from it are well known from their show ring records and otherwise. Faint heart ne'er won Dame For- tune. 1613 Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. II REDWOOD TANKS AND SILOS. Water Troughs, Windmills, Frames and Towers. Steel and Wood. Prices the lowest. BROWN & DYSON 644 So. Center St., Stockton, Cal. GOING TO BUILD? Send for our 140-page catalog of Lumber, Sash, Doors and Builders' Supplies. We save you the middle- man's profit. Contractors' & Bnilders' Supply Co. 1401 Sth St., Oakland, Cal. o n o aoi 30mimoE ono u o D o This Coupon Represents 10,000 FREE VOTES Toward the prizes offered by ORCHARD AND FARM in its Free Gift Automobile Campaign when properly filled out and accompanied by one yearly subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM at 50 cents. Name of Sub R. F. D.- --Address Votes are for Name of Candidate Address Only One of These Coupons Will Be Credited to Each Contestant. ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. aonoi aoi SEE PAGE 30. || 22 ORCHARD AND FARM What Makes the Ideal Jersey Cow -An Interview With John B. Stump & Son- John B. Stump & Son of Mon- mouth, Oregon, are Jersey breeders who have tried to combine breed type and production to the fullest extent. Their herd could well qualify as a show herd, and breeding, selection of new stock and culling is all done with the idea that every animal in time will closely conform to the ideal Jer- Pauline Chryitantbeinum Who W'lU Make Over 700 PouudM of Fat in a Year. sey type. Production is equally em- phasized and official testing is con- ducted with the purpose of hav-ing only high producers as well as fine lookers. The task of getting high producing animals of ideal breed type is not a double task, or a doubly hard task, because form' and pierformancc naturally accompanv one another and exceptions are normally unnatural. To illustrate the success in securing type in this herd, in the National Dairy Show in 1913 it had the junior and grand champion female, besides a number of other strong winners, to say nothing of what it has done in Coast shows. In the herd, which is not a large one, there are three cows averaging over 800 pounds of butter in a year and 21 cows averaging over 567 pounds om butter. The herd has been awarded from the A. J. C. C. four gold and four silver medals. This is to indicate that type and produc- tion can well run together, and the following statement of Mr. Stump's views relates to the connection be- tween the two in what constitutes the ideal Jersey cow. — Editor. Three things are required for an ideal Jersey cow: type, production and reproduction. The three are very much dependent one upon the other. Without considering type, which helps include constitution, and by breeding with thoughts only of production, the breeder in time will have only a cow, no more a Jersey than a Guernsey, Holstein or Ayrshire, no matter what kind of stock he started with. In fol- lowing the idea of production and ignoring type, he is working against the interests of dairying, he develops an animal of less value to the dairy- man than a good animal of the real breed type would be. The best thing for the grade dairyman, the best thing for the breed, is to have animals of the breed type, with the fullest atten- tion to production being given all the time by the breeder. Production. It is possible to find animals well toward the ideal in type that are poor producers, producing well for a time, perhaps, but not holding up. With these exceptions, type naturallv indi- cates production, or the capacity for it. Practicallv everything called for in the breed ideal, whether the breed be Jersey er Holstein, has an inti- mate relation to production, or con- stitution, which is almost the same thing, \vhcn these things are ignored in the effort for production the breed suflers and the stock deteriorates. There is a natural love for the beau- tiful in the human mind, or in the mind of all creation. It is the hand- some always which is admired and chosen in mating, and in this nature rules wisely. \\ hen the attractive- ness of the type is ignored results arc bad. Truencss to type indicates strength and vitality, the welfare of the progeny. It is not, as many dairymen think, among them many breeders, that size and roughness indicate constitution. Rather the contrary is the case. The symmetrical, well proportioned well put together individual is nearer to the race ideal than the large, angular, clumsy individual and safer to breed from in every way. Size is no indi- cation of constitution, roughness, any- thing but proof of production. The well proportioned small cow normally is the persisterit milker, the kind that pays. If the scales and the Babcock test alone were consulted it is quite cer- tain that before a great length of time the fore udder would be getting smaller and the hind teats larger. In a few generations the cows would have hanging udders, with the front teats giving only a pint or so. And it stands to reason that a good cow with two working teats will not give as much as one with four. This is only one example of what breeding with the idea of production alone will do. Good, square, well balanced, well developed udders are among the most important things for a breeder to think of, but every time anything in breed type is lost sight of constitution and production ultimate- ly will suffer. Constitution and Reproduction. These arc very closely bound up with type and production, but not the same thing. Type will indicate con- stitution, but not prove it. A cow may make a wonderful record of pro- duction, whether she has the right type or not. but be of httle use after- ward. If so, she will show lack of constitution. She might give an exceptionally large yield of milk and not breed again. That would also show lack of constitution, or whatever it showed, she would be no good for anything except the fat she alone would pro- duce. This makes the three necessi- ties, type, production and reproduc- tion, all closely related and yet dis- tinct. That is why a breeder has to specialize on production with type and cannot progress properly with type alone. Island or American Type. For the Jersey breed (ignoring troubles in other breeds) one of the most unfortunate ideas has been the thought that there was an "Island type" and an "American type." "I have asked many breeders," said Mr. Stump, "to describe for me the island type of Jerseys and without exception they have described what a perfect Jersey should he. I have then asked them to describe the American type of Jerseys and they have without exception been unable to even make a start at it. There is no .American type of Jersey for the breeder to breed to. "There is but one true Jersey type. A cow might be bred for generations from American stock and have the type, or be imported and not have it, but from what T have said of the ne- cessity for breed welfare in follow- ing type closely, it shows the bad break that a breeder makes in tak- ing rough cattle under the mistaken notion that they are on that account rugged and breedmg from them. The WiUiams Patent Portable Alfalfa Mill With Sack Packer Can be driven with Steam, OH or Electricity; 3 sizes, one, two and three tons per hour. Don't haul hay, HAUL THK MEAL. Address Oliver J. Williams, 266 Market St., San Francisco Write (or Bulletin .\u. !,'>.'>. Under the glass, that smooth looking spindle is *^ as rough as sand-paper. But the ground mica in n\CA AXLE CREASE fills up this microscopic roughness. It's a good lubricant itself and forms a smooth, slippery, heat-resisting, wear resisting coat- ing. Thus m very little Mica Axle Grease applied occasionally preserves this lubricating film. Standard Mica Axle Grease saves time, money and scored •piodlet. Dealcri eTerrwhcrt. Oil ompany (CalifoiDii) Breed welfare can only be secured by following breed type." Show Ring vs. Official Testing. The error, which has never misled the best dairymen, that there was n conflict between type and production (an error not limited to any one breed) grew up in a very natural way. Long before the matter of testing \yas emphasized, the natural competition was in the show ring. Very naturally, breeders with the best formed cattle got the cream of the patronage. Men who wanted fine stock purchased them from cows and bulls which stood highest in show ring competi- tion. This left the breeders with rough stock in a bad way, and as official testing developed, they turned to it as the only fcasable way of making a reputation. Meanwhile the men with show stock, satisfied with their popu- lar success, for a time left the official testing to breeders who had no other way to get before the public. These by working cows under test for all that was in them, put out some big records, no greater perhaps than show cows could have made, except that the latter were not called on for it. Soon, very naturally, people were buying bulls from cows with records and their owners said of course, "Show stock is one thing, production another." But later when breeders of show stock began to put them under test it was proved that type and production went hand in hand, the typy cow was usually a fine producer, the typy bull the best sire. Naturally not every show animal is a heavy pro- ducer or every heavy producer a model of type. One thing you will notice is that practically all heavy (Continued on Next Paite) QUALITY BERKSHIRES OUR BERKSHIRES ARE NOW BETTER THAN EVER. They are bred right, fed right and priced right. We have all the promi- nent blood lines, and always have four to six herd boaia in use. Try us the next time you want Berkshlres. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm WOODLAND, C.VLIFORNIA. BLACK LOSSES suRay prevented by Cuttsr'i Blackleg Pllli. Low- prtcfti. fresh, reliable: preferrtd by We3t«rn atockmen becau.so they pft- M MM toot wher* other vacclnea fall. I ■ - M ' Write for booklet and testlmonlala. I 1^ ^ « lO-doM pkge. Blackleg Pilli SI.M J-^V^ 50-do»e pkge. Blackleg Pilif 4.00 t^sc any injwtor. but Cutter's be^ The supcrlnrltT of Cutter products la due to orer 15 years of stHcliilt/hi);: In vaccines and serums only. Insist on Cutter's. If unnhtAlnable. order dlrwL THE CUTTER LABORATORY, Berkeley. Caliroral» Hopland Short -Horns Hopland Berkshires All Stock Registered. Bulls of highest quality. Young Sows and Boars of finest breeding and type. Prices on application. Hopland Stock Farm IKH'I, AND, ( ALIF. ORCHARD AND FARM 23 Miscellaneous Livestock Pointers Reasons for Baby Beef. Baby beef is looked to as an in- creasingly promising product of in- tensive fanning, and with the large amount of surplus alfalfa and the necessity for getting something to consume it, baby beef appears to have better prospects in irrigated districts than anywhere else. Steers used to go to market four years old and over, but baby beef can be turned off at from 13 to 20 months with the probability of still further -reductions in age by improved breed- ing and better feeding. Good baby ■beef commands a heavy premium in the market. The U. S. Department of Agri- •culture in a recent publication sum- marizes some of the reasons for baby beef. 1. Younger cattle make more gains on the same amount of feed than older cattle, but it is neces- sary to push them from the time they are dropped. Grain should be given from the start and the calf should not khow when it was weaned. 2. Money invested is turned taster in 18 months instead of five ^ears. 3. The herd kept can be smaller and feed once given to two and three-year-olds can be fed to cows land the output thus increased. 4. Open heifers market just as yvell as steers provided they arc marketed at less than two years, and they will finish better and make bet- ter use of their feed. 5. The baby beef market is the most stable of all cattle markets. This applies more to the East than to the Pacific Coast, but in each case there is no surplus and the mar- ket is ripe to be educated to quality. Results with . gopd breeding and hearty feeding in the East indicate that the alfalfa grower need fear no danger of small returns if cattle pro- duction is properly conducted and the njarketing machinery properly de- veloped. Treating Sheep Bloat. Sheep, like cattle, may bloat on alfalfa and other clovers and death may result from the paunch being ruptured or breathing being pre- vented by pressure on the lungs. To treat for this trouble, hold up the sheep's head and put a stick in the mouth so as to induce belching; stand astride of the animal and press on the distencd region with the knees, or give a pint of raw linseed oil with a teaspoonful of turpentine added. A last resort may be the use ©f a trochar and if that is not on Imnd a penknife may be used to lilake the incision and a reed fishing pole or other hollow tube inserted to let out the gas. The incision should I^B made on the left side midway be- ttveen the hip bone and the last rib, well up on the side. In case of bloat region is always well distended the proper place to spear can- be easily mistaken, uch trouble with bloat may be ijided by takincr precaution in turn- ' on' the alfalfa and clover pas- Never let the sheep into the when hunsrry, but have them filled with drv hay. After once he field keep them there day and t. as they will then cat a little a time and never have an ab- mal appetite. Alfalfa or clover Id not be pastured' too close, as checks the growth and sheen have to be removed until suf- ;nt new growth is made. Then n the sheen are returned they eat too much of these young snrouts, which ferment and e bloat. is advic. which is taken from a tana bulletin on sheep, which is ood that every prospective sheep raiser should get it, shows that in spite of claims to the contrary sheep can be very successfully raised on alfalfa. This opens very promising prospects to the alfalfa growing stock man. Hot Weather Horse Hints. In hot weather flies are very troublesome and annoying to the work horses. Fix up a switch of some kind which will dangle from the throat-latch so that it will con- stantly swing as the horse moves. Then, to keep those small flies from bothering the horses' ears which work on the inside surface of the ear and fill themselves up with the horse's blood, just take a little clean grease or oil (if nothing else is to hand lubricating oil will do) and cover the inside surface of the ear with it every day or so. It will be found that a great deal of the head- tossing which occurred before the application of oil will cease. Give the horses a little longer rest at noon during the hot days. More work can be done in the coOl morn- ing hours than at any later period in the day, so get up a little eaflier to take advantage of the cool of the day, but don't make the mistake of working to the ordinary time at night. Horses can stand- ^the 'ten- hotir day and do good work, but it is false economy to expect them to do more than a fair day's work. In driving a four-horse team abreast in the hot weather, when flies are troublesome, do not tie them up at the head from bit to bit. One or other is sure to be fhore sensitive to flies than the rest and will con- tinually toss its head up. The result will be that all the mouths will be jerked and eventually the team will become not only an eyesore to the owner but also unfit for a decent man to work. Tie them from the hame to the halter or the bit — if it is absolutely necessary to tie to the bit — then drive the two center ones as the team and have a long cross check from each line to the -outside horse. Care of the Farm Horse. Sore shoulders and sore necks may be avoided by bringing the horse gradually to his work. The best collar is made of leather and with- out pads. The horse will shrink in weight under heavy Spting work, and if you are not careful the collar that fits at first will be too large and bruise the shoulders. It is always well to slip the collars off during the noon hour and to wash the shoul- ders in cold water both at noon and after the day's work is done. Be careful about feeding corn, wheat or barley. If the horse knew enough to mix his hay with these "concentrates" all would be well, but since he does not, any of the grains mentioned may form a compact mass in the stomach that cannot be reached by the digestive juices, and a violent colic will result. WHAT MAKES THE IDEAL JERSEY COW? (Confinnrtl from Pnpre 22) producers have well balanced udders, and as big records increase, the type of the average heavy producer runs toward breed type. Rule out typy animals which can- not produce, keep with the type and select for»producfion, with constitu- tion, tried out bv breeding canacity and continued production, and you have the ideal Jersey cow. You can- not (TPt bv i GOODS S.VLE— All >ew Pack Tomatoes. Oro brand, li cans. 15c; dozen. $ .!MI ToxnAto«s, TaJace brand Solid Pack, each. 10c: dozen 1,10 Corn — Fancy Sugar Oom — try it . per dozen A*Zt Asparacns Tips, per can, lOc; dozen 1.10 AsparagUK Tips, S. & W. brand, per can, 15c: dozen 1.65 SUGAR 2 c alb. CALL, FOR COMBINATION ORDER — — Onr Best Seller 20 Iba. Sugar (fine. diT (ranulatod) 40c 2 caBB of oyftUrs or 2 lbs. of Prunes 2Gc 1 Rack of Rice or 3 cans Carnation Milk.. 25c 3 cans Com. Tomato Puree or 6 bars best Laundry Soap 30c 3H lbs. small White or 3 lbs. Lima Beans 25c 2 lbs. Tea, any flavor, or 3 lbs. fancj Coffee $1.00 1 large bottle FlaToring Extract or 2 lbs. best Coffee 75c 2 Seeded Raisins or 1 bottle Tomato Catsup 25c 1 lb. Mixed Nuts or 2 cans Maine Corn. .25c 3 IbSL Macaroni. Tapioca or Rice 25c 3 pk(c». Washing Powder or 3 cans Cleanser 15c 1 2-Ib. square best Butter or 1 No. 5 pail Pure Lard 65c 1 lb. Prunes or 1 pkjr. Liza Pancake Flour. 15c 1 bottle Vanilla or Letnon 10c Total for all uncbanged 9S.00 Carnation Milk, 2 cans 15^: dozen- Best Creamerj- Batter, 2 lbs Rice, Good Clean Table Rice; 21 lbs CoTe Oysters, 2 cans 15^; doien — Flour, Fancy Oregon; 49-Ib. Sack FREE DELIVERY— VE PAY .Asparagus. Large White, tall cans; per can. 20c; dozen 2.25 Com. Fancy .Maine. 2 cans for 25c: per dozen 1.40 Peas, Fancy Sugar, fine goods; 2 cans for 25c: per dozen 1.40 Peas. Eajitern, per can, lOc; dozen 1.10 String; Beans, cut and stringleu. 2 cans for dozen 1.40 String Beans, Eastern, per can, lOc; dozen l.OO Baked Beans. Campbell's Urge cans, 3 cans, 2.^: dozen l.CO Tomato Hot Sauce, Del Monte brand. 6 for 23 Tomato with Chile Peppen, each, lOc: dozen 1.20 Fancy Table Peaches in heary syrup. 2 cans for 2.'» Fan Core Oysters, good grade. 2 cans, 15c; dozen 90 Silrer Tliistle Oysters, extra select, 2 cans. 2.'>c: dozen 1.4 90<^ 55^ $1.00 90<^ $1.85 THE FREIGHT 100 MILES. FREESE ta COMPANY Phone Went 2.1. 1260-66 DiTisadero, Comer Ellis, San Francisco. I MARKETING ON THE SQUARE Is done by the California Farmers' Union, Inc. Producers who ship to us get exactly what their produce brings In market, less only customary charges. We solicit handling your produce on the basis of absolute relia- bility of our sales reports and prompt settlements. This is a farmers' com- pany, owned by producers, and is growing because it deals fair and square. Let us have a part of your next shipment. Correspondence invited. CALIFORNIA FARMERS' UNION, INC. Main omce 112 Market St. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. store S15-M8 Front Would $25 a Week Interest You? Would you like to be free to do your own bidding and earning $25.00 a week or more, as you choose? Vour own boss? We seek a representative for Orchard and Farm in your locality. We do not wish a canvasser. We seek the clear-eyed, energetic type of man or woman, the aggressive person, who will represent our publications with credit not only to themselves but to us. Acting as the representative of this company you are assured a business training that will broaden and develop you, besides paying you handsomely. We allow a stated commission on every subscription, whether new or a renewal. You can And no work that Is more remunerative than acting as our representative all or part of your time. You will agree with us after you have learned of our plan. We will explain this when you assure us of your interest. It will not obligate you in any way. Address ORCHARD AND FARM. HEARST BLDG., S.\IV FRANCISCO. ARIZONA LIVESTOCK CONDI- TIONS. Livestock conditions are good in the Southwest, according to Dr. R. H. Williams of the Arizona Agricultural College. Last fall the Southwest sold more good livestock of beef making age than ever before. If the European war continues as long as seems likely, cattle are certain to break all records. The range in Arizona is at present at the best it has been for years and stockmen are confident of a good calf crop. Prices have doubled in the last four years and it is the prevailing be- lief that prices will be higher this spring than ever before. Last fall yearlings sold for $32 per head and bids of $32 have been offered already, but many are holding for $33. In San Joaquin county, California, County Agriculturist Frank Lyons states that trials by farmers of disc- ing and plowing under straw have given much better yields than fields where straw was burned and there will be much more of that done this year. DIVIDEND NOTICE The Germao Savings and Loan Society (The German Bank) 526 California SU San Francisco For the half year ending June 30, 1915, a dividend has been declared at the rate of four (4) per cent per annum on all deposits, payable on and after Thursday, July 1, 1915. Dividends not called for are added to the deposit account and earn dividends from July 1, 1915. GEORGE TOURNY. Manager. Orpingtons, Buff and White BIacIc MinorcA.i and CumcAiix PigeoilH. Kst^ r dnctd from J-'. I" $2.r<0 a wllinj. Hi«h r« ttock rhcsp if taken in Julj. MRS. St'SAN SW.WSGOOD, U.nite 2. Pomona. Oal. ORCHARD AND FARM 23 Methods of Successful Dairymen -By M. Sejrmour- In a previous article, I stated that he successful dairyman practiced cer- ain methods and that the unsuccess- ul dairyman practiced certain other nethods and that the distinction in nethods is plain and definite. I will lere try to point out some of the nethods employed by the two ■lasses. In the first place, let me explain hat by unsuccessful dairymen I mean hose that make no marked progress n the work, rather than ' those who vholly succumb to the efifects of mismanagement. Few dairymen ever to broke. The business is such that feme kind of a living is extracted from even the grossest mismanage- nent. By successful dairymen I nean those who forge ahead steadily, ear after year. Unsuccessful Dairy Methods. Perhaps the greatest difiference be- ween, the two classes of dairymen is hat of mental attitude. The unsuc- cssful dairyman hesitates, runs his lairy far below its capacity, goes into he business just heavy enough to reate all the expense and consume nearly as much time as if running full apacity, yet falling far short of full apacity on returns. His lack of con- idence in the success of the venture prevents him from investing money n good cows, hence he usually keeps he unprofitable kind. For the same cason, he hesitates about arranging lis equipment so that his work can )c done rapidly and systematically. i\'ith one eye still riveted on the ilmighty dollar he reluctantly spent or poor cows and equipment, he is irevented from seeing clearly the teps he should take to get the great- st profit out of that which he has. We find that the unsuccessful dairy- nan keens no records of individual iroduction and as a result each cow lands an equal chance of being sold 0 the butcher or of being retained in he herd to perpetuate her kind, re- gardless of her fitness. Some do not ■ven keep a record of the herd as a .vhole and thus wait for years before hey find whether or not the work is 1 success or a failure. Unimproved Stock. On most dairy farms, heifer calves ire grown with which to supply the lerd with cows and for market when I surplus accumulates. The unsuc- cessful dairyman, keeping no indi- vidual records, fails to realize the vast Jifference between individuals within his herd and when a buyer comes to take away the surplus, he invariably takes the best, leaving Mr. Poke-easy 'lairyman to perpetuate the poorer pnes and thus revise his income down- i\vard. The sire used on such herds IS usually an accelerator in the re- vision downward. We have seen all the above conditions on dairy farms and no figures are needed to convince ps they are unprofitable. We will mow try-to depict some of the methods ^ised by many of our dairymen who are making records on the credit side jof the ledger. The Successful Dairyman. I In the first place, the successful flairyman usually starts with a good "supply of faith and determination. He knows that if any business can be made to pay, it must be conducted along certain well defined lines, and |!ie follows them methodically. We find this class of dairymen exercising Rreat care in the selection of the herd. In some cases where the be- ginner is not a good judge of cows, he employs an expert to select his cows. The diflference in the pro- iluctiveness of cows is so great that lie places this matter of selection above all others. Personally, I think the selection of a bull of still greater importance, but I am sorry to say 'hat many of our successful dairymen are placing the selection of a bull second to that of the cows. Records of Production. We find nailed up to the wall be- hind the cows, a monthly milk sheet on which are recorded the weight of each milking of each individual cow. A spring balance milk scale which automatically deducts the weight of the bucket is fastened near by and with a pencil, tied to a string, the out- fit is complete. At the end of each month, the milk sheet is taken to the house and a new one tacked up. The figures are totaled and each cow's total weight of milk is multiplied by the percentage of biitter fat which has been ascertained during the month by means of the Babcock test. At the end of the year, each cow has a credit of a definite amount of butter fat which puts the cow's value in tangible form. This calls for some detail work, but dairymen tell us that it pays bigger profits than any other work done about the dairy. We have dairymen who tell us how much butter fat each cow gave last year with as much exactness and with the same pride as a city father tells you the salary of each of his sons working in the fac- tory or shop. Continual Spring. Our wide-awake dairymen have noticed that spring grass acts as a stimulus to milk production and that a cow, even though she has freshened in the fall, gives an increased yield during the spring months. Eagerly taking advantage of this physiological fact, they are now providing spring conditions throughout the year. Shel- ter is provided for the winter months and shade for the heat of summer. Green feed is supplied three hundred and sixty-five davs each year and all months look alike to old brindle as she chews her cud and grunts forth peace, contentment and profit. Cows at Full Capacity. The successful dairymen of Oregon try to run their business to full ca- pacity. This fact has two applica- tions. First, they try to operate as large a herd as the farm will carry, realizing that the cost of production is lessened as the factory increases. Second, they try to urge each cow to her maximum production. The cow's first toll at the feed rack is her main- tenance ration. If fed a maintenance ration only, She produces milk for a while at the expense of her body and then goes dry. She must afterward eat enough feed to regain that which she lost. There can be no profit from such a system. Our best dairymen have learned to compare a cow with a steam boiler which, if kept going at full blast, produces a wonderful amount of energy which the steam engine can turn to profitable use. If the head of steam is once allowed to fall, the power is crippled and an in- creased amount of fuel is needed to bring the production un to the former reading. Regular Milking. Students of cowology have learned by experience that the cow is the greatest creature of habit we have. Any change in her daily habits breaks into her production. Our most suc- cessful dairymen try to milk af exactly the same hour each day, milk the cows in the same rotation and supplying all wants with equal regu- larity. When a change of feed is necessary, the change is made grad- ually and never abruptly. Contetment. Milk is elaborated in the udder at the time of milking from cells, stored up during the interval between milk- ings. The less energy needed to keep up bodily temperature and to trans- port the body over rough and ex- tended pastures, the more energy can DIRECT TO YOU FROM MANUFACTURER Do You Want a BEAUTIFUL SILK NECKTIE FREE? Read Why I Do It: — I am in the Mail Order Shirt Business and I want every man who reads this advertisement to become a regular customer, so I can afford to make this BIG OFFER. Finest Grade Shirts that generally sell for $1.50 and more $1.00 3 in a box for $2.75. and a beautiful silk necktie FREE— any color you want, in= eluding the latest P. P. I. E. (a beauty). These shirts are guaranteed for 6 months. Your money returned if you do not keep them, or if they wear out within the guarantee. I REPRESENT AN ENORMOUS SHIRT FACTORY AND SELL DIRECT TO THE CONSUMER. A SMALL PROFIT AND A LARGE BUSINESS MAKE MY METHOD PAY. Tell me about what you Hke to wear in stripes or figures and style of bosom, whether plain or pleated, and I bet I can send you just the shirt you want, as I have a stock of over J."!©,©©© to pick from. If you are not satisfied send them back to me and I will gladly return you your money. j. j, , The "three In a box" offer means — three shirts, assorted colors, which is the right way to buy shirts. Be sure to give size and sleeve length when ordering, also to en- close P. O. or Express Money Order. WRIGHT SHIRT CO., 112 Kearny Street., S. F. be stored in the udder cells. The cells are best elaborated into milk when the cow is in an agreeable frame of mind and enjoys perfect contentment. We find our best dairymen hauling the green feed to their cows in prefer- ence to allowing the cows to go after it in sparsely grown pastures. We also find some of them running all their hay and green feed through a feed cutter, having found gasoline and machinery cheaper than cow energy. They also try to have perfect harmony and companionship between the cow and the milker, and eagerly guard the cow against any excitment that might cause her nervous structure to iiiter- fere with the very delicate operations going on in the udder at milking time. With the above conditions provided, each cow is made to produce her maximum throughout the year. If her maximum production under such conditions still fails to bring a proper return, as shown by the record sheet, she is sold to the butcher and an- other cow takes her place. Under this system, we find the herds of our better class of dairy- men growing better each year. If cows are to be sold, the records are consulted and the poorest producers are selected for the buyer and the good ones are retained in the herd to perpetuate their kind. Green feed in the form of silage, kale and roots for winter, clover, vetch, alfalfa, oats and corn for summer, help to fool the cow into believing it is spring the whole year round; an abundance of the above green feeds supplemented with hay and grain, keep the cow working to full capacity; kindness and regularity keep the cow in proper mood for greatest effort; and lastly, the milk records point unerringly to the guilty robber that fails to return the necessary profit. INCREASED EGG PRODUCTION. There are approximately 300.000,000 laying hens in the United States, and these average about 70 eggs each per year. Increase this number to 80 eggs, and the additional output, at 25 cents per dozen, would be valued at $62,500,000. Double the average yield, making each hen lay 140 eggs, and the increase in national wealth would amount to the sum of $437,- 500,000. Pacific Coast Fair Dates Tancouver (Canada) Exhibition, Vanc©nTer, B. August 14tli t© 2l8t. S©nthwest Washington Fair, Centralia-Chehalis, Wash^ August 23d to 26th. Columbia Birer Interstate Fair, Vaucourer, Wash,, September 6th t© 11th. Walla Walla C©unty Fair, Walla Walla, Wash., September 13th t© 18th. Spokane Interstate Fair, Spokane, Wash., September 13th to ISth. Washington State Fair, North Yakima, Wash., September 20th to 25th. Oregon State Fair, Salem, Ore., September 27th to October 2d. Ariz©na State Fair, Pheenix, Ariz., ]V©Tember 8th to 18th. Cascade International Lirestock Show, N©rth Yakima, Wash. NoTember 22d t© 27th. Western National Dairy Show, Seattle, Wash., November 8th to 13th. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement In ORCHARD AND FARM 26 ORCHARD AND FARM Dairy Hints From Here and There Veal From Jersey Calves. A farmer with several liigh-grade Jersey cows in I'olk County, Oregon, was said to have made good profits by vcaling his bull calvei>. The edi- tor of Orchard and l*'arm asker him about it and found that it consisted in letting the calf such twice a day until the time that it was six weeks old, or large enough to veal. He claimed that the extra weight was so great, over pail feeding, and the quaJ- ity of the veal so good, that it was profitable to raise calves this way when it would not be profitable to raise them for veal a» calves are usu- ally raised. The first week's milking is saved by letting the calf suck, as it would not be used, except for hog or chicken feed, and only five weeks' whole milk are used. The calf, morn- ing and night, is given first chance at the cow, being taken away as soon as it gets playful on account of its ap- petite being supplied, and the milker finishes the job. The method is not given as a recommendation, but simply for what it is worth. • The important feature seems to be that letting the calf suck makes a bigger, better calf than pail feeding. Breeds Compared. In a comparison and classification of the four principal breeds of dairy cattle, they rank as follows; With reference to amount of milk produced: Holstein, Aryshire, Guern- sey, Jersey. With reference to richness of milk produced: Jersey, Guernsey, Ayr- shire, Holstein. With reference to yellow color of milk: Guernsey, Jersey, Ayrshire, Holstein. With reference to size: Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey. With reference to early maturing qualities: Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Holstein. With reference to the amount of butter fat produced, there is very lit- tle difTcrencc between the breeds. There ,is more difTcrencc between in- dividual cows of the same breed than between the breeds. Individual cows of the Jersey, Guernsey. Holstein, Ayrshire and Brown Swiss breeds have made over 1,000 pounds of but- ter in one year. There have been more high butter records made by Holsteins than by any other breed. One Prevention of Garget. Although milking a little before calving cannot always be recom- mended, it proved an excellent pre- vention of garget in one case, accord- ing to Hoards Dairyman, which re- lates the experience of a noted Guernsey breeder in Wisconsin. It was a case where relief to an udder from too great distension before calv- ing prevented trouble. He said: "1 have a cow of great capacity, but which last year bothered mc greatly with constant udder trouble to the extent that at one time she was giving milk from one quarter only. When she aifain freshened we watched her carefully and milked out the greatly distended udder a week or so before calving, and she came back with four quarts 4n good condi- tion. .She rrave fifty pounds of milk a day for throe months." Buying the thin Ones. A certain farmer, according to an Eastern paper, who Jiad been very successful, gave as one of the rea- sons for his success the fact that he bought cows which had not been brought un to their possibilities, put them in good shape and sold them, rather than buving stock which had always been given the best kind of attention and would therefore cost the highest nricc. When a young man and deriding to start dairving. he wanted to go out and buv cows which he knew were fine lookers and good producers. His wife said No, the price would be too steep; better buy good cows that had been ne- glected and put them in shape him- self. He did so, and by the time they were looking as cows ought to look and giving milk as cows should, he had an opportunity to sell them at a big advance, took it and repeated the process. There is always a de- mand for good-looking, good cows. The ordinary man who has good cows will not sell except at a stiff price, so there is profit in buying stock with good possibilities which they have not been given opportunity to live up to^ treating them right and selling them, if there is a demand, or keeping them if Lliere is not. What Good Feed Is. .\ dairyman was speaking of the value of alfalfa hay and other good feed, and said, "What I want in the way of feed is something that will keep the cow milking right up to the time of calving, if you would let her. With poor feed you may have to buy a lot of grain or milled stufi to keep the cows milking right, but' when they keep on milking strong and you havft. to go short on their feed in order to make them go dry, then you know that you have feed that is feed That is what alfalfa hay does." So that is one way to tell whether your feed is as it should be or whether you should feed more gain. Unprofitable Separators. This is what an Eastern county ag- riculturist writes: "I am testing skim milk and find that about two out of three hand sep- arators arc not skimming as they should. On a basis of 100 pounds of milk per day, fifteen out of twenty machines tested ar? running on an average of $2.1.,')6 of butter (fat) into the skimmed milk annually, the ex- tremes being $7.20 and $100.80." Wedges Show Dairy Type. The first impression one gets when viewing a high-producing cow, or a photograph of a high producer, is the marked angularity and thin, loose-jointed appearance. The thin appearance is not a condition caused by lack of feed, but the animal is well-muscled and neat, with the hair and skin in goofl. healthy condition. The angular conformation is best de- scribed by the term wedge-shaped. The dairy cow has three wedges. A wedge is noticed when the cow is viewed from the front, from the side, and also from above. The first wedge mentioned is formed by the withers being sharp at the top and the chest being wirle at the base. The depth through the rear part of the barrel and udder tapcrinjr to the neck and head forms the wedge as viewed from the side. The wedge, as seen from above, is formed by the extreme width throufh the hips gradually tanering to the sharp withers. The wedge shape is not extremclv pro- nounced in all dairv rows, but is usu- .tIIv found in the best animals. Feeding Dairv Co'^s on Alfalfa Hay and Pasture. T ooerate a dairv on shares. We have plentv of good nasture for the cows: p-ras": kn'-c high, bur clover, swc-f clover and saU grass. We feed alfalfa ''av in the barn at milking time. For t''c best recite or the big- eost cream check, should I trv to keen tb'' rows in as loner as possible at milkine time in order to urge them *o eat more hav. or is t'^e crass the hirrtrost- cre-im '■•tilldrr' J know that "riin hav would bp th^ proner thing, but as "-e do not have it. we are after th" riirht track nursiie tmder our elrcitmstanres. T have been keeping fhp co"-« ''ti .ibout one honr to one and a half hour and give iust what DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY Oakland, Cal. Wayne, 111. PERCHERONS OUR HEADQUARTERS: Until December 1st will be maintained at Barn No. 8, Live Stock Division, PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, SAN FRANCISCO, where we have a choice selection of PURE BRED, IMPORTED stallions and mares on exhibition. IN THIS VIEW HERD CAN BE SEEN THE BEST THAT FRANCE PRODUCES Buyers can make selections from this Great View Herd. Prices reasonable. Terms to suit. Ask for Souvenir Catalog // you rvant the BEST — a prize winner or a coming cham- pion—A GUARANTEED BREEDER or a pair of pure- bred mares, visit our exhibit and make selection NOW. Every animal FOR SALE. Address All Communications to DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY Bam No. 8, Live Stock Division PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION SAN FRANCISCO hay they will eat clean, then turn them out on grass in pasture by night and by day. — Subscriber In our opinion you are now follow- ing approximately the most satisfac- tory methods for your circumstances. Possibly you are keeping them in the stanchions a little longer than is necessary, but if so, it will do no harm. The right idea is to let them have all the alfalfa hay they need and when they arc through eating and only care to nibble, they can be turned out, pro- vided everything is convenint. That and the pasture you have ought to be excellent. There is no use keeping them in the barn simply to make them eat more hay. They will eat what they want and quit, and anyway the pasture is an excellent supple- ment to the hay. After the pasture is dry some green stuff like silage would be good, or a little beet pulp, or some other material that will add succulence to the ration. However, good results can be scurcd without this. The cows will be much better with the pasture than with al- falfa hay alone. You are wrong about grain hay be- ing better for cows than alfalfa hay. It is better for horses and work stock, but no hay can touch alfalfa for dairy cows, except that a little grain hay. if one has it. might be good to nibble on as a supplement to alfalfa. What you are doing is entirelv sat- isfactory, though after the pasture is dry, a little grain or milled food, beet pulp, silage or molasses would increase the milk flow. Have your horse's teeth in condition to properly masticate his food. A lit- tle dentistry once or twice a year will often save many dollars' worth of feed — and frequently the animal's life. Running water in the barn beats a running dog behind the cattle. .\nli lour Drnlrr for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Milrh ('ow«» md rTiickeng and Yonnj Pip and Hogr*. <,'li«ii>e^t f'Kwl in the nurket ti>d»y. If voiir 'Icalcr (irrf^mi't rarry it, addiwi RL DORADO OII^ WORKS 140 California St. San FrancUce The Real Estate Educatoi Contair.ing inside information BO I (TMierally known. "tKiD tf" h Heal E«Ut«, "Pointers." Sp«dB< I.' i7al Forms, for Saft. Exchupt I: iilrlinsand SuretTBhip CuatfMl* i '. >nnt and a »Limulua to the ambitlW Apart frnm the azent, operator or contnrtor. tkv in much to be found in ita contenta that will pio* of girat Tahio to all who winh to be p^^^tcd o Valitatinn. Oontracta. Mnrtfiacps. LeA-e*. Wrt< tiona. rtr. The cost mirht be aiT'^l fi'.' hnn^ times OTcr in one transaction, i.'.-; injrr*. cMl This book retfliU for $1.00. Bj amip mcnt^ we hnre arnmied to ifiTe It free. j-repaid. with .1 new or renewal »iib*chiiH<* t Orchanl and Pann for one year at $1.00. ORCHARD AND FARM 87 SILO BETTER THAN WINTER PASTURE. The sensible thing for a fruit and stock farmer to do when fruit is not bringing in satisfactory returns is to see if he cannot do better by his stock, and there are few better helps ibr that than the silo. With A. ri. Winston of Roseburg, Oregon, it has worked out about like this: 100 acres of hill pasture with the help of a silo crop from nine acres of bottom land has shown itself to have about the same stock carrying capacity as 200 acres of hill pasture alone. This esti- mate is naturally only an estimate. Mr. Winston's main business is fruit and general farming, in which he has more than average success. He also has the 100 acres of hill pasture, wooded in spots, on which he can keep 100 sheep, also give pasture to a couple of horses and half a dozen head of cattle. Last fall he put up a ft-ton stave silo, 12 feet in diameter ind 28 feet high, filling it with corn. With this and the pasture he fed 100 %heep, many of them ewes with lamb^, ^d. eight head of cattle from Novem- ber 1 to about the first of May, having them ready to market a month earlier than they would be on pasture alone at as good, or better, weights. At the same time it left the pasture in such good shape that it was in the best kind of condition for stock in the ring. The amount of grass eaten d not hurt it, although the silage was only a part of what they ate, and they would have gotten the grass down prety clean if they had had nothing else to eat. Only about 1 1-2 inches of silage was fed off a day, or what seemed like from six to ten bushels. Winter pasturage, with the grass lit- tle more than holding its own, is not the best kind of feed, and the silage was just the supplement for it to make the stock keep growing and gain- ing. ' Ir does that for the stock in the first place and then it saves the pas- ture so that in the spring, when the ?rass does come along and reaches its ' best condition, there is so much more of it and it is so much better than winter pasture, that the land can carry a great deal more stock than it would if it had to provide all the feed for the whole year round. If necessary to help the pasture or For any other reason, alfalfa or vetch and oats could be used to fill the sil6 in the spring and stock could be fed a little during the summer also, if/htn the grass; was dry and not all it might be. This might be done also ii more stock had been kept and if it would not have been ajittle too mucli work to add to care oi fruit, but as it is, the silo has proved a big success. With nine acres of corn and work of filling and feeding, it has about equaled 100 acres of good hill pasture. Marks Bros of Roseburg, Oregon, raised two of their Jersey bull calvefe as steers in just the same way they raise their heifers. At about eighteen months they look like mighty pretty cows, save for absence of udder and 'different appearance on lower; sky line, with dairy type showing all over them. As an ornament they might do all right, but for beef — the experi- ment has been all right as an experi- ment, and that is the best that can be said for it. "What's the matter. Tommy?" "O, I'm tired of school. I'd like to go to bed for a week." "Why, how's that?" "Well, you see, I'm in a very awk- ward position. I was next to the I boy at the bottom of the class — and jjhc's left." Honesty can be silent as well as talkative. It's a wise man who knows when. A GOOD BREEDING GRATE FOR SWINE. Breeding crates for hogs are a ne- cessity wncn a good, large, heavy boar IS used and gilts have to be bred. John J^. Daggs ot Modesto, California, says that wlien his boars are let out now, for breeding, they head for the crate right away, an indication of the practical value of the apparatus, though a hog's opinion is of itseu nothing to regard very highly. The best breeding crate is the most simple, if it will work all right, and that is true of everything except fashion and social conduct. We saw an excellent one. at the Modoc orchard,, near Medford, recently, it was just a crate about five feet long and three feet wide, perhaps a little longer, good floor, strong framework. One end was open, other three sides Ijoarded up with one by fours about three inches apart. The boar's fore feet rest on two by sixes at the side of the crate. These are bolted to one of the cross bars at the front, so that the ends near the opening to the crate can move up or down. They are adjusted to the height of the sow by chains slipped over the hooks on the cfbrner posts at the entrance. All the adjustment that is needed is to let out the chains a link or two for a small sow or to take them up that amount as a large sow- is bred in the crate. A bar can be placed front of a gilt in case she is too short for the crate. The whole thing is extremely simple, easily put up, very easily operated, and fully as satisfactory as any crate could be. The benefits of crate breeding are numerous, but it is unnecessary to speak of them here. DEVELOPING A POOR BREEDER. It sometimes happens that an ex- ceptionally fine bull proves a very poor breeder ; he will not be sterile, but will get so few calves that breeding him to cows means that they miss in the majority of cases and have finally to be bred to another bull much later than the breeder would like. In a number of instances poor breeders have been exceptionally fine animals and what calves they have gotten have been well above ordinary qual- ity, so that the breeder hates to lose anything from them if he can help it. Clark Hembree of Monmouth, Ore- gon, whose Jersey herd walked off with the lion's share of the prizes at the 1914 California State Fair and lead other herds in Northwest shows, sold such a bull at the recent sale of the Polk County Jersey Breeders' As- sociation. Although a fine show ani- mal of excellent breeding, he sired only a few calves, and the selling price was small. Best results with this bull were obtained by letting him run with the cows. This is a hilly ranch and the stock gets lots of climbing. This and pasture in plate of stall feeding brought the bull down greatly in condition. Later he was taken in and fed so as to bring him along as fast as possible, and while he was being built up he got more calves than at any other period. In similar cases it seems to have been found that exercise is what is required, that it is better for the ani- mal as a breeder to run in the pasture than to be kept in a pen. Lack of exercise may make a poor feeder, which is one reason for having tread- power outfits. A daughter of Jean Armour, the first Ayrshire cow to reach the 20,000-pound mark, has completed an official record of 14,991 ponds of milk with 599.1 pounds of fat as a 2-year- old. If it isn't readily marketable don't raise it. You need a new SEPARATOR NOW 1st If you are still using some gravity or set- — ting process of creaming — BECAUSE YOUR WASTE IS greatest and quality of product poorest in mid-summer when the milk supply is heaviest. BECAUSE TIME IS OF GREAT- est value on the farm at this season and the time and labor saving of the good separator counts for most. BECAUSE THE SKIM MILK IS poorest without a separator in hot weather and often more harmful than helpful to calves. ' BECAUSE THE WORK OP AN improved De Laval Cream Sep- arator is as perfect and its product as superior with one kind of weather as with an- other. ►nd If you have a very old De Laval or an in- '— ferior separator of any kind — BECAUSE THE LOSSES/ OF the poor separator from incom- plete skimming and the tainted product of the hard-to-clean and insanitary separator are greatest at this season. BECAUSE OF THE GREAT economy of time at this season in having a separator of ample capacity to do the work so much more quickly. BECAUSE AN IMPROVED DE Laval is so much simpler and more easily handled and cared for than any other, and you cannot afford to waste time these busy days "fussing" with a machine that ought to have been thrown on the junk-pile long ago. BECAUSE THE DE LAVAL SEP- arator of to-day is just as su- perior to other separators as the best of other separators to gravity setting, and every fea- ture of De Laval superiority counts for most during the hot summer months. These are all facta every De Laval local agent Is griad of the opportunity to prove to any prospective buyer. If you don't knoTv the nearest De Laval agency simply write the nearest main office, as belon-. DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY COMPANY 165 Broad wav NEW YORK 101 Drumm Street SAX" FRAXCISCO 1016 Western Avenue SEATTLE 50,000 BEAXCHES AND LOCAL AGENCIES THE WORLD OVEE ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Engine,to earn its own cost while you pay for it. mm I GET yonr engine from an Engine Specialist, on any suitable reasonable terms, at a fair price. LOOK AT THESE NEW PRICES! 2H-P, $34.95; 4 H-P, S69.75; 6 H-P, $97.75; 8H-P.139.S5| 12 H-P. $197.00: 16 H-P. $308.80; 22 H-P. $389.66. PorUble Engines ProportloiuUy low. Why pay two prices for any good en^rine, or take I You can pay more than my prices, bat you can't (ret f.nrVSSi?.'? " P"""^ "i^LS" unknown engine, when the better ensrine-valDe from anyone. That's what my Wll il Double tbe value of your land. Buy now. Make bifi profits on this year'n crop. Only $20 to $50. Agents wanted. W. K. MORRISOX 821 Riverside, Dept. H, Spokane, AVnsh. 28 ORCHARD AND FARM COMPLAINT OF THE POULTRY KEEPER From Journal Agricultural Club of San Quentin Prison. I know that it's thought very wise And quite the latest fashion, To study dietetic books And feed a balanced ration. I've read all that the scientists With sapient, deep expounding Wrote of the ills accruing from A mash of wrong compounding. I've learnt that high efficiency Can't all be traced to breeding, But is dependent largely on A system of good feeding. I early learnt just how much fat, Protein and carbohydrates, My hens must daily eat that they May lay and fill up all my crates. Nutritive ratio I absorbed. Ere I to walk was able, My ABC was learned on An incubator table. I tested eggs when other lads Had scarce attained to breeching, I learned to stick and pick a fowl. While they for jam were screeching. I've bred the best of every strain. And prizes won by dozens, I've caponized, and crossed my breeds. Till all my fowls were cousins. There's just one thing I cannot do And all the world may know it, I can't tell whether chicks are male, Or female, till they show it. And yet I know I've much to learn Ere I can make my rental, By selling eggs in 'Frisco's mart. Where "grades" seem accidental. What though my eggs for size, shape, weight Are far the best in town, sir. They are all laid by Yankee birds And so they must be brown, sir. Can no one help me to find out Why patriotic breeders. Who stick to Plymouth Rocks, we'll say. Must follow foreign leaders? Why aren't our brown eggs just as good As those of White Minorcas, Because they are brown, is that to say They cannot also be corkers? Both brown and white should equal be In sight of honest graders. Then lovers of the home-bred stock Might make ends meet as traders. ALTERNATING PERCHES. A farmer who finds poultry a profit- able side line on his farm has two sets of perches for his poultry house. Each month, when the houses are cleaned and the litter renewed, the perches in the house are removed, and the ones held in reserve are placed in position. The perches not in use are taken to an old field, fully one hundred yards from the chicken house and dumped in a fence corner. After being sub- jected to sunshine, wind and rain for a month, it is safe to say that all trace of animal life has been de- stroyed. In the Exposition Egg Laying Con- test the Oregon Agricultural College pen of White Leghorns now leads for the contest and the Oregon cross- breds stand third, White Wyandottes of George Adams, Victoria, B. C, standing second. The four highest hens for the month of May are White Leghorns owned by W'ill Barron ot F.n gland. HOW TO BREAK UP BROODY HENS It is not difficult to break up broody hens provided one goes about it right. The first thing as a lule is to keep her away from her nest, especially if she is placed so that she wants to try to get back to the nest; another import- ant thing is to keep iier standing or roosting, or better still, moving, so that she will not get in a sitting posi- tion. The simplest plan and one that seems to have the most advantages, also one very commonly used, is to have a coop set up above the ground, with either a slat or wire floor, put- ting the broody hens in this as soon as they try to set. Likewise the move- ment of air upward through the slats cools off the fever of setting and keeps the hens standing. It is simple, humane, very effective and the hens are quickly broken up from wanting to set and a hen in a very short time will be laying again. She will not begin to lay quickly if she is permitted to get a good start in setting and the endeavor should be to take a hen as soon as she shows the broody symptoms and break her up as quickly as possible provided that this is done humanely and without a shock to her. Farm and Fireside recently had a symposium on the subject. As varia- tions of the above methods the bottom of the coop was placed only about three inches above ground; in another case it was over a tub of water; in another two it was in a swinging bar- rel or coop so that the coop would be moving around and the hens would be too interested in keeping their bal- ance to think about setting. One correspondent used an alarm clock, set to go off at fixed intervals and left it in the nest; another used a loud-ticking watch and put that in the nest; another put a slate on the nest, which made uncomfortable sitting for the hen, and others used other mate- rials in the nests. Several effective methods used the principle of locking the hen out of the yard so that she would waste her time walking along the fence trying to get back. This we can say from ex- perience is very effective and the hens go back to laying very quickly. It is more effective if they have to roost in some strange place. A variation i» this method is to have doors to the nests and lock the hens out every evening, leaving them to go ,on the roosts for want of a better place to go. One freak method is to put on a bow necktie and the hen will be so interested in the necktie that she will forget about setting. Another is to put a hood over a hen's head and put her out in the yard, .-\nother poultry keeper puts broody hens in a coop with rabbits or other small harmless animals another in a coop on a rather steep slope. It is poor policy to let a hen remain broody and it is easy to break her of broodiness so that she will not be harmed and will soon be laying once more. THE SEX OF GEESE. It is often difficult to tell the sex of geese. More than one gander has been purchased and returned later on be- cause he had laid an egg. Careful in- spection will show that the neck of the gander is thicker than that of the goose. If the flock is started sudden- ly, the geese will lift up their heads and retreat, while the ganders will lower their heads and stretch out their necks, hissing all the time. There is also a difference in the voices. The goose seems to be lower down than the gander. One lady says: "My geese wear their feathers draped lower down than the ganders, and when they are laying, they almost drag the ground. The gander has longer legs." To many a schoolma'am life is just one proposal after another. HILE YOU R83T or us€ your time for other work. I* more Back-break- ing, sweltering drodgerr in preserving fruit ana The Sun does it by heat rays concentrated In the WonderiDl SnnFrnil Preserver Develops tremendous power thro well-known natural principle never before applied. Makes delicious sun- rayed strawberries, Jellit-s. ni.irma- lades. fruit butter, etc. WTTHOCTFUEL Sterilizes and cures all kinds of de- ciduous fruits. Successful everywhere. Can be sent anywhere for a few cents. Cool, easy, economical method. Price$3!)0. Write for circular. L L DOW & SON, Redlands, CaL EGG SIGNS OR TRAP NESTS. In regard to the articles in these columns on securing a choice flock of layers, it can be said that there are two sides to the controversy. On one side are the egg sign enthusiasts who believe in selecting fowls by physical characteristics, as would be done, for example, in the poultry shows, save that show standards call for lots of things that have little relation to egg- laying ability'. They believe that by selecting breeding pens by an eye to conformation a heavy egg - laying strain can be secured. The other class believes that the trap nest provides the final word in selecting layers, although the hens to be trapnesled should first be selected according to physical char- acteristics. This is ii reasonable system, though there is still room for argument re- garding how much value should be given to physical characteristics and how much to trap nest results; also whether the same attention to type would give better results than equal work and attention to trap nesting. The ideal layer should combine proper shape and size with exceptional vigor and busy appearance. .\ctivity or alertness is an important feature. Practically all 200 egg hens are very long bodied birds. Select the fowl which has length and depth of body, large red combs, bright eye and erect carriagge, the first to the feed- in trough and the last to the roost. REGULARITY IMPORTANT. Hens are creatures of habit; if fed regularly, they will come up at feed- ing time, and go off contentedly to the range or roost. If fed at varying times they hang about the feeding yard, and if the meal is delayed, they overeat and may become crop-bound — a trouble sometimes called "Sunday morning disease," because the poultry- man who takes his Sunday nap with- out putting out feed for the chickens Saturday night, is apt to have frequent cases of this kind. A lady who is suc- cessful in getting winter eggs said: "The reason we always get winter eggs is because our hens have estab- lished regular habits, which means good digestion and cotnent. If the chickens or the Blanks have ta wait it is the Blanks — never the chickens. A dissatisfied hen won't lay, and a hen that is not fed when she thinks she ought to fed is dissatisfied." If it is impossible to feed at stated hours, keep the dry mash before the chickens all the time, and throw the day's allowance of grain in the litter the night before. Caring for chickens is less of a bur- den if we do it so regularly that it be- comes a habit to be gone through with mechanially. — Wallace's Farmer. Some folks get the idea that every dog that barks at them is a ferocious beast. They should remember the old saying, "The bark is worse than the bite." Good CIDER g W ill make you big profits, MmuI Cilud aim ud Gnr* Jiin Praun produce 10 to 400 barrels daily All sises, hand or power. All power premea have steel beams and sills. Fully QuaranlMd We m&k« cider evepormtora, aPDl».butter cooken. vinecax Cenentora. cider end Tine- cmr filtoie. Wnte for catAloc HYDRA true PRESS MFG. CO. II LiacalaAve.. M«Bt GOaad. OUik Pacific Coast ReprtaentatlTc* BERGER & CARTER CO., I'th ft Mlsstssiiipi StL Sao Francisco. California. Good plan to have a colt pasture, rather than allow the colts to follow the mares in the field. Dumps Like a Shovel Earth doesn't clof or stick in the .Standard Earth Aucer. Digs wells, post-hole« or holes for any purpose. Standard Well Borlnar Onttt Di^ a 40-ft. well in one day. Will go a* deep as 100 ft. Pure sparkling water all the year around from a "Standard Outflt well." Make $20 a day boring wells for yonr neighbors. Our illustrated folder tails 1^ vou all about It. Endow 2c stamp to coter poataire. WRITE NOW. STAND- ER CO.. 39P W. 34th St., Chicago, m. Prize Winning Orpingtons Buff and White, Black Minorran and Mated Carneaux Pigeosu. Stocks. Chicks and Eggs. Writs .MRS. SC8AN SWAY8OO0D, Route 2. Pomona, Oal. Audit Bureau of Circulations FACTS THE Audit Bureau of Circula- tions is a national association of advertisers and advertising agents. The publisher - members are those who permit the Associa- tion to audit their circulation books and make their reports public. A B. C. Service gives you. cold. jTlt hard fact» about circulation — quality, quantity and distribu- tion. It asKcmbles flfiuret, checkt them, verifies them, puts them in a standardized form so you can ana- lyze them at a glance. You want facts about circulations because i.lu-y mean well-spent advertising appropriations. Orchard and Farm is a charter member of the A. B. C. (Audit Bn- rean of Circulation). Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper In California that has been audited by the A. B. C. Orchard and Farm sells Its space on the A. B. C. basis. ORCHARD AND FARM 2» Poultry Keeping in the Suburbs -By J. E. Dougherty - There is no other kind of livestock that is adapted to so wide a variety of conditions as poultry. They have their place as an adjunct to general farming, they form a splendid com- bination with orcharding, go well with a dairy in utilizing the skim milk to advantage, and when kept in small flocks by the suburban dweller they represent a most important means of reducing the high cost of living. A dozen or so Plymouth Rocks, or Rhode Island Reds, or any other of the popular breeds, in a neat house with a small yard located in the rear of one's lot, are not only an attrac- tive addition to the premises, but they also furnish a very profitable means of disposing of table scraps and good kitchen refuse that would otherwise find its way to the garbage can and from there to the city incinerator or ump — a total waste. Such table scraps and kitchen waste will supply a large part of the neces- sary feed for a dozen or so hens so that very little grain need be pur- hased. Then, too, such scraps fur- nish the fowls a great variety of ma- terials which they relish and which aid wonderfully in stimulating egg production. Good Care Responsible. The writer is convinced, after mak- ng most careful observations, that he good (and sometimes remarkable) success secured by suburban poultry nthusiasts with their little back yard ocks is due to the choice variety of ppetizing materials the fowls get in he form of table scraps and the great mount of attention and care given hem by all members of the family. 11 animals thrive on good treatment nd well repay their owners for good re given them. A comparison of the results se- ured with large and small flocks ould indicate that these results re in proportion to the amount f care given to each individual hen to large degree. This is one explana- lon of the excellent results so often btained by enthusiastic, painstaking uburban dwellers. Feed Requirements. It is not necessary to furnish a small flock of fowls, where a good variety of kitchen scraps are avaiN able, with anything but a small mount daily of some good grain mix- ture in addition to grit, oyster shell and a little charcoal. The grit, oyster shell and charcoal may be kept constantly before the birds in self- feeding hoppers. These hoppers can be made at home of wood with very little help, and at practically no cost at alK if lumber from packing boxes is available. .\ny of the ready mixed scratch grain mixtures are good if one does not care to make one's own. These grains should be scattered in the litter in the scratching pen so that the fowls get plenty of exercise and do not be- l ome lazy and too fat to produce well. 'I'here is a tendency with the dual l>urpose breeds when confined in small \ards and fed abundantly to lay on too much fat, especially as they get older. This will have to be guarded against by not feeding to freely and making them exercise hard in the litter. Kitchen Scrap Mashes. In using up the kitchen scraps to licst advantage it is often desirable to run such things as meat trimmings, i tc, through an ordinary kitchen meat Krinder and to mix these with stale liread or biscuits soaked in milk or water and squeezed dry to form a crumbly, moist mash. A little ground oats, corn meal, bran, middlings, etc.. may be added on occasion to such mashes if needed. Twelve or fifteen fowls kept in this way will require a very small outlay for special feeds and will not only supply the family with about all the eggs needed the year round, but will also furnish the principal item of a good many chicken dinners if some of the broody hens are set in the spring and a few clutches of chicks raised. Good for Children. There is no better experience or training for a growing boy or girl than for them to take care of a flock of chickens. If the flock is placed on a good business footing and the child taught to keep accurate account of all expenses and income it not only teaches him to appreciate and under- stand business methods, but also adds to his happiness and interest, by giv- ing him something to do which is really all his own to manage and be responsible for. The writer recalls one instance where the son of the house had a lit- tle back yard flock which he owned and cared for most assiduously. He kept a careful book account and his mother bought all the eggs and chickens he had to sell at the pre- vailing retail prices in the local stores. Chickens, pigeons, garden patches, etc., handled by children in this way under the intelligent and sympathetic guidance of parents are of immense value when training chil- dren along business lines as well as bringing out the very best in their characters. A love and understanding of animals is a broadening influence to anyone. In conclusion we wish to point out that for the suburban dweller who has a small amount of avilable space for this purpose the keeping of a few chickens is not only a delightful hobby, but also provides a way to economize on household expenses by turning into profit the waste material from the kitchen that would other- wise be entirely wasted. One does not realized who has not given the matter some attention how much good material in the way of left overs from the table, stale bread, potato peelings, vegetable trimmings, bones, spoiled biscuits, cake, etc., is thrown out. If such materials are used to feed a few chickens they are turned into eggs and returned to the larder. During the fall and winter when eggs are selling at top notch prices a daily supply of fresh eggs coming in from one's hens is an extremely important item, es- pecially when most of the materials going to feed the hens are represented b" waste products. IMPACTED CROPS IN TURKEYS. Impacted crops in turkeys is some- times caused by overeating or by swallowing coarse and indigestible substances, such as sticks, pieces of straw or feathers. The contents of the crop may be removed by forcing the bird to swal- low a teaspoonful or more of sweet oil. Then rub the lower part of the gulch. This will soften the contents and they may then be pressed toward the head. Oftentimes this can be done quite effectively by holding the bird head down, and with constant rubbing the greater part of the ma- terial may be removed. Do not feed the bird for several hours after it has been thus relieved. If this plan and simple treatment is not successful, the crop can be opened with a sharp knife and the contents removed through the open- ing. Do not make the opening more than an inch in length. After doing this, wash out with clean, warm water. Take three or four stitches first in wall of crop; after this is completed, take the same number in the skin. Make and tie each stitch separately. Coarse white silk is a [0 Comfort At the sewing table a woman appreciates the comfort of » SniCTTO- Scissors and Shears, because they never mangle the goods, but always cut sharp anc true from heel to point. There are numerous household helps sold under the 7 STU-ETTO trade-mark. Each is the best of its kind and guaranteed to be made of the finest materials by the most skilled workmen TTIflTTft good' •old everywhere — ' j-IM- if you can't get them, write us. PaciBc Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Towntend St. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Levi Strauss & Go's Two-Horse Brand Overalls for Boys I are the best that have ever been made and cost no more than inferior kinds. Look for this label *^ FREE "i^^ Made of highest grade denims, brass buttons and fasteners that will not rust or corrode in the wash; every button-hole corded to prevent pulling out; large white drill swinging pockets (not the old style patch pockets that so quickly wear through). Best-looldng, longest wearing overalls. Manufactured and gmaranteed by LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francuco good material, but if not at hand, use white cotton. Feed on soft feeds for a day or so, keeping plenty of water before the fowls until they are fully recovered. BELLS ON TURKEYS. To those who live in the West where the coyotes are so bad about catching the larger turkeys, says a Texas Farmer's wife, I have found that the best way to avoid this is to get for each turkey a small bell and with a string tie it around the neck. They will not like the noise at first, but they will soon get used to it, and when brother wolf goes to catch one and all of those bells go to ringing he will be ready and only to glad to make his escape. Now this may seem queer to some people, but if it had not been for this remedy many of the Western- ers would have lost all of their tur- keys by the wolves. The Colorado potato beetle is firmly established in Eastern Washington, but the Washington Experiment sta- tion states that it can be kept in con- trol by sprayings with Paris green or arsenate of lead. Live Stock Show Dates at Panama-Pacific Interna- tional Exposition: Horses, mules and asses, Sep- tember 30th to October 13th. Dairy and beef cattle, October 18th to November 1st. Sheep, goats and swine, No- vember 3d to November 15th. Carlots of live stock, Novem- ber 11th to November 14th. Poultry and pigeons, Novem- ber 18th to November 28th. Dogs, cats, pet stock, Novem- ber 29th to December 1st. Children's pets, December 1st to December 3d. 30 ORCHARD AND PARM Egg Marketing by Parcels Post The parcels post has been looked forward to and welcomed as a help in selling farm produce direct to the consumer. Eggs are probably the product with the brightest prospects. To ship eggs well a good package is needed, light enough so that there will be no unnecessary weight to pay postage upon, yet safe and durable. It' has taken time to get egg carriers that will fulfill these requirements, but several are now on the market and the producer can begin to figure accurately the cost of marketing eggs by mail, or by express, which fre- fluently may prove cheaper and more satisfactory than the parcels po^r. The cost depends largely on -'ic size of the package, as the greater the number of eggs, the smaller the cost per dozen of shipment. In cal- culating the cost postage has, of course, to be figured both ways, the full carrier one way and the empty carrier anoijier. The amount charged up to wear on the carrier will depend upon its durability, the number of times it can be used. Tliis can be decided by inspection of the package and' trial of its wearing qualities. The Cost Figured. A one dozen carrier is the least P'-cnomical of all. Taking one of the leading makes of carriers, cartons of this size will cost 10 cents each by the dozen, cents each by the hundred and less by the thousand. Weight empty is J4 of a pound, and filled 214 pounds, allowing 24 ounces to the dozen. In the first and second zones it would cost seven cents to send the eggs to consumer and five cents to return the carton, making a 13-cent cost for postage per dozen between producer and consumer. To this would have to be added the wear on package and incidental expenses. Large cartons are naturally much more economical than this. A two-dozen carton weighs slightly less than V/z pounds empty; making the return postage six cents. Full, it would weigh 4^ pounds, postage 9 cents; total, 15 cents; or only 7^ cents a dozen, plus wear on carton. The rapid decrease in shipping ex- pense per dozea is apparent as the size of carton increases. Such car- tons are quoted- at 15 cents each in dozen lots, or $12 per hundred. Three dozen cartons are quoted at 20 cents each in dozen lots, $16.50 per hundred. The weight empty be- ing 2 1^ pounds, return postage would be 8 cents. Weight fill^d^. be- ing 6 5-8 pounds, postage is il cents, total 19 cents, or a fraction over 6 cents a dozen postafcharges. The six dozen size is also a con- venient size for family trade. These cost 371/2 cents each in dozen lots, weight empty, a fraction less than four pounds; filled, a little less than 13 pounds. Postage thus is 17 cents one way and 8 cents another, mak- ing a verv little over 4 cents a dozen, a very small margin between pro- ducer and consumer. Still larger packages are made up to 15 dozen, or half a case, which reduces still more cost per dozen of shipping, but those described in detail are the ones which normally would be used for the regular family trade between pro- ducer and ultimate consumer. Present Margins. It is a matter of the business abil- ity of the seller and the quality of the trade he obtains that will justify his enterinsr the parcels post business in competition with present methods. Many families, of course, will pay an advance over retail prices for the sake of getting really fresh eggs of high quality. At present, for the San Francisco market, quotation is based on the price between wholesalers. Produc- ers at egg centers get about IJ2 cents less than this. Producers in ordinary farm districts seldom can figure on better than 3 cents below quotation. Where conditions are bad tht; price may run 5 to 8 and 10 cents below quotation. The retailer in purchas- ing from produce man pays about I'/z cents above quotation and puts per- haps 3 cents, perhaps more, on that price, this figuring being made on a close, not a wide, margin. Between the well situated producer and the consumer is, therefore, a margin of 6 to 8 cents at the least and 10 or 12 cents or more between the producer in a location where egg selling has to go through many hands, beginning at country store and ending with the ultimate consumer. There is not any opportunity for wonderful saving by egg shipments by parcels post, but when the producer is willing to ship eggs of only the best quality and can get in touch with a consumer who desires only eggs of a high quality, both can receive great satisfaction and at less expense than under pres- ent egg marketing methods. And the essential point in figuring is not the present margin, as stated above, but the margin offered for first-class quality. Strictly fresh, clean, good eggs always demand a premium and the premium is the thing that will give the egg shipper by exoress pr parcels post his profit. CONTROL OF LICE AND MITES. To Orchard and Farm: I am send- ing you some information on lice and mites which may fee of interest for your poultry department. These pests are a great trouble to the poultry raiser, and n.^ed. incessant vigilance on his part. There are two kinds of lice with which he has to contend. "The larger or body lice find their home among the feathers -of tlie chickens. Hens will usually free tFie.mselves of them wlien provided Viitk ■ 3> proper dust bath. The smaller para-site, or ' the little red mite, is the rmore troublesome. 'When once they Jiave obtained pos- session the only remedy is to fumi- gate thoroughly with burijitig. brim- stone. No living thing can stand that if it is strong enough and continued long enough. Then whitewash the whole inside of the buildings. As in everything else, tfiere is a prevention. These little mites originate on the perches and" are never on the chick- ens' bodies except to feed. Judgina; from experience they have astonish- ing facilities for the reproduction of their species. It is easy to avoid the red mites when you know how. Procure for perches planed spruce joists two by three inches in size and as long as is required. Cover them with hot coal tar and you will have no lice for at least one year. I have perches that were painted two years ago and they have been in constant use ever since, and there has been neither tar nor lice on them since. Everyone knows that this tar is an odoriferous compound. It is exces- sively obnoxious to the lice. Kero- sene or diluted carbolic acid applied to their roosts and crevices is a good remedy.— JAMES STRUSZ. Standing by the entrance of a large estate in the suburbs of Dublin are two huge dogs carved out of granite. .An Englishman going by in a mo- tor thought he would have some fun with the Irish driver. "How often. Jack, do they feed those two big dogs?" "Whenever they bark, sir," was the straightforward reply. $3,000 in Prizes To Be Given Away ORCHARD AND FARJI offers for the next few weeks an automobile gift campaign, which will eclipse anything of the kind ever conducted by a farm paper in the 'West, if not in the entire United States. The capital prize will be a Briscoe Touring Car. The second prize will be a Maxwell Touring Car. The third prize will be an Indian Motocycle. The next ten prizes will be Elgin or 'Waltham 'Watches, $25 value, any style. AN ORGANIZATION PRIZE — a 1750 Kimball Player Piano — will be given to the Club, Lodge or Organization designated by the winner of the first prize. The persons winning these valuable prizes will never regret a little work. Anyone in Oregon, 'V\^ashington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona or California (excepting the City of San Francisco) has the privilege of par- ticipating in this Gift-Giving Campaign, and all have an equal chance. All old or new subscribers, paying or repaying their subscription to OR- CHARD AND FARM, are given votes, which they may cast for their favor- ite candidate. COMPtETELY EdVIPPI^D Nothing More to Boy. IncludlDsr itllent electric Melf-ntarter, electric IlKhtN, icenerator, ODe-man mobalr top, Hpeedometer, hlich-ten- Hion mniciieto, wlndsbleld, etc. 1st Prize— BRISCOE Touring Car. The winners of these prizes will be the persons of greatest energy, most extensive acquaintance, and best organizing and hustling abilities. Send in your nomination at once — costs you absolutely nothing. Thou- sands of people work years to save what you can win in a few weeks' time. The sooner you act the better your chance of success. rell Model "25" S-paasenger touring car iTlth complete equipment. 2d Prize— MAXWELL Touring Car. Special Lodge, Club, School or Organization Prize ATTENTION. ORGANIZATION MEMBERS — A special prize of an SS- uole $750 Kimball player-piano, includ- ing "the studio Library" of $50 worth of roll music, will be given away under th'3 following conditions: The Contestant winning the first prize will be given the privilege of designating the lodge, school, church, club or orani- zation in their territory which is to re- ceive the Kimball player-piano. It is provided that this organization mu»t be a bona fide organization with established headquarters and be in the community in which the leading conte<4tant lives. 3d Prize, Indian Motocycle fompletely equipped. Nomination Coupons Good for 1,000 Votes In ORCH.\RD AND FARM'S Free Gift Automobile Contest I hereby nominate: Address (Only one nomination coupon will be counted for each contestant.) Signed ORCHARD AND FARM SA> FK A>CISrO ORCHARD AND FARM, 31 [ndian Runner Ducks as a Farm Product -By Mrs. M. M. Foster- A good way for a woman to earn in money is to raise Indian Runner ucks. The white and fawn are the ost common kind of Indian Runner lUcks. They are the greatest egg reducing water fowls known and are monly called the Leghorn of the family. The eggs are large and h-white in color as a general rule, shells are thinner and tougher are those of chicken eggs, ucks are unlike chickens in their e of laying, ducks generally lay- just at daylight or soon after; efore they should be confined at t to procure the eggs. The In- Runner duck generally lays re it happens to be, not caring icularly for a nest, have one four-year-old duck, also younger ones, which have laid Sreral different times two eggs in ine day, laying the first egg at day- ight or soon after and the second egg idwecn 4 o'clock and sundown. Two iggs a day from the same duck may lOund to some like the little boy's ish story, rather too large to be true. Some few years back, before I ititrted raising Indian Runner ducks, fhen a party told me they would lay wo eggs in one day I thought it was n impossibility. Three years ago when I had this our-year-old duck confined with a Irake to use her eggs for hatching, he first produced two eggs in onb lay to my knowledge. This time I fathered the usual egg at 6 a. m. ani|l foing into the yard to feed at 5 p. m., found the second egg, which was till warm and of the usual size. Four lays later she repeated this perform- ince. These are the only times in hat year, to my knowledge, that she )roduced more than one egg in any ingle day, as I discontinued keeping I record of her eggs separately. Last year I procured from a flock )f nine ducks ten eggs in one day on wo different occasions. One eg" a day from each duck dur- ng their natural laying season, which S February, March, April and May, 'or ten days to two weeks without ikipping a day is a common occur- ■cnce with my flock. They will lay :or this length of time, then skip a 'ew days and lay again as before. Double eggs are a very common oc- nirrence. Ducks, like hens, if fed for egg pro- hiction, will lay any month in the •car, but under ordinary farm condi- tions they will lay froin the first of January till the first of July. The Indian Runner duck is prac- tically a non-sitter, setting only on rare occasions. I set ten eggs under :i large Plymouth Rock hen, but nine eggs would be enough for smaller lens. .■\fter four days of incubation I sprinkle the eggs once every other day with warm water. This is neces- sary when the eggs are set under bens or in an incubator. This sprink- ling acts just the same as the old duck coming from her swim with the feathers wet would act upon the eggs. In warm weather it would be well when sprinkling the eggs to also inkle water all about the nest, ..If sprinkling is not done the ducks likely die in the shell just before proper time for hatching, as the ill will become too hard for the k to break. uck eggs take twenty-eight days hatch, or just one week longer chicken eggs, he young ducks should be taken ,y from the hen as soon as hed or they are liable to be shed. They should then be put in Tooder of the fireless kind, which previously been made warm for maWe my fireless brooder in the ving manner: Take a small box. say to inches wide by 16 inches long and about ti to 8 inches deep; now remove the top; then take pieces of old fiannul the length of the bo.x and as wide as the box is tall, cut the flannel to witiiin a half-inch of one edge about every inch, making it like a fringe, now lack these strips to the top of the bo.K about every two inches, letting them hang to within a half inch of the cover. Now cut a hole in one end of the box about four inches square, tack a piece of flannel over this opening at the top, pinning the bottom up in the day time. Now bore three or four holes in the top of each end for ventilation. These holes should be at least three-eighths of an inch in diameter. This size brooder will hold ten to fifteen small ducks. Enlarge brooder after about two weeks' time. .\ good coating of sand should be on the door at all times. If more than ten or fif- teen little ducks are kept together you are liable to lose some from pil- ing up cold nights. For the first twenty-four hours after hatching just see that they are kept warm, then give them all the coarse sand they want; also water that the chill has been taken oflf of. The dish that they are watered in should be deep enough so they can get the holes in the lop of their beak in the water, but not large enough for them to drown in. Matter will form in their eyes and in the holes in their beak if they cannot get them under water. Their first feed should then be given, which should consist of dry stale bread crumbs. You may also feed cracker crumbs, onion tops, let- tuce or any green vegetable tops cut or ground up line After a few days you should make up a mash of one part bran and two parts middlings. This mash should be mixed up with sweet milk, if possible, into a crumbly consistency, never sloppy. Hard- boiled eggs, chopped up shell and all very fine, and cracked wheat or cracked corn may also be fed. Ducks should be fed at least six times a day for the first week, then gradually reduce to only four times a day. giving them all they will clean up., removing any that may be left over after ten minutes' feeding. Fresh water should always be at hand for drinking purposes. Contrary to most people's ideas, it is not necessary for ducks to have enough water to swim in, but they should have a pan of water every afternoon so they may take a bath. If ducks are forced they will be ready to eat in about eight to ten weeks' time. When picking ducks it is easier to pick both down and feathers together. There is hardly any time up till a duck is eight or nine months old that it won't have some pinfeathers on it, as they arc continually molting up till this time. Two or three ducks to a drake is about the right number if they are confined in a yard, but if allowed to range at large the number of ducks to a drake may be increased to five or six. If they have access to a stream or pond of water during the breeding season you will procure more fertile eggs. I have procured 100 per cent hatches time and again by following these rules. If you wish to confine the growing ducks, a yard 18 inches high will be hish enough, as ducks do not fly as chickens do. Ducks when sleeping sit upon the ground, therefore should be provided with a dry place to sleep, as damp ground is liable to give them rheumatism. Never hold a duck by ;!ie legs, as the bones arc very small and brittle. Ducks are practically free from lice and vermin of all kinds. I have raised chickens, turkeys and The Beautiful BuMigalow Player Piano Small in She Rich m Tome The Instrument That Makes a Master Musician of Everyone! This modern Player Piano provides all the music of all the world at a remarkably low investment. With the new rythmo- dik and hand-played music rolls, any member of the family can furnish the best music for home dancing-, song accompani- ments or play the masterpieces of the greatest musicians. JOIN THE HUNDRED HAPPY HOME CLUB Members for FREE MUSIC ROLLS We also supply free with each Bungalow Play- er Piano an unrestricted choice from the thousands of hand-played music rolls, selections to the amount of $2.5. Reduced Price to Easy to Pay The Player Piano which embodies all the advantages of instruments costing elsewhere $750 and even $800 may now be had in a beautiful oak, mahogany or Circassian walnut case. By taking ad- vantage of the Hundred-Happy-Home Club Price a genuine Bungalow Player Piano may now be secured for only $485. Specially convenient Happy-Home Club terms of payment averaging less than 50c a day are now being offered. (We exchange any "silent" or "hardly ever used" Piano and allow full value for same toward payment of the Bungalow Player * Piano, which all can play.) r O. & F. E^llers Balldlns 975 MARKET ST Sau Francisco. Eilers Music Co., 975 Market St. San Francisco. \>/ Please send me cata- logue and descriptive , j:^/ matter of the Bungalow Player Piano. HOME OF THE CHICKERING/ J^^^g VUTOPIANO AND PLAYER /Address ducks, ducks being lots easier to raise than either turkeys or chickens. If you will let the little ducks out in the grass every day after the dew has dried off they will catch lots of bugs and flies. If your garden has any worms or bugs in it, turn the lit- tle ducks in and you will soon be rid of all the bugs and worms that gather there. Lake countv, Cal. Scott Darby, a young farmer living near Medford, Oregon, has devised a sliding gate that is opened and closed by an automobile or wagon driving over a wicket at the side of the road approaching to it. The bend- ing over of the wicket toward the gate works a lever which slides the gate back, .^fter the wagon has gone through it bends the other wicket away and this moves a lever which slides the gate back. Swinging gates have been operated in somewhat sim- ilar fashion, hut this gate slides. The apparatus is very simple. The man who "can't afford" im- proved stock cannot, as a rule, af- ford the kind he is keeping. Reading one good advertisement suggests another. "Don't watte yoar money on Himtyalaminam a(«ntifa" Every time you buy a "cheap" cooking utensil you throw money away. Buy "Wear- Ever" Aluminum Utensils and save money. Divide the cost by the time they last. "Wear-Ever" aluminum utensils (five endur* m(r satisfaction. Replace utensils that wear out with utensils that "Wear-Ever" Write for Booklet. •'The Wear-Ever Kitelicn" which telln hinu to improve your eooking. WANTED ^"^^ *o demonsfrfite and sell "Wear- l-Evcr" specialtie.'*. Only those who 1 security will be considered. Tlip Alitnilnum ( ooklnc IJtrn»iil Co., Dept 63, New Kensintfton, I'a. Send me, prepaid, sample 1-quart "Wear-Ever" stewpan, for which I enclose 20c in stamps— money to be refunded if I'm not satisfied. Name Address 32 ORCHARD AND FARM A Catechism on Walnut Culture I Ti'onld like to ask several questions pretainlns to the growlns of Enslish walnutK. 1 — AVbat elevation Is best? 2 — How old are trees before begrinnlng to bear'f 3 — Wbat kind of cultivation is best for them? 4 — How often do tliey need water? 5 — After trees ma- ture can one allow small piss to run in among them f 6 — As we live twelve miles from a railroad, how many acres would be profltable for a family of four on u 140-acre foothill farm? The soil is fine for olives, prunes, oranges, lemons and apples, peaches, pears grapes and flgs. 7 — How far apart does one have to set the trees? S — At what price per pound are they generally jtoldf — Mrs. U. G., Honcut, Cal. The inquirer lives in the citrus dis- trict of Butte county, in the central Sacramento valley, where the valley starts to give way to foothills, where summer temperatures are high and frost conditions excellent. A com- plete answer to all these questions would require a very full discussion of walnut culture, but brief answers will cover a great deal of the subject. 1 — The greatest walnut section of .America, irom which practically all commercial nuts of home production come, is the coast section of South- ern California, with uniform, moderate climate. Walnuts are grown there near sea level. On the other hand the walnut in its original home is a mountain tree and in the Sierra foot- hills at an elevation of 2,000 feet and thereabouts it is meeting commercial popularity. As frost is one of the chief factors in walnut culture it can be said, as to elevation, keep where the frost will not settle and do not climb so high on the mountains that it gets too cold and you can grow walnuts, provided other conditions are satisfactory. And now, just here some sugges- tions as to locations for walnut grow- ing. People until recently have been convinced that only near the South- ern California coast would walnuts be commercially profitable. Recent opinion favors a wide spread planting. Walnut orchards are going in here and there nearly all over the central California valley; in the Sierra foot- hills, in Siskiyou and Humboldt coun- ties, up in Oregon and even back East in locations certainly inferior to the places named, and from what is known of the origin of the walnut, this planting is justified. It even thrives in cold Manchuria. Selection of varieties for location is a big fea- ture. While the walnut does best near the Southern California coast, it can fall far short of that standard, considering land values there and many other features, and still be very profitable. Now let us proceed with the catechism. 2 — Some varieties are earlier than others, some bud wood will come into bearing earlier than other wood, a great deal depends upon conditions. You may get some good suggestions on early bearing from our February issue, though it can be said that the walnut is slower than most trees to come into bearing. Although it will produce nuts earlier than the seventh year, the seventh year on an average is early enough to expect much of a yield, and then it will be only a frac- tion of what a full-bearing tree will give. 3 — Clean cultivation is ordinarily practiced. H there is plenty of water for irrigation, the soil rich or fertili- zation kept up, alfalfa is an excellent thing to grow between trees in a young grove for numerous reasons. Or beans or almost any other crop can be grown between the trees if desired. The deciding factor is whether or not there is water enough for both trees and inter-crops. It seems best to have a cultivated area around the tree where alfalfa is grown. 4 — Many walnuts are grown with- out irrigation. However, the walnut is a liberal consumer of moisture, and irrigation in all but rare cases would be profitable. See that the trees never suffer a particle from lack of mois- ture; and that is the best answer to your question. The amount of irri- gation needed will vary so with con- ditions that a more definite reply would be impossible. For your location keep the follow- ing fact carefully in mind. High summer heat is one of the biggest foes of the walnut, as it burns the nuts, so walnut dealers generally say: "Walnuts cannot be a commer- cial success in interior California." Sunburn in nearly all cases is due di- rectly to the lack of sufficient mois- ture. If you irrigate well you can be pretty certain that sunburn will cut very little figure and commercial plantings can extend over much area where walnuts are not grown now. Likewise in hot locations you will have a big advantage in d6dging in part the two severe foes of the wal- nut in Southern California — blight and aphis. Walnut advantages in a climate that suits the tree to a dot is to a big extent neutralized by the advantage some other places have in less blight and aphis injury. 5 — If the pigs are so well fed that they will not care to molest the trees we should say that it would be per- missible to let them in the grove if you want to. If experience of any of our readers has shown to the con- trary, would like to hear from them. Upon the amount of feed given a pig often depends the amount of injury he is likely to do to fruit trees. Wal- nut bark is not attractive to pigs. Nuts will be. 6 — Walnuts are nice to handle and there is no limit to the acreage that you will find profitable, provided con- ditions are satisfactory and you find the trees do well. The high value per pound and small labor costs make the walnut a good crop where a farm is far from transportation. The limit will be found in suitable acreage. One would say from the list of fruits you mention that walnuts ought to do well, but it is doubtful if you can put out a great number. When any crop pays well it is likely to do so because it is diflicult to find the right places in which to grow it. Walnuts like a rich soil, deep, well drained, well supplied with moisture, rather heavy than light and containing lots of plant food. It is a very particular tree about the soil it wants. Besides your location sees very high tem- peratures in summer and not until you have made a success of a few trees will it be time to go ahead with a large planting, .\uthorities are not absolutely sure by a good deal that walnuts will be a big success com- mercially any place outside of the southern coast counties, however fa- voarble indications may be. 7 — On good, strong soil in an ideal location, sixty feet is about close enough, or say fifty feet, and you can. of course, interplant with other fruits, taking those out later, if you wish. On less satisfactory locations, with weaker soil and smaller trees at maturity, forty feet, or even less, would pass and be satisfactory. 8 — Budded nuts (choice varieties grafted or budded on black or Eng- lish walnut roots') are being sold by the California Walnut Growers' As- sociation for 20 cents. Even if pro- duction greatly increased, it is un- likely that the price would fall much below 18 cents, the producer getting a cent or so less. Budded nuts, the only kind one should plant, are a very small part of the whole, though in time they will take first place. First FOR SALE 800 Unrecorded Pure Bred SHROPSHIRE EWES IX L«>T«i TO SriT. These sheep are large and in fine condition. Can be seen near Flrebaugh. Prices on application. Miller & Lux, Incorporated Blerchants' Kxchauge Illdg., Sau Francisco. grade seedling nuts (the ordinary commercial walnut) are quoted at 16 cents. There is a fine profit in wal- nuts at anything like these prices if they do well, and it can be said with a fair degree of certainty that wal- nuts are a very promising crop over many more fruit sections of the Pa- cific Coast than was believed some time ago. Get your rich, well drained soil and try it, but do not try too much at the start. In our July, 1914, issue there is quite an article on wal- nut growing. We have some surplus copies on hand which we can send to subscribers on request. CATCHING COYOTES. An experienced stockman in a discussion of coyote killing in the Angora Journal states that he has never had success in poisoning coyotes. In trapping also, it is rare that the animals will take fresh meat. It is better to use scents near the traps, and this is a way to make a scent. Place one-half pound of raw meat in a wide mouth bottle, to hold one- half gallon. Fill with water and let remain in a warm place until the meat rots and gives the water a fear- ful smell. To this, when sufficiently spoiled, add about a pint of sperm oil, or lard oil, or some animal oil, and about an ounce of beaver musk or some such scent, though it is doubtful if this latter is necessary. Set traps, several at a place, just off the path with a clump of bushes or high weeds in back of them and the other side of the traps from the path. In the evening make several drags around, not leaving the path, and on the bushes behind the traps sprinkle some scent. Also, stake a rabbit at the bushes, but do this in the morning. Then when the coyote comes along the scent will attract him and as he comes the rabbit will start to struggle and as the coyote goes after him he is almost certain to be caught in a trap. -Always go to the traps of a morning and have about four traps in a place. Keep two traps chained together so that one will act as a drag on the other. WATERING HORSES. An Oklahoma paper tells how a farmer wasted three months water- ing his horses going to a spring 200 yards from the barn. Each trip re- quired a 400-yard walk for horses and man. On a visit of the county agri- cultural agent they talked over the case and decided it would be worth while to try for a well, so did so and struck water at eight feet. On fig- uring it up it was found that in the time the farmer had lived on the place ninety-one ten-hour days were required to water the horses, a great amount of which would have been saved if the well had been developed j in the first place. A WORSE MALADY— A young Frenchman in the sophomore class of an American college was invited to a musical entertainment given by his classmates, where there were sung, in honor of the foreigner, a number of French songs, and they were given in the best American French. "I say. old man." observed one of the sophomores, after the entertain- ment, "I suppose those French songs made you feel a little homesick, eh?" "No," responded the Frenchman: "only sick." Yellow mustard is good for little, but it does happen to be good for greens. "You Saved Me Con- siderable Money" John Rogers of Moore, Idaho, writes us. Mr. Rogers bought one of our "knock down" houses and built it himself. He Is not a carpenter, but the construction of the home was easy — easy be- cause all he had to do was tit the numbered pieces of material together, and "follow the plans." Hundreds of dollars are saved In buying: from us — In initial cost of material — In labor and in the completed home. A home you will be proud to live In. You can eet your home for as low as 1205 — guaranteed to be satisfactory by the Pioneer "knock down" house company of the Paclflc Coast. To-day send for our catalogue — there Is no obllgratlon. Ready Built House Co., 0S4 Broadway, I'ortland, Ore. Tbi^ngh Daylight Serrlce to EUREKA and polntD In Humboldt Ceoaly, Via Northwestern Pacific Railroad Take this great scenic ride, see the glorious red- wood forests, and visit the sportsman's paradise. Won derful opi>ortunities now opened up by this new line. Information and folders mav be had at 874 Market St., Flood Bldgr.: Sausallto Ferry Ticket Office, or on application to J. J. Geary, G. P. & F. A., 808 Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Protect Yonr Ideas — Write for fre* book: patents advertised for sale at our expense. Advice free. P.\TTiSO!t & roMP.*>V, 966 G St., 'WaahlDKtOB, When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement In ORCHARD AND FARM I ORCHARD AND FARM 3S FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE POULTRY VCUBATORS — The Geo. H. Croley Co. Inc largest Poultry Supply House of le Coast, 631-637 Brannan street, San lancisco, is making attractve prices lis season. Write for book. T FIVE California shows I won 112 lirsts 55 seconds, four times best bird 1 show and many other specials, tility and show stocks, eggs and licks of black, buff and white Orp- iietons. Rose and S. C. Reds, white nd blue Leghorns, Silver Campines, nconas, Salmon Faveroles, Polish and Ornish Games. Free mating list, olman Poultry Farm, Stockton. Cal. ETALUMA Hatchery — Established 1902 Can ship day-old chicks to loints reached in three days; six va- . ties. There are fifteen large hatch- ies here, but only one "Petaluma atchery." We challenge the hen. end for free circular. L. W. Clark, etalnma, Cal. IhOUE island red CHICKS, set- I tings, hundreds, thousands; heavy lyers; stock, hatching eggs; chicks iitehed all year; broiler plants sup- ied; modern hatchery. PEBBLESIDE OULTRY FARM AND HATCHERY, II nil yvnie, Cnl. DI LTRY FOR SALE — Indian Runners, 280 egg strain; 5 laying ducks, drake, 50; baby ducks, $20 100; hatching ■KS, 75c; Black Muscovy eggs, 75c; 100 oice White Leghorn laying yearling n.s, $7 doz. Nutman, 205 Page St., I Ik JoMe^ .RITE for prices of White Egg Strain Fawn and White I. R. ducks, M. B. irkeys, Toulouse geese, pearl guineas, S. Haraburgs, S. C. Buff Orpingtons, elgian hares and canary birds. J. ■ ellborn. Warren, Ore. IIFP Leghorn, White Minorca Chicks, Kggs and Stock; quality guaranteed; ices reasonable; choice strained jney, 60 pounds for $3.50. SaudrldKe atchery, Kerman, Cat. RAPNESTED White and Buff Leg- horns — Great winners and layers. ggs, chicks, stock. Arthur R. Schroe- t-r, Alta Meaa, Moumaln View, Cal. RY US for first-class chicks — Eggs for hatching, eight breeds. Prices b'tit. Stock and eggs guaranteed. he Hawkeye Hatchery, Turlock, Cal. KiEONS for sale — Mated Homers and Maltest; Runts, $1 per pair; excelent ilues. BOHEMIA SftUAB LOFTS, ■aHlile, Monterey Co.. Cnllfornin. OR SALl<; — Thoroughbred White Leg- horn baby chicks, $8 per hundred BnkerRhIm Hatchery, Lankemhlm, Cnl. AY-OLD chix — Barred Rocks, R. T. Ucds, Buff and White Orpingtons and urkeys. Enoc Crewa, Santa Cruz, Cal. POULTRY SUPPLIES OL'LTRY shipping coops, all kinds — We also make the California lawn .ving. The original coop men. SEIBEL I KG. CO., 322 Sixth St., Petaluma, Cal. RABBITS ILMORE FARM New Zealand Red Kabbits; rich red, well bred, prop- ly fed; nuf sed. Catalogue free. Ilmore Rabbit Farm, R. 2, Santa Bar- nrn, Cal. ALDWELL'S Royal Red New Zea- lands, scored and sold on merit. Cat- logue free. Caldwell Bros., 2527 San ernando boulevard, Loa Angelea, Cal. LEMISH GIAiVTS — Guaranteed. Have some young bucks and does, 2% to months old. Your pick, $1 apiece; 10 dox. A. L. PREBLE, Hickman, Cal. .ICHEY'S New Zealand red rabbits are pure bred prize winners. Mrs. C. llchey, R. 8, box 557, Los Angreles. FROGS ■ROGS — Investigate breeding big Eastern bullfrogs; unusual possibili- ies west of mountains. Tremendous emand. Aquallfeco, Seymour, Conn. SITUATIONS WANTED IBLE-BODIED YOUNG MAN, 21^ wants position on stock ranch; some xperience; opportunity to learn more niportant than compensation. Address. 'Ith full particulars. Box 1500, Orchard nd Farm. I YOUNG GERMAN WOMAN, who Ts Well experienced cook, wishes place ither in city or on ranch; wages not pss than $35 to $40. Address Box 1195, >rchard and Farm. PATENT^TTORNEYS TENTS that protect are secured brough us; established fifty years. H for free booklet on "Patents." Ue Coast Patent Asency, Inc_ OUR RATE FOR CLASSIFIED advertisements In the Market Place pages is only 3 cents per word for each insertion. THE MARKET PLACE CLASSIFIED Ad Department of Orchard and Farm offers subscribers and readers a low priced and effective place to adver- tise. These advertisements are read because subscribers know they offer bargains. Your bargains should be here. SEND PAYMENT when you send the advertisement. We make no charge accounts of this kind of advertising. Amounts under one dollar may be sent in 1 or 2 cent stamps. Make remittance to cover as many times as you want advertisement to run. ADVERTISEMENTS MUST REACH US by noon of 23d of each month. CHANGES OF COPY must be in our hands by 10th of month preceding date of issue. Address ADVERTISING DEPT., ORCHARD AND FARM HEURST BLDG.. SAN FRANCISCO Orchard and Farm is the only farm paper In CalltonUa with memberahip In The Audit Bureau of Circulations. LIVESTOCK BILLIKEN herd of pure bred regis- tered O. I. C. swine. Sows are far- rowing now. Will have a fine lot of pigs ready for shipment soon. Make your reservations now for singles, pairs and trios. Guaranteed first class in every way. Three herd boars used; new blood lines. All stock immunized against hog cholera. Write for my new circular. C. B. Cunningham, MlUa, Sacramento County, California. BOOKLET ON milch goats, ba^d on 8 years' experience in U. S. and data from hundreds of others; big money in milch goats, but to succeed you must learn their feeding care, breeding and diseases. Booklet tells how. Send 3 dimes; 1st edition nearly gone. B. C. Pub. Co., 203B E. l«th at., Oakland, Cal. REGISTERED Berkshire boar pigs, $10; sow pigs, $12; registered Jersey bull calves at low prices, from splendid cows. J. M. Bomberger, Modesto, Cal. TOGGENBURG GOAT for sale — No bet- ter stock in the country; will sell at bargain. Address NICHOLAS WEBER, Esparto, Yolo Co., Cal. DUROC Jersey hogs from Eastern sows; both sexes. S. S. SonthTvorth, Rural Route 1, Napa, Cal. REGISTERED Tamworth boa7s7^ana- dian and Kentucky strain. Acacia Ranch, Box 206. Tulare, Cal. BUSINESS PERSONALS WE SAVE your river banks with our current deflector and river bank pro- tection device, covered by United States patents. For further information and expert engineering advice consult or write us. The River Current Control Company, First National Bank Bulld- Ing, San Francisco, California. COLLECTION agencies — Rauer's Law and Collection Co.; all collections handled promptly. 4th floor, Marston bids., 244 Kearny at., San Franclaco. References, Dun's and Bradstreet. WE REPAIR, buy, sell and exchange musical instruments; used instru- ments, good as new, sold cheap. Write for bargain list. Bolander>s Fiddle Hospital, 52 Second atreet, S. F. BUSINESS CHANCES AN OPPORTUNITY for blacksmith- Located in grain growing country, having electric power; a business estab- lished for 35 years In the manufacture of threshing tooth with trademark. Boss Tooth. Address SOUNEY BROS., 210» P St.. Sacramento, Cal. ' A GOOD, profitable business for sale, consisting of a PLUMBING AND SHEET METAL SHOf; business first class; reason for sale of same, want to retire. Address P. O. box 254, Los Banos, Cal. ANY intelligent person may earn good income corresponding for newspa- pers; experience unnecessary. Send for particulars. Press Syndicate, 1605 Lockport, N. Y. HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES "SMITHS PAY THE FREIGHT." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our Wholesale to Consumer Catalogue. Smith's Caah Store, 106 Clay atreet, San Francisco. EDUCATIONAL VAN DER NAILLEN'S All Engineering School, estab. 1864. 51st and Tele- graph ave., Oakland, Cal. MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE CLOTHES — All kinds of high-grade tailor-made misfits and slightly used suits for women and men. We buy our clothing from the richest homes in San Francisco and we sell them at very low prices. Women's suits from $3.50 to $10.00; long coats, $2.50 to $7.50; wool- en and fancy dresses, $1.50 to $7.50; men's suits, $5.50 to $12.60; overcoats, $3.50 to $9; good as new ana up-to-date styles; all sizes and colors. Send us your right size and what color desired and we will send you by parcel post an honest bargain. Send money order to M. Edelman, 1017 Howard at., San Francisco. When in the city come and see our bargains. SUCCESSFUL farmers are buying lum- ber from us at wholesale prices; No. 1 dimensions, $9 at the mill. Send us your lumber bill for figures; our prices are lowest in the country on quality lumber. White to-day for free price list. Buy while prices are at bedrock. Pacific Mill & Timber Co., First Na- tlonal Bank Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. SECOND-HAND and new water pipe — All sizes standard pipe and wrought iron screw casing pipe; guaranteed as good as new. Write for prices. Weiss- baum Pipe Works, 167 Eleventh St., San Francisco. BUY YOUR belts from California Belt- ing; Company, 1459 Mission St., San Francisco. FOR CEDAR posts and hop poles write G. R. Kirk Co., Tacoma, AVash. BUILDING MATERIALS AAA — LUMBER MILL WORK, SASH, DOORS, PLUMBING SUPPLIES, ETC. Everything for construction of house or barn, foundation to roof, new and second hand, at PRICES THAT COM- PEL ATTENTION. We are keen for business and offer some extremely low prices, but our ma- terials and service are of the best. SEND US YOUR LIST and we will quote you •>rlces delivered at your home station. Furthermore, our shipments have A MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE. If goods are not as represented you get your money back, together with freight charges. Dan P. Dolan Wrecking; Company, 1638 Mission St., near Twelfth at. SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. BURBANK spineless cactus — I have some of the best varieties of Bur- bank's cactus, which I will sell while they last for $8 per 100. Order early Jerry Wliliama, 402 Amador at., Val- lejo, Cal. SOUDAN grass seed — First-class guar- anteed seed, free from Johnson grass, now 35c per pound or $25 per hundred f. o. b. Santa Ana. C. E. Lewis, R. 5, Box 52, Santa Ana, Cal. BURBANK CACTU.S— Lowest prices. R. VVEHLE, Route 3, Santa Rosa. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS GOLD, amalgam, rich ore bought, cash; assaying, 50c. Pioneer Asaaylng Company, 636 Market at., opposite Pal- ace Hotel, San Francisco, Cal. REAL ESTATE FOR SALE — Four dairy ranches, near Portola; also corner lot, with build- ing containing two-chair barber shop and shoe shop; lot, shop and building $1,200; $950 down, balance on time. Address T. B. Stewart, box 6, Portola, Cal. ORCH.\RD near Wenatchee, Wash. — 12 acres, 6 years old, fine condi- tion, best of soil, small house and barn; sell account sickness; worth $12,000. will sell for $8,000; terms. G. BENINGHAUSEN, Mehlhorn Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 27 ACRES well improved dairy ranch; fine alfalfa, orchard and new 4-room house and barn; deep well. Terms. Owner, box 42, Oakdale, Cal. 550 ACRES; house, barn, stock, tools; $3,750 cash, 25 years pay balance. REX, MIddletowu, Cal. REAL ESTATE WANTED FARMS WANTED — We have direct buyers. Don't pay commissions. Write, describing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable property Free. American In- vestment Association, 8 Palace Bldg;., Minneapolis, Minn. I HAVE SOME cash buyers for salable farms, ranches; owners only. Write C. C. Buckingham, Houston, Texas. AGENTS WANTED AGENTS WANTED to sell spineless cactus; greatest poultry, cattle and hog feed; increases egg production, milk flow and animal weight 25 per cent; least labor and investment, won- derful growth and profit. Luther Bur- bank & Medlterrauean Spineless Cactus Plantations, Robinson Citrus Nurseries, SonDImas, Cal. I MADE $50,000 in five years in the mail order business; began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. Heacock, 1695 Lockport, N. Y. ADVERTISING IN THIS department of Orchard and Farm pays in results because the ads are watched by buyers all over Cali- fornia. If you have real bargains to offer, the 3 cents a word rate will find you many customers. ORIGIN OF THE STRAWBERRY When the first man was created and a mate was given to him, they lived together happily for a time, but then began to quarrel, until finally the woman left her husband, and started off toward the Sun land in the east. The man followed alone and griev- ing, but the woman never looked be- hind. Finally the Sun took pity on the man and asked him if he were still angry with his wife. He said he was not, and then the Sun asked him if he would like to have her back again, to which he eagerly answered yes. So the Sun caused a patch of the finest ripe huckleberries to spring uj) along the path in front of the wom- an, but she passed by. Further on he put a clump of blackberries, hut these also she refused to notice. Other fruits, one, two and three, and then some trees covered with beau- tiful service berries, were placed be- side the path to tempt her, but she still went on until suddenly she saw a patch of large ripe strawberries, the first ever known. She stopped to gether a few to eat and as she picked them she chanced to turn her face to the west, and at once the memory of her husband came back and she found herself un- able to go on. She sat down, but the longer she waited the stronger be- came her desire for her husband, and at last she gathered a bunch of the finest berries and started back along the path to give them to him. He met her kindly and they went home together. — Indian Legend. Consider the hen. She lays most freely at a time when eggs are cheap- est. In that she exhibits the same wisdom as the farmer who jumps into all-wheat because everybody else is doing it. 84 ORCHARD AND FARM What to Feed the Year-Old Baby "Ah! What would the world be to us If the children were no more We would dread the desert behind us Worse than the dark before." It is often diflkult to know just wliat kind of food to give second year children and how best to pre- pare it. If during the first year the child lias learned to like fruit juices such as orange and unsweetened prune juice the state of scraped fruits will easily follow. .\11 changes in a child's diet sliould be made very carefully, and when any new food is introduced it should be given in small quantities, a tca- >poonful or two being sufficient. Baked potato is one of the easily digested vegetables and seeiiis par- ticularly adapted for a child's food. A little milk is best to use on it at tirst with a bit of salt, then cream and butter may be added, .\tter a child has become accustomed to po- tato a teaspoonful of finely mashed, seasoned peas may be given, car- rot, spinach, string beans and any vegetable not too woody. Given in small quantities, finely mashed and well seasoned, a small child will learn to like all vegetables as soon as he is served with them. In fact, he will never have to learn to like the most valuable of all foods, the vegetables. Fruit juices may be given very early, those mentioned before, prunes and orange juice. Give the juice be- tween feedings so that there need be no cause for a sour stomach. Scraped fruits, such as apples, pears, peaches and plums, may be used in small quantities if great care is taken first that the fruit is neither too ripe nor under ripe and that there are no lumps to be swallowed. Children who suffer with swollen gums will be greatly refreshed by truit juice or scraped fruit. And how many worrying babies, who cannot tell what they want, would rejoice if given frequent drinks of pure cool water. .■\ child's digestion is much more rapid than an adult's, so it is neces- sary that they be ted oftcner and in small quantities. .Vt fifteen to eigh- teen months a child will need some such a diet as to food and time as this: .\t 7 or 8 a brekfast of a cereal, bread or toast and a cup of milk, at noon an egg, potato, one other vegetable, bread, fruit (either scraped or as juice); 5 or 6, milk from a cup and bread; at 10 a cup or bottle of milk. Vary the cereals so that they may become accustomed to like a variety. The chief tiling to remember in cooking cereals is to cook tliem long enough. Serve w'ith good milk, with no sugar. The child gets the right kind and all the sweets that are good for him in the fruits he eats at this age. Foods that must be denied chil- dren should not be put temptingly before them; that is one good rea- son for having little people eat alone. Their own food needs to be palat- able and attractively served. Table manners may be learned which will never need to be unlearned at a very early age. Children should eat at meals, not between, for the digest- ive tract needs rest. — Domestic Sci- ence Department, University of Wis- consin. GREAT BECAUSE FIRST GOOD. One day Gerhardt, a German shep- herd boy, was watching his flock neat] a forest, when a hunter came out of the woods, and asked: "How far is it to the nearest village?" "Six miles, sir," answered the boy. "liut the road is only a sheep-track and very easily missed." The hunter looked at the crooked track, and said: "My lad, 1 am very hungry and thirsty. 1 have lost my companion and missed my way. Show me the road and I will pay you well. " "1 can not leave my sheep, sir," re- joined Gerhardt. "They may stray into the woods and may be eaten by the wolves." "Well, what of that?" queried the hunter. "They are not your sheep. The loss of one or two wouldn't be much to your master, and I'll give you more than you earn in a whole year."' "I can not go, sir," rejoined Ger- hardt, very firmly. "My master pays me for my time and trusts me with his sheep." "Well," said the hunter, "will you trust your sheep with me while you go to the village and get me some food, drink, and a guide? I will take care of them for you." The boy shook his head. "The sheep," he said "do not know your voice, and — " "What? Can't you trust me?" asked the hunter, angrily. "Sir," said the boy, "you tried to make me false to my trust. How do I know that you would keep your word?" The hunter laughed, for he felt that the lad had fairly cornered him. He said: "I sec, my lad, that you are a faithful boy. I will not forget you. I will try to make out the road myself." Gerhardt then offered the contents of his scrip to the hungry man, who ate it gladly. Presently his attendant came up; and then Gerhardt. to his surprise, found that the hunter was the Grand Duke, who owned all the country around. The Duke was so pleased with the boy's honesty that he sent for him shortly after that and had him edu- cated. In after years Gerhardt be- came a great and powerful man, but he remained honest and true to his dying day. LETTER BOX ON WHEELS. .\ discarded wagon wheel makes a very convenient stand for a group of lour to six or eight R. F. D. letter boxes. The carrier can distribute mail in them with one stop and with the least possible trouble. The way it is done is to put down a post, as would be done for any letter box, but on it attach a wagon wheel on its axle, one side up. so that it can twist around like a piano stool. Then on this place the letter boxes, as many as it will hold, or as arc needed, the fronts fac- ing outward, backs toward the hub. The carrier can then drive up to the wheel and complete all of his deliv- eries at the one stop, with the great- est convenience and no troublesome reaching. From the standpoint of ap- pearance this is a big improvement over a row of posts of different heights, colors and angles. It sug- gested a live, neat neighborhood. BABY'S EARS. So often one will notice that baby's ears are inclined to lap over easily or to stick out quite a distance from the head. I have several times altered this disfigurement by applying a piece of white sticking plaster to the top of the ear and also to the part of the head just behind the ear. I renewed it often, so that it would not bother baby when too dry. I have used it when baby was only sevral weeks old.— MRS. W. A. AD.\MS. USED IN FARMERS' UNION. I enjoy your paper very much and am making a permanent file for my own use and reference in our Union. I have had numbers of occasions to refer to articles in talking to our people. — C. C. A.. Secretary Farmers' Union. Koveralls Keep Kids Kleen^ Practical Heathful. Economical GarmcnU for Small ChildrcD Practical. BenuK thry arc niade reKulated to any degree and maintained to suit worii in hand. Saves its cost In a few months, also saves thousands of steps and elim- inates discomfort. No more hot stoves neces- sary. The Comfort Is entirely portable and will operate outdoors or indoors. Satisfaction guar- anteed^ Price J3.75 at your local dealers', or direct by mail upon receipt of casli. Order to-day. >.*TIO>.*I- ST.\MPI>G & KI.KCTRIC WORKS, nept. .'lO, rhIraKO, Illlnolii. Farmers ^"<^ are making in Orch ardists Money California No land like its valleys for successful farm- ing and fruit growing. A cultivated acre will produce more revenue than any elsewhere. No place like it for outdoor and country home life the year around. The Pajaro, Santa Clara, Salinas, Sacra- mento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys, and 400 miles of Coast country, traversed by Southern Pacific lines, offer fertile lands to thousands. Markets for every product of Farm, Or- chard and Dairy. Opportunities for Homeseekers and Settlers worthy the most careful investigation. For Particulars, .Vddress Chas. S. Fee, Passenger Traffic Mgrr,, Flood Bldg„ San Francisco SOUTHERN PACIFIC THERE ARE INNUMERABLE BARGAINS CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD NOT FAIL TO LOOK FOR THEM A ORCHARD AND FARM 35 Pin Money From Wild Things By Emma Garibaldi I lived for eighteen years in town l)ut am now on a ranch once more. I crtainly think there are more pleas- iiit ways of earning pin money on a •arm than in town, and the best of it you are your own boss. For my- self I have earned more money with less work, from the sale of leghorn feggs and broilers, and from hatch- » ing and selling day-old chicks, than In any other way. But the chicken ([uestion has been so well described by other farm women that I will describe some other things that can he turned to account. 1 Nearly every place has some thing to be found in its wild state that can be turned into money if you lave the business ability to put it 111 the market. It may be fruit or mits for the grocer; flowers, bulbs, r ferns for the florist, or barks, ^^oots and seeds for the druggist. There are acres of wild hucklc- lerries here and every fall from Sep- ember until the last of November I lick and ship them to the commis- -ion merchants of San Francisco. I iiay my own freight and a 10 per cnt commission on the selling price, lie rest is mine. I make from $70 J $100 per season besides doing all ;iy own housework, and helping to are for the garden and 150 chick- ■ns. I ship the berries in twenty- :ve-pound boxes, which I line with lean, white paper and am careful to lave the fruit dry and clean. In five 1 ears I have never lost a box. In this place in the early spring liere are great fields of rhododen- Irons, whose beautiful blossoms are i'reatly prized by the city florists. The one we shipped to several years ago furnished his own crates and paid his own freight and we received $2 a crate for picking them and tak- ing them to the steamer. They of course always send full instructions as to what kind of blooms to gather and how to pack them. At one time my husband had a contract with a nursery to furnish seeds of cypress, bull pine and scrub pine, which all grow wild here. The burrs were heated for two or three days in a drier such as is used to dry fruit. While they are hot the burrs open up and the seeds are easily rattled out. We received for the clean seeds, $2 and $2.50 per pound. I always helped, and we used to make from $100 to $140 a season. However, we gave it up when the work increased on the ranch. Other things a woman may man- age alone are a row of red rasp- berries or a patch of strawberries. Find out from some orchardist or berry grower how to set out and care for them. If set out in the fall they will bear the next season. Fresh berries for th'e table are al- ways in demand, but if one is just starting in he should take extra pains to have the fruit look attractive. Only use clean, new baskets, never dole the fruit out by the quart in old tin buckets. Sec to it that the fruit is just a little nicer and just a little riper than any one else has. Never put soft or green fruit on the bottom, and fill your baskets full, ioo. When people find your goods are good clear through you will never have to hunt for customers. Mendocino County, Cal. CURE FOR SNAKE BITE. Summer and camping trips increase he danger of snake bites, which peo- )le fear less now that they know ures than they once did. The most icceptable cure the last few years las been permanganate of potash, ither as crystals, to be inserted into he wound, which must first be en- arged with a penknife, or as a solu- ion. An authority on serpents recom- nends for rattlesnakes what he says s a better cure. He states that a 6 per cent solu- ion of chloride of lime should be njected into and around the wound, [n ordinary cases about three light njections should be made, and then ine-sixtieth of a grain of strychnine should be administered as a stimu- ant — enough to keep up circulation. The stomach should be filled with -weet milk if possible, and if not, old water should be used. When the loison is killed by the chemicals it :'ocs into the stomach and will cause omiting, and the milk or water washes the stomach free, i For the bite of a tarantula, the ivound should be cauterized with a 95 5er cent solution of carbolic acid. If ipplied soon after being bitten this will cure any spider bite. Another ■emedy equally good is to apply a ■iwab of cotton saturated with a 15 er cent solution of chloride of lime is a poultice. This is also a cure for a centipede bite. 1 The permanganate of potash is bet- ter for bites of some kinds of snakes than others. It is a very convenient mtidote to carry and use and should c better known. THE GOURMET'S LOVE SONG. As is the mint sauce to the lamb. As is the fried egg to the ham, As is the 'possum to the yam, Are you to me! Like pork without the apple sauce, Like hot cross buns without the cross, Without you, love, a total loss My life would be! Like apple pie without the cheese, Or juicy lamb without the peas, Or lemon ice that will not freeze. Would be my life. You are the syrup of my cakes, You are the mushrooms to my steaks, And so I beg for both our sakes, Oh, be my wife! I love you with mj' heart and soul, More than young squab en casserole. More than French dressing in the bowl. Oh, do be mine! What? No? My future thus you spoil! My salad you deprive of oil! Farewell! But still the pot will boil! I go to — dine! — Selected. The youth who was smoking a igarette opposite the monkey's cage ook another from his pocket. "Would it do any harm," he asked if I offered him one of these hings?" "Not a bit," responded the attend- int. "he wouldn't touch it. A monkey ^n't half as big a fool as he looks." Learn to say "Whoa!" HOLDING OUT WELL. A happy married woman, who had enjoyed many years of conjugal felic- ity and who was the grandmother of three beautiful children, had a jovial old-colored woman for a cook. One afternoon, which proved to be the mistress' birthday, a beautiful box of flowers was left for her when the cook happened to be present. Mandy eyed the beautiful roses longingly then said: "Yo' husband send yo' all those pretty flowers yo' gits. Missy?" "Certainly, my husband. Mandy," the lady replied proudly. ".Mlelulah !" exclaimed the cook. "He suttinq-|y am holdin' out well!" "Pa?" "Yes, Willie." "Teachers say that we are here to help others." "Of course we are." "Well, what are the others here for?" Gas Stove Convenience with Kerosene Hot in Your Kitchen? No need of it if you cook with a good oil stove. The heat is concen- trated on the cooking— not radiated throughout the room. New Perfection Oil Cook-Stove For Best Result* Use Pearl Oil Abundant heat — always ready at the touch of a match — hke gas. Can be turned cut the minute you finish cooking. Cooks anything your wood or coal range does — and there's no heavy hods to lug — no dirt or ashes. No odor. Does not taint the food. Ask your dealer. See Exhibit, Palace of Manufac- tures, Panama-Pacific Exposition. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) San Francisco one in the great Exposition now displaying the wonders of the world, is a model factory showing the complete process used in the making of Ghirardelli's Chocolate This factory is open to the public without charge and a cordial invitation is extended to our visiting friends to see this exhibit wherein a pleasant hour can be profitably spent. 'The Road Cruiser" Ready-the 1916 Hudson This is to announce the 1916 HUD SON the third model of this new-type HUDSON, which has become the most popular class car of the day. It is 20 months since this new-type HUDSON came out at $1750. It weighed about one-third less than aver- age old-time Sixes. It cut tire and fuel cost in two. It had ample power, ample room for seven. It has proved itself one of tne staunchest cars ever built. Despite its low price, it excelled in many ways the costly cars of that day. Its lightness was due to better materials, better designing, to refinement in place of crudity. This HUDSON became instantly popular. It took us one year to catch up with our orders. It forced us to treble our output. Repeatedly it attained a sale of a million dollars weekly. In the past 20 months, 15,000 men have bought it. After two seasons with it they unite in pro- nouncing it the ideal modern car. Now we announce improvements, in some re- spects the greatest HUDSON ever made. And one at least will be the most welcome innovation of the year— the new Ever Lustre finish. Now a $1350 Price The first price on this new type was $1750. That was late in 1913. It startled Motordom. This was the first quality Six to sell under $2000, and many engineers said that price was impossible on a car of HUDSON quality. And they said our lightness— under 3000 pounds— was incompatible with strength. Four Innovations 1— Yacht-Line Body 2— Ever-Lustre Finish 3— Roomier Tonneau 4— $200 Reduction over deep curled hair— a luxury which heretofore has been confined to costlier cars. Ever-Lustre Finish And now, best of all. comes a finish that stays new. We have built in our factory enormous ovens, large enough for hundreds of bodies. Now each coat of finish is forced on, then baked on. The result is a finish brilliant, deep and enduring. It resists weather, washing, rubbing, mud. You who have seen good cars quickly grow shabby will realize what this finish means. But the car was a HUDSON, and HUDSON standards are high. Howard E. Coffin was the designer, and he never had made a mistake. So men ilocked to this car in such numbers that our next model, with 31 improvements, could be sold for $1550. Now, with a trebled output, we offer another $200 reduction. And that on a new model, vastly improved. That means $400 reduction— 23 per cent since this new type first came out at a price pronounced impossible. Yacht-Line Body And now comes the Yacht-Line body, a seven- year evolution. From straight lines we came to streamline. Now come lines so graceful and un- broken that we call them Yacht-Lines, and the car has been called "The Road Cruiser." Even the door lines are unbroken. The tops of both the doors and the body are leather bound. The tonneau is roomier, the rear seat is wider. Now three big people are comfortable on it. With seven in the car, nobody is crowded, and the two extra tonneau seats disappear when not wanted, doubling the tonneau room. And now comes enameled leather upholstery Note that these advances come to you In a $1350 HUDSON. And note that this HUD- SON, bv keeping so far ahead, is winning by thousands men who demand the best. Wherever you go you will see this new type HUDSON driven by men of distinction, men who know cars, old, experienced motorists. And this new model will undoubtedly win 20,000 more. Go see it now. Most HUDSON dealers have it. And this, like every new-model HUDSON, is bound to be oversold. La.st summer, thousands of buvers waited weeks for their HUDSON. This sumnier. despite our larger output, there will be waiting for those who delay. And you won't find a car for second choice anywhere near so attractive. 7-Passenger Phaeton or 3-Passcnger Roadster, $1350, f. o. b. Detroit Also a new Cabriolet, $ 1 650, f . o. b. Detroit HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY DETROIT, MICHIGAN A«k your denier about HUD.SON service. If Is ex- ccptionni anil eMreiiie. It will tell you one reason why IIfl):H)N cars kjive such perfect satisfaction. We have dealers everywhere. These are a few in your vicinity: CALIFORNIA .\lhambra — Yelland Motor Co. Anaheim— P. J. Wclsel Co. Chico — Guynn & Guynn. (-ornlnK — I. B. lAikens. i;nreka — Knudsen-Lundblade Co. lOscondido— A. F. Hubbard. Fillmore— John Opsahl. Fort BraKK— Scott-Conway Garage and Ma- chine Co. Fresno — Evans Auto Co. Cridley — Grldley Garagre. \ s_N \ ■s s s s s '^-s s % \ ^ ^ Hemct — Cilbboll & Aylosworth, LordsburB — C. H. Larimer. Los Ang:clcs — Harold L. Arnold, 1122 to 112S S. Olive -St. Modesto — L. H. Peterson. Motiierey — J. M. Bussey. Oakland — H. O. Harri-son Co. I'asadena — Munroe Motor Co. Uodlands — G. M. Bartlett. Uio Vista — L. H. Church. Sacramento — -Arnold Bros. San Bernardino — H. .T. Kelly. San Francisco — 11. O. Harrison Co. San Diego — M. L. Sarsfleld. San Jose — Normandln-Campen Co. .San Pedro — Amar & Foot. r.lchmond — H. A. Sellers. Santa Cruz — Jensen Bro.<. .Auto Co. Stockton — Patterson's Hudson Garasre. A'acaville — M. Banker Uklah and W. S inpsworth Jr. Ventura — W. R. Mercer. Watsonvllle — Loverlne & Connell. Whittler — Jefferson WalbrldKe. Lugust, 1915 , Home Improvement Number 5 Cents Per Copy ORCHARD M ESTABLISHED 1888 I RRIGATION OUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING CO., lEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO GATEWAY TO FARM OF MRS J. E. BODGE (See First Reading Page.) «655 Ekctrk Surter The Wonder Car ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII AUGUST, 1915 No. 8 ROGUE RIVER'S MODEL FARM Deep Plowing and Good Management Brought Agricultural Success IT is a big job to find a farm in any district that comes up to what a farm in theory ought to be. Try to think of some one in your vicinity who is conducting his farming operations in every particular both wisely and well and get- ting results that a person wanting to see the right farming for the district would go to see. Such farms arc few and far between. Mrs. J. E. Bodge of Medford in the Rogue River Valley, Oregon, has a farm that is worth owning. It is not the fact that she is a woman farmer, doing with her own hands much of the farm work, that makes her farm I worthy of atten- tion; it is the fact I that the farm itself is tirst, a model of I neatness and effi- cient management, and second, a great success in crop pro- duction and finan- I cial profit, all of this I without more than ordinary expendi- ture of money or labor. Getting re- sults by spending lots of money and doing lots of work per acre is one thing (though finan- cial profit usually does not follow that kind of farming') and getting results by good manage- ment and wise ap- plication of labor is another. Alfalfa a Money Crop. One thing this farm stood out for was that it was mostly an alfalfa farm in a district where alfalfa was very little raised and hay high in price, but the alfalfa liere a great success. There is none raised this year, as the alfalfa was plowed up for barley, but the barley, both on account of the alfalfa preceding it and the kind of farming done, is even more of a success than the alfalfa. Success nearly all over the farm is owing to one thing more than anything else as far as meth- ods is concerned, that is, deep plowing and good tillage. Here, as everywhere, there have been •decades of grain farming, with shallow plowing, a liard plowsole, exhausted top soil, a struggle for ;he roots to get down into the ground for food lid moisture, and consequently poor yields and 1 ak of moisture for whatever was grown. Plow- ing on this place has been tleep, eight inches or over. Next season the former alfalfa land will 1)e plowed twelve inches and a subsoiler put on as uell. Turning up soil under the plowsole has never lone the slightest injury. Instead it has made ■ rops much better and they went along with lots It moisture while surrounding crops were thin and yellow from droutli and lack of plant food. At the time of writing where the alfalfa was iro.wn the barley is so thick and heavily headed lut that it could hardly be better. It promises to • In about 100 bushels to the acre. Adjoining it on n-arly all sides, with the old grain farming meth- ■'Is. the grain will often not do to thresh. That ~ on account of lack of rain for one thing and -Iiallow plowing for another. Mrs. Bodgc's bar- By the Editor ley yield is not due only to alfalfa sod, for in a young pear orchard growth is almost equally good, so that deep plowing and good soil preparation can be the onl reason for the difference. Some Facts About Alfalfa. Mrs. Bodge a number of years ago bought a farm near her present home and put it in such Mrs. Bodgrc Harvesting Her Bumper Crop o( Barley. shape that when the apple boom came to the Rogue River Valley she sold it for $15,000 and bought the 60 acres where she now lives, then old grain land, for $300 per acre. This was six years ago. She then went away for a year and had a neighbor plow and plant 45 acres to al- falfa. On the remaining 15 acres she has her house, garden, barns and a young pear orchard. Instead of plowing deep, as was Mrs. Bodge's rule, the farmer who set out alfalfa plowed shal- low, the same old way, with the result that a poor stand of alfalfa was started, as poor as the aver- age in the district and the average is so poor that little is grown. Alfalfa here is not irrigated and without deep plowing to give the roots a fine start downward alfalfa quits growing early in the sum- mer. Heavy cultivation with a spring tooth har- how both fall and spring made the alfalfa quite a success in spite of poor preparation, but it did not come up to some other stands on near by farms Alfalfa can give three crops in this district. The first is by far the heaviest, but it is often foul with weeds and endangered by rains, and most income above expenses has to come from later cuttings. If there are poor later cuttings, the farmer at the best does little better than break even. Then consider this fact. A poor stand means a poor first cutting with lots of weeds. Tliorough cultivations in fall and spring first clean out the weeds and give clean alfalfa; second, they give a bigger first yield; third, they conserve moisture and open up the soil so that the later crops are large. These 45 acres have brought in $1,200 per year. The barley will do better than that with war prices, but alfalfa can make good profits and is excellent in rotation. Very little hay has been ruined by rain. What has been injured has mostly been kept until the market was bare and none has been sold for less than nine dollars. The best first crop has been 100 tons from the 45 acres, the best sec- ond crop about 60 tons, and the best third crop very much less. Together the two late crops have been well below the first crop. With deep plowing for the seed bed, a good stand and good care, each of the two late crops have on one or two ranches in the dis- trict ran close to the first crop, but deep plowing is the prime necessity. This could not be done, save that the soil is deep and rich, the water table only seven or eight feet down. However, good cultivation of alfalfa on this place has made clean al- falfa and increased the yields enough to give large profits. The whole place is almost clean of weeds. Mrs. Bodge herself pulled up ev- ery spear of mustard in the alfalfa the first two years and had almost nothing to pull up the third year. She had her seed barley especially cleaned last fall, but a seed or so crept in anyway, but the field is noticeably clean. Farm Management. Most of the farm work is done by a hired man, the son of one of the neighbors, but Mrs. Bodge, in jumpers and overalls gets out and works her- self when occasion calls for it. Her idea in farm management is convenience. "We work hard around here," she says, "and I will not have it necessary to do half a day'p^work attending to chores." Things are fixed io that a little time morning and evening will keep things up. The barns have concrete floors where the stock stands. The corral is graveled and is raised for drainage as well. Everything is arranged so that there is no big yard to be littered up, and a little work will do more than a lot of work on a poorly planned and kept place. In a small, neat, attractive, flower-surrounded cottage Mrs. Bodge lives with her eleven year old daughter. On one side is the roadway to the barns, with loganberries and other bushes and vines between the roadway and the line fence. On the other side of the cottage is the pear or- chard and the chickens, kept from the garden by a tight wire fence. In front is the flower gar- den, in back the tank house, with milk and tool (Conflniied on Pnec Fourteen.) 4 ORCHARD AND FARM Apple Growers Start Stock Raising How Hood River Apple Growers Are Improving Their Orchards by Cover Crops and StocI^. THIS is a big thing — growing stock as part of orchard work — not on the side, but as a part of orchard operations and a ne- cessity, doing it for the sake of the orchard as well as for the income that the stock will bring. This is what a number of the lead- ing fruit growers of the Hood River valley are doing, the most famous fruit district of the West, with the possible exceptions of some citrus or prune districts ot" California. The way it is going ahead indicates that it will before long be a standard method of orchard practice, not by apple men who have failed and so are turning to another kind of work, but by fruit growers who can be looked to as examples. V> theory of the Thing. ' Now it is one thing to talk theory and tell what ought theoretically to be done and another to tell what is being done. In theory it is a line thing to say, "Grow alfalfa or other clover in the orchard, feed it to stock and put the manure back on the ground," but it is foolish to say any- thing of the sort until it is being done and found profitable. Now in the Hood River valley apple growers are actually coming to just that as a part of orchard practice. In the first place orchard after orchard is yellow, showing small tree growth and less fruit production. The reason is the exhaustion of humus and nitrogen supplies in the soil by continued clean cultivation. Clover or some other legume has to be grown, or manure supplied from the outside. That is all there is to it, but in a specialized fruit district there is no manure to speak of obtainable. A person can either grow crops to plow under, or grow crops, feed them and apply the manure. Even if the manure is not put back, the roots will benefit the soil, though it is rob- bery to take crops away and put nothing back, and no robbery :s profitable very long. Cover Crops. The change made by growing cover crops is striking, and practically every orchardist is now growing them. The most firm believers of clean cultiva- tion are starting red clover in their orchards this year, or perhaps al- falfa. Irrigation, of course, is an es- sential to do this, though trees can be grown by rainfall alone. A tree will be yellow and growth small. Clover will be planted in spring and during the year there will be no great improvement. The next year the trees will green up some, and after the clover is plowed under and rotted, the trees will be green and healthy and the crops large. Or perhaps, vetch and rye. or vetch and oats will be planted in the fall to turn under in the spring and the results will be quicker. Invariably the dif- ference in appearance of clean culti- vation trees and those which have been supplied humus and nitrogen by a cover crop is striking, so that all are growing cover crops now. annual like vetch, or semi-permanent, like clover or alfalfa. Experience has shown in every district of moderate rainfall that the soil has not too much humus to start with and clean culti- vation in time puts both trees and soil into bad condition. Leguminous cover crops are an essential, or the purchase of lots of manure or or- ganic fertilizers. That nitrogen is what is needed is indicated by the excellent results that have followed the application of nitrate of soda in one or two instances. There is no doubt but what even with a cover crop, a year's gain in tree thrift and production could be gained by applying a little nitrate. When vetch and rye or oats are grown to turn under, once in three or four years seems to be sufficient with fairly young trees, but the older and larger the tree, the oftener the cover crop is necessary. In this district clover or alfalfa with stock are more popular than vetch to turn under, and that looks like sense, when it can be worked properly. Straight Cover Crop Extravagant. Plowing under good stuff that would make fine feed seem; very ex- travagant and wasteful. If it were fed to stock, the amount of plant food they would absorb would be too small to cut any particular figure. As good flesh, bone and hide, or as milk and cream, its value would be far be- yond that of feritlizer. Then, in the excellent condition for plant food that the digestive apparatus of stock puts vegetation, there is little comparison between the turning under of vege- tation, or feeding it to stock and using manure and urine for the trees. A number of dairy herds have been started, Jerseys, including several pure bred herds just for the purpose of using crops grown between the trees. A disadvantage to these is the difficulty in cutting hay in an orchard. It is greater than cutting hay in an open field, but its value as feed is great in comparison with the small extra trouble in cutting and curing. Sometimes also it is difficult to cure hay in the orchard. In several cases this difficulty is overcome by having a silo, in which clover or al- falfa is stored when weather makes hay curing difficult, just as is done in straight dairy districts. Hood River, though orchards cover almost everything, is getting to produce quite a handsome amount of dairy products, all to help the orchardists and because it is better to feed inter- crops and return manure to the soil, than to miss that chance of profit and plow under the green stuflF. Hogs Advancing Rapidly. Hogs are a simpler proposition, as hogs can harvest their own feed and they can run under trees as cattle cannot. Many more hogs than dairy cows are being kept, and every dairy- man has about all the hogs he can keep and others have hogs without dairy cattle. One fine thing about hogs is that they are winners with apples. You cannot fatten a hog on apples, but apples will sustain a liog nicely and hogs create a very profitable market for the culls. With clover, the hog can thrive finely on apples. If in ad- dition there is skim milk from cows he is nearly in a hog's paradise. What- ever wormy apples fall he consumes and reduces the danger from the cod- ling moth. Some time back there were prac- tically no hogs raised at all in the valley. Now pork production amounts to a considerable sum. It has been claimed that an apple grower could about break even in a year of bumper crops and very low prices, such as apple growers occasionally have to face, by having hogs to feed his apples to. That may never be neces- sary, but hogs are popular mainly be- cause they can make valuable meat out of a cover crop, saving cutting, curing and harvesting same; and secondly, because in addition to this they provide a very good market for inferior grade apples. Sheep Not Tried. One animal that has not been tried and has much to recommend it is the sheep, as it can harvest the crop and consume apples as well. Goats, of course, would ruin the trees, but sheep are grazing animals, making a much cleaner, better job of it than hogs. It might be advisable to prune trees a little higher for sheep than without them, but this would cut lit- tle figure, particularly considering greater ease of orchard operations from high pruning. A blocky, heavy breed, like most mutton sheep, which are the kind a small farmer would naturally keep, would do little dam- age to trees. The greatest trouble in harvesting clover or alfalfa is along the rows. Between them it is not difficult. In this way sheep would fit in fine with dairying, as hay could be made from the easily cut. cured and harvested growth between the rows and the growth along the rows left for the sheep. Sheep also are animals re- quiring very little attention, a big point for the orchardist to consider. Shade is likewise a big help to them. It is probable as the practice of keep- ing stock with orchards advances that sheep will be kept much more than they now are. The Kind of Crops. Thus far it is about an even break between red clover and alfalfa. Both do exceptionally well. Red clover is particularly at home, as it likes shade 1] and flourishes right up against the k trunks of trees. Its height, thickness and richness should be an object les- son to Willamette valley growers of the benefit of good drainage and abundance of lime in the soil. .Ml of the orchards in the Hood River val- ley are on rolling land. Rolling land is well drained and if the rainfall is not heavy is likely to be fairly well supplied with lime, all depending on the nature of the soil. This makes fine clover conditions. .'Mfalfa is chosen by some because it is a permanent feed crop, needing plowing up only once in five or six years, if then, also because it is a bet- ter feed than clover and a heavier cropper. The belief is that with the heavy shading of the ground which it gives, with lots of irrigation and sufficient discing, the periodical plow- ing up will give the trees all the # mulch needed. [, Red clover has to be replaced every ^ second year, so an orchard can have y two years of clover, then a fall and winter's plowing to loosen up the soil or a year's clean cultivation, and » a new planting to clover. Either way A is entirely satisfactory for the trees, I depending on what the orchardist k wants to do with the clover he can ■ cut. The one thing that counts most ■ of all is that orchards are playing ont with the old clean cultivation idea that they are spunking up in th finest possible way with irrigation an clover or alfalfa, and that clover an alfalfa have come to stay. .Anotlu fine fact is that although the tree^ themselves would do by simply grow- ing crops to plow under, orchardist^ are planting crops to feed to stoi- and getting a double income. The;, are practicing the diversified farming t which everybody advocates, but most I do not know how to attain, on ranch- es that outside of house, garden an barns, are all orchard, and their orchards are better for it. Trip for Electric Motor IN an electric pumping plant, whic' is usually left running day an night with little attention while th farmer goes about his other work, trip to throw off the switch in caf. the power is turned oflf the lines is a simple and necessary protection, par- ticularly with a centrifugal pump. Such a trip can easily be made. Fix up a float on the water surface beneath the outlet so that when th pump stops and the water drops th float will drop too. From this flo.i- run a cord over spools so that it wi ' move easily, to the switch in thi pumphouse. Have a noose at the enil of the cord which will slip over the handle of the switch. Then when the water stops and the water drops, it will tighten up the cord and pull th< sv.'itch loose. The reason for this is to protci motor and pump. An accident m.i occur on the line and power go otr when of course the motor and pumj' will stop, but all connections remain. Then when the line is repaired the motor starts up full tilt all at once and may burn something out. When the centrifugal pmnp starts op again after the power stops like this and then starts up again the pump may go but not raise any water. The result is that the pump will get very hot and may be injured. -Al- though this will not occur with a plunger pump, starting up on the ruB- ning switch may burn out a fuse or ^ the motor, and the trip is ad\nsable ^ just the same. Without such a trip the farmer mty know nothing about the power being cut off. but with it connections are broken and no start is made till he comes around and starts things righ' ORCHARD AND FARM 5 RidGS the Crest 1041 Sold in Two Days On Monday and Tuesday, June 14th and 15th — Opening Days for This New Model — Dealers Sold to Users 1041 HUDSONS This new-model HUDSON — for 1916 — was first an- nounced in the newspapers on June 13th. About the same time announcement was made in Farm Papers and weeklies covering America. All announced these four great inno- vations: The Yacht-Line Body The Lustrous Finish More Room and Luxury A $200 Price Reduction On Monday and Tuesday, June 14th and 15th — the open- ing days — every HUDSON showroom in the country was crowded to the street. Every road around brought farmers to see this newest car. Many thousands of men were turned away. There was no chance for demonstrations. Kven careful inspection was almost impossible. Yet 1041 men in those two days bought these new-model HUDSONS. In those two davs men paid $1,400,000 for a HUDSON model none had ever seen beforo. The Avalanche June 14th and 15th broke every record in the sale of high-grade cars. We knew the avalanche was coming, but the actual demand amazed us. All over the country motor car buyers had been waiting this new model. We held our announcement until dealers could get reasonable stocks ahead. But the first two days sold nearly half a month's output. By the time this appears our deliveries of this new model will reach 4,500, probably. We are building 115 per day. Rut that will hardly begin to supply the men who want this HUDSON car. Came Like a Comet It was only 22 months ago when this HUDSON intro- duced the new-type Six. It was designed by Howard R. Coffin, the famous HUDSON designer, and weighed under 3000 pounds. It cut fuel and tire cost in two. The price was $1750 then, but that price was the sea- son's sensation. To sell a high-grade Six under $2000 was considered impossible then. The demand for that car was far ahead of supply. The ne.\t season we doubled our output and brought the price to $1550. On that model last summer we were at times 4000 cars oversold. ^ , On this new model we doubled our output again, and brought the price to $1350. In but a few months this new- type car has quadrupled the HUDSON output. It has changed the whole idea of a class car. To-day it dominates in a conspicuous way the field of the quality Six. No Car Like It HUDSON popularity brought many a follower. Within a few months there were dozens of makers building cars in the Light Six class. But Howard E. Coffin and his engineers had then spent thi-ee years on this HUDSON. They were working all the time to improve it. They worked out countless refinements. Within 20 months they had added to this HUDSON 51 dis- tinct improvements. And our multiplied output had brought the price down to $1359. To-day this HUDSON finds no rival in sight of it. Such a car at such a price is impossible with small productions. Many of the best of HUDSON features are not found in other cars. To-day you cannot find even second choice to the HUDSON if you seek a high-grade Six. New 1916 Features This new model HUDSON brings out the Yacht-Line body. It shows for the first time the lustrous finish. Each coat is baked on in enormous ovens. It has a roomier ton- neau. a wider rear seat. It has disappearing extra seats to double the tonneau room. It has enameled leather upholstery. It has deep, luxuri- ous cushions. And it has, above all, the approval of owenrs. Many thousands of men have proved out this HUDSON on millions of miles of road. Any owner will endorse this to you as the perfect car. Go see it before our summer output is sold. Now you can get an early delivery. Later we fear that you cannot. T-Passenger Phaeton or 3-Passeiiger Roadster, $1350, f. 0. b. Detroit. New Cabriolet, $1650. HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY, DETROIT, MICHIGAN HUDSON service is one of the best HUDSON develop- ments. It insures continued satisfaction. Ask us to ex- plain it. We have dealers everywhere. These are a few in your vicinity: CALIFORNIA Alhambra — Yelland Motor Co. -Vnahelm — P. J. Weisel Co. Chico — Guynn & Guynn. Corning — J. B. Lukens. Eureka — Knudsen-Lundblade Co. lOscondldo — A. F. Hubbard. Fillmore — John Opsahl. Fort Bragg — Scott-Conway Garage and Machine Co. Fresno — Evans Auto Co. Gridley — Gridley Garage. Hemet — Gibbell & Aylesworth. Lordsburg — C. H. Larimer. Los Angeles — Harold L. Arnold, 1122 to 1128 S. Olive St. Modesto — L. H. Peterson. Monterey — J. M. Bussey. Oakland — H. O. Harrison Co. Pasadena — Munroe Motor Co. Redlands— G. M. Bartlett. Rio Vista — L. H. Churcn. Sacramento — Arnold Bros. San Bernardino — H. J. Kelly. San Francisco — H. O. Harrison Co. San Diego — M. L. Sarsfield. San Jose- — Normandin-Campen Co. San Pedro — Amar & Foot. Richmond — H. A. Sellers. Santa Cruz — Jensen Bros." Auto Co. Stockton — Patterson's Hudson Garage. Vacavllle — M. Banker Ukiah and W. S. Killingsworth Jr. Ventura — W. E. Mercer. Watsonville — Lovering & Connell. Whittler — Jefferson Walbridge. ORCHARD AND FARM Silk for the Coast Experiments Indicate Great Opening Here for Silk. Culture. AN'EW and profitable industry is one of the best things that can come to a district. It brings in money in a new way, without com- petition with established industry, of- fers a diflerent kind of work, creates new markets. Silk culture is just such an industry, suited to the Pacific Coast, with its mild, uniform climate, as it is hardly suited to another part of the whole world. Years ago silk production created considerable e x - citement in Cali- fornia, and then practically dropped out of sight again, because there was neither the facili- ties for handling the product prop- erly here nor did anybody have suf- ficient experience and skill in raising the worms. That is where the rub came. A person must know what he is doing if he is going to do it right. This proposition of sending a few silk worm eggs on rec|uest to people who never had handled them before, with a few printed instructions as to their care, was exactly the same as sending out a man on a farm who knew nothing about farming and letting him run things on written instructions. It can't be done. Then when a person did start rais- ing silk worms as an experiment and got fair results, the conditions always were that so few were raised that the cash returns were much too small for the time and trouble, although very little more work would have been suf- ficient to look after five times the number of worms and given five times the income. Then the poor reeling machines would not give good silk even from good cocoons. Experiments were interesting, but that was all. Schools of Sericulture. Italy runs four scliools for silk raisers, Japan about ten, though a per- son would at first think that in the Orient, where silk has been produced for thousands of years, they would know all about it now. The right way to get silk culture started prop- erly is to have people go at it as a business, not as an interesting little experiment, to really study it, and then raise their worms as a business, not as a little side line. Silk raising through the efforts of the Ladies' Silk Culture Society of California has passed the experimental stage and has proved that fine profits can be made when things are done right. Almost all of agricultural Cali- fornia is greatly favored by nature for silk raising, and parts of Oregon and Washington so resemble in climate parts of northern Italy, where the best silk of the world is produced, that there is a fine opening there. The society advocates the starting of schools of silk raising in different counties to run about six weeks. The cost of equipment would be practically nothing, the silk produced paying a great part of the costs. At the close of this period the instructor could go to another section and so hold three to four such schools in one season. This would be much like the short courses given by the agricultural col- leges. How Silk Is Produced. The farmer who produces silk has nothing to do with the moth that lays the egg. He starts with the eggs and he ends with the cocoon which the worm has spun. These cocoons are the crop; these he can sell after he has killed the pupae inside, or store them until he is ready to sell. What is done with these will be told later. The eggs are usually raised and sold to silk farmers by people who make a specialty of so doing. Some are Silk Wornm in Clotii Trays at Worls on Mulberry I>eave!i raised by the silk society, or they can be purchased in Italy and shipped here for $3 an ounce. An ounce in silk culture is the "Unit." A man can raise four or five units of worms at once, being fully occupied for only about a third of the time, during the rest of the period, and for most of the year, giving most of his attention to other farm work. For one of the best things about silk raising is that it fits in with diversified farming — it can bring in an excellent income and yet be only one of sev- eral crops raised on a single farm. In fact, the mulberry trees to provide food for the worms might best be grown along fences and roadways where they would take up the least valuable space, giving the open land to other crops. Life of the Worms. From this single small ounce of eggs 40,000 odd worms can hatch. For twenty days they will be only get- ting a start and will consume about 400 to 500 pounds of leaves, and nat- urally not require great attention. Then they will begin to show a vora- cious appetite, and in the ten days left of their wormhood will consume fully a ton of leaves and keep their master busy trying to provide for them. This is his busiest time. Then, filled up and in size the thick- ness of one's little finger and about as long, they crawl up among twigs which their caretakers pro- vide, spin a cocoon of the silk which for thousands of years man has bred them for, and go to sleep in preparation for an awaken- ing as the full-grown moths. While asleep in their cocoons the silk farmer removes the cocoons from the twigs, destroys the pupae inside by artificial heat or by exposing them to the hot sun, and his work is done. If the moth hatches and eats its way out of the cocoon, the cocoon is ruined. The only ones permitted to mature are those needed to lay eggs for next year. The sterlized cocoons will keep for months and years without injury un- less by dampness or moths, and can be sold to the manufacturer to make raw silk. From one ounce of eggs with good care is secured 180 pounds of cocoons. From two pounds of cocoons can be unwound about one pound of raw silk ready for the weaver. Silk of the kind they produce in Italy is worth about $4..")0 per pound. That is the kind of silk they can raise here and are raising here now. It is of a rich golden color. The common silk of the Orient is white and of in- ferior quality, worth perhaps $2 to $2.50 per pound. With silk at $4.50 per pound, the cocoons themselves have a value of about $2 per pound. That gives a view of the finan- cial outlook for the producer. He can care for about four units at a time, be- ginning in the spring when the mulberry begins to leaf out. After the rush of work with the first batch is over he can start a new lot and per- haps carry through three lots of worms in one season. This is done by keeping the delayed hatches of eggs at a low enough tempera- ture. The rest of tlie year and for part of this time he has for his reg- ular farm work. Removing the Silk. The silk on the cocoons is of amaz- ing fineness, as there will be 1,000 yards of it on one cocoon. Strands of silk from five cocoons are unwound at once in reeling the raw silk, and six to eight of these latter threads would be rc;|uired to make ordinary silk thread for sewing. One of the machines is in operation in the Varied Industries building of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, the only one of its kind in the United States. Two operators can work at it unreeling silk, eight threads each, while a third prepares the cocoons for them. Old hand-reeling machines gave a weak, uneven thread, hard to make good cloth from: the raw silk made on this by the skilled operator is of unrivaled uniformity, smoothness and beauty. Working at full capacity this machine could handly fifty pounds of cocoons a day, or several tons in the course of a season, and when produc- tion overtakes its capacity, others can be secured. Before tlie silk is unwound the lint- like covering is brushed off from the cocoons. From this is made the silk floss used in embroidery. What re- mains of the cocoon after the silk is removed, which is mostly the dead insect, is used in Italy for high-class fertilizer, as for greenhouses. Equipment. Climate is the greatest single thing in silk production, as the worms must have a mild, fairly uniform tempera- ture to work in. not get too cold, not too damp. Cold fogs would be a great injury. In some districts it is neces- sary to have buildings in which they can control temperature in order to get proper results. In most of Cali- fornia and possibly in parts of the northwest, any shelter from direct sun- light and protection from draughts would be enough. A building to do that is all that is required. The eggs are placed on cheap cloth trays and the worms fed there through the whole operation. That will be all the equipment needed outside of the food. About 75 square yards of cloth trays are neeedd to raise worms from each ounce of eggs. Mulberry is the standard food of silk worms. It is a quick-growing tree and should be pruned to make wood growth and leaves instead of (Contlnnrd on Pace Bleven.) "Erection Simple and Rapid." So C. O. Portwood of Fossil, Ore., writes us. He further saya: "Your fompIrtF plans and oerfect specifications combined to make us a cheap, comfortable house." Mr. Portwood built his own home any you can do as well aa he did. Complete homes from 1205 uo. which includes everrthluK but your time. Machine sawed material In- sures a perfect fit. and the olani are what Mr. Portwood .fayi and In addition they are slmole — explicit and numbered to cor- respond with the material. The pioueer "knock down" house company of the Pacific Ooast guarantees you satisfac- tion. Send tor our catalogue — To-day. Ready Built House Co., I>S4 Hronilnny. Portland. Ore. TONIC for Molting Ifena T*oii*t nrglci t \<>nr ht n^^rioinng^ time. (ii\e thrm Coakcj's PeiiJb7 Toaic now and build tht m up after the heavy strain ff ihc laying ant ^ There's doIIudc file Coaker't Heed Conkcy't Lice Powder aad Coa- key'i Lice Liqaid to rid year flock of lice. Have Ihea kaady ail tke tw. Srnti 4 ( enis in foi kcv s Poultry Doctor •• Worih dollars t» any poultry ow m r. THEG.E.CONICEY CO. 102 Cooker Boildi^ Clerelud. 0. SAMSON TRACTOR For Every Farm l'»e $575.00 only— $575.00 Sampson Iron Works '^^"t^l'^' k.*^ FOR SALE Prize Winning Shetland Ponies. Selling out. Priced worth the money. MAl'RirE RITKER. Fair Oaks,CaL \Hk Vour Drnler for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Hoi-csn"l carry it. Ailiirrw EI, DOR.IDO on, WORKS. 14n mllfornin SI. ."inn FmiiHBt" ORCHARD AND FARM Vlaking Seedless Raisins Effect of Time of Drying on Quantity and Quality. rHE tonnage of raisins secured from a vineyard, and their quality, depend upon the time picking as much as upon some her things. This was indicated last ar when results of picking Muscats various dates were made public in picking started earlier than could be done this year with similar results. In normal seasons it would be necessary to set back the time of picking somewhat to have the grapes dry down to the same weight and quality as stated here. Flgr-Bordcred AveniieH In the Vineyards of Fresno County. ; I riments under Prof. Bioletti of An important part of the exneri- LJniversity of California. ment was in handling each lot of Similar experiments with Thomp- grapes in two ways, one being Seedless grapes were made last turned, the other unturned. For - >ii by the American Vineyard early picked grapes the best results ■ luiny, the leading handlers of in both quality and weight of i- variety of raisins. The results of raisins were secured with unturned I M have been recently compiled. grapes. The last two or three pick- l uking was done a little earlier ings better results were secured by in would be done for green ship- turning the grapes. The best raisins, and continued at intervals of for example, were picked on Septem- week for over two months, or ber 10 and were turned. They dried 111 it was too late to dry them down a very little heavier than un- 'Pcrly. As with the Muscat ex- turned raisins, while the quality of nnicnts, a greater tonnage of unturned was 98 against 100 for ■,iiis was secured by late picking turned. The last --ood picking, Sep- by early, and the quality of the tember 19, showed a still greater n improved. difference in quality, unturned raisins allowing are some of the data se- scoring only 90, against 95 for turned. ,,,]. As with Muscats, it can be seen Dates Picked— July 23 July SO Aug. G A\ig. 13 Axig. 21 Awg. 28 Sep. 3 Sep. 10 Sep. 19 Sep. 28 Pit cent sugar 17.39 21.11 21.99 22.73 23.60 23.42 24.48 26.01 26.79 24.81 Date Boxed— Aug. 5 Aug. 19 Aug. 24 Sept S Sept. 21 Oct. 6 Oct. 16 Oct. 16 Not. 3 '.'n.ility 60 73 82 83 87 96 98 100 95-90 r uiids of grape? to II. .the a ix>und of raisins 4.3 5.8 4.4 4.0 3.75 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.15 ir.ipes picked September 28 were failure, as -icking was too late, last year was an early vear the Increase in Horses 'nil you tell me ichetJier there has II an increase or a decrease in the •I'hcr of horses raised in the United itrn from 1910 to 1915?— .V. W. B. ■"UK U. S. Department of Agri- culture estimates the number of scs in the United States on Janu- lirst of each year, except 1910, n the .April cenSus figures are I, as follows: 1910, 19,83.3,000; 1, 20,277,000; 1912, 20,509,000; 20,567,000; 1914, 20,962,000; 1915, 1 ').').000. n spite of automobiles and every- ii-r else it can be seen that the ~e is gradually gaining in num- ~ In spite also of the heavy ex- 'aiion of horses on account of the I, the total amount available is so it that the exports are not ma- 1 illy reducing the supply. It is litful also if the war will aflfect ■ rican horse raising very greatly, the western fighting every thing liars to be trench warfare, where ^ilry is of little use and the lighter of artillery horses must be 1 orate, while on the eastern front ~^ia has millions of horses and lid not need to call on America, n if shipments would be possible. ' of the ways America is hardest in the supply of imported draff 'ions. The Purest Coinmerciii) Iron EnowD. that immature grapes dry down too much and make an inferior raisin as well. Size of Field ^Vill j/oii- kindly advise me as to the acreage in a piece of (/round fenced as per inclosed outline?— F. M., On- tario, Orcpon. TT 7"E give space to this question on ' * account of there being a com- I mon mistake as to what is needed to figure the size of any field of ir- regular outline, for this proposition has come up several times. When a field is of irregular shape, it is abso- lutely necessary to know the size of each angle, or most angles, as well | as the length of the sides, before any- one can figure areas. The length of sides alone will be no good, as any- one can see by making a little dia- gram with string, matches or other moveable sides, and then flattening it or drawing it out. Each side will re- main the same length, but the angles and area will be different. Of course if all angles are right angles, or the field is cut on the square, calcula- tions are easy. With a field of ir- regular shape, even when all angles are known the best thing to do is to consult a surveyor or civil engineer. If none is available, we ma'- he able to have an occasional problem of such nature figured out for readers. .Acorn on an oak is worth a dozen on a foot- This is the mark of VISMERA PURE IRON on every sheet of material use(} in STAND- ARD CORRUGAT- ED I RODUCTS. Used Only in Making STAXD.^RD Goods. This mark on STAND- A R D CORRUGATED PlI'Ei OO.'S products means that they are built of the highest quality of commercially pure iron that modern industry and science can produce. 99.S6 per cent Pure STANDARD GATES are recognized as best on three counts: 1 — Ma- terial. 2 — Design. 3 — Fair Cost and Long Life. The success of Standard Gates is clue largely to our ability to build to suit the customer's needs and build right. Six Big Gates Just Made for Tulare Lake and Canal Company standard Gates are built for every water use — Irrigation, Power, Drainage, Overflow. We are not limited to size, but can supply gates for every com- mercial need. We are specialists in gates of every size. And all our gates, as well as our Flume and Corrugated Pipe, are made only of Vismera Iron, 99.86 per cent pure — the most permanent material known to-day for commercial uses. No rust — no corrosion — no decay. Standard Gates are not freaks or experiments — they are de- signed right and made right be- cause we know where and how they will be used. Their installation is a per- manent improvement, and in State^ county, municipal and private property throughout California Standard Gates are handling millions of gallons of water every month. Gate on right is automatic flood gate operated by water flow. Gate on left is drop pattern, adjustable to quarter inches and smooth in operation. Both types made in any size needed. Let us give 3'ou complete details and prices. STANDARD CORRUGATED PIPE CO. 516 Rialto Bldg. San Francisco 737 Lawrence St. Los Angeles ORCHARD AND FARM Success With Apples How an Oregon Farmer Made Good on an Orchard. ALTHOUGH the apple boom as a l)Oom has passed in the North- west, the apple continues to be, as it always will, one of the greatest and most profitable crops grown there. Quality assures that. Not every orchard is profitable, by a great deal, or ever was, that depends ui)on location and management. Douglas county, Oregon, contains some fine fruit country, though prunes have done better financially as a rule than apples. The most suc- cessful apple grower is L. B. Skinner & Sons of Roseburg, and with them apples have run far ahead of prunes, although prunes have done well and he has more prune than apple trees. There are just twelve acres in ap- ples. When Mr. Skinner bought the place seven years ago the apples had not paid. There was a small crop in sight, so the price was within reach- ing distance. Counting that first crop a poor one, the orchard has had two years of big crops and big prices, two of big crops and poor prices, and two of small crops and big prices. One of the good years the apples brought in $6,000, the other $5,000. In one of the poor years nobody else in the county had any apples, but there was enough on this place to be sold in town, at over a dollar a box. bringing in $1,000. The best prune crop has brought in only $3,300, which, incidentally, is good money. Mr. Skinner claims that he can get such heavy yields that he can put apples on the car at a labor cost of 40 cents a box, including picking and ])acking charges, and it will be a dis- astrous year that will not bring bet- ter than that for the best Oregon ap- ples. Counting the years when the apple crop through the country will be short, this insures good profits however the apple business generally turns out. Failure before he bought the place was due to poor yields and poor qual- ity fruit, mostly from lack of close attention and sufficient care. Spray- ing had been done under very low pressure, and so the apples were wormy. Now spraying is done just when it is needed and at high press- ure, and there are hardly any wormy apples. That is one reas(.n for profits. .Another thing is cultivation. .\p- ple trees do two things during the season, make the cron that has set and develop the fruit buds for the following year. The difference be- tween a good crop and a poor one often dci)ends upon the welfare of the tree during the preceding season. Good cultivation has been one of the most important reasons for heavy uniform yields, therefore for profits. .\ third thing has been thinning. This is about the only orchard in the county where systematic thinning is done, only one or two apples in a group being left. That does two things, it makes the apples large and of superior quality; and, what is cijually important, it relieves the tree of an excessive burden and lets it prepare strong buds for the next year. That also has been one thing which has given uniform yields. .Apples, although they will hang on the tree, unless wormy, for some time after they are fit to pick, suf- fer in quality and keeping ability. With good fruit, early picking has been done and has been one reason for profits. Orchard heating has been tried, but has proved unsatis- factory, on account of the quality of oil secured, and, further, is almost unnecessary. When it comes to profits in almost anything, they usually come down to two things: soil and location, and care. The orchard is in a narrow valley, hills on either side, with a str ;am close at hand and rich, deep, sediment soil for the trees. The or- chard did not pay with those natural advantages, and it remained for good care to make the profits. A True Story H'e have read uith attention an article in the .Inly insue of "Orchard and Farm." "How a Farm Renter Pron- liered." Is the account bona fldef I ronxider it so, as the man's name and that of his place of residcnee are given. Itut in a di.fvn.'IiI, oIc. ORCHARD AND FARM ORCHARD AND FARM 9 Cats to Kill Gophers But— 'Don't Feed the Cats." By G. D. Cummings [HAVE a secret for catching go pliers which should be of great importance to the farmers of Cali- ornia and, in fact, the whole United tates. Of course, you can catch gophers y setting traps, or you can poison dem in their burrows, but any con- rivance or contraption that has been evised for destroying them takes up our time,, and if you put in your me catching gophers you cannot do luch of anything else. Even then, ith everlasting vigilance and per- onal attention, the burrowers will lanage to reproduce themselves, in pile of all your efforts. The same ay with mice, rats and other dc- tructive rodents. It docs not pay D put in your time trying to catch lem. Now, in place of you hunting ro- ents, suppose j'ou turn the indus- y over to some other animal. There only one other animal capable of rcomplishing this feat, and that is nr old friend the pussy-cat. The it can look for gophers while you eep, or while you go of¥ joy-riding your automobile. Perhaps by this time you want to now where the secret comes in. hat is the little matter I am anxious 1 give away. It is this: Don't feed the cat. That looks simple enough, but. ally, it is not as simple as it looks, have known this secret ever since was a hoy, but 1 find that most of le people do not know it yet, and me of them never will — what is ore and worse, they don't want to ow it, and argument is useless. If lere is somebody around the house ho is everlastingly feeding the cats is all off with the gopher business, d likewise the mice and rat busi- ess. Cats are generally kept by cse who like to feed them, and if e pussy puts in its time sitting in ont of the door waiting Ifor its ■cad and milk, or steak, it cannot t in front of a gopher-hole waiting catch its dinner. This is just sim- y a bit of natural logic. A cat. like est of other animals, cannot do to things at the same time. But ere are some people, mostly femi- ne, who, in spite of logic, philoso- y and every reasonable deduction, ill put in their time stuffing the its. Of course, there are others who ill not allow a cat around the place, d still others who kill the cats, ow, these persons are all wrong; cy don't understand the cat or do :r justice. The trouble is we have ade a house pet of the cat. That not her mission in life. She is ally a natural beast of prey, intelli- ;nt and alert; a carnivorous feline •owlcr and scavenger, and for these irposcs only should she be em- oyed or tolerated around the place. In reference to my boyhood ex- ;rience with the beast. I remember e had an old cat at our place which e never fed. and she was always the pink of condition, rolling fat. just kept her in good condition eking UD the mice and other ro- !nts which cnme prowling around, id she kept them very scarce. Our neighbors also had cats. They ere also continually feeding those Its. and the creatures were poor as ittlesnakes: they were dving of in- gestion. They would slink off and e down while the mice and rats meed an eicrht-handed reel around lem and laughed in their faces. You >u1d not hire the worthless things I catch mice. T have experimented 'ith cats extensively since then and t1 that this system always holds ^^d: Keep the cats hungry and they will catch any rodent pests that come around. Right here I know families who have a half dozen cats, which they are continually feeding, while the gophers destroy the crops in the field, and the mice and rats eat up what is left and feast in the larder. In the cities the cats and rats feed out of the same garbage cans and seem to have formed a combination against the human tribes. Cats will destroy rats if they are kept in proper condition for that purpose. I find by actual experi- ments that a cat prefers a gopher diet to any other kind of food whatever, and if she is not being fed in the house will sit in front of a gopher- hole until she gets her prey, if it takes a week. This thing is of vast economic im- portance, not only on the Pacific Coast, but the whole United States. A large percentage of all farm crops are destroyed annaully by those ro- dents which could be captured by the cats. Suppose every dweller on a 25-foot lot had a cat; every person who owned five acres kept five cats; every fifty acres had fifty cats and every one hundred acres kept about one hundred cats, or just as many as the necessity of the occasion demanded. Feed these cats a little milk or some- thing once or twice a week and let them prowl. You might have a rum- pus once in a while among the cats — but we will let that pass. They would keep down the "Varmin" to the vanishing point. There are al- ways a new supply of gophers springing up to furnish food for the cats. A new breed of plague-ridden rats and ground squirrels are coming into existence continually, new swarms of rodents are coming up from the creek bottoms and down from the moun- tains. By handling the thing sys- tematically the supply and demand can be evenly balanced with a grad- ual disappearance of the pests. Sup- pose you should eventually have too many cats and once in a while one runs short of food and quit, in the eternal economy of things it would not be an appalling disaster, seeing that in a state of nature probably 95 per cent would perish for the want of food anyway. A cat in its native state needs only about one meal a week to keep it in good fighting con- dition. If the cats were kept in this way, a supply equal to the demand, we would have no gophers and other (Continued on Page Thirty-two.) EIGHT CYLINDER COMPLETE 40-45 HORSE POWER. FARMERS are quickest to buy this car because they know machinery. It is easy for a dealer to explain to them why the King Eight is mechanically superior. They want high power at low operating cost; the very latest in motor car mechanics consistent with right engineering proved right by thousands of miles of grueling operation; sturdiness that defies years of racking roads; constant readiness for travel without fussing, and all the comfort, beauty, flexibility and si- lence demanded by the city man. In a word, they want the KING. You'll be happiest with your King purchase if you've tried the other cars first. We want you to do this ; it will make There's a King dealer in your locality. Write for his address and the new Elight catalog Tico Body Styles — One Chassis — Touring Car and Roadster KING MOTOR CAR COMPANY,1300.1324 Jefferson Ave., DETROIT, MICHIGAN you a King booster. Hundreds of King Eights arenowoperating all over America andinmany countries of Europe. It's the Eight a year ahead — the Eight that has Je//t)erep with excellent results. Roy James Johnson, aged 13 when his record was made, was the winner of his club at Ontario, Eastern Ore- gon, in 1914, producing 94.56 bushels of corn on one acre. i'ollowing are some of the details of the work: The corn was grown on a gray silt soil, ten feet deep, un- derlaid by gravel. It had been farmed eisht years, oats being the preceding it -'p. The land was plowed eight i!K lies deep October 20, 1913, and disc li irrowed once before planting. No irrlilizer was used. Yellow dent corn was planted May 1 in rows three feet apart, 14 inches ill the row. Five cultivations 2y^ nuiies deep were given with a one- 1 "ise cultivator. Costs. I ive hours' plowing harrowing and ' ilier team work cost $1.10; ten hours' 1; icing, $1; one hour planting, 20 nts; ten hours' cultivating, $1.50; 'cen hours' harvesting, $1.50; rent 'i land, $5; irrigation, eight hours, 80 cents (cost of water apparently not coimted); cost of seed corn, ."iS cents. Total cost, $11.45. The crop amounted to 92.56 bushels. Of this two bushels were selected as -ed corn worth $2.80 per bushel, the ic^t 70 cents a bushel; total value $07.59, leaving a profit, according to this figuring, of $56.14. Roy Johnson's Story. This is the story told by Roy John- son of his methods in growing the corn: One day last year while I was in the seventh grade, the principal of our school, Mr. E. G. Bailey, came into our classroom and asked how many would like to join a corn club. Wc had all heard of clubs of other States. He told us that he would be willing to help us, and that we would be re- quired to plant and raise an acre of corn. That set me to thinking with much eagerness and great anxiety — if I could raise the best corn it would entitle me to a trip to the State fair, which I have already earned and ap- preciated very much, but my greatest desire was a trip to Washington, D. C. I went home and asked papa if I might join. He told me that he did not think that I stood any chance, as there were larger boys in the club and I had never cultivated any. I insisted so hard that he finally con- sented and said that he would show and teach me how to cultivate my acre of corn. I broke my ground October 20. I used a Moline sulky plow. I plowed the ground eight inches deep. My ground was well pulverized and in a good condition. I harrowed it in the spring, April 2. I did not know where to get my seed corn. I looked around, but could not find much good corn. Finally I bought thirty-five cents' worth of fairly good corn and planted it May 1. My horse was gentle, but he was not used to being plowed single by boys and he walked too fast to be a good plow animal. Papa adjusted the plow and plowed a row for me and followed me a while to show me how to guide it. 1 irrigated my corn May 5, June 6, August 1 and August 11. I harrowed it with a spike-tooth harrow May 12. I cultivated it with a one-horse cul- tivator May 25, June 12, June 22, July 25 and August 5. I hoed my corn June 5 and July 10. I gathered my corn October 26 and put it in the crib. My corn was weighed November 22. It is good, sound and well-matured corn. It ripened about three weeks earlier than the most of the corn in this section. It shelled out 82 per cent. 1 won first prize on my corn at the Malheur county fair, which was five dollars, also a trip to Salem to the State fair. I have sent twelve ears of my corn to the corn show at Walla, Walla, Washington. My corn was weighed in the pres- ence of Professor E. G. Bailey and Mr. William R. Shinn, the county agriculturist. The total weight of my corn is 6,450 pounds. The percentage is 82 pounds of shelled corn. I sold my corn to papa. He paid me a cent a pound or 70 cents a bushel. ROY JAMES JOHNSON. The above is the report made by Master Johnson in giving in his state- ment to the State leader of club work at the Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore. Silk for the Coast (Continued from Page Six.) berries. Then a tree the size of an orchard peach tree will provide, say 600 to 1,000 pounds of leaves a season. Planted along roadways and fences, the land required thus is small. The great necessity for success is knowledge of right methods. That should be obtained by training, in place of the experimentation without knowledge that has made the failures which have discouraged further prog- ress thus far. We have here what Mr. S. R. Bel- lamy, an expert in silk culture from Italy, in charge of the technical work of the Ladies' Silk Culture Society, claims is a climate as fine as the finest silk-producing climate in the world. Considering that silk of local produc- tion is so fine, of such a fine price, and that the work would fit in well with other farm work and add greatly to the income, it offers apparently a great and needed opportunity to es- tablish a new industry and an addi- tional and profitable industry is al- most beyond value to every farming district. (trademark registered) Wall Board for Interior Finishing Closely imitates various wood grains. Takes the place of lath and plaster. Is much cheaper. Easily put up by anyone handy with tools. Also Comes Plain to Be Tinted Any Color A Beautiful, Durable, Substantial Wall Board, Lasting Indefinitely. Get It Thru Your Hardware or Lumber Dealer — or Write Us $550 Cash Prizes for photographs of the prettiest Amiwud Rooms. Send us a photograph of the room when finished. You may win $25, $15 or $10 cash in your district, thereby getting back the cost of building your Amiwud Room. Sign and mail coupon below. EVERY CONTESTANT RECEIVES A ROYAL SOCIETY PACKAGE Manufacturers of the famous Malthoid and RU-BER-oiD Roofings and P. & B. Products The Paraffine Paint Co. 34 First Street, San Francisco 2200 Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles The Paraffine Paint Co., 34 First St., San Francisco, or Los Angeles, California. I am interested in your Amiwrud Contest. Please send details. Name Address If interested in roofing, check here '. o. & F. 12 ORCHARD AND FARM Housekeeping by Electricity Exhibit at Exposition Shows Uses of Electricity in the Home. IT has not been very long since electricity was considered a rather expensive source of heat supply. This idea is still held by some per- sons who do not realize the great help that electricity now can be in housekeeping, both for heating and power, who do not realize how dis- covery and invention have made elec- tricity one of the cheapest sources of heat (and power) known, as well as one of the cleanest and most conven- ient. Electricity f o r the home is used in three ways; for light, with which all are familiar; power, used as yet more on the farm than in the home; and heat, which now is used only a little, but of?ers a great opportunity. In districts where power lines run is found the ideal place for a full utilization of elec- tric power for the home. On the farm with pumps, sil- age cutters, milk- ing rriachines and the dozen other farm uses of elec- tricity, the amount of power used runs far beyond that used in the city home, and conse- quently, the cost of clectricty is usually only a fraction of the cost for the the city home, also, the current is used mainly in the evening, and the cost has to be much beyond what it would be if there was almost a fairly uniform amount used at all times. Whatever the reasons are does not matter so much as the simple fact that, wherever electricity is available in the country, its cost is small, and the uses are greater than in the city, where so many things are done out of the home. Electricity at Exposition. Perhaps the best way to describe how electricity can aid in home irn- provement is to tell of the "Electri- fied Home" in the Manufacturers' Palace at the Exposition. Here elec- tricity is harnessed to serve for home; comfort and convenience, both as light, power and heat. Great as was the advance over or- dinary lighting by the invention of the carbon lamp, it has been equalled by the development of the Mazda lamp, with a clear white light, only consuming a fraction of the amount of current used in a carbon lamp. Since their origin there has been a great improvement in Mazda lamps, and they have become the standard in durability, economy and efficiency. An interesting feature is the pleasant lighting effects that arc secured by so-called indirect illumination, where the light is diffused evenly through the room, as in daylight, while the lamp itself is hidden. This is a mat- ter of fixtures more than the lights themselves. Tt is bv indirect illum- ination that the Fair buildings are lighted up to resemble a dream city bv night. This is enough for the lights. Electric Kitchen Conveniences. Except for the liehtine. it is prob- ably in the kitchen that electricity can be most of service. First is the electric range, complete for all cook- ing nurposes. Electric develoornent has been such that heat bv electriritv can be supplied verj' cheaply. Tn the next place, it can be placed exactly where it is needed and kept from spreading out over all the range or all the kitchen. That is one reason for its cheapness. Equally of value, especially in the hot summer, is the fact that it gives a cool kitchen. Cooking for a family of five full grown people can be done for one month for 100 to 110 times the elec- tric rate. That is, if the rate is 4 Electrically FnrnJshed Kitchen at the Exposition cents, the current for a month would cost only about $4 to $4.50. There are also electric plates for frying or broiling or for keeping food warm. For the table there are elec- tric coffee pots, toasters, chafing dishes and other such equipment which need not be spoken of. Exactly opposite in effect from the range is the electric refrigerator, which works automatically, without ice. That is, the housewife, or dairy- man, or whoever it might be, sets it for any temperature wanted and there it stays, using only the current required to keep it there. With only a Vi -horse power motor, cold may be supplied equal to 1.50 pounds of ice in 24 hours. Naturally, as desired, a small refrigerator can be used and very little current will be required, or a big refrigerator used for a cream- ery or dairy, and the motor operated almost continually. Where ice is un- available or expensive, this offers the opportunity for efficient refrigeration. Laundry Helps. Two types of dish washing ma- chines are available. In one the dishes are set in racks, open side down, hot soapy water put in and the current turned on, which sends the water vigorously over them, washing out impurities. Then this is drained off and clean hot water put in and the process repeated: the washer then is opened and the dishes dry quickly. The other machine is more elaborate. Ai a ten-cent rate, which is high, the washer would op- erate for only 2 to 3 cents per hour. For the laundry a clothes washing machine is provided. Also an elec- tric ironcr. a machine, not simply the common electric iron. However, this would be used only in laundries, not ordinarilj- in a private home. In the kitchen in verv small space is the heater for the hot water boiler, heating water up to 130 degrees. There is also an ice cream freezer, op- erated at - cents an hour, when cur- rent costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour. If water has to be pumped from a well, there is in the shed an elec- tric pump and air tank, which supply water at a good pressure through the house. This is compact and has a capacity of 150 gallons per hour. It works on the principle that when the water is forced into the tank against pressure, it will be forced out with the same pressure. and so it is un- necessary to have a tank upon a roof or upon a high platform to get a good flow of water in the pipes. It works automati- cally, and as water s removed the motor starts and keeps it full. Electric Sewing Machine. Of striking in- terest in the sit- tingroom is the electric sewing machine, something which has barely been put on the market, manufact- ured by the electric people themselves. It is operated by a motor which could almost be clipped in one's pocket, it is so small, being one- thirtieth of a horse power. Regulated by the foot, as an old machine is run, it can be run ex- tremely slow, or speeded up far be- yond foot power machines. No mat- ter how fast it is speeded, it can be stopped instantaneously. With such a small motor, the cost of operation is nearly nothing, and naturally, with the electrical portion being so small, the cost is surpris- ingly small also. For comfortable living there arc heaters of various kinds, fans to cre- ate a circulation of air, vacuum cleaners to give dustless cleaning, an electrically operated player piano to provide music. Nursery and Bedroom. In the nursery or bedroom there is a warming pad for the bed, which can be regulated without arising; a burglar alarm, which lights up every part of the house; an electric mas- sage vibrator, electric curling iron, hair dryer, a heater for baby's milk when he wakes ud at night and wishes to be fed, and numerous other small articles in various parts of the house which can be used for special purposes, but which probably will not be desired in most homes of moder- ate size by people of moderate means and tastes. One interesting feature is the ven- tilator, of special value on very hot days, or where there is sickness and ventilation is wanted without a draft This is set on the window sill and the window closed to it. With a very small motor air is brought into the room, or taken from it, without caus- ing a draft. In the milk room a small motor operates the separator, a churn and a bottle-washing machine. In the garage the electric carriage is re- chare-t wnrk R^^^a i re 2 = = leas men wbeneqaippea with CASE Ha^Tork. » I CASE Hay Presses | = Two aizM— 14 in. z 18 in. (3^ to S Umt) ud g — 17in.x22in. (4to6tonfl). TTemeu']na«lrstrT)Dc s = anddamble. HimpleandnfecooperHte. Mail b = lioatcard tor Baling Pra« C«uloc and pricea. p 1 J.I.CASETHRESmNGMACHIIfECO..Uc g = Dcpl.801, lUdac. Wb. S lid Dumps Like a Shove Earth doesn't clog or stick in tlie Standard Earth Anger. Digs exsy — like boring a hole through soft pine hoard with a brand new brace and hit. Digs wells, post-boles or boles for any pnrpose. STANDARD ^^'^iTf?!'*' THgrs a 40- ft. well in one dav, Will go as deep as 100 feet. Pure a day bonne well* for your neighbors. Your own wtli for ;iothing and the anger yours r- Ais any hole^ you want abou* t place. Our illustrated folder ff-il- ynu all about it. Knclose 2 ^- r wtarop to coTer postage . \\r ' ■ NOW. STANDARD AT OKR ' " 3r>-N West :?Uh «>trf>^-T. Thi. \~ ■ Pacific Coast Fair Dates Vancouver (Canada) Exhibition, Vancouver, K. ('., Au(ruth. Oreeon State Fair, Salem, Ore. September 27th to October 2d. Arizona Stale Fair, Phoenix. Ariz- \oveniber Slh to 13th. Cascade International Livestock Show, Xortli Yakima. Wash.. >"oveml)er 22d to 2Tth. Western \ntl'>nal Dairv Show. Seattle. Wash. November Sth to IStb. ORCHARD AND FARM Furnishing the Home Things That Mal^e It Pleasant and Comfortable. hLANNING for home furnishings " should be done in part on the same basis as for furnishing a tory or work shop. The housewife )uld get furnishings and utensils ich would enable her to carry on • various duties with the least pos- le waste of time, work and mate- Is. But it is also as important to Dvide for comfort and wholesome joyment as for cooking and clean- eating and sleeping. Haptliazard buying is always ex- ivagant and never more so than the home. Two tables niav be equally good, t the housewife should select the most in harmony with the room d its furnishings. Better buy napkins at a fair price cause they are needed than sheets, ich will not be needed for sev- years, just because they are eap. n choosing labor-saving devices, IS a good rule to give the prefer- e to those which save heavy work I which lighten tasks most fre- ently performed. A machine for ishing clothes saves more bodily ergy than a patent roasting pan. d a meat chipper is used more en than a device for stoning erries. In buying necessary articles, se- t those which will do work in the )St convenient and economical IV. Home joj's depend more on per- ns than things, but good furnish- s have much to do with home joyment. The more that any article that is ed in the home includes ail three ments of necessity, convenience d beauty, the better it will fill its rpose. [n a new house stained and var- hed woodwork may be easiest to ce care of, but when the wood- rk is old and worn, paint may ke a more satisfactory finish. In :t, it may be the only suitable ish. The housewife, to avoid unncces- ry work, must also avoid bric-a- ac, which is difficult to dust, pol- ed surfaces which have to be fre- ently rubbed, and elaborate linen ich it takes much time and skill launder. In a small house kitchen utensils d other furnishings must be used r many purposes: where there is ts of room, special utensils may used for each purpose. However, is poor policy to have too many tides around. The well furnished house is not e which is cluttered up with things hich may be useful or attractive. It which no one ever uses or en- TS, but one which contains those ngs which are necessary for con- nience in working and comfort and tisfaction in living, and no more. Beauty does not lie so much in e ornaments of n home, but the lactation of the thing to its use. The reason many old tables and lairs are so attractive is that the akers designed them to be strong id comfortable, and now their raight lines and plain surfaces are itated. However, it is poor imita- on to take severely plain furniture, liioh is awkward looking and un- "ifortable. Hnrmonious colors for walls, floors nd iipholsterv, and furniture chosen ir design and comfort, will go much irther than large exi^enditure \vith- iit good taste in making a pleasant onic. ' licapness in ''ome furnishing is "t economv. Dish toweling at 18 cnts a yard, which wears twice as ">ng as 12-ccnt toweling, is the lio.iner by a good margin. ^^^'>ll paper and other home fur- nishings upon wliich considerable la- bor must be expended before they are readj- for use, should be as dur- able as possible. Whatever means of lighting is used, simple lamps or fixtures should always be chosen, as they are most easily kept clean, and, if they are made of good material and good de- signs, they are better looking than elaborate ones. In "lanniu"' drawers it is well to remember that a large number of shallow drawers are better than fewer deep ones. Narrow shelves are also more convenient than wide shelves and are easier to keep clean. Styles of cheap things change quicker than styles of good things, so that a good, durable article will be in fashion much longer than a cheap, gaudy aflfairs. In the room where the family sit to read and sew a good lamp or a drop light on the table, or fairly low- side lights on the wall are better for the eyes than high central lights. Bronze wire mesh for door and window screens will not rust and is very durable. Door screens should be provided with good springs, so that they will be sure to close tightly. In choosing rugs, one should select those which are firmlv woven and which lie flat. If they arc too thin 13 or loosely woven they will work up into wrinkles or ridges, especially if they are large. Although varnish is an easier fin- ish to keep clean on wood than paint, the latter may be good in lighten- ing up a room. Good enamel, mixed with the last coat of paint, prolongs its life and makes it easier to clean. If a floor is too bad for ordinary rugs, it is better to paint it and then lay down a carpet rug large enough to cover all but the edges than to tack a carpet over the floor. Car- pets that are tacked down are the champion accumulators of dust and dirt. Plated silver is made so well and so cheaply nowadays that almost every family can have at least a sup- ply of forks and spoons. $1,635,000 Hidden In This Yearns Goodyear Tires Not an Excuse Let us first explain that this is not an ex- cuse for over-price. Our this year's price re- duction— made February 1 — will save Good- year users about five million dollars this year. And that was our third reduction in two years, totaling 45 per cent. Our matchless output gives you in Goodyears a value never before known in tires. Goodyear Extras Goodyear Fortified Tires have five costly features found in no other tire. They com- bat your five major troubles in better ways than anyone else attempts. These tires, in addition, have other features not commonly employed. If we omitted those ex- tras, this year's probable output would cost us $1,635,000 less. That is. we cou Id add to our prof- its about $5450 per day. Most of these extras are hidden. Tires that lack them look as strong G OOD^YEAR AKRON. OHIO Fortified Tires Rim.Cutt- Blowouts- Fortified ! Loo>e Treads— by many rubber rivets Aeaintt ^ Iniecurity— by 126 braided piano wires. I Punctures and Skidding— ty our doublc- ' tliick All Weather tread. as Goodyears. And you would never know it, save by months of use. if we left them out. $500,000 Added This year's improvements — just our latest additions — cost us $500,000 yearly. Most of it goes into extra rubber — all into extra wear. And this much is added — this half million dollars — at a time when we save users five million dollars in price. At a time when some makers are skimping to meet competition. Then our Research Department — to find more betterments still — will cost us $100,000. Yours for the Asking These extras are yours for the asking. Tires without them will be offered so long as you will buy them. But any dealer, if you ask him. will supply you Good- year tires. Goodyear has for years outsold any other tire. It is gaining new users faster than we can supply them. And those extras did it. by our No-Rim-Cut feature, by our "On-Air" cure (2418) THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO Makeri of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Accetsorie*; alio Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tirei and other Type* i 14 ORCHARD AND FARM Farm Problems Helps Out of Farm Difficulties. / hacc (III electric puiniiimj plant with b-horcsponcr iiiotor, on coiiibi- iKifiuii contract. Chanjc is $25.00 ;)<>/■ horyciioncr from I'chriiarij lut to Julj/ Zlut, anil $.03 per Idloicatt hour from .lii(/nf:t lut to .lannary 31st again. I can change that to flat rate of $50.00 per horsepoirrr for the year round, or $25.00 per homcpoivcr for the last fiiw monthn named. Shicc I u'ill u.se the plant for onlp a limited time durinij this period. I would like to Inoic which icould he the cheaper: to keep meter rate or chanfie the flat rate for the year, or, in other irords. to knoir how lonii the extra $125.00 on a yearly rate icould operate the motor. Answer by P. H. Affolter, Fairbanks- Morse Co. YDUR problem resolves itself down to this: You will either have to pay $.03 per kilowatt hour after .August 1 or $25 per horse-power additional on the flat rate. The only question to be decided is whether on an average you will use $25 worth or more of power after August 1 at $.03 per kilowatt hour. One horse-power is equal to 746 watts or .746 of a kilowatt. The cost per horse-power hour would, there- fore, be approximately 2.24 cents, or for $25 you could run at 1 horse- power for a period of 1,115 hours, which would be about 46 days of 24 hours per day. From the nature of your land and the crop you are grow- ing, you can probably decide v ery nearly how many days you will have to operate the plant after August 1. If you expect to have to operate 46 days or more, it would pay you to take the $25 rate, otherwise, especially if the time you expect to operate is considerably less than 46 days, it would pay you to take the meter rate. We are trouhled a fjreaf deal with flies nriiund our ham, and irould like to know if you can rceninmend soma way to yet rid of them? Would ex- plain that our ham is kept very clean and that no quant'rty of manure is al- lowed to accumulate. — TF. II. S. T F, as you say, their breedin,? places arc not permitted to accumulate, or the stable is kept very clean, wc can hardly say whnt more to do. Plac- ing what manure there is so it will dry out quickly may prevent some fly breeding. The flies that are there can be prevented from gathering on the sides and ceiling of the barn by spraying with a solution of epsom salts, a cupful to the gallon. If this is done thoroughly it may possibly drive the most of them away. How can I destroy the green worms which are made hy small, icliite but- terflies on cabbapet I have quite a laryc patch of cahhaye just heginniny to start heads, which irill he ruined by these pests unless 1 can flnd some- thinq to prevent it. — T. B. INJURIOUS and Beneficial Insects, A published by the California Horti- cultural Commission, states that con- trol measures arc practically impossi- ble after the insects have gotten a gO(^d start. Young plants may well be protected by arsenical sprays, which are applied with safety until the heads arc half grown. Spraying with white hellebore kills the caterpillars with- out danger to the plants or the con- sumer. Clean culture should be prac- ticed and no cabbage or other plants upon which this insect feeds should be grown between crops. Can you tell me whether alfalfa will drive out morning glory, and if, in. turn, alfalfa is difficult to get rid oft I hare understood that the alfalfa roots 00 very deep and arc hard to plow up. Is this sor—R.'i\CHER. THF only thing we know of that will destroy morning glory is frequent cultivation with a weed cut- ter, and poison spoken of previously. Alfalfa will not drive it out, though alfalfa can hold its own against it in a good stand, well cared for and prop- erly irrigated. Alfalfa is entirely un- ob.'ectionaMe in the way you mention. While it is true that it is very deep- rooted and the crowns occasionally have a little too much vitality, the plants that are not killed immediately are not any particular nuisance and the amount of trouble they cause in this way is not worth considerinij. Contrarywisc, alfalfa is probably the best soil improver known, adding much nitrogen and humus to the soil, while the roots open up the soil to air and moisture. You should welcome alfalfa instead of fearing it, but it does not add the ability to smother morning glory to its other merits. Can you tell mc what is the matter vHth my chickens and U'hat to do for them? They are about ten tcceks old and arc apparently healthy up to this time, but there .^eeins to be something the matter with their legs. They step high, and the next day or two after- ward they lose the use of themselves and sprawl out and can't walk and seem to have tremhling upelts. In a few days they lose the use of their heads, and can't pick up anything to eat, but all the time they seem to icant to eat. I never saw anything like it. and don't know what to do for them. I feed them vothiiifi but wheat, and they have a free range.— MRS. W. A. B. Answer by Prof. J. E. Dougherty. ' I * H E symptoms you mention are too general to permit of accurate diagnosis, but would indicate digestive trouble. Have you been feeding any mouldy meat scrap? Have you opened any of those that died to see if they have intestinal worms? Do they get plenty of out-door exercise and greens? .\re they crowded at night? Are your houses clean and well ven- tilated? Is your ration correct? Any of these things might help produce the trouble you speak of. Feed the birds lightly for a time, give plenty of greens, lots of exercise and immediately give the flock a dose of epsom salts at the rate of one-third teaspoonful per bird, dissolved in just enough water to mix what mash the chicks will clean up in a few minutes. Those that won't eat will have to have the salt solution poured down the throat. Repeat in a few days if nec- essary. Will you adrise me what to do for .spider and rust on leare.i of rose buslicsf They have been discouragingly bad this year. .ilw. why do the leaves dry and drop off the Logan and Law- ton berry hushes before the fruit i» ripe? — C. C. Answer by Prof. Wm. T. Home, University of California. We recommend for the i)revention of rust to spray the plants with a solution of livers of sulphur, using one ounce to three gallons of water. This will need to be sprayed so as to moisten both surfaces of the leaves, and the treatment will need to be repeated rather frequently dur- ing the early part of the season. I have not myself carried out this treat- ment, but would think that the spray should be applied shortly after the leaves begin to appear and probably at intervals of ten days to two weeks until the foliage is well formed. After the dry weather of summer comes there will probably be less danger of infection. I am not sure that this treatment will kill the red spiders, but think that it might, since they are also sen- sitive to sulphur. -As to the reason why the leaves fall from I.ogan and I. awton berry bushes, I am unable to tell you. It is pos- sible that you have to do with some root disease, or with some condition of the soil which prevents retention of sufficient moisture for maturity of the fruit. I should suppose, how- ever, that you ha\e investigated this matter and that it is some diseased condition which 1 am not able to in- form vou about. Rogue River's Model Farm (Continued from Page Three.) room, vegetable and berry garden, with plenty of flowers, and behind all the barns and corrals. From the garden Mrs. Bodge has vegetables for the family and fruits and berries canned to keep all winter and longer. Eggs from the fifty hens and milk from the two cows paj' all the grocery bills. Between the pear trees hay is grown for the stock, and by the deep plowing hav yields are heavy and the trees do not suflfer for moisture. In one part of the orchard canteloupes and melons are grown for sale locally and in Ashland, sev- eral miles south. The melons have been suflFicient to pay the wages of the hired man. They arc well raised, only the best are sold, the wagon in which they are delivered is clean and well painted, and the melons are cov- ered with canvas to keep them cool so the customers are all eager 'fo them. Culls are fed to the pigs o sold to neighbors for their hogs. Only three horses are kept, as it i more profitable, considering feed ani labor, to hire extra horses from towi for haying or special work than t< keep more. Instead of the manor that extra stock would give in keep ing the land up, manure is brough from town. The greatest single thing in th' farming is the deep plowing tJ givi the plants nlenf of soil and moisttjre accompanied by good cultivation. Thi other thing, which is the basis for i all, is atttention to details, good car' and efficient management. The goal is good, sensible, profit able living, and Mrs. Bodge looks a if farming agreed with her; small bright, energetic, quick of movemen and mind, dressed in her workini clothes and with her hair hanging ii two thick braids like a school girl clear eyes and a skin like a schoo girl's, she is a picture of health an( happiness. Forage plants are the feed tha cheapens the cost of hog raising I-ook after your pastures and savt monev thcrebv. if you raise Almonds read this a straight from the shoulder talk with proof to back it up. HOW to ijet the most profits out of his business is a ques- tion that interests every orchardist. And if he is really in earnest and wants to be able to enjoy the good things of life, he will investigate and learn how he can make the most money with the least effort in the quickest time and at the lowest cost. That is just what we want to prove to you, Mr. Almond Grower, and without one cent of cost or the least obligation. We want to send you, free of charge, illustrated and des- criptive literature about The Read "Sure Pop" Almond Huller THRKEC MODBI.S .\'a. I, 'Vt tolVz tonii >'o. 2, IMctoS Stan Krnui'iHi'o, Cat, l oiiiitry Life I'ubliHhliiK Co., I'ubllNlierH IJ. .1. W hitney Kdltor U. W. mil AdvertlHlue Manaicer Wm. Tyler Smith- -Circulation Manaacer Katitern OlHoe Wallace C. RiciiarilHou (Inc.) 41 I'nrk Hon, .>iew York Midlife Went OfHce James A. Buchanan, Marquette Bids-, Chicago SUBSCKll'IUX RATES. Bv subscription 50c per year, three years for 11.00. To Canada, by subscription, extra Dostajce 24c per eacli year. ForeiKn. by subscription. 3tic extra per each > ear. 5c per cop.v of all newsdealers. Kntered as second-class matter at the I'ostofflce of San l-'ranoisco. Cal.. under the Act of Congress of March 3, 187!). Address all communications and malce all payments to Country Life Publishing Company, Hearst Uuilding. San i'rancisco. Cal. Coi>yriirht, 1U15, by Country Life I>ub- liMhiufc Co. I'ermlMMiou to I'ubiUh \\ ill He (Granted Only on Keuueiit. T'lE attention of all papers, agri- cultural or otherwise, is called to the coypright notice at the head of this colunin, where it ap- peared in the July issue, and will ap- pear in issues to come. We are glad to be appreciated and to have other papers pass along what they con- sider good in the pages of Orchard and Farm, but unfortunately several papers have appreciated us too well; they have considered information we have gathered so valuable that they have taken it for their own, printed it word lor word and given no sugges- tion of its origin, l-or newspapers to do this would be bad enough, but for agricultural journals circulating over territory in which many of our sub- cribcrs live to do so, is almost the limit. Hereafter all original matter in Orchard and Farm will be copy- righted. It is to be hoped that our contemporaries will feel privileged to make use of everything they like in our pages, but in protection to our- selves and in justice to our readers who have paid to receive the paper, it is requested that permission be asked of us and due mention made whenever any material is copied. IX' the whole series of special num- bers prepared for the year, not one have \vc looked forward to with one-quarter of the pleasure we have to the marketing and organization nimiber for September. If it is any- thing like our anticipations it will be worth any three others numbers put together. However, it goes without saying that marketing matters have a prominent place in each issue, ?nd that is why we want to talk a little about the letter on the opposite page; that is why we publish it now instead of holdin" it back until the marketing ninnber. This is the way the letter came to be written: For some months we have been in touch with its author, who came to the Coast from .\ustralia well over a year ago to learn .American agricul- ture by getting out and working at it, earning his way with hand and brain and learning more than money could buy or a college education give. Recently we had the pleasure of a personal acquaintance and the con- versation drifted quickly to the series of stock yards articles by Mr. McGee. "That is one of the best things possible," said Mr. Rundle. "With- out such a system of sales yards and sales days .Australian agriculture would break down entirely." "Give us tlie details," we said. He did so. "Now," we requested, "if it is as good as all that, could you not write and tell our readers all about it too?" The letter on the opposite nage is the result. To our minds it is one of the most worth while tilings we have met for a long time. Can we not study it up? Cannot the Granges, F'armers' Unions, other farmers' organizations, Commercial Clubs and Boards of Trades take it up? Can they not see whether it would really tit out conditions, whether it could be put into effect? The each-man-for-himsclf, any-old- way of buying and selling, sticking signs up at the gate or hunting round for a buyer, is disastrous, cumbersome, a root of all kinds oi farm marketing evils. If some method works and does well somewhere else, let us see if it would not work and do well here also. IT is true that this plan might not suit us at all. If it were simply a European system, with their small farms, their strict economv and in- expensive methods, there might be little chance of its working out well here, but when it comes to Australia^ more undeveloped agriculturally than America, with larger farms, wider distances, tinding it a necessity, it is time to sit up and take notice. A thing also that has the weight of ages behind it must have much of the weight of true value. "Market day" in European countries wc hear is an important institution. Well, it ought to be pleasant for the farmer and his wife to come to town when everybody else is coming, and if while there they can buy some things they want with a total elimination of the middleman and sell what they want to the man who wants it, middleman or not, they have put in a pleasant and profitable day. Now, there is no use going off half cocked on a subject like this; better learn all about it; better start it only after everything is all prepared in the right way, to prevent the failure of a good idea by wrong methods, but if the plan would succeed and fill a long felt want, the towns that start it best will leave their rivals out in the cold, and that itself ought to be enough inducement to start some patriotic people getting busy on the matter. Mr. Rundle is open to all sorts of questions and explanations: if we size up people right, he will go a good ways to help any good thing along and there are doubtless many other of our readers who can add to our knowledge on the matter npO a certain extent, this is the least ■'■ agricultural of all issues that have appeared for more than a year. Home is home, wherever it may be, in city, town or country. Of all institutions it is the greatest, upon its welfare the welfare of the race exists. What can be said upon it can fill large volumes and a single issue of one farm paper must be .'.ble to touch the subject very lightly. The best that we could do was to refer to only a few of those things which relate particularly to the country home. .As poets, philosophers, historians, statesmen and the common people in numbers have often said, all that a man gets here on earth is his food, his clothes and a place to sleep. What he has of wealth and property he leaves behind when he dies. Since this is true the man who has a real "Home" is richer bj' far than he who has not. If he searches for wealth, he leaves that behind, and he leaves his children too often parasites on their country and a curse to them- selves; if he searches for bodily ease, he secures soft, flabby muscles, a mind of the same sort, a succession of ailments that make life not worth living, and dies, "unwept, unhonored, and unsung," as the poet says. .After all is said and done, that man and woman who have lived an industrious, useful life, who have been surrounded by cliildren wliom they could honor and who could honor them, have had a value in living that surpasses any- thing that a search for mere wealth, pleasure, or fame can give. They have had a real home. They have had their food, their clothing, a place to lay their head, as the others have had; but they have had more. They have had the company of growing children, their guidance, the molding of their character^, their love and their respect, which in a way gives a mortal a form of successful im- mortality which the searcher for wealth, pleasure and fame, sacrificing his home life, cannot even catch a glimpse of. AN'D after all is said and done, it is the country home that is the real home. As our civilization with its great and serious defects advances and becomes more complicated, the fact is made ever more plain that the city home is no home for children; that the country is not only the right and pleasant place for the individual but the only right place for a family. If this talk appears to switch over to the family, it is because it is the family, not the house, that makes the home. The father, away at his worlc all day; the mother perhaps busy in factory or shop if they are near the poverty line, or at club and card party if money is a little too abun- dant; housekeeping made so simple that there are no duties, no work for the children indoors, no yard except the street to call for chores to create responsibility or interest; the family becomes demoralized. What poet can sing of the home life in a flat, or rented house on city street, no wood- pile but the gas stove, no cow but the milk wagon, no poultry but the sparrows, no garden but the vege- table wagon, no brook but the water hydrant, no pets but tlic moving pic- tures. Search as you will through the problems of our modern civiliza- tion and the city is at the root of them all. Strikes, lockouts, unem- ployment, child labor, corporation baiting and all the rest of it are city troubles practically from start to finish. The middle man oppresses consumer as much as the producer, the high cost of living strikes hard- est in the city. The country has the best of the argument in nearly every particular. With automobiles, elec- tric lights and power, better roads, better papers, more netghbors, the arguments against the farm are one by one disappearing and those against the city are mounting higher and higher. Our effort is to live, not to exist, but to live so as to get the best out of living. .As farms improve, as funds permit, duty and happiness urge not a larger acreage nor more profits, but an improved home life. The International Irrigation Con- gress is to hold its twenty-second an- nual session this year in various parts of California from September 13 to 20. Contrary to its usual custom, the board of governors has placed the Congress "on wheels" and meetings will be held as follows: Stockton, September 13-14; Fresno, September 15-16; Sacramento. Sentember 17-18; San Francisco, September 20. Al- though a number of interesting papers have been prepared, much of the work will be actual investigation of irrigated lands. Stable manure has always been the one great fertilizer for the farmer, but on our new, fertile soil it has too often been neglected. How it has been neglected and how it can best be utilized is the subject of a bulletin on "Farm Manure" issued by the State .Agricultural Experiment Station at Pullman, Washington. Well distriibuted empty spaces are a part of every well furnished house. AW Milt* ptT Dollar WINS! Firestone built-up-in-center tread — Firestone quality in materials — Firestone con- struction by the greatest organizationof tire specialists — these and a score of other reasons score victory for the Firestone user in tours, daily service and economy test. Automobile and motorcycle tires, tubes and accessories. Vvf>t> f%Ht>V* Send us 7onr * * Vr*»^A • dealer s name and actes in prime condition. Write today and ask. also, for Free Boole on "Care and Repair o( Tires," No. 37 . Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. "America'f Largest Exclus\v4 Tire and Rim Makers" AkrM.O.— BraocbcsADd Dealers EvcfTWhOt PATENTS That Protect and Pi Send .Skelcll nr Mod«I SK.VUCH Hooks. .Vihiif and Bin C'DITIi' List of Inrentions Wanted. W KCilIi WJtson E. Colrman. Patent Lawyer. Wash., D Audit Bureau of (irculatioiii FACTS THE Audit Bureau of Circuta tions is a national associatloi of advertisers and advertisin agents. The publisher - meml)er are those who permit the Associa tion to audit their circulatlo' books and make their report public. A It. C. Service giccs you OoU ./"i, hard facts about circuliMt' — quality, quantity and dUtrlh tion. It as.icmblc.tock are brought into the sale- yards and disposed of to highest iiidders. Numerous buyers are always in at- tendance, being composed of repre- sentatives of the city packing houses, and fresh meat concerns; dealers on the look out for lines they can sell in some other part of the State, where the demand is keener, or ranchers vishing to stock up their land to its tarrying capacity. On many days, sales totalling tens of thousands of dollars are made to upwards of a hundred buyers, proving the conveni- ence of this method. Hog sales are held fortnightly under similar con- ditions. At the end of shearing seasons, large flocks of sheep numbering hun- .Ircds of thousands, and generally made up of four-tooth and six-tooth . wes, broken-mouth ewes, weaners and wethers culled from the station flocks, are traveled down from the inland areas to these country sale- yards, drafted into smaller flocks and auctioned oflf. The same applies to the herds of store cattle brought in off the ranges, or gathered together by . dealers traveling through the country. . Finally, there are the metropoli- tan markets. Representatives of the eity stock and land agents scour the V hole State, each in his appointed district, getting the selling of the grower's fat stock. Carloads — and for several months in the busy season train loads — of these are made up at the depots, en route and consigned to the agent in the city who attends to the unloading, watering and feed- ing of the stock and placing them in the selling pens. Twice a week sales are conducted, and a check for the selling price, less the agent' coinmission of 5 per cent and railroad freight, is sent to the seller. Agents of the big busi- ness houses who ship frozen mutton and lamb to foreign ports, also get around the ranches, buying in big numbers. Thus the rancher has a market at his door for all the stock he has to dispose of, regular buyers arc in attendance, and, in addition, he can usually purchase what stock he re- quires without having to visit his neighbors' ranches. With Union saleyards at the ship- ping points on the Pacific Coast, and numbers of these smaller yards dis- tributed through the various counties as required, a big organization of buying and selling facilities could be established that woud go far towards building the livestock business of the West up to a high degre of perma- nency, with its accompanying bene- fits of fertilization of the soils and economic consumption of the large surplus of alfalfa now produced. Hot Weather Rules. LO.AD lightly and drive slowly. 2. Stop in the shade if possible. 3. Water your horse as often as possible. So long as a horse is work- ing, water in small quantities will not hurt him. But let him drink only a few swallows if he is going to stand still. Do not fail to water him at night after he has eaten his hay. 4. When he comes in after work, sponge off the harness marks and sweat, his eyes, his nose and mouth, and the dock. Wash his feet but not his legs. 5. If the thermometer is 75 degrees or higher, wipe him all over with a damp sponge. Use vinegar water if possible. Do not turn the hose on him. 6. Saturday night, give a bran mash, lukewarm; and add a tablespoonful of saltpeter. 7. Do not use a horse-hat, unless it is a canopy-top hat. The ordinary bell-shaped hat does more harm than good. 8. A sponge on top of the head, or even a cloth, is good if kept wet. If dry it is worse than nothing. 9. If the horse is overcome by heat, get him in the shade, remove harness and bridle, wash out his mouth, sponge him all over, shower his legs, and give him two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia, or two ounces of sweet spirits of nitre, in a pint of water; or give him a pint of coffee warm. Cool his head at once, using cold water, or, if necessary, chopped ice, wrapped in a cloth. 10. If the horse is off his feed, try him with tw-o quarts of oats mixed with bran, and a little water; and add a little salt or sugar. Or give him oatmeal gruel or barley water to drink. 11. Watch your horse. If he stops sweating suddenly, or if he breathes short and quick, or if his ears droop, or if he stands with his legs braced sideways, he is in danger of a heat or sun stroke and needs attention at once. 13. If it is so hot that the horse sweats in the stable at night, tie him If a Giant Cut the Wires Suppose all telephones were silent, and that for forty-eight hours you could not even call a telephone exchange anywhere in the Bell System to ask what the trouble was! Imagine the confusion which would prevail — with personal visits and messengers substituted for direct, instant communication; with sidewalks, street cars and elevators jammed; with every old-fashioned means of commu- nication pressed into service and all of them combined unable to carry the load. The instant contact of mer- chant with customer, of physician with patient, of friend with friend, would be severed; the business man and the housewife would lose the minutes and hours the telephone saves them. The eco- nomic loss would be incalculable. There would not be time enough to do the things we are accustomed to do, and social as well as business life would be paralyzed. Such a condition is almost in- conceivable. The Bell System has developed telephone service to the highest degree of usefulness and made it so reliable that its availability is never questioned. It has connected cities, towns and the remotest places from coast to coast, and has taught the people the advantages of nation-wide telephone facilities. Plans are made, buildings built and businesses run with Bell Service taken for granted, and yet we have to imagine what it would mean to be entirely v«thout telephones before the great value of this ever-present service can really be appreciated. American Telephone and Telegraph Company And Associated Companies One Policy One System Universal Service outside, with bedding under him. Un- less he cools off during the night, he cannot well stand the next day's heat. — Prepared by the Boston Work- Horse Relief Association. Take on old hoe handle cut about three feet long. Screw a long screw eye into one end, then put a staple in screw eye and drive into wagon tongue about a foot from neck yoke. And when you are not using the wagon, let the tongue rest on sticks standing up. When using the wagon fasten on top of tongue when you stop your team for half hour, put stick down and rest your horses' necks. Your horses will enjoy the rest after holding the heavy tongue up for two or three hours. Fasten a leather strap on side of tongue, with a hole in end of it and nail on top of tongue to hook on to. — Ex. Do not require the tired horse to stand on an inclined plank floor. He will not lie down and rest as he should. Sympathy for widders an' gals an' sich has caused the ending of many a fine bachelorhood. Live Stock Shew Dates at Panama-Pacific Interna- tional Exposition: Horses, mules and asses, Sep- tember 30th to October 13th. Dairy and beef cattle, October 18th to November 1st. Sheep, goats and swine, No- vember 3d to November 15th. Carlots of live stock, Novem- ber 11th to November 14th. Poultry and pigeons, Novem- ber 18th to November 28th. Dogs, cats, pet stock, Novem- ber 29th to December Ist. Children's pets, December 1st to December 3d, 18 ORCHARD AND FARM Wall Board for the Home Interior Inexpensive and Pleasant Rooms From Wallboard. THE comparatively recent fast equally as well as wood. In many in winter. It is so constructed as practically waterproof. Silicate of ■ growth of the wallboard in- country homes, as well as city resi- to absolutely withstand the strains soda is used in some boards as a dustry has resulted from the dences, grained wallboards have and shocks to which frame buildings binder and this is a fire-resisting ma- public's recognition of the fact that been used for wainscoating and are subjected. It is sound-proof, terial. the manufacturer has finally been panels in all rooms; plain board on quite as much as wood, and the pulp The earlier boards were made en- able to make a really effective substitute for interior woods — a substitute that closely re- sembles the finest grains, that is much easier to handle, that costs less installed, and, at the same time, is cheaper than lath and plaster. Durability, beauty and ease in handling— these three essen- tials manufacturers worked to get- -and were successful, so much so that wall boards arc coming into universal use, much more than the average person imagines, because so success- fully have woods been imitated that unless one's attention is particularly called to it, the imi- tation is accepted as the real thing. . Wallboard is of especial in- terest to agricultural interests and to those living some dis- tances from large centers — for it makes it possible to use the most effective interior wood finishes far more conveniently and at less cost than with woods. Furthermore, it is cheaper than lath and plaster. There is no dirt, no waiting days for plaster to dry, and it can be put upon walls and ceilings by anyone the least bit handy with tools. „, J Not only do the best wallboards come in various grains, imitating wood, but plain board may be se- cured, put up over old plaster, u necessary, and then tinted any color desired; in fact, it can be painted Agricultural News and Comment Wall Board Is Eaallr and (iaickly Put on Walls and CrIlloK. walls and ceilings tinted with kalso- board is much more silent. The best mine tints, and in bathrooms treated wallboards, while not meant for out- with heavy white enamel. side or exposed uses, are almost im- Made of wood or paper pulp, this pervious to water, the various layers material effectually keeps out the being sized as they are being made, heat and dust in summer and the cold so that the board inside and out is tirely of wood, the pulp at that time being obtained by bringing short lengths of timber in contact with stone revolving at high velocity. This short fiber made the wood itself short grained, and it was easier cracked on the edges, and much more brittle. In the develop- ment of the industrj-, paper pulp was not only less brittle, but more sound-proof and less affected by atmospheric changes. This material is now made in various grades, so that it can be used in every room in the house. Particularly has it been used in the West in constructing new rooms, or reconstructing old rooms, in attics or basements, where good work is desired, yet without heavy cost or bother from plastering. Wallboards are now-a-days not only used in private homes, but in offices, churches, for in- terior finishes in street cars, large automobile houses and for interior finishes on steamships. Its use ancl worth is so gener- ally recognized that it is easy to obtain it through lumber dealers or hardware stores. Wallboard is manufactured in Canada, in the eastern part of the United States, and on the Pacific Coast, where one firm has spent nearly $3,000,000 in the development of the wallboard in- dustry. It is one of the helps tliat modern science has given to home furnishing. TO "Orchard and Farm"— Some time ago you asked about skunk farms One is now under successful operation at Greenville, Plumas county, California. The skunks are trapped in any part of the county and although it is a comparatively short time since they started the farm they have sold skins enough to secure good financial returns. An enclosure is made by making a fence of corrugated iron, sinking it well into the ground so that the skunks cannot burrow out. The skunks become very tame and will eat most anything. A tamed skunk may be picked up without danger and will come around your feet for food. Those who raise skunks for breed- ing purposes remove the scent sacs, which is done by a simple, operation, and they say if done when young, there is never any danger. If they are not to be shipped alive, they are seldom removed on account of being so easily tamed. They claim it is almost impossible to get a completely black animal, but by scientific breeding they can re- duce the white to a mere spot on the top of the head. They are easily raised and cheaply kept. A female will raise from two to eight or nine young a year. It is said that if attention is paid to breeding for black fur, eliminating the white, big profits can be made. The black animal is worth two or three times as much as the ones with the white stripe, and it is also said that there is as much advantage in starting with a high grade of skunks a? there is with a high grade of cat- tle or horses. It is also claimed that there is a large number of these farms in the Middle Western States, but this is the only one in this county, al- though skunks are very plentiful. MRS. A. JOSEPH. Plumas county, Cal. Over one square mile of the earth's surface there is enough ni- trogen to make an unbelievable amount of plant food, provided it could be utilized. At Rjukan, Nor- way, there is a plant which, by ap- plying a powerful current of elec- tricity to the air as it passes through various apparatus, changes much of the nitrogen in the air into forms in which it can be used as fertilizer. Nitrogen is usually the most expen- sive and valuable kind of plant food used. Part of the products of this factor- reach the Pacific Coast as nitrate of lime. In the Norwegian building at the Panama-Pacific Ex- oosition the work at this factory is outlined. Equipment is ready at Rjukan, when Europe settles down once more, to produce per year 22,- 980 tons of nitrate of soda, 22,000 tons of nitrate of amonium, 93,000 tons of nitrate of lime and 33,000 tons of nitric acid. The power of electricity has been harnessed to feed the soil. sent back to the dairyman in a good clean condition. The washing of cans at the creamery is a very im- portant task and if not done properly, unclean flavors are bound to develop in the butter. Insufficient attention to utensils and to cooling is respon- sible for a low qaulity shown in many of the entries. Faulty body also has become too common, due to the attempt of many butter makers to secure a large overrun by getting the limit of mois- ture in their butter. At this scoring the most common defect was a gummy, sticky body; due probably to poor temperature conditions and wrong working. Many butter makers do not use the thermometers enough, but depend upon guess work. The things here mentioned are more the business of the creamery than the dairyman, but both in time suffer when a poor product is produced. The dairyman gets enough blame for poor butter, but some should go to the creamery. through; others have extremely large grains, round on top, not dented; others have kernels of a depth to "ladden the heart of a corn grower. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, we are informed, is to test out this Bolivian corn and see what can be done with it here. The official report of the Cali- fornia butter scoring contest for July shows that there are important things the creamery can do to im- prove butter quality. In some of the entries the effects of hot weather were very apparent. These cubes had an unclean, smoth- ered flavor such as is expected when cans are not thoroughly washed and aired. The dirty can trouble is one which can be overcome by a little attention and every butter maker should insist upon cream cans being .\lmost the whole of the Bolivian exhibit at the Exposition is given to mining, but there is a small ex- hibit of corn which is of extreme in- terest. Apparently no attention has been Tiven to the systematic devel- ooment of varieties, as on all ears there is a lack of uniform!' - in shane, color, size and arrangement of ker- nels that would not exist on fixed tvnes. However, the appearance of some ears promises "'reat opportu- nities for the plant breeder. One variety looks nearlv valueless, owing to small size, but grows in a rigor- ous climate, close to the snow line on high mountains, in spite of corn normally being a warm weather plant. Others, though short, are verv thick The California Ripe Olive Associa- tion is being organized to promote the welfare of the olive industry of California. Prices last year were low, and there was a carry-over of stock in addition. .-X campaign for mem- bership has been started in the at- tempt to get every olive grower in- terested. The effort will be made to standardize the olive pack, to en- courage the growth of olives of proper size and to develop the mar- ket by advertising and in other ways. Offices are in the Sheldon building, San Francisco. Officers are: John J. Avis, president: R. L. Underbill, sec- retary; A. B. Miller, L. F. Breuner, F. B. MrKevitt, W. P. Hammon and W. N. Woodson, vice-presidents. Di- rectors are to be chosen when the membership is further developed. The Guinda Almond Growers' -As- sociation has decided to join the California .-Xlmond Growers' Ex- change, making eighteen associations now in the organization, which has dominated and supported the almond market for a number of years. The Guinda Association has a large fire- proof warehouse and represents about 140 tons of the famous Capay Valley almonds. No matter how much trouble one borrows, there is plenty more where it came from. — Deseret News. ORCHARD AND FARM 19 Horses for the War Horse Sales Lost by Lack, of Sales Yards. BY not having a stock yard such as there is in Portland, or in its place some other agency 3r the easy transfer of livestock, ke the sales yards advised on an- ther page of this issue, California as lost the sale of several thousand ead of horses to the warring na- ons of Europe, or as many as she Duld dispose of without robbing •rself. This is the result of the visit of [orton W. Smith of New York, who ime to California in July with sev- ral French officers to purchase as lany horses as he could get for the rench government, and left for Mon- ina after a short stay with only a w, on account of the difficulty of jrchase. As it is now, the only way to pick 1 horses is to hunt around and find at there are a few for sale on one nch, a few on another and a horse ■ so somewhere else; then to go, or ive an agent go, and dicker with the ,vner for what the horses will bring, here is no established market, or no ethod of guaging price; the farmer ;ts it into his head in hearing that buyer is after horses for the war, at he can get 20 to 40 per cent ore than they are normally worth id not only is there a lot of time id money wasted in running around e country, but the absence of any finite scale of prices puts the price It of the reach of the buyer and no le is made. This is just what happened in Cali- rnia and the commission was forced go East for stock, where there is entv available and regular markets which they can be brouglit together d sold. Mr. Smith informed Orchard and wm that he could go anvwhere else the whole United States . and rough their sales yards, and stock rds. as in Portland. Kansas Citv. maha. Ft. Worth, and numerous her places, have saleable horses thered together and bid on them at nricc satisfactory to both buyer and llcr. He was forced to leave the I'lidreds of horses which he might [herwise have gotten in California, id CO East, just bpcnuse there was t tliis system available. Sales Yards. His statement of what was needed IS exactly what is advocated by an- lior writer in this issue, sales yards or other products as well as stock) i-rc and there through the country, hen there could be published in the cal papers that a buyer (or several lyers if they happened to be in the arket for horses) would be at one iwn such a date, at another sales ace three days later, at a third yard le following Monday, and so on. armers could then bring in their jrses and the buyer get what he anted with no trouble whatever and could aflFord to pav a higher price an he could by running around to flFerent farms and dickering about ich animal. Then with such a yard lere would be no difficulty in know- g what a movinf price was and lies could easilv be made. That is the big thing, a definite 'ice according to grade. That can : determined only by some such sys- m. and also the gathering together one place goods (stock or what- Dt) where buyers can all find them one time. Sales places and sales lys appear to be the great need of le country with everybody who nows about them. Horses and the War. Horses arc showing their value in le war. according to Mr. Smith. The irly idea of their value for cavalry IS practically disappeared, as trench arfare has become the universal /stem of defense. Save in open fighting and in the ra"id movement of armies cavalry is of almost no use. Barbed wire defences and the ma- chine gun has seen to that. The place where horses are an ab- solute necessity is close to the front, in the transport of ammunition and supplies. Back from the front the motor truck or the railroad moves all, but where the truck drops sup- plies the horses take up the burden. There there is an immense demand for them. This work naturally has to be veiled from the opposing forces, or by artillery and small arms the enemy would soon slaughter both men and animals. Thus the loss of horses in such work is not comparable with the early loss in cavalry fighting where a horse would usually be shot almost as soon as it got into action. On the other hand the loss, both from the enemy and through the strenuous work, is heavy and the de- mand great. Whatever the price here, the cost to the French Government is heavy when cost of purchasing and trans- port to salt water is added and the great freight rates, increased by the danger from German submarines. The war itself has increased great- ly the demand for horses and after the war is over, according to Mr. Smith, there will still be a great call for horses to re-establish farmin"- and the other industries of Europe. Increase in Exports. In connection with the above a few facts published by the Percheron So- ciety of America will be interesting. In the last five months of 1913 Amer- ican exports of horses amounted to only 8,060 head, valued at $1,286,369. During the last five months of 1914, they numbered 78,799, valued at $15,- 439,604. Exports for the first eight months of the war were: WAR EXPORTS. M onth. Head Horses. Value. August 804 $96,706 September 7,146 999,267 October 12,091 1,018,433 November 28,071 5,034,353 December 30,687 7,390,845 January 34,643 7,779,395 February 36,960 9,253,787 March 33,694 8,088,974 184,096 $40,561,760 Prices, says Wayne Dinsmore, secretary of the American Percheron Society, are up much higher for good, sound animals of proper con- formation, and down an equal or greater amount for inferior animals. The keen discrimination of buyers is a favorable sign and promises more rapid improvement than has occurred before. If profits are to be expected from future operations, he states, good sound sires of Al type must be used and the colts must be liberally nour- ished from birth until matured or sold. Grain should be given by the time the colts are a month old and should not be discontinued until the animals are at least three years old. The superior development of the French colts, as compared with most reared in this country, is traceable to the fact that the French feed their colts grain while they are on pasture, even where the grasses arc unusually abundant and nourishinc. Stunted colts never do recover their normal conformation and excuses are of small avail when buyers are purchasing. Oregon Agricultural College fowls continue to lead at the Exposition Egg Laying Contest, three pens, dif- ferent breeds, taking first, second and fourth in the contest up to July 1, and in individual records taking first, second, fourth, fifth and tenth. Their White Leghorns reached July 1 with International Harvester Wagons — Weber — Columbus 'TpHERE are a few points about the new A Columbus and Weber wagons that every farmer ought to know. These points make the differ- ence between Columbus and Weber wagons and others — a difference that means a good deal to you. The fifth wheel, that prevents the pulling up and pitching of the bolster, makes it easier for your team to pull a Columbus or Weber wagon and does away with bent and broken king pins and circle irons. The patent folding endgate and the link end rods save much of your time in the busy season. The high- grade wood, iron, steel and paint used add years to the life of Columbu* and Weber wagons. These things mean economy. These points are explained in detail in our wagon folders and are pictured so plainly that it's almost like looking at the wagon itself. Some dealer near you handles these wagons and has samples set up for you to see. Drop us a line and we'll send you the booklets and folders. We'll also tell you where you can see a Columbua or Weber wagon so you won't have to waste any time looking for it. Write to us today. International Harvester Company of America (ihcorporated) Crawford, Neb. Denver, Col. Helena. Mont. Portland, Ore. San FrancUco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utab » > TIP - TOP Apple Picker Worth Its Price Every Day It Is In Use. One man with a "TIP-TOP PICK- ER" will do as much as four men on ladders. Apples are detached by fingers on picker head and slide down the canvass tube. Better than hand picking; no bruising; no damage to trees from climbing among them. Gets all the high ones. Adjustable 9 to 16 feet. Weight 4 pounds. Sent by express on recipt of price $2.00 A. H. CONIV. Manfr. Colar Rapldti, lona. FOR SALE 800 Unrecorded Pure Bred SHROPSHIRE EWES I IV LOTS TO SUIT. These sheep are larse and in fine condition. Can be seen near Firebaugh. Prices on application. Miller & Lux, Incorporated Merchantii' Exclianice Bldg., San Franclitvo. a record of 1,078 eggs, their cross- breds with 977 eggs, White Wyan- dottes of George Adams, Victoria, B. C, 958 eggs, and the College Ply- mouth Rocks 934 eggs. Arra;ngements for an exceptionally fine programme have been made for Poultry Week, when the great Panama-Pacific Poul- try Show will be held. Nineteen-fifteen is proving an ex- citing time in the domain of King Al- cohol. Wken writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement in ORCHARD AND FARM 20 ORCHARD AND FARM Dairy Suggestions From the Agricultural Colleges and From Dairymen. W[iATEVER pcricctioii ol type there is in a dairy cow, the udder, after all, may be fairly considered the deciding factor in ap- pearance, for it is through the udder that all milk comes. This fact is seen in the scale of points in judging dairy cows. The udder alone counts for per cent of the whole, and with the teats and milk veins, takes up one- third of the perfect score. Nothing else is given near that importance, though the chest and barrel together make up one-fifth of a perfect score. Since the udder is so very important. It is rather surprising to see how far short of perfection the big majority of cows fall in shape and size of the udder. It should be large, or capacious, free from flesh (not meaty) and soft and flexible when empty. Capacitj' should be gained by length and width, not by depth. A hang:ing udder might show capacity, but it is not the right kind of an udder. A well-shaped udder should be attached high behind and extend far forward and be wide the whole distanec. A square udder is the right kind. This shape permits of great surface for the blood vessels to spread over. It is in the udder that the food provided in the blood is manufactured into milk, and so the area given to blood vesels to work in and the size of the milk veins arc both very important. The milk veins show the amount of blood that is used in the udder as they carry it back to the heart. They can be seen leading from the four quarters of the udder running forward just underneath the skin and entering the abdomen near the center of the body. The milk wells, through which the milk veins enter the body, should be large. There may be more than one milk well on each side of the body. In some cases, the milk veins branch as they leave the udder and enter the body in several places. Cows have been known to have as many as (ivc milk wells on each side, and it is not uncommon to find cows with two or thre milk wells on each side of the body. The quarters of the udder should be even in size and not cut up; but the base or sole of the udder should be flat. The teats should be even, of good size for milking conveniently, and set squarely on each quarter of the udder. The hair on the udder should be fine and soft, indicating quality. Stanchions for Calves. There are several good reasons for feeding calves in stanchions. The calves can be fed their milk, then their grain, and after they have eaten the grain they will lose their de- sire to suck one another's ears. A stanchion made of wood will be en- tirely satisfactory. It should be made from 3 to 3 54 feet high and 18 to 24 inches from center to center, with the neck space 4 to 5 inches wide. It is built in the same manner as the old style rigid stanchion. The calf should be fastened while eating, but loosened from the stanchions after it has eaten its grain. The calf pens and stan- chions should be built in the south side of the ham, where plenty of sunshini .ind light can be had. There is no disinfectant that will take the place of sunshine. Helps for Better Dairying. 1. Treat cows gently and avoid ex- citement. 2. Be regular in time of milking. n. Keep stables clean, well lighted and ventilated. 4. Weigh the milk of each cow at milking time. 5. Get your neightbor to share with you in owning a Babcock Milk Tester, and tt;st the product of each cow. 6. Discard the animals which have failed at the end of the year to pay for their keep. 7. Breed your cows to a pure-bred, registered dairy bull from a family having large and profitable produc- tion of butter lat. 8. Raise well the heifer calves from cows which for one or more genera- tions have made large and profitable productions of milk and butter fat. 9. Breed heifers to drop their first calves at 24 to 30 months of age. Give cows 6 to 8 weeks' rest between lacta- tion periods. 10. Join a dairy cattle breeders' as- sociation. It will help you keep posted and in touch with the best and most modern ways of managing your dairy herd. — University of Wisconsin. Green Feed and Yellow Butter. .\lthough it is a fact that some dairy breeds give yellower milk than others, even though it may be no richer in fat, the thing of greatest in- fluence in color is the kind of feed the cows are getting. Market de- mands call for a yellow butter, which is supplied in the creamery by the use of certain harmless vegetable dyes, the use of which dairy laws rightly permit. The color also can be fed into the milk and make the use of dyes un- necessary. Carrots, for example, color milk and cream quickly. One of the natural coloring materials in milk and butter is called carotin, from car- rots, and this material is found in many food materials. It is plentiful in fresh, green grass, hence the milk col- ors up well in early spring. Alfalfa hay, cured to have a bight green color, contains good supplies of carotin, which appears in the cream as a re- sult. Hay which has lost this green color, dry corn fodder, silage, straw, yellow corn and white, wheat, wheat bran, coottonseed meal and other milled feeds contain practically none, and cream from cows so fed will pro- duce a light colored butter unless artificial coloring is supplied. The color adds nothing to the value or digestibility of butter, save in one's mind, but the market demands a yellow butter all the year round and the color must either be supplied in the feed or in the creamery. Rules for the Cleanest Milk. These rules arc given for the clean- est milk obtainable with only little more than ordinary care: Barns should be kept clean and well ventilated, the yards free from manure and litter and drained so that no water will stand there. Before milking, the cows should be brushed around the flanks and udder with a stiff brush; this should be followed with a damp cloth which will remove many of the dust particles and so dampen the others that they will stick to the cow during the proces of milking. The milker should keep his hands dry during the milking. Milking with damp hands is a filthy process and is apt to cause the teats of a cow to chafe and be- come a source of annoyance. The milk should be removed from the barn or milking pen to a milk house just as soon as possible after it is drawn. The milk should be separted and the cream cooled as soon as possible after milking. How to Milk. Learning to milk from a book is like learning to swim through a corre- spondence school. For that reason the process is so seldom described that the following as almost a curi- osity: The udder of the cow should be con- sidered as a delicate piece of machin- ery, and should be handled accord- ingly. No roughness and no half operations are allowable. There is only one way to succeed in milking in so far as the operation of milking is concerned, only one natural way to get the full yield of milk in the shortest possible time, with ease and without tending to damage the future usefulness of the cow. The milk cannot be forced out of the udder into the teat until the muscle at the top of the teat where it joins the udder is pressed. Immediately this muscle is pressed the teat fills with milk. Now that the milk is in the teat it remains to force it through the orifice and into the pail, and is best per- formed by placing the fingers about three-quarters of the way around the teat, pressure being used with the ends of the fingers against the palm of the hand. In this way the milk duct is better manipulated than if the fingers encircled the whole of the teat. The whole operation of milking should be carried out by the wrist downwards, by the action of the fingers and hand, the arm is never brought into play by good milkers. If you want to spoil a good cow quickly neglect milking her at reg- ular hours and stripping her clean at each milking. The cow wants you to like milk well enough to take all she has. Whole Milk Feeding Bad Business. By letting a calf suck the cow all along until it is about ten months old, even though the owner would milk out two teats, or half from all of them, about twenty-eight dollars' worth of fat would have been con- sumed to make a fifteen dollar calf, aside entirely from other expenses. In the ten months the calf will have consumed about 95 pounds of butter fat which, at 30 cents a pound, would be worth more than twenty-eight dollars. With warm, sweet skim milk from the separator, valued at 25 cents per 100 pounds, the milk consumed would be worth only $4.85. Waste in Pan Skimming. Under ordinary conditions, when the milk is set in pans and the cream skimmed off, there remains about three-quarters of 1 per cent of fat in the skim milk. If a cow gave a gallon and a half of 5 per cent milk a day for ten months, and the rnilk was put in pans for the fat to rise, there would be left in the skim milk about 24 pounds of butter fat, worth at 30 cents, $7.20. With separators the amount of fat lost should amount to only about 45 cents in this time. Food Science THIS talk of protein, carbohy- drates and all the rest of it is necessary in a farm paper to say what ought to be said about stock feeding, but occasionallv some people may become confused. If this is the case and subscribers so desire, we might be able to have an article or so as simple lessons on the subject. People who find difficulty in un- derstanding a lot of scientific terms about feeds and feeding will appre- ciate the following: The doctor told him he needed car- bohydrates, proteids and, above all, something nitrogenous. The doctor mentioned a long list for him to eat. He staggered out and wobbled into a restaurant. "How about beefsteak?" he asked the waiter. "Is that nitro- genous?" The waiter didn't know. "Are fried potatoes rich in carbo- hydrates or not?" The waiter couldn't say. "Well. I'll fix it," de- clared the poor man in despair. "Bring me a large plate of hash." Failure breakfasts with Success, but they disagree over the direction to take. Are you troubled by rats and mice gnawing your har- ness ? That's be- cause you've used harness dressing containing animal oils which always attract rodents. EUPEKA HARNE55 OIL contains no animal oils, — and rodents won't touch harness that's treated with it. Eureka nourishes the leather fibre — k;eps your har- ness soft, phable and strong. Have your har- ness man dip your har- ness in Eureka Harness Oil. Or buy a can and apply it yourself. It's easy — and it pays. Make your harness last long- er. Dealers everywhere. Standard oa Company (C«lifornu) San Francises QUALITY BERKSHIRES OIR BBRKSHIRBS ARE >'0\V BEnrrBR than ever. They are bred right, fed right tntl priced right. We have all the promi > nent blood Unes, and always have (ou ' to six herd boars in use. Try us th< next time you want Berkshires. Send for Catalog. Oak Grove Dairy Farm WOOULAND, CAL,IFOR.M.\. BLACK Mill. fl^H Mlnal rail LOSSES SURUY P br Cittw'i BlMkltf Pllli. prict^il. rresb. reliable: prrfi Wratwn stockmen b«c4Us« tllty Vt' » tMt wk«r« oth*r vaeclnai fall ■ L M Writ* for booklet »nd tesllmonUb I A « lO-dsM (kit. BlaeklH Pnil II.M M 50-4OM pkM. Blaekltf Pint 4.N Use any Injector, but Cutter"! be* The superiority of Cutler product* U due to om 1 years of flpecUHzInc In vaaelaM aad aaruflil taly. Inalat on Cuttar'a. If unobtainable, order direct. THE CUTTER LABORATORY. Barkalay. CalKsrali Hopland Short- Horns Hopland Berkshires .\11 Slock rieglstered. Bulls of highest quality. Young Sows and Boars of Finest Breeding and Type. Prices on Application. Hopland Stock Farm HOP1.AND, CXI: ORCHARD AND FARM 21 Sheep for the Farm How an Oregon Farmer Raises Sheep on Tilled Soil. THE problem, of whether or not cultivated land can be used to produce feed for other kinds of stock than horses and dairy cattle is no problem in England, from which comes the Shropshire and related middle wooled sheep, the Cotswolds, Lincolns, and the long wools, to say nothing about various other breeds. The Willamette valley climate is like that of much of England, es- pecially in its great suitabdity for livestock. Sheep are one of the lead- ing products of Oregon and although a fair proportion are raised on cleared hill land, many others are kept en- tirely on valley farms. William Riddell of Monmouth, with his sons, stands out as one of the foremost sheep breeders of the Pa- cific Coast, though he perhaps may be better known for Angora goats than for his sheep. He was one of the first to breed Cotswolds in the valley, purchased part of the first car of Lincolns seen in Oregon, was the first to try red clover in his district, the first there to use rape in sheep raising. His sheep are raised entire- ly on cultivated soil in connection with regular farming, though occa- sionally they may be put on cleared land that is used mostly by goats and cattle. The sheep kept are Cotswolds and Lincolns, so much alike that only an expert can tell them apart. They are excellent for this climate and the standard breeds for valley land, though some Shropshires are raised in the valley also. Their wool is long and heavy, lying so as to shed "water, a feature that is important in raing sec- tions. The sheep are among the largest breeds, quite prolific, as many have twins, and the fleece is heavy. With all these characteristics they can well be one of the main products of high priced land and will make good interest in this district on a $150 an acre land. They could proba- bly do this with permanent pasture, though the best way seems to be to raise them in connection with general farming. Through the winter they are pas- tured on red clover and grass, or per- haps on oats and vetch sown early in autumn. About the second week in June they are taken from the clover and unless it is eaten down very fine a mower is run over it and some hay secured and the field then left to grow seed. They then can be turned on clover of spring planting, which has been put in with rape. On good land and a good season, the rape will be ready for pasture in six weeks after planting and while they are living off tliat, the clover is getting a good start. Rape is a fine thing to raise for sheep. Grasses will be dry some time in the year, but rape and clover will be green when the grass is dry. Alfalfa has never been a success with Mr. Riddell. Although fine stands have been secured, they have always played out the second year, or produced far below clover. In the fall there is oat stubble and clover pasture for the sheep and they may be fed some hay or may not be, depending upon how the pasture is, or what other feed is available. Clover fields cropped for hay provide a good aftermath from the second cutting. Altogether the production of sheep and mutton is such that there is profit in sheep on high- priced land. Ewes of these breeds average from 15 to 17 pounds of fleece a year, year- lings with 15 months' growth more than that. A year ago the wool brought 17 to 19 cents a pound. Since the war it has risen 10 cents, but at ordinary prices a fleece is worth ap- proximately $3. As lambs are quoted at about 8 cents, weighing around 60 pounds, the income looks pretty good on a high land valuation. The question with present prices of meat and feed may well be, whether it would not pay well to raise mutton not only on this kind of feed, but on that kind which the climate and soil of anj' location offers. Auto Engine for Pump Can an automohile engine he siicccss- fulbj used for a pump? — E. W. K. IT is not probable that it would be a good plan to use an old auto- mobile engine for this purpo-se, no matter how good a condition it might be in, especially if it is to be used anywhere near capacity. If only a quarter or so of full horse-power were to be used, it might be different. While an automobile engine is one of the best made, it has to be remem- bered that it is very light in com- parison to horse-power and run as a rule at only a fraction of capacity, also that there is a good deal of dif- ference between running a pump and running an automobile. In the one case the engine is pounding away at an even speed for about all it is worth hour after hour, perhaps 24 hours a day, and in the other it is run first at one speed, then an an- other and most of the time not being run at all. Hardly ever is it run at capacity, and then only at short in- tervals. It might seem queer that this would make a difference to mere metal, to a machine, but it does. Experience has shown that even rails will stand more wear if they are given a breath- ing spell. The pounding on ma- chinery and the strain influences the molecules, or the infinitesimal parti- cles of which the metal is made up, and finally the metal crystallizes and becomes brittle and it will appear different when broken than when first put out. This crystallization is most rapid when the strain is severe and con- tinuous. If a machine is worked well below possible power, it goes on slowly. Likewise when a machine is rested up the molecules have a chance to rest and drop back into their former position, or rather, do not get shaken away from it, and the metal keeps its strengtn. Pumping continually, as is usually done, does not give the engine this opportunity, so a continual pumping to nearly full capacity with a light engine is wearing on the engine, while it will not influence greatly a heavier engine made for continual hard work. As said above, if the auto engine has far bevond the horse power actually used, it might work all right, but if an auto engine would do all right, manufacturers would make pumping engines of that kind, instead of the way they are made now. The Ayrshire Quarterly has recent- ly come to hand. It is finely illus- trated and printed and describes much of the advanced registry work. A very interesting feature is a sym- posium by Ayrshire breeders on methods used in raising calves. A late crop report from the U. S. Department of Agriculture gives the average yield for the various States for the last five years. The State of Kansas leads with a five-year average production of ninety-four million bushels; North Dakota is second, with eighty-three million bushels; Minnesota is third with fifty-seven million bushels; Nebraska is fourth with fifty-three million bushels; and Washington is fifth, with forty-seven million bushels. BUIIT fOR YOUR PARTICULAR NEEDS. EXACTLY AS YOU WANT THEM. ALL SI2ES AND DIMENSIONS I6ii36 REDWOOD STAVt SILO MANUfACTUBED BY US FOR THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTER — NATIONAL EXPOSITION. SAN FRAN(?ISC0.I9I5 PIPE TO SUIT AIL USES AND USERS. CHEAPER THAN METAL TANKS, lAST LONGER. WONT BUST. CAN BE TAKEN DOWN AND RE-ERECTED WITHOUT DAMA6E, CAPAGTIES.SOOtoSOO.OOO GALLONS. TOWERS INCLUDED IF YOU WANT THEM. MACHINE BftNDED OR CONTINUOUS STAVE- FOR WATER SUPPLY-IRRISATION OR POWER. CHEAPER THAN ANY OTtlLR PIPE OF E^UAL SIZE OR CAPACmr. lONGER UVED THAN ANY METAL PIPE EXCEPT CAST IRON. 1613 Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. H DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY Oakland, Cal. Wayne, 111. PERCHERONS :OUR HEADQUARTERS^ Until December 1st will be maintained at Barn No. 8, Live Stock Division, PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, SAN FRANCISCO, where we have a choice selection in PURE BRED, IMPORTED stallions and mares on exhibition IN THIS VIEW HERD CAN BE SEEN THE BEST THAT FRANCE PRODUCES Buyers can make selection from this Great View Herd. Prices reasonable. Terms to suit. Ask for Souvenir Catalog. // \)0u Tvant the BEST — a prize rvinner or a comnig cham- pion—A GUARANTEED BREEDER or a pair of pure-bred mares, visit our exhibit and maffe selection NOW. Every animal FOR SALE. Address All Communications to DUNHAM-McLAUGHLIN COMPANY Barn No. 8, Live Stock Division PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION SAN FRANCISCO 22 ORCHARD AND FARM Hints for Hog Men Suggestions for All Who Keep Pigs. A BOAR that is put into show con- dition or permitted to get too fat often fails as a breeder and after being reduced in flesh is still unre- liable and uncertain. American Swineherd tells how some breeders handle their hogs to get them m good shape after they are too fat or have come back from the fairs. Several walk them a mile or two miles, sorne- times in the morning before feeding them, and have very little corn in the ration. One herdsman purchased two well known boars that either on ac- count of shipment or too frequent usage before refused to breed. The first one he put in an 8 by 16 foot stall, then permitted no one to annoy or strike him. He cut down his feed and let a sow run around near the pen. In six or eight weeks he had spirited up until the herdsman was the only one who could handle him and he always used a hurdle, on the ground that a boar should never be ill treated. Results were so good that the same plan was followed when the second boar came. In each case both animals turned out first class breeders afterward. Birds Spread Hog Cholera. Buzzards, crows and other birds are active agents in the spread of hog cholera. They visit any place where there is carrion or ofTal of any sort and they have thus been known to transport hog cholera germs for long distances. All hogs, therefore, that die should be burned or deeply buried. This will do much to check the spread of infectious swine dis- eases. To Drench a Hog. The quickest and easiest way to drench a drove of hogs is to drive them into a small pen where they will have but little room to move about. To hold the animal while drenching it a noose of sash cord or quarter- inch rope can be placed around the upper jaw, well back toward the angles of the lips, and the medicine thrown into the back part of the mouth with a dose syringe. As there is danger of a hog breaking a syringe it is best to use a metal one. Some- times when the drench is bulky and the hog hard to hold, it is necessary to elevate the head and raise the fore feet oflf the ground. For this purpose a pulley and rope wire stretcher is recommended. It should be hung in the most convenient part of the pen and the animal secured in the usual way by placing a noose around the jaw. The end of the rope is thrown over the hook in the lower pullev and the hog drawn up until it is almost off the floor. It is best to wait till the hog has become quiet, well under control, before giving it the drench, as there is some danger of the medi- cine getting into the air passages and doing harm. — Ex. Handling a Vicious Boar. The ".-\merican Swineherd" has had several letters recently regard- ing the handling of a vicious boar. One breeder claims that with proper handling the boar can in most every case be brought to submission. The first necessity is a strong, light, tight hurdle about 23 inches high and 3 feet long. This enables driver to walk and place it between himself and the boar, no difference how swiftly the boar moves. A boar rarely strikes a tight hurdle. By judicious handling of whip or staff, using judgment, sprinkled and interwoven with kindness and omit- ting brutality, the boar may in most fvery case be brought to submission. The sow to be bred should be in her crate before the boar is let loose. Care should be taken that no other hoar is near when moving the boar to the crate, as another one will an- ger him and cause him to fight his driver. Always try to avoid a scrap with him, but do not let him get the upper hand. .After a few trips to the crate he will know what is expected of him and fulfill his mission. Never undertake to move a vicious one without a hurdle and stick. One person should always have the hand- ling of a cross boar. Speak kindly to him as you would to a horse. He likes petting, and by use of hurdle and stick, he may be trained as eas- ily as any animal. A hog man is often judged by the way he handles his boar and sow. If a boar is inclined to be cross his tusks should be removed twice a year. A simple way to do this is to slip a noose of rope around his nose, tie it to a post, when he will either stand or pull back until tusks are sawn off. This operation in itself has a very taming effect on the boar. If the boar has the correct start in life, he is not likely to become vicious. It is mostly because of wrong methods practiced on him in the start. Turpentine for Worms. An old-time breeder writes to a hog paper that whenever there are intestinal worms suspected in the pigs by their cough or their skins are dry, hard and scurvy and ofttimes the worms are found in their droppings, he mixes turpentine in the slop ra- tion, at the rate of one teaspoonful to each 100 pounds of live weight, and finds it an effective remedy. This is simple and cheap and certain. Feeding Buttermilk. In feeding buttermilk it is well to put a tablespoonful of baking soda to each pailful of buttermilk. This puts it in the right shape for whet- ting the appetites of the pigs, and gives them good growth. Oversupply of Milk. Sows are like cows; some of them are heavy milkers, while others are light. Heavy feeding produces too much milk on one sow and just right on another, therefore we have to treat the sows according to their charac- ter as milkers. A sow which pro- duces too much milk for her pigs should be fed lightly for ten days be- fore farrowing time and fed on feed that would not be milk-producing, so that the pigs will be able to take care of all of it. When they become a little older, one can begin to feed her heavy on milk-producing feed. The pigs will then show their good breeding in their growth and the pigs in their turn will be apt to raise big litters of choice individuals. Care should be taken therefore to feed her before farrowing that character of feed that will not stimulate the milk production, and she should be closely watched after farrowing to see that the milk is cleaned out by the pigs. If she is a quiet sow and the pigs failed to absorb all the milk, that left might be taken from her either by putting some larger pigs to suckle her or taking it by hand. But if she is not fed stimulating milk feed for ten days before farrowing it is not likely there will be any trouble. Let the Pigs Range. Just as soon as pigs are old enough to follow their mother, a breeder writes an Eastern agricultural jour- nal, they should get out to pasture if it is possible. Following the mother in the open is one of the safest treat- ments ever given a bunch of young pigs. The pig running in the open and on pastures may be fed heavy with less danger than the pig in the close pen. Pigs within a week, or sometimes two weeks, of the same age will do very little robbing, but PAYING THE PRODUCER IN FULL for what his produce brings In market less only customary charges is one of the principles of this company. Absolutely RELIABLE SALES REPOKTS IS ANOTHER. PROMPT SETTLEMENTS is a third. This is a farmers' company, directed and managed by producers. Shippers of produce who want a selling connection founded on the above principles are invited to Investigate us. We « cats ™ ™ and shocksequal toa Com Bind- sr. Sold In every elate. Price only S20 witli (odder binder. The only self (atberlni com harrester on tbe market tbat la (Itiui unlrerul satlifactlon.— Ueiter L. Woodward, asndr Creek. N. Y. writes: S years ago 1 pur- chased your Corn Harrester. Would not take 4 times the price o{ the machine If I could not let another one." Clarence F. Hot glu, Speermore. Okla. "Works 6 time* better tb«n I expected. Bared KO In labor this fall." Roy Apple. Fai luei si Ills. Ohio: I hare used a com shocker, corn binder and S rowed machines but your machine beats tbemailandtakeslesstwlneof any machine I hare ever used." John F. Haai. Mayfleld. Okla. Your harrester Rare good satisfaction while using fl lllng our silo • K . F. negnlU. Otis. Oolo. " Jast recelrod a letter from my father saying he recetred t he corn binder and hels cnttlof corn and cane now. Says It works nnean'o. ir>5. Levi Strauss & Co's Two-Horse Brand Overalls for Boys are the best that have ever been made and cost no more than inferior kinds. Look for this label Made of highest grade denims, brass buttons and fasteners that will not rust or corrode in the ■wash; every button-hole corded to prevent pulling out; large white drill swinging pockets (not the old style patch pockets that so quickly wear through). Best-looldng, longest wearing overalls. 3fanafactnred and gmaranteed hj LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francisco ORCHARD AND FARM 25 Swine Feeding The Value and Uses of Various Feeds for Hogs. PROPER feeding for pork produc- tion is a thing regarding which an immense amount can be said. One of the important things is to have a mixture of feeds, which will be understood through this dis- cussion of the merits of various food materials. It is condensed from a Washington Agricultural Experiment Station bulletin by William Hislop. ^Iore complete information can be secured from the bulletin itself. Tankage Very Valuable. Of all the available supplements to the farm grown grain, tankage, skim milk and buttermilk are most ef- ficient. Tankage is made from, fresh meat scraps, fat trimmings and scrap bones, properly processed. It contains a large amount of high quality protein; it is also extremely rich in the best kind of mineral nutrients and its fat content is far beyond that of other foods. It is palatable and has a mild laxative character that is of much value. If kept dry it stores well and its high digestibility is not impaired with keeping. Reject all moldy or damp tankage. Although it takes about 555 pounds of corn or 535 pounds of whole wheat to make 100 pounds of gain on thrifty shoats, it was found at the Nebraska station that 421.5 pounds of ground wheat and 20.74 pounds Jf tankage would give that gain. Pigs can be fattened and marketed on a shorter feed with ground wheat and tankage than with whole wheat and :ankage or whole wheat alone. Tank- ige is more necessary with the grain -ation for dry lot feeding than where -lOgs are being grown and fattened m pasture, especially clover or al- falfa pasture. It is better to mix the tankage with :he grain at each feed than to mix t in bulk. For fattening shoats one t>art tankage to 19 parts grain is a jood combination. For pigs right ifter weaning, one part of tankage to :en parts grain is better than less :ankage. Tankage has been the most ;fficient commercial feed used as a iUpplement to wheat, barley and corn tnder prevailing market conditions or the past five years. Sense With Skim Milk. Skim milk alone will produce very .nsatisfactory results in feeding pigs, .nd more than five or six pounds of ikim milk per pound of grain is also ikely to give poor results, though nany dairymen because they have the ;kim milk feed far too much of it. Skim -iilk is a very valuable supplement to he grains, and although the presence if nine-tenths water is a drawback, ts protein and mineral content makes t a fine supplement to the grains. The proportion of skim milk to grain leoends upon prices and the size of inimals. Immediatelv after weaning lareer )roportions of milk are best. With nature swine a ration of three parts ilk to one of grain will give the nost economical results for gain, lenry found that when milk was fed < to 1. 327 pounds of milk were re- luired to save 100 nounds of meal: in he ration of 3 to 5. 446 pounds: 5 to '. ■'574 pounds: and 7 to 0. 552 pounds, sreneral six pounds of skim milk of the samp value as one pound Rrain. For bacon production bar- \ and skim milk make the best inhination when fed in the propor- irin of from one to 3 or 5. Buttermilk and Whey. These are like skim milk. Butter- i"i_lk has the approximate value of |kim milk, whey has approximately lalf its value, or 12 pounds equal a '<^und of grain. The value is the •Tme whether fed sweet or sour. Soy bean meal and linseed oil meal have considerable value as hog feed, but little of either is fed on the Pa- cific Coast. Middlings. Wheat middlings, frequently called shorts, is one of the very best feeds for young pigs. Being rich in bone and muscle forming materials, it enables them to make thrifty growth. The younger the pig, the greater the value of middlings. Many feeders who use tankage mix middlings half and half with the tankage on account of the smooth slop that midlings make. Middlings lack lime, but this is reme- died by feeding tankage or skim milk. Some middlings in the ration of a suckling sow is desirable. Wheat bran is too bulky as a rule to be used much for swine, and too expensive, though for pregnant sows a little bran is excellent on acount of its laxative effect and richness in phosphorus. It is a good milk pro- ducer for the suckling sow, thougli middlings is generally preferred. Alfalfa and Clover Hay. These are ordinarily too bulky to be used for fattening, but are well adapted to brood sow feeding. WeU cured, fine stemmed, leafy hay is best, but coarse, weather beaten hay has little value. For pasture these crops or other forage crops are almost in- dispensable for the young pigs to range and grow on. They are labor savers and provide exercise for th(; pigs and assist in maintaining good liealth. Forage crops provide suc- culence, or green, soft food, are sani- tary, increase the capacity of the pigs by stretching their digestive tract so that they can be fed better during the finishing period, and lastly, they fur- nish much of the expensive protein and mineral feeds. Alfalfa is the best crop, where it does well, though it is disastrous to put all the hogs on alfalfa that the field can possibly carry. When fre- quent cuttings arc made, the hogs do better, because they obtain a con- tinuous fresh growth of tender, highiy relished portions. The number of pigs should be limited to about one- half the carrying capacity and cut- tings made when the buds begin to shoot from the crown. Clover is also a valuable crop, but is not so rich as alfalfa. Rape and kale are the best emergency annual hog pasture crops. Cottonseed Meal. This in places is a cheap source of protein, but has to be fed with care, and only for limited periods. For pro- tection some iron sulphate should be given in their drinking water while it is fed. The meal should be only one-fiflh or one-sixth of the whole ration and the finishing period limited to five weeks in all. In conclusion it may be said that the younger the hog. the more sup- plement will be required for best re- sults. After the hog is well grown, then the minimum amount of supple- ment i.s in order. The grower must stiidy his feeds in these days of high prices and buy where he can get the most of what he needs in proportion to the cost. The Texas fever has practically been eradicated on the Pacific Coast. Only a small part of San Diego county, Cal.. is now infected with it and this is mostly on one ranch, antl that nearly free. The cost of tick eradication in California has been only $2.46 per square mile, of which the Federal government paid $1.00 and the State the rest. Bars belong to the days of our daddies. Hang a gate! FIRST HONORS Panama-Pacific International Exposition First among products of their kind — first in quality, first in efficiency. Zerolene and Red Crown have been awarded the GOLD MEDAL — the highest honor the Expo- sition can bestow — the acknowl- edgment that the "best oil and gas the Standard Oil Company can make" are the best that human skiU and experience can produce. ZEROLENE "AeSianJarJ OilforMohr Cars RED CROWN ihe Gasoline ofClua/i^jr The Great Home Builder HAT after all is more worth while than bringing comfort and safety into the home? Think what the telephone has done to tie the country house to the town and the town to the the city. Don't be isolated. Get into touch with the voice o£ the bie outside world. Know the prices that rule on farm prod- ucts. Know about the party at your neighbor's house. Bringr to your whole family the safety that comes with the knowledge that in the time of illness or fire the whole community Is within call. Kellogg Telephones have won their way Into homes all over America because of the quality of Ber\*ice thpy ffive. Did you know there is a big: difference In telephones? There is. Kellogrg: phones have to underero an Inspection more rigid than other makes. They pass through 37 distinct tests before they leave the factory. That means dollars and cents to you. As a matter of fact, it Is not uncommon for the repairs to cheaper telephones to cost in a few years more than the first cost. Kellogg: Instruments go on year after year carrying the most delicate sounds perfectly without repairs. Kellogg Transmitter Is guaranteed for five years. A Kellogg lightning protector goes with every phone. Every part of the instrument is 6tron(c, _ . . simple and durable. Big. powerful gener- ' " " SCnfl lOr ator that will rinfr efficiently with 40 ephnnes on the line. Unbreakable receiver and transmitter mouth- piece. L/ong life batterica. Se- cret Bervice push outton to ring •'Central" without ringing your neighbors. Let us help you In plan- ning your line. We can tell you how to avoid mistakes andsave money. Our expert help costs you nothing. Litcrnture and bulletins giving the latest itleos about teK'ptiona construction sent free. Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Co. Mission A Third Sis. San Francisco. CaL Bulletin 20 THERE ARE INNUMERABLE BARGAINS CONTAINED IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS ON THE FARMERS' MARKET PAGES. YOU SHOULD NOT FAIL TO LOOK FOR THEM. 26 ORCHARD AND FARM THE laying hen. from an eco- nomic viewpoint, is a machine whose value depends on its ability to transform the raw material, feed, into the finished product, eggs, and do it efficiently. The main pur- pose is to secure as many eggs as possible. In order for a hen to do this she must be so designed and constructed that she is capable of consuming feed in quantity and transforming it into eggs with a minimum of loss in other directions. A gasoline engine requires a definite amount of fuel mixed with a certain amount of air in order to operate and run properly. A big engine of large horse-power working to capacity utilizes more fuel than a smaller engine because it is doing more work and delivering more power. An engine of good de- sign will deliver more power per gal- lon of fuel than one of poor design. So it is with the hen. In order to make eggs she must be fed a ration which contains the right materials from which to manufacture these eggs. These , necessary materials should be blended in proper propor- tion so that the egg organs can se- cure them as needed. What Eggs Are Made. An egg consists of appro.ximately of 12 per cent protein in the form of albumen, 11 per cent fat in the form of yolk, 65 per cent w-ater, and 12 per cent shell, etc. In order to pro- duce eggs then, we must furnish to the hen raw food materials so blended as to supply the proper amounts of protein, fats, carbohy- drates and mineral matter to meetthe needs of egg production and at the same time keep the body well nour- ished. These feeds should be quite easily digestible and not contain an excess of crude fiber. A small amount of fiber is beneficial in distending the Breeding vs. Feeding The Place of Breeding and Feeding in Egg Production. By J. E. Dougherty digestive organs and keeping the feed crumbly so that the digestive juices can easily penetrate it during diges- tion. Since hens cannot digest but a small percentage of crude fiber and body energy is wasted in forcing her to eat rations containing an excess of sucii material, only just enough fiber should be contained in the mash to give it a good physical, crumbly condition when moistened. After Feeding Comes Breeding. After we have supplied our hens with a ration which is properly bal- anced to provide most efficiently the nutrient materials needed for laying and are skillfully feeding this ration, which will include mill feeds, grains, grit, oystershell, crisp green stuff, etc., so that they must take sufficient exercise in scratching for the grains yet get all the feed they need with- out overeating; after we have done this, we can go no farther in "feeding" for eggs. Further increase in the annual egg production must be se- cured by breeding. We have said that a gasoline en- gine of poor design will consume more fuel per unit of power secured than one of better design. In the same way a poorly designed hen (for egg production) will consume more feed per egg laid than a hen of bet- ter design (for eggs). In order to de- velop and perfect our egg producing machines, we must constantly select and breed from those that show the greatest capacity for naturally pro- ducing large numbers of eggs per year. The character of high egg produc- tion is strengthened and intensified from generation to generation by breeding only from hens that not only have shown their ability to lay considerably above the flock average, but that arc capable of transmitting this ability to their offspring. Such females should be bred to males out of heavy producing mothers which also have the power of transmitting high production to the offspring. The breeding qualities of the males can be tested by trapnesting their off- spring during the fall and winter months while the females used for breeders can be tested out by trap- nesting both them and their off- spring. Fowls, both male and female, of known breeding ability, should be kept and bred from just as long as they maintain their vigor and pro- duce strong offspring. Influence of the Male. Dr. Pearl, in his work at the Maine Experiment Station CBul. 231) has found that high egg production may be transmitted through the male to the female offspring. "The record of big egg production of a hen, taken by itself alone, gives no definite, re- liable indication from which the probable production of her daughters may be predicted. High production is not directly inherited by daughters from their dam. High production may, however, be inherited by daughters from their sire independent of the dam." These statements will indicate how extremely important the male is in breeding for increased egg produc- tion in the flock. The selection for years of high producing females for breeding might fail to secure any im- provement whatever if no attention were paid to the breeding quality of the males. Egg Capacity the Start. Feeding will carry us just so far in securing increased egg production. By the use of the well balanced ration, clean, comfortable, quarters and intelligent, systematic methods of care we can stimulate our fowls to latioi 1 produce to the best of their abiUty The abilities of some will, of coutte be mucli less than the abilities o others. It is only by breding that Wi can increase the laying abilities o future generations by selecting thi very best of the present layers anc breeding them to the sons of higl producers. A fowl must possess an mnati tendency to lay heavily before it cai be stimulated by feeding. Condi ments, excess feeding of meatscrai and other forms of over stimulatioi by feeding are ruinous to the sical vigor and continued produc of good layers, and useless in case of naturally poor layers. Fiction About Feeding. There is a tremendous amount o "popular fiction" spread broadcas concerning the wonderful, magica effects that can be secured "if onl; you feed the right stuff." Extrava' gant claims are made for this, tha and the other feed which have n< foundation in fact. Most poultr; rations are very good — there is nc' one best ration. Any ration that well balanced both chemically anc physically will give full results if thi*^ hens "have it in them." But condi ments of any kind should be fed mos carefully. .\ stock tonic when fowl- have caught cold or are otherwise out of condition is useful in restoriiiK the fowls to health. Heavy layers however, must be in good health an< healthy fowls do not need or wan, any "dope." A good hen fed a normal, comraoii sense ration will lay well and prov more profitable than her equally gooi sister fed an over stimulating diet Continued improvement in the build" ing up of a strain of high producer can only be secured by intelligen and skillful breeding and not by ir rational, over-stimulating methods o' feeding. ■Stock at Exposition THROUGH the eradication of the foot and mouth disease the prospects for the great live- stock shows at the Panama-Pacific Exposition are much more definite than they were earlier in the season. There are at this time on the grounds the large herd of Holsteins used in supplying the Exposition plant of the Carnation Milk Company with milk: also several fine stables of draft horses; a view herd of Berkshire swine, and several lots of steers of different types used to demonstrate the advantages of breeding in com- mercial beef production. Until the announced show dates are reached it is unlikely that many additions will be made to the present exhibit, but for the stock shows proper nearly half a million in prizes will be awarded. Competitions will be in the fall. Horses will be judged from Septem- ber ."iO to October 4: cattle, October 18 to 26; sheep and goats. Novem- ber 3 to 12; swine, same dates. Be- ginning August 21 there will be a series of running races on the Expo- sition track and November 2 to 13 there will be a special "society" horse show, with prizes valued at $20,000. The Winter Vegetable Union has been formed at San Diego, Cal„ by growers, as a co-operative organiza- tion, to market winter products. The Union has been formed through the efforts of the Farm Bureau and the county agriculturist. Disease' Prevention DR. GEORGE BYRON MORSE, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, has given practical methods for the prevention and treatment of dis- ease in poultry that can be conveni- ently followed on most farms. We summarize them here: 1. Clean out by giving Epsom salts. 2. Clean up by spreading powdered air slacked lime. 3. Clean the water supply by add- ing permanganate of potash. 4. Clean the food by preventing contamination or heating. 5. Clean the eggs by dipping in grain alcohol. 6. Clean incubators and brooders by scrubbing with hot water and soap. 7. Clean the breeding by using young females. The California peach blight is spreading rapidly through Washing- ton, according to an announcement of the Washington Agricultural Col- lege, which recommends spraying the 6-6-50 Bordeaux mixture about No- vember 1. or earlier, giving special attention to the spraying of younger twigs and branches. If the disease is bad, spray also two or three weeks after the petals fall in the spring, and repeat about two weeks later. Simple Water Fountain Scientific Agriculture AN empty baking powder can and the cover to a lard pail. A nail hole punched in the side of the can about a quarter of an inch from the top. The can is filled with water and covered with the rover of the lard pail. The combinafion is in- verted and it makes a fresh water fountain. The water will be kept steadily in the cover of the can to the top of the nail hole as long as there is any in the pail. In this way fresh, clean water is before th*: chickens all the time. WHEN we found out that dym mite, when planted in the soil Would free its pent up nitrogen save us all the toil Of hoeing fertilizer in among ou garden truck. We instantly discerned that we wer in uncommon luck. And so we bought a lot of it am planted it one night, Observing, "This year, anyway, wel raise that garden right " The California .Associated Raisin Company, the great growers' or- ganization which has saved the raisin industry of California, has ar- ranged to go into the dried fruit business. Many raisins are sold in mixed cars and since the Company has started selling raisins to the trade it has found the advantages of having dried fruit to sell also. NEXT day we took our trusty ho< to clear the weeds away And spread the helpful nitrogei around the sodden clay. We must have been a mite too stroni and hoed a bit too hard. For presently we wakened in a tota stranger's yard. We now partake of sustenance fron off the pantry shelf. But still, the scheme worked out al right. The garden raised itatU — S. F. Examiner. The Sebastopol Apple Show, the annual exhibition of the great Graven- stein district of the West, will begin this year August 14. Clean your pigs of lice and worms. It helps the pig and saves your feed. The breeder who does not over-esti- mate the pigs that he describes to his prospective customer is the one that usually pleases and satisfies. It is a good step in the direction of a re- peated order Investigations told of in a new U. S. Department of Agriculture bul- letin show that on the sandy soils of the Umatilla Reclamation project in Eastern Oregon great care should be exercised to irrigate frequently and to apply small amounts of water, in large streams, so as to get the best crops and to prevent harmful loss by seepage. Do not feed a dog anything, any time, just any way; have regular feed- ing hours and feed him wholesome food, as you would any other animal. Mum's the word when one has mumps. A good dog invariably regards it as a special duty of his to protect chil- dren. Farmers' Bulletin 647 has just beei issued by the U. S. Department o Agriculture on the control of citru thrips in California and .\rizona. T' bulletin is very emphatic over t advantages of spraying with variou sulphur or tobacco mixtures, who the amount of injury is likely to h large. The U. S. Department of ^ ture has sent scions of a nur famous carob trees of Portu^.i Santa Barbara, Cal., where they hav been grafted on thrifty seedlings M| will later provide bud wood for Oi many seedlings of this promising tre now being grown in the countv r ORCHARD AND FARM 27 FARMERS' CLASSIFIED MARKET PLACE OUR RATE FOR CLASSIFIED advertisements in thie Market Place pages is only 3 cents per word for each insertion. THE MARKET PLACE CLASSIFIED Ad Department of Orchard and Farm offers subscribers and readers a low priced and effective place to adver- tise. These advertisements are read because subscribers know they offer bargains. Your bargains should be here. SEND PAYMENT when you send the advertisement. We make no charge accounts of this kind of advertising. Amounts under one dollar may be sent in 1 or 2 cent stamps. Make remittance to cover as many times as you want advertisement to run. ADVERTISEMENTS MUST REACH US by noon of 23d of each month. CHANGES OF COPY must be in our hands by 10th of month preceding date of issue. Address ADVERTISING DEPT., ORCHARD AND FARM HEARST BLDG., SAN FRANCISCO Orchard and Farm is the only farm paper In California with membership In The Audit Bureau of Circulations. POULTRY lite: poultry remedies — Elite dust- ing powder for body lice, 60c and ..00. Elite spray for roosts, 75c per in makes 3 gallons. Elite tonic. 50c ir package. Elite vermin killer, non- jisonous, for flies and ants, pint cans ic. mite Products Company. 2421 2d venue, Curtis Oalcs, Sacramento, or . B. Birbecii, 807 Westbaul: building, F. Some good territory open for ve agents. T FIVE California shows I won 112 firsts. 55 seconds, four times best bird 1 sliow and many other specials, tility and show stocks, eggs and licks of black, buff and white Orp- gtons. Rose and S. C. Reds, white 1(1 blue Leghorns, Silver Campines, IK onas, Salmon Faveroles. Polish and jinish Games. Free mating list, jolniau Poultry Farm, Stockton, Cal. ETALUMA Hatchery — Established I 1^02. Can ship day-old chicks to iint.s reached in three days; six va- cties. There are fifteen large hatch- ies here, but only one "Petaluma atchery." We challenge the hen. ind for free circular. L,. W. Clark, etaluma, Cal. T THE "Rhode Island Red Hatchery," UiO thoroughbred R. I. Red pullets, 'Die ready to lay, from $8 to $18 per )z ; none under three months old. A. . \ nn Tobel, 2162 48th ave., Oakland, {aiir. IhodE island Red chicks, settings, hundreds, thousands; heavy layers; ork, hatching eggs; chicks hatched II year; broiler plants supplied; mod- n hatchery. Pebbleslde Poultry Farm a:al. MT.MORE FARM New Zealand Red P.alibits; rich red, well bred, prop- ]ilv ted; nuf .t,'S Royal Red New Zea- lands. scored and sold on merit. Cat- logue free. Caldwell Bros., 2527 San [ernando boulevard. Los .4ngeles. Cnl. FLEMISH Giants — Bucks. $1; does 214 to 6 months. $8 per doz. A. L. Pre- ■le. Hickman. Cal. UCHEV'S New Zealand red rabbits are pure bred prize winners. Mrs. C. Hohey. It. 8. hox SS7, Los Angeles. PHOROUGHBRED rabbits. 50c up. Cwily Burns, Mountain View, Calif. ADVERTISING Jf THIS department of Orchard and Farm pav.s In results because the ads re watched by buvers nil over Cali- omla. If you have real bargains to )ffer. the 3 cents a word rate will find ■ou many customers. LIVESTOCK BILLIKEN herd of pure bred, pedigreed. O. I. C. swine; the big, white kind. Ready for immediate shipment, weaned pigs of both sexes. Will mate up pairs and trios, not akin in any way. All these pigs are from big type stock of extra heavy bone. The early maturing kind that carry the weight. Immunized against hog cholera. Crated and reg- istered free. Write for descriptive cir- cular and price list. C. B. Ctinnlng- ham. Mills, Sacramento county, Cal. REGISTERED Berkshire boar pigs, $10; sow pigs, $12; registered Jersey bull calves at low prices, from splendid cows. J. M. Bomberger, Modesto, Cal. THOROUGHRED Toggenburg buck kids; extra fine milch stock at a bar- gain. H, W, Shepard, National City, Calif. REGISTERED Tamworth boars, Cana- dian and Kentucky strain. Acacia Ranch, Box 200, Tulare, Cal. BUSINESS PERSONALS WE SAVE your river banks with our current deflector and river bank pro- tection device, covered by United States patents. For further information and expert engineering advice consult or write us. The River Current Control Company, First National Bank Bulld- inig. San Francisco, California. COLLECTION agencies — Rauer's Law and Collection Co.; all collections handled promptly. 4th floor. Marston bidg., 244 Kearny st., San Francisco. References, Dun's and Bradstreet. WE REPAIR, buy. sell and exchange musical instruments; used instru- ments, good as new, sold cheap. Write for bargain list. Bolander's Fiddle Hospital, 52 Second street. S. F. BUSINESS CHANCES A GOOD, profitable business for sale. consisting of a plumbing and sheet metal shop; business first class; reason for sale of same, want to retire. Ad- dress P. O. box 254, Los Banos. Cal. ANY Intelligent person may earn good Income corresponding for newspa- pers; experience unnecessary. Send for particulars. Press Syndicate, 1605 Lockport. N. PARCEL POST EXTRAORDINARY value — Watch and chain. $1.50, postpaid. They are made of a patented composition having the appearance of gold; an innovation in low-priced watches; has all the essen- tials of a high-grade watch, 14 size, thin model, stem wind and set. The de- signs are beautiful and refined. Made In plain polished gun metal and en- graved. Guaranteed one year. C. M. Howard Co., 4 Court Place, Otay, Cnl.; near Snn Diego. PATENT ATTORNEYS PATENTS that protect are secured through us; established fifty years. Send for free booklet on "Patents." Paclflc Coast Patent Agency, Inc., Stoekton. California. PATENTS PROTECT your Ideas. Write for free patent books. Patents advertised for sale at our expense. Advice free. Pat- tison & Co., mi« G Street, Washington. D. C. MISCELLANEOUS— FOR SALE ALL KINDS of high-grade tailor-made misfits and slightly used suits for women and men; we buy our clothing from the richest homes in San Fran- cisco and we sell them at very low prices. Women's suits, $3.53 up; dresses, $1.50 up; coats. $2.50 up; men's suits. $5.50 up; overcoats. $3.50 up; good as new and up-to-date styles; all sizes and colors. M. Edelman, 1017 Howard St., next to Methodist Church, S. F. When in the city come and see our bargains. SUCCESSFUL farmers are buying lum- ber from us at wholesale prices; No. 1 dimensions, $9 at the mill. Send us your lumber bill for figures; our prices are lowest in the country on quality lumber. Buy while prices are at bed- rock. Paclflc Mill & Timber Co., First National Bank Bidg., San Francisco Cal. SECOND-HAND and new water pipe — All sizes standard pipe and wrought iron screw casing pipe; guaranteed as good as new. Write for prices. Welss- baum Pipe Works. 167 Eleventh st., San Francisco. BUY YOUR belts from California Belt- ing Company, 1459 Mission st.. San Francisco. FOR CEDAR posts and hop poles write G. R. Kirk Co., Tacoma, Wash. SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. MAMMOTH thornless blackberry plants — Early, prolific bearing, superior size and flavor; few seeds. Write W. C. Cory, Jamestown, Calif. 10 ACRES Burbank cactus — All the new varieties for sale. Send for list. J. I. Jewell. Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., Cal. BURBANK CACTUS — Lowest prices. R. Wehle, Route 3, Santa Rosa. ASSAYERS AND GOLD BUYERS GOLD, amalgam, rich ore bought, cash; assaying. 50c. Pioneer Assaying Company, 636 Market st., opposite Pal- ace Hotel. San Francisco, Cal^ HELP WANTED FREE illustrated book tells of about 300,000 protected positions in U. S. service. Thousands of vacancies every year. There Is a big chance here for you, sure and gfenerous pay. lifetime employment. Just ask for booklet S939. No obligation. Earl Hopkins, Washing- ton, D. C. AGENTS WANTED I MADE $50,000 in five years in the mail order business; began with $5. Send for free booklet. Tells how. Hencock. 1«»5 Lockport, N. Y. HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES "SMITHS PAY the freight." To reduce the high cost of living, send for our Wholesale to Consumer Catalogue. Smith's Cash Store. 106 Clay street, San Francisco. EDUCATIONAL VAN DER NAILLEN'S All Engineering School, estab. 1864. 51st and Tele- graph ave.. Oakland, Cal. REAL ESTATE BUY L.\XD for your children — Let it lay. Let others improve their land adjoining yours, increasing the value of your land. We know that many per- sons would appreciate it if their par- ents had bought land for them years ago. 680 acres of good rolling land less than 50 miles of San Francisco; price $5 an acre; $3 cash, $2 on long-time payments. This land was let go to the State in the '70s. The reason we can sell it to you for $5 an acre is that we bought it for $2.50 an acre. You may sell it for $50 an acre. This is a good, safe place to put $2,040 cash to work for your children for the time when they will need it. For particulars write Joseph Clark. Sacramento. CARLSBAD irrigated lands — Bordering ocean; on State paved highway and Santa Fe Ry., SO miles south of Los Angeles. Govt, records show Carlsbad warmest in winter, coolest in summer of any spot in Cal. Deep soil, model water system, low rates. Lemons ma- ture in summer when price is highest. Immense profits in fruits and berries adaptable to coast territory. Winter vegetables without competition. Min- imum temperature 1914 was 41 deg. Tomatoes, chili, peas, beans, eggplant, rhubarb, etc., bring $150 to $400 per acre. Easy purchase teems. Liberal leases. South Coast Land Co., George Buxton, Sales Agent, Carlsbad, Cal. REAL ESTATE Bargain Counter — - SELLERS — We have a lot of live customers looking for bargains; if you are sacrificing your place for a quick sale list it with us. BUYERS — We hadle only bargains; get your name on our mailing list to receive descriptions of bargains as they come in. EX- CHANGES in all parts of California and Oregon. Victor Burke, Los Gatos, California. FREE, ¥5 lists of State land in any 3 counties to the first person writing us, naming your nine State and Gov- ernment rights. Why don't you use some of your nine rights before it is too late? Valuable bargains near you. Write for free Blue booklet. Joseph Clark, Searcher of Records, Sacra- mento, California. LET ME show you a level homestead. I do not ask you to take anything for granted. See the growing crops, talk to those producing them. Good roads, good neighbors, good telephone, good schools, near railroad; alfalfa, grain, root crops. W. G. Bohannan, Madeline. Cnl. FOR sale: — 50 a., unimp., level, deep soil; 4 mi. Oakdale; 20 a., 2 mi. Oak- dale, level, unlmp.; both under ditch: on main road. New house 3 apts., all furn., half block Santa Fe. Come in- vest. Write box 465. Tel. 324. Mrs. Ernest Wood. Oakdale. Stanislaus co., California. WANTED — To hear from owner of good farm for sale. Send cash price and description. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. 550 ACRES; house, barn, stock, tools; $3,750 cash, 25 years pay balance. Rex. MIddletown. Cal. A HOG FREE with every acre of land. Write A. B. Altken, 337 Forum bidg., Sacramento, Cal. REAL ESTATE WANTED FARMS WANTED — We have direct buyers. Don't pay commissions. Write, describing property, naming lowest price. We help buyers locate desirable property free. American In- vestment Association, 8 Palace Bidg., Minneapolis, Minn. WANTED — To hear from owner of good farm or unimproved land for sale. H. L. Downing. 152 Palace BIdg., Mln- neapolis, Minn. WANTED — To hear direct from owner of good farm or unimproved land for sale. C. C. Buckingham, Houston, Texan. STATE LAND "COUNTY SECTIONAL Maps showing VACANT Government Land, $2.50, any Countv. STATE MAP showing location of School Land, $2.50. LISTS OF STATE LAND, anv 3 Counties. $5. Good bar- gains NOW. USra YOUR VALITABLE RIGHTS NOW. FREE — Blue Booklet. Write Joseph Clark. Manager. Cal. State Land Information Bureau. 1511 K St., Sacramento." The U. S. Department of Agri- culture announces that there is a preat loss to ricalcrs and others in dried fruits in which moths and beetles have laid their estgs. It ad- vises the sterilization of such fruit in some way to prevent \vorni< from dcvelopin)?. 28 ORCHARD AND FARM WOODIN 8c LITTLE PUMP HOUSE 33 TO 41 FREMONT ST. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL. PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE AND USE FOR IRRIGATION-Power, Belt, Electricity, Air. Vac- uum, Ship, Spray, Wine, Oil, Mines, Steam, Water Works. Wind Mills, Road Sprinkling, Rams, Hand, Deep and Shallow Well Pumps, Goulds Celebrated Triplex Pumps. W. & L. PNEUMATIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Pipe, Pipe Fittings, Brass Goods, Tanks, Wind Mills. Send for our large No. 36 Catalogue Mailed Free. GASOLINE ENGINES liu|uire of yt)ur Local IJcaier for full particulars. Egg Laying Contests How They Raise the Standard of Egg Production. WITHOUT any question the petition, Just completed, proof of that the original hen possessed the greatest feature of present day possibilities of large average produc- egg-laying function to the same ex- poultrj- history is the egg lay- tion was given. The total of 500 tent as do her present day descend- ing contest. If there are other things birds represented 22 distinct breeds, ants and that any breed or variety equally important, they have been from 13 States, England and Canada. can be made over to meet the re- longer worked with, while the egg- Of these 16 pens produced 200 eggs quirements of the present day poul- laying contest is a matter of just a or better per hen, the 80 layers in trymen. few years' growth. Tlie pioneer the pens averaging 214 eggs for the "The Black Langshan, on the hills American cgg-Iaying competition was year. A total of 131 hens, more of faraway China, holds a world's organized less than four years ago than 26 per cent, laid more than 200 record in egg production. Six of by men who realized that poultry eggs, proving that the 200 egg fowl these layers averaged 264 eggs in an raisers were getting too few eggs and is not only a possibility, but a reality. Australian contest. That one out of knew that the situation could be im- To get heavy producers the poultry these six laid over 300 eggs in a year proved by creating a spirit of rivalr3- department of Cornell gives the fol- is unquestioned; probably two between breeders. lowing rules: reached that mark. No doubt the It brought a competition, not be- 1. Keep only pure bred birds. Cochin in its native country is a twcen breeds to any special degree, 2. Breed from heavy producers and layer of no mean ability; certain it is but between utility stock and com- persistent layers. that the infusion of Cochin blood into mon. or even show stock. As in 3. Breed "from mature birds. Buff Orpingtons did not destroy the dairying the standard of production 4. Practice line breeding. layinc traits of the Dorking and Sus- of all breeds has been markedly 5. Breed from early producing pul- sex from which the Orpingtons were raised by cow testing, so it has been lets. developed. with poultry testing through the egg- 6- Breed from late moulters. "In view of the great interest in laying contests. Few breeds have at- 7. Breed from heavy eaters. egg production that is being taken tracted attention through the egg- 8. Breed from early risers and late by owners of poultry, it would seem laymg contests, but hens of practical- retirers. that the goal of the egg-laying con- ly all breeds have done very well and 9. Practice proper management. tests is utility. Profits are directly very poorly and there has been great Breed Results. pronortionate to the producing pos- improvement and chance for im- the last competition breed aver- sibilities of the flock. Every hen provement through what the contests ^.jn perhaps be more interest- m"st lay a certain number of eggs -^t ing than valuable. The breeds, num- each year to pay for her food, care iht first contest was started in her of layers and the average pro- ^"^1 her share of other overhead November. 1911, on the grounds of duction per hen are all given. Varie- charges. The greater the number the Connecticut .\gricultural College. ties are not separated; as all kinds of produced in excess of this figure, the The third year it was transferred to Leghorns arc grouped together, and greater the profit. No advocate of Thorndale. Pa., and Connecticut com- the same with other breeds. Here ''^^ laying competitions would be petition was organized at the orig- are the figures: rash enough to predict that they will inal plant. The Missouri contest was Breeds Layers Ave '^^^^ ^'^ responsible for doubling the started soon after the first named Plymouth Rocks 65 16^0 average egg yield of all .American competition, and since then many VVyandottes - - 60 182 7 hens, but they arc exerting a power- others have sprung up in all parts of Rhode Island Reds - 65 163 7 '"fl"ence toward accomplishing the country, such has been their Brahmas V"- 5 8i:4 '» " "'^^ „ . r -r, , Leghorns 235 176.4 Comparison of Results. Anconas 13 177.7 !^ TwO EcrCTS a DaV The mcrcascd production is Campines 5 150.4 ^ showti in part by comparing the re- Hamburgs 5 162.8 W/^^'^^ generally accepted suits in the first three "North .Amcr- Orpingtons 45 146.0 that hens will occasionally can Tnternat.onnl Egg-Laying Com- W yandottcs have, according to the lay two eggs a day, the occurence is petitions, the first two at Storrs. Delaware College Bulletin, from ' „n„c,„I Th.* Ar. v, Conn., and the third at Thorndale. which this data is taken, made such '"'^ """'7'; That it does happen Pa. high individual, pen and breed aver- indicated by the following state- Hens. Eggs Laid. .Ave. Eggs ages in many competitions that they '"^ egg-laying contest at Per Hen. Wng. have leaped into prominence through ^'°JL''^' Connecticut: Pen. these contests. Considerable credit , " ^ «^8s a week is a better per- First —490 75.230 154 1.071 is also due to Rhode Island Reds. formancc than the average hen Second -500 77.910 156 1.190 while several other breeds also stand makes at this season of the year, but Third — 500 84.940 170 1.180 high. ''^^'O eggs in one day is the record Although the winning pen in the "It is expected,"' says this bulletin, ?f a White Leghorn pullet. The lay- second contest did better than the "that the several varieties not usually '"^ contest does not expect to estab- winning pen in the third contest, the recognized in this country will make ''sh very many layers of this sort, average production, the thing which remarkable records, winning against "^^^s it anticipate that the few counts most, rose greatly. fowls commonly considered as heavy birds who do this extraordinary feat .\t the last Missouri contest the producers by breeders on this side of ^e able to repeat it very often, average egg yield was 156.2, which the water. Egg productiveness is As a matter of fact, the records of was a gain of 13 eggs per hen over probably due to heredity to some ex- *he first contest held at Storrs show the previous year. tent. * * * that only four hens laid two eggs in The first year the \yinning pen. "High scoring egg-layers are not any one day during the entire year. White Leghorns, averaged 215 e^-gs. confined to any one class of fowl. In o"", in other words, this thing hap- Tlie winning pen of White Leghorns the English competitions, where trap pcned once for about each 19,000 the second year made an average of nests are used, a Buff Orpington laid eggs that were gathered." 238 eggs each, the highest individual the greatest number of eggs in the record being 282 eggs. The third shortest time. 103 eggs in 112 days. Bronze awards offered bv the year the leading pen of White * * * Blood connections arc by Percheron Society of France for W'yandoftc«^ averaged 236 eggs and at no means responsible for records; in Percheron horses exhibited at the Columbian Plymouth Rock produced fact, the non-relationship of some of Panama-Pacific International Expo- 286 eggs. .... tlie varieties (that is the dissimilar sition have arrived and for their Possibilities. racial characteristics within the grace and beauty are attracting great In the third North .\merican Com- knowledge of manl goes to prove attention. Boston Garter TKe Standard for men PAD, CORD AND NEVERBINO Of your Dealer or by Mail on receipt o( price. Omt(« Froit Co.. B««ton. THE BARTLETT PEAR A MONEY MAKER In Nevada County, California, con- ditions are Ideal for the best results. Pears from this county took first prizes at the State Fair and at the San Francisco Land Show. Eight gold medals for fruit at Land Show, ncleared land sells for $20 to (80 an acre. Cost of clearing varies, but the average land can be bought, cleared and planted for }150 an acre. The climate Is ideal. City of Grass Valley has pay roll of $100,000 a month. Richest and deepest gold mines in the world. Write for literature to ch.\mbf:r of commerce, farnHfl Valley, California. Good CIDER ^ N\ ill makf you big profits. I Mount Gilecd Cidar and Gnpe Juice Pretfcs produce 10 to 400 barreU daily. All sixes, hand or power. All power presses have steel oeams and sills. Fully Guaranteed We make cider evaponton. ■pple-butt«rcooker8, vinesar cenermtora, cider and vine- car Eltera. WiiU for cataloc. HYDRAUUC PRESS MFG. CO. ai lincolnATe^ Monl GUomI. OUib I'aciflc Coast RepresentatiTcs IiKU(;KH A: CARTER CO.. 17th & Mississippi Sti. Siiii FY.iucisco, Crtlifomia. REDWOOD T.4NK8 A>D SILOS ■Water TrouKhs. ^\ IniimlilH, Kranirs and Tonrra. Steel and Wood. PrlcM the loiveat. BROWX i DYSOJf 644 So. Crater St. Stockton, Cal. GOING to; BUILD? Send for our 140-paBC ratalOK of Lumher. Sash. Doors and Builders' Supplies. We save you the middle- man's profit. Coiitnictors' k Bnllders' Supply Co. 14411 .'111 SI.. Oaklniiil. ( Hi. When writing to advertisers who use this magazine PLEASE mention that you saw their advertisement In ORCH.XRD AND FARM ORCHARD AND FARM 29 Poultry Problems Diseases Diagnosed. Can you /ihasc tell mc uhal is the matter uith my chickens? I feed Egyptian com mostly, hut they have free range and scratching places, also shell, plenty fresh, clean icater, but ttill one fold drooped around and walked as if its feet icerc tied xcith thread. Its crop was full of corn at the time, so I tcorlced the corn around and fed soft feed to-ith loth red and black pepper. That did not seem to help it, so, after a few days, tee bled it a little and the next day it stood on its head. When it died I opened it and the gall sack was very large and the gizzard was full, hut not much, gravel in it, although there is plenty of gravel around. J also hare a turkey that had its eye sicollen, as if it had a cold, so I doctored it and it seemed better, but it has places on each corner of its mouth, such as .scabs, and there are little white specks the size of pin points in its mouth, and Us feet are sore. Is it coiitagcous and is there a cure? I feed them corn, chick feed, and clabbered milk once in a tohile, tut soften bread in milk and also chopped onion, and frequently lettuce chopped fine with pepper. The tur- licy's wing feathers are broken, and it looks very rough. Some of the others of the same lot have bad-look- ing trinqs, but oihcricise are all right. They are about eight weeks old. They were hatched ivith hens. Another that is about four weeks old is puffed up on one side. An ex- amination only shov:ed air. it docs not affect his appetite and it seems to he going doini. I would like it very much if you unstcer these questions or girc me some information regard- ing lliem. as I am a beginner and I don't like to lose any of mi/ poultry. MRS. L. F. ir. Answer by J. E. Dougherty. THE lirst hen wliich you men- tion ill your letter was un doulitedly suffering from acute indigestion, as near as we are able to determine from tlie description which you gave. All there is to do in a case of this kind is to give the fowl a tablcspoonful of castor oil or a large teaspoonful of epsom salts, then feed lightly for a day until the fowl recovers. The turkey you mention as having its eye swollen and canker patches in the corners of its mouth, is suf- fering from roup. .Ml foreign mat- ter should be thoroughly cleaned out of the eye, and it should be swabbed, inside and out, with a weak disinfectant of with boracic acid solution. The yellowish cheesy material in the corners of the mouth and also inside the mouth should be . removed, and the raw spots thus e.\- posed should be swabbed with tinc- ture of iodine. This treatment will have to be continued daily until a cure has been effected. Roup is an extremely contagious disease, and i ll affected birds should therefore 111- immediately isolated from the ( '>ck, so as to prevent the spread of iic contagion. The chick that is puffed up on the I'le is simply suffering from an ac- nmulation of gas undereneath the kin. .Ml that need be done is to uncture the skin, allowing the gas n escape. We would advise your securing a standard work on poultry diseases such as: "Disease of Poultry." D. E. Sal- mon, Feather Publishing Company, Washington, D. C: $1. "Common Sense Poultry Doctor," T. H. Robinson, Farm Poultry Pub- lishing Company, Boston, Mass; .50c. "Important Poultry Diseases," l armer's Bulletin No. S.'JO. U. S. De- partment of .Agriculture. W'ashing- ton, D. C. Cactus for Poultry. Referring to article on "Green Feeds and Poultry Profits" in your June issue, I ivould like to know about the use of cactus for this purpose. C. K. M. Answer by G. D. Cummings, Los Altos, Cell. C.\CTUS is the best green feed for poultry, where it can be grown, because it thrives with less irrigation and cultivation than any other plant and produces a greater tonnage to the acre. Chickens eat up the entire plant. For feeding purposes it is best to run it through a food-chopper and cut it up in small particles. For feeding to young chicks I find it best to take the leaf and cut the skin off with a knife and hang it up in the pen where the chicks attack it and pick it to pieces. I am feed- ing it in this way to young chicks right now. One leaf a day is enough for about twenty young birds. Be- sides furnishing them with food, it supplies about all the water they need. This is also a good way to feed it to laying hens and other grown birds. Chickens may not always take to cactus rations on the start, they sometimes need to acquire a taste for it. Though I have a neighbor who bought some cactus from me and planted them out in his yard. After they got growing well he turned his chickens loose and let them run among the cacti, whereupon the fowls attacked the plants without de- lay and ate every one of tiicm up down to the roots. Chickens seem to relish the cactus fruit better than any food I know of. If you turn the fowls loose among the cactus, either when the fruit is green or ripe, they go after it and pick it to pieces, even jumping upon the high plants to get at the fruit. They will leave any kind of food to go after this fruiting delicacy. The large amount of sugar and mineral salts contained in this fruit makes it verv appetizing, nutritious and healthful for both man, beast and fowl. The Growth of Chicks AT the Washington State College the weights of some normal chicks of different breeds were taken at hatching, and at three, four and five weeks of age. The weights by ounces were as follows: T.eghorns. R. I. Reds. Rocks. At hatch 1.41 oz. 1.46 oz. ?, weeks old— 2.58 oz. 3.37 oz. 2.87 oz. 1 weeks old— 3.21 oz. ,5.12 oz. 4.54 oz. 5 weeks old--5.fi2 oz. 8.42 oz. 7.71 oz. -Mthough not fully developed and matured until the twelfth or fifteenth month, a chick reaches nearly full size in six to eight months. Birds are the most active, maintain the highest bodily temperature, and per- form the most rapid digestion of food of all the domestic animals. Their bodily processes are rapid also, and it follows that results of wrong care or feeding are more quickly disas- trous, and the disaster is more likely to be lasting than with any other an- imals. One mav give the most pains- taking and skillful care to a flock of brooder chicks during the first three weeks of their lives and then by three hours' neglect, under just the right combination of unfavorable conditions, may ruin the whole lot. Mistreat a colt or a calf for a week and it is quite possible to repair the damage. Mistreat a growing chick for a week and the chances are in favor of hav- ing made a runt of it for life. In its rapid growing period there arc no stops for the repair of damages. ZEROLENE OILS CREATES RED CROWN GASOLINE COLD MEDALS Jew francrsco' IDI^ The Exposition gave highest honors to these Standard prod- ucts made from California crudes, in competition with other gasolines and automobile oils. Standard Oil Company (California) Farmers -nc^ are making in Orchardists Money California No land like its valleys for successful farm- ing and fruit growing. A cultivated acre will produce more revenue than any elsewhere. No place like it for outdoor and country home life the year around. The Pajaro, Santa Clara, Salinas, Sacra- mento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys, and 400 miles of Coast country, traversed by Southern Pacific lines, offer fertile lands to thousands. Markets for every product of Farm, Or- chard and Dairy. Opportunities for Homeseekers and Settlers worthy the most careful investigation. For Particulars, Address fhas. S. Fee, Passenger Traffic Mgr., Flood Itldg., San Francisco SOUTHERN PACIFIC 30 ORCHARD AND FARM Higher Stock Prices Why Stock, Yards Mean Adanced Prices By L. R. McGee "The huyer justly reasons that at the market he can look at a thou- sand head of animals in far less time and at much less expense than he could look at a feic head here and there in the country, he can afford to and does pay more on the market than he possibly could if he undertook to visit all the ranches where the stock is available." The above i.v only one of the many rea- sons why stockyards are a necessity. This is the second of a scries of articles hy the assistant secretary of the Portland Union Stock Yards Company, which will deal icith all the important phases of this .iid irhen nressed. The suh- stance under the skin had a nrnnular apnearanre someirhnt resemhlinq the Interior of a pomearanate. Tteinn re- duced so much I thoufiht it was cured. •vo discontinued the treatment, but it is yrowiny again, bchig now about the size of a large egg, but round, the skin over it seeming to he very thick. The veterinary mentioned stated that the tumor had no effect upon the milk. Will it be perfectly safe to use her milk while treating the tumor externally and internally with the iodine preparations? Will it he safe to use the milk while the tumor is present? — .4. E. B. Answer by Dr. C. L. Roadhouse. /CONCERNING your cow which has ^ suffered from actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, would advise that health departments and other sanitary offi- cials would not permit the milk from cows affected in this way to be used for city supply. However, we believe that you could use such milk safely in the home if it was heated to a tem- perature of 106 degrees and allowed to cool gradually for a half hour, after which it should be cooled to as low a temperature as possible and kept cov- ered until used. Milk from such ani- mals is perhaps more satisfactorily used by being heated as described and as soon as cooled fed to calves or hogs. Where potassium iodide or iodine is applied externally it does not injure the milk produced from animals upon w hich it is used. However, if potas- sium iodide is given internally, as it is in certain cases of lumpy jaw, we would not recommend the use of the milk, as potassium of iodide and other iodine preparations arc eliminated through the milk. Too small yields of sugar beets are claimed by the U. S. Department of -Agriculture. In Germany the average yield is 14.84 tons; in the United States only 10.17 tons. The greatest fault is in securing poor stands. An ideal is 39,200 plants per acre, but it is common to find fields only 50, 60 or 80 per cent of this standard. Improper thinning is responsibe for much of the trouble. IT.e whole subject is discussed in Department Bulletin 238, based on investigations in Utah. The San Francisco Dairy Produce Exchange has announced a change in rules of grading butter to cor- respond with methods used in the East. Greater importance than be- fore is to be placed on flavor and less on te.xture. Several other less important changes in Exchange rules have been made. LIVE STOCK ADVERTISEMENTS In ORCHARD and FARM are given a special LOW RATE of only $2.00 per inch. These sample ads show just what sizes are popular. Hopland Short -Horns Hopland Berkshires All Stock Registered. Bulls of highest quality. Young Sows and Boars of finest breeding and type. Prices on application. Hopland Stock Farm HOPLAND, CALIF. Bargains, First-Class Show Bolls We are offering for sale purebred registered II'jL- STKIN FREISIAN BULLS. Serviceable a«e. Bi«l in the lines of Pontiac, Korndykc. l>e Kol. Henger- veld, Inka ajid SiKifford blood, tlie highest recurd straiiu. Dams — high record foundatioo cows, rang- ing \}\) to 3S lbs. in 7 da>-«. For further partiiii- lars and prices write or call. PANAMA PACIFIC DAIRY Laura J. Frakes. Secretary. Sutter Creek. C«l. Xo. —Above ail Is 1 inch In iilxe and coMtff 92 per month. No. I— 'Above ad Is 2 inches tn size and costs $4.00 per month. HOLSTEINS We offer choice grandsons of King Segis, also grandsons of t he world "a record cow. (>eamelle Vale: blood that increases the Talue of yotir herd. Write or ciU and we our herd. F. H. STENZE2L. San Lorenzo. Cal. No. :^~This ad Is 14 Inch In slse and No. — Above ad In IV^ Inches In stxe costs 91.00 per month. and costs 93.00 per month. Poland China Pigs LARGE AND MEDIUM TYPE A Wonder and Glantesa Stock. Prize-winners of either type. Several very fine >oun»f boars and a few bred sows for sale. We aniarantee to please or refund your money. W. A. YOUNG, LodI, Cal. FOR SALE 800 Unrecorded Pure Bred SHROPSHIRE EWES IN' LOTS TO Sl IT. These sheep are large and in fine condition. Can be seen near Firebaugh. Prices on application. Miller & Lux, Incorporated Merchants* Cxchanere Bldtr.. San Francisco. No. 3— Above ad Is 2 Inches In size and costs 94.00 per month. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS ONLY 3 CENTS A WORD. SEE HOW MUCH YOU GET FOR A LITTLE MOXEY. BILLIKEN herd of pure bred regis- tered O. I. C. swine. Sows are far- rowing now. Will have a fine lot of pigs ready for shipment soon. Make your reservations now for singles, pairs and trios. Guaranteed first class In every wa> . Three herd boars used; new blood lines. All stock immunized against hog cholera. Write for my new circular. C. B. Cnnnlngham, Mills, Sacramento County. California. The above ad contalnii AS trorda and costs only V1.05 i>er month. REK2ISTERBD Berkshire boar pigs. $10: sow pigs. $12; registered Jersey bull calves at low price.s. from splemliil cows. J. M. BomberKer. Modesto. Cal. The above ad contains 23 words and costs only BD cents per month. Classified ads are inserted under proper heading on Farmers' Market Place pages of Orchard and Farm. For Further Information, Address ORCHARD AND FARM HEARST BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO, CAL I ORCHARD AND FARM Profit in Geese Geese Offer a Profitable Side Line to the Farm Woman. By Mrs. A. E. Hodges We have had stories on raising chickens, turkeys and ducks. Now it is geese, which we have for some time believed offered an excellent side line on the farm. What k'ind of poultry will be next? This account reminds us of a farmer near Eugene. Oregon, who had three half grotvn goslings. He said his wife was greatly icorried about them at first because she ap- parently could not prepare any food that they wanted. However, they went ahead eating grass, growing and prospering, so the worry might have been saved. They did have fine appetites for grass and were walking around wlien we saiv them eating greedily. Birds that will feed themselves, on grass, not grain, ought to be things worth keeping. They are a common European fowl and where there is plenty green food there would seem to be a fine op- portunity for them. EVERY energetic woman that lives on a farm can make money raismg geese. One must try to select a trio of good geese. Old ones are the best, as the goslings are stronger. A gander will take care of two geese. 1 prefer white ones, not only for their beauty, but the feathers are nicer. Get the geese in the fall and fix their pens where you expect tliciii to stay, as they don't like to be bothered by changing. Make a small pen with a roof over a portion of it, then place two bar- rels in it, such as lime barrels, drive pegs in the ground so they won't turn over when the geese arc getting in and out. Give a little straw for their nest. They will mate in January and lay in February. A goose will lay three layings, from 10 to 14 eggs. 1 set the first two under hens, letting the goose have the third laying. The eggs are very large and must be handled with care. Gather them every morning, put them in a box with cotton or woof cloth and place them in a warm room, turn them every day and you can keep them six weeks. During the laying period it is best to feed some soft food, such as bran mixed with milk. Sour milk is best, as this softens the egg shell. It takes four weeks for the eggs to hatch and when set under a hen, five is a setting, and they should be turned every day. Just before hatching the eggs should be sprinkled with luke warm water to soften the shell. The shell is very thick and the goslings often die trying to get out, or they arc ruptured. The first food should be soft; bread and milk is good, then cooked cracked corn or other cooked grains. Do not allow them to have water to play in. Put pebbles in the dishes so they cannot get their feet wet. They must be protected from rain until they get their feathers. A good plan is to sow some grain and when it is three or four inches high turn the goslings on it and you will not have to feed them, as they can live on grass. Some people let them depend on grass from the beginning. The gos- lings must be kept from the old geese if you wish them to continue laying. By the time the old geese have hatched, your first goslings (hen ' itched) are large enough to do ' ithout their mother and you can urn th cm all together. Then you al- 'ost have them off your hands, as le gander takes full charge of them. The coyote is the only enemy you have, as no other animal is brave enough to tackle them. Geese are worth from $2.50 to $3 per pair and if sold by the pound will bring more. The last I raised weighed 14 pounds. The feathers are worth $1 per pound and a down comforter is worth $20. I made many pairs of pillows and four down comforters. To pluck a goose, put a sock over the head, as they bite, turn him on his back with his head under your left ann, and hold his feet over his back with your left hand. Commence at the neck. Take a few feathers between your thumb and finger and give a quick jerk. If the quills come out clear, it is ready to be plucked, but if the ends are bloody they are not and can go a few days longer. After you have taken the feathers there comes the down and you go over them in the same way. You mustn't take quite all the down; leave a little or you will feel as if you ought to make a jacket for them. "Worming" and painting the trunks of trees are recommended to owners of apple orchards as a means of con- trolling the round headed apple-tree borer in a new Farmers' Bulletin No. 675 of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, sent free on request. Money from Almonds T N September of last year and the year before I made a tidy sum of pin money by using a few hours of spare time at easy and pleasant work. Thei'e was a row of fifty-seven almond trees on the land adjoining our orchard, owned by a non-resi- dent. Year before last, when the almonds were nearly ready to be gathered I bought them on the trees for $35. had them put through a neighbor's huller at a cost of two cents per forty-pound lug box and returned to me. All I then had to do was to separate the nuts from the hulls, which I did at my leisure, sitting in the shade of the house or the trees. The hulls, in conjunction with orchard prunings, furnished fuel for our heater all winter. The nuts were sold to a mail-order house in San Francisco at a price that yielded me $50 over and above cost and expenses. Last year I could not buy the nuts from the same trees, but bought them from twenty-one other trees in the neighborhood, gathered them a few boxes at a time, hulled them at odd moments and sold them to a local grocer for $30 more than they cost me and was well paid for the few hours' labor put on them. The work was so easy and pleasant that I hardly knew when I did it. This experience can be duplicated in substance in nearly all the val- leys of California, and every com- munity holds equal, though perhaps difTercnt, opportunities if one is alive to them and really wants to see them. MRS. E. B. Q. Note — There is a fair demand for fresh almonds in the hull also. J. J. Fox, horticultural commissioner of Napa county, California, informed us that a few years ago from a few trees he made a large profit by pick- ing the nuts while the meat vi'as still soft, though fully developed and practically mature, and shipping them to the San Francisco market. .•\ dog will remember a kick longer than most men will a favor. For every purpose that rakes are made, you will find a mm ^TILnrO— Flake which in design, con Btruction, balance and material, is superior to any on the market. HStlirfTO - Garden Implements Tools, Cutlery, Paint Hardware or Farm Implements Are Quarantced to he the Best An absolute guarantee goes with every sale, „9XfT r-rrt\ goods sold everywhere — ^^ilLLIlU if you ^„-t get tJicnj^ write us. Pacific Hardware & Steel Co. 701 Townsend St. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Koveralls Keep Kids Kleen Practical Heathful, Economical Garments for Small Children Practical. Because tbcy are made in one piece, and can be slipped on or off instantly. They fit and look well, and yet are loose and comfortable in every part Healthful, Far superior to bloomers. No tight elastic bands to stop free circu- lation of blood and retard freedom of motion. Economical. Saving wear on good clothes — saving washing — ao well made they arc outgrown long before they are worn ouL Ask Your Dealer For KOVERALLS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Made in high neck with long sleeves, or Dutch neck and elbow sleeves. Made of blue denim, or blue and white hickory stripes for all the year wear, and in a variety of lighter weight materials for summer wear. All garments trimmed with fast-color red or blue galatea. Sizes 1 to 8 years. Awarded Gold Medal at Mechanics* Fair 1913 If your dealer cannot supply you. we will send them, charges prepaid, oa receipt of price. 7Sc each. Made By LEVI STRAUSS & CO., San Francisco. 75cthesiiit new suit FREE if it rips COMFORT SELF HEATING IRON Two points. Both ends are Front Ends; costs %-cent per hour to operate. Burns five hours on one niling of gasoline. Lights In 30 seconds. The heat can be regulated to any degree and maintained to suit work in hand. Saves its cost in a few months, also saves thousands of steps and eliminates discom- fort. No more hot stoves necessary. The Comfort is entirely portable and will operate outdoors or In- doors. Satisfaction guaranteed. Buy at local deal- ers or write us direct and send jour dealer's name. NATIONAL STAMPING & ELECTRIC WORKS, DEPT. 50, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Verified Circulation Orchard and Farm Is the only farm paper on the Pacific Coast that has been audited by the Audit Bureau of Ciroula- tlona, of which it is a member. Adver- tisers In Orchard and Farm are delivered the full measure of circulation for which they pay. 32 ORCHARD AND FARM Suggestions for Home Comforts Methods Which Our Readers Use in Their Housekeeping. To keep food warm, keep a clean brick on the gas range. It heats readily and keeps hot a long time, keeps coffee or food hot with gas low if the vessel contain- ing food is placed directly on it, and will even keep food warm a long time with gas turned out. — MRS. G. S. SHERMAN. Clean Under Oil Stove. I use a three-burner oil stove and find it a great help to put a piece of table oilcloth underneath the burn- ers. Then all one has to do is to wipe on the oilcloth and it is nice and clean and your stove always looks nice.— MRS. GEO. BROWX Shirt Ctiffs for Holders. Do not throw away the extra cuffs that come with men's negligee shirts when they become faded. They make most excellent holders for the stove. Being small they are easy to handle, and their thickness prevents the hands from burning. I take two and stitch them together, and the button holes on either end make them very convenient for hanging up. 1 have four holders and use two every week, putting the others in the wash. — X. The Hot Weather Supper. In summer cook enough vegetables for dinner to have some for supper. Make a pudding and have cold for supper. A dish of apple sauce can be prepared with the noon day meal. Cold potatoes can have a little mayonnaise dressing spread over them and the left over meat sliced and garnished with lettuce. Tea strained into a fruit jar and set in the spring, or lowered into the well, is a good substitute for iced tea when situated where you can't get ice. — MRS. EMMA SMITH. Care and Comfort for Baby. To clean baby's bottle, ciiop a po- tato fine, shake well and wash in cold water. Wash the nipples in warm water with a little borax and your bottle will be clean and sweet. For chafing take two parts of corn starch and one part of boric acid. .A.p- ply on cotton. For bites and stings on baby, take two parts of water to one of alcohol. Wet a flannel cloth and bind on parts affected. For a bump aoply cold water, then rub well with butter and it will not turn black.— MRS. C. F. MONT- GOMERY. The Baby in Hot Weather. To keep baby cool in hot weather, he must have his bath in the morn- ing or some time in the forenoon. He should be dressed in cool, light, loose garments, which should be kept clean and dry for his health as well as comfort. If his food is to consist of other than milk, it should be something easily digested, as a simple custard or corn starch pudding. When baby is sleepy, lay in crib or cot in open air, if possible. The sleeping porch inclosed with wire netting or canvas is an excellent place for baby to take his nap away from flies and other disturbing elements. Above everything else for baby's health and comfort, he should have a separate bed at night. — MRS. GEO. M. MILLER. Two Great Helps on Wash Day. I find one of the best things for whitening and keeping clothes white is to take the juice of one lemon and add to your boiling suds. If there is a stain it disappears like magic. I also find cornstarch one of the best starches to use. I take one table- spoon of starch, stir it into two tablespoonsful of cold water, then add boiling water until it clears. To this I put one quart of cold water. This is enough to starch at least 12 good sized pieces. When the clothes are ironed they have a beautiful gloss and the starch stays in them well. — MRS. J. F. De VORE. Stool for Kitchen Work. An ordinary wooden stool about two feet high saves much time and many back aches in doing kitchen work. I wash and dry all my dishes, pots and pans, peel all fruits and vegetables, and do all my ironing sit- ting down on a level with my work. The height of stool is just right with sink or table, and the work goes twice as quick once you become ac- customed to it— MRS. L. A. WEST- ACOTT. Food Chopper Management. To prevent the food chopper from slipping in that most annoying man- ner while grinding, slip a piece of paper over the edge of shelf or table. Put a piece of bread through the chopper last and the parts will be easier to clean. Slip the knives be- longing to the machine over a long nail on the wall and they can be found at once.— MRS. C. J. CORDV. Helps From Paper. Use paper as a labor saver. News- papers spread on the work table while working may be gathered up and burned when through, leaving a clean table beneath. A square of clean brown paper may be used in place of a pastry board, saving work of washing a board, which is always a nuisance. Tissue paper which comes wrapped about fruit may be used to clean lamp chimneys or rub the looking glass bright. The inside wrapper from a cake of soap makes an excellent cleaner for the flat iron. The uses of paraffine paper arc legion. For wrapping lunches, cakes, cookies, cheese and meats or foods placed in the food closet, it is excel- lent. Use a bit of paper to wipe out dishes or greasy kettles before wash- ing. Paper napkins may be bought for a very small sum and can be used to save washing and ironing. — MRS. I. P. TIKIOB. Oil for New Floors. To save scrubbing new floors in dining-room and kitchen oil your floors with boiled linseed oil, apply- ing with a common paint brush. Put on very sparingly and renew every few months according to the wear on floors. If you wish a dark stain use burnt amber in the oil, which will give the floor a mahogany color. Let dry before using. Sometimes the corners of rooms where there is not much wear will get gummy from too much oil. Be- fore putting on any more use strong ammonia water or weakened lye to clean those places. New floors treated this way will wear for years and are as easily mopped as linoleum. It only takes a small amount of oil. looks very much like a varnished hardwood floor and saves the floors from wearing. Don't neglect to keep them oiled when needed. — MRS. WILLIAM SMITH. The Adjustable Clothes Rack. There is nothing in the kitchen for convenience that can equal the ad- justable clothes rack, attached to the wall or to the side of a door near the range. It can be lowered when put- ting on garments, then raised as far as the arms can reach, out of the way. surely an item in a small kitchen. Mine has nine arms. For baby's every day wash, in winter es- pecially, it is indispensable. Heavy underwear not fully dried outside will be ready when spread on the rack overnight to put away in the morn- ing. Ironing can be safely left on it for any Icgnth of time. Laundered dresses and waists keep perfect shape when suspended from the arms. During canning season string your rubbers on an arm ready for the jar, also suspend jelly bag for dripping overnight. — ^IRS. D. C. ELLIOTT. Comfort in Dishwashing. Always use a tray to carry dishes to and from the dining-room, thus saving many steps. Then use two dishpans instead of one, the second one being filled with clear hot water. Into this place the dishes as they arc washed. When the water is drained off a light touch of the towel dries them nicely. If there is time to do it, wash all cooking utensils immediately after they are emptied. They clean twice as quickly, and it makes dishwashing after the meal a pleasure. — MRS. JESSIE SMITH. Housekeeping by Electricity. (Contlnned from Page TrcelTC.) but recently motors have been made so cheap and adapted to so many pur- poses that they have become of wonderful service in the "electrified home." Electric heating has seen the greatest improvement the last two or three years, and electric heating has been made one of the cheapest and most efficient of all kinds. In all three ways — light, power and heat — electricity is being made to serve the home to give the greatest com- fort, convenience and efficiency. The country home, through its greater needs and ordinarily lesser electric rate, receives the greatest service of any home from it. Cats to Kill Gophers (Continued Prom Paice >lnr.) pests, and the farmers of the United States would be saved millions of money each year. The cats will solve the problem if the matter is handled scientifically. But if you have some one around the house who is con- tinually feeding the cats your labors will all be in vain. The whole secret of the cat-efficiency lies in — "Don't feed the cats." Extreme designs in wall paper are difficult to use properly, and in the quiet home simple effects are always .desirable. Wall paper should be used as a background, rather than an or- nament. In wall paper, as in dress, inconspicuous designs and neutral colors are more satisfactory if one is limited as to cost, for showy ma- terial of poor quality soon reveals its cheapness. In the home garden, ornamental or vegetable, a c^ood deal of troubit often occurs with insects which the farmer or farmer's wife does not feel justified in buying spray materials for. Frequently these can be con- siderably checked by washing them off with the hose, a plan suitable for small infestations, but out of the <|uestion for large acreages. .\ publication of the U. S. Depart- ment of .'\griculture, which is sent free on request, tells of the making of apple syrup and concentrated cider, new products for utilizing sur- plus and cull apples. A somewhat similar bulletin which may interest other fruit growers is "Studies on Fruit Juices." In tree planting around the farm home more attractive results can be secured with fewer trees by planting in groups than by planting in rows, even distances anart. The kitchen to be proud of ia the one filled with "Wear- Ever" Aluminum Utensils Nothine makes the kitchen so bright and cheerful asa" Set "of Bhinintf"Wear-£ver" utensils. " Wear-Ever" Qtensils giTeendarinfr sat- isfaction because they are so carefully nuLde, from hard, thick, sheet aluminum. Start now to make your kitchen ■ "Wear-Ever" kitchen. Send 2Sc in stamps or coin for the special one-quart "Wear -Ever" Stetvpan. See for vourself why so many womai prefer "Wear-Ever* ware to all other*. Write /or booklet. "The Wear-Ever Kitchen", which explaine how to tmprw* your cooking^ The Aluminum ( ooktnr Ut«iull Co. Dept.tkl. New Kensington. Pa^ or Northern Aluminom Co.. Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Send prepaid 1-qt. "Wear-Ever" Stewpan. Encloaed is 26c in stamps or coin — money refunded if not ■atisfled. Name Addreaa Throiiifh Daylit^bt Seryice to EUREKA and pointn In Humboldt County. Northwestern Pacific Railroad Take this great scenic ride, see the glorious red- wood forests, and visit the sportsman's paradise. Won derful opportunities now opened up by this new line. Information and folders may be had at 874 Market St.. Flood Bldg.: Sau.sallto Ferry Ticket Office, or on application to J. J. Geary. G. P. & F. A.. 808 Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. The Real Estate Educator . CootainiDg inside Infonnatloo generally known. "Don'U" Keal EsUte. "Pointers.' Legal Ponns. for Sale. E: BuildinK and Suretyship tracts, Bonds, Mortgage*, 1 of Attorney, Leue* ! Agreements. Notice to J Deeds, Chattel Mortgages. I give^t in the most condensed I the i"*'**'Mtial KnowleMPENS.\TI<>V 'iNCONfE TAX I^W. f ' EUS LIABILITY A* I ITE OF FRAVDS. i SELL HEAL E.ST.\TE Hl-^ OMK A NOTARY OR COMMISSIONER OF DEEDS. ANl> ii USEFLL INFORMATION. This book i* an spiration to the iutlifTfrent and a stimulu.^ to ambitions. Apart from the agent, operat - tractor, there is much to be found in it that will pnnc of grt-at rahie to all who " )>oi«ted on Valuation, Contntrt*. Mortgage*. Eviction?*, etc. Tlic c»«t migtit be aared drcil ( inie« over i *' rchanl and F-mi for one year at ORCHARD AND FARM "My Flower Garden" How a Farmer's Wife Beautified Her Home With Flowers. By Doris Woodworth ;rc a young couple just starting out in life with plenty of courage, but very few dollars. We bgught a small ranch away out West. After the first pay- ment was made there was little left for buildings, so we made a rough board house and painted it white. I commenced to think how I could cover it with vines and make the yard bright with pretty flowers, bought with a little egg money. I got some plans of gardens from the public li- brary, but they were all on such a large scale that they would not do for me. All the catalogues gave such glow- ng accounts of everything that I was confused at first, but I finally chose a few old fashioned annuals that I knew from a reliable firm. The good man was inclined to think it was a lot of work for nothing, but at last I converted him. How I should enjoy it! How healthful it would be to work out of doors! And how it would improve the looks of the place! So in the fall he spaded a bed four feet wide clear around the house, and staked a six-inch board on edge to liold the dirt at the outer side. Wc eft the ground rough, with a good :oating of well-rotted cow manure ill spring. Then it was re-spaded iVith more manure and worked down inc. Meanwhile I made little boxes four nchcs deep and every size conceiv- iblc out of old grocery boxes. I made a frame three feet high on UK- side and one and a half on the jther, long enough to hold all the ^mall boxes. Over the top I laid old .vindow sashes. The glass gave Ktra heat. After all danger of freezing was '\i r I filled my little boxes with well itted manure and sand mixed. Then , sowed my tiny seed. Don't sow too lleep, as they never will come up. I kept them well watered and I think tvcry seed came up. I Every morning before breakfast ( ran out to report what came up in jhe night and you don't know what un it is to watch those tiny plants ip'icar. I will tell you how I planted my .lorder to have some flowers stay in tloom all summer. I planted two five-cent packages of wcct alyssum next to the board rim. 1 hey are a small, white, lacy flower. Pack of these I put two rows of blue jobelia from my boxes. When the imall blue flowers mixed with the K'hite ones appeared, I cannot tell ^oii how pretty it was. They came ;4rly and lasted all summer. Back of them I transplanted a row ■t asters. Then I sowed a row of ordinal poppies. They cannot be ransplanted and must not be planted "^"o thick. They bloom out next after lu- lobelia. The asters bloom next. The last row. close to the house, I j'ianted to tall, feathery cosmos. Their •retty foliage looked nice against the thite house. They bloom the last hinar before frosts come. ^yhcn I sec a fine blossom I tie a tring around the stem and they all now that is to be left for seed. I 'uU up the rest as soon as they are hrough blooming. By saving this year's seed T can T'cnd my money for a new kind next tar and in a few years a person will ic surprised what a variety has been ollected. Don't be afraid to ask our neighbors and friends for slips nd seeds. Tn mv experiences I have found all arden lovers very liberal with their lants. Don't make your garden on any cut and dried plan — mark your own per- sonality into it. By varying this plan you have no idea what you can do till you try. Change on the Desert Tl' was a wild and vast arid plain, -*-A desert not yet marked by work of man; A land that scarcely knew the fresh- 'ning rain, And where the unscarcd coyote often ran. Here ever grew the gray-green pun- gent sage. And braved the hardships of the desert land ; Here often did the blinding sandstorm rage, Or dusty whirlwinds dance across the sand. But mankind, from beyond those mountains blue, Did come and turn the water from the stream Upon this arid desert and brought true Quite slow but sure the dreamer's fondest dream. The sturdy settlers came and cleared the sage And sent it up in flames and broke the soil. The land that had not changed all through the age They did reclaim by hard and ear- nest toil. Now cows and horses feed in pasture lot, .'\nd there is many a cool and shady tree And stack and barn and farmer's low- ly cot; A man-made land in part yet wide and free. A large and good hay crop the meadow yields. And fine fruit in the orchard ripens fast. Although the same blue peaks o'er- look these fields That did o'erlook the desert in the past. Make this your aim in all the things of life: Transform the deserts into fruitful land; Although it takes a lot of toil and strife. Few things cannot be done by mind and hand. —ANONYMOUS. Stanfield, Ore. "Who is this Dean Swift they are talking about?" a parvenu once said to Lady Bulwer; "I shdiild like to in- vite him to my reception." "Alas, madam," replied Lady Bul- wer, "the Dean has done something that has shut him out of society." "Dear me, what was that?" "Well, about a hundred years ago he died." Husband (shaving) — Bother the razor! Wife — What's the matter now? You're dreadfully ill-tempered. Husband — The razor is so abom- inablv dull. Wife — Dull? Why, I ripped up an old skirt with it yesterday, and it cut beautifully. Linen is preferable for the table to cotton or cotton and linen mixtures, because it lies flatter, does not look "mussy" so soon, does not leave lint on the clothin"' and takes a better luster in laundering. Gas Stove Convenience with Kerosene Cooks ttie Cooking IVot me Cook A good oil stove concentrates all its heat at the cooking point. That avoids an over- heated kitchen and that means comfort for the cook even on hot, sweltering summer days. New Perfection Oil Cook-Stove For Best Results Use Pearl Oil An oil stove brings the convenience of ga.s to homes without gas. No heavy fuel to carry. No dirt and ashes. And yet it cooks anything a big coal or wood stove does. It is clean, convenient, economical. No odor. Does not taint the food. Ask your dealer. See exhibit, Palace of I\Ianufac- tures, Panama-Pacific Exposition. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) San Francisco OBOE aoBoi 30BI0I lomo I This Coupon Represents 1 0,000 FREE VOTES O Toward the prizes offered by ORCHARD AND FARM in its Free Gift O D Automobile Campaign when properly filled out and accompanied by one g ® yearly subscription to ORCHARD AND FARM at 50 cents. Name of Sub- R. F. D. Address- o D Q Votes are for O g Name of Candidate P Address Q O O Only One of These Coupons Will Be Credited to Each Contestant. * ORCHARD AND FARM, Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. D 6E301 aoi aoi lOE SEE P.VC.E — aonoi D oao 34 ORCHARD AND FARM Joe Boy By Daisy Gilbert Thome in "Good H ousel^eeping Magazine. JOE BOY was in a very disagreeable humor indeed. At least, that is what one would infer from the hunch of his shoulders, the bold-bad- man slouch of his hat over one eye- brow, and a glimpse of his frowning little face. He sat on the lower back step in the sunshine, and dug his bare feet into the warm sand and watched it glide between his toes. A fly buzzed lazily around and settled on his big toe. He regarded it with de- jection, and wished that he could be a fly and have nothing to do but smooth his wings and twiddle his hind legs. Then he wouldn't have to bother with girls. Why were girls, anyway'' They cer- tainly did not seem to be human. Why, the creatures did not even remon- strate when their ears were washed! They picked up your things that you had just left convenient to hand on the hall-floor or in the front room chairs, and put them away on shelves or in closets. Such a nuisance! And if you found a particularly choice bit of glass, or a dead bird with beauti- ful feathers, and stowed it away in your pocket, sisters were just sure to tell you it was nasty, or the glass would cut a hole, and that took all the pleasure out of it. Then, too, they had so little judgment about telling things. "I'm going to tell inother." That was the key to the whole situation. That made you feel like kicking up at every step, mad- like, the way Jim Smith's pony did the day it had a grass-burr under its saddle-blanket. "Tell mother" every- thing! Couldn't they understand that there were some things that men kept to themselves? Not that he didn't love mother — and sister. The most alluring odors and sounds came from the near-by kitchen. Some- thing warm-smelly and chocolatey was bubblin™ on the stove, and Susie's voice in many quavers and semi- quavers proclaimed her faith in "How firm a foundation," to the clattering accompaniment of a beating spoon. But there was no Joe Bov immediate- ly under her elbow, with his irresis- tible little pleading to be allowed to "lick the dish when you're through." His kitten came purring toward him and rubbed his elbow in her most co- quettish way, but even that failed to elicit any response upon the cloudy little face. Just then sister's tearful countenance appeared at the door, and her voice quivered, "Mother says come to her." Oh, his prophetic soul! He knew it! Of course mother would "take up" for sister — she always did. .\nd he had struck sister! Oh, dreadful black, grim specter that stalked beside him! He stuck his hand down into his pocket, and even the feel of the dandy fried oysters, that he had secreted there at dinner-time, could not com- fort him. He slid his hand into his other pocket for reassurance. A mar- ble, a fascinating wheel from the works of an old clock, a rock with the glint of gold or silver or perhaps dia- monds in it, a tarnished cartridge shell — all these brought neither peace nor poise to his uneasy conscience. He dawdled into his mother's room. "Joe Boy," said his mother, and just looked at him. In all his few years he had never felt so soft and floppy. His backbone had as little rigidity as a rubber tube, his eyes wouldn't stay put in one place, his mouth felt curi- ously queer at the corners. This would never do! They must know that he wasn't to be browbeaten or hen-pecked by two women! He gave that backbone of jelly-fish tendencies a hitch, bit those wiggly lips, threw up his head defiantly, and gave mother an awe-insniring glance. "I thought my little son was a gen- tleman," said mother with another look. Oh, those looks of mother's! Why didn't she knock a fellow down and be done with it? That would be a whole lot more merciful. And she didn't think him a gentleman. That from mother! Everything in the uni- verse seemed to stand still in an awed hush. Time was no more. Only two thines stood out from the maze and haze of things; mother's pained face and his own guilt. Yes, he had been a coward; he had struck a girl! No gentleman would do that. And mother was hurt. She was hurt be- cause she loved him and was disap- pointed in him. But, maybe — no, surely there was no doubt about it; mother was just troubled on sister's account. That was it. Mother loved sister the best, she always took sis- ter's part, she never scolded sister half as much as she scolded him, no- bod5' treated him kindly, nobody cared what became of him, nobody loved him anyhow. He knew what he would do. He would go away — far, far away. He would go to the "uttermost parts of the sea," he thought. He had heard about that place at church, and it sounded as if it were far enough. He wondered what an "uttermost part" looked like. However, it did not matter; anywhere would do, just to get so far, far away that they would never, never see him again. Never, never! Then wouldn't they be sorry? Wouldn't they be sad when night him, so what was the harm in peep- ing just a little to see whether anyone was looking? Rebellion surged up fiercely warm. Nobody did care a single thing for him anyway! He would go on. Perhaps he could find an empt hut or a barn full of hay to slec in. Hay made you sneeze and scratched you under "Our collar, but that was the way it was in books, you had to sleep in a hut or in hay. May- be some day he might find a friendly, a real nice sociable fireman and ride to a fire with him! And ring the gong! And watch the big hose squirt water! Or mabe he would go off with the "Buffalo Bill" show. The possi- bilities of this life of freedom were unlimited! He turned another corner, but did not see that a figure, strange- ly like mother, came unobtrusively around the first corner just as he rounded the second. Joe Boy did not know then that Love, tenderly watch- ful, is ever close behind, rounding each corner, too, however far im- pulse or willfulness may carry us, God's little children. A delivery-boy rattled by in his wagon, whistling blithely, not a care in the world resting for an instant on the shoulders, lightly swaying to the movement of his cart. Joe Boy stood and stared at him. "Hi there, kid," cheerily between operatic trills. Ah, that was living, that was what it meant to be large and im-^ortant and beholden to nobody! But an automo- Between the mind of the child and the mind of the average adult there is a great gulf fixed. Approached from either side, it is difficult of passage, and from this fact arise countless misunderstandings — unfair treatment, from the child's point of view, wilful perversity, as the adult sees it. As a matter of fact, there is a common ground of understanding, except in cases of abnormality, but the parent must arrive there first. There is no royal road to travel, no short cut for the mother seeking to know her child. Love must be the spur, his advantage the ambition. The result should be as happy as the ending of the story herewith, a tale as typical of little boyhood as is the attitude of mind depicted in the famous picture, "Nobody loves me; I'm going out in the garden and eat worms." came, so big and black and lonesome, and there wouldn't be any Joe Boy there to bring in daddy's paper, or gather the eggs for mother, or have a last romp with sister on the lawn, or hold the door open for Susie while she carried in the tray for supper? Little boj's were real useful some- times, even if ncople didn't realize it and appreciate them. And maybe, while he was away off there, he ni ■ die. too. That would be sadder still. But he decided after further thought that he wouldn't die. That wouldn't be a bit of pleasure. He would just stav away until he was a great big man and famous. He would come back then. And he would tell them all his wonderful adventures, and they would admire him and respect him. Then he would just show sister, he would show — sister — well, mavbe, per- haps, it wasn't exactly right to hit sister, but mother's saying that he was no gentleman — could any self- rcspccting man stand that? The erect little figure, stiffly starched with pride, marched out of the room, out of the house, out of the gate, and — could it be possible"? — on down the street. Without permission! In all the multitudinous experiences of his varied existence none had been so recklessly daring as this. He thrilled with the wild freedom of it. The exhilaration made him feel as if treadin"' on air. He rounded the corner. Might he venture to turn his head just a weeny bit to see whether they were watch- ing him sorrowfully from the door? Of course no one must see that he condescended to interest himself in past associations. No one would see bile glided by puffing out a strong smell and a new train of thought for Joe Boy. He thought he would get an automobile. They went faster, and '■ou didn't have to bother to feed them just at the time when you had somethir- else vcr'- interesting to do. Just get in and turn the nice shiny wheel around and— why, you could beat the fire-engine even. A policeman came along leading by the hand a youngster who was about Joe Boy's size, a youngster who was most unmanfully weeping. Between sobe he heard: "James — Arlington — Murray. No — not — anv number — just Thir — ti — eth — street — boo — hoo." What a baby that fellow was to cry. Joe Boy felt the contempt that the strong man feels for the weak. Why did that baby want to bawl like a calf! Just look, he could stay with that policeman and go about with him and see things. The policeman had on such a beautiful suit with the shiniest buttons, and surely policemen were not as dangerous as you might have heard at times — but. still, when you stopped to think of it. that policeman was pretty big, and he had a great big black mustache, and his club had such a fearsome and awesome way of waggling when he walked. He didn't believe he would choose a policeman for a companion right at present. "Oooooh — Mother," wailed James .■\rlington Murray. That cry made something begin to feel real warm and soft in Joe Boy's chest, and his feet wanted to perform the most curi- ous tricks, to turn and go back the way they had come. This would never do, either. He hastened on, leaving James .Arlington Murray to any I'a that might chance to come along ai bowl him over. He took several hu ried steps and hesitated. Perhaps would be better to sit down a win and rest his feet. His feet were tirt Who dared to say they were not? He sat down on the edge of ti sidewalk in front of a lovely honi The green lawn sweot comfortably i; to the hospitable door. In the corm of the grounds, under the cool, so shade of trees, two children played "tea-party." Little voices buzzed, ar, small dishes clinked merrily and in- vitingly. Tea-parties were such com- forting things. Sister had such nice tea-parties sometimes, and she mo generally always gave you the bigge pieces of cake and made ^'ou take tu sips to her one. Oh, well — A crowd of school children passt along. The were a varied assortmeir big boys, little boys, large girls, sma; girls, ircckled boys and ugly girls, rough boys and sweet little girls "Hello, kid, whatcher fixin' to cr about?' shouted a big rough icllu with a cap set toughly over one ea; One little girl, wnosc happy lai peeped out irom under a lacy rati of a white boimet, smiled at liim a him. She had long curls that glinti in the sunshine like his pretty roc: '1 he big fellow pulled one of then "Jumps back just like a pine sliavin- whcn you pull it, fellows; watch it. pulled it again. Tears made the hi tie girl's eyes all shiny, and sonu thing swelled up real big inside l Joe Boy. "Aw, jump on soniebod your size," cried another bo) ■ plaguin' a girl." The words sizzK with scorn. Yes, that was the wa Joe Boy felt, "plaguin' a girl!" H felt himself a Round Table knight; 1 wanted to protect her — why, slic wa a girl, a little girl. Any real ma' would feel the same way. Hurt girl? Why, what"' — he wouldn't hgl a girl? The rush of heroism cami blank stop, tumbling over itM complete collapse at the suddci of motion. Out of the wrec sister's face, dear old sister wli didn't even hit him back, and thatfac was so tcary and quivery. And thci sister always came and rubbed th places when he got hurt. The schof children passed on. Joe Boy ' ■ resolute a minute in sad ind Then he rose, indecision with liiiu_nC|^ longer. Soon two stubby-toed feet kicked up spurts of dust as sped along. They were not tire^ tic feet any longer. Home, where mother and sister wereS couldn't reach there too soon no| -Mother, from her station nearer home, had time mcrelv to gc back and enter by a side door as warm, dusty little figure bur^- the front door, and a red-face boy in a suspiciously trembl\ cried, "Mother, sister, I'm sorr Mother gathered the little boi^ its fast-beating heart close and her own dear voice (ni voice could be so comfortable =on. times) said, "Son, you have done on of the bravest things a man can tli to say that he's sorry when he ha done wronc." ".\ man!" It ran through him lik wine. .'\ man! Surely he would di serve that, always! .-^nd there \v.i faithful sister, close beside h: ever, to be his st-iy in time of tn ub" Who wouldn't love a sister like (He snuggled closer to motherj "•ripoed sister's hand harder.) wouldn't be sorry to hurt a sister] that? Who wouldn't be glad to cfl back home? .•\ftcr two or three quiet soul fying moments, mother -po^ "Home's a good place, isn't it, J'^ Boy?" ' "You bet, " said Joe Boy. i I ORCHARD AND FARM 35 Charles Dickens' Works David Copperfleld; The Old Curiosi- ty Shop; Pickwick Papers: Oliver Twist; A Tale of Two Cities; A Christmas Carol; The Cricket on the Hearth; The Chimes. SteTenson's Works Treasure Island; Kidnapped; The New Arabian Nights; Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; The Master of Ballan- trae; An Inland Voyage; Travels with a Donkey; The Merry Men; Fa- miliar Studies; A Child's Garden of Verse; Vlrginibus Puerlsque; Mark- helm. A Lodging for the Night; Sketches, etc. Dumas' Works The Count of Monte Crlsto (vol. 1); The Count of Monte Crlsto (vol. 2); The Three Musketeers; Twenty Years After; The Queen's Necklace; Marguerite of Valois. Kipling's Works Soldiers Three; American Notes; The Light That Failed; Plain Tales from the Hills; Mine Own People; In Black and White; The Stories of the Gadsbjs; Departmental Ditties; The Phantom Rickshaw; Ballads, etc. Victor Hugo's Works Les Miserables (vol. 1); Les Mlser- ables (vol. 2); Tollers of the Sea; Ninety-three; Notre Dame; The Laughing Man. Poe's Works The Murders of the Rue Morgue; The Mystery of Marie Roget; The Balloon-Hoax; Mss. Found in a Bot- tle- The Oval Portrait; The Unpar- alleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall; The Gold Bug; Four Beasts in One; The Purloined Letter; The Thousand and Second Tale of Scheherazade; A Descent into the Maelstrom; Von Kempelen and His Discovery; Mesmeric Revelation; The Facts In the Case of M. Valde- mar; The Black Cat; The Fall of the House of Usher; Silence; The Masque of the Red Death; The Cask of Amontillado; The Imp of the Per- verse; The Island of the Fay; The Assignation; The Pit and the Pen- dulum; The Premature Burial; The Domain of Arnheim; Landor's Cot- tage; William Wilson; Narrative of A. Gordon P>m; The Tell-Tale Heart; Berenice; Eleanora; Ligeia; Morella; A Tale of the Ragged Mountains; The Spectacles; King Pest; Three Sundays in a Week; The Devil in the Belfry; Lionizing; X-ing a Paragrab; A Predicament; Mystification; Diddling; The Angel of the Odd; Mellonta Tauta; The Due de L'Omeloete; The Oblong Box; Loss of Breath; The Man That Was Used Up; The Business Man; The Landscape Garden; Maelzel's Chess- player; Power of Words; The Col- loquy of Monas and Una; The Con- versation of Elros and Charmion; Shadow; Philosophy of Furniture; A Tale of Jerusalem; The Sphinx; Metzengerstein; The System of Doc- tor Tarr and Professor Fether; The Literary Life of Thlngum Bob. Esq.; How to Write a Blackwood Article; Hop-Frog; The Man of the Crowd; Never Bet the Devil Your Head; Thou Art the Man; Why the Little Frenchman Wears Ills Hand in a Sling; Bon-Bon; Some Words With a Mummy; The Poetic Principle; Old English Poetry; Complete Poems, Including Israfel, To Helen, The Raven. Leonore. The City in the Sea, Eulalie, Annabel Lee. The Bells, etc; A Life, by James Russell Lowell. Shakespeare's Works The Tempest; Two Gentlemen of Verona; Merry Wives of Windsor; Measure for Measure; Much Ado About Nothing; Love's Labour Lost; A Midsummer Night's Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like It; Taming of the Shrew; All's Well That Knds Well; The Comedy of Er- rors; Twelfth Night; The Winter's Tale; King John; Richard the Sec- ond; Henry the Fourth (First Part); Henry the Fourth (Second Part); Henry the Fifth; Henry the Sixth (First Part): Henry the Sixth (Sec- ond Part): Henry the Sixth (Third Part): Richard the Third; Henry the Eighth: Corlolanus; Julius Caesar: Antony and Cleopatra; Romeo and Juliet; Titus Andronlcus; Hamlet; Othello: King Lear; Macbeth; Timon of Athens; Pericles; Troilus and Cresslda: Cymbellne; Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece; Son- nets, etc.; (glossary. Orchard and Farm Offers You ANY OF THESE SETS OT WELL-KNOWN AUTHORS Here'& an opportunity Orchard and Farm offers its readers to obtain a six-volume set of a famous author's works — one of the world's classics. The sets are published by the old and conservative house of Thomas Nelson & Sons of Edinburgh and London, and they represent the greatest achieve- ment in the century-old activities of the firm. Each set is splendidly bound, well printed, and all are uniform in size, binding, etc. Here are the most stirring, the most fascinating, the most informing stories of all time to be had at a very small cost. Present subscribers will obtain their choice of the seven sets described here by renewing their subscriptions for one year, paid in aci- vance. Use the order form below. New subscribers will ob- tain their choice of the seven sets described here by en- closing, with the order blank below, the price of one year's subscription. Any reader, Avhether a subscriber or not, may se- cure a set by sending in a new one-year subscription, with the amount necessary to pay for same. This met (of Charles Dickens' works) Is a reduced facsimile of one of the Famous Authors Home Library editions. All of the sets are uniform In slse, blndlnir> etc. A full description Is printed belon. These Are Splendid Volumes You will not be ashamed to have one of these sets in your library — they will hold their own in any company. Each volume has a strik- ing frontispiece, the work of a notable English or French artist (Stevenson's set, how- ever, is illustrated through- out with unusual photo- graphs of the author, taken at different times and places in his adventurous career). The books are bound in red ribbed English Buckram cloth, and printed in large, clear, new type on strong Bible finish paper. Each volume is 6^ by 4^2 inches, the popular coat pocket size, yet no volume is bulky, be- cause of the thin paper used. Gold lettered and embel- lished, neatly constructed, the books will be a delight on the library shelves, re- flecting your good sense and good taste and a many-sided and fascinating companion on your travels. All the sets belong to the Famous Authors Home Library editions now being produced by Thomas Nelson & Sons, and they are not to be had in book stores, or in any of the usual channels of book selling. Orchard and Farm's special arrangement with the publishers makes this remarkable offer possi- ble. Will you take advan- tage of it — at once? Your letter containing the sub- scription and remittance to cover it should be mailed at once, as this offer will be popular with our readers. An Opportunity for AnylReader The set of books you choose will be sent to your address, or to any address you designate, including a one year's new or re- newal subscription to Orchard and Farm, upon receipt of the coupon below properly filled out and accompanied by $1,60. Orchard and Farm, Hearst BIdgr., San Francisco. Cal. Dear Sir: I am enclosing you $1.60 to cover a year's subscription. As per your offer, please send me free, post-paid, the set of books I name below. I am a ( ) subscriber. (Write In the blank space whether you are a present or a new subscriber.) Orchard and Farm Hearst Bldg^ San Francisco My Name My Address Send the following set of books- To (Name) (Address) ^^A Rubber Chain Tread built on a Powerful Modern Tire 7j M ....... m KEEP A TIRE RECORD Tlr« Sarlal No Makers Nam* Data of Purchase Odomaiar Wban Initallad Odomatar Whan DiBCardad Mtlca Sarvica Firai Coal Total Coat Par Mila ■.■•j«:X-:v-.'"-;-,' You can have the Proof — in black and white, — actual proof that the Famous "Chain Tread'' Anti-Skid Tires have no big-mileage equals at their popular price Don't take hearsay evidence about tires. Don't trust to your memory for a record of the miles you get from a tire. Keep one of our Tire Records. 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Demou&table Rinu are rerntar •quipment of the 1916 Maxwell. Front view showing the handcome line* of the new radiator and hood. Built complete by the three gigantic Maxwell factories at Detroit, Dayton, and Newcastle. A Stampede to the 1916 Maxwell To-day the 1916 models of every important make of automobile have been viewed by the most critical jury in the world — the American automobilists. Already the record-breaking sales of the 1916 Maxwell show an absolute buying stampede to the "Wonder Car." The "wise ones" who have given the 1916 Maxwell the verdict base their judgment of real automobile value upon these four vital points: 1st — The "first cost" of the car. 2nd — The "after cost" of the car. 3rd — The quality of the materials and workmanship in the car. 4th — The equipment and the "completeness" of the car. The 1916 Maxwell's new price, $655, fully equipped, with electric starter, electric .ights, high-tension ni igneto, demountable rims, "one man" mohair top, and every other high-priced-car feature, has earned it fir.st Dlace as the car of record low "First Cost. ' The 1916 Maxwell's lowering of all economy records for — 1st — Miles per set of tires. 2nd — Miles per gallon of gasoline. 3rd — Miles per quart of lubricating oil. 4th — Lowest year-in-and-year-out repair bills has earned it first place as The Car of Lowest "After Cost." The 1916 Maxwell's pure stream-line body, new rounded clean-cut radiator design, and handsome "one-man" top, have earned tor it first place as "the prettiest thing on four wheels." The 1916 Maxwell's special heat-treated, laboratory-tested steel, built into a Twen- tieth Century Automobile by men who really know how — has earned for it first place as the car of record low repair bills. And this record will extend over the entire life of the 1916 Maxwell. 1916 Maxwell High-Priced-Car Features, all included for $655 Electric Starter and Electric Lights Demountable Rims High-tension Magneto "One-man" MohairTop New Stream-line Design Wider Front and Rear Seats Every feature Electric Horn Double Ventilating Windshield (clear vision and rain-proot) Aluminum Transmis- sion Housing Robe Rail with back of front seat leather covered and every refinement PRICE F. O. Handsome Rounded Radiator and Hood Linoleum covered running-boards and floor-boards Automatic TeU-tale Oil Gauge Heat-treated, Tested Steel Througiiout of cars that sell at twice its price B. DETROIT Easy Riding and Mar- velous Flexibility Lnu>ual power on hills and in sand Ability to hold the road at high speed Improved Instrument Board with all in- struments set flush Write for the 1916 Maxwell Catalogue, and name of the Maxwell Dealer nearest you. Address Dept. E . F. MAXWELL MOTOR COMPANY, Inc., Detroit, Michigan Sr>eedometer, hue box. iynttioa. Uff htA, battery refuUtor, ad mounted f\\uh oo iiutnuzkecU bound. Note the compact uraiwement of spare tire carrier, tail licnt and liceiue bracket. Perfect-fit ting. " one-man " mohair top;quick adjuktable itorir- curtaint, rollea up inude tl^p. 16 Great Maxwell Service Stations — 54 District Offices — Over 2,500 Dealers -all giv- ing Maxwell service. ORCHARD AND FARM IRRIGATION Vol. XXVII SEPTEMBER, 1915 No. 9 IFARM LIFEjIN THE MINING COUNTRY EXCEPT for the Spanish settlements the Sierra foothills were the first sections of California 1 to be developed and the first to show the fruit growing possibilities of the State. They are among :he last sections to have their true agricultural merit recognized. Only now have most of the 'oothills started upon their proper development. The coming industry is fruit growing. Already n places it is rivaling in wealth production the nining industry in its palmiest days, but instead of slaying out and leaving the country exhausted, as lid several decades of placer mining, it is prov- ng an industry that, properly conducted, becomes ounder, larger and better. A number of years ago, rough the working out of its gravel beds. Placer ounty had reached a stage of almost hopeless tagnation; then fruit growing started and now the innual income from fruit closely approximates the brmer assessed valuation of all property of the ounty and is becoming continually greater. The Sierra othills are ifferent from le rest of Cal- ornia in a ay. In fact, arly every irt of the tate diflfers cm nearly ery other irt. They can divided into iree sections, lose to the )0r of the illey the cli- 1 ate and agri- *m ilture resem- *■ e that of the JfUey in tem- rature, rain- ; II and largely '. crops. It is ', pical of f >rthern citrus ctions and is lely suited r tender lits. This is lere, until re- ntly, the rea lit develop- !nt occurred. St the past years the mderful ad- • tages of the :tion just *d, which :ht be called real foot- Is. The Real Foothills. This is a country of abundant rainfall, or lOded hills. Here the pear is in its glory, with apple, cherry, plum and other fruits. The spring [later, the fall earlier. Here irrigation is only tly necessary, if at all. Summer days are clear 1 sunny, there is more snap to the air; it may be little high for oranges, even in door yards, but its like the apple and pear have a high color ^flavor. farther up still the country is rougher. In the main valleys the season is considerably shorter below, orchards are mostly small, for local J&mily use. It has comparatively limited agri- |taral importance; it is the middle section, where f pear and plum are the leading fruits, that is •typical foothill farming district. It was there that the mining population was most dense the most gold secured. lAlthough mining is only a shadow of its former Jf it does this: it provides sufficient population to |k« a profitable local market for farm produce, IHe fruit is the big shipping crop. I'fUit in Placer county has gathered mainly at edge of the valley. El Dorado, to the south of By the Editor. Placer, has entered upon her fruit development in the pear region. Nevada county, to the north of Placer, has had more pear plantings recently than either. The pear section of the county, centering at about the level of Grass Valley, has an average elevation of approximately 2,500 feet, and although many fruits do well the pear is the one fruit above all others. What can be said about that district will hold fairly good for the same elevation all along the Sierras, where the land is level enough to be tillable and the soil satisfactory. Pears will grow well below this, down to the very center of the valley, but the lower the elevation the less rain, the warmer and drier the climate, the greater the trouble with pear blight, the earlier the fruit, and the less brilliant the coloring of the fruit. The important features of this location are good Spring Scene In a Bartlett Pear Orchard of Grass Valley, a Center of MlnlnK Activity. rainfall and a shorter growing season than below, with natural differences in climate. Here the yel- low pine was at its best and where given a chance the slopes are heavily timbered or thickly covered with brush. The merits of any soil can be quickly determined by the nature of the brush and timber upon it. Where yellow pine or birch brush thrives, there the soil is deep and rich. The soil is by nature a reddish loam open to the penetration of moisture and very naturally it varies greatly in different locations. The roots from tall trees penetrating deeping have opened the soil and with the remains of the mat of pine needles and leaves from trees and brush provide a reservoir of vegetable matter, or humus, which with proper handling will endure for a long time. Although minine ditches carry water almost everywhere, irrigation at the Grass Valley level is rarely desirable, save for truck farming or for par- ticular crops. The average rainfall is 55 inches and at that elevation dry seasons are wet enough to carry almost all crops along. When the spring rains cease, any good, deep soil is sure to have enough moisture to carry a crop through well for the season. Although apples and pears, with plums, cher- ries, peaches, walnuts, chestnuts and other fruits, are an' heritage from the earliest mining days, it is very recently that agriculture has awakened. Pos- sibilities have been so overlooked that hay for the stock has been the standard, almost the sole crop, and in spite of having a lot of hungry miners to feed nearly all food products have been shipped into many sections and are yet. In Grass Valley, for instance, there is not enough potatoes and garden truck grown to supply local demands even yet, though potato production is going to the fore fast through some fine promotion work. In 1914 a potato contest was held among the farmers. E. W. Parsons produced on a measured acre 400 sacks of potatoes that for quality sold for $3 per sack for seed. Others are following suit and going at it in such a businesslike fashion that there should be enough for local demands and for a fine shipping business as well, especially for seed potatoes, ow- ing to the cleanliness and the very fine quality of the product. This is only one feature of agricultural de- velopment. Fruit is not the only thing. The most pros- perous new comers are those who have started truck farming. Pears, though, are the prize crop. There are 600 acres in bear- ing in Nevada county and 2,000 acres of young trees, and that is only a beginning. Quality is the main reason, combined with heavy produc- tion and a profitable ri- pening season. Blight, the great pear foe. is for practical purposes non- existent. A few blighted twigs have appeared, but when they were cut out that was the end of it. The disease is not virulent as it is in lower, warmer sections, and as one rides through the county and visits the or- chards he does not see a trace of it. This seems true all through the Sierra footrills after the typical pear elevation is reached. Next is quality. Wherever the sun touches the fruit the cheek is a vivid red. The flesh is firm, as is illustrated by the shinning season of the Bart- lett, which is the greatest single variety. Shipments begin about August 15 and continue through to the first of October, the fruit carrying in first-class condition. The long season and shipping strength prove good quality. Other pear varieties are likewise grown, both to lengthen out the shipping season and to assist the Bartlett by cross pollination. Good pruning has made the Bartlett a very uni- form producer here. In 1914, for example, pears in most parts of California were a very light crop. In Nevada county they gave a 100 per cent yield and are producing fully as well as ever this year. Shipping has been the standard method of sale, but a cannery started several years ago with local (Continued on Pace Six.) 4 ORCHARD AND FARM Finding the Rules of Plant Breeding Wonderful Possibilities for Agriculture if Chance in Plant Breeding Gives Way to Certainty. OF all the possibilities in agricul- ture, that of plant breeding is probably the greatest. The ob- ject of a plant in nature is simply to reproduce itself, and little surplus ef- fort is made by it. But under the iruiding hand of man, nature takes on strange forms, and, although tiic im- proved plant needs protection and care to keep from being over- whelmed by wild plants, with that protection and care it may produce far more than its wild ancestors ever could. In plant improvement, man s guid- ance has until recently been given mostly to the selection of the best in a variety, or to the development of chance seedlings. It is only a few years since systematic plant breeding bv the crossing of varieties and species was begun. But results have been mainly due to chance. One flower would be fertilized with the pollen from the flower of a plant of a difTerent variety or species; many seedlings would be raised, and the best of the seedlings would be se- lected, either for further crossing or as valuable varieties themselves. But it has been mostly a blind game, as little was known of what to expect until the seedlings actually developed. Of course, it seemed reason- able to use one parent of a certain color, when that color was desired, to use as vigorous plants as convenient; to have in one or other of the parents the characters desired in the seedlings, but beyond that not a great deal has been known. To Prophecy Results. It can be imagined what advantages there would be in foretelling the results of any offspring. What an immense amount of work and time would be saved! What formerly was blind chance would become almost a certainty. It would be like solv- ing a problem by rules instead of guesswork. Soon skillful plant breeders, working with the proper understanding of the laws of breeding, could develop varieties of ideal vigor and produc- tivity. There is no limit of plant perfection, but plant breeders have already absolutely shown what can be done and what remains to be done — if we only could do it' One of the valuable things the Panama-Pacific Exposition has done is to bring the "creations" of florists together in the horticultural gardens. Flowers of many kinds far surpassing old standard varieties have been and are there displayed, indi- cating what plant breeding has done. Two of these are shown m the accompanying illustrations. The grand prize for Gladiolus was awarded to the Metzner Floral Company of Mountain View, Cal., which also received a number of other high awards, including the gold medal for carnations. The originator of these was Richard Diener, a former member of the firm, who is shown in one of the illustrations with one of his gladiolus varie- ties. And here is the wonderful feature: Many other hybrids not exhibited, but shown at the nursery- men's convention, as much surpassed the plants that merited the grand prize, which was the feature of the floral display, as those which received the grand prize surpass ordinary varieties. This shows some striking ability in the handling of plants, or knowledge of rules of plant breeding of the utmost importance. The striking thing about the work of Mr. Diener is that nearly every flower he has touched is at least twice as large as its parents. Some are eight or ten times as large. Some petunias at the E.xposition, lor example, are three times the diam eter of ordinary i)etunias, or have nine times the surface. Discovers Rules for Breeding. What is most important is that Mr. Diener claims that he can get these results definitely and directly on the first cross, without experimenting, not only with flowers, but with other plants. In otlier words, he has discovered those laws, or certain of them, wliich will enable him with cer- tainty to double the size of any fruit, flower or vegetable he works upon. Flowers have been the leading plants worked with, as is true with most breeders, partly because they are most interesting, partly because they give quicker results, and for other reasons, but these laws hold good for other plants as well. Think what a help it would be if the corn, potato, sugar beet and other crop yields could be doubled, not by heavier fertilization and tillage, but by breeding, and with the same care now given ordinary varieties! The claim is entitled to respect on account of the results shown. Mr. Diener was brought up as a gardener in Germany, where a boy starts in as an appren- tice on the work he expects to follow when grown. Very early, like scores of other men, he started to experiment with plant breeding and found, like scores of other men, that it was largely blind ciiance that, there was no telling what was coming, that some promising seedlings would fail utterly at the critical time and some, perhaps, would be an improvement on their parents. Twen- ty years ago the first indication of a law that would govern plant breeding was discovered, which made a definite basis to work upon, and since then more and more has been learned, till, as he states, it is possible the first time to double the size of flower or fruit, or to secure certain other results. This can continue for several generations, he states, there being no absolute limit to results. The newer the variety, the greater the success that co:nes. For example, take some old, standard variety, or, for e.\ample. wild plants which have Mr. DIenrr and 4tne of HU >en (iliidliiliin. come true generation after genera- tion. Work with them will be slow, as their nature is quite fixed, but once they start to vary materially from their former nature, progress is rapid and the greater progress has been, that is, the farther a plant is from the original parent type, the more its progeny can be made to improve upon it. It should not be thought that ail seedlings of a crossing will be the same, even though a certain object is desired. If the intention is to double the size of a fruit or flower, a certain cross will be made. Mr. Diener can- not take any two varieties and double the size by crossing, but he can ex- amine all crosses and see just what ones will do so. That is the great feature of his work. Of the seedlings, if the cross is made correctly, about twelve in 100 will be twice the size of the parents. The others will be dis- carded unless valuable for some othi purpose. There will be a variation i other respects than size also, an most of the large plants may ha\' undesirable characteristics, so only one out <_ the twelve or one out of fifty or 100 be perfect in cvcrv respect. The essential fact is that by knowing the effect of certain features upon size, or color, or any other characteristic desired, therr is a deflnite knowledge that some fairly dcfinii. l>roportion of the seedlings will have those ' acteristics. Enough seedlings can then be to insure the production of one or more plain - all the characteristics desired — double the size, ( correct form and color, and right in every othn particular. In the old way of working there is only blind chance that the right cross has been made, although it is, of course, known that the crossing will ciuse the hybrids to vary greatly and to probably have certain characteristics of one or other of their parents. The object to be attained may be size, nr it n-.ay be something else. It may be size of i>l,int, or it may be size of flower. The blooms of some treraniums. exhibited at the Fair, for example, arc abundant and large, perhaps too large, except for a \sarm climate, but the plants are low and flat, as was wanted. The leading pladioli shown at the Exposition average about blooms per plant to about tliirty or thirty-five of ".\merica," the parent it resembles most, and is double the height, with a bloc n ot about twice the size. Bulbs of gladioli of standard varieties, w iikrh- ing perhaps an ounce, are parents of bulbs kt^'"- inp to a pound weight: the parents may have twen- ty-t;ve bulbk-ts, the selected offspring 100 and OTtr- Similar results are possible with onions, a vege- table somewhat related to bulbous flowering plant" Selected Crossings. The selection for the crossing is of var For instance, if there are twenty varieties oi ioli. examination would show that work wou\i he wasted to cross cnc with eighteen of the others, or surie, perhaps, might be of no value who- vir for certain ends. Figuring up the combiii possible with twenty varieties it is apparent crossing haphazzard, or with only the help >■•' color, thrift and certain other self-apparent plan' habits, is like finding a needle in a hay stack and crossing with known rules is like finding it in a pin cushion. Once good hybrids are secured they, in turn, can be crossed, provided they show that they havt in them the power to give the results desired, .md their offspring, in turn, will be as far bc>>'nJ them as they were better than the plants tirst started with. It should not be thought that plant breeding has been all blind chance thus far, bccau.se it has been so to a great extent. Breeders have nat- urally taken vigorous varieties, plants and flowers; they have chosen parents with features they wanted in the offspring; they have known that crossing encourages sports and surprising, unex- pected habits, but they have never known certain!)' that the desired results would be obtained. ^ i It has in practice meant that they have railMl tens of thousands of seedlings with a reasonalWl expectation that some would be better than t^^M parents. It has meant an immense amount of tua|M and money and wasted effort. tl i ORCHARD AND FARM In Summer and Feed Sperry^s SURELAY Winte] '^A^ES HENS HAPPY Gold Medal Award. Send for This Revised Book It's FREE The booklet tells you all about the big profits in poultry raising. It tells you how you can get those big profits. It tells the truth in plain English just why some make money and many make failures of the poultry busi- ness. It shows you how you can get more eggs and how you can get them when the market price is high. It tells you how to feed and what to feed. Of all livestock the hen is the most profitable, but she can't lay eggs unless you feed her the right materials to make eggs with. We have by analysis foimd out just what goes to make eggs — just what elements nature demands for egg-producing — just how much of each ingredient is necessary — upon this knowledge we make SURELAY The Perfect Balanced Egg Food Surelay is the one egg-producing food that you can depend upon every time to give satisfactory resuUs. We tell you honestly just what we put into it and just how we mix it. Every sack has a guaranty printed on it — What's on the .sack is in the sack and that's what's in the egg. If you keep chickens or if you are thinking of going into the poultry business, you should send for The Revised Sperry Book " Makes Hens Happy This book is free. It will tell you many truths about poultry raising and egg-producing that you never knew before. It tells you how you can get the benefit of our profit-sharing plan. Write your name and address on the coupon ; tear off and mail to us. The book to you is free. SPERRY Flour Co Please send me new edition "Makes Hens Happy" and Sperry Profit-Sharing Coupon. Stockton, California NAME ADDRESS 6 ORCHARD AND FARM Farmers' Organizations ^ Some That Have Helped in Conducting Farm Business. NOT very many years ago the almond industry was in a very unsatisfactory condition. Thanks to the organization of the California Almond Growers' Exchange and the growers taking a hand in the mar- keting of the crop, they now have made the industry as uniformly profitable as the irregularity of pro- duction of this tree will permit. The rapid growth in almond planting and the prosperity of the industry has been coincident with the success of the Exchange, which is continually increasing in size and importance. The following account of the plan of operation of the Exchange was prepared for Orchard and Farm by T. C. Tucker, manager. Where there are sufificient almonds to warrant, a local association of growers is incorporated for the pur- pose of joining other like associa- tions in a State organization known as the California Almond Growers' Exchange. In districts where there are not sufficient almonds to warrant the formation of an association, the Exchange can make marketing agree- ments with the growers so located, they agreeing to accept the same price and treatment as members of the local associations. The California Almond Growers' Exchange was incorporated on May 7, 1910, with a membership of nine associations, representing 230 grow- ers. It has gradually grown to an organization of 18 associations representing 900 growers and will market approximately 80 per cent of the almonds produced in California in 1915. The prime object of the Exchange is to market the almonds of its members at cost, to develop a de- mand for almonds and in every way place the industry on as firm a foundation as possible. Starting without cash or credit, the Exchange to-day enjoys the best line of credit ever extended to a co- operative association, its finances being adequate to satisfactorily care for the largest crops that the Ex- change will be called upon to mar- ket. The organization owns and operates 10 modern fire-proof ware- houses at convenient points in the State, and, in addition, has at Sacramento a modern fire-proof nut shelling plant, the first of its kind in the United States devoted exclusively to almonds. Here the most modern machinery available has been in- stalled and the Exchange is actively engaged in the distribution of shelled almonds, its sales of this product being in excess of $150,000 in a single season. Almond growers everywhere are invited to co-operate. ONE of the important features of Farmers' Union work in the Northwest has been the purchase of necessities through locals. The Pendleton Farmers' Union Grain Agency has always done a great volume of business for its mem- bers. During the last year it bought 500,000 sacks, 3,000 pounds sack twine, 5,000 pounds binder twine, 5 cars cedar posts, 5 cars wood, 1 car coal, flour, oils, gasoline, beans, sugar, case goods, and two cars potatoes. In round numbers, on a $50,000 business, the secretary places the conservative- ly low estimate of saving 10 per cent, or $5,000. On some goods they saved 30 per cent; on sacks perhaps not more than 6 per cent. This agency also bought 50.000 bushels of grain, thus helping the farmers to several cents better price. The Joseph Local, Oregon, claims to have saved on floijr purchased for its members $1,200; on field fence, $1,050; on honey, fruit, etc., $150, The Washington County Union, Idaho, bought 20,280 rods of hog and chicken wire, 75,000 wheat and oat sacks and 400 sacks of potatoes, saving, re- spectively, $1,500, $2,500 and $240. The Dixie Local, Cambridge, Idaho, bought 800 pounds of raisins from the California Farmers' Union, saving .$65; 700 pounds of dried peaches, 100 sacks of sugar, 1,500 pounds of salt fish, 100 pounds of fresh smelt, two bbls. syrup, 20 cases canned good, 45 crates blackberries, four bbls. ma- chine oil and 200 pounds axle grease, saving in all $468. Many stores have also been estab- lished. There are four Farmers' Union stores in Coos county doing a prosperous business on a 10 per cent margin. The daily sales of the Marshfield store have run up to $61; the Myrtle Point store $73, the store at Bridge, a country postoflfice, $16 per day. The Coquille store was started with less than $500, but does a business of $160 per day. mature and overripe fruit. All of these aids have increased quality. TO ORCHARD AND FARM:— As chairman of the committee on co-operation of the State Grange of California, I essay a few lines for your organization and marketing num- ber which I hope will be of interest. One has only to note the better- ment of marketing conditions by reason of the workings of a few of our leading associations to see that organization is essential to successful marketing on an extensive scale. Much can be done by using the parcels post as a medium from the producer to the consumer. As a re- sult of its workings the express com- panies have lowered rates so that much business has resulted to the benefit of the producer and shipper. The selling of fruit at auction has been tried with general good results, but in some instances the returns have been very small to the shipper, while the individual buyer has paid a high price for his package. At the public auction none but wholesaler or jobbers are allowed to bid, so that a package often passes through the hands of quite a num- ber before it reaches the consumer. In case of a perishable fruit, cher- ries, for instance, the risk of loss is so great that a large profit is exacted by each handler. The Grange has been very helpful in stiffening the backbone of the grower in having something to say about the price of his product. Time- ly meetings have been held by the Pomona Grange. Prospects of crop conditions have been made and a special committee appointed, which has made reports from time to time through the press and has kept growers posted so that there has been more intelligent unanimity of thought and action as a result. I have often remarked that the most powerful organization is one composed of a class that thinks alike. G. W. WORTHED. MOST of the dried apricots of Ven- tura county, Cal., are sold through the Ventura County Cured Fruit Association, a member of the California Cured Fruit Exchange. Like all growers' organizations, it had many early difficulties, but has proved of much benefit to members. Before the growers had an organization, it was almost impossible for a small grower to get more for large fruit than for small; all growers in a sec- tion were offered the same price, ir- respective of quality. Now the best grade fruit commands a premium of two cents a pound. By use of a moisture test the association has dis- couraged the practice of taking up fruit to wet, so as to gain in weight, which was a common practice in former days. It has also helped to overcome the practice of drying im- Farm Life in Mining Country (Continued from Page Three.) capital has contracts out for a large tonnage at $40 per ton. Shipping plums are next to pears in importance. Apples would look good except for the unfortunate condition of the whole apple industry. Walnuts, chestnuts and filberts are all present in commercial plantings, but when everything is said on every subject there is no ending. Because fruit has been overlooked and agriculture limited mostly to hay production, farming has been ne- glected until recently and prices low. Typical fruit land near the railroad will cost in its raw state say $40 to $60 per acre and would require from about $30 to $70 to clear it. Pears grow quickly here and will average one-half a box to the tree the fifth year. They are planted 18 to 20 feet apart. After the fifth year they produce regularly and well. A fundamental thing in the fruit business is the permanency of soil fer- tility. The remains of forest mold and the roots of former trees are an ideal foundation, but even those in time will lose their value. A good annual growth to supply nitrogen and vegetable matter has been found to be a necessity for soil welfare. Fortunately the heavy rainfall makes it possible to produce a good cover crop and to leave the soil full of moisture for the trees as well. On one of the best of the new orchards vetch and rj'e have done finely, the r3'e for humus, the vetch for both humus and nitrogen. Growth of cover crops will vary with the way the rains come, but except in very late or very well falls this is a winning combina- tion. That, with manure from stock and some commercial fertilizer, which many fruit growers are using, assures permanent and increasing fertility. The best country is a country of di- versified farming, and a hill country with good rainfall fits in well with that. Good farming is new in the Sierra foothills and good land under the old system has hardly paid inter- est on a $10 or $20 acre valuation. It can surpass that with many crops. Until the fruit boom came some cattle and some hay farming, with a little dairying in spots, was almost all that was done. There has been almost no sheep, no goats, except in few places; hardly any hogs, except on the real dairies, no corn, no truck farming, hardly enough fruit even, of certain kinds, for local trade. Naturally barnyard manure is scarce and manure is a necessity for right farming. Hillsides by the score are covered with birch brush, an unsurpassed goat feed, always indicating rich, fertile soil, but they are of little value now except to provide a winter and spring pasture for cattle which are kept dur- ing the summer in the high mountain valleys. Goats would clear it, make it very valuable and pay well for the privilege. Corn has proved a big success where dairymen have grown it for re- cently erected silos. Alfalfa in many places, being irrigated, on hill slope as well as bottom land, produces well and has a higher feeding value than that grown out in the low valleys. Hogs will certainly be a necessity to care for cull fruit, but need tight fences to keep them from going wild in the woods, as hundreds have done when left to look after themselves. At present almost the only hogs raised, except for family purposes, are on the real dairies. With alfalfa and corn, rye and rape pasture, and other crops there are great possibilities. Get Under Your Plow Sole and Raise Your Profits FIELDS, truck gardens and orchards are often underlaid w ith a plow sole as a result of long cultivation. This hard packed soil is practically impervious to moistureaiid impenetrable to roots. Formerly it wns necessary to fertilize such land heavily every year — a method of cultivation entailing considerable wa.ste in nionry and effort. Why? Because the hard stratum caused much of the valuable fertilized top soil to be lost by erosion. Totlay without this expense, ■(rithout this waste, bigfjer, better and more profitable crops are being produced by means of HEI{CULES DYNAMITE With its aid the rich virgin plant food four feet below the plow cut is being utilized, the drainiiKe of the soil is being improved, crops are being protected agaiost drought and floods. Hercules Dynamite is doing these things quickly, easily and economically. But subsoihng is only one of the many uses of this great agricultur.il power. It is saving time, labor and money in planting trees, draining land, re- moving rocks, blasting stumps, digging ditches, excavating cellars, cisterns, etc, You can do the work yourself without difficulty even if you've had no previous experience. There is a Hercules blaster near you, however, who will do the work for you at a small cost. We shall be glad to send you his name on re- quest. If you want to know the many ways in which Hercules Dynamite can lessen your work and increase your profits GET OUR VALUABLE FREE BOOK. We have just issued a revised edition of Pmyrfssire Cuttiration. Whether your farm is large or small you cannot atl'ord to miss reading this interesting book. To every reacler of I this magazine we offer a ^copy without cost or obli- gation. Write for yours today. HERCULES PGWDBR.CO. ron Icle Building San Francisco, CaL Kott: Th« Iferntleji Fovdtr Compitny hii.i heen axntrthd a Gold Medal hi/ the ]>eparininit itf Mines and Melatturflt/. Panama-I'arifir Krpofitinn. for its fxhihit of man y- /acture and tisg o/ erplosirn. I $ 5 Passenger Touring Car 1095 Roadster— $1065— /. o b. Toledo Sleeve Valve Motor The World's Lowest Priced Knight Motored Car THIS announces the greatest achievement in the history of the automobile business. The Knight is the automobile motor that revo- lutionized the entire motor car industry of Europe. The Daimler of England, the Panhard of France, the Mercedes of Germany, the Minerva of Belgium — in fact, practically all of the costly European cars — are equipped with the famous Knight type motor. This motor differs from other motors in that where others deteriorate with use, this improves; to all others carbon is harmful; here it is benefi- cial; size for size, it has more pojver. It has no noisy poppet valves; no noisy cams; no uncertain valve springs; no troublesome valves to grind; practically no wearing parts. Instead it has silent sliding sleeve valves. The Willys-Knight has the same advantages and is just as efficient as those costly European Knight cars. The Willys-Knight, in our opinion, has the least vibration and is the smoothest, quietest and most economical car made. Have your demonstration at once. Deliveries now. 40-hor«epower Knight type motor; cylinders cast enbloc, 4^ In. bore x4Vi In. stroke. High tension magneto Ignition 114-lnoh wheelbase Fnll-floatInK rear axle Underslnng rear springs Specifications : 34 in. X 4 in. tires; non-skids rear Demountable rims; one extra Color; Royal blue with ivory striping; gray wheels; nickel and polished aluminum trimmings Vacuum tank gasoline system Electric starting and lighting system Control buttons on steering column Headlight dimmers One-man mohair top Raln-vislon, ventilating type nlndnhield Magnetic speedometer 474 Catalogue on request. Please address Dept. The Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio Also manufacturers of the famous Overland Automobiles <'Made In U. S. A." 8 ORCHARD AND FARM Cured Fruit Exchange Which Has Greatly Helped Fruit Growers. THE California Cured Fruit lix- change is a growers" organiza- tion, or the central agency for a group of growers' organizations, working along co-operative lines and designed to secure full prices for cured fruits and to develop the mar- kets as they should be developed. Less than three years old. it owns and is preparing to operate the largest by far of any dried fruit packing house on the Pacitic Coast, with a floor space of 100.000 square feet. This was ^ a former furniture factory close to San Francisco bay. in West Berkeley, and was needed on account of the greatly increasing water shipments of cured fruit, due largely to the opening of the Panama Canal. This Exchange was organized in the fall of 1912 by fruit growers, largely peach men. who felt that something was needed to improve marketing conditions of cured fruit. Local associations in cured fniit dis- tricts were the starting points, these joining together in the central Ex- change, which acts as their agent in doing their marketing. There were only six of these at the beginning and the intention was to have the Exchange begin on the 1913 crop, but by the spring of 1912 they and other associations which by this time had joined in with them, unable to set what they felt was right prices for their cured frait. turned over 80 cars to the Exchange, which mar- keted it prontably for them. Since that time newly organized associations and older association? which hail been d'^iinff biisir'e?? for themselves, like the Ventura and Orange county associations, in the apricot districts, have come in also, until there are 28 such associations in the Exchange, in all parts of Cali- fornia from Shasta county in the north to Orange and Riverside coun- ties in the south. There may be diflfercnces in the organization of these associations, but they are all organized under the non-protit laws of the State of Cali- fornia. Some were formed simply to join the Exchange, others had a pre- vious independent existence. After the selling and packing expenses of associations and the Exchange are paid, members receive everything that their fruit sells for. save what they decide to put into their treas- uries for operating expenses and equipment. Of the 1913 crop approximately 260 cars of cured fruit were sold: of the 1914 crop 350 cars, and 500 cars are scheduled for the coming season. There are 120 brokers representing the Exchange in United States and abroad. Of the 1915 fruit, two-thirds of that to be handled b-- the Exchange had been sold early in August. On peaches alone, figuring the prices of July 1 and the goods sold at that time $40,000 had been saved to the growers, though if peach prices rise, this margin will be reduced. All fruit is sold with bill of lading at- tached, to be paid for on receipt. Twice as many oeaches have been sold in England this year to date as were sold all last season, with more onler? In come. A big prune business is done and in the grading and processing of prunes $9 a ton is gained for the pro- ducer. Each association selects a delegate to the Exchange and of these 13 are chosen as directors and the directors select the officers to conduct the business of the organization. Thus each association has its full share of the management. Aside from the great advantages of having a capable organization whose object is the welfare of the industry, fair prices and the develop- ment of markets, one of the great features of the Exchange is that fruit is paid for by grade. All fruit of the same quality is paid for alike, first to the associations, then through the associations to the growers. The old way with most fruit was for the packer to go to a district and make a price on a lot of fruit and all other fruit had to go at the same figure, good, bad or indifferent. Ex- cept for an easier sale, there was no incentive to produce good fruit, and naturally this encouraged the pro- duction of poor stuff and the trade got more poor stuff than it should. When the Associations, or the Ex- change, depending upon which packs it, grades all fruit and pays for it on merit, it stimulates attention to quality, helps prices, helps the Ex- change with its customers, and de- veloos markets. Although a new or- ganization, the Cured Fruit Ex- change has grown to be one of the greatest handlers of cured fruits doing business to-day and is con- tiniiallv growincr Irrigation of Fruit Changes in Orchard Practice That Seem Necessary. A MOST important fact in fruit growing (and other farming^ is that there is an immense amount we do not know. As was shown about cover crops and stock in Hood River apple orchards, last issue, some radi- cal changes are coming in, and that is true in all parts of the Pacific Coast and the whole country in fact. Some tendencies toward change in ■- " -- wing under irrigation, par- citrus fruit, were indicated H. I. Webber of the River- side Citrus Experiment Station in a rather informal talk before the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' Convention. In Florida 25 years ago continued .dean calti\-ation, such as is almost Steadaid here now. was the invariable Tvle. Growers later fonnd. as they are ■^.nding in Western orchards, that this, as they said, "killed" the soil, and "killed" is right, as investiga- tions have found that continued clean ~n has actually destroyed the verj- essential bacteria bit the few inches on the les destro>-ing the hnmns. ;se were destroyed, or re- ratly in number, even vege- animal mannres applied as ^ were not of full ^-alue. be- cause there were too few bacteria left to work on them. Plenty of bacteria are necessary and for these plenty of mannre. cover crops, or other feed is required. Thus in Flor- ida mulching is meeting with very great favor. In investigations at the Citrus Ex- periment Station the best results in ; - -wing were obtained by the .Sle manure, cover crops to - g<>n and hntntu. and some raw rock pbosttbate. This combina- tion -.va? much less expensive than - '-rinds of fertilization. It •hine from clean ctilti- vation and gives food to the soil bac- teria. Stable manure is almost a neces- sity to keep the soil up. Mottle leaf shows poor condition of the orange tree in some way. but mottle leaf is very rare where there is lots of stable mannre. .Apparently where there has been lots of manure there also has been less drop of oranges and there- fore a larger crop. Irrigatioii. Irrigation by the furrow system has largely replaced the old style basin method, but developments indicate that perhaps the old system was best, or. at least, had lots to commend it. Furrow irrigation, for example, seems to put the nitrates in the soil, the most necessary kind of plant food, just where they should not be, that is. below the bulk of the feeding roots, or close to the surface where the roots cannot get them. You will frequently notice between the furrows on the surface of the ground, a white, salty gathering. This is mostly nitt^tes. Xaturally, when water is aoplied in furrows, this is not washed into the soil. Then the roots in time take out much of the nitrates below the cultivated area and the rest is almost lost by being washed by irrigation below the feed- ing roots. There are nitrates on top and. nitrates below, but very few at the feeding roots where thev should b". On*> reason why basin irrigation, of flooding does so much good, is that 5» cover all the sui^ace inst as rain does and thus washes the valuable ni'rates in the surface soil down where the roots can eet them. Mulch With Basin System. .\ promising new svstem is to com- bine a molch with bp sin irrigation. Put a few inches of alfalfa hay. etr^w. or some sach material, in the basin and do not cultivate and then you overcome some of the main reasons for giving up the basin sys- tem in the first place and save your soil from being "killed" by continued clean cultivation. Of course, there are lots of disadvantages and it can- not be said that this is just the right ♦hing to do. but it is one of the indi- cations of present changes in farm- •ig methods, and a little scientific ^.roof that these changes are based on good sense. Of course, one of the fundamental difficulties of mulching in orchards is the cost of the mulch, or the dif- ficulty of getting enough straw. .An- other big danger is what would hap- pen if through the carelessness of a cigarette smoker or other irre- sponsible being, the straw in an orchard would catch on fire. Where the mulch and basin system fit so well together is that there is a border of about three feet, for levee and ditch around each basin and this can be left uncovered and act as a barrier against fire. In using the basin system a barrier against the water should be made around the tree, thus removing one of the old troubles resulting from water touching the tree. It is far from nroved that basin ir- rigation is the best thine, or that mulching is entirely oracticable. but It is nroved that there are funda- mental faults with continued clean cultivation. several disadvantages with furrow irrigation, and "lulching and basin irrigation aopear to be overcoming these. Such has been the development ot lab<-.r saving machinerv on the farm during the past 20 vears that if present farming had to be done with- "^nt it the labor costs wo"H be S600.000.000 more per year than at present. $ 14$ 00 Beloit,Wis. 6 Gasoline Engine wai Saw ]'r^'^:Mi^j''rj: can be handled to and from the saw. Will Pumn "P to ISO.OOOerallon* water »Tiu rump per hour dependin* upon the lift. ^Vill CarinJ *'"'>hels per hoar of TVIU Vxnna smaUCTain.comon cobor mixed cereals, all ground fine In one operation. Strength, weight, durability, workmanship and fuel economy, all guaranteed by J^ir- banks-Morse Quality. Fairbanks, Morse & Co. IVarrhouses in JO /arzt cities where delivery can be made. SAMSOM TRACTOR For Every Fnrin I ne ^575.00 only $575.00 SAMSON IRON WORKS ^« ■kton ( I . S. A. ■■ -^r. • r\ ^ J .tick !□ tbe Sr^n 1 r 1 K.u: ;i .\ ,ir.-r. I hl^ eaiT— like b..nr.c: a hole throu;:h soft pine board mth « bnnd new bimce um) bit, Dyw welU. pnft-hole» or hol« for any [.arpoae. STANDARD "^"^^Vl^tkI a 411 ft. well ■ ■ • 1 1 ef> as deep as 1 ' irkliDg water all tl m a "Standard O M9k<- »20.00 a dav - nctghbon. V '^mc and ttaa a i'- holes yoQ wa I \^(i>^. Our illustrated t Wii. r 7oa all about it. Bnclnae - i>umi> to enter uoataas. NOW. STAXD.4RD ADOIX ' N West 34th itraet. <»lca.' REDWOOD TANKS .\>D SILOS Water Tr«BKka> Wladailla. FraasM ■ ■4 Towrra. Steel and Wood. Prim the lowest, BRO>V.\ ii DTSOK «+4 Ho. ( rater >!• <>lo<-kton, ( aL GOING TO BUILD? - i for our 140-paKe . I'll ^a of • r. Sash. Doors and Hul Irri' .Supplies. We save you the middle- man's proflt. Contrarton)' it Ballden' Sappir f*. 14«l .'•ih «t., Oaklaad. < al. ORCHARD AND FARM 9 Boys' Club Work Organized Work to Start the Boys Right. OF all the organized efforts being used for farm improvement, that of boys' and girls' agricul- tural clubs is one of the most import- ant. "Train up a child in the way he should go," and these clubs by start- ing the boys and girls on advanced agricultural methods while they are still in school and planning for their future occupations, not only keep tliem on the farm, but set them for- ward on the way to be the best kind of farmers. To show what the boys themselves think of the matter the following let- ter from the president of the Boys' Agricultural Club of Morganhill, Cal., is given: An inspiration came to one of the pupils of the University of California ill the shape of a plan to establish agricultural clubs in connection with the high schools throughout the State. In order to become a member a boy must manfully seize a hoe and Threshing Beans Will you kindly advise me if there is aiii/IMng in the tcay of a hand-power hcdii sheller on the market at the pres- ent time? Farmers have discovered that the soil and cUmate here are ideal for lilnckcye beans and there are a great miniy small tracts of from one acre up lilnnied to that variety this season. Tlir crop will sonii he ready to harvest mill while there are various methods jo/ shelling them, none of these methods \arc entirely satisfactory. , It occurred ho me that there might he some clieap mill simple machine for this purpose. I am aware that in the case of large inicts the usual poicer thresher is used, hut its expensive operation debars the Miiifll groir.er from their use. — J. H. M., '•'^tiiiii.ilaus county, Cal. r^OR all we can find, the smallest bean thresher available seems to 1)C worth well over $200 and so could hardly be advised for small acreages ilikc you mention. When there is "Illy an acre or a little over to thresh, probably the best thing to do wiiuld be to use an old fashioned liail. The beans can be separated t: ni the chaff with a fanning mill. A •A'-'fi one can be secured for about I' l ty-five dollars, or borrowed, which IS still cheaper. If there is a still larger acreage the beans can be threshed by clearing a space about 50 to 60 feet across, packing the ground down smooth and hard, or better still, covering it with fanvas and tramping the beans down on these with team and roller. They will then have to be cleaned with fanning mill. Blackeye beans are actually cow peas, a very popular crop in the Southern States. They are fine soil improvers, excellent to rotate with grain, make good hay and are fine to pasture oflf with hogs. They can be cut with a regular mower or a mower equipped with a bunching attachment. You will find some valuable informa- tion regarding bean atid cow pea cul- ture in a circular just issued by the Arizona College of Agriculture, Tucson, Ariz. An interesting story which has as its topic the experiences of a young farmer in teaching a country school by methods which will keep good farming before the pupils at all times has just been published by the Bobbs- Merrill Company. The author is Her- bert Quick, a well-known agricultural writer, and the book is both very interesting and instructive, at least in showing the need for reform in methods of teaching country schools. Look out for your boar during hot weather. Provide a shade for him, as lying in the sun will give him pants. proceed to eradicate the all too pros- perous weeds from at least a quarter of an acre of some crop. Two enticing incentives were made a part of the club's work. A contest was to be held and the one who made the most money profit was to have a grand transcontinental trip around the United States, touching Canada and Mexico. The second prize was to be won by all the remaining mem- bers and to consist of a three days' trip and stay at the University Farm at Davis. Well, the day our club was formed till the end of the contest all was ex- citement on our part and skepticism on the part of our parents. They hailed us as so many foolish boys who had taken up some "new fangled notion" as they termed it, and were losing much valuable time. We manfully held on to our hoes and kept the ground well worked on top in order to keep the moisture in the soil. Sometimes swimming seemed to us a thing next to heaven, espe- cially when the thermometer regis- tered past the 100 mark, but we stuck to the job in spite of the discouraging comments; in spite of the avaricious, never dying weeds and in spite of the work in the hot sun with a swimming pool beckoning to us to come in. At the close of the contest in vari- ous clubs father began to scratch his head somewhat puzzled. He began to think real hard whether the boys had wasted as much time as he had thought after all. Profits ranging from $100 to as high as $500 per acre made him gasp for breath. It never occurred to him before that if he had properly taken care of his crop, cul- tivated it in the right manner and fertilized it abundantly, that he would have been making more money. Papa just had to stop and take off his hat. We fellows are go- ing to make him take it off again. ALFRED JACKSON. There have been many boys and many contests in many States. Re- sults doubtless varied with the indi- viduals, but on the whole this work has been excellent and will make bet- ter boys and they will become better farmers through it, though one season with an agricultural club ought tc leave the old man with quite a bit more knowledge about farming than the son under the worst of condi- tions. Probably every boy in the lot would gasp for breath, also, if he had to make the whole ranch pay profits on anything like the same basis as the trial plots seemed to fig- ure out, which did not always amount to $100 per acre either. — Editor. $1350 COMPLETE FOB DETROIT 40-45 HORSE POWER EIGHT CYLINDER. TOURING CAR and ROADSTER Too Successful to Change this Year The extraordinary demand for this pioneer Eight and its year's mechanical advance over all competition make it unnecessary for the King Company to stimulate sales by mid-year change of price or model. WE are fortunate in having produced a car which enables us to break away from the trade's demoral- izing practice of sudden and unseasonable announcements, which cause quick depreciation of all cars purchased during the first half of the year. Therefore, the King Company announces this new policy for the protection of King owners and dealers : No change of price or model this year. No mid-year announcements. Either ample notice to dealers of any new announcement affecting prevailing model, or, rebate on all cars still un- sold which were shipped thirty days prior to such an- nouncement. No sacrifice of King quality for mere price reduction — but always a high grade car at a price that grives big value. The King Eight has delivered since January and was on the trial road three months before. It is now giving the very highest satisfaction to hundreds of owners all over America and is operating ia eighteen foreign countries, there being 200 in England alone. The motor is truly an engineering marvel — a statement which will lose its boast- fulness after your first ride. Mechanically a year in advance, yet proved right by thousands of miles of operation, this car is the purchase of wisdom. It will grow old slowly . It will out-perform all other types. It will show amazing economy for its hill-leveling power. It is not coming" but HERE — a car of demonstrated Superiority and embodying a knowledge of Eight Cylinder construction which makers in our wake must learn by experience. There's a Kins dealer in your locality. "Write for his address and new Eight catalog. KING MOTOR CAR COMPANY, Jefferson Avenue, DETROIT, MICHIGAN 10 ORCHARD AND FARM A Fruit Association A State in Business What Co-operation Has Done for Puyallup Berry Growers. California Soon to Establish Commission Markets. By Assemblyman Harold E. McPherson IT is one thing to improve market- ing conditions by some large or- ganization which handles the greater part of some crop, or operates over half the country, and another to just set to work with a local organi- zation. There are scores and hun- dreds of these in different parts of the country, doing an immense amount of good, but hardly anywhere can there be found one which has made such a great success as the Puyallup and Sumner Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, in the Puyallup valley, near Ta- coma, Washington. This association was started very modestly 18 years ago with only 27 members and a working capital of $1,400, most of which was subscribed for the good of the cause. To-day it operates two canneries, handling the large fruit and berry output of the country round- about and getting fruit from other sections and even States as well; it does a large berry shipping business^ and has a membership of approximately 2,000 farmers. It is a co-operative, non-profit or- ganization, a single share costing $1.00 entitling a fruit grower or far- mer to membership, and no one being permitted to own in excess of 15 shares. The highest possible returns are made to members for fruit and any surplus is turned in to the working capital of the organization so that members can be served the bet- ter. Such has been the success of this system that in spite of the mod- est start and low price of shares the association owns property to the value of $100,000. Business Done. In 1914 the association did a busi- ness of one and a quarter million dol- lars. The two canneries, one at Pu- yallup and the other at Sumner, em- ploy 700 persons and operate from about May first to December first. Besides this a big berry shipping busi- ness is done and a general store is operated for the benefit of the mem- bers. Both canning and shipping has been done from the start. The first can- ning, however, was not a success, as the cannery manager was hired on his own glowing recommendation and did such a poor job that every can of fruit he put up spoiled. It takes much less than a failure like this to kill most farmers' business organizations and the fact that the members stood their loss and went ahead determined to succeed anyhow is one explanation for the success that has come. Canneries. The first crop worked up by the canneries is rhubarb. As it is dis- posed of strawberries come on; they are followed by raspberries; they in turn by standard varieties of black- berries; they by the Evergreen black- berry, the famous berry of the Puyal- lup valley. Last of all come the fall vegetables, which run the canneries to the late date named. Cherries, peaches, plums, pears and other fruits are also handled in due season. When berries are shipped for mem- bers the association charges six cents a crate for the handling. Can- ning is done on the same basis, that is, the members get everything except the expense of canning and of the conduct of the business. Fruit is also purchased on the out- side at the regular market price, both from farmers in the valley and from other places, quite a lot of Oregon pears being "purchased and canned. This season also, fruit is being canned by contract. Yakima valley peach growers were dissatisfied with prices offered and arranged with the association to have the fruit canned at a reasonable price, the growers to own the fruit. Hawaiian pineapple growers were unable to handle all of their output and have been shipping pineapples to Puyallup from Hawaii to be canned on the same plan. Berries the Greatest Crop. The biggest thing of all, though, is berries, which is the great crop of the section. In 1914 the canneries han- dled 2,600,000 pounds of red raspber- ries and 3,000,000 pounds of Ever- green blackberries. The yield of the latter is given by W. H. Paulhamus, the manager of the association, as 700 to 900 crates to the acre, 24 dry pint cups to the crate, and of red raspberries 400 to 600 crates. The yield depends upon the location and soil, but still more on the handling of the land. During the berry season 10,000 per- sons are employed in the berry fields, many of them families from Tacoma and Seattle, to whom the berry fields offer a pleasant and profitable vaca- tion. For the Evergreen blackberries, which are almost entirely canned, the association pays about three cents a pound. For the red raspberries, which are shipped extensively, the grower- members usually get from 50 to 70 cents a crate, or about five cents a pound. In 1914 there were 289 cars of the red raspberries shipped, and this season about 400 cars, going as far east as Detroit and as far south as Fort Worth, Texas. All fruit is carefully inspected before shipment, so that each grower will get a fair deal and the customer get the best possible product. The General Store. A number of years ago the associa- tion started to buy feed for its mem- bers. The saving secured by direct purchase developed more and more business until a general store was in full operation that did during July, 1915, a business of $766 per day. It had been in rented quarters until a few months ago, but growth had been so rapid that rather than keep on leasing, and having to move from one place to another as growth continued, the association purchased a large lot and erected a brick building which should make further movement un- necessary for a long time. The special feature of this move- ment was that the purchase was made with money from the store earnings, not from any association money earned by the canning or shipping business. In the store groceries, hard- ware, fuel, feed, lumber and all kinds of a general merchandise business is conducted at prices which have forced the rapid growth, but yet left enough surplus to permit the erection of a new store and the expansion of the business. W. H. Paulhamus, the manager, has been at the head of the association for about fourteen years and to him must be attributed much of its suc- cess. The influence of the association has been such that it is without doubt the most famous local co-operative grow- ers' organization in the west, if not in the United States. Through it, as is true with all successful ventures in direct marketing, the growers not only make money by saving loss in marketing, but they prosper in all their farming simply because they have a good market and remunerative prices for their product. There can be no doubt but what much of the fame of Puyallup berries is due to natural conditions, but much of its fame and a great part of the profit comes through having such an effi- cient marketing organization. It's a poor gate that doesn't know its own hinges on hallowe'en right. One system of reform is to organize and do nhat is icanted, the other is to look for legal action. For this reason a law establishing a State Commission Market, passed by the last California legislature, tcill be looked to icith the utmost interest. The special object has bien to give service to both farmers (or other producers) and to consumers, which, common belief is, that they do not get now through the commission merchants. Following is a statement Krittcn for Orchard and Farm by As- semblyman Harold E. McPherson of Santa Cruz, Cal.. author of the Ioac, on what it is hoped it will do. The funds provided are extremely sm16. This association is not formed exactly for money making purposes, as any price secured above 3% cents is pro rated back to those with whom the association has crop con- tracts. The shareholders do not par- ticipate in this pro rating and the only profits which the shareholders may ■derive are from whatever saving can t)e effected out of the $5 a ton assess- ment which is for operating expenses. The first year a very good showing was made, as the earnings totaled 0 per cent, 5 per cent being paid in divi- The bull wheel runs IN THE FURROW, yet does not pack the soil. Grousers four inches long on the bull wheel make it a deep-tilling sub-soiler. Hard sub-soil, even hardpan, is easily 1 penetrated, loosened up and made ready for irrigation. Patented \ leveling device on BIG BULL makes it ^^^■■■^^^^1 easily possible to adjust the tractor to side hills or deep furrows. Other features exclu- sive with BIG BULL are its direct drive with only four gears; steer wheel which runs in the furrow in direct line with bull wheel makes BIG BULL positively and automati- cally self-steering. Just remove two bolts and BIG BULL'S engine is in plain sight, every part easily and quickly accessible. BIG BULL is not a "ONE USE" piece of machinery. It is a COMBINATION machine, used on a farm as a traction engine and a Note the photo below, I showinsr a Big Bull pull- ing a J. I.Case2-14 inch I bottom "Enicar" Power I Lift Plow, Harrow and i Sub-soiler, plowing ■even inches deep and sub-soiling twelve inch- es deep in hard, dry ground in the Willa- mette Valley. portable engine. No team is required to drag BIG BULL into position. It follows your guiding hand from one job to another, and saves you time, work and MONEY ON EVERY ONE OF THEM. You need this valuable book. Send for it TODAY. Learn what BIG BULL can do for you. Remember that BIG BULL'S price, $585, makes it an actual WASTE of money for you to continue working horses. BIG BULL works one-third faster than your best team and costs you NOTHING when not in use. BIG BULL is the best investment you can make. It immedi- , ately puts you in the class with the big successful farmers and ranchers who wouldn't think of operating their farms without a traction engine. They know it's the ONLY real economical way. So will YOU know it after you have worked BIG BULL on your place for two hours. Get our free tractor book NOW. We have a few "Little Bull" Tractors left at $495. Five Horsepower at the Drawbar, 12 Horsepower at Pulley Belt. There won't be any more after our present stock is exhausted. HUGHSON & MeRTON, Inc. PACIFIC COAST DISTRIBUTORS 530 Golden Gate Avenue SAN FRANCISCO 1229 South Olive Street LOS ANGKLE8 329 Ankeny Street PORTLAND WekeepeverypartofBlC BULL right here on hand all the time. Therefore we can serve y!ou in the quickest time. JNo delays sending back to the factors^. Mail Coupon for Free TRACTOR BOOK Date. Hughson &* Mer on, Inc. {Address Nearest Office) Gentlemen : Please send me a copy of^^our Free 'Tractor Book A- 7. 14 ORCHARD AND FARM Exposition Jottings Thngs of Agriiculiural Interest Pid^ed Up at the Fair. ■ •TASUiSMBQ IM« I RRIOA.TION Member of Andit Barean of Clrcnlatlon VOL. 27 SEPTEMBER, 1915 XO. 9 Issued Monthly at Hearst Bnildlni;, San Franelsco, Cal. Country Life Publishing Co., Publishers D. J. Whitney Editor D. W. Hill Adrertisins Manager Wm. Tyler Smith.. Clrcnlatlon Manager Eastern Office Wallace C. Richardson (Inc.) 41 Park Row, Xew York Middle West Office James A. Bnchanan, Marquette BIdg., Chicago SVBSCRIPTIO.N R,\TES. By subscription 50c per year, three years for J 1.00. To Canada, by subscription, extra postage 2ic per each year. Foreign, by subscription, 36c extra per each year. 5c per copy of all newsdealers. Entered as second-class matter at the Postoflice of San Francisco. Cal.. under the Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Publishing Company. Hearst Building, San Francisco, Cal. Copyright. 1915, by Country Life Pub- lishing Co. The Cover Page photograph was taken by Orchard and Farm's pho- tographer at the 1914 California State Fair. This stallion, Militari, was imported by the Dunham-McLaugh- lin Company and was one of the prominent winners at the Fair. IT is the common habit in discuss- ing the marketing of farm prod- uce to lambaste the middleman and., everybody else connected with farm marketing or farm finance. In this issue, which is devoted mainly to or- ganizations and marketing, such methods will be conspicuous by their almost total absence, for the reason that in no other thine does the say- ing. "Don't knock — boost," deserve to be so well observed as in the business of farming. .-Mmost always when- ever a tirade starts about the way everybody has it in for the farmer, the facts used w-ill be distorted, other facts totally ignored and common sense torn into fragments. True enough, it is, that there is plenty room for improvement, but right progress can only come by fac- ing facts as they are, and the distor- tion of facts can only cause trouble. For example, it is doubtful if any- thing is more responsible for the fail- ure of co-operative effort among farmers than the belief that farmers are being robbed right and left and that their organization is misman- aged or of? on the wrong foot or out of kilter some way because it does not do wonderful, impossible things all at once. For this cause a series of simple accounts of success can do more to promote farm independence in marketing than any other one thine. NOTE this also: the marketing of farm produce is not only on a fairly satisfactory basis in most cases, but it probably is nearer on a right basis than almost any other kind of business. There are natural difficul- ties about the handling of farm prod- ucts that are not found with other things, such as its quick spoilage, varying acreage, uneven production on account of weather conditions, and so on, but taking everything into consideration, there is much less dif- ference in the price to the producer of a sack of potatoes and its price to the consumer, than in the price of a sewing machine, or almost any other manufactured product. If this is so, the farmer has less right to kick about the way he is treated than most other people. TALK about lack nf organization! It would be difficult to find any industry so well .systematized as the marketmg of certain farm prod- ucts. The most successful creamer- ies on the Pacific Coast are certain co-operative creameries; the grain growers of the Pacific Northwest through their Farmers' Unions are rapidly getting everything in sight from their wheat, as was told in a recent issue; a capable annle market- ing has sustained the apole situation in wonderful style, considering the larsre acreage that has been planted; local organizations of various sorts have done great things for their dis- tricts; in California the California Fruit Growers' Exchange has done things for the citrus industry which have made it world famous; almonds and walnuts through co-operation are as well fi.xed, or even better, than the citrus industry; the raisin industry has been pulled out of a bad hole and put in an excellent condition; big profits have been put in lima beans; even the beekeepers have gotten to- gether with the greatest success, and so all along the line — fruit, stock, dairyinc ooultry raising and what not. Look at what has been done and it will be difficult to find any other line of business where greater orocress has been made. "Don't knock — boost," is the finest kind of policy, and to add to its wisdom, there is not one-tenth the reason for kicking that most kickers believe there is. ONE of the most Shameful things about farm life to-day is the continual complaining that comes about it. We would be ashamed of a ten-year-old boy who complained half as much about the way his play fellows treated him as lots of farm- ers complain about the way farmers are treated, and he would soon have it licked out of him, if not by parents, by his companions. Take troubles with a grin; it is the only satisfactory way to meet them; remember in most things that the man who is ill treated has himself to blame — for his ignor- ance, meanness or whatever it is — and apply that principle to farming; re- member that the farmer who complains about the way commission men or others treat him is only advertising his failure as a business man; the farmer who complains that the cards are stacked against him simply shows that he has not the ability to make good in the conditions others have to face. REMEMBER that the farmer is a pretty well situated sort of per- son and that he has more reason to smile than to complain; remember that complaints about the iiardships of farmers' life, talk of ill treatment by bankers, commission merchants and others, will in the nature of thinps drive the children to the city, instead of encouraging them to be the best farmers possible. The farmer is better fixed now than he ever was in history, as prices of land and farm products clearly show. Remember, also, that, with few exceptions, the farmer has an immense amount to learn about farming, but until he does farm right and select his crops with judgment as to the future, he has no right to say that lack of financial success is due to anybody but him- self. Meanwhile, as farming methods improve, may the time advance rap- idly when every farm community will have its marketing organization, to sell farm produce in the best way and for the highest prices, to pur- chase farm necessities at cost, and to bring the whole community together for social uolift and bftter farming methods. The goal of every com- munity should be a 'ocal marketing organization. P OSSTBLY the most important sub- ject that Orchard and Farm is discussing in its various issues is the AGRICULTURE in its various branches is wifhout question the greatest subject at the Panama-Pacific International Expo- sition. Three of the main exhibit palaces are given to it — the horticultural, agricultural and pure food buildings, though there is lit- tle of actual agriculture in the lat- ter. The live stock and poultry de- partments occupy much space and at- tention and the majority of State and foreign exhibits seem to be made on the principle that agriculture is the most important subjects to emphasize. The California Associated Raisin Company has grasped the opportun- ity to promote the use of raisins at the Exposition, having seeding ap- paratus at work amidst a very attrac- tive exhibit in both the horticultural and pure food palaces. A good crowd is always around these and many or- ders are taken for dollar boxes of raisins to be sent to all parts of the country. This makes the exhibit in large part self supporting and every box of raisins sold can be calculated to encourage greatly the increased consumption of this product. A num- ber of other exhibits promote the use of horticultural products in the same way. A bee and honey exhibit by the California Bee Keepers' Association is prominent in the pure food build- ing. Most of the interest is dis- played in the several glass hives of bees, before which there is certain to be a group of visitors trying to pick out the queen. Although the bees attract most of the interest, the use of honey which the bees make is suggested by the interest in the bees, especially when such an attractive display of honey is made as can be found in this bo«th. As part of the programme of the .Almond Growers' Exchange in de- veloping various uses of almonds, this organization shows visitors to the horticultural palace the different vari- eties of almonds — Nonpareil, I. X. L., Ne Plus Ultra, Drakes and Texas Prolific, and the less common kinds like the Jordan — and the various ways that almonds can be used. One of the interesting products shown is marzipan, or almond paste. This is made from the meat of the almond, ground into a paste, moulded into various shapes, and cooked. Almond candies show'n are so enticing that it is difficult to believe that almond production could ever be over done with twenty times the present acre- age, if people knew how good almond products were. Apple culture is getting on a sound, scientific basis in many sec- tions. The Montana exhibit at the horticultural building, as is the case with several other state exhibits, par- ticularly emphasizes apples. As illus- trating good orchard care $1,000 is of- fered to any one who will find a wormy apple in the lot. Considering Ihe lateness of the season, it is sur- prising to see what excellent condi- tions apples are in. from many places. A number of State buildings are marketing of live stock. The series of articles by Mr. McGee describes something which already is on part of the Pacific Coast and soon to come to the rest of it. With a stockyards there is much of what he describes that can be done; without, much can to done also. The matter of forming locrl live stock shipping associations is one of the finest ideas going and was discussed in this issue by spe- cial request. Cow testing associa- tions, formine an important feature of Mr. Seymour's article, are of most value in making better dairying, but besides that they encourage progress in all lines, also. constructed in some style distinctive of their State, but without question the Oregon building is the most' striking of any, being large and im- posing, with pillars composed of the trunks of gigantic trees and the' whole outside having the natural rough wood finish. ' What is said to be the largest photo enlargement ever made is a panorama of the Hood River Valley at blossom time, displayed in the Ore- gon building. It is about 15 feet long and colored. Heavy planting of loganberries around Salem and other parts of the Willamette valley has made it nec- essary to create new demands for loganberry products. Loganberry juice is one of the important prod- ucts and its use is being promoted by an extensive display. The use of good seed is one of the greatest helps in successful agricul- ture, but the growing of seed as a specialty by farmers is not done to a very great extent. For this reason the display of seed grain by a num- ber of Oregon farmers in the Oregon building is one of the most practical exhibits in the building. The Tillamook County Creameiy Association is seeing that Tillamook's great product gets due recognition, by the display of a fine lot of cheese. Although hunting is not agricul- ture, hunting, fishing and camping: are strictly country activities and two large exhibits of wild game in it* natural surroundings are among the most enjoyable features in the Ore- gon building. Out of doors the Ore-' gon commission has an excellant dii-' play of pheasants, quail and other game birds. The National government is doinp excellent work at the Exposition witk its various exhibits in the different buildings. In the machinery palace the thing of most importance to the farmer visitor will be models of dif- ferent types of road construction, ifl- cluding some of ancient times. Few things are of more value for farm- improvement than good roads, as the difficulty of hauling and commun- ication is greatly reduced by having good roads, which can be of many kinds to suit local conditions aad available funds. Of all the foreign nations partici- pating in the exhibit, probably the .Argentine Republic has made the most ambitious display, though most of the exhibits are in the various ex- hibit palaces, not in the Argentine building itself. Since .Argentina is a new country, being developed rapidly, as is the United States, and having _a temperate climate also, its exhibit is of special interest. One of the con- spicuous features is the high qualitv live stock: beef cattle, sheep and horses, which are kept there. Tbf same thing is apparent in the Uru- guay display. In fact, the best stock in the market anywhere in the world is very likely to find its way to th« ranches of Argentine cattle men. .Ap- parently stock raising is conducted on an extremely profitable basis. When it comes to stock raisiafl .Australia and New Zealand will not take a back seat to any country, ai can be seen from photographs, hide* wool and other exhibits. They art famed for the quality of their butter shiPped largely to England and occa- sionally to the Pacific Coast. Thi same it true with beef and mutton Both butter and meat can be seen fa • cold storage at the Fair, showing b practical form the satisfactory pack- ing and marketing system whW they have developed. DIPLOM.AtIC— Say, mamma. playin' there's a little boy callin' • me, an' I'd like a piece of cake fe him. ■ ORCHARD AND FARM 15 Farm Problems Helps Out of Farm Difficulties. I icotild like your advice on ridding ly place of tlie common ground squir- els. They carry away grain from my oultry feed hovverx and xteal egqs rom nests. They are also destructive 0 young trees and plants. — F. E. O. rVVO ways are open to you, poison- ing or suffocation with fumes, ince you have only a few squirrels would probably not pay to make up oison, but you can purchase some i.i le drug store. Some counties are akino- souirrcl eradication campaigns. yours is doing so, communicate with le right person and you can get ex- llent poison at very little cost. Dme carbon bisulphide preparations carbon bisulphide itself can be se- red, if you do not want to en- mger your chickens by poison, and )ured into the holes and the holes osed u- or rags dioped in distillate opned down the holes, either lighted unlif^hted. The suffocation method perhaps surer than poison and eferable when chickens are around. Eradicating Ants. Please tell me how I can rid the )use of little antst I cannot find a .'>h v:ith a lid tight enough to keep em out. They play catcher over