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EPP ELC attr at ee 3 atste EA roe atte: . gar a» E= eer RG POY O PR WeGibson-lave ALE) cay et I, 3 ‘ * a ee THE ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL - Sere ey eT MTTEY ORCHID-GROW MANUAL, Descriptions of uptourds of Hine Hundred and Thirty Species and Varieties of Orchidaccous Plants ; TOGETHER WITH NOTICES OF THEIR TIMES OF FLOWERING, AND MOST APPROVED MODES OF TREATMENT; ALSO, PLAIN AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS RELATING TO THE GENERAL | CULTURE OF ORCHIDS; REMARKS ON THE HEAT, MOISTURE, SOIL, SEASONS OF GROWTH AND REST BEST SUITED TO THE SEVERAL S¥ECIES, BY BENJAMIN SAMUEL WILLIAMS, ¥.R.AGS.; Vy Author of ‘‘ Select Ferns and Lycopods,” “* Choice Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants,” ** Choice Stove and Greenhouse Ornamental-leaved Plants,” dc., dc. J FIFTH EDITION, ENLARGED AND REVISED. WITH COLOURED FRONTISPIECE AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, LONDON: PUBLISHED AT VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. 1Sv7- ee ~ re . : LONDON Prixtzp by Jas. Truscorr aN Sox, - . Suffolk Lane, City. CONTENTS. ADDENDA - : : ° ‘ 2 ADVICE TO ORCHID COLLECTORS ; GLAZING ORCHID HOUSES . F . HEATING ORCHID HOUSES . , E INTRODUCTION E - - s . INSECTS . “ - : 2 : “ MODE OF PRODUCING BACK GROWTHS MAKING ORCHID BASKETS . ORCHID HOUSES . 5 3 ‘ ; ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE AND CoLD FRAME. PACKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE To EXHIBITIONS PROPAGATION OF ORCHIDS . ‘ - PoTTinG EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS . - TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS 4 RoT IN ORCHIDS . F ‘ é . SPOT IN ORCHIDS : ; : SELECT ORCHIDS AT PRESENT IN CULTIVATION SHADING : . 3 - : : SEEDLING ORCHIDS , “ 5 : TREATMENT OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS , DURING GROWTH , - DURING TIME OF REST ,° OF PLANTS IN BLOoM , OF PLANTS PREVIOUSLY TO BEING TAKEN TO PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS , - OF NEWLY-IMPORTED PLANTS VARIEGATED ORCHIDS. é , . VENTILATION OF ORCHID HovusEs . WATERING ORCHIDS . ‘ - , Pe ps mis res 4 er. a Mi + ¢ og a t LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. GROUP OF ORCHIDS, INTERMIXED WITH FERNS AND FOLIAGE PLANTS . : = - - . : F 5 - : PLAN OF ORCHID HOUSE . 5 : E : : - S BRIDES CYLINDRICUM . : F . : é : : “ ANGRZCUM EBURNEUM ; a ; ° - ‘ F : ELLISII sg = : ; F : ‘ : - SESQUIPEDALE . ; 5 ; : : ‘ : BouuEA PATINII , : 2 - : : - ; ‘ ; CATTLEYA DOLOSA ; ; - : : : e ° - GIGAS . ; : : F ° : ‘ . - TRIANZ - : ; ; ; - 6 - VELUTINA . ; : : 3 2 - ‘ : CYPRIPEDIUM CAUDATUM . F Z : , * : ‘ CONCOLOR . : ‘< ‘ ; - ; : DOMINIANUM, - 2 . : ; - é LOWII . . : : - - F ‘ 7 SEDENI . : : ° - 2 ; : : VILLOSUM . ’ - - ° P : : DENDROBIUM AINSWORTHII, : ; F . ; . : AMG@NUM ; ; : : 2 - ° 5 JAMESIANUM ,. 7 - - : - > : DISA GRANDIFLORA SUPERBA ., é ; : : : LALIA AUTUMNALIS . . . : . . : ‘ JONGHEANA P - P - : : A - - MASDEVALLIA CHIMZRA , ‘ : ’ ‘ Fe : TOVARENSIS . ‘ 3 : 2 ; ; VEITCHIANA, P : : : P Z ; MILTONIA WARSCEWICZIL . : Ps : - : : NANODES MEDUSz é - 3 ; ; F z 2 i 101 117 119 132 135 151 152 153 155 157 159 163 164 174 319 203 206 216 219 « 219 225 226 - Vili LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Page ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRE , ; : “ . A 228 CIRRHOSUM : - . F ° “ «? ood (Natural Size) . : ° . aoe GLORIOSUM 5 : . ; . «> Zoo HALLIT. 5 A : ‘ : 5 « Bao NEBULOSUM Z - : ; r 5 iao0 PHALZNOPSIS . : P : : : «ae RADIATUM. : A - i - . . 242 —_ ROEZLII . - : a . - 2 . 243 VEXILLARIUM . ; - - : : eras pee UW ARNERIANUM : : - : , » 246 ONCIDIUM CURTUM - : : ‘ 4 ‘ ; ; sees ROGERSIL . - “ - : - - s Ay Ail) SARCODES , : 3 . 5 ~ ‘; « eee SPLENDIDUM - - : ‘ 4 . : >. ee PHAJUS IRRORATUS ., “ : : . = 5 : + 20a PHALZANOPSIS AMABILIS : ‘ ; r : 5 ° o ote AMETHYSTINA 4 ° e ‘ . o phe INTERMEDIA PORTEI ., : : : - a = SCHILLERIANA . : : : ‘ ; » 26 VANDA CATHCARTII . ; » 4 - : . ! . 3804 CZZRULESCENS . ; . : , ; . . - B05 DENISONIANA , 3 : ; : : ; : . 3806 SUAVIS P ; : : 3 ec é 5 aur PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. In issuing a newly-revised edition of the ‘‘ OncHID- Growrr’s Manuva,” which has gained notoriety throughout the world, it needs little explanation on my part in bringing the fifth edition before my readers, as I have had abundant proof of its utility by its being translated into the Russian language by M. Wolkenstein, and having been desired to have it also translated myself into other European languages. It is now many years since I wrote the first edition of this work, and at that time the number of Orchid-Growers was very limited ; since then the increase has been extraordinary: where there were hundreds then there are now thousands of Growers. It is highly gratifying to me to know that many of these received their first instructions from the “‘ Manual,” having received letters from them to that effect. Since the fourth edition was published, there have been many beautiful additions to our collections, and the species and varieties since then have greatly increased. Our collectors, who spare no pains to ob- tain these valuable plants, deserve our hearty thanks. x PREFACE, Their lives and health stand at a great risk, and through their energy the stock of many Orchids that have been rare for years have been greatly increased thereby, giving all cultivators a chance of procuring plants at a cheaper rate, for many of the most beautiful kinds can be obtained for a few shillings at the present day, when at one time they were only within reach of the rich at exorbitant prices; now some of the most beautiful species can be cultivated in cool houses, so that they are less trouble and also less expense. Many of these plants are small growing, and do not take up much space to grow them in, so by having a small house a great number may be cultivated ; yet they produce very handsome flowers, and continue in bloom so much longer than other plants. We have introduced in this edition an engraving of an Orchid House taken from a photograph, showing the effect produced by inter- mixing Ferns, Palms, &c., among Orchid flowers. It will be seen how graceful the foliage appears, and it is undoubtedly a vast improvement in the arrangement of a House. It is wise to have a division in the House for plants in bloom, as they can be treated so that their flowers will last long in beauty. We have also added a coloured frontispiece of the beautiful Odontoglossum vexillarium, and many illustrations of the most popular kinds, some original, others kindly lent, for which we owe our thanks to the editors of the ‘“ Gardener’s Chronicle,” ‘‘ The Garden,” “The Journal of Horti- PREFACE. xi culture,” and other kind friends. I have raised the price of the present edition, as the matter has increased so much since the year 1852, when the first edition was issued ; and I hope that the additions and improvements that have been made from time to time will meet with the approbation of my readers. I have stated before that I do not aim to instruct the Botanist, but to assist the Amateur, by plain and practical instructions, so that in reward for time and pains bestowed on the cultivation of this charming class of plants, fine specimens and beautiful flowers can be obtained. B. 8. WILLIAMS. VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HoOLLoway, Lonpon, N., April, 1877, THE ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL INTRODUCTION. Bae HE cultivation of Orchidaceous plants is no longer ay exclusively the privilege of the few, since their nature and requirements are far better understood than was the case a few years ago. This has arisen chiefly from two causes: firstly, from the useful information given us by those who have studied the plants in their native habitats ; and, secondly, from the close study and application by means of which cultivators at home have brought the results of the observations of travellers to bear in a practical manner on the culture of the plants when introduced into this country. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the minds of all who send home plants of this order from foreign lands that every scrap of information respecting the climate, temperature, alti- tude, soil, &c., of the locality in which each species is found, is of the greatest importance to the cultivator no less than _ to the scientific observer. Not, indeed, that under cultivation we can strictly imitate the natural surroundings of each particular species or variety ; neither do I think in all cases B 2 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. that would be desirable, but the information would enable us to give the treatment most congenial to the requirements of each, so far as the means at our command would afford. The want of some such information has been a source of extreme vexation to many lovers of these plants in years gone by; indeed, had we received any account as to the physical and climatal surroundings of the many fine things found and collected by M. Warscewicz, and other travellers of that period, the collections of the present day would be able to boast of many fine species which have never since reached this country in a living state. The collections alluded to were, however, sent to this country in a careless manner, without the slightest indication of the conditions under which they had been growing; and, Orchidology being then in its infancy, they were nearly all killed by being subjected to intense heat, this being in those days considered the correct course to pursue with all Orchidaceous plants. Thus hundreds of beautiful species, which had been collected at great trouble and risk, and were purchased by eager amateurs at home, oftentimes at great cost, rapidly died out, simply from the prevailing ignorance of the localities in which they had been growing. To prevent a repetition of such disasters and disappoint- ments, the experience of those who have had the good fortune to see Orchids growing in a state of nature is of the greatest importance, giving as it does a basis of operations to any experiments which may be made. Strange as it may appear to some, and ridiculous as it has been pronounced by others, I do not consider it is advisable to imitate strictly the natural conditions in which plants are sometimes found, because we have so many proofs that, as individual specimens, the culti- vated plants are frequently to be seen in greater perfection than those naturally grown; and it is only reasonable to infer INTRODUCTION. 3 that such would be the case with the majority of small-growing - tropical plants, when we consider the struggle for existence which is constantly going on throughout the vegetable kingdom, and remember that they are subject to all the vicissitudes of the weather, whereas under cultivation extreme care and atten- tion are bestowed upon each individual plant, and no pains are spared to develop its beauties, and shield it from every harm. I admit that we should by all means take nature as our guide for the production of good plants, but it should be nature in her best garb only; and then, looking as I do upon cultivation as a help to.nature, the result can only be an improve- ment, if success has been attained in the object aimed at. Let me endeavour to render my meaning clear by a familiar example. I have frequently seen some of our indigenous ferns, such as Scolopendriums, Lastreas, &c., growing upon dry banks, stony ground, and old ruins, where they have pre- sented the appearance of short, stunted, ill-favoured plants, but still they were in a state of nature. Now, no one would recommend the cultivator to imitate that phase of nature. No; rather would the counsellor say, ‘‘ Go to that shady dell, with the limpid stream flowing through it; there you will see the rich green, fully developed, and graceful fronds of these gems in all their beauty.” This, then, I say is the phase of nature which cultivators should take as their guide, and endeavour to improve upon; and I submit that these con- siderations are strictly applicable to the plants we have taken under our especial cognizance in this volume. To exemplify this I will take an extract from a letter of Colonel Benson’s, one of the most acute observers and successful introducers of Orchids of the present day. He says: ‘“‘ Dendrobium formosum does not appear to seek shady places for growth ; in fact, as far as my knowledge goes, few Orchids do, beyond what is given by the trees when in leaf. During the months of B 2 4 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. February, March, and April, they must be exposed to an atmosphere of 110° in the shade. That the fresh-grown pseudobulbs are by this means reduced in size or shrivelled there can be no question; and in some of the mountain Orchids this reduction takes place to such an extent as to render it doubtful whether they are the same plants, when first seen at the end of rains.’’ Now take the case of these plants under culture; the growing or rainy season past, their supply of water would be gradually diminished, and they would be exposed to the full effects of the sun with plenty of air, but only so long as they could withstand this treatment without shrivelling ; should this condition ensue, or should exhaustion from any other cause arise, the cultivator steps in, and by judicious treatment preserves the strength and consequently the health of the plant, whilst the plants in their native localities must bear the full power of the scorching sun, let even death be the result. Here, then, I say is a proof that art does in some instances assist nature. - Nearly all epiphytal Orchids are subject to a period of rest, growth taking place during the rainy season, while their rest- ing period occurs during the dry season. Under cultivation, however, we have to alter considerably the circumstances, and make our dry season also the coolest, which is the reverse of what the plants experience naturally ; but this seems to be the most judicious plan we can adopt, for it would simply be mad- ness to endeavour to force our Orchids to make their growth during the winter months, and rest them during the summer. The best season of rest for the majority of Orchids is from about the beginning of November until the end of February. This long period of drought predisposes the plants to blossom, and also prevents them from making weak and sickly growths, which would undoubtedly be the case in our short, dark, and sunless days of winter. INTRODUCTION, 5 In this place, of course, rules respecting the growth and rest of Orchids can only be stated in general terms, the treatment in detail being given with the description of each particular genus. Then, again, there are certain species which are never entirely inactive throughout the whole year, amongst which may be named some of the Odontoglossums, Masde- vallias, and many others beside, whose home is in the Peru- vian Andes and other high mountain districts. It is often thought that as Orchidaceous plants are so extremely tenacious of life, the fact of their dying can only be the result of carelessness in their management; but it should be borne in mind that we have under the same roof plants from many different countries, whose natural habitats must vary immensely in all respects. Now, if a little thought is only bestowed upon this fact, it should rather be a matter of surprise how so many plants are successfully managed, than how many are lost. Epiphytal Orchids are found in tropical countries growing on the low grounds or plains, and are also met with as we ascend the mountains up to an elevation of 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. At this altitude, in New Grenada, Oncidium nubigenum flourishes. This is, I think, the greatest altitude at which these plants are recorded to have been found. Odontoglossum Alexandre and O. Bluntii occur at from 7,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, as does O. luteo-purpureum and its varieties, Masdevallias, Restrepias, and many others from Peru and New Grenada. At such elevations, as a matter of course, these plants are naturally subjected to a low temperature, an abundant supply of water, and a very moist atmosphere throughout the year, and consequently they cannot withstand a, resting season or period of drought under cultivation ; whilst, ‘if we turn to the Eastern Continent, we find such plants as Dendrobium infundibulum, D. chrysotoxum, D. Farmeri, Aerides 6 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. Lobbii, Saccolabium ampullaceum, S. giganteum, Cypripedium concolor, Cymbidium tigrinum, &e., all growing at elevations varying from 2,000 to 7,000 feet, enjoying a copious supply of water during their period of growth, and subjected to a very severe resting season. Now, as these plants grow upon the stems and branches of the forest trees, or upon rocks, they must necessarily be exposed to all the breezes that blow. How reprehensible, then, is the practice of many growers of Orchids in trying to exclude air from their Orchid houses. For the well-being of Orchids, it should be remembered that a free circulation of air is absolutely necessary, as well as an abundance of light; but cold draughts, and also the burning effects of the sun’s rays, must be avoided, for it is not essen- tial to their well-being to be hung up close to the glass, fully exposed to the blazing sun: indeed, the life of the plants would, under such circumstances, soon be sucked out of them if shading were not prepared. There are so-called observers of nature who blame the cultivator for many of his acts, and he has perhaps suffered more wrong at the hands of this class of persons upon the matter of shading, than upon any other. We are frequently told that in a state of nature such and such plants grow in most exposed situations—situations open to the full effects of a tropical sun, and that nothing can be more erroneous than the manner in which we use “ blinds”’ for the purpose of keeping away the bright light of that lumi- nary. All I can say in answer to these objectors is that they totally lose sight of the fact that our plants are growing under glass, which has the power of rapidly burning up the leaves and disfiguring our plants for years, if not for life. A little practice would soon teach such persons how erroneous their ideas had been, as they would soon sink their so-called natural treatment, had they to be responsible for the effects produced by their advice. In leaving this subject, I must INTRODUCTION. 7 add that plant-growers are keenly alive to the advantage of strong sunlight for their plants, but that they are too prac- tical to allow more than is advantageous to them under the artificial circumstances in which they are placed. Orchid cultivators, and indeed all lovers of Orchids, lost a good and valuable friend and instructor in the late Dr. Lindley ; and in this particular branch of botany no one amongst us has been found competent to fill up the void. Professor Reichenbach, who was the friend of Dr. Lindley, is undoubtedly the first living authority in regard to the nomen- clature of Orchids, but the fact of his labours being carried on in Germany—no fault of his, but our misfortune—cannot but fail to be disadvantageous to English cultivators. We are bound to thank Professor Reichenbach most cordially, not only for the valuable information he imparts to us, but for the extremely kind and courteous manner in which he gives the desired information to any and all who seek it at his hands. Since the publication of the third edition of this book, horticulture has suffered a great loss by the death of Mr. James Veitch, to whose energy and spirit of enterprise we are indebted for the introduction of an immense number of our choicest plants, including not only those of the order to which these pages are specially devoted, but of others adapted for the decoration of the stove, the greenhouse, and the open garden. It is also a matter of extreme regret that his son, . * Mr. John Gould Veitch, should have been cut off by death also so soon after his father; for, though but a young man, he had displayed brilliant talents, both as a keen observer and a judicious collector, and this combined with a sound practical knowledge of horticulture, so that he bid fair to sustain the family reputation. In bringing these introductory remarks to a close, I wish to record my deep sense of our obligations to the many 8 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. travellers and collectors who have added so largely to our knowledge of Orchids, and who have laboured so arduously and incessantly to enable us to enjoy the beauties of the choicest productions of the vegetable world, without the dangers and difficulties with which they had to contend. Many of them, alas! have fallen victims to the fatigues of the under- taking, and the pestilential climate, thus suffering martyrdom for the cause of horticulture. I allude specially to such men as the brothers Lobb, Hartweg, J. G. Veitch, Colonel Benson, O'Reilly, the Rev. C. Parish, Pearce, Bowman, Weir, Hutton, Kramer, Porte, Wallis, Linden, Skinner, Hugh Low, Schlim, Warscewicz, Blunt, and many others who might be named, did space permit. These were men who had in view the advancement of science, and the enriching of our collections with new plants and new forms; and their example might be followed with advantage by many of the latter day collectors, who, instead of sending home a few plants in good order, allowing the skill of the cultivator to grow and increase them at home, seem determined to exterminate the race of Orchids from their natural localities, without any one deriving benefit thereby ; for when such vast quantities are gathered, they arrive in this country in an almost putrid state, arising from over-crowding ; whilst, had a few dozens only been sent, and that with proper care in packing, they would in all probability have arrived in a living state. THE TREATMENT OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS. ee eel? tne) 4 rag” ts: poner: ANGRZCUM EBURNEUM. (88) ANGRECUM. 89 A, eburneum superbum.—A fine variety of A. eburneum, brought from Madagascar by the late Rev. W. Ellis, of Hoddes- don. Itis stronger in growth than the former; the blooms are very large, ivory white, open about the same time as those of A. eburneum, and continue a long time in beauty. A. eburneum virens.—A free-flowering variety, the flower spikes of which are not so stiff, and are therefore more grace- ful, than those of A. eburneum. The blossoms are greenish white, and the plant has dark green foliage, about ten inches long. In perfection during December and January. A, Ellisii.—This beautiful species was introduced to this country from Madagascar, by the late Rev. W. Ellis, whose name it bears, and is undoubtedly one of the finest species of the genus in cultivation. The leaves are arranged in a dis- tichous manner, and about ten inches in length, by upwards of two inches in breadth ; dark green on the upper side, paler below, and unequally bilobed at the apex. Flower spikes some two feet long, arching, bearing from eighteen to twenty-four flowers, pure white and very fragrant; sepals and petals reflexed. Spur of the lip six inches long, and light cinnamon in colour. The profile of the flower is an exact resemblance of a cockatoo. It requires the temperature of the East Indian house. A. faleatum.—This is a very elegant, compact-growing species, with narrow dark green leaves; the flowers are freely produced, very fragrant, pure white, and furnished with avery long spur. ‘This species is an exception to the rule in respect to heat, as it succeeds in a much lower temperature. Native of Japan. A. pellucidum.—A noble-growing plant, making bright green shining leaves from a foot to a foot and a half long, producing long spikes of white flower in winter, making it an acquisition in that dull season. Itis a native of Sierra Leone, 90 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. consequently requires to be kept in the warm house. It makes a good basket or block plant, and is in growth very much like a Phalenopsis. A. pertusum.—This is a very distinct and pretty species, seldom to be found, however, in collections. It somewhat resembles an Aerides in its growth; leaves long, rather narrow, channelled above, fleshy and dark green. The spike is pendulous, longer than the leaves, and densely furnished with its pure white flowers. It blooms during the late autumn and winter months. Native of Sierra Leone. A. sesquipedale-—A wonderful plant, brought by the late Rey. W. Ellis, of Hoddesdon, from Madagascar, where he found it growing on trees. Foliage dark green, about ten inches long ; blooms beautiful ivory white, and very large, with a tail or spur hanging from the bottom of the flower, from twelve to eighteen inches in length. I saw it well flowered by Mr. Whitehead, gardener to R. Dodgson, Esq., of Blackburn ; on a small plant not more than a foot high were three spikes, each bearing four superb flowers. In blossom in November, December, and January, and lasts three weeks in beauty. A very beautiful-growing species, and certainly the finest of its class. There are two varieties of this species, one having larger flowers, and blooming later in the season. ANGULOA. The flowers of this genus are large and beautiful, and the plants make good subjects for exhibition, especially A. Clowesti and A. Ruckeri, the colours of which, from bemg somewhat different to that of most Orchids, render them more valuable. The pseudobulbs are large, about eight inches high, with broad flag-shaped leaves a foot or more long; they all produce their flowers, which are about twelve inches high, from the base of aw oF rf é mee => Mh j We WS / | {1 (axa pes $ (af \ | | & - | . Ww lg (90) ANGRZCUM SESQUIPEDALE, ANGULOA. 91 the bulbs just as they begin to grow. All the kinds are best grown in pots, with rough fibrous peat, good drainage, and plenty of moisture at the roots in the growing season. The cool-house is the most suitable place for them, as they succeed best in a cool temperature. They ought to have a good season of rest, and during this time they should be kept rather dry, till they begin to show signs of growth. They are propagated by dividing the bulbs just before they begin to grow. A. Clowesti.i—A charming and free-growing species from Columbia ; sepals and petals bright yellow; lip pure white. Blooms in May, June, and July; lasts long in perfection if kept in a cool-house. There was a fine plant of this species in the late collection of the late T. Dawson, Esq., under the care of Mr. Anderson, which produces in June as many as seventy-six expanded flowers. This was the best variety I have seen, the blossoms very large and a richer colour. It is a truly noble plant. A. Clowesti macrantha.—A fine variety, also from Columbia, growing about the same height as the preceding; the flowers, which are bright yellow, spotted with red, are produced in July, and, if kept dry, continue three or four weeks in perfec- tion. A scarce plant. A, eburnea.—A magnificent species from New Grenada, and consequently will make a valuable addition to the cool- house. It has large dark-coloured bulbs, with bright green leaves, producing flowers as large as those of A. Clowesii, but of the purest white, saving the lip, which is spotted with pink. I have only seen this in bloom in Mr. Dawson’s col- lection. A. Ruckeri.—A handsome Orchid from the same country as the former, and flowering at the same time. The sepals and petals have crimson spots on a yellow ground, and the lip is deep crimson. It lasts two or three weeks in good condition. 92 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. Also a rare plant. There is a fine plate of this in the second series of Warner’s ‘ Illustrated Orchidacea.” A. Ruckeri sanguinea.—This very fine variety is precisely like the preceding in habit, but the flowers are a deep rich blood colour, very rare in cultivation ; a native of Columbia. A. uniflora.—A good species from Columbia, which flowers very freely; the blossoms are white, and are produced in June and July, lasting two or three weeks in flower. A. virginalis.—A pretty species, likewise from Columbia, which grows about a foot high, with dark green bulbs; the blossoms, which are white, spotted all over with dark brown, are produced in June and July, and last three weeks in bloom. A rare species. ANSELLIA. Three of this genus at least are well worth growing; they are noble free-flowering Orchids, growing about three feet high, and blooming in winter, when they produce large spikes of flower, which, if kept in a cool-house, last long in perfection. Ansellias require good-sized pots, as they root very freely, and are of easy culture, provided they get the heat of the Hast Indian house while growing, and a good supply of water at the roots; care is, however, necessary in watering, for the young growths are apt to rot if water lies in the heart. A. africana was first found in Fernando Po, at the foot of a palm-tree, by the late Mr. John Ansell. All of them are propagated by dividing their bulbs after they have finished their growth, or just after they have done blooming. A. africana.—A free-flowering noble Orchid, producing up- right stems from three to four feet high, with light evergreen foliage; the flowers are produced on drooping branching spikes; sepals and petals yellow, spotted all over with dark ARACHNIS—ARPOPHYLLUM. 93 brown ; lip yellow; keeps in beauty for two months. I have seen upwards of a hundred flowers on one spike. A. africana gigantea.—A very fine variety of the preceding, producing upright spikes from the top of the bulbs ; it flowers about the same time, and is of the same colour as 4. africana, lasting a long time in perfection ; very rare. A. africana lutea.—A very distinct variety from Natal, resembling the others in appearance, but not so strong in growth, and producing clusters of light yellow flowers from the top of the bulbs. ARACHNIS. . This is a small genus of very curious and highly interesting plants, requiring the same treatment as Acrides and Angraecum. A. moschifera.—A very peculiar plant, somewhat like a Renanthera in habit. The flowers are large, creamy white, or lemon colour, with purple spots, and they very much resemble a spider, from whence it has derived its generic name; they are very delicately scented with musk, and continue in perfec- tion a long time. The old spike should not be cut, as it produces flowers from its point for a longtime. Native of Java. ARPOPHYLLUM. There are only three plants belonging to this genus with which I am acquainted that are worth growing. All three are of handsome habit, with graceful evergreen foliage, and having beautiful upright spikes of flowers, charmingly arranged, look- ing not unlike rows of small shells clustering round the spike, which is a foot or more in length. oe, bm ERR | . i ' ( CATTLEYA DOLOSA. (117) _ CATTLEYA, 117 intermediate form between C. labiata and C. Mossia. It is named in honour of the late T. Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank, in whose splendid collection it first flowered. It grows a foot or more high. The leaves are of a dark green colour, and of unusual thickness. The flowers are produced in clusters of three or four, very large, being some six or seven inches in diameter; sepals and petals delicate rosy purple ; lip large, the upper part straw colour or yellow, the rest being of a beautiful roseate hue, and the margin fringed. The flowers are of good substance, and consequently last a long time in perfection. It is one of the grandest of its class, beautifully figured in the first volume of Warner’s *¢ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” Introduced, it is supposed, from Brazil. C. Devoniana.—This beautiful hybrid, for which we are indebted to the skill of Mr. Dominy, is in growth like Lelia elegans, making thin pseudobulbs, each bearing two leaves some six or eight inches long; flowers upwards of five inches in diameter and produced in September; sepals and petals white tinged with pink, which becomes deeper towards the points. Lip deep rosy purple. C. dolosa.a—A very pretty novelty, bulbs five or six inches long, leaves situated in pairs four inches long, about two and a half inches broad, oval, flowers of a beautiful pink colour with a yellow disc to the lip. This species is said to be somewhat similar to C. Walkeriana. C. Dominiana.—A beautiful addition to this fine family ; a garden hybrid, in habit resembling Lelia elegans, but somewhat less robust. The flowers are six inches in diameter; sepals and petals white, delicately shaded with pink; lip rosy purple, edged with white, and deep orange in the throat. — C. Dominiana alba,—This plant resembles the C. Dominiana 118 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. in all but the colour of the flowers: the sepals and petals are broad, white, faintly shaded with lavender ; the lip pure white, | with a lilac blotch in the centre. C. Dominiana lutea.—An elegant hybrid variety; sepals and petals delicate blush, lip white in front, suffused with yellow, the disc yellow, streaked with rose. C. Dowiana.—This superb species was sent home from Costa Rica in 1864, and flowered the following autumn. In habit it resembles C. labiata, and thrives well under the same treatment. It produces stout pseudobulbs, and leaves about a foot high; the flowers are very large, sepals and petals bright nankeen colour, lip rich bright dark purple, beautifully streaked with gold. C. Dowiana is undoubtedly the most gorgeous of its family, bearing spikes of five or six flowers each. We find this plant not so free in blooming. Only a very few people grow it well. I have bloomed fine plants, but have found them best grown in baskets as near the light as possible. C. Edithiana.—A most splendid species from Brazil, with dark green foliage a foot high; in growth like C. Mossie; the flowers are very large, measuring in diameter from six to seven inches; sepals and petals light mauve; lip also mauve, striped with white, upper part buff. The flowers are produced in May and June, and remain in perfection three or four weeks ; the only example I have seen of this, which will make a fine exhibition plant, is in the collection of R. Warner, Ksq., at Broomfield. C. Eldorado.—This species is comparatively little known amongst Orchid-growers, a fact which is much to be regretted. It is a very beautiful object, and a valuable addition to the cultivated forms of this grand genus. In growth it very much resembles C. quadricolor ; the sepals and petals are pale pink, lip of same colour outside, purplish-crimson towards the front, (i ei : CATTLEYA GIGAS, CATTLEYA, 119 and stained with orange in the throat. Its flowers are produced during the late summer and early autumn months. Native of the Rio Negro. C, Eldorado splendens.—This is a very beautiful and superior form of the preceding ; sepals and petals clear rose, the latter much broader and serrated at the edges, lip large, throat rich deep orange, succeeded by a circle of white, which is again followed by rich violet purple, extending to the front and round the whole margins, where it is finely saw-toothed. It is a most desirable plant, and should be in every collection. Native of the Rio Negro. C. exoniensis.—A splendid garden hybrid, having for its parents C. Mossia and Lalia purpurata. The sepals and petals are in shape and colour like those of C. mossie. Lip much enlarged in front, and of an intense rich, rosy, velvety purple, throat golden yellow; blooming in August and September. We are indebted to the Messrs. Veitch for raising this beauti- ful Cattleya. There are several varieties of this fine species varying much in colour, C. Fausta.—This is another garden hybrid, the result of a cross between C. exoniensis and C, Loddigesii, with flowers of a very pretty lilac colour. The lip is crimson, with a large yellow blotch upon it, extending the whole length of the throat. It blooms about the end of November, and on that account will be very valuable. This was raised in Messrs. Veitch’s nursery at Chelsea. C. gigas.—This is undoubtedly the finest Cattleya known, producing the largest and most beautiful coloured flowers. This species will produce as many as four and five flowers on a spike ; sepals and petals pale rose, lip large and broad, rich deep purple or crimson violet in front, and having two large yellow blotches in the throat. Flowers in April. Native of New Grenada. 120 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. C. granulosa.—A free-growing species, from Brazil, pro- ducing large olive-coloured flowers, with rich brown spots ; the lip whitish, spotted with crimson. It blooms in August and September, and remains long in perfection. This is not so showy as many of the Cattleyas ; but where there is room it is worth growing, for its distinet colours. I saw a fine variety of this, called superba, in the collection of R. Aders, Esq., Manchester. C. guttata.—A free-growing Orchid, from Brazil, growing to about twenty inches high. Sepals and petals greenish yellow, beautifully spotted with crimson; the lip white, stained with purple. This is a very distinct species, and when well grown will produce as many as nine or ten flowers on a spike. It blooms in October and November, lasting two weeks in perfection. C. guttata Leopoldit.—A charming variety from Brazil; grows about twenty inches high, and has short dark green foliage ; a free-blooming kind, producing its flowers after it has made its growth. Sepals and petals dark brown, spotted with crimson; lip purple. I have seen this with thirty flowers on one spike, a condition in which it was exhibited at Regent’s Park by Mr. Page, gardener to W. Leaf, Esq., Streatham, in whose collection it was grown; this was the finest spike I ever remember seeing. It generally has from six to ten flowers on a spike, and continues in perfection about three weeks, making a fine plant for exhibition on account of its distinct colour. C. guatemalensis.—A very distinct and pretty Orchid ; though not so large as many of the genus, yet the curious colour of the flowers—which are in the sepals and petals rosy purple and buff, and the lip reddish purple and orange, with a few crimson lines—amply compensates for the size, and being produced in large clusters, makes it a very desirable addi- CATTLEYA, 121 tion to a collection. Similar in habit to C. Skinneri, and requires the same treatment. C. Harrisonia.—A free-growing Orchid from Brazil, attain - ing the height of twenty inches, and blooming in abundance from July to October. The flowers, which will last in good condition three weeks, are of a beautiful rose colour, having on the lip a slight tinge of yellow. This is a noble plant, and amply repays the care required to grow it well. A fine speci- men of C. Harrisonie, grown by Mr. Woolley, late gardener to H. Bellenden Ker, Esq., Cheshunt, and having more than fifty flowers open at once, was shown at the Regent’s Park Exhibition in 1851. C. Harrisonie violacea.—A charming Brazilian variety, which grows about two feet high, and makes two growths in one year, flowering on both, in July, August, and September ; it will last in bloom four weeks if kept in the coolest house. The sepals and petals are of a beautiful violet; lip same colour, with a little yellow in the centre. Will make a fine exhibition plant, the colour being very different from that of many other Orchids. C. intermedia violacea.—A beautiful Orchid from Brazil ; a free grower, and about a foot high. The sepals and petals are delicate rose colour, and the lip has a rich purple spot in the centre. It blooms in May and June, and lasts three or four weeks in perfection, if kept in a cool place. This species frequently produces as many as nine flowers on a spike, and makesa fine plant for the May and June shows. There are several varieties of C. intermedia. C. intermedia superba.—A splendid variety from Brazil, growing about fourteen inches high, and making two growths in one year, but only flowering from the one made in spring. Sepals and petals delicate rose; lip broad and of the richest purple ; from four to six blossoms are produced on a spike. G 122 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. It makes a fine plant for exhibition, and will last about four weeks in perfection. C. labiata.—One of the best of the Cattleyas ; it is a free- blooming species, and grows about twenty inches high. The flowers are large, often six or seven inches in diameter, and three or four on a spike ; sepals and petals broad, rose colour; labellum rich crimson. It blooms in October and November, and will continue in perfection three or four weeks. The finest specimen I ever saw was in the collection of R. Han- bury, Esq., The Poles, near Ware: the plant was cultivated in a large tub, about two feet across. This superb species. was first flowered by the late Mr. Cattley, of Barnet, in honour of whom the genus is named. This species is very rare, but is one of the first introduced, and there are very few spe- cimens in this country of the true species. Native of Brazil. C. labiata pallida.—A beautiful variety from Brazil, whose growth is shorter than that of the two preceding, and which blooms in August. The leaves are upright, and of a lighter green. Sepals and petals light pink ; lip crimson, beautifully fringed. A useful variety on account of its flowering earlier than C. labiata, and if the flowers are kept dry, it will remain three weeks in good condition. C. labiata Pescatorei.—A very beautiful variety, with light green foliage, and free blooming habit; sepals and petals light rose-colour, lip rich crimson. This is distinct from the old form of C. labiata, blooms during the autumn, and continues three weeks in perfection. C. labiata pictaa—When well bloomed one of the finest of all Cattleyas: it grows about a foot high, and has light green foliage. The flowers are large, but produced sparingly, and often deformed; when well expanded, however, they are magnificent, a single bloom sometimes measuring seven inches across. Sepals and petals pure white; lip of the richest CATTLEYA. 123 crimson, and beautifully fringed. Flowers during June and July, and will continue three or four weeks in perfection. This was first flowered at Sion House, andis often called the Sion House Cattleya. C. Lemoniana.—Distinet from C. Mossie in growth, the leaves being shorter. It grows about a foot high, and_has light green foliage. The flowers are produced during the summer ; colour pale pink, with yellow in the centre of the lip ; it will last three or four weeks in bloom. C. lobata.—A charming species from Brazil, very much like C. crispa in growth, but shorter in both bulb and leaf. The flowers are ofadeep rich rose. It isa very shy-flowering plant, producing its blooms in May and June, and continuing about three weeks in perfection. One seldom sees this plant exhibited on account of its shy flowering properties. There is a variety called C. lobata superba, which flowers very freely, and its spikes are larger. I exhibited a fine plant of this variety at the International Exhibition in 1866, with seven spikes upon it. C. Loddigesti.—A free-flowering species, which grows a foot or more high. Sepals and petals pale rose colour, tinged with lilac ; the lip light rose, marked with yellow. It blooms in - August and September, producing three or four flowers on a spike, remaining long in perfection, and is a desirable species. Native of Brazil. C. McMorlandii.—A fine species from Brazil, in the way of C. Mossia, growing about a foot high, and having dark green foliage. Flowers about six inches in diameter; sepals and petals beautiful light rose; lip yellow and fringed. Blooms in June and July, and remains three or four weeks in per- fection. Very distinct, and makes a fine exhibition plant. C. marginata.—A handsome dwarf-growing species from Brazil, about six inches high. The flowers are large, usually G 2 124 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. solitary, sometimes, however, two being on a spike; sepals and petals rosy crimson ; lip deep rose, margined with white. It produces its blooms in September and October, and lasts three weeks in perfection. It is a very desirable plant, and ought to be in every collection, however small, as it requires but very little room. It grows best suspended from the roof of the house, on a block of wood, with a little sphagnum moss, and it requires a good supply of water at the root in the growing season. There are many varieties of this species, and many of them are very beautiful in colour. C. maxima.—A magnificent species from Columbia, grow- ing from a foot to eighteen inches high. A distinct growing plant, producing from five to ten flowers on a spike in November and December, and continuing in perfection three weeks; sepals and petals bright rose; lip richly variegated, with dark crimson veins down the centre. Of this species there are many varieties—J. Day, Esq., of Tottenham, and Bishop Sumner, at Farnham Castle, both possess a very fine variety of this charming plant. In the latter collection, under the care of Mr. Laurence, as many as thirteen fine flowers are sometimes produced upon a single spike, the usual number being nine and ten. There have been many plants of this imported within the last few years. C. Mendeliit.—A very fine species of recent introduction. Sepals and petals large and broad, varying from white to a light pink. Lip large, of a rich magenta colour. This is undoubtedly one of the finest introductions of late years. Flowers in April and May. There are a great many varieties of this fine species. It makes a very distinct plant for exhi- bition. Native of South America. C. Mossie.—This magnificent and free-flowering species is a native of La Guayra. It grows a foot or more high, and blooms from March to August. The flowers are very large, a CATTLEYA. 125 single cne being five or six inches across, in some of the varieties still larger, and three er four growing on one spike. There are many varieties of this plant, with blossoms of various shades of colour, from white and pale pink to crimson and rose purple. This species makes a noble plant for exhibition. I have seen specimens of C. Mossie at the Chiswick and Regent’s Park shows, with from thirty to forty flowers upon a single plant. The flowers will remain in perfection for three or four weeks, if kept in a cool place. Many of the varieties of this plant here enumerated bloomed in the rich collection of Robert Warner, Esq., who makes this species one of his special favourites, and where we have seen as many as six hundred of these beautiful flowers open together. Many of these forms are very distinct. The best of those which I here introduce were named and described in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1864 by Mr. Thos. Moore, of the Botanic Garden, Chelsea. C. Mossie aurea.—A small-flowered variety, with the sepals and petals blush, less spreading than in most other forms ; lip small, strongly marked with buff orange at the base, extending forward at the front edge, and having broken violet rose lines in the centre, surrounded by a very broad pale margin, which is almost white inwards, and tinged with blush on the extreme edge. | C. Mossie aurea grandiflora.—A large-flowered form : sepals and petals blush; lip marked with a bar and a few broken lines of violet rose, very much stained with orange at the base, and towards the upper part of the margin. C. Mossie aurea marginata.—Large-flowered: sepals and petals deep blush ; lip with deep violet-rose centre and yellow base, the yellow stain continued so as to form a broad margin to the upper expanded portion of the lip. C. Mossig Blakei.—Sepals and petals deep blush, the latter 126 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. frilled towards the points; lip orange buff at the base, and mottled violet rose in front, the markings passing out nearly to the edge, so that there is no sharply-defined pale frill. C. Mossie complanata.—A large-flowered variety, remark- able for the almost total absence of frilliness on the petals, and especially on the lip; sepals and petals rather deep blush ; lip broad and spread out at the apex, a good deal stained with orange at the base, but faintly mottled and veined with purple over the centre, leaving a broad pale blush tinted edge. C. Mossie conspicua.—Large-flowered : sepals and petals blush ; lip richly marked with violet rose, dashed with orange at the base, and having an irregular broadish pallid border ; it blooms in great profusion. C. Mossie elegans.—Rather small in size, but lively and effective in colouring; sepals and petals deep blush; lip small, with, bright orange yellow base, and the central portion marked sparingly with veins of violet rose, surrounded by a broad pale edge. C. Mossie fimbriata.—One of the largest-flowered of the whole series, and prettily though not heavily marked; sepals - and petals rather pale blush, the latter broad and a good deal frilled throughout ; lip very much frilled, marked with a bright orange stain at the base, and in front decorated with broken veins of violet rose on a white ground, the extreme edge being blush ; the lip is thus distinctly edged with blush. C. Mossie flammea.—Rather small, but richly coloured, the petals and lateral sepals less spreading than in other forms: sepals and petals deep blush, the latter frilled towards the tip; lip small, very deep rich orange at the opening, dense violet rose in the centre, the orange intermingling therewith, and ‘* producing a fiery crimson, the purple broken up with white in front, and irregularly margined with blush. CATTLEYA. 127 C. Mossie grandiflora.—A large-flowered variety: sepals and petals blush, the petals less frilled than in some forms; lip a deep rich purple rose, slightly stained at the base with orange, and having a narrow even edge of pale blush. C. Mossie grandis.—The largest of all the forms in respect to the size of its lip ; sepals and petals pale blush; lip mottled violet rose, with an irregular blush-coloured edge; the base stained with buff orange. This is beyond doubt one of the finest of all the varieties of C. Mossig that have ever come under my notice. C. Mossie Helene.—Remarkable for its high-coloured flowers; sepals and petals deep blush, mottled with dark purple rose ; the lip a rich motley purple, orange at the base, and parti-coloured at the margin. C. Mossie kermesina marginata.—This magnificent variety has rich peach-coloured sepals and petals, with a large car- mine lip, edged with white and beautifully fringed. C. Mossia Lawrenceana.—ULarge-flowered, with erect stalks ; sepals and petals blush, the petals very broad and con- siderably frilled ; lip large, rich deep violet rose, slightly stained with orange in the interior, veined and mottled in front, with a narrowish and nearly even frill of blush. It is in the way of the variety splendens, but rather smaller in the lip, with the throat more expanded. C, Mossie magnifica.—In this variety the flowers are of a very fine form, from eight to nine inches in diameter ; sepals and petals of a deep rose colour; lip orange, streaked with purple. Like all the varieties of C. Mossia, if kept free from the damp, it will remain a long time in bloom. C. Mossie majestica.—This is a remarkably fine flower ; the sepals and petals are broad, the latter measuring upwards of nine inches from tip to tip, and of a dark rose colour; lip large 128 : ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. and spreading, having the edge beautifully fringed, ground eolour dark rose, stained at the base with soft orange, and yariously blotched and streaked in front with violet purple. In habit of growth it is also very distinet ; the pseudobulbs are about three inches high, bearing a broad single leaf some six inches long. C. Mossig marmorata.—One of the finest light-coloured sorts, and one of the largest-flowered ; sepals and petals pale blush, the latter very broad ; lip large, light rose, broken up into marbled markings, covering the whole surface, except a narrow fringe at the edge; it is a good deal stained with deep orange at the base, and the margin is not only strongly frilled, but conspicuously fringe-toothed. C. Mossie Mariane.—Small-flowered, but very distinct and chaste, and very rare; sepals and petals white; lip with a bright yellow stain at the base, prettily mottled with violet rose in the centre, and broadly and evenly margined with white. Although this variety is not so large flowered as many others, it is at once the most elegant and pleasing of all the kinds introduced into these pages, and is worthy of a place in every collection in the country. C. Mossia Mooreana.—A beautiful variety, well marked by the clearly-defined narrow white border of its lip, in the way of the var. Mariane ; sepals and petals pale blush; lip dense violet rose, moderately stained with orange at the base, and having a narrow even frill of white. C. Mossie Napoleonis.—A very telling variety from its roseate tinge, and the erect habit of its full-sized flowers ; sepals and petals deep blush ; lip large, of a mottled purple in front, and deep orange at the base, with a broad margin of pale blush. ©. Mossie purpurata.—Large-flowered ; sepals and petals deep blush; hip large, of a very dense and nearly uniform CATTLEYA. 129 violet rose, orange at the base, and having a pale frill or margin. C. Mossie Rothchildiana.—One of the larger-flowered forms; sepals and petals blush ; lip very bright orange at the base, with rosy purple lines and splashes over the centre, and a broad irregular white margin; the petals are finely denticulate. C. Mossie splendens.—Large-flowered ; sepals and petals blush ; lip rich full purple rose, with orange base, the margins blush, and very much frilled. C. Mossie striata.—A curiously-marked sort; sepals and petals deep blush, with paler veins, producing a motley striated appearance ; lip motley rose, striped throughout with dark purple rose, the margin paler and venosely striated, the orange tint confined to the base. C. Mossie superba.—Dark blush sepals and petals, the latter narrow and very slightly frilled ; lip large, prominently stained with deep orange at the base, the front part brighter, and the centre veined and somewhat mottled with violet rose, leaving a broadish irregular pale margin. C. Mossie venosa.—A very handsome variety, distinct-look- ing from there being very little orange present, and from the markings of deep violet rose being evenly distributed ; sepals and petals deep blush, the petals becoming paler towards the margin; lip marked with lines of violet rose, beautifully fringed, extending nearly to the margin ; the base very slightly stained with orange. C. Mossiea Victorie.—A very large and beautiful variety ; the sepals and petals large, of a blush tint; the lip deep purple rose, with bold orange marking at the base, and narrow even margin of blush. C. Mossia Williamsii.—A large-flowered variety; sepals and petals blush white; lip finely mottled with rose, stained G3 130 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. with orange at the base, and having a broad pale margin ; the flowers are amongst the palest in the series, and very beautiful. C. pumila.—A charming species from Brazil, about six inches high, flowering in September. The blossoms are rose- coloured, with a crisped crimson lip, often edged with white. It remains three or four weeks in perfection, and is similar to C. marginata in its habit of growth. C. quadricolor.—A very rare and pretty species, which grows about ten inches high, and produces its blossoms on the young growths in May and June. Sepals and petals light rose ; lip of same colour, yellow on the upper part. There are two varieties of this plant in cultivation. C. quinquecolor.—This pretty variety is the result of a cross between C. Aclandie and C. Forbesii. The sepals and petals are light olive green, spotted with brown and dark chocolate ; the lip is white, with a large yellow blotch, veined with rose. C. Schilleriana,—A charming species, which grows much | like C. Aclandia ; the foliage is, however, darker and rounder. It blooms during the summer months from the young growths, the flowers being large, and nearly of the same colour as those of C. Aclandia, but much darker, and they remain in per- fection three or four weeks, if kept dry. C. Schilleriana Regnelli.—This is sometimes considered distinct from the preceding, but although well marked, it is evidently very closely allied to that plant. The pseudobulbs are usually about four or five inches high; leaves in pairs, sometimes, however, three are produced; these are thick, fleshy, and dark green; flowers borne upon upright spikes, from three to five in a cluster, measuring nearly four inches in diameter ; sepals and petals somewhat oblong, spathulate, green suffused with olive, and spotted with purple ; the front CATTLEYA. 131 lobe of the lip is large, rich amethyst shaded with purple, and bordered with white; the base yellow, streaked with purple. It should be placed upon a block with a little sphagnum moss, and suspended from the roof at the warmest end of the Cattleya house, shaded from the direct rays of the sun, and supplied with water liberally during the growing season ; during the winter less heat will suffice, but it must by no means be allowed to get dry. It isa rare plant, but a very desirable one, as it blooms twice in the year, first in the month of July, and again about the end of September or beginning of October. It is beautifully rendered amongst the superb illustrations in the second volume of Warner’s ** Select Orchidaceous Plants.’ Native of Brazil. C. Sedeniana.—A beautiful garden hybrid, the parents being C. crispa and C. granulosa ; it is tall in habit ; the flowers are large and handsome; the sepals and petals light rose, shaded with green; the lip has a white fimbriated margin, centre purple, with darker veins. A desirable plant. C. Skinnerit.—A beautiful and free-flowering plant from Guatemala, growing about a foot high, and blooming in March, April, and May. The blossoms are rose purple, and remain three weeks in perfection, if kept dry. This fine species of Cattleya, when grown strong, will produce as many as nine or ten flowers on a spike. It is one of the finest Orchids that can be grown for any of the exhibitions in May, the colour being distinct and different from that of any other ‘Cattleya. One of the finest plants of this species I ever saw was exhibited at the Regent’s Park Exhibition in 1869, by Mr. Archer, gardener to A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester ; it was in beautiful health, splendidly flowered, and measured some three feet in diameter. C. speciosissima Lowtt.—This is a very handsome form of the C. labiata type. The pseudobulbs are oblong and deeply 132 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. channelled, bearing ovate, shining leaves; flowers large, fre- quently measuring eight inches in diameter; they are borne upon a somewhat short spike three or four together; sepals and petals broad soft flesh colour, the latter being the broadest with erose edges. The lip forms a eircle, through closing over the column, the front portion being of an intense amethyst colour, varied with white and yellow markings towards the centre, -where are also several lines of bright amethyst. It is a gem amongst Cattleyas. C. superba.—This truly beautiful plant comes from Guiana. It is a slow-growing species, and usually ten inehes high. It flowers in June and July. The blossoms, which are of a deep _rose colour, with a rich crimson lip, will remain in bloom three weeks ; it produces three or four flowers on a spike, and is a very distinct species. It requires plenty of water at all times, and should never be allowed to get into a shrivelled state—if so, it is difficult to restore to a healthy condition again; requires more heat than the other Cattleyas, and is best grown on a block of wood or basket with live sphagnum moss, but is a bad one to propagate. C. superba splendens.—A variety of the preceding, which has been introduced from the Rio Negro; the flowers are much larger, the sepals and petals being considerably longer than the form originally introduced from British Guiana ; sepals and petals delicate bright rose; lip white at the base, rosy-violet in front, and having in addition several lines of golden yellow towards the middle. It is altogether a very distinct and handsome form. C. Triane.—There are an immense number of varieties of this lovely winter blooming Cattleya, all of which are beautiful, and some in particular; in habit of growth it resembles C. Mossia. The flowers are produced during the winter months, and measure several inches in diameter; sepals and —— (132) CATTLEYA TRIANZ. rie : B: aay Pa cv Sy Se ee ” i Xi at . . ‘ Fs Pees pe “Ms ly i ’ i Tie Bed ; Kaas he <6 & a Ss ae ae oe “i Spe * - » eel te ss r CATTLEYA. 133 petals usually blush; lip blush, or pale rose colour outside ; the throat orange, or yellow, and the front rich purple, more or less intense. This is considered by many to be a variety only of C. Warscewiczii ; but species or variety, it is a really charming Orchid. Native of New Grenada. C. Triane Atalanta,—This extremely fine variety was flowered by Mr. Wilson, gardener to W. Marshall, Esq., and named by that gentleman when exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Horticultural Society, each receiving a first- class certificate. Sepals and petals upwards of three inches long and about an inch broad, white shaded with rose ; petals same colour, but broader and more pointed; lip some three inches long, pale rose with a broad band of orange in the throat. C. Triane Colemanii.—This fine variety was flowered by Mr. Stocking, gardener to E. J. Coleman, Esq., Stoke Park, Slough, and was figured in the Floral Magazine, plate 176. The flowers of this variety measure eight inches across, sepals and petals tipped with rose, throat beautifully striped with various shades of yellow, labellum well fimbriated, and of a deep rose colour. This is a very free flowering variety, and a grand addition to the already large number of varieties of this species. C. Triane Dodysonii.—Another grand variety, with flowers from eight to nine inches in diameter, sepals and petals white, lip deep crimson, throat orange yellow. ‘This variety was flowered in the collection of R. Dodgson, Esq., Beardwood, Blackburn. C. Triane Hillti.—This beautiful variety was flowered in the collection of C. G. Hill, Esq., of Nottingham. It isa very fine and distinct flower, sepals and petals pure white; flower large and of fine form; labellum rich magenta, throat yel- lowish. 134 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. C. Triane Io.—Flowers of the same size as the preceding ; sepals and petals clear rose, petals finely serrated at the margins ; lip large, rich deep purple shaded with violet ; an orange throat and marginal band of rosy-purple, edges beau- tifully crisp. C. Triane Russelliana.—Another fine form of this winter- blooming species ; sepals three and a half inches long and up- CATTLEYA VELUTINA. (For description see op posite page.) wards of an inch broad; petals upwards of two inches broad, waved at the edges and recurved, white tinged with rose ; lip three inches long, basal part rese, but rich deep rosy-purple in front shaded with violet, the centre of the lip and throat bright orange, and the edge beautifully curled. C. Veitchiana.—A garden variety, produced between C. erispa and C. labiata. Petals pale pink ; sepals a richer and - CATTLEYA. (1385 brighter shade of the same colour; lip deep rich crimson purple with yellow centre. It blooms during the spring months, C. velutina,—This is quite a new plant in our collections, having been first flowered by A. Williams, gardener to J. Broome, Esq., of Didsbury, Manchester. The plant resembles C. bicolor in growth ; sepals and petals pale orange, spotted and streaked with purple; lip orange at the base, white with violet veins in front, where the surface is velvety. The flowers are very fragrant, which is an additional recommendation. It would appear to be a native of Brazil. C. Wagnerit.—A splendid free-flowering Cattleya, in the way of C. Mossia, and with flowers equal in size; sepals and petals white; lip also white, with rich yellow in the centre. A fine plant for exhibition, producing blossoms in June and July, and lasting about three weeks in perfection. A very rare plant. C. Walkeriana.—A truly elegant dwarf species from Brazil, about four inches high, with large rose-coloured flowers ; the lip, which is a richer rose than the other part, having a slight tinge of yellow. There are generally two flowers pro- duced on a spike, each measuring five inches across. It blooms twice a year, in February and June, on the young growth; and the blossoms last four or five weeks in beauty, which is longer than those of any other Cattleya; it is also sweet scented, and will fill the house with perfume. I always grow this plant suspended from the roof, in a place where there is plenty of light, but not too much sun, on a block of wood, surrounded by a little sphagnum moss. This plant is well grown and flowered in the late collection of T. Jones, Esq., Manchester. | C. Warnert.—One of the finest of all Cattleyas. It grows in the same way as C. labiata, and produces blossoms equal Lae 136 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. to it in size. A very useful species for summer exhibition ; flowers large, more than six inches across; sepals and petals beautiful rose; lip large, of a rich crimson, and finely fringed. This rare plant was first flowered in the rich collection of R. Warner, Esq., and I thought it the finest and most magni- ficent Cattleya that had ever come under my notice; of this there are, however, many inferior varieties. The true and original form of this splendid Cattleya is figured in the first series of Warner's ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” CO. Warscewiczii.—A magnificent species which grows about a foot high, with light green foliage, in the way of C. Mossia. The flowers are large; sepals and petals purplish white ; lip rich crimson. Of this there are also many varieties; blossoms during the winter months, and continues three or four weeks in perfection. Mr. Baker, when gardener to A. Bassett, Esq., flowered a splendid variety of this plant. CO. Warscewiczii delicata.—A magnificent variety in the way of C. Mossie, but still very distinct. It grows about a foot high, and bears blossoms six inches across ; sepals and petals white ; lip large, with a beautiful yellow centre and a tinge of rose, white on the outside. Blooms in December and January ; very useful during winter, and continues in perfec- tion three or four weeks. CO. Warscewiczii delicata superba.—This grand variety was bloomed by Mr. Moore, when gardener to the Earl of Shrews- bury, at Alton Towers. It is by far the finest of its class I have ever seen ; the lip is very large and finely expanded, and the sepals and petals are broad and pure white. CuysIs. This is a beautiful, though somewhat small genus, there being but a few species, so far as I am aware. They are deciduous epiphytes, losing the leaves during their season of CHYSIS. tor rest. The pseudobulbs are thick and fleshy, and about a foot long, producing their flowers with the young growth. These will do on blocks of wood, but grow much finer in baskets or pots, with peat, moss, and potsherds. All the species require a liberal supply of heat and moisture in their growing season, but after they have finished their growth, they should be removed into a cooler house till they begin to grow, and then taken back to the Hast Indian house. During their season of rest they require but very little water, and are propagated by dividing the plants just as they begin to grow. C. aurea. —A charming Orchid from Venezuela, producing its flowers on a short spike, generally twice a year; the blossoms are yellow, the lip being marked with crimson. It flowers at different times of the year, and lasts about a fort- night in beauty. C. bractescens.—A fine species from Guatemala ; its flowers are produced on a short spike, sometimes six together, each flower measuring two or three inches across. The sepals and petals are white, while the lip has a blotch of yellow in the centre. It blooms in April and May; lasts two or three weeks in perfection, and makes a good show plant. C. Chelsonii.—A garden hybrid somewhat similar to C. levis. Sepals and petals nankeen colour, lip whitish, having the numerous violet purplish blotches of C. Limminghei, column whitish, with many small purplish dots. This species was raised in the Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea. C. levis—A beautiful species from Guatemala. The pseudobulbs are fifteen inches long, producing from the young growths in June pendulous spikes of bloom, with eight or more flowers on each; sepals and petals yellow and orange; lip orange, blotched with scarlet or crimson, and fringed round the margin. It will last about a fortnight in good condition. A scarce plant, figured in the fifth number 138 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. of Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants,” second series. I have only seen this plant in bloom with R. Warner, Esq., and it is the finest of all the species of Chysis. C. Limminghei.—A charming species from Guatemala, which grows a foot high, producing delicate pink and rose- coloured flowers very freely, along with the young growth in May and June; they continue in perfection for three weeks. This makes a good exhibition plant, but requires a cool-house to keep it back for late flowering. C. undulata.—An exceedingly rare and handsome kind; the pseudobulbs are some eighteen inches in height; the spike produces from ten to twelve flowers, which are in the sepals and petals of a lively orange-yellow; the lip cream colour, with numerous lines of pink. CIRRHOPETALUM. The plants forming this genus are peculiar in the construc- tion of their flowers, and a few kinds ought to be in every collection. They are small compact evergreen plants, and ‘will do either in pots or on blocks of wood with moss; if grown in pots, fibrous peat and sphagnum, with good drainage and a liberal supply of water in the growing season is neces- sary for their well-being; a very little moisture will suffice when at rest: they require the heat of the Hast Indian house, and to be kept as near the light as possible. C. Cumingii.—A charming Orchid, which, although intro- duced many years ago, is yet ascarce plant ; it was introduced by Mr. Cuming from the Philippines. The flowers are curiously but regularly arranged in a circle, and the sepals, which are very much enlarged, are of a bright rich red; it is easily grown, and should find a place in every collection. C. Meduse.—Amongst the strange and varied forms which the flowers of Orchids present, this is certainly one of the ~~ _— ry. CLEISOSTOMA—C(ELOGYNE. 1389 most remarkable. The flowers, though not large, are very numerous, and part of the sepals are very much lengthened, so that the spike looks like a head with long hair hanging down, from whence its name has been derived. It is a dwarf-growing plant, with thick fleshy leaves, and should find a place in every collection for its perfectly unique appearance. A native of Singapore. C. Pahudii.—This is another very curious and interesting plant from Java. The habit is dwarf; leaves dark green ; flowers arranged in an umbel, large, reddish brown, with bright red dots; the sepals and petals are turned back, giving it a most singular appearance. It should be grown on a block of wood in the Kast Indian house. CLEISOSTOMA. There are several species belonging to this genus which would form beautiful ornaments in our collections, although most of them have small flowers, and therefore would not be much esteemed by the majority of Orchid fanciers. They require the same treatment as Aerides. C. Dawsoniana.—In general appearance this resembles a Renanthera ; the leaves are arranged in a distichous manner, are light green in colour, and about six inches long; spike branched, and bearing some twenty flowers, which are thick and fleshy; sepals and petals light yellow, banded with brown ; lip deeper yellow, blotched and streaked with brown. Native of Moulmein. Ca@LoGyYNE. There are numerous species of this genus of Orchids, many of which are very beautiful, the colour of the flowers of some being rich and of a most delicate hue, whilst others are incon- spicuous and not worth growing. The following produce the best flowers, and all I have seen are evergreen. Almost all 140 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. the Celogynes have bulbs from three to six inches high, from which the flowers proceed with the young growth; they make their leaves after they have done blooming: the flowers of some are very large, measuring as much as three inches across. These plants are all best grown in pots, with peat and moss. Some of them will do on blocks, but pot culture is to be preferred. They require good drainage, and an abundance of water at their roots in their growing season; some are best grown in the East Indian house, and others will do in the cooler house with Cattleyas, but after they have finished their growth a cooler house will do. During their period of rest they should have but little water. They are propagated by dividing the bulbs. C. ciliata.—A very pretty species, and well worthy of cul- tivation, for autumn blooming; it is a compact-growing plant, making bulbs about four inches high, with light green leaves; produces its flowers in great profusion, which are in colour yellow and white, with some brown markings. C. cristata. —A magnificent Orchid from Nepaul, dwarf and of evergreen habit; leaves six inches long; the flowers pro- ceed from the base of the bulb, on a drooping spike, six or eight together, each flower being three or four inches across ; the colour is a beautiful white, with a blotch of yellow on the lip. It blossoms in February and March, and will continue in perfection four or five weeks if the flowers are kept free from damp. Mr. R. 8. Yates, of Manchester, grows a house full of this fine species for cut flowers. This is the finest of the genus, and ought to be in every collection. I have seen it with as many as sixty spikes on it at one time. This occurred on a specimen grown by Mr. Baker, late gardener to A. Bassett, Esq. The Cattleya house is the most suitable place to grow it in. C@LOGYNE. 141 C. cristata citrina.—This is a very distinct variety ; it in- variably flowers some two or three weeks later than the pre- ceding, which is a decided advantage, as it prolongs the season of flower, and it also differs in having the centre of the lip stained a delicate lemon-colour, and not yellow as in the ordinary form of the species. Native of Nepaul. C. corrugata.—This is a very pretty species, and interesting, as being one of the cool Orchids from the East Indies ; it is found in the Neilgherry Hills, in Madras, and probably in many other of the hilly districts of India, and will grow freely and bloom with Odontoglossums. It is a free compact-growing plant, producing lovely pure white flowers of considerable size; the lip is yellow inside, striped with orange; it should be grown in a pot, with an abundance of drainage. C. Cumingiii—A pretty species from Singapore. Sepals and petals white; lip bright yellow, with white down the centre. It lasts long in beauty. é C. fuscesens.—A beautiful species from the warm parts of India, and one of the finest of the genus. The pseudobulbs are about three inches long ; leaves in pairs, broadest in the middle, contracted at each end. Sepals and petals white, shaded with yellow; lip cinnamon in the centre, streaked with orange and edged with white; it flowers in autumn and winter, and lasts in bloom for a considerable time. C. Gardneriana.—A very good species from the Khasia Hills, growing about a foot high ; the flowers are white tinged with yellow, and produced on a drooping spike. It blooms during the winter months, and lasts three or four weeks in good condition. eGuiis C. Gowerit.—This elegant and delicate species was named and described by Professor Reichenbach in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in the spring of 1869. The pseudobulbs and leaves ~ resemble those of C. ocellata; the racemes are pendulous, 142 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. bearing several flowers; sepals and petals pure white ; lip white, with a stain of pale yellow on the disc. It blooms during March and April. Native of Assam. C. Lowtit.—A fine evergreen species from Borneo. It is rather a large plant, growing about two feet high; the flowers are produced on a drooping spike, about a foot long, twelve or more of them together; they are large, of a pale yellow and chocolate colour. It blooms in June or July; lasts two weeks in good condition. This requires a large pot to grow it in perfection, being one of the freest of all the Celogynes. C. media.—A pretty small-growing species, with short round bulbs, and leaves seven inches long; flowers on spikes ten inches high; sepals and petals creamy white ; lip yellow and brown ; blooms during winter, and lasts in perfection three or four weeks ; grows well on a block, or in a pot in peat. C. odoratissima.—An elegant dwarf cool-house Orchid, growing only about eight or ten inches high, and producing abundance of its white and delicately scented blooms in winter—a season when white flowers are so desirable. It is from the hills of Madras, and is impatient of heat. C. Pandurata.—A curious and distinct-flowering Orchid from Borneo ; grows eighteen inches high, and has flat shining bulbs, from the bottom of which the flower spikes proceed ; sepals and petals pale green; lip nearly black. This is one of the most interesting plants when in bloom that I have seen. C. Plantaginia.—A desirable Indian species, with greenish yellow flowers, having a white lip streaked with brown; a distinct kind. C. speciosa.—A free-flowering plant from Borneo, evergreen, and about eight inches high. The flowers are creamy white, with a dark brown lip, and are produced on a short spike, two COLAX—COMPARETTIA. 148 or more together, at different times of the year. It lasts long in bloom. There are two varieties of this species, one of which is far superior to the ordinary form. These plants are very useful, as they are almost always in flower. C. viscosa.—At present this is a rare species; it is nearly allied to C. flaccida, it would seem, yet very distinct from that plant. The pseudobulbs are fusiform in shape, bearing dark green leaves, which taper towards the base ; sepals and petals white, lip white, the side lobes being broadly streaked with rich brown. It blooms during summer. CoLax. A small genus, nearly related to Mazillaria, but separated from them by a few trifling differences. The species here named is well deserving attention. It should be potted in peat and sphagnum with good drainage, and placed in the Cattleya house. C. jugosus.—A very interesting plant, growing about ten inches high, with leaves two inches broad, and dark green ; flowers two or three on a spike, and about two inches in diameter ; sepals cream colour, petals white, with numerous stripes of rich dark purple; lip white, smaller than the petals, striped and spotted with the same colour. It is a native of Brazil. CoMPARETTIA. This is a small genus, of which the two species now described are the best that have come under my notice. They are very pretty plants, and distinct from any other Orchids. They are best grown on blocks of wood, with live sphagnum moss, and suspended from the roof, with a liberal supply of moisture in the growing season—in fact, they never 144 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. should be allowed to get dry, or they will suffer. The flowers proceed from the base of the bulbs, and continue in beauty a considerable time. The species of this genus should be grown in the Cattleya house, where they are well shaded from the sun. C. coccinea.—A charming little plant, with the habit of a strong Sophronites grandiflora. It produces its spikes very freely from the base of the pseudobulbs when fully formed, bearing from three to seven brilliant scarlet and orange flowers, rendered more conspicuous by their very long spur. It blooms during the months of November and December, and is doubly valuable at this season on account of its brilliant colours; this rare species has been imported by 8. Mendel, Esq., late of Manly Hall, Manchester, in whose collection I saw it flowering. C. falcata.—Similar in habit to the preceding species, but differing in having broader leaves, and somewhat different shaped flowers, which are of a deep crimson colour. A native of Columbia, and consequently does not require great heat. CoRYANTHES, The flowers of these plants are very large extraordinary- looking objects, and, before they open, are of the shape of a Chinese foot ; after opening, they form a sort of cup, having above it a pair of fleshy horns, from which a liquid exudes and drops into the cup. They produce their flowers from the base of the bulbs on a spike, four or five together. The plants are evergreen ; pseudobulbs three inches high ; leaves ten inches long, and two or three inches broad. They will grow either in baskets or pots, with moss and peat and good drainage, and require a liberal supply of water at the roots during their period of growth, with a good heat. They are found growing on the outside branches of trees, where they get more CYCNOCHES. 145 sun than many of our Orchids, and I believe the reason we have been rather unsuccessful with this genus is that we have treated them in a similar manner to Stanhopeas, and given them too much shade. After their growth is finished, they should be kept rather dry, so that their bulbs be not allowed to shrivel. They are propagated by division of the bulbs. C. macrantha.—The best of the genus; it comes from the Caraccas, flowers in May, June, and July, and lasts but thrce or four days in bloom; sepals and petals orange yellow, spotted with purple, the lip red. This plant ought to be in every collection. C. maculata.—This species has flowers of a light yellow, spotted with dull crimson; it blooms during the summer months, and lasts but three days in beauty. Native of Demerara. CO. speciosa.—This singular Orchid also comes from Deme- rara, is about a foot high, with pale yellow flowers, which are produced in April or May, and last three or four days in bloom. CYCNOCHES. Another singular genus of plants, whose flowers are of a very peculiar form, bearing usually more or less resemblance in shape toa swan. They are not thought much of by many growers of Orchids, but some are well worth growing, as they are of easy culture, and produce their flowers freely. All are deciduous, and lose their leaves as soon as they have finished their growth. The pseudobulbs, which are thick and fleshy, are from six to ten inches high, and have three or four leaves on the top of each. They produce their flowers, which are large, from nearly the top of the bulb, some of them several together. They are best grown in the East Indian house, in pots, with rough fibrous peat and good drainage, with a liberal H 146 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL. supply of water at the roots in their growing season; after- wards they may be kept much cooler, and should be placed near the glass, to receive all the light possible. They are very impatient of moisture during their season of rest, being speedily destroyed if at all over-watered. When they begin to grow, move them back into heat. They are propagated by dividing the bulbs when they begin to start. C. aureum.—This is a very handsome and remarkable species, known to many by the name of the Golden Swan Orchid ; it produces long racemes of closely-set light yellow flowers. It is a native of Central America, and will succeed well under the treatment recommended above. C. barbatum.—A dwarf species; sepals and petals greenish white, spotted with pink; lip the same colour. It blooms in June or July, and lasts in flower two or three weeks. A very searce plant. Native of New Grenada. C. chlorochilum.—A very good species from Demerara; the flowers, which are of a yellowish colour, are produced in June or July, and last three weeks in good condition if kept dry. C. Loddigesit.—A very curious Orchid from Surinam. It produces its blossoms on a spike, six or eight together; they are four inches across ; the sepals and petals are of a brownish green colour, with darker spots, and bearing some resemblance to the expanded wings of aswan. ‘This plant often produces two kinds of flowers on one plant very distinct from each other. It blooms in July and August, and continues in perfection for three weeks. A desirable species, which ought to be in every collection. C. pentadactylon.—This is also a curious species from Brazil; the flowers are very large, the colour being yellow and brown. It flowers at different times of the year, and lasts long in beauty. C. ventricosum.—A_ free-flowering Orchid from Guatemala ; CYMBIDIUM. 147 the sepals and petals are greenish yellow, with a white lip, and sweetly scented ; blooms in June, July, or August, lasting in bloom three weeks. CyMBIDIUM. There are several species of this genus, but only a few that are admissible into a choice selection of Orchidaceous plants ; some of them are very handsome and delicate in colour. All are evergreen, with beautiful foliage. Some are large-growing plants, with short pseudobulbs, from which the leaves and flowers proceed. They succeed best grown in the Kast Indian house, and are generally free-flowering plants, some of them producing pendulous spikes as much as two feet long. They require plenty of pot room, as they send out thick fleshy roots very freely. I grow them in rough peat, with good drainage, and a liberal quantity of water at the roots during their period of growth; afterwards less water will suffice, and they should be kept at the cool end of the Kast Indian house. Propaga- tion is effected by dividing the bulbs. The following are the best I have seen :— C. Dayanun.—A very distinct and pretty kind, somewhat resembling C. eburneum in appearance, but the flower spike is pendulous, not erect as in that species; the flowers are freely produced, and are yellowish white streaked with purple; it requires the temperature of the Hast Indian house all the season. Native of Assam. -C. eburneum.—A remarkably handsome species, the finest of the genus, with graceful foliage, and of very compact growth. The spike is erect, about six inches high, flowers very large; the sepals and petals are pure white ; the lip is the same colour, with a blotch of yellow in the centre. It blooms in February and March, and lasts a long time in bloom. A very scarce plant. We are indebted to Messrs. H 2 148 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. Loddiges for the introduction of this magnificent plant, of which there are two varieties. I have seen a pretty variety grown by J. Day, Esq., Tottenham, which is smaller in growth than the original type, and the flowers are not so large. Sepals and petals pure white ; lip of the same colour, with a blotch of yellow in the centre, and rose-coloured spots on each side. C. giganteum.—This is not so handsome as the preceding, but it makes a good plant for winter blooming, and is a rather large-growing species. Its brown and purple flowers are produced on long upright spikes during the winter, and last long in perfection, if they are kept dry. Native of Nepal. C. Hookerianum.—A fine addition to this family, and well adapted for a cool-house. It is a native of the Sikkim Mountains. In habit of growth similar to C. gigantewm, but striped with greenish yellow at the base of the leaves; flower spikes erect ; blossoms very large, upwards of four inches in diameter ; sepals and petals green; lip straw-coloured, deep yellow at the margins, round which are large blotches of rich purple. It should be grown in a pot, and kept in a cool- house. . C. Huttoni.—A new, rare, and very remarkable-looking species. It grows about twelve or eighteen inches high, and produces long racemes of flowers of a brown colour, spotted and streaked with chocolate, excepting the lip, which is green, with chocolate stripes, and is a native of Java. C. Mastersii.—A pretty Orchid from India. It is a great deal like C. eburnewm in its growth, but the flowers are very different in shape; they are produced on upright spikes, and are white, with a yellow centre. This plant blooms during the winter, and continues long in flower. There are two varieties of this species, one called Superbum, with larger flowers. CYPRIPEDIUM. 149 C. pendulum.—A very good Orchid from Sylhet. A large growing plant, with long drooping spikes from one to two feet long; sepals and petals brown, the lip red, striped with white. It blooms in July or August, and lasts long in beauty. C. pendulum purpureum.—A fine variety of the former, pro- ducing splendid racemes of bloom from two to three feet in length, bearing the flowers, which are, in the sepals and petals, of a rich deep red, the lip white, with crimson markings. Flowers in May and June, and remains a long time in perfec- tion. Native of Sylhet. C. tigrinum.—A very pretty plant from Moulmein. The bulbs are nearly round ; the leaves some five or six inches long ; the flowers large, greenish yellow, spotted with red in the sepals and petals ; the lip large, and tapers to a point; its middle portion is white, striped with cross bars of purple ; sides of the lip also purple. CyYPRIPEDIUM. Many of the species belonging to this genus have beautiful foliage as well as flowers, and on this account are worth a place in every collection. They are of easy culture, and . require but little space. The form of the flower is curious, being that of a slipper; hence they are generally called Our Lady’s Slipper. They are all dwarf, compact, and evergreen, the leaves of some being beautifully spotted. They produce their flowers from the centre of the leaves, on an upright stalk, and rise from six inches to a foot high. The majority of the species are best grown in the Hast Indian house ; some kinds, however, thrive best in a cooler place, and will do well in a warm greenhouse. I grow all in pots with rough fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, and sand mixed together. They 150 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. all require a liberal quantity of water at their roots during their period of growth ; and as they need but little rest, they never should be allowed to get too dry at the roots. The Cypripediums are not like most Orchids, since they have no thick fleshy bulbs to supply them with nourishment. They are propagated by dividing the plants. C. Argus.—Leaves handsomely tesselated with grey ; petals dark purple, spotted. Native of the Philippines. Flowers in March and April. C. Ashburtonieg.—A very handsome hybrid variety, the result of a cross between C. barbatum and C. insigne. Leaves ligulate, dark green, faintly reticulated. Dorsal sepal large, and somewhat like C. barbatum; the petals ligulate, white tinged with green, and veined with purple. Lip pale purple tinged with yellow, and slightly blotched with purple. This distinct hybrid was obtained by Mr. Cross, gardener to Lady Ashburton, of Melchet Park, Romsey. C. barbatun.—A pretty species, with beautifully spotted foliage ; the colour of the flowers brownish purple and white. It produces its solitary flowers at different times of the year, lasting six weeks in bloom. There are many varieties of this plant, some being much brighter in colour than others. Native of Mount Ophir. 3 C. barbatum nigrum.—A charming variety, producing finely variegated foliage. The flowers are larger than those of any of the other forms of C. barbatum, and the colour is much darker. Sometimes this is called giganteum, by having such large flowers. It blooms in July and August, and continues six weeks in bloom. C. barbatum superbum.—A fine variety, which grows in the same way as C. barbatum, but the foliage is brightly varie- gated, and the flowers more handsome, the lip being very dark, and the dorsal sepal purer white towards the apex ; will ° CYPRIPEDIUM CAUDATUM. CYPRIPEDIUM. 151 last about six weeks in perfection. This makes a fine plant for exhibition. C. biflorum.—A handsome species from India, in the way of C. barbatum, but with more elegantly variegated foliage ; it ~ grows four inches high. The blossoms are produced on a spike ten inches long, two flowers sometimes appearing on one stem ; the dorsal sepal is very handsome, the upper part being beautiful white, while the other parts of the flower are. purplish brown. Blooms in February and March, and will keep six weeks in good condition. C. caricinum.—A very curious and elegant Orchid from Peru. It has a singular grassy appearance, with long creep- ing rhizomes, totally distinct from those of any of the other species. It grows a foot or more in height, the flower- spike rising clear of the foliage, and producing from four to seven flowers, of a pale green colour ; the sepals and petals have a white margin, the ends blotched with rich brown. A very remarkable plant, and well adapted for growing in the cool-house with Odontoglossums. Known also as C. Pearcet. C, caudatum.—This is perhaps one of the most curious of Orchids, owing to its singularity of character and re- markable beauty ; it has probably created a greater sensation than any other of its genus. A specimen which was flowered by Mr. Wilson, in the late collection of W. Marshall, Esq., of Enfield, was much the finest I ever witnessed. The plant is an evergreen, and srows from a foot to eighteen inches high. The foliage is of a light green colour. The flower scapes are pro- duced after the growth is completed, and rise from the centre of the plant to a height of from twelve to eighteen inches. The sepals and petals are yellowish, marked with brown ; the long taillike petals are the most extraordinary part of the plant, often reaching, when fully developed, to the length of thirty inches, and being more deeply coloured towards the ‘heed ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAI. end ; the lip is of a reddish brown, with the basal part yellow, beautifully spotted with reddish brown. The plant blooms during the months of April and May, and lasts in perfection for several weeks if the flowers are kept from damp. Native of Chiriqui. Professor Reichenbach separates this species, with C. Schlimii, C. caricinum, and one or two others, under the name of Selenipedium. C. caudatum roseum.—A variety which grows in the same way as the preceding, and blossoms at the same time. Flowers dark rose, intermixed with yellow and green. It has all the beauties of the species with additional charms, especially brilliancy of colour. C. concolor.—A very distinctly-marked plant, a native of Moulmein. The leaves are beautifully variegated, and the flowers, which are cream-coloured and finely speckled, are borne in pairs on dark brown stems. I have seen this plant as imported, and by its appearance it is found growing among limestone rocks. I should therefore recommend some of that material to be mixed with the peat and sand. C. Crossianum.—A garden hybrid raised between C. in- signe and C. venustum, leaves oblong, blotched, with dark green upon a glaucous ground, sepals and petals bronzy, dotted with black, lip brownish yellow. C. Dayanum.—A charming plant, the foliage of which is beautifully variegated, and very distinct from any other of the variegated class. The flowers, which are large, are produced in May and June, and last a long time in perfection ; sepals white, with green veins ; petals purplish, tinged with green. This is not so showy in the colour of the blossoms as some others, but the foliage is most beautiful. J. Day, Esq., has flowered two varieties of this : one has darker foliage than the other, and the colour of the flowers is also darker. Native of Borneo. - Aa ” Rage ee ——— SSS Sm: ]SSSsss > (152) CYPRIPEDIUM CONCOLOR. ‘4 i ¥ ‘< LN LEE EPR PENS eevee « 2h . r Ae i ie aphice abner Ne ay b AK ¢ ¥y on , — a Tes " as Sad UN bt he Aly ee Oe bee %, 0° Pee ay . 4 taal eee bs ~ oe 5 STOO ah eT (GAR Ti bane tut hs i PS . c / . ps Aen " Pah Bsa eee ; - CYPRIPEDIUM DOMINIANUM. CYPRIPEDIUM. 1538 CO. Dominianum.—This plant is one of the many startling results of hybridising, by Mr. Dominy, whose name it worthily bears; its parents are C. caricinum and C. caudatum, and it seems exactly intermediate between the two. It bears three flowers on the spike at one time, which are somewhat of the colour of those of C. caudatum and of the shape of those of C. caricinum, whilst in size they are intermediate. It is a valuable addition to this fine genus. Garden hybrid. C. euryandrum.—A very distinct hybrid between C. Stonet and C. barbatum, sepals and petals somewhat similar to those of C. Stonei, lip like C. barbatum, but much larger. This species was raised by Mr. Seden. C. Fairrieanum.—A beautiful and distinct species from Assam, with leaves three inches long, of a light green colour, blooms very freely during the autumn months, and will con- tinue in perfection six weeks. The dorsal sepal is propor- tionately large; the petals white, striped with green and purple ; the lip large, brownish green and purple. This plant is seldom seen doing well; I believe the reason to be that it usually gets too much heat, for with me it succeeds best in the Cattleya house. C. Harrisianum.—This is one of the hybrids raised by Mr. Dominy—between C. barbatum and C. villosum, and the result has been a plant exactly intermediate. The leaves are marked like those of the first-named plant, and have the polished appearance of the latter. The flowers are larger than those of C. barbatum, yet inferior in size to C. villoswm, upper sepal broad and shining, dark purple, tipped with white ; petals rich purple, and the lip claret-coloured, tinged with green. C. hirsutissimum.—A beautiful Indian species, with pale green foliage ten inches long. The flowers proceed from the centre of the young growths, on a stem ten inches high; the HS 154 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. blossoms, which often measure six inches across, are of a purple, light green, and brown colour; they open in March, April, and May, and last six weeks in perfection. C. Hookere.—The leaves are most beautifully variegated in this species, being of a bright dark green, finely marbled with large irregular white spots. The flowers are somewhat defi- cient in size, compared with others, and though not very showy, are certainly pretty; sepals and petals brownish yellow, with purple points; lip bright, yellowish brown. It is a native of Borneo. C. insiyne-—A good old species from Sylhet, furnished with light green foliage. It produces its solitary flowers during the winter, lasting six weeks in bloom; sepals and petals yellowish green, the dorsal sepal tipped with white, and spotted with brown ; the lip is orange and brown. I have seen a fine variety, which is exactly like the old C. insigne in habit ; but the flowers, which are large, have bright crimson streaks running up into the white of the upper sepal, and the white being continued round the sepal gives it a very different appearance from the old variety, and adds much to its beauty. I saw this in bloom with the Messrs. E. G. Henderson. C. insigne Mauleii—A handsome variety of the preceding. It grows in the same way, but has shorter and smaller foliage, and flowers at the same time; the dorsal sepal has much more white, this colour being continued half-way down, and the spotting is purplish, so that the whole flower is better in colour. The true plant seems rare. This was exhibited by Messrs. Maule and Sons, Bristol, after whom it is named. The blossoms will continue in perfection six weeks. C. levigatum.—This really grand species was discovered by Mr. J. G. Veitch, in the Philippine Islands, growing upon the roots of Vanda Batemanii. It bloomed in this country in the spring of 1865 for the first time. The long and thick £ 2 (155) CYPRIPEDIUM LOWIL. CYPRIPEDIUM. 155 leaves have a shining appearance; the flower scape is hairy, bearing three or four flowers ; sepals striped inside with purple ; petals six inches long, very much twisted, beautifully blotched with chocolate, purple, and green ; lip yellow. C. longifolium.—This is a very curious plant; it is some- what robust in growth, with long strap-shaped dark green leaves ; the flowers are each furnished at the base with a very large bract; the flower spike produces a quantity of flowers, but as far as I have seen but one is fully expanded at a time ; the dorsal sepal is broad greenish-white bordered with brown, the lower sepal larger; petals broad, tailed, ground colour ereen, bordered with white and brown at the ends ; lip very curious in shape, green suffused with shining brown. It is not a very showy plant. Native of Costa Rica. C. Lowii.—A curious and beautiful Orchid, with oblong- ligulate light green leaves. This species produces its flowers on a spike, generally two or more together. Dr. Lindley, indeed, describes as many as eight being sometimes produced, but I have never seen so many on cultivated plants. It blooms during the summer, and continues in perfection for two or three months if kept in a cool-house. The dorsal sepal is downy outside, pale green within; petals long, the basal half sreenish spotted with purple, wholly purple towards the end, the margins being ciliated ; lip large, smooth, and shining, bluntly oblong, light brown in colour suffused with purple. Native of Borneo, where it grows upon very high trees. CO. nivewn.—A lovely plant resembling C. concolor in its foliage, although when closely examined the markings are slightly different; the flowers are satiny-white inside, speckled with a few minute dots of purple. It blooms during summer, and sometimes produces two flowers on a spike. Every one who sees it is charmed with it, and it is very free blooming. A native of Moulmein. 156 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. C. pardinum.—The leaves of this plant are mottled with various shades of green on the upper side, purplish beneath ; the flowers are large, and from two to three are produced upon a spike; dorsal sepal white striped with bright green, lower sepal smaller; petals broad and pointed, lower portion yellowish green, spotted with purplish black, the remaining portion reddish purple, and fringed at the edges with fine hairs ; lip light bright green, tinged with pale yellow. This is an extremely rare species, and appears to be of Indian origin. C. Parishii.—A very distinct plant, with a habit of growth like that of C. levigatum. The leaves are broad, dark green above, paler below; flower spike bearing from three to six large flowers ; sepals broad, and like the lip, greenish white ; petals long, like C. levigatum, undulated, green at base, upper portion deep purple; margins sy aringly furnished with hairy worts. It should be grown in the East Indian house. Native of Moulmein. C. purpuratun.—aA pretty species from the Indian islands, with beautifully spotted foliage, producing its flowers during the winter months. The flowers are very much like those of C. barbatum, except that the dorsal sepal has more pure white at the end. C. Roezliii—This in every respect resembles C. longi- folium in habit. Leaves long, ligulate, and acute. The flowers are in the sepals and petals of a beautifully rose purple colour. Lip yellow. Native of New Grenada. It blooms during March, April, and May, indeed it may be called a perpetual bloomer. C. Schlimii.—A rare and beautiful species from Ocana, New Grenada, very distinct in growth, as well as in flower from most others. The leaves are eight inches long, light green ; spikes branching, with as many as eight flowers on CYPRIPEDIUM SEDENI. (157) CYPRIPEDIUM. 157 each; flowers two inches across, the sepals and petals white and green, the lip white, beautifully mottled and striped with dark rose. This is a difficult plant to cultivate. The imported plants of this species all appear as if they had been growing beside streams of water which are subject to being flooded, for the leaves are frequently coated to a great extent with river mud; and it would, therefore, appear that our difficulties with this plant have arisen chiefly from an insufficient supply of water. Pot in peat, a little turfy loam, and sand, with good drainage, and take care that water does not lodge in the heart of the plant. It is best grown in the Cattleya house. There have been many seedlings of C. Schlimii raised by Mr. Pilcher, gardener to 8. Rucker, Esq., and I hope he will get some improved varieties. C. Sedent.—This is a hybrid raised between C. Schlimii and C. longifolium, leaves strap-shaped, tapering to a point, deep green, and about a foot in length; sepals greenish white ; petals twisted white, edged with purple, lip medium sized and rich crimson, shaded with purple. C. Stonet.—This superb species is a native of Borneo, and first flowered in the fine collection of J. Day, Esq., Tot- tenham. It produces dark green obtuse leaves, ten or twelve inches long, from the midst of which the scape ascends, bearing three flowers; sepals large, white, streaked with dark purple, and tinged with yellow; petals five inches long, yellow, streaked and blotched with purple ; lip large, purplish, with red veins. There are several varieties, but all are worth growing. C. Stonei platytenium.—This handsome variety has been flowered by J. Day, Esq., Tottenham. It is similar to C. Stonei, but has long straight broad petals, beautifully spotted, and is a grand addition to this class. C. superbiens.—This very handsome species of Lady’s Slip- 158 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. per is a native of Java and Assam, and may be regarded as the best of the C. barbatum group. It is of free growth and good habit, and has finely variegated foliage, so that when out of bloom it has a beautiful appearance; it blooms in June and July, and continues a long time in flower, so that it is invaluable for home decoration or exhibition purposes. Mr. Penny, late gardener to H. Gibbs, Esq., showed a very fine specimen at Regent’s Park Exhibition, July, 1867. When well grown this makes a grand plant. It is sometimes grown under the name of C. Veitchianum. C. vexillarium.—tThis is an elegant hybrid, raised by Mr. Dominy, and is the result of a cross between C. Fairrieanum and C. barbatum, the flowers being exactly intermediate. The leaves are pale green, with a few darker markings. The flowers are about the size of those of CU. Fairrieanum ; dorsal sepal white, tinged with green towards the base, suf- fused with light purple, and streaked with a darker shade of the same colour; petals deflexed as in C. Fairrieanwn, but less waved at the edges, purplish tinged with green, and furnished with a few worts; lip large, light brown, veined and tinged with green. At present this plant is extremely rare. C. venustum.—The leaves of this plant are light green, curiously blotched and mottled with a deep black green, and on the under side green mottled with purple ; the dorsal sepal is greenish white; petals nearly of the same colour, whilst the lip is yellowish green. It is a pretty cool-house species, and is very useful for cutting. Native of Sylhet. C. venustum spectabile-—A beautiful form of this useful old winter flowering species. The leaves are beautifully mottled with green. The flowers are medium sized, produced singly, and far more handsome than those of the ordinary type; the dorsal sepal is white, broadly striped with green; petals greenish-white, streaked with deeper green, and tipped with pe t -y os, Cea ' ra CYPRIPEDIUM VILLOSUM. — ee CYRTOCHILUM—CYRTOPERA. 159 rosy red; lip greenish-yellow, and tinged with rose. A rare plant, beautifully figured in the second volume of Warner’s “ Select Orchidaceous Plants.’’ Native of Sylhet. C. villosum.—A desirable Indian species, which grows about afoot high. The leaves are of a light green colour, freckled on the lower part with dark spots. Flowers produced singly, often measuring five inches across, and haying a fine glossy appearance over their whole surface, which is orange red, intermixed with light green and dark purpie. Blossoms during April and May, and continues from six to eight weeks in perfection. ‘This makes a fine exhibition plant, on account of its distinct colour, and its long continuance in flower. CYRTOCHILUM. C. maculatum.—There are a good many species in this family, but this is the only one I consider really worth grow- ing. It is somewhat similar in habit to the Miltonias, and succeeds well with Drassias and Oncidiums. The pseudo- bulbs and leaves are dark green, and the plant is of free and compact growth, producing its long spikes of green and purple-spotted flowers during the winter and spring months. Native of Mexico. CYRTOPERA. This is a terrestrial genus, containing a few very handsome ~ species. They have long thin plaited dark green leaves, and resemble Bletias, and should be treated in the same manner. Pot them in a mixture of turfy loam, peat, and sand, but do not elevate the plant upon a cone above the rim of the pot. During the growing season they should be placed in the East Indian house; but during rest a cool and moderately dry atmosphere is best. C. flava.—A very pretty plant, not much known at present 160 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. amongst Orchid growers, having somewhat the appearance of a Bletia. The flower spike grows upwards of two feet high, bearing large flowers, the sepals and petals of which are rich yellow ; lip rather paler. Native of Northern India. CyRTOPODIUM. These are large-growing plants, yet are well worth culti- vating, especially where room is not an object, for they are noble-looking objects when not in bloom. I recollect well seeing a splendid plant of C. punctatum exhibited at Chiswick many years ago, and Dr. Lindley remarking to me what a grand specimen it was. To grow it in like manner would require a large pot and plenty of room, but it well repays the cultivator if space is allowed. The best soil is a rich fibrous loam and rotten dung to produce vigorous growth; and when the plant is strong enough to flower, after the growth is com- pleted, give it a long rest with little water, until it shows signs of growth in spring, when water should be applied to the roots freely and more heat given. The flowers are pro- duced from the young growth just after starting in spring. The plants require the heat of the East Indian house when srowing ; but after they have finished their growth the heat of the Cattleya house will be sufficient. C. Andersoni.—A very pretty Orchid, native of Brazil, and of easy culture, requiring plenty of heat and moisture when growing ; sepals and petals about equal in size, yellow, with just the faintest tinge of green, lip tri-lobed, and rich yellow, side lobes large erect, frond lobe spattulate. The pseudo- bulbs are five feet high; it produces its fine spikes of yellow flowers in spring. C. punctatum.—This is a more profuse bloomer than the preceding, and not so tall; they are both, however, noble plants, and with their fine long curved leaves make striking DENDROBIUM. 161 objects in an Orchid collection, even when out of bloom. The large spikes of flowers, yellow spotted with red, are pro- duced in April and May. In addition to the flowers the large bracts at the base of each branch are also marked in the same manner as the sepals and petals, which greatly increases the display of colour. Native of Brazil. DENDROBIUM. This is a magnificent genus of Orchids, producing, in some of the species, flowers which are very large and delicate in colour, and delightfully fragrant ; indeed, there are not many Orchids that surpass the Dendrobiums, for their beautiful flowers are of nearly every shade of colour, and some of them blossom very freely. Many of them, moreover, retain their leaves all the year round, whilst others are deciduous. Some of the kinds are compact in their growth, while others are straggling ; and others again are yery graceful in habit, especially when cultivated in baskets and suspended from the roof, for in this way their pendulous stems hang down and exhibit the flowers to the best advantage ; indeed, all the drooping kinds require to be grown either in baskets, or on blocks of wood, Though some of the Dendrobiwns require different treat- ment from others, they may all be successfully cultivated with proper attention. The majority of the species are found in various parts of India and the Indian Islands, growing on the branches of trees, frequently such as hang over streams of water ; whilst others are found in Australia. To grow these plants to perfection, they must have a decided season both of rest and of growth ; for it is quite necessary that they should make strong stems or pseudobulbs for the production of a good crop of flowers, and it is equally essential that these _ growths should be well ripened. Some of the sorts are best 162 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. grown in pots, with peat and good drainage; others do best on blocks of wood. Nearly all of them should be placed in the East Indian house during their period of growth, as they require a good supply of heat and moisture, with a liberal quantity of water at the roots; in fact, the moss or peat should’ never be allowed to get dry while they are in vigorous growth. After their growth is finished, allow them a good season of rest by moving them into a cooler house; and during the time they are in a cool-house give them very little water, only just enough to keep the stems from shrivelling. This is the only way to make them grow strong and flower freely. When they begin to grow they should be moved back into heat, and treated as described above. They generally begin to grow after their flowers have faded. The above remarks apply to the East Indian kinds; there are, however, many of the Australian species which succeed admirably in a cool-house; but some few even from that con- tinent enjoy the East Indian treatment during the season of growth. When this is complete, they should be gradually inured to a cooler temperature, and supplied with less water, until it is entirely withheld; after this remove them to the open air for a few weeks towards the end of summer, which will thoroughly ripen their just matured stems. They should, however, be returned to the cool-house before any danger from the external air is to be apprehended, and placed in a gentle heat at the commencement of winter to start them into flower if they are required to bloom during the dull months ; but if not wanted before spring, keep them cool and dry all winter. They are propagated in different ways: some of them form plants on the old stems, which should be cut off and potted ; some are propagated by cutting the old stems from the plants after they have done blooming; others are increased by © (g9T) ‘TIHLYUOMSNIV WOAITOUCNAG DENDROBIUM. 168 dividing the plants according to the directions given in the chapter devoted to remarks on Propagation. The genus Dendrobium being a very large one, contains many plants of but little interest to the general amateur, though well deserving cultivation for botanical purposes. The following are among the finest in cultivation, and by their beauty or interest will amply reward the care of the culti- vator :— D, aduncum.—A rather straggling growing evergreen spe- cies from Manilla, producing its flower spikes from the old stems. The blossoms, which are small, are white and pink in colour, and appear at different times in the year, lasting two or three weeks in perfection. It succeeds best grown in a pot with peat and good drainage. This species is not so showy as many of the Dendrobiums, but it is well worth growing where there is plenty of room. D. aggregatum majus.—A pretty dwarf evergreen species from India; grows about four inches high, producing its yellow blossoms on a somewhat short spike ; it flowers in March and April, and lasts two weeks in bloom. ‘This will do either on a block, or in a pot with peat, and is a desirable species. D, AinsworthiiimA beautiful garden hybrid, between D. nobile and D. heterocarpum ; the pseudobulbs resemble those of D. nobile, sepals and petals pure white, lip marked with a large central blotch of rich amaranth or claret. Purple flowers in February and March. This species was raised by Mr. Mitchell, gardener to Dr.: Ainsworth, Manchester. D. albo-sanguineumn.—A charming and compact-growing plant, with stems a foot high, and produces its large flowers from nearly the top. Sepals and petals creamy white ; lip of the same colour, with a crimson blotch in the centre. It blooms in May and June, lasting a long time in perfection, 164 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. and thrives well on a block with moss. A distinct Orchid, and a fine showy plant for exhibition. Will do well growing in baskets with sphagnum, and seem to be quite at home, for the bulbs are very strong. It requires plenty of water during the growing season, enjoys an abundance of light, and likes the warmest house. Native of Moulmein. D. amenum.—A very pretty species, producing long bulbs, sepals and petals pure white, tipped with magenta; throat DENDROBIUM AM@NUM. yellow, labellum white, with a slight tinge of magenta at the base. Native of the East Indies. D. anosmum.—A magnificent species from Manilla, and which grows in the way of D. superbum, but the sepals and petals are broader, thus forming fuller and better shaped flowers, and it has no rhubarb scent. The flowers are large, and produced in pairs down the stem, the colour a beautiful rose ; they last two or three weeks in perfection. Even now this is a scarce plant; it blooms during the spring months, DENDROBIUM. 165 and is best grown in a basket, as it is drooping and deciduous. D. barbatulum.—A charming epiphyte from Moulmein, which flowered first in the collection of the late J. A. Turner, Esq., of Manchester, and was then called D. Fytchianum. It grows a foot or more long, and produces clusters of flowers of the most delicate white, with a few spots of crimson. Not being a robust grower, it succeeds best on a block, and must have a tolerable rest after its growth is made. D. Bensonia.—A lovely species, of somewhat recent intro- duction. It bears some resemblance to D. crepidatum in habit, producing large creamy white sepals and petals; the lip is orange, with two large black spots at the base. A handsome and desirable species. I saw some nice plants in bloom for the first time in 1867. Native of Rangoon. D. bigibbum.—A very rare and handsome species, totally unlike any other Dendrobium we know of, and certainly the handsomest of the Australian kinds. It is a dwarfish-growing plant, producing racemes of rich rosy purple flowers, and will sometimes continue to throw out spikes from the same stem for several successive years. It will thrive admirably in the Cattleya or the Mexican house, potted in fibrous peat and sphagnum moss, giving abundance of drainage, and a plen- tiful supply of water in the growing season; if allowed to become dry enough to shrivel, it will with great difficulty be restored. It is beautifully figured in the second volume of Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants,” from a fine specimen which flowered with Mr. Pilcher in the late collec- tion of 8. Rucker, Esq., of Wandsworth. Native of the warm parts of Australia. D, Boxallii.—A very beautiful species of recent introduc- tion ; sepals and petals white, beautifully tipped with purple, the lip has a deep orange disc. Native of Moulmein. 166 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. D. Brymerianum.—This is a very handsome species, pro- ducing golden yellow flowers from the top of the bulbs. It was flowered and named in honour of W. E. Brymer, Esq., Ilsington House, Dorchester. Native of Burmah. D. Bullerianum.—A delicate and pretty species ; one of Messrs. Low’s introductions from Moulmein. It resembles D. crepidatum in habit, but its flowers are very dissimilar, generally produced in pairs; sepals and petals white, shaded and tipped with rose; the lip is marked with a large yellow spot, which is faintly striped with orange. D. Calceolus.—This is a large growing evergreen plant, making pseudobulbs, about four feet high when well grown ; its flowers are produced on a raceme twelve or more together, and proceed from the top of the old stems; flowers large ; sepals and petals bright yellow; lip of the same colour; it blooms during the summer months, lasting four days in per- fection. This is best grown in a pot with moss and peat. Native of the Kast Indies. D. Cambridgeanum.—A remarkably handsome deciduous species, with a drooping habit, the stems being about a foot long. The flowers are produced on the young growth in March and April ; sepals and petals bright orange ; the lip has a crimson blotch in the centre. It lasts in beauty about a fortnight, and is best grown in a basket with moss suspended from the roof. Native of Northern India. D. capillipes.—This is a charming dwarf-growing species. In appearance it resembles a pigmy plant of D. albo-san- guineum, and usually attains a height of about six inches, pro- ducing short racemes of bright golden yellow flowers. Succeeds best upon a block or in a basket. Native of Moulmein. D. chlorops.—A very pretty free-flowering species, pro- ducing white, pink, and orange- flowers, which last a con- siderable time in bloom. Native of the East Indies. DENDROBIUM. 167 D. chrysanthum.—A handsome species from India, deci- duous and pendulous, growing from three to four feet long, generally producing flowers along the stem at the same time it is making its growth. The colour of the flowers is a bright yellow, with a dark red spot on the lip. It blossoms at dif- ferent times of the year, lasting two weeks in perfection, and is best grown in a basket suspended from the roof. D. chrysotis—This plant resembles D. jimbriatum very much in the colour of the flowers and in general appearance. It grows from three to four feet high; the stems are slender and rod-like; leaves dark green; spikes slender, bearing five or six large flowers, which measure upwards of two inches across; sepals and petals long and narrow, rich deep yellow; lip large, of the same colour as the petals, or of a deeper apricot yellow, haying two blotches of purplish-black towards the base, and deeply fringed at the margins. A native of Assam. D. chrysctoxum.—An upright-growing plant, a foot or more high, and evergreen. It produces its pale yellow flowers on a spike from the top of the stem, blooms during the winter and spring months, and lasts two or three weeks in flower. Of this there are two varieties, one much better than the other ; pot and peat culture suits it best. Native of Moulmein. D. clavatum.—A remarkably handsome evergreen species from India; grows two feet high, and produces spikes of flower from the top of the stems ; colour bright yellow, with a crimson spot in the centre of the lip. This is one of the finest of the yellow kinds, and it continues in perfection three weeks, thus making a fine exhibition plant. Pot culture in peat suits it best. D. crassinode.—A very fine and distinct species, with stout, erect stems, varying from six to eighteen inches in length, and having large swollen or knotted joints or nodes, whence the name. ‘The flowers are stout and shining; sepals and petals 168 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. waxy white, tipped with rich purple; lip white, with an orange blotch at the base; best grown in a small basket or on block with sphagnum moss. I saw this plant well grown by Mr. M‘Gregor, gardener to C. Walker, Esq., of Lanark ; the buibs were two feet long and of great size. I had no idea that it would produce such bulbs. Native of Moulmein. D. crassinode albiflorum.—This is a pure white variety of the original species, which was flowered in the Nurseries of Messrs. Low, Upper Clapton. Native of Moulmein. D. crepidatum.—A splendid deciduous drooping species from India. It is best grown in a basket or on a block. The stems grow a foot or more long; sepals and petals white, tipped with pink; lip stained with yellow; blooms in April and May, and continues three weeks in perfection. This species will make a good plant for exhibition, as it may be easily retarded by keeping it cool in winter. D. cretaceum.—A compact deciduous- growing plant, which produces its white flowers during June and July, lasting six weeks in perfection. This will do either in a pot or basket, with peat or moss. Native of the East Indies. D. crystallinum.—A distinct pretty species, said to be related to D. Bensonii; the stem-like pseudobulbs are stout, but destitute of the knotted joints so conspicuous in the. last-named plant; flowers of moderate size, and freely pro- duced; sepals and petals white tipped with purple; lp orange at the base, and also tipped with purple. It is a most desirable plant. Native of Burmah. PD. Dalhousianum.—This is a beautiful Indian evergreen species ; the stems, which are elegantly marked with reddish crimson, grow from four to eight feet high; it blooms from the old growth in April and May, producing numerous flowers on a spike. The flowers are large; sepals and petals of a pale lemon colour ; lip the same colour, with a pink margin DENDROBIUM. 169 and two dark crimson spots in the centre: it lasts four or five days in beauty. This will grow either in a pot or basket, with moss. Specimen plants of this are scarce, and justly prized by those who possess them, as it makes a good plant for exhibition purposes. This plant was exhibited by Captain Shaw at Blackburn, 1872; it had forty-three spikes, many of which had fourteen flowers on them ; there were 440 flowers ‘in all, 400 of which were open at the same time, the individual blooms measuring four and a half inches in diameter. D. densiflorum.—A magnificent compact and free-flowering evergreen Orchid from India. The stems are erect, a foot or more high, and produce their beautiful pendent spikes of rich yellow flowers from their sides near the top; it blooms in March, April, or May, and lasts from four to six days in per- fection, if kept in a cool-house. This is one of the showiest Orchids in cultivation, and one of the choicest plants we haye for exhibition on account of its colour. It should be potted in peat. I have seen this with nearly one hundred flower-spikes on it at one time in the collection of J. Day, Ksq., Tottenham. D. densiflorum album.—An Indian kind, distinct from the former, and called Schréder’s variety ; it grows to the same height as D. densiflorum, and has foliage of the same colour ; flowers pink and white; lip yellow; blossoms in April and May, and continues about ten days in perfection. It grows best in a pot in peat. This is one of the finest of the genus. There are several varieties of D. densiflorum album sold, but none are equal to ‘‘ Schroder’s variety’’—sometimes called D. Schrodert ; when the plant is known, it can be distin- guished from any other by its stems, D. Devonianum.—This is one of the finest of the genus ; it is a deciduous and pendulous-growing species. The flowers are produced from the nodes, for fully three parts of the I 170 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. entire length of the stem, which sometimes attains the extent of four feet; they are two inches across; the sepals cream- coloured, shaded with pinkish purple; the petals are broader — than the sepals, and are pink, with a deep purple stain; the lip is broadly heart-shaped, white, rich purple on the edges, with two spots of rich orange on the column, and the entire margin is most beautifully frilled. It blooms in May or June, lasts two weeks in perfection, and is best grown in a basket with moss. This plant is usually found difficult to cultivate ; but the great secret is to give it plenty of water when growing, and always to bear in mind that the red spider is its desperate enemy, often attacking the leaves; this must be diligently searched for, and, if found, kept under by syringing the foliage every day, or even twice a-day, in summer. It makes a splendid plant for exhibition. Native of Moulmein, &c. D. Devonianum rhodoneurum.—This variety is said to last longer in flower than the normal form. The sepals and petals are streaked with dark purple; lip large and round; it is remarkably sweet, and very distinct. Native of Moulmein. D. erythroxanthum.—iIn habit of growth this species resembles D. secundum, flowers bright amber, produced in clusters of two to three dozen, blooms in August. D, dixanthum.—A very pretty species from Moulmein ; it is a very free grower and abundant flowerer, producing its flowers, which are two shades of yellow, in spring. D. Falconerti.icA magnificent plant, and one of the most beautiful of the genus; it is a pendulous grower, and so diffi- cult to cultivate that only a few have succeeded well with it. Last year there were large importations received by Messrs. Low, and growers will have a better chance of finding the best way to cultivate it by placing it under dif- ferent treatment and in different houses. During the growing season it likes a good supply of water; but after it has _DENDROBIUM. 171 finished growth, which is by autumn, it should be kept rather dry till it begins to show flower, but must never be allowed to suffer for want of water, as it frequently grows during the winter months. Under this treatment it flowers every year, well repaying any trouble that is taken to induce it to pro- duce its charming white and purple flowers, which open in May and June, and remain about ten days in perfection. Native of Northern India, D. Falconerit albidulum.—This variety was flowered by H. G. Elliott, Esq., The Crescent, Down’s Park Road, Clapton. It has pure white flowers, slightly tinged with purple at the tips of the petals and sepals; the apex of the lip has also a slight tinge of purple. Native of Northern India. D. Farmerii.—A beautiful compact evergreen species from India. The stems are terete at the base, thickening upwards, and becoming clubbed and four-sided, supporting several leathery dark green leaves, This grows and flowers in the same way as D. densiflorum. Sepals and petals pink; lp rich yellow in the centre; it blooms in April and May, and lasts two weeks in beauty if kept in a cool-house. This Species requires the same treatment as D. densiflorum. There are many forms of this plant, which vary much in colour and growth. D. Farmerii aureo-flavum.—A beautiful rich golden yellow- flowered variety from Moulmein, with just the same quad- rangular stems as in D. Farmerti, but not quite so strong srowing. It is somewhat intermediate in character between D. Farmerit and D. chrysotoxum. D. fimbriatun.—A very showy Orchid from India. An evergreen species, growing two or three feet long, producing its flowers in drooping spikes towards the end of the stem ; the flowers are of a bright yellow, and beautifully fringed. This plant will continue flowering from the old bulbs for io2 172 ORCHID-GROWER’S: MANUAL. years; it generally blossoms during the spring months, seldom lasting more than about several days in bloom, and is best grown in a basket or pot, with peat and moss. D. fimbriatum oculatum.—A beautiful variety of the pre- ceding, producing its pendent flower spikes from near the top of the stems, and growing from two to three feet high ; it succeeds best in a pot, in peat. The flowers are large, of a rich orange yellow, with a single deep sanguineous spot on the lip ; blooms in March and April, if kept dry, and lasts ten days in perfection. This plant is very commonly mis- taken in gardens for D. Paxtont. D. formosum.—A remarkably handsome compact evergreen Orchid, growing about a foot high, producing its spikes from the top of the stem, and bearing three or four blossoms together, which are frequently three inches across; sepals and petals white; lip white, with a bright yellow centre ; they last six weeks or more in perfection. This may be grown either in a pot or basket, with moss or peat. It makes a splendid plant for exhibition. D. formosum giganteum.—A magnificent variety of the pre- ceding, much stronger in growth, and, like it, evergreen. The flowers, which are produced at the top of the stems, measure from four to five inches across; colour snow-white, with bright yellow on the centre of the lip; it requires the same treatment as D. formosum, and remains in bloom about the same time. I have seen several fine specimens of this plant, some with as many as twenty-one leading growths, which, when in bloom, make a fine display. I saw this particularly fine in the gardens of the Duke of Sutherland at Trentham Hall, grown by Mr. Stevens. Native of Moulmein. D. Gibsoni.—A very pretty evergreen erect-growing Orchid from India, about two feet high; the blossoms are produced on the ends of the old bulbs; the sepals and petals are rich eo DENDROBIUM. VW orange ; the lip bright yellow, with two dark spots on the : upper part. It blooms during the autumn months, lasts two weeks in good condition, and requires the same treatment as D. formosum. D. Griffithianum.—This is certainly one of the most glorious of the yellow spring-flowering Dendrobes ; it is about double the size of D. densiflorum in all its parts, and its immense drooping spikes of bloom are of the richest golden yellow, and remain in perfection for a long time. This plant is very rare, and varieties are often sold for it which are much inferior to the true plant. D. Guibertianum.—In habit of growth this plant resembles a strong densiflorum, or perhaps Farmerit ; it produces spikes fourteen inches long, of a very rich golden yellow. D. Heyneanum.—A charming deciduous species from Bombay, which grows eight inches high, and produces spikes of white flowers from the tops of the stems at different times of the year; they have somewhat the appearance of sprigs of whitethorn. It is best grown on a block, with a moderate supply of moisture, during the growing season. It continues about ten days in perfection. D, hedyosmum.—This beautiful sweet-scented Orchid is another of the many fine plants we have received from Moul- mein. It is a plant of remarkably easy culture, producing its blossoms in spring. Its flowers, when first opening, are green or greenish white, but after a day or so they change to pure white, except the lip, which is shaded with green and yellow, and striped with orange. They are produced in pairs, and yield a delicious perfume similar to that of wallflowers. It belongs to the D. formosum section of the genus, which have the young growths covered with black hairs. D. Hillit.—This is an Australian species, nearly related to the old D. speciosum, but the stems are fully twice the length, 174 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. and more stem-like, while the racemes of flower are much longer and more graceful, and the sepals and petals are nar- rower and creamy white. It is a free-flowering and desirable species, and succeeds well in the cool-house after its growth is complete. D. infundibulum.—This is a species of great beauty, distri- buted in the first place under the name of D. moulmeinense, and resembling D. formosum in habit of growth and flower, but - surpassing it much in size and profusion of blooms. Native of Moulmein. D. Jamesianum.—This is a very fine species named in honour of the late Mr. James Veitch. It is somewhat in the way of J). formosum. The stems are about a foot high, and the flowers nearly as large as those of D. formosum, pure white, except the lip, which is deeply stained with cinnabar red. It blooms during spring and summer. Native of Moulmein. D. japonicum.—This is by no means an exhibition plant ; but although it cannot lay claim to much beauty, its flowers, which are pure white, with a few purple spots on the lip, yield a delicious fragrance ; it grows about a foot high, and coming from Japan, will make a good addition to the cool- house, and is very useful for cutting for decoration. This, according to Professor Reichenbach, is the true D. monili- forme of botanists, the D. moniliforme of gardeners being more correctly named D. Linawianum. D. Jenkinsiii—A beautiful dwarf evergreen species from India, growing about two inches high ; the flowers are very large for the size of the plant; the colour is a pale buff, margined with yellow; they are produced from the bulb, one or two together, and last ten days in beauty. This is best grown on a bare block of wood, suspended from the roof. -A magnificent specimen of this species was exhibited at Ken- —A o\ F A % (174) DENDROBIUM JAMESIANUM. », =e nae Tie Rae Ap * cee go's ao ee ie, ey < et eT ee ee Ne : Si Baal Sa, & +) so) hae tiaeeate ‘ : ree OL “a , Ar: aah 0° >. : os Sarees DENDROBIUM. 175 sington last year by Mr. Denny, gardener to Lord Londes- borough, and well represented in Warner’s “‘ Illustrated Orchid Book.” D. Johannis.—A very pretty North Australian Dendrobe, though not so gay as many others we are already acquainted with, yet its peculiar twisted flowers, which are brown and yellow streaked with orange, and the delicate perfume they emit, render it a very desirable plant. It will succeed best in the Odontoglossum house. D. lasioglossum.—Although a somewhat small-flowered kind, this species is well deserving the attention of Orchid growers. The steps are long and slender, and it produces two or three flowers together from the joints ; sepals and petals creamy white ; lip yellow in the centre and brown at the sides, streaked with purple lines. Native of Burmah. D. Linawianum.—A delicate species, said to come from China and Japan, but this is probably a mistake arising from its being falsely identified as D. moniliforme, which comes from those countries; this is probably Indian, as it was originally introduced by Wallich. It is a pretty evergreen upright-growing plant, about a foot or more high, blooming all up the stem on two-year old growths, the colours being a rosy-lilac and white. It blooms during the winter months, lasting two weeks in beauty. ‘This will grow in a basket, but I find it thrives best in a pot, with peat or moss. D. Linawianum majus.—A fine variety of the preceding, growing the same height, but having larger flowers; the latter being four inches across, and richer in colour. I saw this in very fine condition in the splendid collection of ae Warner, Esq. D, lituiflorwm.—A charming species from India, deciduous and pendulous; it succeeds best in spagnum, in a basket suspended ‘from the roof. It is difficult to grow, and requires 176 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. great attention as regards moisture during the growing season, but should be kept dry during winter. The flowers are large, and are produced in pairs from the nodes on each side of the stem; sepals and petals dark purple; lip white, edged with purple. Bloomsin March and April, and will last two weeks in perfection. D. longicornu majus.—A charming Indian variety, in the way of D. formosum, but not so strong in growth. Flowers white, except the lip, which has a yellow centre, and is fringed. Of this there are two varieties, but the one now described is the best. It produces its blossoms from the top of the stem in May and June, and they continue in perfection a long time if kept in a cool-house. Treatment the same as that for D. formosum. D. Lowii.—A fine rare species from Borneo, where it was first found by Mr. H. Low, to whom we are indebted for many beautiful Orchids. A very distinct plant, growing in the way of D. longicornu, with upright stems a foot high, fur- nished with dark green foliage, and producing in racemes, from the side of the stems near the top, large flowers, mea- suring about two inches across, the colour bright yellow, with reddish veins on the upper part of the lip. This will succeed in a pot or basket, or on a block, provided it has a liberal supply of water when in vigorous growth. We have seen it bloom both in summer and late in autumn. D. marmoratum.—A very pretty species from Burmah, having white sepals and petals blotched at the extremities with purple ; lip purplish ; it is said to be in the way of D. transparens. D. macrophyllum.—See also D. superbum. D. macrophyllum.—A fine distinct species, which has clavate stems bearing two or three leaves. The racemes of flowers are erect; the sepals are yellow, shaded with green ; 7 DENDROBIUM. LTT: petals white, and the lip yellowish green, streaked with purple ; altogether a singular and very interesting plant. Native of Java. This plant, which received at first the name of D. Veitchianum, and is generally grown under that name, proves to be the true D. macrophyllum. D. M‘Carthig.—This really splendid Orchid is a native of Ceylon ; it is difficult to grow, and should be kept in a small basket or on a block with sphagnum, as near the light as pos- sible ; it produces long racemes of bright cherry red and white flowers, nearly as large as those of D. superbum, and has the advantage of lasting six weeks or two months in perfection. It is one of the finest of the Dendrobes. This species was first exhibited by Mr. Mitchell, gardener to R. F. Ainsworth, Esq., Manchester, a single specimen producing upwards of a hundred flowers. D. moniliforme.—See D. japonicum. D. moschatum.—A handsome species from India. This grows in the same way as D. Calceolus, and lasts about as long in perfection. The flowers are creamy in colour, suffused with rose; lip pouched in front, and pale yellow; base darker, ornamented on each side with a large eye-like blotch of deep blackish purple. Blooms in June. D. nobile.—A magnificent old species from India; a free- flowering evergreen plant of upright growth. The blossoms, which are pink and white, with a spot of crimson in the centre of the lip, are borne along the sides of the stems. It blooms during the winter and spring months, lasting three or four weeks in good condition, if kept in a cool-house. It will grow either in a pot or basket, with moss or peat. This is one of the finest exhibition plants we have; but to keep it for exhibition, it must be put in the greenhouse and shaded from the sun, and left there till it is wanted, when it must be forced into bloom. During the time it is in a cool-house 13 178 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. give it but little water, only enough to keep it from shrivelling. This species may be had in full flower from January to June by having a number of plants treated successionally. D. nobile intermedium.—A pretty and distinct variety, which grows in the same way as D. nobile, and flowers at the same time. Sepals and petals white; lip white, with a crimson spot in the centre. A desirable variety for winter decoration. A scarce plant, and one of the best. D. nobile pendulum.—A fine variety of D. nobile from India, and one which is best grown in a basket on account of its pendulous habit. Flowers large, richer in colour than those of D. nobile, and produced at the same time. This is often called Rucker’s variety. D. nodatum.—A pretty Orchid, readily distinguished by its_ thick joints. It is a free grower, but shy bloomer, flowering several seasons upon its old growths, which are about a foot long. Sepals and petals white, clouded with yellow; lip bright orange, margined with white, and a large blood-red spot at the base. Native of Moulmein. D. Parishii.—A beautiful flowering species from Moul- mein. It makes stems from one to two feet long, very thick throughout their entire length. Flowers generally in pairs, which are of a beautiful dark rose; the lip is lighter in colour along the centre, with dark purple markings on each side of the throat. A very distinct and altogether good addition to our Dendrobes. This makes a good exhibition plant, D, Paxtoni.—A remarkably handsome Orchid from India, which is usually confounded with D. jfimbriatum oculatum. The present plant produces its blooms at different times of the year, from nearly the top of the old bulb on a short spike in pairs, and its flowers are of a beautiful orange and brown ; it lasts in perfection ten days, and requires the same treat- ment as D. nobile. DENDROBIUM, 179 D. Pierardi.—A useful species for flowering during the winter and spring months. It is of a drooping, deciduous habit, flowering in the same way as D. superbum, and requiring similar treatment; its beautiful white and yellow flowers last three weeks in beauty. Native of India. D. Pierardi latifolium.—From India. The flowers are much finer than in the type plant, though of the same colour; it blooms in April and May. A scarce plant. I have seen it with seventy flowers on a single stem. It re- quires the same treatment as the former, and is a useful plant for exhibition. D. primulinum.—A beautiful free-flowering deciduous species from India, of pendulous growth. The flowers, which are white and pink, are produced in two rows along the stem in April and May, and they last in perfection ten days. It is best grown in a basket with sphagnum. A fine plant for exhibition. Ihave seen as many as sixty flowers on one stem when grown in baskets. It is very rare, and of graceful appearance. D. primulinum giganteum.—A magnificent variety, the flowers of which are very large, of a pink and white colour ; the lip is particularly fine. A free-flowering plant, which ought to be in every collection. Is best grown in a basket, as it is pendulous in habit. This is grown in some collections under the name of D. cucullatum giganteum. D, pulchellum purpureum.—A pretty dwarf deciduous spe- cies from Sylhet; it loses its leaves after it has finished growing, and generally begins to show flower in February all up the stem. The sepals and petals are white, edged with green ; the lip has a bright orange blotch in the centre, and is beautifully frmged. The plant does well in a basket with moss, and lasts two weeks in bloom. D. rhodopterygium.—tThis species is something in the way 180 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. of D. Parishii ; the pseudo-bulbs, however, are much longer ; flowers pink, tinged with rose. Native of Burmah. D. sanguinolentum.—A good distinct evergreen species, the stems and leaves of which are violet or lilac-coloured. It grows some three or four feet high, and blooms from the end of the old stems, which continue flowering for years ; sepals and petals fawn colour, tipped with tops of deep violet ; lip of the same colour. It blooms during the summer and autumn months, and lasts two weeks in good condition. This will do either in a basket or pot, with peat or moss. D. sanguinolentum superbum.—This plant is a great im- provement upon the previous one; handsome as that is, this is much stronger in growth, producing longer spikes of very much larger flowers, which are of a creamy white, tipped with dark rich purple. This variety was sent me a few years ago from Borneo, with a consignment of Phalenopsis. D. senile.—This is another of the productions from that rich land of Orchids, Moulmein, and is one of the most curious, the stem and leaves being densely covered with white hairs ; its flowers are of a bright yellow colour, produced in pairs, and continue in full beauty for a considerable time. When we get it imported in quantity, it will, I think, become a general favourite, although its constitution is probably rather delicate. D. superbum.—A fine deciduous species from the Philippine Islands, of pendulous habit, losing its leaves just as it begins to show its flower-buds. The spreading or drooping stems grow about two feet long, from which the flowers proceed in a row on each side; they are pink, tinged with rose colour, each three or four inches across, and lasting two weeks in perfection if the flowers are kept dry. The flowers have a strong smell of rhubarb. It is best grown in a basket, with moss. This makes a noble plant for public exhibition. It is DENDROBIUM. 181 commonly grown under the name of D. macrophyllum, which proves to have been previously appropriated to the plant hitherto known in gardens as D. Veitchianum. D. superbum giganteum.—A showy variety from Manilla, which flowers in the same way as the preceding, and about the same time. Flowers from five to seven inches across ; sepals and petals beautiful rose purple; the lip the same colour, fringed and marked at the base with a pair of rich purplish red spots, and they remain about two weeks in per- fection. A fine plant for public exhibition, but it requires to be kept in a cool-house to keep it back for that purpose, as it generally blooms very early. D. superbum Huttoni.—This exceedingly rare and beautiful variety has pure white sepals and petals, whilst the lip is the colour of the normal form, saying a marginal border of white. The rhubarb scent is not so decided as in the species. It requires the temperature of the East Indian house, and is a native of the Malayan Archipelago. D, Tattonianum.—A very pretty Orchid from North Aus- tralia; it is of easy culture and sweet-scented. It seems to be a small-growing species, attaining some three inches in height, and it makes a flower-stem about a foot long; the sepals and petals are yellow and white, and the lip bluish or mauve. It is a very singular and desirable small-flowering species. D, taurinum.—A strong-growing species from India, often attaining a height of five feet, with uprightstems. The sepals are pure white, and the petals reddish brown, curling and spread out like the horns of a bull, whence the name; lip white, margined with purplish violet. It is best grown ina pot in peat. We seldoin see good plants of this species under cultivation. D, thrysiflorum Walkerianum.—tThe finest variety I have 182 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. ever seen; the bulbs are three feet in height, and the spikes of flowers two feet long, bearing more than fifty flowers on a spike; the blooms are very large, and of the same colour as D, Thrysiflorum, This is named in honour of C. Walker, Esq., Lanark. D. thrysiflorum.—A fine showy species, in habit like D. densiflorum, but stronger, with the apex of the bulbs slightly yellow, and producing splendid clusters of golden and white flowers. From Moulmein. There have been some large importations of late, and many have proved very fine varieties, some varying in colour of flowers and size of spike. D. tortile—A pretty evergreen species from Java, growing about two feet high; it blooms in the same way as D. nobile, and requires the same treatment. The flowers are pale yellow, indeed almost white ; it blooms in May and June, lasting a long time in perfection. D. tortile roseum.—This is a beautiful variety of the pre- ceding species, resembling it in every respect, saving the colour of its flowers, which are in this plant a delicate rose, shaded with yellow. A very desirable variety; blooms in May and June. Native of Java. D. transparens.—A beautiful small-flowering Indian Orchid, which blooms in the same way as D. nobile. The flowers, which grow in pairs along the stems, are of a pale, trans- parent, pinkish lilac, stained in the middle of the lip with a blotch of deep crimson ; it blooms in May and June, and does well grown in a pot with peat or moss. D. triadenium.—A delicate Orchid from India, of upright growth, and evergreen ; it produces its white and pink flowers on a small spike from the old stems, and lasts two weeks in bloom ; flowers at different times of the year, and is best grown in a pot with peat. DENDROBIUM. 183 D. Veitchianum.—See D. Macrophyllum. D. Wallichianum.—This is a beautiful kind, resembling D. nobile in general appearance ; it has, however, much taller stems, darker foliage, and richer coloured flowers. It blooms during the winter and spring months, and may be retarded until the summer with care, when it makes a noble and valuable spe- cimen for exhibition purposes. The treatment recommended for D. nobile suits this plant also. Native of the Kast Indies. D. Wardianum.—A magnificent species. A splendid match for the beautiful D. Falconerii, which it somewhat resembles in its thickened and knotted stem. It is pendulous in growth, making strong stems from two to three feet long, on which the flowers are produced in twos and threes, each flower mea- suring upwards of three inches and a half in diameter. The colour of the sepals and petals is white, tipped with magenta ; the lower part of the lip rich orange, spotted on each side with crimson. It blooms about May, and continues a considerable time in perfection ; thrives best suspended in a basket, or on a block. This fine plant was figured in Warner’s ‘“ Select Orchidaceous Plants” from a specimen flowered by T. Ward, Esq., of Southampton. Native of Assam. D. Wardianum candidum.—A white variety of this fine. species flowered by EK. G. Wrigley, Esq., Broadoaks, Bury, Lancashire ; it was imported amongst a large consignment of Orchids from Assam. D. Williamsonii.—This plant belongs to the nigro-hirsute section of this genus, and is somewhat difficult to establish. The stems are erect, bearing strap-shaped leaves clothed with short soft hairs; flowers large, ivory white, slightly tinged with brown, and bearing a large blood-red spot on the lip. Native of Assam. D. xanthohlebium.—This species grows about a foot high, making very small stems; it produces its flowers in pairs 184 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. upon the old stems; sepals and petals white; lip medium- sized, spotted with orange, and having a white margin. This species was, when it first bloomed, named D. marginatum. It is a native of Moulmein. DENDROCHILUM. A small genus of graceful growing plants. They are small and compact in habit, and ought to be in every collection, | having evergreen narrow leaves about six inches in length, and small pseudobulbs ; their flower spikes, which are graceful and pendulous, are produced from the top of the bulbs, hanging down in long elegant racemes. These plants should be grown in the East Indian house, potted in peat and sphagnum, with good drainage. They like plenty of water during the growing season; but after having finished their growth, less will suffice. They are propagated by dividing the pseudobulbs just as they begin to grow. D. filiforme.—A charming species, which grows about six inches high. The flowers, which are produced in June and July, are of a yellowish green hue, and are prized for their gracefully drooping habit. When arrived at a good size it makes a nice exhibition plant. This is beautifully flowered by J. Day, Esq., a great number of the elegant flower spikes hanging round his large specimen. Native of Manilla. D. glumaceum.—Another pretty species, with small ever- green foliage, and producing graceful spikes of greenish white flowers, which are delicately scented ; it flowers in spring, and continues three or four weeks in perfection. Native of the Philippine Islands. EPIDENDRUM. Many of the species of this large genus are scarcely worth cultivating, excepting for botanical purposes. Some of these EPIDENDRUM. 185 small-growing and small-flowered kinds are, however, sweet- scented. Growers of Orchids have been more deceived in buying Fpidendrums than any other group of these plants. The bulbs of many kinds are so nearly alike that it is very difficult to tell what they really are until they flower, and they often require to be kept several years before this occurs ; and then, instead of something good, they produce frequently only dingy green flowers about the same colour as the leaves. Some of these insignificant flowers are nevertheless very fragrant, and will perfume the whole house in which they are grown. There are, however, some beautiful species among them, the flowers of which are very distinct in colour. The following comprise all the best sorts that I know. They are all ever- green, and compact in their habit, except H. cinnabarinum, F.. crassifolium, E. rhizophorum, and a few others, which are tall-growing, with long slender stems, clothed with small leaves from top to bottom. The other sorts have short round pseudobulbs, with long narrow leaves, except LH’. aurantiacum, E.. bicornutum, and HE. Stamfordianum, which grow more in the way of the Cattleyas, with upright bulbs, having two or three short leaves on the top. They all produce their flowers from the top of the stem or bulb, except H. Stamfordianum, in which they rise from the base. These plants will all do in the Mexican house, and may be grown on blocks of wood ; but pot culture is the best for the majority of the species; the drainage must be perfect, and sphagnum moss and peat should be used in about equal parts. They require a season of rest, with the same treatment as the Cattleyas, excepting that they need less heat... They are propagated by dividing the plants, as described in the remarks on Propagation. &. alatum majus.—A pretty species from Mexico. Its flowers are produced on spikes in June or July, and are pale 186 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. yellow, the lip is striped with purple, and continues five or six weeks in beauty. There are several varieties of H. alatum, but the one here described is the only one worth the attention of amateurs. E. aloifolium.—A pretty species when well grown, and a native of Guatemala. The plant is pendulous in habit, and very distinct from any of the other Epidendrums, having curious and narrow-pointed leaves. The flowers, which are large, proceed from the top of the bulb, one or two together ; the sepals and petals are greenish yellow and brown, and the lip is of a pure white. It blooms during the summer months, and lasts long in beauty. This plant is best grown in a basket with moss. E. aurantiacum.—A distinct species from Guatemala. This plant is similar in growth to Cattleya Skinneri; the pseudo- bulbs so nearly resemble those of that plant, as to lead to its being often mistaken for it. It grows a foot high, and pro- duces its flowers from a sheath at the top of the bulb; the flowers are of a bright orange, with the lip of the same colour, striped with crimson. It blooms in March, April, and May ; lasting six weeks in perfection if kept in acool-house. There are two varieties of this plant, both of which I have had growing in the same house under the same treatment. The best variety opens its flowers freely, while in the other they keep nearly closed—a peculiarity which renders the latter not worth growing. E. bicornutum.—A remarkably handsome Orchid from Guiana, growing about fifteen inches in height. The flower spike proceeds from the top of the bulbs, sometimes producing on one spike as many as twelve beautiful flowers, each about two inches across, of a pure white, with a few crimson spots in the centre of the lip. It blooms in April and May, lasting two or three weeks in beauty. This is rather a difficult plant EPIDENDRUM. 187 to grow. The best plant I ever saw was grown on a block of wood without any moss, and flowered five or six years in succession ; but in the seventh year it seemed to lose its vigour, and never flowered afterwards, probably because the block began to decay and get sour. I have seen plants do well in pots with peat and good drainage. HE. Brassavole.—This very fine and remarkable species is a native of Central America, and will succeed well in the Mexican house. It derives its name from the resemblance in shape which the flowers bear to those of a Brassavola. The sepals and petals are of a rich yellowish brown, while the lip is in part white, the rest being of a beautiful mauve. The flowers are four inches in diameter, borne upon long and many-flowered spikes, very durable, and sweet-scented in the evening. The plant in its general habit resembles a large form of H. prismatocarpum. FE. catillus.x—A new and distinct species from New Grenada ; flowers produced in clusters ; sepals and petals cinnabar red ; it succeeds well in a cool-house. E. cinnabarinum.—A tall-growing plant, from Pernambuco. It grows four feet high, and blooms from the top of the stem; the flowers, which are bright scarlet, and are produced in abundance in May, June, and July, continue to be produced for two or three months. EF. cnemidophorum.—This is a rare and pretty cool-house Orchid, a native of Guatemala, where it is found up to an elevation of nearly 8,000 feet. It is one of those plants which the lamented Mr. Skinner had so much difficulty in getting home alive. It is a strong-growing plant, throwing out large fleshy roots, and making stout stems from three to five feet high. The leaves are about eight inches long, glossy, green, and somewhat sharp-pointed. The flower spike is terminal, and about a foot long, producing a cluster of light yellow 188 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. flowers, spotted with brown inside, and pure white at the back ; the lip is white shaded with rose, and deeply divided. - EF. Cooperianum.—A beautiful species from Rio, growing from two to three feet high. The flowers grow in racemes and are brownish yellow, with the lip large and bright rose- coloured. It isnamed in compliment to Mr. Cooper of the Old Kent Road. A most desirable species, and of easy culture in the Cattleya house. FE. crassifolium.—This is not so ornamental as many of the species of this genus, but it is worth growing on account of its distinct colour. It is rather tall, attaining a height of some two or three feet, and produces its rose-coloured flowers in profusion in March, April, May, and June, continuing to bloom for three or four months, which makes it a valuable plant for decoration. FE. dichromum.—A beautiful Orchid from Bahia. It pro- duces large panicles of flowers two inches in diameter, light rose-coloured, with the lip a rich crimson. ODONTOGLOSSUM RADIATUM. (For description see page 241.) varieties it is quite dark, in others light purple. This when well-grown makes a fine specimen. Native of Mexico. O, retusum.—This is not a magnificent large-flowered species, but is well worth a place in a collection on account of the profusion of flowers it produces during winter. It is a dwarf-growing plant, producing a branching spike which i i aa N ted! © & wre | Oe. Tan a o—— oer - henge tng 4 ieet wee | i-inr a CY mary i ced mg fYY>" ‘<) : de: i a AOE Gaeta ss Ss : TF sa ye ih, eae Fenct% each Orme ie . 7, 5 iw ~ : 4 | ebe, 2e Ne i i ODONTOGLOSSUM ROEZLI. ~ (248) ODONTOGLOSSUM. 943 bears upwards of a hundred flowers; sepals and petals orange-red, tinged with yellow; lip yellow in some varieties, in others of the same colour as the sepals and petals. Native of Eeuador. O. Roezliii— One of the most beautiful of all the Odonto- glossums, producing its blossoms twice a year ; the flowers are large, from two to three inches in diameter ; sepals and petals pure white, purplish at the base; lip white, with a purplish blotch on the upper part; leaves light green, about an inch broad and ten inches long; the flowers last frcm four to five weeks in perfection if kept free from damp. There are many varieties of this charming species, many of which are much lighter than the variety here described, but they are all worth growing ; this species is a fine subject as an exhibition plant. It is best grown in the Cattleya house. This is one of Mr. Roezel’s introductions from New Grenada, in honour of whom it is named. O. Roezlit album.—A charming variety of the last-named species, flowers pure white, with the exception of a blotch of pale lemon yellow on the upper part of the lip; this is a very desirable variety, and lasts a long time in perfection. It requires the same treatment as O. Roezlii. Native of New Grenada. O. roseum.—This very pretty plant I have only seen in a small state, but even then it was a charming plant; when, however, it has been longer in cultivation, I have no hesita- tion in saying it will be one of the most distinct and beautiful. Its flowers are about an inch across, rosy-carmine, with the lip not quite so bright. It produces from twelve to twenty flowers on each spike during the winter months, and it remains in full beauty for a considerable time. The cool-house suits it best. Native of Ecuador. O. Rossii.i—A desirable little Orchid from Mexico. It M 2 944 OROHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. produces its white and purple flowers during the winter, and lasts long in beauty. Is best grown on a block, but should always be kept moist. O. Rossti majus.—This is a superb variety of the preceding ; the growth is somewhat more robust, and the flowers are vastly superior, often measuring three inches and upwards in diameter, and two or three being frequently borne upon each spike; sepals white ; petals also white, but beautifully striped with transverse bars of purplish-crimson ; lip large, cordate, and pure white, the column being in some varieties purple, in others yellow. It blooms during mid-winter, lasting a very long time in full beauty. One of the finest and largest varieties of this plant I ever saw was flowered by E. G. Wrigley, Esq., of Bury, Lancashire. Native of Mexico. O. rubescens.—Another of the many small-fiowered cool Orchids, for which we are indebted to the late Mr. Skinner. A dwarf-growing kind ; flowering in autumn; the sepals and petals are blush, spotted with crimson; the lip is white and very pretty. Itisa native of Nicaragua. | O. Ruckerianum.—A new and handsome species, named in honour of the late Sigismund Rucker, Esq., in whose collection it first flowered. Sepals and petals creamy white, bordered with deep violet, and spotted on the inner surface with brown; the lip is yellow at the base, and has two or three chestnut brown blotches upon it. This isa very distinct and desirable plant. Native of New Grenada. O. Schlieperianum.—This plant was confounded with O. Insleayi for a long time, and in growth it certainly resembles that plant very much ; the flowers are, however, very distinct ; sepals and petals soft light yellow, faintly blotched with a darker yellow ; lip same colour, somewhat small. It flowers towards the end of summer, and not during the winter months. ah = +3 ODONTOGLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM, (246) ODONTOGLOSSUM. Q45 O. triumphans.—A magnificent species, which grows a foot high, with short thick pseudobulbs, and dark green leaves ; it produces branching spikes of blossom during the spring months ; flowers three inches in diameter; sepals and petals golden yellow, barred and spotted with rich crimson ; lip candate, white at the base, front portion rich deep rose. This species will last in perfection several weeks. There are many varieties of this species, some much better than others, but all are worth growing. O. Uro-Skinneri.—A pretty strong-growing species with thick shining bulbs ; blossoms during autumn, and continues flowering for a long time ; sepals and petals pale green, spotted with brown ; lip blush white ; requires to be potted in peat. Native of Guatemala. | O. vellum.—A curious species; sepals and petals yellow, with brown streaks; lip whitish, with many violaceous stripes and blotches; pseudobulbs narrow and flat; leaves about six inches long. Native of Ecuador. O. vexillarium.—This new and magnificent Orchid ranks among the most beautiful of Odontoglossums. It has been known to science for a long period, but it is only lately that it has been imported in a living state, after numerous futile efforts. It is a most valuable addition to this class on account of the distinct colour of its flowers. Leaves light green, from eight to ten inches long, and an inch broad. The flower spikes are produced from the sides of the bulbs, and bear from five to seven flowers each ; sepals and petals rosy pink; lip of the same colour. There are many varieties of this charming species, some much lighter than others. Mr. Richards, gardener to Baron Rothschild, Gun- nersbury, exhibited a splendid specimen at the Royal Horti- cultural Society's Gardens, at South Kensington. Native of New Grenada. 946 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. O. Wallisit.—A plant belonging to the O. Lindleyanuin section, but superior to that species; the spike is many- flowered ; sepals and petals soft yellow, streaked with reddish brown ; lip white, purplish-violet in front, and streaked with the same colour at the base. It blooms during winter. Native of New Grenada. GY F=I 74 Y dy fem \\ Y << S Up Vif Yj ah XN yy Yi, Md { x Cv, tif [i if i: N = . jt tet. os \ | LLORE ASS 4 Yee Z \\ANSS X \ V\\ 8 S\ ) : SZ Ss —_ ODONTOGLOSSUM WARNERIANUM. O. Warnerianum.—This very handsome species is sup- posed to be anative of Mexico. It flowered first in the fine collection of R. Warner, Esq., of Broomfield. The plant is dwarf in habit, and the scape, which is longer than the leaves, bears four or five flowers ; sepals and petals pure white, with a few brown spots ; lip white, shaded with rose, with a yellow blotch at the base. A very rare species ; beautifully figured in the Second Series of Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”’ ONCIDIUM. 247 O. Warscewiczii.—A very distinct novelty in the way of O. vevillarium ; flowers creamy white, with the exception of the sepals and petals, which have a blotch of brownish purple on the base. Dr. Reichenbach says “‘ this species is not equal to O. vexillarium, but that it will be as much admired by amateurs on account of its numerous varieties.” ONCIDIUM. This is a large genus of Orchids, of which many of the species are very beautiful. All of them are evergreen; their flowers are rich coloured and showy, and they make fine exhibition plants, and also for decoration. Some of them are large growers, while others are more compact ; and, in addition to their flowers, some species have handsomely spotted foliage. They have generally short thick pseudobulbs, from which the leaves and flower spikes proceed; but in this respect there is much-dissimilarity among them. Some kinds succeed well on blocks of wood, but they are generally best grown in pots, with peat and moss and good drainage. They require a liberal supply of heat and moisture in the growing season; afterwards only just enough water is required to keep their leaves and bulbs plumpand firm. The Cattleya house is most suited for them. ‘These plants are very accommodating; they will thrive in either house, and are propagated by division of the pseudobulbs. The follow- ing are all fine sorts, and ought to be in every collection, being of easy culture. There are, moreover, many other On- cidiums worth growing, besides those named in the following list. O. acianaceum.—This is a very distinct and elegant species, producing spikes from one to two feet long; flowers about an inch across; sepals white; the large petals are violet, bordered with white ; the lip is the same colour, shaded with 248 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. carmine. It should be grown in the cool-house. Native of Peru. O. ampliatum majus.—One of the finest species in culti- vation. It produces its large yellow flowers in abundance, on along branching spike three or four feet high, in April, May, and June, and continues blooming for two months. It is a robust-growing plant, and should be grown in a mixture of peat and sphagnum. Whe? this plant is in good health and well flowered, it is one of the finest Oncidiums for exhibition purposes. Native of Guatemala. O. Batemanii.—A good distinct kind from Brazil, growing about eighteen inches high, and having pale green foliage ; rather a shy-flowering plant, but one which is worth growing on account of its beautiful bright yellow flowers, which are produced at different times of the year. O. bicallosum.—-A showy dwarf species, producing a single dark-green, thick, fleshy leaf; the spike is erect and many- flowered; sepals and petals dark brown; lip bright yellow. This makes a fine plant for winter blooming, and continues in perfection a long time. It is very much like O. Cavendishii in flowers and growth, but less robust. Native of Guatemala. O. bicolor.—This is a fine species from the Spanish Main, and blooms in September ; sepals and petals yellow, spotted with crimson. The lip is very large, deep yellow on the upper side, and almost white underneath. This will thrive on a block suspended from the roof. O. bifolium.—A handsome dwarf-growing species, with ovate dark green pseudobulbs, which are streaked with a few black marks; the leaves are short, borne in pairs, and, like the bulbs, deep green; sepals and petals brown; lip bright yellow, and of large size. It produces short spikes of these flowers in May and June, which last a long time in perfection. There are two varieties of this plant, one ONCIDIUM. : 249 much brighter than the other in the colour of the flowers. This is best grown in a pot, suspended from the roof close to the rafters. It requires to be potted in peat and sphagnum moss; ample drainage should also be given, as it enjoys a liberal supply of water. Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney, used to cultivate this plant better than any other grower of Orchids whose collections I have seen; they treated it in the way above recommended. Native of Monte Video. O. bifolium majus.—This is a superb variety of the pre- ceding ; the pseudobulbs are much larger, and the habit of the plant is altogether more robust. The spike is quite double the length of that of the ordinary form, and bears fully double the number of flowers; sepals and petals brown, faintly marked with yellow; lip very large, and brilliant yellow. These are produced in May and June, and continue in per- fection a long time. It requires the same treatment as the preceding, and, like it, should be placed at the cool end of the Cattleya house. Native of Monte Video. Q. bifrons.—A very old but rare species, with brown shiny bulbs; the rich yellow flowers are produced on spikes about one foot long. Native of Mexico. O. calanthum.—A pretty, distinct, and free-flowering species, which thrives best potted in peat, and placed in the cool-house ; the flower spike is long, and bears a profusion of its gay blooms ; sepals and petals somewhat oblong, nearly as long as the lip, light yellow; lip broad deep yellow, the crest of the lip and column being stained with red. Native of Keuador. O. Cavendishit.—The large, broad, and fleshy leaves of this fine Orchid are of a rich and lively green; its bright yellow flowers are produced in great abundance from strong and branching spikes, and the fact of their appearing in the dull months of winter greatly increases its value. The flowers, M3 250 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. even at this season, retain all their brilliancy for several weeks. It may be grown on a block or in a pot, but on account of its size seems to do best in the latter. Native of Guatemala. O. chrysothyrsus.—This very showy and free-flowering Oncidium is a native of Brazil. It is free and compact in its growth, seldom growing more than a foot high, and _pro- ducing from the pseudobulb, when fully developed, a fine branching spike some three feet in length, covered with its lovely flowers ; sepals and petals green, streaked with red ; the lip is large and bright yellow. It succeeds well upon a block, and remains in bloom a long time. I saw a few fine varieties of this with Mr. Findlay, Botanic Gardens, Man- chester. O. ciliatum.—A pretty species from Brazil, and very com- pact in growth, being about six inches high; the colour is a beautiful brown and yellow ; it succeeds best on a block, but it must have good attention as to water at the roots. O. concolor.—A very distinct species; flowers large and pure yellow, produced upon pendulous racemes ; it blooms in April and May; long drooping spikes of rich golden yellow flowers, the lip large and flat. One and a half to two inches diameter. From the Organ Mountains. O. cornigerum.—This plant bids fair to become highly ornamental, as it is very distinct in habit and appearance. The pseudobulbs are about nine inches long, producing deep green leaves of a peculiarly thick and fleshy texture; the prettily marked spike is formed after the growth is mature, and on it are borne the beautifully gay flowers, which are yellow, spotted with deep red; its season of flowering is April and May. Native of New Grenada and Brazil. O. crispum.—A good dwarf-growing plant. The pseudo- bulbs are ovate, somewhat rough, and light brown, each ONCIDIUM. Sal supporting a pair of short coriaceous leaves; the spike is long, producing many large flowers; sepals and petals a rich coppery colour; lip the same colour, with lighter spots in the centre. This blooms at different times of the year, and lasts three or four weeks in beauty. It requires to be grown on a block of wood in the Cattleya house, and should never be allowed to get dry, for it seems to like plenty of moisture. Native of the Organ Mountains in Brazil. O. crispum grandiflorum.—A very fine variety of the pre- ceding. Its blossoms are very large, twice the size of those of O. crispum, and deep rich brown in colour. It succeeds best on a block, and requires a good supply of water at the roots. O, crispum marginatum—tThe flowers of this variety are scarcely so large as those of the preceding one; they are, however, superior in size to, and richer in colour than, those of O. crispum, and, in addition, the sepals and petals are broadly margined with golden yellow, which affords a striking and beautiful contrast with the rich chocolate ground colour. O. Cresus.—A pretty, dwarf-growing plant; its pseudo- bulbs are slender, tapering upwards, supporting a pair of light green leaves; spikes short, few flowered ; sepals and petals greenish yellow, tinged with brown; lip large, rich golden yellow, the crest prominent, and deep velvety black. It blooms very freely during summer, and continues a con- siderable time in full beauty. The plant succeeds best in. the Cattleya house, either suspended from the roof upon a. block, or potted in peat and sphagnum moss. Native of Brazil. O. cruentum.—A very desirable species ; pseudobulbs very dark green ; leaves long lanceolate ; it produces fine branch- | ing spikes of yellow flowers; sepals and petals yellow, barred with browr ; lip pale yellow. 252, ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. O. cucullatum.—Although this is a small-flowered species, it is a very beautiful one. It is a dwarf-growing plant, and the flowers (which are in the sepals and petals rose colour, and in the lip reddish purple, spotted with deep purple) last a long time in perfection. There are many varieties of this species, differing very much in colour. This species will do well with Odontoglossums. Found in New Grenada at 8,000 feet altitude. O. cucullatum flavidum.—Similar in habit to the species ; sepals and petals yellow, blotched with brown; lip purple, margined with white. This is a distinct and very desirable form of this plant; it must be placed in the coolest house ; the flowers are produced in spring, and continue a long time in beauty; will also do in a eool-house. Native of New Grenade. O. cucullatum macrochilum.—An entirely diffecent-looking plant from the previous one. It grows about a foot high, pro- ducing flower spikes two feet in length, upon which are borne its beautiful flowers, which are in the sepals and petals rich plum and crimson; lip mauve, spotted with dark violet. Native of New Grenada. O. curtum.—This is a very handsome and distinct species, of compact growth, resembling somewhat O. crispwm in foliage and shape of the bulbs. The flowers are produced on long spikes which proceed from the base of the bulb; sepals and petals yellow, barred and blotched with cinnamon brown ; lip golden yellow, spotted towards the margin with dark purple. It will succeed best either in a basket or on a block with plenty of drainage. Blooms during the spring months, and lasts several weeks in perfection. Native of Brazil. O, dasytyle.—A beautiful dwarf-growing species, producing its flowers during the months of January and February. Sepals, ochre colour ;.petals, brownish purple; lip, bright (252) ONCIDIUM CURTUM. - ONCIDIUM. 258 yellow, with a long purple callus, and some purplish veins in the base of the lip. From the Organ Mountains. O. divaricatum.—A small but abundant-flowering species ; the flowers are produced on long branching spikes during the summer months; sepals and petals yellow, blotched and barred with brown ; lip orange yellow, it continues in per- fection a long time. This is a useful plant for all pur- poses when well grown; pot culture suits it best. Native #1 Brazil. O, euwanthinum.—A plant having much the appearance of O. bifolium, and requiring similar treatment. The flowers are numerous, of moderate size, and very showy; sepals and petals small greenish yellow, banded with brown; lip large, rich yellow; it blooms during the autumn. Native of Brazil. _ O. excavatum.—aA robust-growing plant, with light green leaves and pseudobulbs ; it should be potted in good fibrous peat, and placed in the cool-house ; the flower spike is long and branched, and bears an immense quantity of its richly- ° coloured flowers; sepals and petals rich yellow, profusely blotched with cinnamon brown ; lip also rich yellow, blotched only on the crest. This is also known by the name of O. aurosum. Native of Peru. O, excavatum Dawsoni.—This, though bearing some resem- blance to O. excavatum, is very much stronger and more robust in all its parts. The branching spikes are five feet long, upon which its lovely large bright yellow and rich brown flowers are borne in great profusion. I had the pleasure of seeing a specimen of this splendid variety in bloom with the late T. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank, each spike five feet high, bearing upwards of a hundred flowers; it was truly a noble object. O. flecuosum.—A good old species from Brazil, producing 254 ORCHID-GROWER S MANUAL. showy flowers in abundance on a long spike ; blossoms yellow, slightly spotted with brown. It blooms at different times of the year, and continues for several weeks. There are two varieties of this plant, one called majus, which has much larger flowers than the other, though of the same colour ; this is a scarce variety, and is best grown in a pot with moss. O. Forbesti.—A truly handsome dwarf species from Brazil ; flowers large and very distinct, the colours being yellow, scarlet, and white; it blooms in November. This is a very rare plant, and grows best on a block with moss. O. hematochilum.—A fine compact-growing plant, similar in habit to O. Lanceanum ; leaves short, thick, and fleshy, dark green ; spike erect ; flowers moderate size; sepals and petals greenish yellow, blotched with chestnut ; lip rich crim- son and rose; this plant is seldom seen in collections. We saw a fine plant shown by Mr. Mitchell at the Manchester Show, in November last. A scarce Orchid. Native of Guate- * mela. O. holochrysum.—This, though long known to botanists, like many more fine things, has only recently become known to cultivators. The plant is similar in habit to O. lifolium, but the bulbs are beautifully spotted; the flowers are rich golden yellow, and set very densely upon the spike. No col- lection should be without this charming plant, which grows freely in a low temperature. Native of Peru. O. hyphematicum.—This is a beautiful little plant, with small oblong pseudobulbs bearing a single oblong-lanceolate, obtuse leaf. The flowers are large, but somewhat laxly set upon the branching raceme ; sepals and petals purplish brown, blotched with a deeper hue of the same colour; lip rich deep yellow. The flowers of this species are very showy, as, in addition to the colours already named, they are blood-red on ONCIDIUM. 255 the outside. It should be grown in peat and sphagnum, and kept in the cool-house. The flowers are produced during the latter part of summer and beginning of autumn. Native of Ecuador. O. incurvum.—A pretty distinct dwarf Orchid, producing white and brown flowers during autumn and winter ; it lasts long in beauty, and is best grown in a pot with peat. This is a very fine species when well grown. I have seen it growing in a cool-house, and bearing twenty-five spikes, two feet high, and a charming plant it was. Native of Mexico. O. Kramerianum.—A very fine Orchid, somewhat in habit like O. Papilio; the pseudobulbs are very dark, the leaves brightly spotted. It makes a long, knotty-jointed flower spike, with flowers the same shape and colour as the before- mentioned species, but instead of being banded with the rich dark brown on the yellow, the darker colour is distributed over the flower in a profusion of spots. The margin of the lip is beautifully undulate. It keeps blooming from the top of the spike for years, and it is often in beauty. Native of Central America. O. Lanceanum.—A remarkably handsome and distinct plant, with beautifully spotted foliage; flowers large, and produced on a stiff spike about a foot or more high ; sepals and petals bright yellow, blotched with crimson; lip rich violet. Of this plant there are two varieties, one having the lip almost white. It blooms during the summer months, lasting four or five weeks in good condition, if the flowers are kept free from damp. This is best grown on a block or in a basket, with moss or peat, and makes a splendid plant for exhibition; but we seldom gee it in good condition. Native of Guiana. O. leopardinum.—A very free-flowering and pretty Orchid. It is a compact-growing species, and produces flower spikes + 256 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. some three feet high, covered with yellow flowers, spotted with brown. Native of Peru. O. leucochilum.—A desirable and distinct species from Mexico, producing spikes sometimes as much as ten feet long ; sepals and petals yellowish green ; lip a pure white ; it blooms at different times of the year, and lasts a long time in per- fection. ‘There are many varieties of this species, some richer in colour than others. Best grown in a pot. O. Limminghet.—This species is perhaps the most singular in the whole genus; the habit is similar to that of a Sophronites ; the leaves are dark green, arranged in a dis- tichous manner, and netted with veins of bright brown; the flowers are golden yellow, richly spotted with brown. It succeeds admirably in a somewhat cool temperature. Native of Brazil. O. longipes.—A pretty compact small species from Rio Janeiro, growing about six inches high, and producing spikes of flowers in great abundance; lip large and of a bright golden yellow ; petals brown, tipped with yellow. It blooms during the summer months, and will do well on a block. O. luridum Dodgsoni.—A splendid variety, which I have only seen in the choice collection of R. B. Dodgson, Esq., at Blackburn, Lancashire. The leaves are very thick and fleshy, in the way of O. luridum, but broader and longer, producing flower spikes seven feet long, and much branched, bearing between three and four hundred flowers on each; colour orange and yellow, barred with dark brown. Under the care of Mr. Whitehead this has become a splendid specimen, potted in peat aud sphagnum moss, and treated with a liberal supply of both heat and moisture. Native of the West Indies. O. luridum guttatum.—A fine variety from Jamaica; it produces long spikes of flowers, which are yellow, brown, and red in colour; it blooms during the summer months; con- ONCIDIUM. 257 tinues in perfection a long time, and is best grown in a pot with peat. QO. macranthum.—This splendid Oncidium is a great aqui- sition. It is of free growth, with large pseudobulbs and dark green leaves; spike several feet long, twining, branching, and many-flowered ; flowers from three to four inches across ; sepals and petals very round and broad, thick and fleshy, rich yellow, tinged with purplish brown ; lip hastate, much smaller, yellow, the side lobes being dark purplish brown. It is one of the finest yet introduced ; the cool-house suits it best, and it should be potted in peat and sphagnum moss, with good drainage. It blooms during spring and early summer ; lasts long in full beauty. This plant was first exhibited from the fine collection of Lord Londesborough. It is -beautifully figured in the Second Series of Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”’ Native of New Grenada. O. Marshallianum.—This lovely plant is a near ally of O. crispum in growth. The flowers are very large, bright golden yellow in colour, and marked with rich brown spots. There has been some fine varieties of this species bloomed this year, and we are glad to say there have been some good importations of it. Is best grown in the Cattleya house, as near the light as possible. Native of Brazil. O. metallicum.—A very distinct species; sepals and petals rich chestnut brown, the borders of the upper sepals and smaller petals blotched with rich yellow. Native of New Grenada. O. nubigenum.—This is a lovely addition to our cultivated Orchids, and one that should succeed under the coolest treat- ment, growing as it does at a greater elevation than any other known--viz., 14,000 feet above the sealevel. It is somewhat more robust in all its parts than Odontoglossum Phalaenopsis, but the flowers are in shape very like diminutive examples of 258 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. that species. The sepals and petals are brownish, shaded with crimson ; lip generally white, yellow at the base, marked with violet or purple ; but in the manner of its markings and intensity of colour it appears to be very variable. O. oblongatum.—A handsome free-flowering species, from Guatemala, compact in habit, with short thick pseudobulbs ; foliage light green, about twelve inches in length ; flowers very showy, of a bright yellow, and of good size; blossoms during the winter months, and continues a long time in perfection ; it succeeds best in a pot. O. obryzatum.—Of nice compact habit, growing freely in the cool-house ; producing in great abundance its fine branched spikes of bright yellow flowers, barred with brown, and which yield a delicious perfume. There are many varieties of this plant. Native of-Ecuador. O. ornithorhynchum.—A charming free-flowering Orchid from Mexico. It grows ten inches high, and produces graceful drooping spikes of flowers during the autumn and winter months ; colour delicate rose, and beautifully scented. This does best in a basket, in which the flowers are shown off to good advantage; a general favourite with Orchid growers. There are two varieties of this, one having darker and larger flowers. O. ornithorhynchum albiflorum.—This is a white variety of the above-named species, which flowered in the collection of J. Day, Esq., Tottenham. A great acquisition, as white flowers are always valuable, and in addition it is sweet, which will make it all the more valuable. Native of Guatemala. O. Papilio majus—A truly beautiful Orchid from Trini- dad, with flowers the shape of a butterfly. It continues blooming from the old flower stems for years—as soon as one flower fades, another appears in the same place; the colour of the flowers is rich dark brown, barred with yellow; ONCIDIUM. 259 lip very large, with bright yellow in the centre, and edged with dark brown. This will do either in a pot or on a lock. There are several varieties of VO. Papilio, but majus is the best. O. Phalenopsis.—This is also a beautiful and distinct Oncid- ium. Pseudobulbs ovate, about three inches long, and very dark green ; leaves produced in pairs, and also deep green; spike slender, bearing five or six large flowers; sepals and petals about the same size, rich cream-colour, barred and spotted with beautiful violet and crimson; lip large, creamy white, sometimes spotted the same as the petals, and having in addition a golden yellow crest. It should be grown in the cool-house. Native of Peru. O. phymatochilum.—A pretty species from Brazil, and very distinct from all others in flower as well as in growth. The pseudobulbs are thick ; the foliage dark green, attaining a height of twelve inches; flowers very curious ; sepals and petals yellow and reddish brown ; lip white. This is a species which ought to be in every collection; it blooms during May and June, and continues in flower two months at a time; it is best grown in a pot, in peat. O. pulchellun.—A beautiful dwarf compact species from Jamaica, attaining a height of about six inches, with small pseudobulbs and leaves, and it produces its spikes of white flowers in abundance during the summer months, remaining « long time in perfection. It thrives well on a block, with plenty of moisture at the roots. O. pulvinatum.—A free-flowering Brazilian species, compact in habit, and growing about a foot high. The flower spikes not unfrequently ten feet long, the colour of the blossoms being yellow, orange, and brown. It blooms during the summer months, and lasts a long time in perfection ; pot culture and peat suit it best. 260 ORCHID-GROWER 'S MANUAL. O. pulvinatum majus.—A fine Brazilian variety of the pre- ceding, growing in the same way, but having blossoms much larger and brighter in colour. This I have only seen in the late collection of E. McMorland, Esq. O. reflecum.—This handsome Mexican Oncidiwm should find a place in every collection. Its dwarf habit, easy culture, and the numerous long spikes covered with abundance of its large bright yellow flowers, which enliven the house as autumn is approaching, should make it a universal favourite. O. Rogersii—This exceedingly showy and beautiful free- flowering species should be grown in the Cattleya house, potted in peat and sphagnum moss. In habit and appearance it resembles O. bifolium majus, but is more robust than that plant, and the spike is also much larger and branched, bearing as many as one hundred and seventy flowers, which mea- sure about two and a half inches across; sepals and petals small; lip large, flat, and spreading, deeply three-lobed in front, and rich golden yellow in colour. It blooms during winter, and is said to be a variety of O. varicosum. This is well illustrated from Mr. Veitch’s plant in ‘* Warner’s Select Orchidaceous Plants,’ Second Series. Native of Brazil. O. roseum.—A pretty small-flowering species from Hon- duras. The flowers are rose-coloured, spotted with red; it blooms at different times of the year, lasts six weeks in good condition, and is best grown in a pot with peat. O. roseum superbum.—This is a fine large variety of the pre- ceding, which I saw in the collection of the late T. West, Esq., Clapham Park; it is a magnificent plant, making spikes five feet long, covered with its beautiful large rich crimson and white flowers. O. rupestre—A very handsome cool-house species; the pseudobulbs are smooth and stout, pale green ; leaves ligu- late, about a foot long, and dark green; flowers numerous, e., Y “iy = ‘of « ipa. WM" AGN we oz, Se Wy Is) st BN", i I ONCIDIUM ROGERSII. (260) ° a ieee ene eas et eee fre , > ey ea ee a a3 Py & ie ar ‘ i a ae er a \ CD ; =i Hy MH) ft) At \ YE \\“W“~“ ] Kw ONCIDIUM. 261 produced on a much-branched spike ; sepals and petals bright flame colour, spotted with brown; lip similar in colour. Native of Peru. O. sarcodes.—A fine species, with handsome flowers, from Brazil, and producing its branching spikes of yellow and crimson blossoms during March and April. , This plant has been scarce, but this last year there has been some large importations, and no doubt we shall get many varieties of this showy Orchid; it will do either on a block or in a pot, with peat and moss. Native of Brazil. O. serratum.—aA pretty species, which should be grown in rough fibrous peat, and placed in the cool-house. The pseudo- bulbs are oval, some six inches high or more, dark green, bearing rigid acute leaves of the same colour; spike twining and branched, from six to twelve feet long, bearing many large flowers, which are bright chocolate brown, margined with yellow; sepals much crisped at the margins, the lower ones much lengthened out; petals smaller and connivent; lip small. This plant is sometimes called O. diadema. Native of Peru. . O. sessile.—A pretty species of compact growth from Santa - Martha; it produces its slender spikes of pale yellow flowers, spotted in the centre with pale cinnamon colour; blooms _ during the spring months, and will do well in the Cattleya house ; it lasts in bloom four weeks. O. sphacelatum majus.—A good free-growing Orchid, from Honduras, producing its long branching spikes of flowers in April and May, lasting three or four weeks in beauty. The colour of the flower is yellow, barred with dark brown ; it is best grown in a pot with peat or moss. O. splendidum.—This is a grand and very distinct plant. It has short roundish dark green pseudobulbs, which support a single erect thick and fleshy deep green leaf; the spike is 262 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. erect, about two feet long, and branching ; flowers large and very showy ; sepals and petals small, greenish yellow, blotched with brown ; lip large and flat, of a uniform rich clear yellow. / ‘i DQ \ : N Lie iy =>. ONCIDIUM SPLENDIDUM, It should be grown in the Cattleya house, in a pot or basket. The flowers are produced during spring and early summer. I saw this superb species blooming beautifully with Mr. Denning, —— ss ONCIDIUM, 263 gardener to Lord Londesborough, in 1870, and also again with Mr. Whitehead, gardener to R. B. Dodgson, Esq., of Blackburn. A very rare species. O. Sprucet.—This species in habit somewhat resembles O. Ceboletta, but its terete leaves are more swollen in the centre ; it produces its bright yellow flowers in great profusion, and from its distinct habit is a good addition to a collection. Native of South America. O. stelligerum.—This is a very distinct and free-flowering species, allied to O. hastatum ; flowers panicled yellowish, with brown dots; the lip is yellowish white, with a darker callus. Native of Mexico. O. superbiens, also known as O. emulwm.—This plant belongs to the O. serratum section ; the pseudobulbs are similar to O. serratum, and about four inches long, and somewhat ovate ; leaves about a foot long, narrow, and dark green, panicle two to three feet long, bearing twenty to thirty flowers, which are two inches and a half in diameter; sepals chocolate brown, tipped with yellow ; petals yellow, barred with chocolate ; lip small, reddish brown, with yellow crest. New Grenada. O. tigrinum.—A remarkably handsome dwarf Orchid from Mexico ; the flowers are very large; the sepals and petals rich brown, barred with yellow; the lip a bright yellow, about an inch and a half across. It produces its branching spikes of flower during the dull months of autumn and winter, which greatly enhances its value, and it lasts six weeks inbloom. ‘There have been several importations during the last three years, which has made this fine Orchid more plentiful. This species is sometimes found under the name of Q. Barkeri, but it is undoubtedly the same thing. O. trilingue.—A very distinct and peculiar plant, still very rare in collections ; it very much resembles O. serratum, to which, indeed, it is nearly allied. Sepals and petals rich 264 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. chocolate brown, edged with light yellow, the margins undu- lated ; lip very singular in form, brown, with a yellow crest. It should be potted in fibrous peat, and grown in the cool- house. Native of Peru. O. unguiculatum.—A pretty winter-flowering species from Guatemala; the large yellow flowers are produced on a long branching spike, three or four feet high, lasting a long time in perfection. It sueceeds best potted in good fibrous peat. O. variegatum.—A pretty species from the West Indies ; it grows six inches high, and has dark evergreen foliage ; spikes branching and upright, bearing many blossoms of a rosy pink colour, and continuing in beauty for several weeks ; it is best grown on a block with plenty of moisture at the roots. O. xanthodon.—This plant belongs to the O. serratum section, and although the flowers are not so large as in that species, they make a good display from their being so freely produced. In growth it very much resembles O. serratum ; the flower spike is very long and trailing; sepals and petals rich dark brown, bordered with yellow ; lip brown, and yellow in the centre. Native of Ecuador. PALUMBINA. P. candida.—This plant, though nearly allied to Onci- dium, is very distinct in habit and appearance. It has light green leaves and pseudobulbs, and produces upon its slender erect spikes several flat waxy white flowers, which continue in perfection a long time. It is from Guatemala, and thrives best under rather cool treatment; a rare and interesting species. This will do in a pot, with peat, moss, and good drainage, but it does not require much water at the roots at any time. PAPHINA——PERISTERIA. 265 PApHINA. Of this pretty genus there are only two with which I am acquainted, but both of them are well worth growing, being compact in habit, and having short pseudobulbs and flag- shaped leaves from six inches to a foot in length. They succeed best in the Cattleya house, in pots, in good fibrous peat, with plenty of drainage, and enjoy a liberal supply of water at the roots during the growing season. Propagation is effected by dividing the bulbs. P. cristata.—A pretty dwarf free-flowering species from Demerara; it grows about eight inches high, and has small shining pseudobulbs, from the base of which the flower spike is produced ; it usually bears about three flowers, the weight of which causes the spike to become slightly pendulous ; sepals and petals dark chocolate, tinged with purple; lip white, barred with purple, and fringed. There are two varieties of this plant, one of which produces much darker flowers than the other. It blooms at different times of the year, and will remain in beauty for about a fortnight. P. tigrina.—A fine species which grows some ten or twelve inches high, and produces its fine yeliow and brown flowers on an upright spike, several together ; it succeeds best potted in peat, and should have good drainage. The flowers last several weeks in perfection. Native of Trinidad. PERISTERIA. A singular genus of Orchids, of which there are several species, but only three that I can recommend as worthy the attention of the amateur. Peristeria elata, the Dove plant, is a noble species, and one which ought to be in every collection. These plants produce flower spikes from the side of their large pseudobulbs, near the base. They will succeed in either the East Indian or the Cattleya house, and should N 266 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. be potted in loam and leaf mould; a good quantity 0 water during their period of growth is necessary; afterwards give them a good season of rest, and keep them nearly dry at the roots: if allowed to get wet during their resting season they are apt to rot. They are propagated by dividing the plants, P. cerina.—The pseudobulbs of this plant are strong and dark green, supporting a pair of large coriaceous leaves of the same colour. The spike is pendulous, and produces bunches of yellow flowers close to the bulbs; it blooms in June or July. Native of the Spanish Main. P. elata.—A noble free-growing plant from Panama, with large pseudobulbs, and light green plaited leaves three or four feet high ; spikes erect, three feet or more in height, bearing a quantity of white waxy flowers; the central parts of each flower presenting a very striking resemblance to the figure of a dove, whence it is called in the vernacular, El Spirito Santo. This plant usually flowers in July, August, and September, and continues blooming for two months when the growths are strong. P. guttata.—A curious species, from South America. It produces spikes of red and yellow flowers close to the bulbs, which are pendulous, and hang over the edge of the pot. It blooms in September, lasting two or three weeks in perfection. PHAJUS. A fine genus of terrestrial Orchids, which produce their beautiful spikes of flowers very freely, and when well grown are noble objects. These plants are of easy culture, and will amply repay any amount of attention and care. They are large-growing plants, and when not in bloom their noble foliage is extremely ornamental. If large specimens are PHAJUS. 267 wanted, they should be grown in pots of large size, with loam, leaf mould, and rotten cow-dung, as directed in the remarks on Terrestrial Orchids. They require plenty of heat and moisture at their roots in their growing season, but the water should not touch the young growth. During their period of rest they may be placed in a cooler house, and should be supplied with very little water. Propagation is effected by dividing the bulbs after the blooming season is past. P. Bernaysii.—Flowers pale yellow within, white without scape, from two to three feet high ; sepals and petals oblong acute, white outside but soft pale yellow within; lip three- lobed, white ; habit of P. grandifolius ; leaves long, lanceolate in shape, plicate and dark green. Native of Australia. P. grandifolius——This noble evergreen plant grows about three feet high, and produces its flower spikes one or two feet above the foliage, the colour of the flowers being white and brown. It blooms during the winter and spring months, and lasts long in beauty if kept in a cool-house. This is a most useful plant for winter blooming, as it will flower beauti- fully when grown in small pots, and in this state may be used for the decoration of apartments during the dull months, without suffering the least injury. It also makes a noble plant for exhibition when grown into a large specimen, but to retard it for this purpose it requires to be kept very cool during autumn and winter. It is an old inhabitant of our gardens. Native of China. P. irroratus.—This is the result of a cross between Phajus grandifolius and Calanthe vestita. The pseudobulbs are coni- eal, and bear dark green plaited leaves, similar to those of P. grandifolius ; flowers large, produced upon an erect spike ; sepals and petals rich cream colour, tipped with rosy-pink ; lip nearly round, creamy white, stained with yellow towards N 2 268 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. the base. Its elegant flowers are produced during mid-winter. The same treatment as recommended for the other kinds suits this plant admirably. It is one of Mr. Dominy’s beautiful garden hybrids. P. maculatus.—A plant too much neglected by the majority of Orchid growers, but one that is very showy in spring. PHAJUS IRRORATUS. (For description see page 267.) The pseudobulbs are large, somewhat ovate; the leaves long, dark green, spotted with yellow; the flowers are rich yellow, borne on short spikes in great profusion. There are two varieties of this plant; the best one is very showy and de- sirable. Native of Northern India. P. Wallichii.—A fine large-growing plant, attaining some PHALENOPSIS. 269 four or five feet in height, producing its long upright spikes of flowers in March, April, and May, and continuing to flower for six weeks. The blossoms are orange yellow in - eolour, or buff tinged with purple. It makes a noble plant for winter blooming, and also for exhibition purposes, if retarded as directed for P. grandifolius. For further notice of these plants, see chapter on Preparing Orchids for Tra- velling to Exhibitions. PHALZENOPSIS. A genus containing comparatively few species, and these of not very large growth, but some of them producing magnificent flowers, which last long in beauty. Within the last few years has been added to it one of the finest of all Orchids—viz., P. Schilleriana, which has really beautifully variegated foliage, as well as wonderfully distinct and fine flowers. The known species are all compact handsome plants, requiring very little room, and are worth a place in every collection. They produce ' thick fleshy leaves, from the axils of which the spikes of charming flowers ascend. The flowers themselves are very freely produced, and last a long time; indeed, they may be had in bloom all the year round. I have seen P. grandiflora blooming for six months, and have exhibited the same plant for seven years at six exhibitions during each year, sometimes with as many as from seventy to eighty flowers expanded on it at one time. Some of the species of Phalenopsis now in cultivation comprise some of the finest Orchids yet introduced to this country, and no collection, however small, should be without adequate representatives of these lovely plants, which are compact in habit and growth, have beautiful flowers and handsome evergreen foliage ; free-flowering, and, as I have just pointed out, continue a long time in perfection—qualities 270 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. which proclaim them to be plants of more than ordinary value. They all require the same kind of treatment, and an East Indian heat, together with a good supply of water during their growing season, for the various species are found in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, in Manilla, and some few of them in the Burmese territory, where the heat is high, a natural condition which ought to be imitated under artificial circumstances as nearly as possible. They are found growing on the branches of trees in damp, moist places, and on bare rocks where, during the rainy season, an immense quantity of water falis. Nevertheless, they are of easy culture, and if properly attended to are seldom out of order; but sinee they have no thick fleshy pseudobulbs to support them, they require, in order to grow them to perfection, somewhat more care and attention than the majority of this order. Thus, they need more moisture at their roots during the growimg season—in fact, they should never be allowed to get dry, for if so, they are apt to shrivel, and often lose their bottom leaves, which spoils their appearance, the beauty of these plants consisting almost as much in their having good foliage as good flowers. The growing season is from March to the end of October, during which time the’ temperature by day should range from 70° to 75°, allowing it to rise to 80° or more by sun heat, pro- vided the house be shaded, for the sun is very apt to scorch their thick fleshy leaves ; if so scorched they will soon decay and spoil the plant; sometimes they will do better in one part of the house than the other; this has been found out by the cultivator, if they do not do in one part, move them to another. The night temperature should range from 65° to 70° in March and April; afterwards it may be allowed to rise a few degrees higher. During their resting season, from the end of October to February, the temperature should range from 60° to 65° by PHALENOPSIS. ae night, and 65° by day, or even a little more will not do any harm with sun heat. In giving air, a little should be admitted close to the hot water pipes, so that it may be warmed on entering the house; and some water should also be sprinkled about on fine days, in the morning, so that the house may be dry by night. Phalenopsids are grown in different ways. Sometimes they are placed on blocks, sometimes in pots or in baskets, and I have found them to succeed well under all three modes of treatment ; they require, however, more moisture at the roots if grown on blocks, whilst if grown in pots, more drainage will be required than when they are planted in baskets. For pot culture, the best way is to place an inverted pot in the bottom of the one intended for the plant, and fill in the intervening space with potsherds, broken into pieces about two inches square, to within two inches of the rim ; sphagnum, having a few small potsherds mixed with it, should then be placed upon the drainage, and the plant elevated three inches above the rim, taking care to keep the base of the plant well above the moss. The successful culture of Phalenopsis, as well as of all other plants, depends upon efficient drainage. If grown on blocks they should be placed on a good-sized one, so that there is plenty of surface for the roots to cling to. In fastening the plant on, first place a little live sphagnum on the block, then fix the plant on with copper wire, and afterwards hang it up near the roof, but not too near the glass, or the plants may get injured by cold, which should be specially guarded against during winter. If the plants should get into an unhealthy condition, the best plan is to turn them out of their pots or baskets, and shake all the material away from their roots, wash them with clean water, cut off all the decayed parts of roots or leaves, 272, ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. and replace them on blocks with a little sphagnum, giving them a good supply of moisture, and placing them at the warmest end of the house, but not too much exposed to the light ; under this treatment they will soon begin to root and improve in appearance. I need hardly add that they should be kept clear of insects, especially thrips, which soon dis- figure the foliage. Constant attention and frequent washing of the leaves with a sponge and clean water, or fumigating the house with tobacco smoke, is the way to keep clear of all such pests; the latter operation, however, should be con- ducted with great care. These plants are difficult to propagate. To this rule, how- ever, P. Liiddemanniana is an exception, as it produces young plants upon the flower spikes very freely. Sometimes the other species will also produce young plants on the old flower stems, and these should be left on till well rooted, and then placed on small blocks. P. amabilis—The Queen of Orchids. This magnificent plant, which comes from Manilla, produces its graceful spikes of flowers nearly all the year round. The flowers are each three inches across, and arranged in a distichous manner along the spike ; sepals and petals pure white ; the lip of the same colour, but beautifully streaked inside with rose pink, The flowers continue in perfection a long time, if they are kept free from damp, but if allowed to get wet they are apt to spot. There are many varieties of this. 1 saw some fine ones in the collection of G. Herriott, Esq., Highgate. Some of them were very large and good in shape. P. amethystina.—An elegant little plant which, though not so showy as some of the genus, yet is a nice addition to this beautiful and popular family. The leaves are somewhat oblong, but narrower towards the base, stout, waved at the edges, and dark green; spike about a foot long, with a few \ | IOI GF 4, ‘ fi — PHALAINOPSIS AMABILIS. (272) 4 . a ee De Fg ice et SEL LAs tal foe co v= , Cate ee wee ° . Msi pie aa «? Rie diy ia oy is Mae iy etdle bn Oe en he \ cond “) ae Roan, W-G.S.s¢ PHALZNOPSIS AMETHYSTINA. PHALENOPSIS. OTs short branches; flowers rather small and lax; sepals and petals white, spreading ; lip white, tinged with yellow at the base, centre part rich amethyst suffused with purple, and deeply emarginate in front. Native of the Sunda Isles. P. casta.—This plant is supposed by Dr. Reichenbach to be a natural mule; the leaves are slightly spotted in the young state, but disappear as they attain maturity ; flowers white as in P. amabilis ; slightly tinted with purple. P. cornu-cervi.—A very pretty Orchid, originally found by Mr. Lobb, and which was frequently sent to England, but “never arrived in a living state until two or three years ago. It is a native of Moulmein. This plant is not particularly showy in a small state, but when grown strong, it blooms very freely. The leaves are eight inches or more in length, and bright green. The flower stem is thickened and flattened at the top where the flowers are situated ; sepals and petals yellow, tinged with green, and barred and striped with brown. It may be grown in a pot or basket, living sphagnum being the best material to pot it in; a liberal supply of water and heat is essential to its well-being. P. grandiflora.—A truly handsome species from Java. The flowers are produced in the same way as in P. amabilis ; and, indeed, the only difference between the two is, that P. grandiflora has larger flowers, with yellow instead of pink in the centre of the lip; and the leaves are much longer, and of a lighter green colour. This makes a fine plant for ex- hibition. P. grandiflora aurea—This certainly is the grandest of the many varieties of this fine Orchid. It is a variety that bloomed among several hundred I imported from Borneo; the sepals and petals are unusually broad and rounded, and the lip is conspicuously marked with deep orange. It is a compact-srowing plant, with light green foliage, and is N3 274 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. beautifully represented in Warner’s ‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” P. intermedia.—A very pretty species, which resembles the other kinds in general habit. The leaves are pale green in colour, the flowers are medium-sized ; sepals and petals white, shaded with rose, the lip being a deeper shade of the same eolour. This beautiful plant is very rare; it was first sent to this country by Mr. Lobb. Native of Manilla. P. intermedia Portei.—This beautiful and rare plant is a native of the Philippines, and even there must be very rare. - It is not unlikely to be a natural hybrid ; let it, however, be hybrid or species, it ranks among the very handsomest of its elass. In general habit it resembles P. grandiflora, but the under side of the leaf is dark purplish, more in the way of P. amabilis, and the leaves are about a foot in length, broad — and dark-green above. The spikes are arched, supporting the large flowers ; sepals and petals white, suffused with light rose ; lip rich dark rose. The flowers are of good substance, and remain in perfection a very long time. This is well represented in Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” P. leucorrhoda.—This handsome and distinct novelty is supposed to be a natural hybrid between P. Schilieriana and P. amabilis ; the leaves resemble the former, but the spots are not so distinct as in that species; sepals and petals white, tinged in the centre with rose; column is also rose colour. Native of the Philippine Islands. P. Lowit.—This really charming species is a native of Moulmein, where it grows on bare rocks exposed to the full influence of the sun; in the rainy or growing season it is perfectly deluged with water, and in the resting season it loses its leaves, and under cultivation it requires great atten- tion during this time, or it will die entirely. The leaves are broad, somewhat thin in texture, and dark green. Compared (274) 2 1 } e AN ot 15h — a, ~ \ \ i) PHALAZNOPSIS INTERMEDIA PORTE pe oe PHALENOPSIS. 275 with those of P. grandiflora, the flowers are small, but the sepals and petals are round, white tinged with rose, and the lip is a beautiful bright rose suffused with mauve. Though a - small plant, it produces a good spike of flowers. It is not so robust in growth as many species, and requires to be kept near the glass, so that it may get an abundance of light. P. Liiddemanniana.—A native of the Philippine Islands, The whole plant is very similar to P. rosea in general appear- ance ; the leaves are eight inches or more in length; the flower stem several feet long; sepals and petals white, beauti- fully barred with amethyst, the centre of the lip being richly marked with deep violet. There is no doubt this will prove itself, by cultivation, a very much more ornamental species than we have hitherto supposed. The spikes are sometimes two feet long, and last in bloom for two months. This species produces young plants on the flower spikes more freely than any other kind. P, Mannu.—A very pretty novelty, having yellow flowers about two inches in diameter, the sepals and petals being conspicuously blotched and spotted with rich brown. The lip is very singular, the lateral lobes being erect, white, streaked with purple, while the central lobe is lunate and fringed. This species is far prettier than its allies P. fuscata and FP. cornucervi. P. rosea.—A small-flowering but very pretty species from Manilla. It grows in the same way as P. grandiflora, but is much inferior to it in beauty. The leaves are somewhat oblong, slightly broadest at the apex, bright light green in colour ; sepals and petals white, slightly tinged with pink; the lip deep violet in the centre, the side lobes stained in some varieties with rich orange. It blooms at different times of the year, lasting long in beauty. If the old spikes are left, they will keep blooming for several years, and as the spikes ~ 276 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. elongate the flowers come larger ; it sometimes produces from twelve to fourteen spikes of bloom, and then makes a very pretty specimen. P. Schilleriana.—A magnificent species from Manilla, and which is undoubtedly one of the finest in cultivation, which I had the good fortune to be the first to introduce to the notice of English Orchid growers. It has beautifully variegated foliage, and is quite distinct from all other kinds. The leaves are similar in form and equal in size to those of P. grandiflora, of a dark green colour, mottled with irregular bands of white ; the flower spikes are produced from the axils of the leaves, and in their native country are more than three feet long, and more branched than those of the other kinds. I have a dried spike, on which there has been developed more than one hun- dred blossoms. The individual blossoms measure more than two and a half inches across, and they are arranged in two rows along the spike ; sepals and petals beautiful light mauve edged with white ; lip of the same colour, with darker spots, the upper part being yellow, spotted with reddish brown; the inside is handsomely spotted—indeed, the whole aspect of the plant is very attractive. The roots of this plant are very distinct from those of the other species of this genus, being flat, and having a rough appearance ; they are, moreover, very free in growth. The flowers of this species continue for several weeks in full perfection. The finest display of Phalenopsis I - have ever seen is in the collection of R. Warner, Esq., who , has a magnificent lot of specimens. Of P. Schilleriana alone I have seen upwards of twelve hundred expanded blooms at one time. Mr. Warner sent a specimen of this plant to the St. Petersburgh Exhibition in 1869, which had one hundred and twenty expanded blooms upon it, and presented a most glorious spectacle. P. sumatrana.—A remarkable plant from Sumatra, flowered aro ne ee pe \ é AAS \ a diy “V il Was fa: ne, = ‘ w \ on ( er } | ne (922) ‘VNVIUATIIHOS SISCONWIVHd © PILUMNA—PLEIONE. O17 for the first time in this country by J. Day, Esq., in 1865 ; leaves pointed, six or seven inches long, somewhat fleshy and bright green in colour; sepals and petals yellowish white, banded or barred with streaks of reddish brown; lip white, spotted with orange, and streaked down the centre with violet. It requires the same treatment as the other species. PILUMNA. P. fragrans.—A deliciously sweet-scented plant, very like Trichopilia in habit and appearance. Its flowers are produced on spikes three or four together, the sepals and petals being greenish white, the lip pure white. It succeeds well in the cool-house, and is best grown in a pot, with peat and moss, and good drainage ; a good supply of moisture is requisite during the growing season, but when at rest less will suffice. It should be well elevated above the rim of the pot. P, nobilis,—This beautiful species is worthy of a place in every collection. The blossoms are larger than the former species, and are also sweet-scented, and produced on spikes of four and five; pure white, with a blotch of orange yellow in the centre of the lip. Native of Peru. PLEIONE. A genus of pretty small-growing deciduous plants, with flask-like pseudobulbs and light green membranous leaves, They are considered by some entitled to generic rank ; other authors, however, make them only a section of the genus Calogyne, from which indeed they seem to differ but slightly, except in habit. Every year, after finishing their growth, the leaves begin to die away, and this is the proper time to rest them, when they should have only just enough water to keep them from shrivelling. The flowers are produced during the autumn and winter months, after a period of rest, and ~ 278 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. immediately precede the young growths, so that whenever the flowers are seen to be pushing up from the base of the pseudobulbs water should be given in moderate quantities. They are frequently called Indian Crocuses, throwing up their flowers, as they do in spring, much like our common crocus, differmg, however, considerably in shape, but like them very handsome and rich in colour. The Pleiones are far too little cared for by Orchid growers, many objecting to them on account of the leaves being absent at the time of flowering; but this is easily remedied by grouping them with Ferns, or other graceful green-leaved plants. They give little trouble if properly managed, but their wants must be supplied at the right time, which is the great secret in the treatment of most deciduous plants. Through being deciduous, they get neglected, and just at the time when they should receive most attention, and their beauties should be seen, they are found shrivelled. They require a good season of growth, and after that, one of rest. The way in which I treat them, is to pot them in a mixture of loam, peat, moss, and sand, giving them good drainage and plenty of water while growing ; this opera- tion—the potting—should be performed immediately the flowers fade. After the pseudobulbs are fully formed, give just enough water to keep them from shrivelling; but, as before stated, when they begin to show flower, water freely, which will induce their blossoms to come finer. The Cattleya house is the most suitable place for them. P. humilis.—A splendid dwarf-growing species from India, with dark green ovate pseudobulbs, in the way of those of P. Wallichiana, and with flowers three inches in diameter ; sepals and petals bright rose ; lip white, spotted with crimson and striped with brown; it lasts in beauty two or three weeks, P. lagenaria.—A fine dwarf species, also from India, in the POLYCYONIS. 279 way of P. maculata; flowers on single stems three inches long ; blossoms three inches across ; sepals and petals mauve ; lip white, veined with crimson. This also continues a long time in perfection if the flowers are kept dry. P. maculata.—A beautiful Orchid from the Khoosea Hills, with leaves six inches long; sepals and petals delicate white ; _ lip same colour, beautifully barred with crimson. It blooms in October and November, continuing three or four weeks in perfection. : P. Reichenbachiana.—A very pretty and distinct species of this exceedingly handsome genus; the flowers are large, and produced two on a spike; sepals and petals rosy-lilac ; lip suffused with rich purple and fringed in front with magenta. This is a very rare species, and ought to be in every col- lection. Native of Rangoon. P. Wallichiana.—A truly handsome dwarf species from India, producing its solitary flowers in October and November, and lasting two weeks in beauty. The colour is of a deep rose; and the lip the same, with a dash of white in the centre ; the blossoms are three or four inches across. PoLycyonis. This is a small genus, of which the two species here described are the best we have seen. They very much resemble the Cychnoches in their general appearance and the shape of their flowers. They are best grown in baskets, with peat and moss suspended from the roof. The Cattleya house will suit them best. P. gratiosa.—This is a species in the way of P. Lepida; yet it appears very distinct by the very short clan of the lip and the anterior part of the same organ. As to the size of the flowers, there are two varieties, the finer one reaching 280 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. that of P. barbata, the minor one that of the P. lepida. It is a very elegant thing, discovered by Mr. Endres in Costa Rica. P. lepida.—A very pretty and curious species, with round tapering bulbs about two inches high, and dark green. The flower spikes proceed from the sides of the bulbs, and have from fifteen to twenty flowers ; sepals and petals light brown, slightly tipped with yellow at the apex; lip light yellow spotted with chocolate brown, white towards the base. . Native of Columbia. PoLYSTACHYA, This is a small genus, the species of which are mostly found in various parts of Africa; to this rule, however, there are a few exceptions. It is a family of small dull-coloured plants, and consequently does not find much favour at the hands of many Orchid growers. P. pubescens.—This beautiful dwarf-growing species has for a long time been in cultivation in our gardens under the name of Hpiphora pubescens. It has small pseudobulbs, pro- ducing two or three leaves, which are narrow, dull green, and slightly hairy beneath ; raceme erect, short and many- flowered ; flowers rich bright golden yellow with a few purple lines. This plant grows well in the cool-house, potted in peat and moss, and likes a good supply of water—indeed, it should never be allowed to get dry. It is an abundant bloomer, and is quite an exception to the majority of Polys- tachyas in being very showy. Although introduced many years ago, it is still very rare. Native of Algoa Bay. PROMENZEA. This is a small genus of pretty little dwarf-growing Orchids, about three inches high ; they produce their flowers RENANTHERA. 981 from the base of their pseudobulbs, which are drooping, and hang over the edge of the pot. They are not very showy plants, but very curious, and deserve to be in every collec- tion. They are best grown in pots with peat, the same treat-_ ment as that recommended for Paphinia cristata being suitable for them. P. citrina.—This is a native of Brazil, and produces its flowers, which are deep rich yellow, spotted with dark crimson at the base of the lip, at the end of summer, lasting in beauty for several weeks. P. Rollissoni.—This species also produces its pale yellow flowers during the autumn, lasting three weeks or more in beauty. Native of Brazil. P. stapelioides.—In this the pseudobulbs are small and nearly round, bearing a pair of thin light green leaves. The colour of the sepals and petals is greenish yellow, spotted and barred with dark purple ; the lip is deep purple, approaching to black. It blooms in July, August, and September, and lasts long in perfection. Native of Brazil. RENANTHERA, This genus is very nearly allied to Vanda, and the treat- ment recommended for that genus will suit these plants also as regards heat and moisture. They are all showy plants, with distichous leaves. They require the temperature of the East Indian house, and should be potted in living sphagnum moss, with an abundance of drainage. They will do well on blocks with a good supply of water during the growing season. During winter only give them enough water to keep their bulbs from shrivelling. Keep them as near the light as possible, and shade them only sufficient to keep them from the burning rays of the sun. They are propagated in the same way as Aerides, 282 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. fi. coccinea—This is a somewhat scandent straggling plant, often twelve feet or more in height, with long stems furnished with leaves on either side; the latter are about five inches long. The flowers are produced from the axils of the leaves, on long branching panicles ; flowers are two inches in diameter, dorsal, sepal, and petals narrow ; ground colour deep red, mottled with pale orange ; lower sepals broad, spathulate, and deep scarlet ; lip small, the front and side lobes being deep crimson ; throat white. This plant requires to be so placed as to be well exposed to sunlight, which is the only sure way of inducing it to bloom; it is indeed a shy bloomer, which doubtless accounts for it not being much cultivated. By letting it grow up the roof, where it gets plenty of light and sun, it will, however, most likely flower when sufficiently strong for that purpose. I have seen it do well on a large block suspended from the roof, and thus grown have known it to produce as many as five spikes at one time. When well bloomed it is well worth all the care that is bestowed upon it, for it is really a superb and showy plant. During the summer it should be treated to a liberal supply of heat and moisture, as from March to October is the time it is in vigorous growth. While resting in winter, let it have but little water—just enough to keep it from shrivelling. The most suitable material to pot it in is sphagnum moss, which, as before remarked, should be kept moist during the growing season. I have several times seen it blooming very freely with Mr. Speed, gardener to his Grace the Duke of Devon- shire, at Chatsworth, where it is grown in the large Palm House. Native of Cochin China. ft. Lowti.—This most remarkable and exceedingly rare Orchid is a native of Borneo, where it grows on high trees, in very humid forests. It is very distinct in growth from any other species, and is easily distinguished by its broad, RESTREPIA. 283 straight, dark green foliage, thick fleshy roots, and remarkably long drooping flower spikes, which attain from six to twelve feet in length. The most remarkable feature of the plant is the production of two kinds of flowers on the same spike. The flowers are reddish brown, intersected by irregular lines of greenish yellow, while the two at the base of the spike are of a tawny yellow, spotted with crimson. It blooms during July, August, and September, and continues fresh for several -weeks. The plant succeeds well along with Vandas and Aerides, but it is a shy bloomer, and generally grows four or five feet in height before commencing to flower. I once, however, saw a fine plant exhibited, about three feet high, with three spikes of bloom, by Mr. Mitchell, gardener to R. F. Ainsworth, Esq., M.D., Lower Broughton, Manchester. The plant is evergreen, and grows several feet high ; it throws out thick fleshy roots, and bears dark green alternate leaves eighteen inches in length. It is beautifully figured in Warner’s ‘s Select Orchidaceous Plants,” from a remarkably fine speci- men in the possession of the late J. H. Fernley, Esq., Didsbury, Manchester. Several plants were bloomed this year by G. Elliott, Esq., of Clapton; and also R. Dodgson, Esq., Blackburn. These plants were two to three feet high. This plant was formerly included in the genus Vanda, and, indeed, is to be found in many collections under the name of V. Lowi, but it is undoubtedly more correctly placed in Renanthera, RESTREPIA. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, somewhat resembling Pleurothallis, and consisting of small-growing plants with slender stem-like pseudobulbs, each supporting a single leaf. There are but few kinds of this genus worthy the attention 284 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. of Orchid amateurs, although, where these plants are grown for study and scientific purposes, the small microscopic flower, or the large showy-coloured flower, are equally valuable. Such a collection was to be found at the late establishment of W. W. Saunders, Esq., of Reigate, under the care of Mr. Green, and I should be glad to see some more Orchid growers take the matter in hand in the same enthusiastic manner. The festrepias succeed best in the cool-house with Odontoglossums, and should be potted in a mixture of peat and sphagnum; a moderate supply of water all the year round will be found necessary for their well-being. They are increased by dividing the plants, taking care to have a leading growth or eye to each piece. ft. antennifera.—This is a very elegant little plant, with slender stems which support a single ovate-oblong dark green leaf. The exceedingly curious and handsome flowers are pro- duced upon short slender stems from the base of the leaves. The sepals are very long, the upper one yellowish-white, streaked with purple, the lower ones reddish-crimson, pro- fusely dotted with blackish-purple; petals antenne-like, narrow, clubbed at the ends, and similar in colour to the dorsal sepal; lip small, of the same colour as the lower sepals. It is well deserving a place in every collection for its extreme beauty, free flowering properties and curious structure. It blooms throughout the whole summer. Native of Columbia. Rf, elegans.—A pretty little plant, which very much resem- bles the preceding in habit. The flowers are not so long as those of ft. antennifera, but marked somewhat in the same manner. It succeeds admirably in the cool-house. Native of Columbia. ft. maculata.—This is a free-flowering species, in the way of Rf. antennifera, with beautiful spotted flowers, and blooms RODRIGUEZIA—-SACCOLABIUM. 285 about the same time. The foliage is shorter, and is very free in growth. This is one of Mr. Patin’s introductions. RopDRIGUEZIA. R. secunda.—F lower spike six to nine inches long ; flowers standing all to one side of the spike ; sepals, petals, and lip are carmine red, sparkling as if frosted. It blooms in October, and through the autumn and winter months. There are several species belonging to this genus, but the one here described is the most distinct, and the only one worth culti- vating. It succeeds well on a block suspended from the roof, and should be grown in the Cattleya house. Native of Tropical America, SACCOLABIUM. This genus contains some of the finest Orchids in cultiva- tion. They are very compact in their growth, and are furnished with long, thick, and fleshy pendent evergreen foliage. From the axils of the leaves their long graceful racemes of flowers, which often measure from one to two feet in length, are produced. Their habit of growth is the same as that of \: = WOIALL yp £YAALy qs \\ N q ‘Shy WAr4 | NAS DAN Naan RS ENO | =>. -—— SS Wy - == ti) WE Nt JX | af | \ Ay if \\ / \* ze \ SEE Sy > e == = Z Z : Z oe Wy A Z (7 WQS <— L = = hay) W.t0.3 (307) VANDA SUAVIS. VANDA. 307 fairly established, though it has not yet been bloomed in this country, so far as 1am aware. Native of Borneo. V. insignis,—This very beautiful and extremely rare plant has long been an inmate of our gardens by name, but that name has been given in mistake to a variety of V. tricolor, as the recent introduction of the true plant has proved. The flowers of this species are as large as those of V. tricolor ; sepals and petals chocolate brown, spotted with deep blood- red, yellowish white on the outside; lip large, spoon-shaped, its side lobes white, the centre rich purple. It is exceedingly handsome, producing its blooms in May and June. Native of the Malay Islands. V. limbata.—This rare and beautiful species is distinct and compact in growth. It never grows more than one or two feet high, and produces its spikes from the axles of the leaves, having from twelve to thirteen flowers. Sepals and petals brown, blotched and spotted with a darker shade of the same colour; lip rose colour. This species flowers in June, and lasts a long time in perfection. Native of Java. V. Roxburghii.—A good old species from India, with white and purple flowers, which appear during the summer, and last five or six weeks in beauty. There are two varieties of this plant, one being much handsomer and having a darker coloured lip than the other. V. suavis—A truly magnificent Orchid from Java, of strong-growing habit, and very free in flowering. It pro- duces fine spikes of flowers, each being large, of a creamy white, spotted with crimson, and blooms at different times of the year, lasting a long time in perfection. This makes one of the finest plants for exhibition. One of the finest and most distinct varieties of it was exhibited at the Manchester Exhibition in 1869, by G. Gottschalcke, Esq. ; it was remarkable for its broad leaves and stout stem, the 808 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. flowers being very large, the sepals and petals profusely spotted, and the lip tipped with white. V. teres.—A handsome, curious-growing, and distinct Orchid. The stem as well as the foliage is terete or cylindrical, and dark green. Its large red and yellow-tipped flowers are produced from June to August, and last four or five weeks in beauty. It is rather a shy-flowering species, and is best kept rather dry during the winter, so as to pre- dispose it to bloom. It thrives best on a block of wood, the block being plunged into a pot. Native of Sylhet. V. teres Andersoni.—A very fine variety of this handsome and distinct species. It has the same habit of growth as the preceding, but is far more free in blooming, producing flowers when quite young. The spikes are ten inches in length, and bear from five to six flowers, which are richer and deeper in colour. Native of Sylhet. V. tricolor.—A charming free-growing species from Java ; it grows in the same way as JV. suavis; the sepals and petals are pale yellow, spotted with crimson; lip purple, striped with white. It blooms at different times of the year, and lasts long in perfection. There are several varieties of this plant, some much inferior to others. It makes a superb plant for exhibition purposes, as do all the varieties. V. tricolor Corningti.—This is a very handsome and free- flowering variety, having very broad dark green foliage of great substance. Sepals and petals rich yellow, spotted and streaked with deep crimson, and beautifully margined both in the inner and outer surface with rosy purple ; lip dark plum colour, softened off towards the base into a pale rose. This variety lasts a long time in perfection, and the flowers are large and of good substance. It was flowered in the fine collection of EK. Corning, Esq., of Albany, New York, under the care of Mr. Gray. VANILLA, 309 _V. tricolor Dodgsoni.—A superb variety, named in honour of a most enthusiastic cultivator of these plants, with whom it origmated. The flowers are large, and borne in great numbers upon the spikes; sepals and petals light amber- colour, streaked and blotched with reddish brown and margined with violet; lip large, rich purplish violet, with a few white blotches near the base. It is very highly-scented. Native of the Indian Islands. V. tricolor insignis.—This plant must now take its place as a variety of V. tricolor, since we have the true V. insignis at last in our gardens; it will not, however, be any the less welcome to Orchid growers though it be but a variety of V. tricolor, for ii makes a handsome specimen; sepals and petals light yellow, spotted with crimson; lip pale lilac. It blooms at different times of the year, but generally in spring and autumn, and continues in bloom for six weeks. Native of Java. V. tricolor Russelliana.—This beautiful variety is very distinct both in habit of plant and flower. It has a peculiar and gracefully pendulous style of growth, and is, at the same time, very robust. The spikes are long, and the flowers very bright in colour. It bloomed with Mr. Sorley, gardener to J. Russell, Ksq., of Falkirk, and is an extremely fine variety. VANILLA. This genus contains a few species only. They are all climb- ing plants, with dark green terete stems, and oblong fleshy leaves, while the flowers of most of the known species are dull-coloured and uninteresting. Vanilla is, perhaps, the only genus of Orchidaceous plants which is of commercial value. The fruits of various species of this family produce the Vanilla so extensively used for flavouring chocolate, liqueurs, ices, &c., and which is considered one of the finest of aromatic per- 310 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. fumes. These plants require strong heat during their grow- ing season, and should be potted in peat and sphagnum moss, and have either some rough logs of wood to grow upon, or should be trained upon a wall. V. Phalenopsis.—This is an exceedingly interesting plant, and one which is quite an exception to the rest of the known species, as it produces very showy flowers. These flowers are large and produced in bunches; sepals and petals white, tinged with rose; lip large, pale rose outside, rich orange within. At present it is an exceedingly rare plant, but one which is well deserving of the attention of Orchid growers. Native of Madagascar. WARREA. W. cyanea.—A very pretty and distinct Orchid from Columbia. It is an upright-growing plant with evergreen foliage, and requires to be grown in a pot, with peat and good drainage, in the East Indian house. The colour of the flowers is white and purple. It blooms in June, lasting a long time in beauty. A rare species. W. tricolor.—A very distinct species from Brazil. The flowers are produced on an upright spike, two feet high, in June and July ; sepals and petals white ; the lip white, with yellow and purple in the centre; the blossoms last a long time in perfection. It requires the same treatment as the former one. There are several other species, but I have not seen them bloom. ZYGOPETALUM. This genus comprises many handsome plants with evergreen foliage, which generally bloom during the winter months, a circumstance which makes them very valuable. Most of the species are rather large-growing plants, of easy culture; the ZYGOPETALUM. Sit Cattleya house is the best place to grow them in, and they should be in pots, with peat and good drainage, and plenty of water at the roots. They are propagated by dividing the plants. Z. aromaticum.—A rare and little-known plant, which I have only seen in the rich collection of J. Day, Esq., under the care of Mr. Gedney. It does not, however, appear to be a very strong-growing species. The flowers are large, three or four inches in diameter; the sepals and petals of a light soft green ; the lip large, somewhat cordate, the margin white and crenate, while the centre is of a rich deep blue. It emits a very strong but agreeable perfume ; and succeeds in a pot with peat and sphagnum moss. Native of Central America. . Z. brachypetalum.—A Brazilian species, and one of the handsomest of the genus, having brownish sepals and petals, a little marbled with green, and a deep blush violet lip, veined with white. It blooms in December, lasting long in perfection. Z. crinitum ceruleum.—A handsome variety from Brazil. It produces upright spikes, sometimes two from the same pseudobulb, and bears during the winter beautifully variegated flowers, which last a long time in perfection. The sepals and petals are green, barred with brown; the lip is white or cream-coloured, streaked with bright blue. 4. Gautiert.—An elegant but somewhat rare plant. The pseudobulbs are much furrowed, and bear large dark-green plaited leaves. The flowers are large; sepals and petals green, blotched with brown ; lip white, with a purple stain towards the base. Native of Brazil. 4. gramineum.—This is a dwarf-growing species, attaining the height of ten inches ; leaves narrow and light green in colour ; flowers white and purple, two to three on a spike, 812 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. which is about six inches high, and produced from the base of the pseudobulbs in the autumn months. This very dis- tinct and beautiful plant I have only seen in the fine collection of Lord Egerton, Tatton Park, under the care of Mr. Cliff, who finds it succeeds best potted in sphagnum and peat, and kept in the East Indian house. Z. intermedium.—A free-growing, useful old plant, easily grown, and a profuse bloomer ; its flowers begin to open during autumn, and continue in full perfection for five or six weeks ; sepals and petals green, tinged with brown; lip large and flat, blue, streaked with deep purple. Native of Brazil. Z. Mackayi.—A very handsome plant, producing long spikes of large flowers during the winter months. The colour of the fiowers is greenish yellow, spotted with brown and lilac. There are several varieties of this plant, some much finer than others. It lasts in perfection a long time. Z. Mackayi intermedium.—A very fine and distinct plant, having the leaves longer than in Z. Mackayi; it flowers at the same time, but the blossoms are of a paler colour, with a fine large lip; it is well worthy of cultivation. Native of Brazil. Z. maxillare.—A free-flowering pretty species from Brazil, producing its drooping spikes at different times of the year, and keeping in beauty a long time. I have bloomed this species with seventy flowers on a plant at one time; sepals and petals greenish, stained with chocolate near the base; the lip a rich blue. Z. rostratum.—A showy compact free-flowering plant, which blooms three times a year, and lasts six weeks in perfection. It requires more heat and moisture than any of the other species. This makes a fine exhibition plant when well grown; I have shown it with twenty or more flowers, and grown like this it is a beautiful object ; sepals and petals yellowish green; ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE, &c. 313 lip two inches across, white, striped with pink. Native of Demerara. ; ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE, COLD FRAME, OR PIT. pers HIS subject was first introduced to these pages in C7 By the third edition, and I am glad to find the ei) remarks then made have induced many to turn their attention to these beautiful plants, for there are many Orchids, which yield most exquisite flowers, that will thrive entirely without artificial heat. Orchid growers too often set on one side all those which do not succeed under artificial heat. My object in introducing the subject is to bring into notice some of those beautiful terrestrial plants from the Cape of Good Hope, North America, the South of Europe, and Australia, which at present are only seen at rare intervals, but which when seen are always admired. It also opens a field for many not possessing the advantages of _ an Hast Indian and Mexican Orchid house, or, indeed, any plant house, to commence the study of this beautiful class. The terrestrial species, from the Cape and cther places, which do not, as a rule, produce large flowers, are yet most exquisitely coloured, and most fantastic in shape. We have, however, some fine things to introduce from the Cape yet. Mr. Plant, in one of his journeys in South Africa, in describing some of the rarities he met with, says:—‘‘ The Terrestrial Orchids are numerous and very beautiful. In my opinion, there are many here but little inferior to the most showy of the epiphytous kinds. Fancy a plant with the general character of an Ophrys, producing a spike of bloom as large and as thickly set as those of Saccolabium guttatum, often, P 314 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL. indeed, measuring two feet in length, of a bright salmon colour, intermixed with as bright a yellow. Another with plaited foliage, and a nodding head of some twenty bright yellow blossoms, having a deep stain of crimson on the cucullate lip, in the manner and of the size of a Dendrobium. Again, another with fleshy leaves and an erect stem of about two feet, supporting from fifteen to thirty large yellow flowers, the lip lined and blotched with pale purple, bearing the aspect of some robust Hpidendrum.” Many of these fine things would no doubt ere now have enriched our gardens, had Mr. Plant been spared to return alive. What can be more gorgeous than the Disa grandiflora? There are numerous members of this family at the Cape, and though they are not so large in the flower as the species just named, yet they are exquisitely beautiful. Again, the elegance of the North American Cypripediums is not surpassed by those which inhabit the tropics. Now all these can be cultivated in a cool greenhouse or frame, either planted out or in pots. Indeed, many of the terrestrial kinds will succeed well in the open air if a little care is bestowed upon the selection and preparation of the situation. The number of species I have here enumerated is not extensive; but there is no reason to prevent us, in the course of a few years, from largely increasing them, if the plant-loving ladies and gentlemen, as well as gardeners, will encourage the growth of these beautiful plants; and any one having friends at the Cape, North America, or Australia, should strongly press upon them to send home the tubers of any Orchids they may find. By this means we should have a great many new additions to our collections. The Orchids described in the following pages are all terrestrial species, and must not be elevated above the rim of the pot, as is the custom with the epiphytal ones, but there CYPRIPEDIUM, 315 ‘must be a space of an inch or more from the rim to the soil, to allow of a sufficient quantity of water being given at one time. The soil best adapted for their growth is a mixture of good fibrous loam, turfy peat, and silver sand, adding more or less of each, according to the peculiar habitat of the particular plant to be potted. They must all have good drainage, and the addition of lumps of sandstone to the soil will have a beneficial effect, serving to keep the soil open, and the roots cool and moist. They are mostly ae setaceus ’ Mendelii . : ge 8S) ——cordatus , mitratum , : e = wie —— grandifolius nobile : : A 23 00 ——inornatus , odoratum : é NN TS, striatus ‘ cornutum . : BRS) Turnerii . 5 majus. . ‘ a ae Veitchii , . : —— purpurascens. os.) st xanthophyllus . quinquevulnerum ° 2,.> Go zebrinus ss, P Farmerii . - . 70 | ANGRACUM : : roseum 5 “ oe + bilobum , ; —— superbum A peas) caudatum ., Bs rubrum 3 A ‘ sex cee Chailluanum 3 suavissimum - . Prison, citratum . é maculatum ‘ ephemena7/)k eburneum ‘ testaceum . : aie —— superbum , Thibautianum . ; ar edad ——virens . é Veitchii é . : aye he Ellisii . r . virens . ‘ - = feng | falcatum , b —— HEllisii. : . pier ki pellucidum . < —— grandiforum ., eg pertusum . . 328 ANGRZCUM sesquipedale ANGULOA . Clowesii Clowesii macrantha eburnea - Ruckerii sanguinea uniflora virginalis ANSELLIA africana —— gigantea —— lutea . ARACHNIS ; moschifera . ARPOPHYLLUM , cardinale giganteum spicatum ASPASIA ; lunata superba BARKERIA elegans Lindleyana melanocaulon Skinneri superbum spectabilis . BATEMANIA Beaumontii. Burtii . grandiflora . BLETIA : campanulata hyacinthina albo-striata Shepherdii . Sherrattiana patula : BOLBOPHYLLUM auricomum , barbigerum Lobbii ‘ maculatum , reticulatum saltatorium Siamense . BoLLEA . 5 Lalindei Patinii BRASSAVOLA acaulis Digbyana Gibbsiana glauca lineata venosa BRASSIA . : Gireoudiana Lanceana , CAR “6 (Oe we ge 8 ee 6 @& © «@ WW ‘eo See e484 eo eS eign a | BROUGHTONIA , BURLINGTONIA CALANTHE , - BRASSIA Lawrenceana —— longissima maculata major verrucosa . grandiflora . Wrayee sanguinea Batemanii . candida ; decora A picta . Farmeri fragrans Knowlesii venusta * curculigoides Dominii sy furcata - masuca = —— grandiflora . Sieboldti . - Veitchii : - veratrifolia . : vestita ignea oculata —— rubra-oculata —— lutea oculata — nivalis - —— oculata cigantea — Turmnerii CAMAROTIS ; purpurea , . CATASETUM : 4 scurra . : CATTLEYA . : ; Aclandiz .~. amabilis ; z amethystoglossa , —— sulphurea . bicolor : - Boissieri . : Brabantize , : candida A - chocoensis . citrina - crispa . ° —— superba Dawsonii . Devoniana . dolosa ‘ Dominiana . —— alba —— lutea . Dowiana ., Edithiana Eldorado —— splendens : INDEX. 329 Page Page CATTLEYA CATTLEYA exoniensis . d : 119 speciosissima Lowii . s LSE Fausta : 119 superba C ‘ F « 182 gigas . : . «, 119 ——splendens . : . 132 granulosa . ‘ : . 120 Trianz : ? . 132 guttata ; ; J sy - £20 —— Atalanta . . 133 —— Leopoldii ‘ . 120 —— Colemanii . : . 133 guatemalensis . P SePAL, —— Corningii 5 » o24 Harrisoniz . F , « Lk —— Dodgsonii . é . 133 violacea . ‘ ket — Hill . : . 133 intermedia violacea . of aE —— lo : 5 oo bee superba a ? iGAl od Russelliana é . 134 -labiata 5 , ae, gD Veitchiana . é 3 . 134 pallida , ‘ » 122 velutina : 0 koe —— Pescatorei . ; 5, £22 veriflora , 2 ‘ 5.) —— picta . 2 P AZZ Wagnerii . ‘ . a lee Lemoniana. , 5 alee: Walkeriana : = ‘ pele lobata , : f 5 oe boo Warnerii . 2 ¥ sxzelces Loddigesii . < ‘ vv Las Warscewiczii . ‘ » 136 McMorlandii . ; ef bao —— delicata : : io ee marginata . 5 gy 123 ———— superba. i oe maxima ., : -¢ 194. CHYBIS- . . d ; Wa si Mendelii ‘ F , 124 aurea , é . “ Me Mitchellii . é : . 324 bractescens . s 4 eller Mossize : ; F ae dot Chelsonii . d ; a¢ doe ee anne. dees ae 120 leevis ~ + tea —— —— grandiflora. £3 125 Limminghei 7 ‘ = 13 —— —— marginata . a, 120 undulata , 3 peBte —— Blakei 4 , 125 | CIRRHOPETALUM . ; 3. las ——complanata. . . 126 Camingii, ~. “si «au lee ——conspicua . ’ , 126 Meduse . . : gt, 108 —— elegans ¥ é ‘5, kao Pahudii P , 74 too ——fimbriata . S , 126 | CLEISOSTOMA n d we Eo ——flammea. . a dae Dawsoniana F 3 5, Loe —— grandiflora . : os el C@LOGYNE i x ; > tae —— grandis F = oie 7 ciliata ; x . 140 —— Helenz : es cristata’ : : : , 140 —— kermesina marginata Os -—— citrina. ‘ ‘ x MAE —— Lawrenceana . es 7 corrugata , ; ; =| (EEE magnifica F 5 ly7s Cumingii . A ‘ » 141 —— majestica . 3 197 fuscesens 5 : , 14l —— marmorata . Es 128 Gardneriana 4 A ae ——Mariane . a .| 128 Gowerli . ; 2 . it —— Mooreana . ; _. £28 Lowii ; : - Ps —— Napoleonis. 3 fe LS media . x _ , 142 —— purpurata . - Pe es odoratissima EC ; , 142 _ —— Rothschildiana . Ses, pandurata . ‘ ; we Lae ——splendens . : Fae plantaginia. ‘ : , 142 — striata. uae MLO speciosa, “sy .* sl ahaa ——superba . ’ ~~ 429 viscosa : ot an —— venosa F F , 129 | Cobax . : ; : .. 143 —— Victoriz , 2” 129 jugosus : ; i _, As —— Williamsii . i , 129 | COMPARETTIA , s : , 148 pumila ; 4 : x 100 coccinea P : , 144 quadricolor. a , 180 falcata ; F , 144 quinguecolor . . . 130 | CORYANTHES . . . - 144 Schilleriana g , . 1380 macrantha . A . , 145 —— Regnelli : . 130 maculata ma | 2 3 14m Sedeniana . ; . J it speciosa , ‘ # , 145 Skinneri . ; , 181 | CYCNOCHES : EPI 330 CYCNOCHES aureum : barbatum chlorochilum Loddigesii . pentadactylon ventricosum CYMBIDIUM f Dayanum , eburneum . giganteum . Hookerianum Huttoni Mastersii . pendulum —— purpureum . tigrmum , CYPRIPEDIUM acaule 2 Argus. : Ashburtoniz barbatum nigrum —— superbum biflorum calceolus , candidum caricinum , caudatum , —— roseum concolor , Crossianum , Dayanum Dominianum euryandrum Farrieanum guttatum , Harrisianum hirsutissimnm Hookerze insigne ? —— Maulei levigatum . longifolium. Lowii . : macranthum niveum 4 pardinum , Parishii ; parviflorum. pubescens purpuratum Roezlii ‘ Schlimii , Sedeni. A spectabile album , Stonei. ‘ superbiens , . oe . . . e ¢ es 0, a3 8 1a’ platytenium INDEX. Page ? CYPRIPEDIUM ae 46 vexillarium. , A a 846 venustum . . ees (er ——spectabile . 7 46 villosum , : . 146 | CyYRTocHILUM , - ae eke maculatum . - . 147 | CYRTOPERA : f pe i flava .. < : . 147 | CYRToropiumM : e148 Andersonii . P - 148 punctatum , . . 148 | DENDROBIUM , 4 - 148 aduncum P . 149 aggregatum majus a tag Ainsworthii. - 149 albo-sanguineum 149, 315 amcenum , OLD anosmum , 2 a ¥lD0 barbatulum. , » 150 Bensoniz . i - 150 bigibbum , ‘ - 150 Boxallii 3 3 » 150 Brymerianum , eateSt Bullerianum : E wels calceolus . : 615 Cambridgeanum , ee ET capillipes , 5 ha 1 chlorops ae chrysanthum ., - 152 chrysotis . J .” 152 chrysotoxum ; ahs IH clavatum , 5 16k Stamfordianum . : a) ESE tortile . : ‘ ‘ > 182 syringothyrsus , - Pee —— roseum : ; . 182 vitellnum , : E - i191 franepATEns,- who > al «(182 ——majus. . . . 191 triadenium , . : . 182 | EprIPHoRA. . ° é . 280 Veitchianum ° . 183 pubescens . : ~ « 280 Wallichianum . : . 183 | EPISTEPHIUM . , : « 192 Wardianum : ‘ . 183 Williamsii . ‘ ‘ - 192 candidum . ‘ . 183 | ERiopsis’ . . . o. ie Williamsonii ; : . 183 biloba . ’ - ‘ re xanthophlebium . : 183 | EULOPHIA . ° ° : Pe Sg DENDROCHILUM ‘ : . 184 Dregiana . = - & oto filiforme , . : . 184 | GALEANDRA , . . » 193 glumaceum , . : « 194 Bauerii . : . 193 Disa, _. ; : , BLE cristata : : é i 183 Barellii : , ‘ . 318 Devoniana . : . 194 cernua e's . . 317 | GoOoDYERA ° : : - 82 chrysostachya , a oe Dawsoniana . , » 83 332 GooDYERA discolor ; Dominii ‘ macrantha . ordiana : picta = pubescens . rubro-venia. Veitchii . velutina g GONGORA , atropurpurea bufonia major maculata alba , portentosa . Ellisii . , speciosum , HABENARIA , ciliaris HELCIA sanguinolenta HOULLETIA GRAMMATOPHYLLUM, Brocklehurstiana chrysantha . odoratissima —— antioquiensis tigrina ; HUNTLEYA , albido-fulva candida 5 cerina 2 marginata . meleagris , velata . violacea > Wailesiana . Walilisii IONOPSIS . ; paniculatus. IPSEA,. : : speciosa KALLENSTEINIA, ionoptera , LALIA > acuminata . albida . ‘ —— Marian anceps : —— Dawsonii —— delicatum autumnalis . Brysiana . cinnabarina crispilabia . Dayeana . elegans ; —— Warnerii flammea , eoee.egeeeaaoeseeeeexs8sheese#s8+t+mfges.sw s INDEX. Page z LALIA a 4° 88 flava . . 84 furfuracea . «> 84 gigantea , . 4 grandis - . 84 harpophylla 84, 319 irrorata . » 00 Jongheana , 72°85 Lindleyana. 3) (85 majalis 5; 4194 peduncularis ge 194 Perrinii .- 195 Pilcherii , «195 prestans ,. «7195 purpurata . 4, 195 —— Nelissii « 195 —— Williamsii - 196 Russelliana. » 196 Schilleriana » 320 —— splendens » 320 Stelzneriana » 196 superbiens » 196 Turnerii . « 197 W olstenholmse p97 xanthina , . 197 | L&.LIopsis. : s 197 domingensis . 197 | LEPTOTEs . : - 198 bicolor’ ‘ - 198 serrulata , . 198 | LimaTopzs 5 » 199 rosea ; . 199 | LissocHiILus . s- 199 Horsfallii . . 199 | LYcAsTE , : - 199 citrina. 3 » 200 cruenta y - 200 Deppei , . 200 gigantea . - 200 Harrisons . . 200 lanipes 5 ¢* 201 Schilleriana s) BOL Skinneri 50 201 — delicatissim . 201 —— gloriosa ae OL —— rosea . . 201 —— superba .) 202 —— virginalis - 202 | MASDEVALLIA . »° 202 amabilis » 202 chimera ., s? 208 coccinea : ~ 203 Davisii 5 » 203 estradz 5 . 203 Harryana . - 204 Houtteana . - 3825 ignea . ° . 204 inequalis . . 204 Lindenii ., . 204 maculata , See © eG e, ULC a CP. 8. e. 6. @ ww. € a. 268 Ceboletta . 2 - Si 2 stelligerum , 5 a 263 chrysothyrsus . . - 250 superbiens . ° ‘ . 263 cilliatum . “ 35) 230 tigrinum . é ee concolor . ° . eee! trilingue , 2 « pee cornigerum . ‘ . - 250 unguiculatum , : - 264 crispum a ‘ : at 200 variegatum ., 4 . 264 grandifiorum . o. sol xanthodon . . ‘ . 264 —— marginatum ; . 251 | ORcHIs °, ; ; : . 820 Croesus 5 a 3 a htool foliosa. a : - .. ao cruentum , a . Ae 3 | longi-cornu . ; ? . oak cucullatum . a ; . 252 maculata superba : » sal flavidum . 3s . 252 | PALUMBINA ; ; ; . 264 macrochilum . a> Dae candida = : : . wee curtum ‘: a a . 252 | PAPHINIA , > é 3 oon dasytyle . : : ~- 252 cristata ; ‘ - ~ 265 divaricatum . : - 253 tigrina e : : .- 265 euxanthinum . . . 253 PERISTERIA : ‘ 4 . 265 excavatum . s of ane cerina , F t . 266 —— Dawsoni . 4 x es elata . y z 2 . 266 flexuosum , - . ea guttata 2 : “ » 206 Forbesii . ‘ e . 24 | PHasus . ; : 3 . 266 hematochilum . ‘ . 254 Bernaysii . : ued holochrysum o » 204 grandifolius oe —— Portei. ; . ore metallicum. , 4 , 257 leucorrhoda. “ BF - nubigenum . : : « maT Lowii . : ‘ . 244 oblongatum . : ‘ ; 258 Luddemanniana , ‘ . 275 obryzatum . , pe a> “BOS Mannii ° . ‘ . 275 cmulum , . s . 263 rosea , ‘ oc eee ornithorynchum , ‘ . 258 Schilleriana ; : « 246 —albiflorum , 4 6 2S sumatrana . : . . eie Papilio majus ‘|. » 258 | SRYsunve. ©... © ae pulctelinm., -(s. «../* 209 Smbrsitlaris 0° ee pulvinatum. : : . 259 maculatus ° : = 186 majus. : ° - 260 nobilis. , ° . pees reflexum , ; 5 . 260 Ortgiesii . ; : = eae Rogersii . . . . 260 | PLATANTHERA . ° - -e dal roseum ‘ ; 8 » 260 incisa . - ° . sO: ——superbum . . . 260 | PILUMNA 2 2 ee rupestre : a a 250 fragrans , A - ee a | sarcodes : : : ». wel nobilis, : 3 . 5. oe serratum , ‘ 2 . 261 | PLEIONE , ; 5 . at oe sessile . ° . “ ee | humilis 5 4 A a INDEX. 835 Page Page PLEIONE SOBRALIA lagenaria ., - ° » ato - macrantha splendens , . 293 maculata . 3 - + nko Ruckeri 5 : é . 293 Reichenbachiana j . 279 | SopHRONITIS ., : F 5 994 Wallichiana : : 7c cernua, : 5 : . 294 POLYCYCNIS ., ; 5 . 279 coccinea ; ; 294 barbata : A ; ; aig grandiflora , - > 294 gratiosa =. : : . 279 violacea , : : . 294 lepida . : P : . 280 | STANHOPEA . : ° 7 ee POLYSTACHYA . : - » 280 aurea . i ; : oe pubescens . Fle era ero Bucephalus. 55. 2 ya8 28a PROMENZA : . 280 Devoniensis. , : . 296 citrina . : : 28k grandiflora , a : . 296 Rollissonii . a F amet insignis : 7 i - 296 stapelioides. . . . 281 Martiana . ‘ : ~ 296 RENANTHERA . , : 281 oculata ‘ Meier . 296 coccinea. : i 282 tigrina ‘ ; ; . 296 i . 282 ——lutescens , ; . 296 RESTREPIA, : P : . 283 Wardii : ‘ : . 297 amemitertis -. 9, °° » 28% |) TRONTA: 20°. 4 “See SC ees ee SR 25 alba. .. 7. a Pee maculata ., ; , . 284 Bensonise , ; F . 298 RODRIGUEZIA , ; : « 285 Marshellii . g F 3° 258 secunda - . a 285 nivalis ‘ : é e288 SACCOLABIUM 7 . 285 | TRICHOCENTRUM : F Pr ampullaceum - 5 200 albo-purpureum , « -299 —— moulmeinense : . 286 tigrinum ., : , « 299 bigibbum , . . . 286 | TRICHOPILIA . ° , » 299 Blumei : - F . 286 candida : ; 300 —— majus. : : « /-286.)* coccinea , ; ; 300 —— Russellianum . = 207 crispa . : ; ‘ 300 curvifolium . e - - 200 —— marginata , P 300 —— luteum j - giaee Galeottiana E ‘ S08 furcatum , : ; » 287 picta . , é : » aoe giganteum . 3 . s 200 suavis . s - = OU guttatum a ee el ——prandiflora. | | 301 ——giganteum. . . 288 tortilis RR , » 3802 — Holfordianum , . 288 | URopEDIUM ; - ; «B02 Harrisonianum . eee Lindenii ‘ . “ i ote Hendersonianum A » 289 | VANDA : - ; ‘ . 303 miniatum , F ‘ »' 289 Batemanii , : : . 3804 premorsum ° , 289 Bensoni : ° - » 304 retusum , e “ « -209 Cathcartii . : ; . 304 violaceum , 3 2 «) 250 cerulea ef , ‘ . 304 SATYRIUM . 5 dare Spe » 322 | — ccerulescens : ; . 305 aureum ‘ ’ - - 322 cristata 2 ‘ ; . 3805 ScHOMBURGKEIA. F : ~ 290 Denisoniana E , » 205 crispa Pat EP ‘ = 200 gigantea , 7 : . 305 Bye) sw) 290 Hooker: "5°" Ot “he aes tibicina - - Z week insignis = : s « ava ScHLIMIA , 3 - é ek limbata j ‘ "30% trifida. ; : - am eee Roxburghii . ‘ - . 307 ScUTICARIA P 6 oe 2o8 suavis , é é ‘ « DOE Dedesont. 5. ee 202 beFOS =: 3) oe, - - » 3810 ZYGOPETALUM , - - - 310 aromaticum ‘ : ol brachypetalum : tol crinitum cceruleum , Ae = GI ZYGOPETALUM Gautieri . gramineum , intermedium Mackayi maxillare , rostratum , Page ee Pils 2 | . 312 312 intermedium . ., 312 . : « 312 : : . 312 ADVERTISEMENTS. THE BEST ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. Registered for Transmission Abroad. GARDENERS CHRONICLE, (ESTABLISHED 1841). A GHeckly Mlustrated HFournal. DEVOTED TO ALL BRANCHES OF HORTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS, Published every Friday, price Fivepence; post free, 54d. The object of the ‘GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE” is to diffuse the fullest, earliest, and most authentic information on the subjects on which it treats. 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Seeisuise soice ves oes) OSzy OS; One ee Olle and CARNATION, extra choice mixed.. ADS CC UO COR COLOOR BC COCOME SSL srencnccesocs sc6 CINERARIA, Williams’ extra choice strain ............... . 58., 38. 6d., 28. 6d., and CYCLAMEN PERSIC UM, Williams’ superb strain .. ... . 58., 8s, 6d., 2s. 6d., and GIGANTEU M.—This is pronounced the finest’ yet offered, each flower measuring from 2 to 23 inches in length, with en baited = Laer sub- stance, pure white, with a fine bold violet purnle Sxe pee oe . 5s,and 2 GLOXINIA, extra choice erect flowered. . lawisoiasloo ade ol vis ueictslecicicies oe 1 drooping flowered nip aie'njnie Wo'o, wicktlolanislaicie/ecvesins ein weic'e mee sein tein ee PANSY, saved from an unrivalled collection. erociee . 2s.6d,and 1 1 1 5 et eye eee eer er seseseees POLYANTH US, Wiggins’ prize strain, extra choice mixed . PRIMULA, Wiliiams’ Superb. We can with confidence recommend this strain as the finest in cultivation, red, white, or mixed ........ 58., 3s. 6d., 2s. 6d., and - a NENSIS FIMBRIATA COCCINEA (new), brilliant scarlet with bright ulphur eye, exquisitely fringed, and of great substance. . STOCK, BROMPTON, illiams’ Giant Scarlet, the finest ever offered, the centre spike being frequently 20’ or more inches in length, while the wanielien branches produce trusses from 12 to 14 inches aic'seaa oceans WALLFLOWER ‘ HARBINGER, * autumn and winter ‘flowering. - Packets of FLOWER SEEDS, excepting heavy kinds, Free by Post. oc PF SCHAAR fs o In ordering FLOWER SEEDS, it will be quite sufficient to send the number attached only, being careful they are taken from the current year’s Catalogue. FREE DELIVERY.—AIll Orders for SEEDS, amounting to £1 and upwards, will be delivered, FREE OF CARRIAGE, to any Railway Station in England ; and all Orders of £2 or more in value to any Railway Station in Scotland or Wales, and any Steam Port in Ireland. B. 8S. Wriirams’ Illustrated Seed Catalogue for 1877 now ready. Gratis and Post Free to all applicants. NEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS. Per packet.—s. d. BEAN, Williams’ Early Prolific Dwarf ee va dees cviee cates coat ciecide 6 ean pre ie] Clemnnn BROCCOLI, Williams’ Alexandra . wale sein alae aetaaie siiala citarelacitiels oleelante teeeeimeas BRUSSELLS SPROUTS, Welch’s Giant . CELERY, Williams’, Matchless Red . Sele b waleia (sve wie e e’nie:e mieten e aciee amie White. . Slaw, Siessk nates erste cae esse cate g UCUMBER, Osmaston Manor ..... ac amine sists CeWiaeed cals dita abe atstes bo bh BB pt ee ASSSCAROSCAMQASCIAASCSCOSIS ADVERTISEMENTS. BY ROYAL LETTERS PATENT. , AFES UPRIGHT TUBULAR SADDLE BOILER. AWARDED SPECIAL MEDALS FOR MERIT AT NOTTINGHAM ROSE SHOW, JULY, 1876. SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRY, MANCHESTER, 1875. SILVER MEDALS. MANCHESTER, 1874; LIVERPOOL, 1874; ALTRINCHAM, 1874; MIDDLETON, 1874; ROCHDALE, 1874. Cheaper than the ordinary Saddle. May be seen working at Messrs. 8, G. HENDERSON & Sons, Pine Apple Nurseries, Maida Vale; or Mr. J. PEED, Nurseries, Roupell Park, 8.E. l/lustrated Price Lists, Testimonials, and complete Estimates, post free. WOLSTENCROFT BROS. & CO., LUDGATE HILL CHAMBERS, 46, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C, ADVERTISEMENTS, Descriptive and Priced Catalogues. THE SEED CATALOGUE, ILLUSTRATED (JANUARY), Contains a descriptive List of Novelties in Flower and Vegetable Seeds, also a detailed compendium of all previously known kinds, with copious notes for the guidance of Amateur cultivators. NEW PLANT CATALOGUE (MAY;) - Comprises all that is really good and that can be recommended of the new intro- ductions of the season, Stove, Greenhouse, and Hardy, with a full description of each variety, | THE GENERAL PLANT CATALOGUE, ILLUSTRATED (SPRING), ‘Contains detailed Lists of Orchids, Ferns, Palms, Stove, Greenhouse, and Hardy Plants, &c., with full descriptions of the choicest varieties. THE BULB CATALOGUE (AUGUST.) - Includes selected Lists of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Ranunculus, Amaryllis, Ixias, Gladioli, Liliums, and all other choice and rare kinds, with suggestions as to Culture, &c. Also a Supplementary List of Fruit Trees, Pines, Vines, &c. LANDSCAPE AND SUB-TROPICAL GARDENING. Estimates, Plans, and Advice given for the Laying-out of Parks, Pleasure Grounds, Rockwork, Ferneries, &c. GARDENERS. B. 8. W. has much pleasure in stating that he has upon his Gardeners’ Register many men of the strictest integrity, thoroughly qualified to undertake the duties of Head Gardener, Bailiff, Gardener and Bailiff, or Under Gardener. Ladies or Gentlemen requiring such, may rely upon B. S. W. recommending only those whose conduct and abilities are worthy of their trust, ADVERTISEMENTS. THE GARDENERS’ RECORD JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE. THE BEST AND CHEAPEST PAPER OF ITS KIND IN CIRCULATION IN IRELAND. Is read by almost all engaged in Horticultural and Agricultural pursuits. TO ADVERTISERS. HE GARDENERS’ RECORD anp JOURNAL or AGRICULTURE, em- bracing, as it does, so wide a field of information, and circulating largely amongst the Nobility, Gentry, and better classes of Society in Ireland, affords an unusually good medium for Advertisers of all articles used by persons interested in Rural enterprise. SCALE OF CHARGES VERY MODERATE, AND MAY BE HAD POST FREE ON APPLICATION. Yearly Subscription (payable in advance), 18s., delivered in Town or Country. Single Copy, 24d. Post Free, 3d. Letters and Manuscripts intended for Publication, and all Advertisements and Money Orders should be addressed to MR. THOMAS MOORE, 61, MIDDLE ABBEY STREET, DUBLIN. *,* The Gardeners’ Record and Journal of Agriculture is published every Satur- day, and may be had direct from the Office, or through Messrs. SmitH & Sons, Newsagents. 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